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<TITLE>TUPAC WAS ABDUCTED BY ALIENS</TITLE>
<META name="description" content="Tupac is alive and chillin' on Planet Yilamhar. So are Biggie Smalls (aka the Notorious B.I.G.), Elvis, Lady Di and a borg named Shanikwa (This is satire folks.">
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alien aliens abduction abducted abduct abductee conspiracy theory 2pac 2PAC ELVIS Elvis Tupac PAC pac truth TRUTH tupac was abducted by aliens TUPAC WAS ABDUCTED BY ALIENS tupac nigel NIGEL GURBUL gurbul space bastard satire still alive is elian gonzalez juan speedy">
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<FONT COLOR=RED>
<H1></H1>
</FONT>
<p>
<center><h3><a href=disclaimer.html>Please read this disclaimer. Some day soon, I'll reveal my identity.</a></center>
<H2></H2>
<A HREF=truth.html><IMG SRC="paccaral.gif"></A>
<FONT COLOR=RED>
<B>
<H1>Click the pic above to learn the truth about Tupac!!!!!</A></H1>
<P>
<P><H3>Long Live Pac!!!!</H3>
<p>
<P><H1><a href=moonpac.html>WE HAVE FOUND THE MOON LANDING TAPES!!!!</H1></a>
<P>
<P><H2>THE TRUTH THAT LIES INSIDE</H2>
<H2>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF=truth.html>THE TRUTH ABOUT TUPAC'S "DEATH"</A>
<LI><A HREF=biggie.html>THE TRUTH ABOUT BIGGIE'S "DEATH"</A>
<LI><A HREF=elvispac.html>THE TRUTH ABOUT TUPAC AND ELVIS</A>
<LI><A HREF=dianapac.html>THE TRUTH ABOUT TUPAC AND LADY DIANA</A>
<LI><A HREF=shanikwa.html>THE TRUTH ABOUT TUPAC AND SHANIKWA OF BORG</A>
<LI><A HREF=freaknik.html>THE ALIEN PRESENCE AT FREAKNIK</A>
<LI><A HREF=jerry.html>TUPAC AND BIGGIE ON JERRY SPRINGER</A>
<LI><A HREF=mojerry.html>DIANA AND SHANIKWA ON JERRY SPRINGER</A>
<LI><A HREF=tinky.html>TUPAC, BIGGIE, AND TINKY WINKY: A TUBBY SPEAKS OUT</A>
<LI><A HREF=jarjar.html>TUPAC AND JAR-JAR ON YILAMHAR!</A>
<LI><A HREF=billyblanks.html>IS BILLY BLANKS BEING CONTROLLED BY ALIENS?</A>
<LI><A HREF=amelia.html>THE TRUTH ABOUT AMELIA EARHEART AND BIGGIE</A>
<LI><A HREF=pokepac.html>THE TRUTH ABOUT POKEMON</A>
<LI><A HREF=elianpac.html>TUPAC, ELIAN, AND SPEEDY</A>
<LI><A HREF=cosby.html>IS BILL COSBY AN ALIEN?</A>
<LI><A HREF=moonpac.html>TUPAC HAS THE MOON LANDING TAPES!</a>
</UL>
<H2>
<P><center>
<a href="http://callisto.guestworld.tripod.lycos.com/wgb/wgbsign.dbm?owner=TUPACALIENS"> Sign My Guestbook</a><br>
<a href="http://guestworld.tripod.lycos.com/">
<img src="http://guestworld.tripod.lycos.com/gif/GuestWorldbutton.gif" height="31" width="88"></a><br>
<a href="http://callisto.guestworld.tripod.lycos.com/wgb/wgbview.dbm?owner=TUPACALIENS"> View My Guestbook</a><br>
<P>
</center>
<P>
<p><h4><FONT COLOR=TEAL>ONE TUPAC FAN FROM ENGLAND SAYS: "Man, you makin' fun of Pac and sh**, man, you a punk mutha----! I'm a whip yo' a** if I see ya!!!"</FONT></h4>
<P>
<CENTER>
<H1>LINKS</H1>
<P>
<P>
<CENTER>
<B><FONT COLOR="#00FFff">
<p><H2><A HREF="http://paulblakeford.4t.com">The Poetry of Paul Blakeford</A></H2></FONT></CENTER>
<P>
<P><CENTER><FONT COLOR=RED>
<H2><A HREF="http://www.jesusdance.com/">The Jesus Dance</A></H2>
</FONT></CENTER>
<P>
<P><CENTER><FONT COLOR=RED>
<A HREF="http://www.conspiracy-net.com/">Conspiracy Net</A></FONT>
</CENTER>
<P>
<CENTER>
<H2><A HREF="http://excaliburfilms.com/pornucopia/flashmountain.htm">
Disney's "Flash Mountain"</A>
</CENTER>
<P>
<P>
<P>
<P><CENTER><FONT COLOR=RED><A HREF="http://www.rapline.com/">www.Rapline.Com</A></CENTER>
</FONT>
<P>
<CENTER>
<A HREF="http://www.angelfire.com/pa/Ritsma">
<IMG SRC="http://www.angelfire.com/pa/Ritsma/images/banner4.gif" alt="Enter This Great Parody"></A><BR>
</CENTER>
<P>
<P>
<CENTER>
<H2>
<a HREF="http://www.everythingblack.com/" TARGET="_parent"><font
SIZE="+1" FACE="Arial">EverythingBlack.com</font></a></H2>
</FONT>
</CENTER>
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width=100 height=100></A>
<P><H3>
<FONT COLOR=RED>
<A HREF="/Hollywood/Bungalow/1224/
tupac.htm">TUPAC ATE MY BALLS</A></FONT></H3>
<p><A HREF="http://www.topsitelists.com/area51/jarjar/topsites.cgi?ID=79"><IMG
SRC="http://www.erols.com/briandx/allyoop/jj_Top80.JPG" border=0 width=200 height=90></A>
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TUPAC WAS ABDUCTED BY ALIENS
#
### [Please read this disclaimer. Some day soon, I'll reveal my identity.](disclaimer.html)
##
[](truth.html)
**# Click the pic above to learn the truth about Tupac!!!!!
### Long Live Pac!!!!
# [WE HAVE FOUND THE MOON LANDING TAPES!!!!](moonpac.html)
## THE TRUTH THAT LIES INSIDE
##
* [THE TRUTH ABOUT TUPAC'S "DEATH"](truth.html)* [THE TRUTH ABOUT BIGGIE'S "DEATH"](biggie.html)* [THE TRUTH ABOUT TUPAC AND ELVIS](elvispac.html)* [THE TRUTH ABOUT TUPAC AND LADY DIANA](dianapac.html)* [THE TRUTH ABOUT TUPAC AND SHANIKWA OF BORG](shanikwa.html)* [THE ALIEN PRESENCE AT FREAKNIK](freaknik.html)* [TUPAC AND BIGGIE ON JERRY SPRINGER](jerry.html)* [DIANA AND SHANIKWA ON JERRY SPRINGER](mojerry.html)* [TUPAC, BIGGIE, AND TINKY WINKY: A TUBBY SPEAKS OUT](tinky.html)* [TUPAC AND JAR-JAR ON YILAMHAR!](jarjar.html)* [IS BILLY BLANKS BEING CONTROLLED BY ALIENS?](billyblanks.html)* [THE TRUTH ABOUT AMELIA EARHEART AND BIGGIE](amelia.html)* [THE TRUTH ABOUT POKEMON](pokepac.html)* [TUPAC, ELIAN, AND SPEEDY](elianpac.html)* [IS BILL COSBY AN ALIEN?](cosby.html)* [TUPAC HAS THE MOON LANDING TAPES!](moonpac.html)
[Sign My Guestbook](http://callisto.guestworld.tripod.lycos.com/wgb/wgbsign.dbm?owner=TUPACALIENS)
[View My Guestbook](http://callisto.guestworld.tripod.lycos.com/wgb/wgbview.dbm?owner=TUPACALIENS)
ONE TUPAC FAN FROM ENGLAND SAYS: "Man, you makin' fun of Pac and sh\*\*, man, you a punk mutha----! I'm a whip yo' a\*\* if I see ya!!!"
LINKS
**[The Poetry of Paul Blakeford](http://paulblakeford.4t.com)**
[The Jesus Dance](http://www.jesusdance.com/)
[Conspiracy Net](http://www.conspiracy-net.com/)
[Disney's "Flash Mountain"](http://excaliburfilms.com/pornucopia/flashmountain.htm)
[www.Rapline.Com](http://www.rapline.com/)**
[](http://www.angelfire.com/pa/Ritsma)
##
[EverythingBlack.com](http://www.everythingblack.com/)
###
[TUPAC ATE MY BALLS](/Hollywood/Bungalow/1224/
tupac.htm)
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The Canadian Nuclear FAQ - Dr. Jeremy Whitlock
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<B>by Dr. Jeremy Whitlock </B></FONT>
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— Site last updated:
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<a href="cnf_new.htm">What's NEW?</a><p>
<a href="#toc">Contents</a><p>
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<a href="cnf_sectionJ.htm">Further Information</a><p>
<a href="cnf_sectionJ.htm#editorials">Editorials</a><p>
<a href="#about">Author Information</a><p>
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Tonnes of air pollution and GHGs avoided in Canada
by nuclear power each year:<br>
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Click <a href="nuke-gen-monthly-2012.htm">here</a>
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<h2>Introduction and Disclaimer</h2>
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This website, established in April 1996, is an unofficial and
privately-maintained list of Frequently-Asked Questions (FAQ's) regarding
CANDU reactors and nuclear power generation in Canada. It is designed to
meet general as well as technical interest needs. The FAQ's and their
answers are compiled by the <a href="#about">author</a>, and do not
necessarily represent the official views of Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.
(AECL), Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), the Canadian Nuclear Society (CNS), nor any other component of the
Canadian nuclear industry.<p>
The information given here is in the public domain. It is meant to complement the
wealth of nuclear-related information already on the Web. For example,
good introductions to nuclear power in general can be found in John
McCarthy's <a
href="http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/nuclear-faq.html"
target="_blank"> Nuclear Energy FAQ</A> or Joseph Gonyeau's <a
href="http://www.nucleartourist.com/" target="_blank">Virtual Nuclear
Tourist</A>. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab's excellent <a
href="http://www.lbl.gov/abc/index.html" target="_blank">ABCs of Nuclear
Science</a> and <a href="http://ParticleAdventure.org"
target="_blank">Particle Adventure</a> websites summarize the physics of
radioactive decay and subatomic particle theory. For an excellent overview of
nuclear and other areas of physics governing our natural world (including some great
science fair ideas), visit Georgia State University's <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html" target="_blank">"HyperPhysics"</a> website. Other <b>relevant
links</b> can be found in <a href="cnf_sectionJ.htm">Section J: Further
Information</a>.<p>
Contributions (questions and/or answers) and comments are welcome. Please
send to the author, <B>Dr. Jeremy Whitlock</b>, at
<a href="mailto:Canadian Nuclear FAQ<jeremyjwhitlock@gmail.com>">jeremyjwhitlock@gmail.com</a>. Text
is copyrighted by
Jeremy Whitlock, but can be quoted if properly credited to the author.
Unless noted otherwise, images are from public literature published by
AECL, Ontario Power Generation Inc. (formerly Ontario Hydro), and other
members of the Canadian nuclear industry. <p>
<b><i>Explanation of graphics on this page:</i></b> The header graphic at
top right shows symbolically a maple leaf superimposed over a CANDU
containment building on the shore of a Canadian waterway (there are no
cooling towers used with Canadian power reactors). This logo was first used by the Annual Conference of the <a href="http://www.cns-snc.ca" target="_blank">Canadian Nuclear Society (CNS)</a> in 1990. The main graphic above depicts a beaver with the Canadian flag upon a CANDU fuel bundle – three symbols of
Canadian industriousness and pride. The CANDU fuel bundle pictured weighs
23 kg, is about the size of a fire log, and produces enough electricity
to power 100 average Canadian homes for a year. A CANDU reactor contains several thousand similar-looking bundles.<p>
<hr><p>
<center>
<font size="+2" color="#800000"><b>How is Ontario's electricity being generated right now?</b><br> Click <a href="http://www.cns-snc.ca/OntarioElectricity" target="_blank">here</A> to find out!<p></font>
<p>
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<a href="index.html#top">[Home]</a>
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[Contents]
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<a href="cnf_sectionJ.htm">[More Info]</a>
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MAIN INDEX
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<a href="cnf_sectionA.htm#SectionA">[A. CANDU Technology]</a>
<a href="cnf_sectionB.htm#SectionB">[B. The Industry]</a>
<a href="cnf_sectionC.htm#SectionC">[C. Cost/Benefit]</a>
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm#SectionD">[D. Safety/Liability]</a>
<a href="cnf_sectionE.htm#SectionE">[E. Waste]</a>
<a href="cnf_sectionF.htm#SectionF">[F. Security/Non-Proliferation]</a>
<a href="cnf_sectionG.htm#SectionG">[G. Uranium]</a>
<a href="cnf_sectionH.htm#SectionH">[H. Research Reactors]</a>
<a href="cnf_sectionI.htm#SectionI">[I. Other R&D]</a>
<a href="cnf_sectionJ.htm#SectionJ">[J. Further Info]</a>
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<h3>
A.  
</h3>
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<h3>
CANDU Nuclear Power Technology  
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A.1
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionA.htm#a">What does "CANDU" mean?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
A.2
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionA.htm#c">How does a CANDU reactor work?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
A.3
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionA.htm#fission">What is "nuclear fission"?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
A.4
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionA.htm#first_neutron">Where does the first neutron come from in a fission chain reaction?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
A.5
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionA.htm#e">What is "heavy water"?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
A.6
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionA.htm#e2">How does a CANDU reactor refuel on-power?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
A.7
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionA.htm#e3">How is fission energy converted to electrical energy in
CANDU plants?</a>
</td></tr>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
A.8
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionA.htm#f">How many different CANDU designs are there?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
A.9
<font face="arial" size="-1">
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionA.htm#h">How do CANDU reactors rank in performance against other
designs?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
A.10
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionA.htm#i">How do CANDU reactors achieve high neutron economy?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
A.11
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionA.htm#j">What fuel cycles can CANDU reactors adapt to?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
A.12
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionA.htm#j3">What is CANFLEX fuel? </a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
A.13
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionA.htm#ngcandu">What is the
"Advanced CANDU Reactor (ACR)?"</a> </td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
A.14
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionA.htm#ec6">What is the "Enhanced CANDU-6 Reactor" (EC6)?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
A.15
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionA.htm#candu_control">How are CANDU reactors controlled?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
A.16
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionA.htm#candu_refurbishment">How is core refurbishment part of CANDU life management?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
A.17
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionA.htm#load-follow">Can CANDU reactors perform load following?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font color=#800000" face="arial">
<h3>
B.
</h3>
</td><td>
<font color=#800000" face="arial">
<h3>
The Nuclear Industry in Canada  
<a href="cnf_sectionB.htm">
<img src="small_arrow.gif" border=0 align=bottom alt="Go to top of this section"></a>
</h3>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
B.1
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionB.htm#d">Why did Canada develop its own, quite different, reactor design?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
B.2
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionB.htm#l">How much nuclear electricity is produced in Canada?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
B.3
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionB.htm#b2">Where is nuclear power generated in Canada?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
B.4
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionB.htm#b">How many CANDU reactors are there in the world?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
B.5
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionB.htm#l2">Is nuclear power being privatized in Canada?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
B.6
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionB.htm#r2">How are CANDU reactor exports financed?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
B.7
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionB.htm#r3">Who are the members of the Canadian nuclear industry?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
B.8
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionB.htm#r4">What was Canada's first nuclear power plant?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
B.9
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionB.htm#x3">Why were seven CANDU reactors shut down for refurbishment in 1998?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
B.10
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionB.htm#blackout">How did Ontario's reactors respond to the August 14, 2003 blackout?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
B.11
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionB.htm#DouglasPoint">What was Canada's first commercial-scale nuclear power plant?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
B.12
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionB.htm#reprocessing">What is Canada's experience with nuclear fuel reprocessing?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
B.13
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionB.htm#gnep">What is the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP)?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
B.14
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionB.htm#coolants">What other kinds of coolant have been tested with CANDU?</a>
</td></tr>
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<h3>
C.
</h3>
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<h3>
Cost and Benefits  
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</h3>
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C.1
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionC.htm#n">How do the economic benefits of nuclear power compare to other sources in Canada?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
C.2
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionC.htm#o">How do the economic benefits of nuclear power compare to the people's investment?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
C.3
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionC.htm#p">What are the environmental benefits of nuclear power in Canada?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
C.4
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionC.htm#r">Why are CANDU units favourable for developing economies?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
C.5
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionC.htm#hydrogen">How are CANDU reactors well-suited to a hydrogen-fuel economy?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
C.6
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionC.htm#oilsands">How are CANDU reactors well-suited to oil extraction from the "oil sands" of western Canada?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
C.7
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionC.htm#darlington">Why was the cost of Ontario's Darlington plant so high?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
C.8
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionC.htm#toocheap">Who said that nuclear electricity would be "too cheap to meter"?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
C.9
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionC.htm#candu6_record">How many recent CANDU plants have been built on time and budget?</a>
</td></tr>
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<tr><td>
<font color=#800000" face="arial">
<h3>
D.
</h3>
</td><td>
<font color=#800000" face="arial">
<h3>
Safety and Liability  
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm">
<img src="small_arrow.gif" border=0 align=bottom alt="Go to top of this section"></a>
</h3>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
D.1
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm#q">Why is the CANDU design one of the safest in the world?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
D.2
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm#q2">What are the CANDU safety systems?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
D.3
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm#s">Why do CANDU reactors have a "positive void coefficient"?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
D.4
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm#t">How do CANDU reactors meet high safety standards, despite
having a "positive void coefficient"?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
D.5
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm#u">Are CANDU reactors similar to the Chornobyl design?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
D.6
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm#u2">What are the observed health effects of the Chornobyl
accident?</a>
</td></tr>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">
D.7
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm#w">How are Canadians insured against nuclear accidents?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
D.8
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm#x">What are the details of the accident at Chalk River's NRX reactor in 1952?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
D.9
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm#nru1958">What are the details of the accident at Chalk River's NRU reactor in 1958?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
D.10
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm#x5">How does Ontario Power Generation manage tritium production in its CANDU moderators?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
D.11
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm#public_dose">How much radiation do nuclear
plants expose the Canadian public to?</a> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
D.12
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm#tritium">How much tritium is released by CANDU plants?</a> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
D.13
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm#communities">Do nuclear power reactors have a negative health impact in surrounding communities?</a> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
D.14
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm#LNT">Can radiation have beneficial health effects?</a>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
D.15
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm#cnsc">How is nuclear technology regulated in
Canada?</a>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
D.16
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm#seismic">Can nuclear reactors withstand earthquakes?</a>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
D.17
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm#nru-safety">Why was a Chalk River reactor shut down in November 2007, causing a shortage in medical radioisotopes?
</a>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
D.18
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm#bomb">Why can't a reactor explode like an atomic bomb?
</a>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
D.19
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm#fukushima-health">What is the probable public health effect from the Fukushima nuclear accident?
</a>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
D.20
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionD.htm#fukushima-candu">What impact did the Fukushima nuclear accident have on CANDU safety design?
</a>
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<tr><td>
<font color=#800000" face="arial">
<h3>
E.
</h3>
</td><td>
<font color=#800000" face="arial">
<h3>
Waste Management  
<a href="cnf_sectionE.htm">
<img src="small_arrow.gif" border=0 align=bottom alt="Go to top of this section"></a>
</h3>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
E.1
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionE.htm#v">How is high-level nuclear waste managed in
Canada?</a> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
E.2
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionE.htm#v2">What does Nature tell us about nuclear waste
disposal?</a> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
E.3
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionE.htm#v3">How is low-level radioactive waste managed in Canada?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
E.4
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionE.htm#waste confidence">How can we have confidence in predictions of the long-term safety of a geological repository?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
E.5
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionE.htm#URL">What was the Canadian Underground Research Laboratory (URL)?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font color=#800000" face="arial">
<h3>
F.
</h3>
</td><td>
<font color=#800000" face="arial">
<h3>
Security and Non-Proliferation  
<a href="cnf_sectionF.htm">
<img src="small_arrow.gif" border=0 align=bottom alt="Go to top of this section"></a>
</h3>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
F.1
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionF.htm#j2">Can the CANDU reactor be used to burn
weapons-grade Plutonium (as MOX)? </a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
F.2
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionF.htm#x1">Did India use a CANDU reactor in the 1970's to make
an atomic bomb?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
F.3
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionF.htm#x1_2">What is the relevance of Canadian technology to
India's recent nuclear weapons tests?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
F.4
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionF.htm#x2">How easily can an atomic bomb be made with spent CANDU
fuel?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
F.5
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionF.htm#u-warhead">Can uranium from dismantled warheads be used
as fuel in power reactors?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
F.6
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionF.htm#terrorist">How are nuclear plants protected from terrorist attacks?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
F.7
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionF.htm#proliferation">How are CANDU reactors safeguarded against nuclear weapons proliferation?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font color=#800000" face="arial">
<h3>
G.
</h3>
</td><td>
<font color=#800000" face="arial">
<h3>
Uranium  
<a href="cnf_sectionG.htm">
<img src="small_arrow.gif" border=0 align=bottom alt="Go to top of this section"></a>
</h3>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
G.1
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionG.htm#k">How much uranium does Canada produce?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
G.2
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionG.htm#k2">How is uranium ore processed into CANDU fuel?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
G.3
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionG.htm#u-th">In what minerals do uranium and thorium occur?
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
G.4
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionG.htm#uranium_supply">How much longer will the
world's uranium reserves last?</td></tr>
<tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font color=#800000" face="arial">
<h3>
H.
</h3>
</td><td>
<font color=#800000" face="arial">
<h3>
Research Reactors  
<a href="cnf_sectionH.htm">
<img src="small_arrow.gif" border=0 align=bottom alt="Go to top of this section"></a>
</h3>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
H.1
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionH.htm#whatareRRx">What are research reactors?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
H.2
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionH.htm#howmanyRRx">How many research reactors are operating in Canada?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
H.3
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionH.htm#whatarebeams"> What are neutron "beams" used for?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
H.4
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionH.htm#g2">What is MAPLE technology?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
H.5
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionH.htm#g5">What is the Canadian Institute for Neutron Scattering (CINS)?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
H.6
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionH.htm#g3">What is the SLOWPOKE reactor?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font color=#800000" face="arial">
<h3>
I.
</h3>
</td><td>
<font color=#800000" face="arial">
<h3>
Other Research and Development  
<a href="cnf_sectionI.htm">
<img src="small_arrow.gif" border=0 align=bottom alt="Go to top of this section"></a>
</h3>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
I.1
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionI.htm#g4">What is the "Nuclear Battery"?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
I.2
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionI.htm#gg3">What is the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO)?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
I.3
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionI.htm#m">What is Canada's role in nuclear medicine and isotope production?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
I.4
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionI.htm#m2">What is "Food Irradiation"?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
I.5
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionI.htm#x4">What is the status of fusion research in Canada?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font color=#800000" face="arial">
<h3>
J.
</h3>
</td><td>
<font color=#800000" face="arial">
<h3>
Further Information  
<a href="cnf_sectionJ.htm">
<img src="small_arrow.gif" border=0 align=bottom alt="Go to top of this section"></a>
</h3>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
J.1
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionJ.htm#y">Where can I find more information?</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
J.2
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionJ.htm#images">Summary of images found in this FAQ page</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
J.3
</td><td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">
<a href="cnf_sectionJ.htm#links">Relevant Links</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
 
</td><td>
<font color=#800000" face="arial">
<h3>
<a href="cnf_sectionJ.htm#editorials" alt="Essays, articles, letters to the editor, etc.">Editorials by the Author</a>
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<b>Dr. Jeremy Whitlock</b> was raised in the Ottawa Valley, Canada's heartland for nuclear research and stepdancing<a href="j_baby.htm">.</a> From 1994 to 2006 he worked for Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. (later <a href="http://www.cnl.ca" target="_blank">Canadian Nuclear Laboratories</a>) as a reactor physicist, and from 2006 to 2016 as Manager of Non-Proliferation and Safeguards. He is currently a manager in the Department of Safeguards at the <a href="http://www.iaea.org" target="_blank">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> in Vienna, Austria. He is a Fellow of the <a href="http://www.cns-snc.ca" target="_blank">Canadian Nuclear Society</a> (F.C.N.S.), as well as a Past President and a member of the Board of Directors (he is also a past Board Member of the <a href="http://www.ans.org" target="_blank">American Nuclear Society, ANS)</a>. Dr. Whitlock has a PhD in Engineering Physics from McMaster University (Hamilton, Ontario) with a specialty in CANDU reactor physics. His leisure interests have included the <a href="http://www.PetawawaLegion.ca/band" target="_blank">Petawawa Legion Community Band</a>, the <a href="http://www.DeepRiverPlayers.ca" target="_blank">Deep River Players</a>, canoeing, cross-country skiing, geology and history. Dr. Whitlock is a public speaker and <a href="cnf_sectionJ.htm#editorials">author</a> on nuclear issues (including a regular column in the <i>Bulletin of the Canadian Nuclear Society</i>), as well as the art of effective public communication in science and technology. Since April 1996 he has maintained <i>The Canadian Nuclear FAQ</i>, a website of "Frequently-Asked Questions" (FAQs) on Canadian nuclear science and technology. In 1999 Dr. Whitlock received the <i>Education and Communication Award</i> from the Canadian Nuclear Society for his public communications work. Dr. Whitlock feels that humans and nature can coexist in harmony when technology is used sustainably, and strongly suspects that canoes are the closest Mankind has come to inventing a perfect machine.
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|
The Canadian Nuclear FAQ - Dr. Jeremy Whitlock
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The Canadian Nuclear FAQ logo
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**www.nuclearfaq.ca** |
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Canadian Nuclear FAQ |
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**by Dr. Jeremy Whitlock** |
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[Introduction & Disclaimer](#intro)
[What's NEW?](cnf_new.htm)
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[Site Statistics](cnf_stats.htm)
[Photo Gallery](cnf_sectionJ.htm#images)
| Name three Canadian symbols in this picture. |
[Links](cnf_sectionJ.htm#links)
[Further Information](cnf_sectionJ.htm)
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[Feedback](mailto:Canadian Nuclear FAQ<jeremyjwhitlock@gmail.com>)
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| **Search this
website:** | |
|
---
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| --- | --- | --- |
|
|
**Tonnes of air pollution and GHGs avoided in Canada
by nuclear power each year:
Click [here](nuke-gen-monthly-2012.htm)
for more details (aussi disponible [en français](nuke-gen-monthly-2012-fr.htm)).**
|
|
---
## Introduction and Disclaimer
This website, established in April 1996, is an unofficial and
privately-maintained list of Frequently-Asked Questions (FAQ's) regarding
CANDU reactors and nuclear power generation in Canada. It is designed to
meet general as well as technical interest needs. The FAQ's and their
answers are compiled by the [author](#about), and do not
necessarily represent the official views of Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.
(AECL), Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), the Canadian Nuclear Society (CNS), nor any other component of the
Canadian nuclear industry.
The information given here is in the public domain. It is meant to complement the
wealth of nuclear-related information already on the Web. For example,
good introductions to nuclear power in general can be found in John
McCarthy's [Nuclear Energy FAQ](http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/nuclear-faq.html) or Joseph Gonyeau's [Virtual Nuclear
Tourist](http://www.nucleartourist.com/). Lawrence Berkeley National Lab's excellent [ABCs of Nuclear
Science](http://www.lbl.gov/abc/index.html) and [Particle Adventure](http://ParticleAdventure.org) websites summarize the physics of
radioactive decay and subatomic particle theory. For an excellent overview of
nuclear and other areas of physics governing our natural world (including some great
science fair ideas), visit Georgia State University's ["HyperPhysics"](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html) website. Other **relevant
links** can be found in [Section J: Further
Information](cnf_sectionJ.htm).
Contributions (questions and/or answers) and comments are welcome. Please
send to the author, **Dr. Jeremy Whitlock**, at
[jeremyjwhitlock@gmail.com](mailto:Canadian Nuclear FAQ<jeremyjwhitlock@gmail.com>). Text
is copyrighted by
Jeremy Whitlock, but can be quoted if properly credited to the author.
Unless noted otherwise, images are from public literature published by
AECL, Ontario Power Generation Inc. (formerly Ontario Hydro), and other
members of the Canadian nuclear industry.
***Explanation of graphics on this page:*** The header graphic at
top right shows symbolically a maple leaf superimposed over a CANDU
containment building on the shore of a Canadian waterway (there are no
cooling towers used with Canadian power reactors). This logo was first used by the Annual Conference of the [Canadian Nuclear Society (CNS)](http://www.cns-snc.ca) in 1990. The main graphic above depicts a beaver with the Canadian flag upon a CANDU fuel bundle – three symbols of
Canadian industriousness and pride. The CANDU fuel bundle pictured weighs
23 kg, is about the size of a fire log, and produces enough electricity
to power 100 average Canadian homes for a year. A CANDU reactor contains several thousand similar-looking bundles.
---
**How is Ontario's electricity being generated right now?**
Click [here](http://www.cns-snc.ca/OntarioElectricity) to find out!
| | |
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[[Home]](index.html#top)
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[[Feedback]](mailto:jeremyjwhitlock@gmail.com)
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**MAIN INDEX** |
|
|
|
|
[[A. CANDU Technology]](cnf_sectionA.htm#SectionA)
[[B. The Industry]](cnf_sectionB.htm#SectionB)
[[C. Cost/Benefit]](cnf_sectionC.htm#SectionC)
[[D. Safety/Liability]](cnf_sectionD.htm#SectionD)
[[E. Waste]](cnf_sectionE.htm#SectionE)
[[F. Security/Non-Proliferation]](cnf_sectionF.htm#SectionF)
[[G. Uranium]](cnf_sectionG.htm#SectionG)
[[H. Research Reactors]](cnf_sectionH.htm#SectionH)
[[I. Other R&D]](cnf_sectionI.htm#SectionI)
[[J. Further Info]](cnf_sectionJ.htm#SectionJ)
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| **Search this
website:** |
|
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|
***(Click on blue arrow to go to top of each section)***
|
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| | |
| --- | --- |
|
A.
|
CANDU Nuclear Power Technology
[Go to top of this section](cnf_sectionA.htm)
|
|
A.1
|
[What does "CANDU" mean?](cnf_sectionA.htm#a)
|
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A.2
|
[How does a CANDU reactor work?](cnf_sectionA.htm#c)
|
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A.3
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[What is "nuclear fission"?](cnf_sectionA.htm#fission)
|
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A.4
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[Where does the first neutron come from in a fission chain reaction?](cnf_sectionA.htm#first_neutron)
|
|
A.5
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[What is "heavy water"?](cnf_sectionA.htm#e)
|
|
A.6
|
[How does a CANDU reactor refuel on-power?](cnf_sectionA.htm#e2)
|
|
A.7
|
[How is fission energy converted to electrical energy in
CANDU plants?](cnf_sectionA.htm#e3)
|
|
A.8
|
[How many different CANDU designs are there?](cnf_sectionA.htm#f)
|
|
A.9
|
[How do CANDU reactors rank in performance against other
designs?](cnf_sectionA.htm#h)
|
|
A.10
|
[How do CANDU reactors achieve high neutron economy?](cnf_sectionA.htm#i)
|
|
A.11
|
[What fuel cycles can CANDU reactors adapt to?](cnf_sectionA.htm#j)
|
|
A.12
|
[What is CANFLEX fuel?](cnf_sectionA.htm#j3)
|
|
A.13
|
[What is the
"Advanced CANDU Reactor (ACR)?"](cnf_sectionA.htm#ngcandu) |
|
A.14
|
[What is the "Enhanced CANDU-6 Reactor" (EC6)?](cnf_sectionA.htm#ec6)
|
|
A.15
|
[How are CANDU reactors controlled?](cnf_sectionA.htm#candu_control)
|
|
A.16
|
[How is core refurbishment part of CANDU life management?](cnf_sectionA.htm#candu_refurbishment)
|
|
A.17
|
[Can CANDU reactors perform load following?](cnf_sectionA.htm#load-follow)
|
| | |
|
B.
|
The Nuclear Industry in Canada
[Go to top of this section](cnf_sectionB.htm)
|
|
B.1
|
[Why did Canada develop its own, quite different, reactor design?](cnf_sectionB.htm#d)
|
|
B.2
|
[How much nuclear electricity is produced in Canada?](cnf_sectionB.htm#l)
|
|
B.3
|
[Where is nuclear power generated in Canada?](cnf_sectionB.htm#b2)
|
|
B.4
|
[How many CANDU reactors are there in the world?](cnf_sectionB.htm#b)
|
|
B.5
|
[Is nuclear power being privatized in Canada?](cnf_sectionB.htm#l2)
|
|
B.6
|
[How are CANDU reactor exports financed?](cnf_sectionB.htm#r2)
|
|
B.7
|
[Who are the members of the Canadian nuclear industry?](cnf_sectionB.htm#r3)
|
|
B.8
|
[What was Canada's first nuclear power plant?](cnf_sectionB.htm#r4)
|
|
B.9
|
[Why were seven CANDU reactors shut down for refurbishment in 1998?](cnf_sectionB.htm#x3)
|
|
B.10
|
[How did Ontario's reactors respond to the August 14, 2003 blackout?](cnf_sectionB.htm#blackout)
|
|
B.11
|
[What was Canada's first commercial-scale nuclear power plant?](cnf_sectionB.htm#DouglasPoint)
|
|
B.12
|
[What is Canada's experience with nuclear fuel reprocessing?](cnf_sectionB.htm#reprocessing)
|
|
B.13
|
[What is the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP)?](cnf_sectionB.htm#gnep)
|
|
B.14
|
[What other kinds of coolant have been tested with CANDU?](cnf_sectionB.htm#coolants)
|
|
| | |
|
C.
|
Cost and Benefits
[Go to top of this section](cnf_sectionC.htm)
|
|
C.1
|
[How do the economic benefits of nuclear power compare to other sources in Canada?](cnf_sectionC.htm#n)
|
|
C.2
|
[How do the economic benefits of nuclear power compare to the people's investment?](cnf_sectionC.htm#o)
|
|
C.3
|
[What are the environmental benefits of nuclear power in Canada?](cnf_sectionC.htm#p)
|
|
C.4
|
[Why are CANDU units favourable for developing economies?](cnf_sectionC.htm#r)
|
|
C.5
|
[How are CANDU reactors well-suited to a hydrogen-fuel economy?](cnf_sectionC.htm#hydrogen)
|
|
C.6
|
[How are CANDU reactors well-suited to oil extraction from the "oil sands" of western Canada?](cnf_sectionC.htm#oilsands)
|
|
C.7
|
[Why was the cost of Ontario's Darlington plant so high?](cnf_sectionC.htm#darlington)
|
|
C.8
|
[Who said that nuclear electricity would be "too cheap to meter"?](cnf_sectionC.htm#toocheap)
|
|
C.9
|
[How many recent CANDU plants have been built on time and budget?](cnf_sectionC.htm#candu6_record)
|
| | |
|
D.
|
Safety and Liability
[Go to top of this section](cnf_sectionD.htm)
|
|
D.1
|
[Why is the CANDU design one of the safest in the world?](cnf_sectionD.htm#q)
|
|
D.2
|
[What are the CANDU safety systems?](cnf_sectionD.htm#q2)
|
|
D.3
|
[Why do CANDU reactors have a "positive void coefficient"?](cnf_sectionD.htm#s)
|
|
D.4
|
[How do CANDU reactors meet high safety standards, despite
having a "positive void coefficient"?](cnf_sectionD.htm#t)
|
|
D.5
|
[Are CANDU reactors similar to the Chornobyl design?](cnf_sectionD.htm#u)
|
|
D.6
|
[What are the observed health effects of the Chornobyl
accident?](cnf_sectionD.htm#u2)
|
|
D.7
|
[How are Canadians insured against nuclear accidents?](cnf_sectionD.htm#w)
|
|
D.8
|
[What are the details of the accident at Chalk River's NRX reactor in 1952?](cnf_sectionD.htm#x)
|
|
D.9
|
[What are the details of the accident at Chalk River's NRU reactor in 1958?](cnf_sectionD.htm#nru1958)
|
|
D.10
|
[How does Ontario Power Generation manage tritium production in its CANDU moderators?](cnf_sectionD.htm#x5)
|
|
D.11
|
[How much radiation do nuclear
plants expose the Canadian public to?](cnf_sectionD.htm#public_dose) |
|
D.12
|
[How much tritium is released by CANDU plants?](cnf_sectionD.htm#tritium) |
|
D.13
|
[Do nuclear power reactors have a negative health impact in surrounding communities?](cnf_sectionD.htm#communities) |
|
D.14
|
[Can radiation have beneficial health effects?](cnf_sectionD.htm#LNT)
|
D.15
|
[How is nuclear technology regulated in
Canada?](cnf_sectionD.htm#cnsc)
|
D.16
|
[Can nuclear reactors withstand earthquakes?](cnf_sectionD.htm#seismic)
|
D.17
|
[Why was a Chalk River reactor shut down in November 2007, causing a shortage in medical radioisotopes?](cnf_sectionD.htm#nru-safety)
|
D.18
|
[Why can't a reactor explode like an atomic bomb?](cnf_sectionD.htm#bomb)
|
D.19
|
[What is the probable public health effect from the Fukushima nuclear accident?](cnf_sectionD.htm#fukushima-health)
|
D.20
|
[What impact did the Fukushima nuclear accident have on CANDU safety design?](cnf_sectionD.htm#fukushima-candu)
| | |
|
E.
|
Waste Management
[Go to top of this section](cnf_sectionE.htm)
|
|
E.1
|
[How is high-level nuclear waste managed in
Canada?](cnf_sectionE.htm#v) |
|
E.2
|
[What does Nature tell us about nuclear waste
disposal?](cnf_sectionE.htm#v2) |
|
E.3
|
[How is low-level radioactive waste managed in Canada?](cnf_sectionE.htm#v3)
|
|
E.4
|
[How can we have confidence in predictions of the long-term safety of a geological repository?](cnf_sectionE.htm#waste confidence)
|
|
E.5
|
[What was the Canadian Underground Research Laboratory (URL)?](cnf_sectionE.htm#URL)
|
| | |
|
F.
|
Security and Non-Proliferation
[Go to top of this section](cnf_sectionF.htm)
|
|
F.1
|
[Can the CANDU reactor be used to burn
weapons-grade Plutonium (as MOX)?](cnf_sectionF.htm#j2)
|
|
F.2
|
[Did India use a CANDU reactor in the 1970's to make
an atomic bomb?](cnf_sectionF.htm#x1)
|
|
F.3
|
[What is the relevance of Canadian technology to
India's recent nuclear weapons tests?](cnf_sectionF.htm#x1_2)
|
|
F.4
|
[How easily can an atomic bomb be made with spent CANDU
fuel?](cnf_sectionF.htm#x2)
|
|
F.5
|
[Can uranium from dismantled warheads be used
as fuel in power reactors?](cnf_sectionF.htm#u-warhead)
|
|
F.6
|
[How are nuclear plants protected from terrorist attacks?](cnf_sectionF.htm#terrorist)
|
|
F.7
|
[How are CANDU reactors safeguarded against nuclear weapons proliferation?](cnf_sectionF.htm#proliferation)
|
| | |
|
G.
|
Uranium
[Go to top of this section](cnf_sectionG.htm)
|
|
G.1
|
[How much uranium does Canada produce?](cnf_sectionG.htm#k)
|
|
G.2
|
[How is uranium ore processed into CANDU fuel?](cnf_sectionG.htm#k2)
|
|
G.3
|
[In what minerals do uranium and thorium occur?](cnf_sectionG.htm#u-th) |
|
G.4
|
[How much longer will the
world's uranium reserves last?](cnf_sectionG.htm#uranium_supply) |
| | |
|
H.
|
Research Reactors
[Go to top of this section](cnf_sectionH.htm)
|
|
H.1
|
[What are research reactors?](cnf_sectionH.htm#whatareRRx)
|
|
H.2
|
[How many research reactors are operating in Canada?](cnf_sectionH.htm#howmanyRRx)
|
|
H.3
|
[What are neutron "beams" used for?](cnf_sectionH.htm#whatarebeams)
|
|
H.4
|
[What is MAPLE technology?](cnf_sectionH.htm#g2)
|
|
H.5
|
[What is the Canadian Institute for Neutron Scattering (CINS)?](cnf_sectionH.htm#g5)
|
|
H.6
|
[What is the SLOWPOKE reactor?](cnf_sectionH.htm#g3)
|
| | |
|
I.
|
Other Research and Development
[Go to top of this section](cnf_sectionI.htm)
|
|
I.1
|
[What is the "Nuclear Battery"?](cnf_sectionI.htm#g4)
|
|
I.2
|
[What is the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO)?](cnf_sectionI.htm#gg3)
|
|
I.3
|
[What is Canada's role in nuclear medicine and isotope production?](cnf_sectionI.htm#m)
|
|
I.4
|
[What is "Food Irradiation"?](cnf_sectionI.htm#m2)
|
|
I.5
|
[What is the status of fusion research in Canada?](cnf_sectionI.htm#x4)
|
| | |
|
J.
|
Further Information
[Go to top of this section](cnf_sectionJ.htm)
|
|
J.1
|
[Where can I find more information?](cnf_sectionJ.htm#y)
|
|
J.2
|
[Summary of images found in this FAQ page](cnf_sectionJ.htm#images)
|
|
J.3
|
[Relevant Links](cnf_sectionJ.htm#links)
|
| | |
| |
[Editorials by the Author](cnf_sectionJ.htm#editorials)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | |
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| **Search this
website:** |
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---
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| --- | --- |
|
| |
| --- |
| [Click for wider shot](canoe.htm)
About the Author |
|
**Dr. Jeremy Whitlock** was raised in the Ottawa Valley, Canada's heartland for nuclear research and stepdancing[.](j_baby.htm) From 1994 to 2006 he worked for Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. (later [Canadian Nuclear Laboratories](http://www.cnl.ca)) as a reactor physicist, and from 2006 to 2016 as Manager of Non-Proliferation and Safeguards. He is currently a manager in the Department of Safeguards at the [International Atomic Energy Agency](http://www.iaea.org) in Vienna, Austria. He is a Fellow of the [Canadian Nuclear Society](http://www.cns-snc.ca) (F.C.N.S.), as well as a Past President and a member of the Board of Directors (he is also a past Board Member of the [American Nuclear Society, ANS)](http://www.ans.org). Dr. Whitlock has a PhD in Engineering Physics from McMaster University (Hamilton, Ontario) with a specialty in CANDU reactor physics. His leisure interests have included the [Petawawa Legion Community Band](http://www.PetawawaLegion.ca/band), the [Deep River Players](http://www.DeepRiverPlayers.ca), canoeing, cross-country skiing, geology and history. Dr. Whitlock is a public speaker and [author](cnf_sectionJ.htm#editorials) on nuclear issues (including a regular column in the *Bulletin of the Canadian Nuclear Society*), as well as the art of effective public communication in science and technology. Since April 1996 he has maintained *The Canadian Nuclear FAQ*, a website of "Frequently-Asked Questions" (FAQs) on Canadian nuclear science and technology. In 1999 Dr. Whitlock received the *Education and Communication Award* from the Canadian Nuclear Society for his public communications work. Dr. Whitlock feels that humans and nature can coexist in harmony when technology is used sustainably, and strongly suspects that canoes are the closest Mankind has come to inventing a perfect machine.
---
[[Home]](index.html#top)
[[NEW]](cnf_new.htm)
[[Contents]](index.html#toc)
[[Statistics]](cnf_stats.htm)
[[Graphics]](cnf_sectionJ.htm#images)
[[Links]](cnf_sectionJ.htm#links)
[[More Info]](cnf_sectionJ.htm)
[[Editorials]](cnf_sectionJ.htm#editorials)
[[Author Info]](index.html#about)
[[Feedback]](mailto:jeremyjwhitlock@gmail.com)
---
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| --- | --- |
|
**This site was created on April 24, 1996**
|
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**©2022 Jeremy Whitlock**
| https://www.nuclearfaq.ca/ |
<p style="text-align: center;"> <img
src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090723183158/http://www.geocities.com/dk_special_operations_force
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">Welcome to</h2>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #000000;"><img
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<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #000000;">Fresh off the grill! Am I right?
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<p><span style="color: #000000;"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
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<img
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<p style="text-align: left;"> </p>
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<p style="text-align: center;">We have now reached the point where the exciting stuff is about to
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<p style="text-align: center;"><img
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<p style="text-align: left;"><img
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RROW24.gif" alt="" width="170" height="220" /><img
src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090821125823/http://geocities.com/Heartland/Ridge/3666/images/A
RROW24.gif" alt="" width="170" height="220" /><img
src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090821125823/http://geocities.com/Heartland/Ridge/3666/images/A
RROW24.gif" alt="" width="170" height="220" /><img
src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090821125823/http://geocities.com/Heartland/Ridge/3666/images/A
RROW24.gif" alt="" width="170" height="220" /><img
src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090821125823/http://geocities.com/Heartland/Ridge/3666/images/A
RROW24.gif" alt="" width="170" height="220" /><img
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RROW24.gif" alt="" width="170" height="220" /><img
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RROW24.gif" alt="" width="170" height="220" /><img
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RROW24.gif" alt="" width="170" height="220" /><img
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</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
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| 
## Welcome to
# THE ZEST
DOMAIN
"Best site there is yet!" -not
joel
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bucks for a *swifty difty* delivery!
With the money that you have you could purchase..
##
A lovely fellow for the low low price of
## 2.99$!
Or even today's special..
## Fresh off the grill! Am I right?
Eh.. forget it
We have now reached the point where the exciting stuff is about to
happen!
Buckle up!
 
# WE GET PAID FOR THESE
# THE ZEST ZONE PROCESS HAS BEEN COMPLETED
It is time to experience the ULTIMATE ZEST
end of zone
# Helpful developers:
### *Liquid Bogan*
**
Thank you for such kindness in helping me create this hardworking site. I
could've done it without you!
yonnyâtm
| https://darkzest.neocities.org/ |
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>KiowaShale</title>
</head>
<body background="lt-paper.gif">
<table border="1" width="100%">
<tr>
<td width="50%"><img border="0" src="Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/KiowaLocality.jpg" width="1191" height="539"></td>
<td width="50%">
<p align="center"><font size="6"><b>Kiowa Shale</b></font></p>
<p align="center"><font size="6"><b>Field Trip</b></font></p>
<p align="center"><font size="6"><b>June, 2011</b></font></p>
<p> </p>
<p align="center" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><strong>Copyright ©
2011
by</strong></p>
<p align="center" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><strong>Mike Everhart </strong></p>
<p align="center" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><big><strong> </strong></big></p>
<p align="center" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><strong><font size="3"><big>Page
created</big></font> 11/01/2011 </strong></p>
<p align="center" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><strong>Last updated
11/02/2011</strong></p>
<p align="center" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"> </p>
<p align="center" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"> </p>
<p align="center" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"> </p>
<p align="center" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"> </p>
<p align="center" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"> </p>
<p align="center" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"> </p>
<p align="center" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"> </p>
<p align="center" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"> </p>
<p><b><font color="#FF0000" size="2">LEFT: A view of the exposure where
the plesiosaur remains were collected in August, 2011.</font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">The Kiowa Shale (Lower Cretaceous;
Albian) represents a variety of near-shore marine lithologies, including gray
shales, mudstones and sandstones deposited during the northward advance of the <st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">
Western</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceName w:st="on">
Interior</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">
Sea</st1:PlaceType>
over <st1:State w:st="on">
<st1:place
w:st="on">
Kansas</st1:place>
</st1:State>
. In the south central portion of the state, the Kiowa Shale is underlain by the
<st1:City w:st="on">
Cheyenne</st1:City>
Sandstone that in turn rests non-conformably on the Permian shales (redbeds) of
the </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Wellington</st1:place>
</st1:City>
Formation (Scott 1970).<o:p>
</o:p>
</b></p>
<p><b>Plesiosaur bones, although usually isolated, are fairly
common in the Kiowa Shale of Clark and Kiowa counties in southern Kansas, and
less so in McPherson County in central Kansas. I have been
collecting fossils, mostly shark teeth, from the Kiowa Shale for almost 10 years now, I haven't had
much luck in locating plesiosaur remains. My fortunes began to change in June, 2008 when I
discovered a badly weathered plesiosaur propodial (below) in Clark County. It
wasn't much to look at, but it was definitely plesiosaur. Then in August 2008, I
collected the left ischium of a small plesiosaur in Kiowa County, near
Belvidere. </b></p>
<table border="1" width="100%">
<tr>
<td width="15%"><a href="KS-Plesiosaurs/Clark-Podial4.jpg"><img
src="KS-Plesiosaurs/Clark-Podial4a.jpg" alt="Clark-Podial4a.jpg (17399 bytes)" width="266" height="200"></a></td>
<td width="73%"><strong>LEFT: A fragmented and badly weathered podial of a large
plesiosaur from Clark County. (FHSM VP-17300)</strong><p><strong>RIGHT: Close up of the
specimen at left, showing the bone texture.</strong></td>
<td width="12%"><a href="KS-Plesiosaurs/Clark-Podial3.jpg"><img
src="KS-Plesiosaurs/Clark-Podial3a.jpg" alt="Clark-Podial3a.jpg (22956 bytes)" width="246" height="200"></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="15%"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman"><a
href="KS-Plesiosaurs/KiowaShale/Ischium-Field.jpg"><img
src="KS-Plesiosaurs/KiowaShale/Ischium-Fielda.jpg" alt="Ischium-Fielda.jpg (28400 bytes)" width="260" height="200"></a></span></td>
<td width="73%"><b>LEFT: The left ischium of a small plesiosaur (FHSM VP-17302)
discovered in the basal
Kiowa Shale (Albian) of Kiowa County, Kansas, August, 2008. </b><p><b>RIGHT:
Dorsal and ventral views of the ischium after preparation and putting it back together. <a
href="KS-Plesiosaurs/KiowaShale/Buckland-1837.jpg">The ischium is about 20 cm in length
and would scale up to a plesiosaur that was about 3.3 m long,</a> assuming it was
something like <em>Plesiosaurus</em>. </b></p>
<p><a href="KS-Plesiosaurs/KiowaShale/ischium3.jpg"><b>Dorsal and ventral views of the
same bone after preliminary preparation.</b></a></p>
<p><b><a href="KS-Plesiosaurs/KiowaShale/Kiowa8-08-Diagram.jpg">Click here for an
interpretation of this element</a>.</b></td>
<td width="12%"><a href="KS-Plesiosaurs/KiowaShale/ischium6.jpg"><img
src="KS-Plesiosaurs/KiowaShale/Ischium6a.jpg" alt="Ischium6a.jpg (16737 bytes)" width="276" height="200"></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Fast forward three years to June 2011 when <a href="http://ksoutback.blogspot.com/"> Ken Brunson</a> and I visited a new
site in the Kiowa Shale near Belvidere in Kiowa County.</b></p>
<table border="1" width="100%">
<tr>
<td width="14%"><a href="Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/Brunson01.jpg"><img border="0" src="Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/Brunson01a.jpg" width="289" height="200"></a></td>
<td width="74%"><b>We were walking through a large exposure and I decided to
climb up a gully. About half way up, I found the distal end of a
plesiosaur propodial, broken off at mid-shaft, lying on the surface. The adrenalin started
pumping as I looked further up the gully and spotted where the rest of the
bone was still protruding from the shale. I picked up the first piece and <a href="Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/KiowaPropodial.jpg">carried
uphill to where it had fallen off ... perfect fit...</a></b>
<p><b>LEFT: Ken Brunson took this photo of me holding the two pieces
together.</b></p>
<p><b>RIGHT: Obviously very happy... we had just started and it was
already a good day! </b></td>
<td width="12%"><a href="Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/Brunson02b.jpg"><img border="0" src="Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/Brunson02a.jpg" width="133" height="200"></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="14%"><a href="Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/KiowaPropodial1.jpg"><img border="0" src="Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/KiowaPropodial1a.jpg" width="215" height="200"></a></td>
<td width="74%"><b>LEFT: The plesiosaur propodial (FHSM VP-17708) in dorsal
and ventral views after initial preparation and gluing the two pieces back
together. Judging from the straightness of the shaft, is is probably
the right femur of a medium sized plesiosaur..</b>
<p><b>RIGHT: More views of the same propodial. </b></td>
<td width="12%"><a href="Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/Proximal.jpg"><img border="0" src="Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/Proximala.jpg" width="289" height="200"></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="14%"><a href="Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/KiowaVert-01.jpg"><img border="0" src="Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/KiowaVert-01a.jpg" width="214" height="200"></a></td>
<td width="74%"><b>We were both pretty excited about the discovery. We
walked around the exposure, with Ken a few steps in front of me. <a href="Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/KiowaVert01.jpg">Suddenly
he said, "What's this?"... pointing to a plesiosaur vertebra
that was sitting on top of the shale. </a></b>
<p><b>LEFT: Ken had discovered the dorsal vertebra (FHSM VP-17711) of a second
plesiosaur....which we photographed and collected. </b></p>
<p><b>RIGHT: <a href="Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/KiowaVert02.jpg">Then, not to be
outdone, we walked a few steps and I saw another vertebra</a> (FHSM
VP-17710) lying on the shale. This
one was a sacral... one of three special vertebrae in the lower back of a
plesiosaur where the ilia of the pelvic girdle attach. This one also
included the dorsal process which had broken off and was lying several
inches away.</b></p>
</td>
<td width="12%"><a href="Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/KiowaVert-02.jpg"><img border="0" src="Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/KiowaVert-02a.jpg" width="226" height="200"></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="14%"><a href="Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/KiowaBoneFrag1.jpg"><img border="0" src="Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/KiowaBoneFrag1a.jpg" width="230" height="200"></a></td>
<td width="74%"><b>LEFT: After I found the second vertebra, I walked over
the exposure again, looking a little more carefully this time. However,
all I found was a really weathered scrap of bone, probably plesiosaur, but
not identifiable beyond that. </b>
<p><b>RIGHT: A good days collecting... specimen numbers assigned... All four specimens (including the scrap) were found at slightly
different levels in the same exposure, more than likely indicating that they
came from four different individuals. We spent another couple of
hours walking around, but the Kiowa had given up all she was going to give
that day.</b></td>
<td width="12%"><a href="Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/PlesiosaurComp.jpg"><img border="0" src="Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/PlesiosaurCompa.jpg" width="312" height="200"></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="14%"> </td>
<td width="74%"> </td>
<td width="12%"> </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><strong><big><big>Other specimens from the Kiowa Shale (Early Cretaceous - Upper Albian) </big></big></strong></p>
<table border="1" width="100%">
<tr>
<td width="21%"><a href="KS-Plesiosaurs/ku-1305.jpg"><img
src="KS-Plesiosaurs/ku-1305a.jpg" alt="ku-1305a.jpg (21645 bytes)" width="239" height="200"></a></td>
<td width="51%"><b>LEFT: An old photograph of the remains of a specimen of "<em>P</em><i>lesiosaurus
mudgei</i>" Cragin (KUVP 1305 - now considered to be a nomen dubium) from the Kiowa
Shale of Clark County, including over 200 gastroliths. Collected by C. N. Gould in 1893,
the specimen cannot be relocated. <a href="KS-Plesiosaurs/KiowaShale/gastro1.jpg">Similar
stones are found in the lower Kiowa Shale and are interpreted as "probable"
gastroliths</a>: <a href="KS-Plesiosaurs/KiowaShale/insitu3.jpg">See also this field photo</a></b><p><b>RIGHT:
A more recently collected (1962 by M.V. Walker) set of plesiosaur remains (FHSM VP-2170)
from the Kiowa Shale of Clark County. <a href="KS-Plesiosaurs/VP-2170-1.jpg">One of
the lower limb bones of this specimen appears to preserve a large bite mark (Pliosaur or
crocodile)</a>, Similar remains have been collected from the Kiowa Shale in Kiowa and
McPherson counties.</b></td>
<td width="28%"><a href="KS-Plesiosaurs/vp-2170.jpg"><img
src="KS-Plesiosaurs/vp-2170a.jpg" alt="vp-2170a.jpg (16116 bytes)" width="201" height="200"></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="21%"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman"><a
href="KS-Plesiosaurs/vp-2984.jpg"><img src="KS-Plesiosaurs/vp-2984a.jpg"
alt="vp-2984a.jpg (15731 bytes)" width="276" height="200"></a></span></td>
<td width="51%"><b>LEFT: A portion of the pelvis (ischium) of a plesiosaur (FHSM VP-2984)
from the Kiowa Shale of Clark County. </b><p><b>Right: A propodial of a plesiosaur (FHSM
VP-2983) from the Kiowa Shale of Clark County. </b></td>
<td width="28%"><a href="KS-Plesiosaurs/vp-2983.jpg"><span
style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman"><img
src="KS-Plesiosaurs/vp-2983a.jpg" alt="vp-2983a.jpg (19451 bytes)" width="368" height="200"></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="21%"><a href="KS-Plesiosaurs/ku-1328.jpg"><img
src="KS-Plesiosaurs/ku-1328a.jpg" alt="ku-1328a.jpg (16854 bytes)" width="216" height="200"></a></td>
<td width="51%"><b>LEFT: A box of plesiosaur "scraps" (KUVP 1328), including
several vertebrae collected from the Kiowa Shale of Clark County by C. N. Gould in 1894.</b><p><b>RIGHT:
The posterior part of a plesiosaur jaw (FHSM VP-2985) collected from the Kiowa Shale of
Clark County. Given the large size, it is most likely from a pliosaur
like <i><a href="Brachauch.html">Brachauchenius</a></i>. </b></td>
<td width="28%"><a href="KS-Plesiosaurs/vp-2985.jpg"><span
style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman"><img
src="KS-Plesiosaurs/vp-2985a.jpg" alt="vp-2985a.jpg (21177 bytes)" width="375" height="200"></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="21%"><a href="KS-Plesiosaurs/kiowabs.jpg"><img src="KS-Plesiosaurs/kiowabsa.jpg" alt="kiowabsa.jpg (18708 bytes)" width="257" height="200"></a></td>
<td width="51%"><b>LEFT: Four views of a recently collected (2006) plesiosaur
vertebra (FHSM VP-16386) from the Kiowa Shale of Clark County.</b><p><b>RIGHT: Two views
of a single cervical vertebra (KUVP 16215) from the Kiowa Shale of Clark County.</b></td>
<td width="28%"><a href="KS-Plesiosaurs/ku16215b.jpg"><img
src="KS-Plesiosaurs/ku16215c.jpg" alt="ku16215c.jpg (12430 bytes)" width="227" height="200"></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="21%"><a href="KS-Plesiosaurs/ku16375.jpg"><img
src="KS-Plesiosaurs/ku16375a.jpg" alt="ku16375a.jpg (18348 bytes)" width="256" height="193"></a></td>
<td width="51%"> <p><b>LEFT: Part of a series of more than 15 articulated cervical
vertebrae (KUVP 16375) from small plesiosaur collected in Clark County by Bonner and
Williams.</b></p>
<p><b>RIGHT: The articular portion from the back of the jaw of a large plesiosaur (KUVP
85289) from the Kiowa Shale, Clark Co., Kansas. </b></p>
<p> </td>
<td width="28%"><a href="KS-Plesiosaurs/ku85289.jpg"><img
src="KS-Plesiosaurs/ku85289a.jpg" alt="ku85289a.jpg (23707 bytes)" width="384" height="200"></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="21%"><a href="KS-Plesiosaurs/ku1198.jpg"><img src="KS-Plesiosaurs/ku1198a.jpg"
alt="ku1198a.jpg (10006 bytes)" width="259" height="200"></a></td>
<td width="51%"><b>LEFT: The proximal end of an unusual bone (KUVP 1199) collected
by S. W. Williston from the Kiowa Shale (Clark County) in 1893. Originally thought to be
the femur of a crocodile, Williston (1903) later described it as a new species of giant
pterosaur (<em>"Apatomerus mirus</em>"). It is most likely the upper end of a
plesiosaur propodial.</b><p><b>RIGHT: The upper portion of a similar plesiosaur propodial
(KUVP 16216) collected from the Kiowa Shale of Clark County.</b></td>
<td width="28%"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman"><a
href="KS-Plesiosaurs/ku16216.jpg"><img src="KS-Plesiosaurs/ku16216a.jpg"
alt="ku16216a.jpg (16202 bytes)" width="251" height="200"></a></span></td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<hr>
<strong><font size="3">
<p>KIOWA SHALE REFERENCES:</p>
<p>Beamon, J.C. 1999. Depositional environment and fossil biota of a thin
clastic unit of the Kiowa Formation, Lower Cretaceous (Albian), <st1:place w:st="on">
<st1:City w:st="on">
McPherson County</st1:City>
, <st1:State w:st="on">
Kansas</st1:State>
</st1:place>
. Unpublished MS Thesis, <st1:place
w:st="on">
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">
Fort</st1:PlaceType>
<st1:PlaceName w:st="on">
Hays</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">
State</st1:PlaceType>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">
University</st1:PlaceType>
</st1:place>
, Hays, KS, 97 pp.</p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman">Cragin, F.W.
1894. Vertebrata from the Neocomian of Kansas. Colorado College Studies v pp.
69-73, pls. i, ii.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman">Everhart, M.J.
2005. Probable plesiosaur gastroliths from the basal Kiowa Shale (Early
Cretaceous) of Kiowa County, Kansas. Kansas Academy of Science, Transactions 108
(3/4): 109-115.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">Lane,
H.H. 1946. A survey of the fossil vertebrates of Kansas, Part III, The Reptiles.
Kansas Academy Science, Transactions 49(3):289-332, 7 figs.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">Schultze,
H.-P., Hunt, L., Chorn, J. and Neuner, A.M. 1985. Type and figured specimens of
fossil vertebrates in the collection of the University of Kansas Museum of
Natural History, Part II. Fossil Amphibians and Reptiles. Miscellaneous
Publications of the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History 77:66 pp.</span></p>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">
<p>Williston, S.W. 1894. On various vertebrate remains from the lowermost
Cretaceous of Kansas. Kansas University Quarterly 3(1):1-4, pl. I.</p>
<p>Williston, S.W. 1897. A new plesiosaur from the Kansas Comanche Cretaceous.
Kansas University Quarterly 4:57.</p>
</span>
<hr>
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|
KiowaShale
| | |
| --- | --- |
| | **Kiowa Shale**
**Field Trip**
**June, 2011**
**Copyright ©
2011
by**
**Mike Everhart**
**Page
created 11/01/2011**
**Last updated
11/02/2011**
**LEFT: A view of the exposure where
the plesiosaur remains were collected in August, 2011.** |
**The Kiowa Shale (Lower Cretaceous;
Albian) represents a variety of near-shore marine lithologies, including gray
shales, mudstones and sandstones deposited during the northward advance of the
Western
Interior
Sea
over
Kansas
. In the south central portion of the state, the Kiowa Shale is underlain by the
Cheyenne
Sandstone that in turn rests non-conformably on the Permian shales (redbeds) of
the** **Wellington
Formation (Scott 1970).**
**Plesiosaur bones, although usually isolated, are fairly
common in the Kiowa Shale of Clark and Kiowa counties in southern Kansas, and
less so in McPherson County in central Kansas. I have been
collecting fossils, mostly shark teeth, from the Kiowa Shale for almost 10 years now, I haven't had
much luck in locating plesiosaur remains. My fortunes began to change in June, 2008 when I
discovered a badly weathered plesiosaur propodial (below) in Clark County. It
wasn't much to look at, but it was definitely plesiosaur. Then in August 2008, I
collected the left ischium of a small plesiosaur in Kiowa County, near
Belvidere.**
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [Clark-Podial4a.jpg (17399 bytes)](KS-Plesiosaurs/Clark-Podial4.jpg) | **LEFT: A fragmented and badly weathered podial of a large
plesiosaur from Clark County. (FHSM VP-17300)****RIGHT: Close up of the
specimen at left, showing the bone texture.** | [Clark-Podial3a.jpg (22956 bytes)](KS-Plesiosaurs/Clark-Podial3.jpg) |
| [Ischium-Fielda.jpg (28400 bytes)](KS-Plesiosaurs/KiowaShale/Ischium-Field.jpg) | **LEFT: The left ischium of a small plesiosaur (FHSM VP-17302)
discovered in the basal
Kiowa Shale (Albian) of Kiowa County, Kansas, August, 2008.****RIGHT:
Dorsal and ventral views of the ischium after preparation and putting it back together. [The ischium is about 20 cm in length
and would scale up to a plesiosaur that was about 3.3 m long,](KS-Plesiosaurs/KiowaShale/Buckland-1837.jpg) assuming it was
something like *Plesiosaurus*.**
[**Dorsal and ventral views of the
same bone after preliminary preparation.**](KS-Plesiosaurs/KiowaShale/ischium3.jpg)
**[Click here for an
interpretation of this element](KS-Plesiosaurs/KiowaShale/Kiowa8-08-Diagram.jpg).** | [Ischium6a.jpg (16737 bytes)](KS-Plesiosaurs/KiowaShale/ischium6.jpg) |
**Fast forward three years to June 2011 when [Ken Brunson](http://ksoutback.blogspot.com/) and I visited a new
site in the Kiowa Shale near Belvidere in Kiowa County.**
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | **We were walking through a large exposure and I decided to
climb up a gully. About half way up, I found the distal end of a
plesiosaur propodial, broken off at mid-shaft, lying on the surface. The adrenalin started
pumping as I looked further up the gully and spotted where the rest of the
bone was still protruding from the shale. I picked up the first piece and [carried
uphill to where it had fallen off ... perfect fit...](Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/KiowaPropodial.jpg)**
**LEFT: Ken Brunson took this photo of me holding the two pieces
together.**
**RIGHT: Obviously very happy... we had just started and it was
already a good day!** | |
| | **LEFT: The plesiosaur propodial (FHSM VP-17708) in dorsal
and ventral views after initial preparation and gluing the two pieces back
together. Judging from the straightness of the shaft, is is probably
the right femur of a medium sized plesiosaur..**
**RIGHT: More views of the same propodial.** | |
| | **We were both pretty excited about the discovery. We
walked around the exposure, with Ken a few steps in front of me. [Suddenly
he said, "What's this?"... pointing to a plesiosaur vertebra
that was sitting on top of the shale.](Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/KiowaVert01.jpg)**
**LEFT: Ken had discovered the dorsal vertebra (FHSM VP-17711) of a second
plesiosaur....which we photographed and collected.**
**RIGHT: [Then, not to be
outdone, we walked a few steps and I saw another vertebra](Plesiosaurs/Kiowa/KiowaVert02.jpg) (FHSM
VP-17710) lying on the shale. This
one was a sacral... one of three special vertebrae in the lower back of a
plesiosaur where the ilia of the pelvic girdle attach. This one also
included the dorsal process which had broken off and was lying several
inches away.** | |
| | **LEFT: After I found the second vertebra, I walked over
the exposure again, looking a little more carefully this time. However,
all I found was a really weathered scrap of bone, probably plesiosaur, but
not identifiable beyond that.**
**RIGHT: A good days collecting... specimen numbers assigned... All four specimens (including the scrap) were found at slightly
different levels in the same exposure, more than likely indicating that they
came from four different individuals. We spent another couple of
hours walking around, but the Kiowa had given up all she was going to give
that day.** | |
| | | |
**Other specimens from the Kiowa Shale (Early Cretaceous - Upper Albian)**
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [ku-1305a.jpg (21645 bytes)](KS-Plesiosaurs/ku-1305.jpg) | **LEFT: An old photograph of the remains of a specimen of "*P**lesiosaurus
mudgei*" Cragin (KUVP 1305 - now considered to be a nomen dubium) from the Kiowa
Shale of Clark County, including over 200 gastroliths. Collected by C. N. Gould in 1893,
the specimen cannot be relocated. [Similar
stones are found in the lower Kiowa Shale and are interpreted as "probable"
gastroliths](KS-Plesiosaurs/KiowaShale/gastro1.jpg): [See also this field photo](KS-Plesiosaurs/KiowaShale/insitu3.jpg)****RIGHT:
A more recently collected (1962 by M.V. Walker) set of plesiosaur remains (FHSM VP-2170)
from the Kiowa Shale of Clark County. [One of
the lower limb bones of this specimen appears to preserve a large bite mark (Pliosaur or
crocodile)](KS-Plesiosaurs/VP-2170-1.jpg), Similar remains have been collected from the Kiowa Shale in Kiowa and
McPherson counties.** | [vp-2170a.jpg (16116 bytes)](KS-Plesiosaurs/vp-2170.jpg) |
| [vp-2984a.jpg (15731 bytes)](KS-Plesiosaurs/vp-2984.jpg) | **LEFT: A portion of the pelvis (ischium) of a plesiosaur (FHSM VP-2984)
from the Kiowa Shale of Clark County.** **Right: A propodial of a plesiosaur (FHSM
VP-2983) from the Kiowa Shale of Clark County.** | [vp-2983a.jpg (19451 bytes)](KS-Plesiosaurs/vp-2983.jpg) |
| [ku-1328a.jpg (16854 bytes)](KS-Plesiosaurs/ku-1328.jpg) | **LEFT: A box of plesiosaur "scraps" (KUVP 1328), including
several vertebrae collected from the Kiowa Shale of Clark County by C. N. Gould in 1894.****RIGHT:
The posterior part of a plesiosaur jaw (FHSM VP-2985) collected from the Kiowa Shale of
Clark County. Given the large size, it is most likely from a pliosaur
like *[Brachauchenius](Brachauch.html)*.** | [vp-2985a.jpg (21177 bytes)](KS-Plesiosaurs/vp-2985.jpg) |
| [kiowabsa.jpg (18708 bytes)](KS-Plesiosaurs/kiowabs.jpg) | **LEFT: Four views of a recently collected (2006) plesiosaur
vertebra (FHSM VP-16386) from the Kiowa Shale of Clark County.****RIGHT: Two views
of a single cervical vertebra (KUVP 16215) from the Kiowa Shale of Clark County.** | [ku16215c.jpg (12430 bytes)](KS-Plesiosaurs/ku16215b.jpg) |
| [ku16375a.jpg (18348 bytes)](KS-Plesiosaurs/ku16375.jpg) | **LEFT: Part of a series of more than 15 articulated cervical
vertebrae (KUVP 16375) from small plesiosaur collected in Clark County by Bonner and
Williams.**
**RIGHT: The articular portion from the back of the jaw of a large plesiosaur (KUVP
85289) from the Kiowa Shale, Clark Co., Kansas.**
| [ku85289a.jpg (23707 bytes)](KS-Plesiosaurs/ku85289.jpg) |
| [ku1198a.jpg (10006 bytes)](KS-Plesiosaurs/ku1198.jpg) | **LEFT: The proximal end of an unusual bone (KUVP 1199) collected
by S. W. Williston from the Kiowa Shale (Clark County) in 1893. Originally thought to be
the femur of a crocodile, Williston (1903) later described it as a new species of giant
pterosaur (*"Apatomerus mirus*"). It is most likely the upper end of a
plesiosaur propodial.****RIGHT: The upper portion of a similar plesiosaur propodial
(KUVP 16216) collected from the Kiowa Shale of Clark County.** | [ku16216a.jpg (16202 bytes)](KS-Plesiosaurs/ku16216.jpg) |
---
---
**KIOWA SHALE REFERENCES:
Beamon, J.C. 1999. Depositional environment and fossil biota of a thin
clastic unit of the Kiowa Formation, Lower Cretaceous (Albian),
McPherson County
,
Kansas
. Unpublished MS Thesis,
Fort
Hays
State
University
, Hays, KS, 97 pp.
Cragin, F.W.
1894. Vertebrata from the Neocomian of Kansas. Colorado College Studies v pp.
69-73, pls. i, ii.
Everhart, M.J.
2005. Probable plesiosaur gastroliths from the basal Kiowa Shale (Early
Cretaceous) of Kiowa County, Kansas. Kansas Academy of Science, Transactions 108
(3/4): 109-115.
Lane,
H.H. 1946. A survey of the fossil vertebrates of Kansas, Part III, The Reptiles.
Kansas Academy Science, Transactions 49(3):289-332, 7 figs.
Schultze,
H.-P., Hunt, L., Chorn, J. and Neuner, A.M. 1985. Type and figured specimens of
fossil vertebrates in the collection of the University of Kansas Museum of
Natural History, Part II. Fossil Amphibians and Reptiles. Miscellaneous
Publications of the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History 77:66 pp.
Williston, S.W. 1894. On various vertebrate remains from the lowermost
Cretaceous of Kansas. Kansas University Quarterly 3(1):1-4, pl. I.
Williston, S.W. 1897. A new plesiosaur from the Kansas Comanche Cretaceous.
Kansas University Quarterly 4:57.
---
[](http://www.vertpaleo.org)**
| http://oceansofkansas.com/KiowaShale.html |
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<p><img src="img00.gif" width="192" height="144" class="left" alt="Moon Base" title="Moon Base" /><span class="emph">In the 1950s,</span> a precious metal had showered down to Earth from a meteoroid. The U.S. and the Soviets had discovered this miracle metal at the same time. Both armies rapidly used up this metal, due to its ability to create strong but light war vehicles. The only source of this mineral is from the moon and other planets, thus the space race begins.</p>
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# BattleZone Story
[Local Ditch](../) > [Battlezone](index.html) > Story
In the 1950s, a precious metal had showered down to Earth from a meteoroid. The U.S. and the Soviets had discovered this miracle metal at the same time. Both armies rapidly used up this metal, due to its ability to create strong but light war vehicles. The only source of this mineral is from the moon and other planets, thus the space race begins.
• Full-Blown 3-D Warfare: Pilot one of 20 anti-gravity war machines equipped with weapons of destruction: mortars, mines and the devastating Thumper Device, which launches a Richter-heavy groundquake over the morphable terrain.
• Full Strategic Control: You are the supreme commander of more than 30 unique units, including tanks, infantry and mobile assault turrets. Build bases, deploy forces, manage resources and build your empire, all from the pilot's seat of your tank.
• Realistic First-Person Combat Action: Ship shot down? Bail out, parachute to safety, then use your sniper rifle to take out an enemy pilot and steal the ship for sweet revenge. Switch vehicles right on the battlefield of one of seven distinct moons or planets.
• Revolutionary Technology: The game features full D3D support and a quick software rendering engine which incorporates actual images from NASA space expeditions.
• Multiplayer Melees: Pick your poison: wage multiplayer mayhem in full Strategy Mode via LAN, modem or Internet. Or battle with up to seven others in Deathmatch Mode.
Like this site? Be sure to check out the rest of it at the [main page](../index.html).
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<h1><IMG ALIGN=MIDDLE SRC="smiley.gif" ALT="[have a nice day]">
<IMG ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="[back]" SRC="itsback.gif"></h1>
<p>
<pre>Added Video! Nov. 12, 2004 (see "What's New")</pre>
<p>
<hr>
<h2>Welcome back to the 70s!</h2>
In spite of the fact that I was only 10 years old in 1976, I found
things to enjoy about the seventies. I got on the <A
HREF="breakten.au">CB radio</a> (of course I was the same mental age
as everyone else on the CB, which must have helped), and I especially
loved the easy rock that we heard so much of in the 70s, from the
Carpenters to Fleetwood Mac to the Commodores, England Dan & John Ford
Coley, Ambrosia....aaaah, memories.<p>
I've played with tape recorders all my life, and somehow a lot of my
old tapes survived. A few friends have thrown in their treasures, and
the result is this halfway-enormous compilation of nostalgic 70s
sounds.<p>
<hr>
<h2>Our Regular Features</h2>
<ul>
<li><A HREF="whatsnew.html"><IMG SRC="whatsnew.gif" ALT="[new]">
What's New At -DeeT's</a> Read the latest on -DeeT's efforts to put
the site back together in the new location.
<li><A HREF="players.html"><IMG SRC="players.gif" ALT="[players]">
Audio Players</a> This might help you find
players for the audio files on these pages.
<li><A HREF="video/video.html"><IMG SRC="video.gif" ALT="[video]">
70s Video</a> Video clips from the 70s.
<li><A HREF="childtv/childtv.html"><IMG SRC="childtv.gif" ALT="[TV]" ALT="[TV]">70s
Children's TV</a> plus a special Krofft section.
<li><A HREF="adulttv/adulttv.html"><IMG SRC="adulttv.gif"
ALT="[TV]">70s
TV for Grown-Ups</a> plus a 70s Commercial Matching Game.
<li><A HREF="vinyl/vinyl.html"><IMG SRC="vinyl.gif"
ALT="[RECORD]">The 70s on Vinyl</a> Fun samples from 70s records.
<li><A HREF="radio/radio.html"><IMG SRC="radioicon.gif" ALT="[radio]">
70s Radio</a> Recorded off the actual airwaves in the actual 70s!
<li><IMG SRC="links.gif" ALT="[links]"> <cite>-DeeT's 70s-Related
Resources [under reconstruction]</cite> -DeeT's is just one link in a
biggole chain. Included are both online and offline sources for 70s
goodies and memories.
<li><IMG SRC="iradio.gif" ALT="[internet radio]">
<cite>Internet Radio Shows [under reconstruction]</cite> For a short while,
-DeeT and April produced original Internet radio shows about the seventies.
<li><A HREF="archives/archives.html"><IMG SRC="archives.gif"
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Corner[under reconstruction]</cite> is a place where you might find
some interesting tidbits about your favorite TV shows.
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<cite>-DeeT's Mister Microphone [under reconstruction]</cite> Here's a
special place I've set aside for your views, stories and comments.
<li><a href="nopc/nopc.html">
<img src="nopc.gif" alt="[no pc]">
Disturbing Children's Books</a> We kids of the 70s got to see and hear
a lot of things that are verboten in today's hypersensitive and
politically correct culture.
<li><A HREF="thoughts.html">
<img src="thoughts.gif" alt="[thoughts]">
-DeeT's 70s Thoughts</a> What's with this
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<li><A HREF="familyalbum/familyalbum.html"><IMG SRC="album.gif" ALT="[album]">
-DeeT's 70s Family Album</a> Here are some more personal 70s audio treasures.
</ul>
<pre>
Thanks for keeping the magic alive...
-DeeT
</pre>
<p>
<hr>
The 70s Page pretty much my main contribution to the web, but I do
have a <a href="../index.html">personal home page</a>.<p>
<ADDRESS><A HREF="mailto:70s@dt.prohosting.com">-DeeT
(70s@dt.prohosting.com)</A></ADDRESS>
</BODY>
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|
-DeeT's 70s Page
# [have a nice day]
[back]
```
Added Video! Nov. 12, 2004 (see "What's New")
```
---
## Welcome back to the 70s!
In spite of the fact that I was only 10 years old in 1976, I found
things to enjoy about the seventies. I got on the [CB radio](breakten.au) (of course I was the same mental age
as everyone else on the CB, which must have helped), and I especially
loved the easy rock that we heard so much of in the 70s, from the
Carpenters to Fleetwood Mac to the Commodores, England Dan & John Ford
Coley, Ambrosia....aaaah, memories.
I've played with tape recorders all my life, and somehow a lot of my
old tapes survived. A few friends have thrown in their treasures, and
the result is this halfway-enormous compilation of nostalgic 70s
sounds.
---
## Our Regular Features
* [![[new]](whatsnew.gif)
What's New At -DeeT's](whatsnew.html) Read the latest on -DeeT's efforts to put
the site back together in the new location.
* [![[players]](players.gif)
Audio Players](players.html) This might help you find
players for the audio files on these pages.
* [![[video]](video.gif)
70s Video](video/video.html) Video clips from the 70s.
* [![[TV]](childtv.gif)70s
Children's TV](childtv/childtv.html) plus a special Krofft section.
* [![[TV]](adulttv.gif)70s
TV for Grown-Ups](adulttv/adulttv.html) plus a 70s Commercial Matching Game.
* [![[RECORD]](vinyl.gif)The 70s on Vinyl](vinyl/vinyl.html) Fun samples from 70s records.
* [![[radio]](radioicon.gif)
70s Radio](radio/radio.html) Recorded off the actual airwaves in the actual 70s!
* ![[links]](links.gif) -DeeT's 70s-Related
Resources [under reconstruction] -DeeT's is just one link in a
biggole chain. Included are both online and offline sources for 70s
goodies and memories.
* ![[internet radio]](iradio.gif)
Internet Radio Shows [under reconstruction] For a short while,
-DeeT and April produced original Internet radio shows about the seventies.
* [![[archives]](archives.gif) -DeeT's 70s Archives](archives/archives.html) Partial listings of the 70s
audio and video archives from which these pages were gleaned.
* ![[lost+found]](lost+found.gif) -DeeT's 70s
Lost and Found[under reconstruction] On this page we help each
other recover lost treasures and piece together our memories.
* ![[faith's]](faith.gif) Faith's Answer
Corner[under reconstruction] is a place where you might find
some interesting tidbits about your favorite TV shows.
* ![[mr mic]](mrmic.gif)
-DeeT's Mister Microphone [under reconstruction] Here's a
special place I've set aside for your views, stories and comments.
* [![[no pc]](nopc.gif)
Disturbing Children's Books](nopc/nopc.html) We kids of the 70s got to see and hear
a lot of things that are verboten in today's hypersensitive and
politically correct culture.
* [![[thoughts]](thoughts.gif)
-DeeT's 70s Thoughts](thoughts.html) What's with this
-DeeT character anyway? Why am I doing this, particularly since I was
so young in the 70s? See my most intimate 70s thoughts on this page.
* [![[album]](album.gif)
-DeeT's 70s Family Album](familyalbum/familyalbum.html) Here are some more personal 70s audio treasures.
```
Thanks for keeping the magic alive...
-DeeT
```
---
The 70s Page pretty much my main contribution to the web, but I do
have a [personal home page](../index.html).
[-DeeT
(70s@dt.prohosting.com)](mailto:70s@dt.prohosting.com)
| http://dt.prohosting.com/70s/ |
head>
<title>Elec 301 Webpage</title>
</head>
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<p align="center"><font face="Tahoma,Helvetica" size="5.5">
Welcome To Our 301 Webpage about AM Radio.
</p></font>
<p align="center"><font size ="6">
Early AM Radio History
</p></font>
<p align="left"><font>
The history of radio began in 1873 with James Clerk Maxwell's publication of
his theory on electromagnetic waves. It was Heinrich Hertz who first generated
and detected radio waves in 1888, and also proved that these waves travel at
the speed of light. Italian engineer Guglielmo Marconi was the first to apply
these experiments Hertz had conducted into ideas for communication. By 1895,
he had built a transmitter and a receiver, and sent the first wireless message.
By the end of 1901, he managed to improve the technology enough to be able to
send a signal across the Atlantic Ocean.
</p></font>
<p><left>
<img src="fessen~1.gif">
<center>
<img src="Vacuum~1.jpg">
<right>
<img src="Marconi.jpg">
</p>
<p align="left"><font>
In the beginning, radio acted solely as a wireless telegraph device, used
to send Morse code. It was first employed for point-to-point communication
where regular telegraph lines were unreliable. It was not until Canadian-born
American physicist Reginald Fessenden came up with the idea for modulating
these waves that it became possible for the waves to carry the information
necessary for sound or pictures. he received a patent in 1901 for a new type
of radio transmitter, which would produce what became known as "continuous
waves." This is the first design to employ the principles behind amplitude
modulation. It wasn't until 1906 that amplitude modulation was ready
for public demonstration. Fessenden created the first radio broadcast
in 1906 and took radio from a point-to-point wireless telegraph to a
system of audio transmission to multiple people. Although Fessenden's
invention was already capable of transmitting audio, the first commercial
radio station was not established until 1920. This is a direct result of the
cost and complexity of the device. The later invention of the vacuum-tube
transmitter (first appearing in 1915) created the opportunity for widespread
public broadcasting.
</p></font>
<p> </p>
<p align="center"><font size="6">
Communication Systems
</p></font>
<p><font>
A communication system is made up of many things. The most basic communications
system model requires a transmitter, a channel, and a receiver.
Every communication system has these parts but other considerations are also
made. For example, is the system to communicate to a single receiver or a
million? How far do the communications have to travel? What kind of
information is being sent? All these questions influence the design of any
communication. Our group focused on AM radio transmission but we will discuss
other types of systems as well.
</p></font>
<p><font>
Broadcast communication and point-to-point communication are the two major
types of transmission in communication systems. Broadcast communication
systems are intended to send information to many receivers at once.
This is effectively used by television stations, radio stations, teachers in
lecture halls, emails, and the internet.
All of these are examples of one transmitter broadcasting information to many
receivers. Point-to-point communication systems are just the opposite of
broadcasting. Each transmitter is sending information to a limited number
of receivers, in most cases it is only one. Examples of this are the telephone
system, emails, personal conversations, and letters. Depending on the
information content and sensitivity, one system is often preferred and is
just more effective. It would be very expensive for television stations to
implement point-to-point systems. Each user would have a transmitter at the
station just for their receiver. Some systems like Citizens Band radio often
have point-to-point information being transmitted but it is broadcast for all
to hear. The government often implements point-to-point systems because of
the highly sensitive material being sent.
</p></font>
<p><font>
The transmitter is a key part of the system. Factors such as what kind of
information is to be sent, who should receive it, and how far does it have to
travel all influence the transmitter's design. The earliest electronic
transmitter was the telegraph. It was capable of sending dots and dashes.
This sort of binary system worked for simple communication in the past, but
it was obvious that a better system was needed. Communications across seas
used to be as fast as the ship carrying it in the old days. Those days are
over. Today people want, and often need, to communicate with others instantly
and effectively. There are many transmitters in every home these days.
Telephones, cell phones, and computers account for a great proportion of
personal transmitters. Transmitters can be broken down into two categories:
wired and wireless. Satellites are obviously wireless transmitters where as
telephones are both wireless or wired. Wireless transmitters sometimes add
increased use to users by becoming portable communication devices. The trend
in telephones and many other systems suggests that wireless transmitters are
the preferred devices. Information leaves the transmitter to make its way
across the channel in hopes of reaching the transmitter intact. The channel
can be a nasty place. The channel anything separating the transmitter and
receiver. Information can be completely lost in the channel if the
communications system is not carefully set up. Noise is introduced in the
channel to signals and can destroy them in some cases. Examples of channels
are the vacuum of space, air, water, optic fiber, and wires. Which type of
channel is used in a communications system depends on how far the information
needs to be sent and what kind of information is being sent. Many systems
are a combination of types of channels.
</p></font>
<p><font>
Once information has made its way
across the channel a receiver must pick it up. Most people would consider it
silly to transmit without having anything receive those transmissions but some
organizations don't, like NASA. Receivers have a key role in a transmission
system. The rest of the system has gone to waste if information cannot be
received. The receiver has to be able to know where to find information being
transmitted to it and how it can get it. In AM radio you just need a
capacitor, diode, and resistor to build a receiver. Most systems aren't this
simple though. Many devices are required and sometimes computer code as well.
Some information is coded at the transmitter and must therefore be decoded by
the receiver. This obviously requires that the receiver and transmitter know
the code. Receivers these days come in more shapes and sizes than can be
imagined. Pagers and other devices have shrunk to the point where one doesn't
know another person has them anymore.
</p></font>
<p><font>
AM radio is a broadcast communication system. It transmits audio signals
that can be tuned in by anyone. It is also an example of a wireless
communications system. It is based on a simple concept of amplitude modulation.
A base signal is multiplied by a sinusoid to modulate the signal and place it
at a carrier frequency for transmission. It then travels through the air to
each receiver where it is demodulated. Listeners then may proceed to enjoy.
The details of amplitude modulation are discussed in another section.
</p></font>
<p> </p>
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AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM) COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
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<h1 align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM) COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS<o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>There
are two devices of basic importance in the type of communications systems we
will be looking at � the transmitter and the receiver.<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes">� </span>Obviously, the transmitter sends out or
�broadcasts� signals that the receiver picks up and interprets.<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes">� </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>If
we choose to modulate a signal by its amplitude, we must hold the frequency of
the signal constant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">� </span>To do this, we
simply shift the spectrum of our signal <i>m(t)</i> to the carrier frequency <i>w<sub>c</sub>
</i>that we have chosen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">� </span>This alters
the spectrum of our signal in the frequency domain from <i>M(w)</i> to <i>�[M(w+w<sub>c</sub>)
+ M(w- w<sub>c</sub>)] </i>(see figure below).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">�
</span>Thus, the spectrum of our signal is shifted to the left and right by <i>w<sub>c</sub></i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td width=123></td>
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<br style='mso-ignore:vglayout' clear=ALL>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>When
the altered signal is sent from the transmitter to the receiver, the receiver
must create a carrier that is in phase and frequency synchronism with the
transmitter�s carrier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">� </span>Or, we could
just transmit a carrier along with the signal.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>More
generally, we have two options:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>1)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Create
a sophisticated receiver (expensive) and a simple transmitter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>2)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Have
the transmitter transmit a carrier <i>A cos w<sub>c</sub>t</i> along with the
modulated signal <i>m(t) cos w<sub>c</sub>t</i> (transmitter needs a great deal
of power � also expensive)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>As
AM communication systems are generally designed to be broadcast from one
transmitter to a number of receivers, it makes more sense to take option two
above, and build one high-powered transmitter that sends a carrier along with
the modulated signal and many inexpensive receivers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Our
transmitted signal is of the form:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>��������� </span><i>s<sub>AM</sub>(t) = A cos w<sub>c</sub>t
+ m(t) cos w<sub>c</sub>t<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1053" type="#_x0000_t202"
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<v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1053'/>
</v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1070" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;
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filled="f" stroked="f"/><v:shape id="_x0000_s1067" type="#_x0000_t202"
style='position:absolute;margin-left:103.05pt;margin-top:6.85pt;width:81pt;
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style='mso-ignore:vglayout;position:relative;z-index:16;left:-7px;top:9px;
width:566px;height:53px'>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 align=left>
<tr>
<td width=0 height=0></td>
<td width=74></td>
<td width=70></td>
<td width=110></td>
<td width=70></td>
<td width=242></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height=38></td>
<td rowspan=2 width=74 height=44 align=left valign=top style='vertical-align:
top'><![endif]><![if !mso]><span style='position:absolute;z-index:26'>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%">
<tr>
<td><![endif]>
<div v:shape="_x0000_s1053" style='padding:3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt'
class=shape>
<p class=MsoBodyText2>m(t)</p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
</table>
</span><![endif]><![if !mso & !vml]> <![endif]><![if !vml]></td>
<td></td>
<td width=110 height=38 align=left valign=top style='vertical-align:top'><![endif]><![if !mso]><span
style='position:absolute;z-index:38'>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%">
<tr>
<td><![endif]>
<div v:shape="_x0000_s1067" style='padding:3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt'
class=shape>
<p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>m(t) cos w<sub>c</sub>t<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
</table>
</span><![endif]><![if !mso & !vml]> <![endif]><![if !vml]></td>
<td></td>
<td rowspan=2 width=242 height=44 align=left valign=top style='vertical-align:
top'><![endif]><![if !mso]><span style='position:absolute;z-index:41'>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%">
<tr>
<td><![endif]>
<div v:shape="_x0000_s1070" style='padding:3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt'
class=shape>
<p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>A cos w<sub>c</sub>t + m(t)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">�
</span>cos w<sub>c</sub>t<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
</table>
</span><![endif]><![if !mso & !vml]> <![endif]><![if !vml]></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height=6></td>
</tr>
</table>
</span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<br style='mso-ignore:vglayout' clear=ALL>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:178.5pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>����������������������������������������������������������� </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1069" style='position:absolute;
z-index:40' from="220.05pt,2.05pt" to="391.05pt,2.05pt">
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</v:line><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout;position:
relative;z-index:18'><span style='position:absolute;left:292px;top:-3px;
width:232px;height:14px'><img width=232 height=14
src="image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1069"></span></span><![endif]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
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style='position:absolute;z-index:29' from="67.05pt,-34.55pt" to="85.05pt,-16.55pt"/><v:line
id="_x0000_s1058" style='position:absolute;flip:x;z-index:30' from="67.05pt,-34.55pt"
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<v:textbox>
<![if !mso]>
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<tr>
<td><![endif]>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>cos w<sub>c</sub>t<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
</table>
<![endif]></v:textbox>
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<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
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style='position:absolute;z-index:35' from="193.05pt,-25.55pt" to="211.05pt,-25.55pt"/><v:line
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</v:line><v:shape id="_x0000_s1068" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;
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<v:textbox>
<![if !mso]>
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<tr>
<td><![endif]>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>A cos w<sub>c</sub>t<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
</table>
<![endif]></v:textbox>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout;position:
relative;z-index:20'><span style='position:absolute;left:4px;top:-58px;
width:411px;height:116px'><img width=411 height=116
src="image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1054 _x0000_s1055 _x0000_s1057 _x0000_s1058 _x0000_s1059 _x0000_s1060 _x0000_s1061 _x0000_s1062 _x0000_s1063 _x0000_s1064 _x0000_s1065 _x0000_s1068"></span></span><![endif]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<br style='mso-ignore:vglayout' clear=ALL>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Thus,
<i>A + m(t)</i> is now the modulating signal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">�
</span>The transmitted signal is simply a sinusoid with frequency <i>w<sub>c</sub></i>
that fits in an �envelope� defined by <i>A + m(t)</i> and <i>�[ A + m(t)]</i> (see
diagram below).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1043" style='position:absolute;
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to="175.05pt,11.05pt"/><v:line id="_x0000_s1046" style='position:absolute;
z-index:20' from="175.05pt,11.05pt" to="346.05pt,11.05pt"/><v:line id="_x0000_s1047"
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<v:textbox>
<![if !mso]>
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<tr>
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<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>A + m(t)<o:p></o:p></i></p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
</table>
<![endif]></v:textbox>
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<v:textbox>
<![if !mso]>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%">
<tr>
<td><![endif]>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>-[A + m(t)]<o:p></o:p></i></p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
</table>
<![endif]></v:textbox>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout'>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 align=left>
<tr>
<td width=88 height=2></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><img width=471 height=126 src="image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1043 _x0000_s1044 _x0000_s1045 _x0000_s1046 _x0000_s1047 _x0000_s1048 _x0000_s1050 _x0000_s1051 _x0000_s1052"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<br style='mso-ignore:vglayout' clear=ALL>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Now
we must detect the signal <i>m(t)</i> from the modulated signal we
received.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">� </span>To do this, we must first set
a condition for envelope detection:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>��������� </span><i>A + m(t)</i> </span><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;
mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-char-type:
symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol'>�</span></span><span style='font-size:
14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'> 0 <span style='mso-tab-count:2'>����������������� </span>for
all <i>t</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>If
we let <i>m<sub>p</sub></i> be the peak amplitude of <i>m(t)</i>, then our
condition becomes:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>��������� </span><i>A</i> </span><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;
mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-char-type:
symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol'>�</span></span><span style='font-size:
14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'> <i>m<sub>p</sub></i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>If
this is true, then we can easily detect the envelope with simple circuitry
(explained below) and hence determine <i>m(t)</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun:
yes">� </span>Otherwise, we must use synchronous demodulation, which is a much
more complex and expensive process than envelope detection.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>The
envelope detector is a simple circuit and uses few compnents (see diagram
below).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">� </span>The AM signal goes through the
diode, charging the capacitor until the voltage in the capacitor exceeds the
voltage of the signal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">� </span>At this point,
the diode opens and the capacitor discharges slowly through the resistor, until
the AM signal has a higher voltage than the capacitor again.<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes">� </span>In this way, the output voltage picks up the
peak values of the sinusoidal AM signal, which define the envelope <i>A + m(t)</i>.<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes">� </span>Knowing <i>A</i>, we now know what the
original signal was.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:oval id="_x0000_s1071" style='position:absolute;
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<h2>C</h2>
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<h2>R</h2>
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<h2>v<sub>c</sub>(t)</h2>
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<h3>Envelope Detector</h3>
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Elec 301 Webpage
Welcome To Our 301 Webpage about AM Radio.
Early AM Radio History
The history of radio began in 1873 with James Clerk Maxwell's publication of
his theory on electromagnetic waves. It was Heinrich Hertz who first generated
and detected radio waves in 1888, and also proved that these waves travel at
the speed of light. Italian engineer Guglielmo Marconi was the first to apply
these experiments Hertz had conducted into ideas for communication. By 1895,
he had built a transmitter and a receiver, and sent the first wireless message.
By the end of 1901, he managed to improve the technology enough to be able to
send a signal across the Atlantic Ocean.
In the beginning, radio acted solely as a wireless telegraph device, used
to send Morse code. It was first employed for point-to-point communication
where regular telegraph lines were unreliable. It was not until Canadian-born
American physicist Reginald Fessenden came up with the idea for modulating
these waves that it became possible for the waves to carry the information
necessary for sound or pictures. he received a patent in 1901 for a new type
of radio transmitter, which would produce what became known as "continuous
waves." This is the first design to employ the principles behind amplitude
modulation. It wasn't until 1906 that amplitude modulation was ready
for public demonstration. Fessenden created the first radio broadcast
in 1906 and took radio from a point-to-point wireless telegraph to a
system of audio transmission to multiple people. Although Fessenden's
invention was already capable of transmitting audio, the first commercial
radio station was not established until 1920. This is a direct result of the
cost and complexity of the device. The later invention of the vacuum-tube
transmitter (first appearing in 1915) created the opportunity for widespread
public broadcasting.
Communication Systems
A communication system is made up of many things. The most basic communications
system model requires a transmitter, a channel, and a receiver.
Every communication system has these parts but other considerations are also
made. For example, is the system to communicate to a single receiver or a
million? How far do the communications have to travel? What kind of
information is being sent? All these questions influence the design of any
communication. Our group focused on AM radio transmission but we will discuss
other types of systems as well.
Broadcast communication and point-to-point communication are the two major
types of transmission in communication systems. Broadcast communication
systems are intended to send information to many receivers at once.
This is effectively used by television stations, radio stations, teachers in
lecture halls, emails, and the internet.
All of these are examples of one transmitter broadcasting information to many
receivers. Point-to-point communication systems are just the opposite of
broadcasting. Each transmitter is sending information to a limited number
of receivers, in most cases it is only one. Examples of this are the telephone
system, emails, personal conversations, and letters. Depending on the
information content and sensitivity, one system is often preferred and is
just more effective. It would be very expensive for television stations to
implement point-to-point systems. Each user would have a transmitter at the
station just for their receiver. Some systems like Citizens Band radio often
have point-to-point information being transmitted but it is broadcast for all
to hear. The government often implements point-to-point systems because of
the highly sensitive material being sent.
The transmitter is a key part of the system. Factors such as what kind of
information is to be sent, who should receive it, and how far does it have to
travel all influence the transmitter's design. The earliest electronic
transmitter was the telegraph. It was capable of sending dots and dashes.
This sort of binary system worked for simple communication in the past, but
it was obvious that a better system was needed. Communications across seas
used to be as fast as the ship carrying it in the old days. Those days are
over. Today people want, and often need, to communicate with others instantly
and effectively. There are many transmitters in every home these days.
Telephones, cell phones, and computers account for a great proportion of
personal transmitters. Transmitters can be broken down into two categories:
wired and wireless. Satellites are obviously wireless transmitters where as
telephones are both wireless or wired. Wireless transmitters sometimes add
increased use to users by becoming portable communication devices. The trend
in telephones and many other systems suggests that wireless transmitters are
the preferred devices. Information leaves the transmitter to make its way
across the channel in hopes of reaching the transmitter intact. The channel
can be a nasty place. The channel anything separating the transmitter and
receiver. Information can be completely lost in the channel if the
communications system is not carefully set up. Noise is introduced in the
channel to signals and can destroy them in some cases. Examples of channels
are the vacuum of space, air, water, optic fiber, and wires. Which type of
channel is used in a communications system depends on how far the information
needs to be sent and what kind of information is being sent. Many systems
are a combination of types of channels.
Once information has made its way
across the channel a receiver must pick it up. Most people would consider it
silly to transmit without having anything receive those transmissions but some
organizations don't, like NASA. Receivers have a key role in a transmission
system. The rest of the system has gone to waste if information cannot be
received. The receiver has to be able to know where to find information being
transmitted to it and how it can get it. In AM radio you just need a
capacitor, diode, and resistor to build a receiver. Most systems aren't this
simple though. Many devices are required and sometimes computer code as well.
Some information is coded at the transmitter and must therefore be decoded by
the receiver. This obviously requires that the receiver and transmitter know
the code. Receivers these days come in more shapes and sizes than can be
imagined. Pagers and other devices have shrunk to the point where one doesn't
know another person has them anymore.
AM radio is a broadcast communication system. It transmits audio signals
that can be tuned in by anyone. It is also an example of a wireless
communications system. It is based on a simple concept of amplitude modulation.
A base signal is multiplied by a sinusoid to modulate the signal and place it
at a carrier frequency for transmission. It then travels through the air to
each receiver where it is demodulated. Listeners then may proceed to enjoy.
The details of amplitude modulation are discussed in another section.
AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM) COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
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# **AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM) COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS**
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There
are two devices of basic importance in the type of communications systems we
will be looking at � the transmitter and the receiver.� Obviously, the transmitter sends out or
�broadcasts� signals that the receiver picks up and interprets.�
if !supportEmptyParas endif
If
we choose to modulate a signal by its amplitude, we must hold the frequency of
the signal constant.� To do this, we
simply shift the spectrum of our signal *m(t)* to the carrier frequency *wc*that we have chosen.� This alters
the spectrum of our signal in the frequency domain from *M(w)* to *�[M(w+wc)
+ M(w- wc)]* (see figure below).�
Thus, the spectrum of our signal is shifted to the left and right by *wc*.
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*M(w)*
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When
the altered signal is sent from the transmitter to the receiver, the receiver
must create a carrier that is in phase and frequency synchronism with the
transmitter�s carrier.� Or, we could
just transmit a carrier along with the signal.
if !supportEmptyParas endif
More
generally, we have two options:
if !supportEmptyParas endif
if !supportLists1)
endifCreate
a sophisticated receiver (expensive) and a simple transmitter
if !supportEmptyParas endif
if !supportLists2)
endifHave
the transmitter transmit a carrier *A cos wct* along with the
modulated signal *m(t) cos wct* (transmitter needs a great deal
of power � also expensive)
if !supportEmptyParas endif
As
AM communication systems are generally designed to be broadcast from one
transmitter to a number of receivers, it makes more sense to take option two
above, and build one high-powered transmitter that sends a carrier along with
the modulated signal and many inexpensive receivers.
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if !supportEmptyParas endif
if !supportEmptyParas endif
Our
transmitted signal is of the form:
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��������� *sAM(t) = A cos wct
+ m(t) cos wct*
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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m(t)
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*m(t) cos wct*
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*A cos wct + m(t)�
cos wct*
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endifif !supportEmptyParas endif
�����������������������������������������������������������
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if !supportEmptyParas endif
if !vmlendifif !supportEmptyParas endif
if !supportEmptyParas endif
if !supportEmptyParas endif
if !supportEmptyParas endif
Thus,
*A + m(t)* is now the modulating signal.�
The transmitted signal is simply a sinusoid with frequency *wc*
that fits in an �envelope� defined by *A + m(t)* and *�[ A + m(t)]* (see
diagram below).
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if !supportEmptyParas endif
if !supportEmptyParas endif
if !supportEmptyParas endif
Now
we must detect the signal *m(t)* from the modulated signal we
received.� To do this, we must first set
a condition for envelope detection:
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��������� *A + m(t)* � 0 ����������������� for
all *t*
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If
we let *mp* be the peak amplitude of *m(t)*, then our
condition becomes:
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��������� *A* � *mp*
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If
this is true, then we can easily detect the envelope with simple circuitry
(explained below) and hence determine *m(t)*.� Otherwise, we must use synchronous demodulation, which is a much
more complex and expensive process than envelope detection.
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if !supportEmptyParas endif
if !supportEmptyParas endif
The
envelope detector is a simple circuit and uses few compnents (see diagram
below).� The AM signal goes through the
diode, charging the capacitor until the voltage in the capacitor exceeds the
voltage of the signal.� At this point,
the diode opens and the capacitor discharges slowly through the resistor, until
the AM signal has a higher voltage than the capacitor again.� In this way, the output voltage picks up the
peak values of the sinusoidal AM signal, which define the envelope *A + m(t)*.� Knowing *A*, we now know what the
original signal was.
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Envelope Detector
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| https://www.clear.rice.edu/elec301/Projects99/amcomm/ |
<html>
<head>
<title>Apollo Lunar Surface Journal</title>
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<a href="index.html"><IMG SRC="alsj_headline.gif" alt="The Apollo Lunar Surface Journal"></a>
<p> <p>
Edited by <a href="emj.html">Eric M. Jones</a> and <a href="glover.html" target="new">Ken Glover</a>.<p>
Commentary by the Editors and
<p>
<table border=0 width=100%>
<tr valign=top align=center>
<td width=33%>
Apollo 11 Astronauts<br>
<a href="a11/a11.crew.html#neilbio">Neil A. Armstrong</a><br>
and <br>
<a href="a11/a11.crew.html#buzzbio">Buzz Aldrin,</a>
<td width=33%>
Apollo 12 Astronauts<br>
<a href="a12/a12.crew.html#petebio">Charles (Pete) Conrad, Jr. </a><br>
and <br>
<a href="a12/a12.crew.html#beanbio">Alan L. Bean,</a>
<td width=33%>
Apollo 14 Astronaut<br>
<a href="a14/a14.crew.html#mitchellbio">Edgar D. Mitchell,</a>
</td></tr></table><p>
<table border=0 width=100%>
<tr valign=top align=center>
<td width=33%>
Apollo 15 Astronauts<br>
<a href="a15/a15.crew.html#scottbio"> David R. Scott</a> <br>
and<br> <a href="a15/a15.crew.html#irwinbio">James B. Irwin,</a>
<td width=33%>
Apollo 16 Astronaut<br>
<a href="a16/a16.crew.html#dukebio">Charles M. Duke,</a>
<td width=33%>
Apollo 17 Astronauts<br>
<a href="a17/a17.crew.html#genebio">Eugene A. Cernan</a> <br>
and <br><a href="a17/a17.crew.html#jackbio"> Harrison H. (Jack) Schmitt</a>
</td ></tr></table>
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<a href="a11/a11.html" target="_parent" >Apollo 11</a>
| <a href="a12/a12.html" target="_parent">Apollo 12</a>
| <a href="a13/a13.html" target="_parent">Apollo 13</a>
| <a href="a14/a14.html" target="_parent">Apollo 14</a>
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<br>
<blockquote>
<h3>Resources</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://history.nasa.gov/afj/">Apollo Flight Journal</a>, the excellent companion to the ALSJ by David Woods and the AFJ team;</li>
<li><a href="http://www.workingonthemoon.com/alsj_fr/depart.html" target="new">Journal de la Surface Lunaire (en Français)</a>;</li>
<li><a href="alsj_deutsch/index.html" target="new">Journal der Monderkundung (auf Deutsch)</a>;</li>
<li><a href="http://www.apolloarchive.com/apollo_gallery.html">Apollo Image Gallery</a>, quick access to high-res scans of mission photos, edited by Kipp Teague;</li>
<li><a href="apollo.biblio.html" target="new">Apollo Bibliography</a>, websites, books, and other resources.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.facebook.com/pages/Apollo-Lunar-Surface-Journal/146600305410052" target="new">ALSJ on Facebook</a></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<h3>Introductory Material</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="cover.html" target="new">Cover Page</a>
<li><a href="griffin.foreword.html "target="new">Foreword by Gerry Griffin</a>
<li><a href="apollo.prolog.html" target="new">Prologue</a>
<li><a href="prepstruct.html" target="new">Preparation and Structure of the Journal</a>
<li><a href="apollo.precurs.html" target="new">Precursors to the Landing Missions</a>
<li><a href="apollo.acknoldg.html" target="new">Acknowledgements</a>
<li><a href="apollo.biblio.html" target="new">Bibliography</a>
<li><a href="apollo.glossary.html" target="new">Glossary</a>
</ul>
<h3>Program Summary, Overviews, and Supplementary Material</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="LunarLandingMIssionSymposium1966_1978075303.pdf" target="new">1966 Lunar Landing Mission Symposium</a>
<li><a href="alsj-MissionEvents.html" target="new">1966-7 Mission Event Illustrations</a>
<li><a href="alsj-JSC09423.html" target="new">Apollo Program Summary Report JSC-09423</a>
<li><a href="overviews.html" target="new">Mission Overviews</a>
<li><a href="summary.html" target="new">Mission Summaries</a>
<li><a href="picture.html" target="new">Image Libraries</a>
<li><a href="alsj-AnaglyphGalleries.html" target="new">Anaglyph Galleries</a>
<li><a href="alsj-video.html" target="new">Video and 16-mm Libraries</a>
<li><a href="alsj-mrs.html" target="new">Mission Reports</a>
<li><a href="alsj-rawtrans.html" target="new">Raw Voice Transcriptions - TEC, PAO, CM, LM</a>
<li><a href="alsj-GeologyVoiceTranscripts.html" target="new">Voice Transcripts Pertaining to Geology</a>
<li><a href="alsj-psrs.html" target="main">Preliminary Science Reports</a>
<li><a href="alsj-sampcats.html" target="new">Sample Catalogs</a>
<li><a href="alsj-tecdbrf.html" target="new">Technical Debriefings</a>
<li><a href="NASA-SP-368.pdf" target="new">NASA SP-368, Biomedical Results of Apollo (99Mb PDF)</a>
<li><a href="http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_data/" target="new">Online Apollo Lunar Data from ALSEP and other sources</a>
<li><a href="alsj-science.html" target="new">Scientific Results</a>
<li><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/76882844/Clouds-Across-the-Moon" target="new">Cloud patterns in Apollo photos compared with contemporary meteorological satellite images</a>
<li><a href="617743main_NASA-USG_LUNAR_HISTORIC_SITES_RevA-508.pdf" target="new">Preserving Historic Lunar Sites</a>
<li><a href="alsj-political.html" target="new">Political Context</a>
<li><a href="alsj-teachers.html" target="new">For Teachers</a>
</ul>
<h3>Background Material</h3>
<blockquote>
<h4>Training and Ground Support</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="alsj-CrewTraining.html" target="new">Crew Training Summaries</a>
<li><a href="alsj-flt-controllers.html" target="new">Flight Director and Flight Controller Assignments</a>
<li><a href="alsj-capcom-role.html" target="new">Role of the CapCom</a>
<li><a href="ApolloSpacecrftSystmsFAM67.pdf"</a>Apollo Spacecraft and Systems Familiarization 10 Mb PDF</a>
<li><a href="Schaber.html" target="new">USGS Astrogeology (1960-1973)</a>
<li><a href="ap-geotrips.html" target="new">Geology Training and Field Exercises</a>
<li><a href="alsj-LLRV.html" target="new">LLRV (Lunar Landing Research Vehicle) Monograph</a>
<li><a href="LLTV-952.html" target="new">The Only Surviving LLTV (Lunar Landing Training Vehicle)</a>
<li><a href="alsj-LLTV-value.html" target="new">Value of the LLTV</a>
<li><a href="alsj-LLTVRules.html" target="new">LLTV Flight Rules</a>
</ul>
<h4>Flight Hardware</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="apollo.engin.html" target="new">Spacecraft, Suits, and Rovers</a>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<h5>Command and Service Module</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="alsj-CSMdocs.html" target="new">Command and Service Module Documentation</a>
</ul>
<h5>Lunar Module</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="JCHoubolt1961LunarOrbitRendezvous19780070033.pdf" target="new">J. C. Houbolt: Lunar-Orbit Rendezvous 1961</a>
<li><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/102344480832268723473/LM9KennedySpaceCenter" target="new">John Love's LM-9 (KSC display) Photo Album</a>
<li><a href="alsj-LMCloseoutPhotos.html" target="new">Pre-Launch LM Cabin Close-Out Photos</a>
<li><a href="LM6_ControlsAndDisplays.jpg" title="drawing" target="new">LM-6 Controls and Displays</a>
<li><a href="alsj-LMdocs.html" target="new">Lunar Module Documentation</a>
<li><a href="alsj-LLRV.html" target="new">LLRV (Lunar Landing Research Vehicle) Monograph</a>
<li><a href="LLTV-952.html" target="new">LLTV (Lunar Landing Training Vehicle)</a>
<li><a href="alsj-LLTV-value.html" target="new">Value of the LLTV</a>
<li><a href="alsj-LMCkptMockup.html" target="new">Lunar Module Cockpit Mockup circa 1967</a>
<li><a href="alsj-LMRadars.html" target="new">LM Landing and Rendezvous Radars</a>
<li><a href="apollo-ic.html" target="new">Apollo 11 Integrated Circuits</a>
<li><a href="DumpValve.html" target="new">Cabin Relief and Dump Valve</a>
<li><a href="http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/12652" target="new">Buzz Aldrin's Ph.D. thesis</a>
<li><a href="coas.htm" target="new">Crewman Optical Alignment Sight (COAS)</a>
<li><a href="alsj-AOTNavStarsDetents.html" target="new">Alignment Optical Telescope (AOT), Navigation Stars, Detents</a>
<li><a href="alsj-descent.html" target="new">Floyd Bennett - Lunar Module Descent and Ascent</a>
</ul>
<h5>Lunar Roving Vehicle</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="alsj-LRVdocs.html" target="new">Lunar Roving Vehicle Documentation</a>
<li><a href="Boeing_LRV.html" target="new">Pre-Apollo 17 Boeing LRV Brochure</a>
<li>Don McMillan's <a href="VirtualLRV.html" target="new"> Virtual LRV</a>
<li><a href="alsj-LRVDeployGrumman.html" target="new">Grumman LRV Deployment Cartoons</a>
</ul>
<h5>Suits and Life Support Equipment</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="alsj-EMU.html" target="new">Apollo EMU Handbooks</a>
<li><a href="alsj-PostFlightSuitInspect.html" target="new">Post-Flight Suit Inspections</a>
<li><a href="./a14/A14HistorclEMUAccnt.pdf" target="new">A14 EMU Mission Log</a>
<li><a href="alsj-FlownSuits.html" target="new">Flown Suit Photo Albums</a>
<li><a href="alsj-A7LDonDoff.html" target="new">A7L Donning and Doffing Procedures</a>
<li><a href="tnD8093EMUDevelop.html" target="new">Development of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit</a>
<li><a href="alsj-ILC-SpaceSuits.html" target="new">ILC Space Suits and Related Products</a>
<li><a href="apollosuits.html" target="new">Apollo Suit Serial Numbers</a>
<li><a href="alsj-PLSSOPSLEVA.html" target="new">Flown PLSS, OPS, LEVA Serial Numbers</a>
<li><a href="plss-development.html" target="new">PLSS Development Essays by Ken Thomas</a>
<li><a href="plss.html" target="new">Portable Life Support System (PLSS) Images</a>
<li><a href="alsj-OPS.html" target="new">OPS Essay by Karl Dodenhoff</a>
<li><a href="a17/A17LifeSpprtBrief.html" target="new">A17 PLSS/OPS/BSLSS Briefing</a></li>
<li><a href="a14/A14PLSSOPSReport.html" target="new">Apollo 14 PLSS/OPS Performance</a></li>
<li><a href="alsj-RCU.html" target="new">Remote Control Unit (RCU)</a>
<li><a href="alsj-LM-ECS.html" target="new">LM Environmental Control System</a>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<h4>Communications</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="alsj-NASA-SP-87.html" target="new">Apollo Unified S-Band (USB) System</a>
<li><a href="HSI-481184-LCRU.pdf" target="new">LCRU Crew Training Manual (4 Mb PDF)</a>
<li><a href="STDN-601-AS-512-Vol-1-OCR.html" target="new">Network Operations Support Plan for AS-512/Apollo 17</a>
<li><a href="tnD6974LMCommSystem.html" target="new">Apollo Experience Rpt -
LM Comm. Systems</a>
<li><a href="tnD6739VoiceCommTechnqs.html" target="new">Apollo Experience Rpt -
Voice Comm. Technqs. and Performance</a>
<li><a href="alsj-TVEssay.html" target="new">Bill Wood - Apollo TV Essay</a>
<li><a href="alsj-2009NASATVEmmy.html" target="new">NASA TV's 2009 Emmy</a>
<li><a href="alsj-TVDocs.html" target="new">Television and Communications Documentation</a>
<li><a href="alsj-JamesBurns.html" target="new">Communications Drawings by RCA Illustrator James Burns</a>
<li><a href="alsj-DSNLocations.html" target="new">Apollo Tracking/Receiving Station Locations</a>
<li><a href="MG-402-Ships-Manual-OCR.pdf" target="new">Handbook for Instrumentation Ships (9.4 Mb PDF)</a>
</ul>
<h4>Cameras and Lunar Surface Tools</h4>
<li><a href="alsj-FrameCounter_WristMirror.html" target="new">Reading the Frame Counter on the Hasselblad Mags</a>
<li><a href="apollo.photechnqs.htm" target="new">NASA Photography Equipment and Techniques</a>
<li><a href="alsj-stars.html" target="new">Photographing Stars</a>
<li><a href="apollocolor.html" target="new">Apollo Photography and the Color of the Moon</a>
<li><a href="a11/a11-hass.html" target="new">Apollo 11 Hasselblads</a>
<li><a href="tools/Welcome.html" target="new">Catalog of Geology Tools</a>
<li><a href="JSC-07210PltOpsEquip.html" target="new">Handbook of Pilot Operational Equipment for Manned Space Flight</a>
<li><a href="alsj-usflag.html" target="new">Where No Flag Has Gone Before</a>
<li><a href="ApolloFlags-Condition.html" tartget="new">Condition of the Apollo Flags in 2009-2011</a>
<li><a href="alsj-LGEC.html" target="new">Lunar Geological Exploration Camera</a>
<li><a href="alsj-PhotoAndToolDocs.html" target="new">Additional Documentation</a>
</ul>
<h4>EASEP, ALSEP, and other Experiments</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="a11/a11EASEPHandbkCrew.pdf" target="new">EASEP Handbook for the Crew (11 Mb)</a></li>
<li><a href="ALSEPManual.html" target="new">ALSEP Manual</a>
<li><a href="Bendix_ALSEP.html" target="new">Bendix ALSEP Brouchures</a>
<li><a href="HamishALSEP.html" target="new">Hamish Lindsay - ALSEP Essay</a>
<li><a href="alsj-BoydBolts.html" target="new">Boyd Bolts</a>
<li><a href="http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_data/" target="new">National Space Science Data Center - Lunar Data Project</a>
<li><a href="alsj-Experiments.html" target="new">Lunar Surface Experiments</a>
<li><a href="alsj-Drill.html" target="new">Lunar Surface Drill Manual</a>
<li><a href="a17/a17-TGE.html" target="new">Traverse Gravimeter Experiment (A17 only)</a>
<li><a href="ALSEP-FroschPress.pdf" target="new">ALSEP Termination Letter</a>
</ul>
<h4>Landing Sites, Maps, Geology</h4>
<ul><li><a href="Lunar_Orbiter_History.pdf" target="new">History of the Lunar Orbiter Program</a>
<li><a href="alsj-SiteSelection.html" target="new">Landing Site Selection</a>
<li><a href="alsj-OTM.html" target="new">On the Moon with Apollo 15,16,17</a>
<li><a href="LPC-1.html" target="new">NASA Lunar Chart</a>
<li><a href="alsj-LTO.html" target="new">Lunar Topographic Orthophotomaps</a>
<li><a href="alsjcoords.html" target="new">Landing Site Coordinates</a>
<li><a href="alsj-sunangles.html" target="new">Sun Angles</a>
<li><a href="TraverseMapsEarth.html" target="new">Apollo Traverses on Earth</a>
</ul>
<h4>Flight Plans and Procedures</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="alsj-MissionRules.html" target="new">Mission Rules</a>
<li><a href="alsj-fltplans.html" target="new">Flight Plans</a>
<li><a href="alsj-LMTimeline.html" target="new">LM Timelines</a>
<li><a href="surcl.html" target="new">Surface Checklists and Procedures</a>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<h3>Additional Material</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="alsj-prskits.html" target="new">Press Kits</a>
<li><a href="ApolExpRpts.html" target="new">Apollo Experience Reports</a>
<li><a href="alsj-Tindallgrams.html" target="new">Tindallgrams</a>
<li><a href="ApolloDocs.html" target="new">Other Apollo and Lunar Documentation</a>
<li><a href="alsj-GeminiSumConf.html" target="new">Gemini Summary Conference</a>
<li><a href="SurveyorProgramResultsNASA-SP-184.pdf" target="new">Surveyor Program Results</a>
<li><a href="http://www.scribd.com/bandrepont" target="new">Bob Andrepont's Spaceflight Document Collections</a>
<li><a href="apollo.photos.html" target="new">Access to NASA photos and videos</a>
<li><a href="alsj-ApolloAudio.html" target="new">Access to NASA Audio</a>
</ul>
<h3>Closing Material</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="apollo.epilog.html" target="new">Epilogue</a>
<li><a href="Sketchbook01.html" target="new">Ulli Lotzmann's Apollo Sketch Book</a>
<li><a href="alsj.funpix.html" target="new">More Creativity</a>
</ul>
<p> <p>
Pages designed by:
<a href="gordon.html" target="new">Gordon Roxburgh</a><p>
</center>
<b>
Copyright © 1995-2017 by Eric M. Jones. All rights reserved.
Last modified: 17 November 2017.
</b>
</body><!-- 508 TEAM 2001 -->
</html>
|
Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
[](index.html)
Edited by [Eric M. Jones](emj.html) and [Ken Glover](glover.html).
Commentary by the Editors and
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
Apollo 11 Astronauts
[Neil A. Armstrong](a11/a11.crew.html#neilbio)
and
[Buzz Aldrin,](a11/a11.crew.html#buzzbio)
Apollo 12 Astronauts
[Charles (Pete) Conrad, Jr.](a12/a12.crew.html#petebio)
and
[Alan L. Bean,](a12/a12.crew.html#beanbio)
Apollo 14 Astronaut
[Edgar D. Mitchell,](a14/a14.crew.html#mitchellbio) | | |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
Apollo 15 Astronauts
[David R. Scott](a15/a15.crew.html#scottbio)
and [James B. Irwin,](a15/a15.crew.html#irwinbio)
Apollo 16 Astronaut
[Charles M. Duke,](a16/a16.crew.html#dukebio)
Apollo 17 Astronauts
[Eugene A. Cernan](a17/a17.crew.html#genebio)
and [Harrison H. (Jack) Schmitt](a17/a17.crew.html#jackbio) | | |
[](map.map)
[Apollo 11](a11/a11.html)
| [Apollo 12](a12/a12.html)
| [Apollo 13](a13/a13.html)
| [Apollo 14](a14/a14.html)
| [Apollo 15](a15/a15.html)
| [Apollo 16](a16/a16.html)
| [Apollo 17](a17/a17.html)
>
> ### Resources
>
>
> * [Apollo Flight Journal](https://history.nasa.gov/afj/), the excellent companion to the ALSJ by David Woods and the AFJ team;
> * [Journal de la Surface Lunaire (en Français)](http://www.workingonthemoon.com/alsj_fr/depart.html);
> * [Journal der Monderkundung (auf Deutsch)](alsj_deutsch/index.html);
> * [Apollo Image Gallery](http://www.apolloarchive.com/apollo_gallery.html), quick access to high-res scans of mission photos, edited by Kipp Teague;
> * [Apollo Bibliography](apollo.biblio.html), websites, books, and other resources.
> * [ALSJ on Facebook](http://www.facebook.com/pages/Apollo-Lunar-Surface-Journal/146600305410052)
>
>
>
### Introductory Material
* [Cover Page](cover.html)* [Foreword by Gerry Griffin](griffin.foreword.html )* [Prologue](apollo.prolog.html)* [Preparation and Structure of the Journal](prepstruct.html)* [Precursors to the Landing Missions](apollo.precurs.html)* [Acknowledgements](apollo.acknoldg.html)* [Bibliography](apollo.biblio.html)* [Glossary](apollo.glossary.html)
### Program Summary, Overviews, and Supplementary Material
* [1966 Lunar Landing Mission Symposium](LunarLandingMIssionSymposium1966_1978075303.pdf)* [1966-7 Mission Event Illustrations](alsj-MissionEvents.html)* [Apollo Program Summary Report JSC-09423](alsj-JSC09423.html)* [Mission Overviews](overviews.html)* [Mission Summaries](summary.html)* [Image Libraries](picture.html)* [Anaglyph Galleries](alsj-AnaglyphGalleries.html)* [Video and 16-mm Libraries](alsj-video.html)* [Mission Reports](alsj-mrs.html)* [Raw Voice Transcriptions - TEC, PAO, CM, LM](alsj-rawtrans.html)* [Voice Transcripts Pertaining to Geology](alsj-GeologyVoiceTranscripts.html)* [Preliminary Science Reports](alsj-psrs.html)* [Sample Catalogs](alsj-sampcats.html)* [Technical Debriefings](alsj-tecdbrf.html)* [NASA SP-368, Biomedical Results of Apollo (99Mb PDF)](NASA-SP-368.pdf)* [Online Apollo Lunar Data from ALSEP and other sources](http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_data/)* [Scientific Results](alsj-science.html)* [Cloud patterns in Apollo photos compared with contemporary meteorological satellite images](http://www.scribd.com/doc/76882844/Clouds-Across-the-Moon)* [Preserving Historic Lunar Sites](617743main_NASA-USG_LUNAR_HISTORIC_SITES_RevA-508.pdf)* [Political Context](alsj-political.html)* [For Teachers](alsj-teachers.html)
### Background Material
>
> #### Training and Ground Support
>
>
> * [Crew Training Summaries](alsj-CrewTraining.html)* [Flight Director and Flight Controller Assignments](alsj-flt-controllers.html)* [Role of the CapCom](alsj-capcom-role.html)* [Apollo Spacecraft and Systems Familiarization 10 Mb PDF](ApolloSpacecrftSystmsFAM67.pdf)* [USGS Astrogeology (1960-1973)](Schaber.html)* [Geology Training and Field Exercises](ap-geotrips.html)* [LLRV (Lunar Landing Research Vehicle) Monograph](alsj-LLRV.html)* [The Only Surviving LLTV (Lunar Landing Training Vehicle)](LLTV-952.html)* [Value of the LLTV](alsj-LLTV-value.html)* [LLTV Flight Rules](alsj-LLTVRules.html)
>
>
> #### Flight Hardware
>
>
> * [Spacecraft, Suits, and Rovers](apollo.engin.html)
>
>
>
> >
> > ##### Command and Service Module
> >
> >
> > * [Command and Service Module Documentation](alsj-CSMdocs.html)
> >
> >
> > ##### Lunar Module
> >
> >
> > * [J. C. Houbolt: Lunar-Orbit Rendezvous 1961](JCHoubolt1961LunarOrbitRendezvous19780070033.pdf)* [John Love's LM-9 (KSC display) Photo Album](https://picasaweb.google.com/102344480832268723473/LM9KennedySpaceCenter)* [Pre-Launch LM Cabin Close-Out Photos](alsj-LMCloseoutPhotos.html)* [LM-6 Controls and Displays](LM6_ControlsAndDisplays.jpg "drawing")* [Lunar Module Documentation](alsj-LMdocs.html)* [LLRV (Lunar Landing Research Vehicle) Monograph](alsj-LLRV.html)* [LLTV (Lunar Landing Training Vehicle)](LLTV-952.html)* [Value of the LLTV](alsj-LLTV-value.html)* [Lunar Module Cockpit Mockup circa 1967](alsj-LMCkptMockup.html)* [LM Landing and Rendezvous Radars](alsj-LMRadars.html)* [Apollo 11 Integrated Circuits](apollo-ic.html)* [Cabin Relief and Dump Valve](DumpValve.html)* [Buzz Aldrin's Ph.D. thesis](http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/12652)* [Crewman Optical Alignment Sight (COAS)](coas.htm)* [Alignment Optical Telescope (AOT), Navigation Stars, Detents](alsj-AOTNavStarsDetents.html)* [Floyd Bennett - Lunar Module Descent and Ascent](alsj-descent.html)
> >
> >
> > ##### Lunar Roving Vehicle
> >
> >
> > * [Lunar Roving Vehicle Documentation](alsj-LRVdocs.html)* [Pre-Apollo 17 Boeing LRV Brochure](Boeing_LRV.html)* Don McMillan's [Virtual LRV](VirtualLRV.html)* [Grumman LRV Deployment Cartoons](alsj-LRVDeployGrumman.html)
> >
> >
> > ##### Suits and Life Support Equipment
> >
> >
> > * [Apollo EMU Handbooks](alsj-EMU.html)* [Post-Flight Suit Inspections](alsj-PostFlightSuitInspect.html)* [A14 EMU Mission Log](./a14/A14HistorclEMUAccnt.pdf)* [Flown Suit Photo Albums](alsj-FlownSuits.html)* [A7L Donning and Doffing Procedures](alsj-A7LDonDoff.html)* [Development of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit](tnD8093EMUDevelop.html)* [ILC Space Suits and Related Products](alsj-ILC-SpaceSuits.html)* [Apollo Suit Serial Numbers](apollosuits.html)* [Flown PLSS, OPS, LEVA Serial Numbers](alsj-PLSSOPSLEVA.html)* [PLSS Development Essays by Ken Thomas](plss-development.html)* [Portable Life Support System (PLSS) Images](plss.html)* [OPS Essay by Karl Dodenhoff](alsj-OPS.html)* [A17 PLSS/OPS/BSLSS Briefing](a17/A17LifeSpprtBrief.html)
> > * [Apollo 14 PLSS/OPS Performance](a14/A14PLSSOPSReport.html)
> > * [Remote Control Unit (RCU)](alsj-RCU.html)* [LM Environmental Control System](alsj-LM-ECS.html)
> >
> >
> >
>
>
> #### Communications
>
>
> * [Apollo Unified S-Band (USB) System](alsj-NASA-SP-87.html)* [LCRU Crew Training Manual (4 Mb PDF)](HSI-481184-LCRU.pdf)* [Network Operations Support Plan for AS-512/Apollo 17](STDN-601-AS-512-Vol-1-OCR.html)* [Apollo Experience Rpt -
> LM Comm. Systems](tnD6974LMCommSystem.html)* [Apollo Experience Rpt -
> Voice Comm. Technqs. and Performance](tnD6739VoiceCommTechnqs.html)* [Bill Wood - Apollo TV Essay](alsj-TVEssay.html)* [NASA TV's 2009 Emmy](alsj-2009NASATVEmmy.html)* [Television and Communications Documentation](alsj-TVDocs.html)* [Communications Drawings by RCA Illustrator James Burns](alsj-JamesBurns.html)* [Apollo Tracking/Receiving Station Locations](alsj-DSNLocations.html)* [Handbook for Instrumentation Ships (9.4 Mb PDF)](MG-402-Ships-Manual-OCR.pdf)
>
>
> #### Cameras and Lunar Surface Tools
>
>
> - [Reading the Frame Counter on the Hasselblad Mags](alsj-FrameCounter_WristMirror.html)- [NASA Photography Equipment and Techniques](apollo.photechnqs.htm)- [Photographing Stars](alsj-stars.html)- [Apollo Photography and the Color of the Moon](apollocolor.html)- [Apollo 11 Hasselblads](a11/a11-hass.html)- [Catalog of Geology Tools](tools/Welcome.html)- [Handbook of Pilot Operational Equipment for Manned Space Flight](JSC-07210PltOpsEquip.html)- [Where No Flag Has Gone Before](alsj-usflag.html)- [Condition of the Apollo Flags in 2009-2011](ApolloFlags-Condition.html)- [Lunar Geological Exploration Camera](alsj-LGEC.html)- [Additional Documentation](alsj-PhotoAndToolDocs.html)
>
> #### EASEP, ALSEP, and other Experiments
>
>
> * [EASEP Handbook for the Crew (11 Mb)](a11/a11EASEPHandbkCrew.pdf)
> * [ALSEP Manual](ALSEPManual.html)* [Bendix ALSEP Brouchures](Bendix_ALSEP.html)* [Hamish Lindsay - ALSEP Essay](HamishALSEP.html)* [Boyd Bolts](alsj-BoydBolts.html)* [National Space Science Data Center - Lunar Data Project](http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_data/)* [Lunar Surface Experiments](alsj-Experiments.html)* [Lunar Surface Drill Manual](alsj-Drill.html)* [Traverse Gravimeter Experiment (A17 only)](a17/a17-TGE.html)* [ALSEP Termination Letter](ALSEP-FroschPress.pdf)#### Landing Sites, Maps, Geology
>
>
> * [History of the Lunar Orbiter Program](Lunar_Orbiter_History.pdf)* [Landing Site Selection](alsj-SiteSelection.html)* [On the Moon with Apollo 15,16,17](alsj-OTM.html)* [NASA Lunar Chart](LPC-1.html)* [Lunar Topographic Orthophotomaps](alsj-LTO.html)* [Landing Site Coordinates](alsjcoords.html)* [Sun Angles](alsj-sunangles.html)* [Apollo Traverses on Earth](TraverseMapsEarth.html)#### Flight Plans and Procedures
>
>
> * [Mission Rules](alsj-MissionRules.html)* [Flight Plans](alsj-fltplans.html)* [LM Timelines](alsj-LMTimeline.html)* [Surface Checklists and Procedures](surcl.html)
>
### Additional Material
* [Press Kits](alsj-prskits.html)* [Apollo Experience Reports](ApolExpRpts.html)* [Tindallgrams](alsj-Tindallgrams.html)* [Other Apollo and Lunar Documentation](ApolloDocs.html)* [Gemini Summary Conference](alsj-GeminiSumConf.html)* [Surveyor Program Results](SurveyorProgramResultsNASA-SP-184.pdf)* [Bob Andrepont's Spaceflight Document Collections](http://www.scribd.com/bandrepont)* [Access to NASA photos and videos](apollo.photos.html)* [Access to NASA Audio](alsj-ApolloAudio.html)
### Closing Material
* [Epilogue](apollo.epilog.html)* [Ulli Lotzmann's Apollo Sketch Book](Sketchbook01.html)* [More Creativity](alsj.funpix.html)
Pages designed by:
[Gordon Roxburgh](gordon.html)
**Copyright © 1995-2017 by Eric M. Jones. All rights reserved.
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<td width="497" align="center"><img src="justpatternspic.gif" width="504" height="180" /> <h2>The Idea Magazine for Basketmakers <br />
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<p class="style2 style3">The Spring 2011 Issue is the last issue of "Just Patterns" -
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<p class="style2 style3"> To be placed on Sheri's Email list for new Basket Ideas and updates, <a href="http://justpatterns.com/emailrequest.html">click here.</a></p>
<p class="style2"><strong><em>Just Patterns</em></strong> magazine was published quarterly and over 10 years of <a href="http://justpatterns.com/order/order.html"> Back Issues</a> are available. Every issue contains <strong>five </strong>or more basket patterns guaranteed to get you weaving - either on the featured projects or on your own ideas inspired from seeing and learning new techniques. Besides patterns, each issue contains a <a
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Home | The Idea Magazine for Basketmakers
20th Anniversary Year - Spring 1991 - 2011 |
Home | |
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Magazine |
Suppliers |
Terms &
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[Spring 2011 Issue](http://justpatterns.com/magazine/highlightsspring2011.html)
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The Spring 2011 Issue is the last issue of "Just Patterns" -
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<title>Molecules with Silly or Unusual Names</title>
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<p id="centre"><img src="molecule_sep.gif" width="428" height="26" alt="moleculeline" /></p>
<table id="centre" class="tabcentre">
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<td><img src="sillymol.gif" alt="A silly Molecule" title="A silly Molecule" width="105" height="106" style="vertical-align:middle" class="hs7" /></td>
<td><h2>Molecules with Silly<br /> or Unusual Names</h2></td>
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</table>
<p id="centre"><img src="molecule_sep.gif" width="428" height="26" alt="moleculeline" /></p>
<p class="intro"><a href="mwsn-book.jpg"><img src="mwsn-book-sm.jpg" alt="The book version of this website" title="The book version of this website" style="float:right" width="168" height="204" class="hs30" /></a>Believe it or not, some chemists do have a sense of humour, and this page is a testament to that. Here we'll show you some <i>real</i> molecules that have unusual, ridiculous or downright silly names. If you know of any other potential candidates for this page, <a href="mailto:paul.may@bris.ac.uk">please let me know</a>. People from all over the world have sent me so many contributions to this page, that I've now had to split it into four smaller pages.</p>
<p class="intro">The 3D structure files of many of these molecules can be obtained by clicking on the images. Information on what you need to view these structure files can be found <a href="http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/whatneed.htm">here</a>.</p>
<p><b>Stop Press</b>: Due to the popularity of this site, I've now written it up as a book, entitled '<i>Molecules with Silly or Unusual Names</i>', by Paul May, published by Imperial College Press, July 2008. It is available at all good bookstores, price around £18. It will include all your favourite molecules from this website, plus some extra information about them. Or you can buy it online from <a href="http://www.worldscibooks.com/popsci/p561.html">World Scientific</a> or <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Molecules-Silly-Unusual-Names-Paul/dp/1848162073/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1221318062&sr=8-1">Amazon</a>.</p>
<p id="centre"><img src="molecule_sep.gif" width="428" height="26" alt="moleculeline" /></p>
<table class="sp10">
<tr><td><h3>Arsole</h3>
<p>Yes, believe it or not, there is actually a molecule called <i>Arsole</i>... and it's a ring! It is the arsenic equivalent of pyrrole, and although it is rarely found in its pure form, it is occasionally seen as a sidegroup in the form of organic <i>arsolyls</i>. For more information, see the paper with probably the best title of any scientific paper I've ever come across: "<a href="arsole1.pdf">Studies on the Chemistry of the Arsoles</a>", G. Markl and H. Hauptmann, <i>J. Organomet. Chem</i>., <b>248</b> (1983) 269. Although the class of molecules with this general structure are called 'arsoles', the specific molecule shown on the right is actually called 'arsenole' (not to be confused with the London football club, Arsenal). Contrary to popular belief, new research (see reference below) shows that arsoles are only moderately aromatic... Incidentally US patent number US 3 412 119 by the Dow Chemical Company is entitled 'Substituted Stannoles, Phospholes, Arsoles, and Stiboles' - I didn't know there was a substitute for an arsole...<br />
Furthermore, if six of them are bonded together we can apply the prefix 'sexi', to get 'sexiarsole'. And the structure where arsole is fused to a benzene ring is called 'benzarsole'; 6 of these bonded together would be called 'sexibenzarsole' (although neither of those sexi- molecules have been synthesised yet). Another well known poisonous arsenic molecule is the simple hydride, called 'arsine', with formula AsH<sub>3</sub>.<br />
And on a related theme, I've been told of an Aryl Selenide compound with the superb shorthand of ArSe, which is both toxic and smelly. The <a href="ArSe.pdf">paper it comes from in <i>J. Am. Chem. Soc</i>.</a> was published by authors from, of course, the University of Aarhus! I've been told that it's possible to make molecules with Se-Se bonds, so if ArSe is bonded to a selenium halide (with X representing Br, Cl, etc), then it's possible to make ArSe-SeX. I'll leave this as a challenge to synthetic chemists to first try to make this compound, and then to try to get its name in the title of a paper!<br />
Also, the related molecule <a href="phosphole.mol">phosphole</a> (which just replaces As with P) is quite amusing if you are a French speaker, since it's pronounced the same as '<i>fausse folle</i>'. <i>Fausse</i> means 'fake' or 'false', and <i>folle</i> means both a 'crazy woman' and a 'drag-queen' or 'ladyboy'.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Neil Brookes, Nicholas Welham, Andy Shipway, Lloyd Evans, Peter Sims, John Perkins, Bob Buntrock and Ben Mills for some of the info and details about these molecules. This article inspired Mikael Johansson from Helsinki University to do a scientific study into the aromaticity of arsoles, which has been published: <i>Letts. Org. Chem.</i> <b>2</b> (2005) 469. Another intriguing reference supplied by Patrick Wallace is: <a href="arsole2.pdf">G. Märkl and H. Hauptmann, "Unusual Substitution in an Arsole Ring", <i>Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. </i>. <b>11</b>, (1972) 441</a>, and another one supplied by Simon Cotton is: "Arsole metal complexes", E.W. Abel, I.W. Nowell, A.G.J. Modinos, C. Towers, <i>J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun</i>., (1973) (7), 258-259. Another superb paper title sent to me by Jan Linders is: "<a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01563">Selective Covalent Targeting of Pyruvate Kinase M2 using Arsenous Warheads", <i>J. Med. Chem</i>. <b>66</b> (2023) 2608</a>. Thanks also to Thomas Jeanmaire and Alan Parker for the info and translation about phosphole.</p>
</td>
<td><a href="arsole.mol"><img src="arsole2.gif" title="Arsole - click for 3D structure" alt="Arsole structure"width="180" height="308" class="hs7" /></a></td>
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</table>
<table class="sp10">
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<td><a href="adamantane.pdb"><img src="adam.gif" alt="adamantane" title="adamantane - click for 3D structure" width="116" height="104" class="hs10" /></a></td>
<td>
<p><img src="adamant.gif" title="Adam Ant" alt="Adam Ant" style="float:right" width="194" height="164" class="hs5" /></p>
<h3><b>Adamantane</b></h3>
<p>This molecule always brings a smile to the lips of undergrads when they first hear its name, especially in the UK. For those not in the know, <i><b>Adam Ant</b></i> was an English pop star in the early 1980's famous for silly songs and strange make-up. Adamantane actually gets its name from the Greek <i>adamas</i> meaning 'indestructible', since it's the chemical building block of diamond.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><h3>Bastardane</h3>
<p>This is actually a close relative of adamantane, and its proper name is ethano-bridged noradamantane. However because it had the unusual ethano bridge,
and was therefore a variation from the standard types of structure found in the field of hydrocarbon cage rearrangements, it came to be known as <i>bastardane</i> - the "unwanted child". In fact the <a href="./bastardane.pdf">original paper</a> had the title "Nonacyclo-docosane, a Bastard Tetramantane".<br />
A related cage hydrocarbon was called <i>Golcondane</i> by the first people to synthesis it in 1993, Mehta and Reddy, in honour of the 400th anniversary of the founding of the Indian city of Hyderabad, whose ancient name was Golconda.</p>
<p class="ref">A. Nickon and E.F. Silversmith, '<i>Organic Chemistry: The Name Game</i>', Pergamon, 1987; <a href="bastardane.pdf">P. von R. Schleyer, E., and M.G.B. Drew. <i>J. Am. Chem. Soc.</i> <b>90</b>, (1968) 5034</a>.<br /> <a href="golcondane.pdf">G. Mehta and S.H.K. Reddy, A<i>ngew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl.</i> <b>32</b>, (1993) 1160</a>.</p></td>
<td><img src="bast.gif" alt="bastardane" title="bastardane" width="195" height="172" class="hs10" /></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="c60.pdb"><img src="c60.gif" title="Click for 3D structure" width="120" height="118" alt="C60" /><br />
<img src="c60.gif" title="Click for 3D structure" width="120" height="118" alt="C60" /><br />
<img src="c60.gif" title="Click for 3D structure" width="120" height="118" alt="C60" /></a></td>
<td>
<h3>Buckminster Fullerene</h3>
<p>This is the famous soccerball-shaped molecule that won its discoverers the <a href="http://www.nobel.se/announcement-96/chemistry96.html">Nobel prize for Chemistry in 1996</a>. It is named after the architect Buckminster Fuller who designed the geodesic dome exhibited at Expo '67 in Montreal, from which Sir Harry Kroto got the idea how 60 Carbon atoms could be arranged in a perfectly symmetrical fashion. Because the name of the molecule is a bit of a mouthful, it is often referred to just as a <i><a href="http://www.bristol.ac.uk/Depts/Chemistry/MOTM/buckyball/c60a.htm"> Bucky Ball</a></i>. It's also known as 'Footballene' by some researchers. In fact, there is now a whole '<a href="http://www.jcrystal.com/steffenweber/gallery/Fullerenes/Fullerenes.html">fullerene zoo</a>', with oddly coined names, including: <i>Buckybabies </i> (C<sub>32</sub>, C<sub>44</sub>, C<sub>50</sub>, C<sub>58</sub>), <i>Rugby Ball</i> (C<sub>70</sub>), <i>Giant Fullerenes</i> (C<sub>240</sub>, C<sub>540</sub>, C<sub>960</sub>), <i>Russian Egg</i> or <i>Bucky Onions</i> (balls within balls), <i>Fuzzyball</i> (C<sub>60</sub>H<sub>60</sub>), <i><a href="http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/Fullerene/confirmation.html">Bunnyball</a></i> (C<sub>60</sub>(OsO<sub>4</sub>)(4-t-Butylpyridine)<sub>2</sub>), <i>Platinum-Burr Ball</i> ({[(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub>P]<sub>2</sub>Pt}<sub>6</sub>C<sub>60</sub>) and <i>Hetero-fullerenes</i> (in which some Cs are replaced by other atoms).<br />
There is also a fullerene paper in which the authors describe a method for severing two adjacent bonds in C<sub>60</sub>, entitled "<a href="buckyhole.pdf">There Is a Hole in My Bucky</a>". And finally, there's evena village in France called <a href="http://www.annuaire-mairie.fr/mairie-fulleren.html">Fulleren</a>, although it's unrelated to the molecule.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to A. Haymet for the info regarding footballene, and to Charles Turner for the names of the other fullerenes which came from: <i>'Fullerenes'</i>, by Robert F. Curl and Richard E. Smalley, <i>Scientific American</i> October 1991, and to Tom Hawkins for the JACS reference, and to Patrick Henry for the French village name.</p>
</td></tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><h3>Megaphone</h3>
<p>Despite having a ridiculous name, the molecule is quite ordinary. It gets its name from being both a constituent of <i>Aniba Megaphylla</i> roots and a ketone.</p>
<p class="ref"><a href="megaphone1.pdf">S.M. Kupchan <i>et al.</i>, <i>J. Org. Chem.</i>, <b>43</b> (1978) 586</a>.</p></td>
<td><a href="megaphon.mol"><img src="megaphon.gif" alt="Megaphone structure" title="Megaphone - click for 3D structure" width="268" height="149" class="hs10" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr><td><img src="munch1.gif" alt="Munchnones" title="Munchnones" width="179" height="140" class="hs10" /><br /></td>
<td><img src="munchkin.gif" style="float:right" alt="A munchkin" title="A munchkin - does he eat munchnones?" width="129" height="239" class="hs10" /><h3>Munchnones</h3>
<p>No, these aren't the favourite compound of the <i>Munchkins</i> from <i>The Wizard of Oz</i>, but are in fact a type of <a href="http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/class/ionra.html#34">mesoionic compound</a>. These are ring structures in which the positive and negative charge are delocalised, and which cannot be represented satisfactorily by any one polar structure. They got their name when Huisgen called them after the city Munich (München), after similar compounds were called sydnones after Sydney.</p>
<p class="ref">Huisgen <i>et al</i>. <i>Chem. Ber</i>. 1970, <b>103</b>, 2611. Thanks to Matthew J. Dowd, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, for supplying this one.</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td>
<h3>Unununium</h3>
<p>I know this is technically an element, not a molecule, but it had such a ridiculous name I thought I'd include it. This is actually element number 111, and was called by the IUPAC temporary systematic name of unununium before it was recently renamed <b>roentgenium</b>. This is a pity, because if it formed ring or cage structures, previously we might have ended up with unununium onions...</p>
<p class="ref">[See <a href="unununium.pdf"><i>Pure and Appl. Chem.</i> <b>51</b> (1979) 381</a> for the naming scheme]. Thanks to Chris Fellows for info about its new name.</p>
</td>
<td><img src="uuu.gif" title="Unununium" width="170" height="170" alt="uuu" /></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><img src="cumming.gif" title="Cummingtonite" alt="Cummingtonite" width="175" height="161" class="hs10" /><br />
<p class="caption">A sample of <i>pyroxmangite</i>, with white pieces of cummingtonite visible toward the lower left.</p></td><td>
<h3>Cummingtonite</h3>
<p>This mineral must have the silliest name of them all! Its official name is magnesium iron silicate hydroxide, and it has the formula (Mg,Fe)<sub>7</sub>Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>22</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>. It got its name from the locality where it was first found, Cummington, Massachusetts, USA.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><img src="putres.gif" title="Putrescine and cadaverine" alt="Putrescine and cadaverine" width="307" height="262" />
<p class="caption">Silly names, and smelly too...<br />
(3D structure files:<br />
<a href="putrescine.pdb">putrescine</a>, <a href="cadaverine.pdb">cadaverine</a>, <a href="spermine.mol">spermine</a>, <a href="spermidine.mol">spermidine</a>)</p></td>
<td>
<h3>Putrescine, Cadaverine, Spermine and Spermidine</h3>
<p>Putrescine originates in putrefying and rotting flesh, and is quite literally, the smell of death. It is one of the breakdown products of some of the amino-acids found in animals, including humans. Although the molecule is a poisonous solid, as flesh decays the vapour pressure of the putrescine it contains becomes sufficiently large to allow its disgusting odour to be detected. It is usually accompanied by cadaverine (named after the cadavers that give rise to it), a poisonous syrupy liquid with an equally disgusting smell. Putrescine and cadaverine also contribute towards the smells of some living processes. Since they are both poisonous, the body normally excretes them in whatever way is quickest and most convenient. For example, the odour of bad breath and urine are 'enriched' by the presence of these molecules, as is the 'fishy' smell of the discharge from the female medical condition <i>bacterial vaginosis</i>. Putrescine and cadaverine also contribute to the distinctive smell of semen, which also contains the related molecules spermine and spermidine, named by their discoverer Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1677. Strangely, spermine <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0065291108601988">has also been detected</a> in the odours of some particularly smelly mushrooms, called stinkhorns (<i>Phallaceae</i>), which are reputed to smell of ejaculate. Indeed, there are (unverified) reports of one species of these stinkhorn mushrooms (<i>Dictyophora cinnabarina</i>) found in Hawaii that has such a potent 'male' scent that it can make a woman orgasm instantly. This has never been scientifically proven, but <a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/science-sushi/2016/02/14/hawaii-orgasm-mushroom/?utm_source=dscfb&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=dscfb&fbclid=IwAR0beFWFmzuOkV9hTG9mTeNs2Y9-os1PSoQWH_9ByXq7jVSuHegSQp9WFK4">makes for an interesting story</a>.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Bill Longman for suggesting spermine and spermidine, to Dr Chris Valentine for the info about bacterial vaginosis, and to Charles Turner for the items about spermine and mushrooms.</p>
</td>
<td class="caption"><a href="sniff.jpg"><img src="sniffsmall.jpg" width="300" height="233" alt="Sniffing a stinkhorn mushroom" title="Sniffing a stinkhorn mushroom" class="hs10" /></a><br />
Sniffing a <i>Dictyophora cinnabarina</i> stinkhorn mushroom.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td id="centre"><a href="dickite.mol"><img src="dickite.gif" title="Dickite - click for 3D structure" alt="Dickite" width="315" height="188" class="hs10" /></a>
<p class="caption">2 layers of dickite.</p></td>
<td>
<h3>Dickite</h3>
<p>Dickite, Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub>, is a (kaolin) clay-like mineral which exhibits mica-like layers with silicate sheets of 6-membered rings bonded to aluminium oxide/hydroxide layers. Dickite is used in ceramics, as paint filler, rubber, plastics and glossy paper. It got its name from the geologist that discovered it around the 1890s, Dr. W. Thomas Dick, of Lanarkshire, Scotland.</p>
<p class="ref">Structure from the <a href="http://www.soils.wisc.edu/~barak/virtual_museum/">Virtual Museum of Minerals and Molecules</a></p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td>
<h3>Moronic Acid</h3>
<p>This is a triterpenoid organic acid that is found in <i>Pistacia</i> resin, and is therefore of interest to people studying archaeological relics, shipwrecks and the contents of ancient Egyptian jars. Its name comes from its corresponding hydroxy acid, which was originally named <i>morolic acid</i> since it was isolated from the heartwood of the mora tree, <i>mora excelsa</i>. The keto acid then became moronic acid. Derivatives of this are called <i>moronates</i>, as in 'which moron-ate the contents of this jar?' It's currently being studied as a potential treatment for HIV and herpes.</p>
<p class="ref"><b>Ref</b>: <a href="moronic.pdf">P.L. Majumdar, R.N. Maity, S.K. Panda, D. Mal, M.S. Raju and E. Wenkert, <i>J. Org. Chem.</i> (1979) <b>44</b>, 2811</a>.<br />
Thanks to Dr Ben Stern of Bradford University for supplying this one, and to John Perkins for the story of the name origin. Thanks also to Jack Paulson for info on its recent uses.</p>
</td>
<td id="centre"><a href="moronic.mol"><img src="moronic.gif" title="Moronic Acid - click for 3D structure" alt="Moronic Acid" width="257" height="198" /></a>
<p class="caption">Moronic acid</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><img src="cmcl3.gif" title="Curious chloride" alt="Curious chloride" width="181" height="150" /></td>
<td>
<h3>Curious Chloride and Titanic Chloride</h3>
<p>The trivial name for some curium compounds can be either curous or 'curious', so curium trichloride becomes <i>curious chloride</i>. However the only
curious property it has is that it's sufficiently radioactive that a solution, if concentrated enough, will boil spontaneously after a while. (I wonder if a molecule with 2 Cm atoms in would be 'bi-curious'...?)<br />
In a similar way, titanium compounds can be 'titanic', so we get the wonderfully named titanic chloride, TiCl<sub>4</sub>. It's also interesting to know that in the titanium industry, TiCl<sub>4</sub> is known as 'tickle'. Furthermore, curium oxides are called 'curates', so the titanium compound would be <i>Titanic Curate</i>, and since curium can have more than one valency we could end up with <i>Curious Curates</i>. But I'm sure these are already a well-known phenomenon...<br />
In a similar way, some nickel compounds can be referred to as 'nickelous' - so we get compounds like <i>Nickelous Sulfate</i> (a nice guy by all accounts...) </p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Beveridge and Dr Justin E. Rigden for supplying these two and to John Burgess and Neil Tristram for the ideas on curates, and to Michael Geyer for the Nickelous content.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td>
<h3>Fukalite</h3>
<p>This wonderfully named mineral gets its name from the Fuka mine in the Fuka region of southern Japan. It is very rare, and is a form of calcium silico-carbonate, with formula Ca<sub>4</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)(OH,F)<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<p class="ref">More details from: <a href="fukalite.pdf">Henmi, C., Kusachi, I., Kawahara, A., and Henmi, K., <i>Mineral. J.</i>,<b>8</b>, (1977) 374</a>. Thanks to Matthew Latto for info on this mineral.</p>
</td>
<td><img src="fukalite.gif" title="Fukalite - the red marker is 3mm long" alt="Fukalite" width="139" height="127" /></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td>
<h3>Traumatic Acid</h3>
<p>This is a plant hormone which causes injured cells to divide and help repair the trauma - hence its name, and its synonym 'wound hormone'.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Dr Neil Edwards for supplying this one, and to Han Wermaat in the Dutch Chemistry magazine '<a href="http://www.c2w.nl">Chemisch2weekblad</a>' for its information.</p></td>
<td><a href="traumatic_acid.mol"><img src="trauma.gif" title="Traumatic acid - click for 3D structure" alt="Traumatic acid" width="280" height="97" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="arabitol.pdb"><img src="arabitol.gif" title="Arabitol - click for 3D structure" alt="Arabitol" width="170" height="110" /></a></td>
<td>
<h3>Arabitol</h3>
<p>No, this has nothing to do with rabbits - it's an organic alcohol that's one constituent of wine. It's also known as pentahydric alcohol. A related sugar molecule, <b>arabinose</b>, also has nothing to do with rabbits, nor with the size of a Rabbi's nose (A Rabbi Nose).</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to David Brady for supplying info about arabitol, and to Darren Sydenham for arabinose.</p>
</td>
<td><img src="bugsbunny.gif" title="Does Bugs eat arabitol?" alt="Does Bugs eat arabitol?" width="122" height="182" /></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="fucitol.mol"><img src="fucitol1.gif" title="Fucitol - click for 3D structure" alt="Fucitol" width="257" height="161" /></a><br />
<a href="fucitol.mol"><img src="fucitol.gif" title="Fucitol again" alt="Fucitol again" width="195" height="104" /></a></td>
<td>
<h3>Fucitol</h3>
<p>Although this sounds like what an undergraduate chemist might exclaim when their synthesis goes wrong, it's actually an alcohol, whose other names are
L-fuc-ol or 1-deoxy-D-galactitol. It gets its wonderful trivial name from the fact that it is derived from the sugar fucose, which comes from a seaweed found in the North Atlantic called Bladderwrack whose latin name is <i>Fucus vesiculosis</i>. Interestingly, there are a few articles in the <i>Journal of
Biochemistry</i> throughout 1997 concerning a kinase enzyme which acts on fucose. The creators of these articles were Japanese, and seemed to have missed the fact that fucose kinase should not be abbreviated as '<a href="http://biocyc.org/ECOLI/new-image?type=GENE-IN-MAP&object=EG10350">fuc-K</a>'. Similarly, the <i>E. coli</i> K-12 Gene has other proteins that have been named <a href="http://biocyc.org/ECOLI/new-image?type=GENE-IN-MAP&object=EG10355">Fuc-U</a> and <a href="http://biocyc.org/ECOLI/new-image?type=GENE-IN-MAP&object=EG10353">Fuc-R</a>. Recently, the abbreviation for fucose-kinase enzyme has been cleaned up to 'FUK'. However, there are now clones of this where the cloning position in the DNA sequence is labelled by its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_reading_frame">Open Reading Frame</a> (ORF) number. And of course, these clones are called <i><b>FUK ORF</b></i>! </p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Bob Brady for suggesting this one, and to Dr Stephen O'Hanlon from the Orthopaedics Dept of Bedford Hospital for the information on fucose kinase, and to Professor Anthony Davis of Bristol University for suggesting FucU and FucR. Thanks also to Jan Linders for telling me to FUK ORF.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td>
<h3>Erotic Acid</h3>
<p>No, this isn't the world's best aphrodisiac. Its correct name is <i>orotic acid</i>, but it has been misspelt so often in the chemical literature that it is also known as erotic acid! Another name for it is vitamin B13. Apparently, if you add another carbon to it, it becomes homo-erotic acid...</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Gerard J. Kleywegt of Uppsala University for info on this molecule.</p>
</td>
<td><a href="orotic_acid.mol"><img src="orotic.gif" title="orotic acid - Click for 3D structure" alt="orotic acid" width="145" height="129" ></a></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><img src="kino.gif" title="Kinoshitalite" alt="Kinoshitalite" width="233" height="148" />
<td><h3>Kinoshitalite</h3>
<p>Although it sounds like the trade name of a laxative, this is a type of mica found in Japan and Sweden, and has the formula (Ba,K)(Mg,Mn)<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>10</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>. It is green and vitreous, and is about as hard as fingernails, apparently. Its name comes from the Japanese for "under the tree" (ki = tree; no = possessive particle; shita = under).</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Van King for info on this mineral and Melita Rowley for the Japanese translation.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="bastad.mol"><img src="bastpic.gif" title="Bastardin-5 - click for 3D structure file" alt="Bastardin-5" width="193" height="230" /></a></td>
<td>
<h3>Bastadins and Bastaranes</h3>
<p><i>Bastadins</i> are molecules isolated from the marine sponge <i>Ianthella basta</i>. They possess antibacterial, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory properties. <i>Bastaranes</i> and <i>isobastaranes</i> are derivatives of these. To keep track of them all, the bastadins are numbered, bastadin-1, bastadin-2, <i>etc</i>. The molecule shown in the diagram is bastadin-5, which is one of the few commercially available ones. If you devise the full synthesis of one of these, have you made a complete and utter bastadin?</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Neil Edwards and Jan Linders for info on these molecules. Ref: <a href="bastarane.pdf">E.A. Couladouros et al., <i>Chem. Eur. J.</i> <b>11</b>, (2005) 406.</a></p>
</td>
<td><a href="bastad.mol"><img src="bastdraw.gif" title="Bastardin-5 - click for 3D structure file" alt="Bastardin-5" width="258" height="203" /></a></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr><td><a href="vomicine.mol"><img src="vomicine.gif" title="Vomicine - click to spew out a 3D structure" alt="Vomicine" width="269" height="179" /></a></td>
<td>
<h3>Vomicine and Vomitoxin</h3>
<p>Vomicine (left) is a poisonous molecule that gets its name from the nut <i>Nux Vomica</i>, which is the seed of a tree found on the coasts of the East Indies. The seeds are sometimes called 'Quaker buttons', and are a source of strychnine as well as the emetic vomicine. Similarly, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitoxin">vomitoxin</a> (right) is a toxin that's produced by certain types of fungus that grow on wheat and barley. Its proper name is deoxynivalenol, but was given the trivial name vomitoxin because it caused vomiting in pigs that had eaten contaminated wheat. It must be pretty gross to make even a pig vomit...</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Bill Longman and Alan Howard Martin for info on vomicene, and to Victoria Ludowici for info about vomitoxin. More details: <a href="vomitoxin.pdf">R.F. Vesonder, A. Ciegler, A.H. Jensen, <i>Appl. Microbiol</i>., <b>26</b> (1973) 1008</a>.</p></td>
<td><a href="vomitoxin.mol"><img src="vomitoxin.gif" alt="Vomitoxin structure" title="Vomitoxin - click to chuck up a 3D structure" width="204" height="143" class="hs10" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="rhamnose.mol"><img src="rhamnose1.gif" title="Rhamnose - click for 3D structure" alt="Rhamnose" width="200" height="174" /></a></td>
<td>
<h3>Rhamnose</h3>
<p>This sounds like the molecule that's created when you walk into doors...in fact it's a type of sugar.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Bill Longman for info on this molecule.</p>
</td>
<td><a href="rhamnose.mol"><img src="rhamnose.gif" title="Rhamnose - click for 3D structure" alt="Rhamnose" width="141" height="111" /></a><br />
<img src="poshnose.gif" title="Has Posh Spice just been given some rhamnose?" alt="Posh Spice" width="127" height="141" /></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td>
<h3>Gossypol</h3>
<p>This ridiculously named molecule is found in cotton seeds. It was used as a male contraceptive in China, but was never used in the West (and may have since been banned in China as well), since its effects were permanent in about 20% of patients! Its name originated from being present in the flowers of the Indian cotton plant <i>Gossypium herbaceum L</i>. Apart from its contraceptive effects, gossypol has properties that might make it useful in treating a number of ailments, including cancer, HIV, malaria and some bacterial/viral illnessness. Related to this molecule are the equally strangely named <b>gossypetin</b> and <b>gossypin</b>. I always thought 'gossypin' was frowned upon in polite labs...</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Lionel Hill for suggesting this molecule, and to Anthony Argyriou and Kristina Turner for providing some of the info.</p>
</td>
<td><a href="gossypol.mol"><img src="gossypol.gif" title="Gossypol - click for 3D structure" width="255" height="186" alt="gossypol" /></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="skatole.mol"><img src="skatole.gif" title="Skatole - click for 3D structure" width="144" height="150" alt="skatole" /><br />
</td>
<td>
<h3>Skatole</h3>
<p>This molecule's name comes from 'scatological', meaning concerning fecal material. Its proper name is 3-methylindole, but it gets its trivial name from the fact that it is a component of feces. Surprisingly, it is also found in coal tar and beetroot (!), and can be obtained synthetically by mixing egg albumin and KOH. Skatole consists of white crystals when pure (or brownish scales when impure) which are soluble in hot water. Apparently, coriander can be used to cover up bad smells such as these, as testified in the classic paper: "Deodorizing Effect of Coriander on the Offensive Odor of the Porcine Large Intestine" [<a href="coriander.pdf">Kohara <i>et al</i>, <i>Food Sci. Technol. Res</i>. <b>12</b> (2006) 38</a>.]</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Allen Knutson for suggesting this molecule, and to Samuel Knight for providing the info.</p>
</td>
<td><img src="toilet.gif" title="Where you might find skatole..." width="150" height="150" class="hs10" alt="toilet" /> </td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><img src="arsenolite.gif" title="Arsenolite" width="211" height="149" alt="Arsenolite" /></td>
<td>
<h3>Arsenolite</h3>
<p>This is a naturally occurring mineral, whose correct name is cubic arsenic trioxide (As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>). It is also the primary product whenever arsenic ores are smelted, and is used in industry as a glass decolourising agent. Another related mineral with a similar silly name is <i>arsenolamprite</i>, which is a native form of arsenic.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Matthew Latto and Nicholas Welham for suggesting these minerals.<br /></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td>
<h3>Sexithiophene</h3>
<p>This is a 'sexi' molecule - which means it has 6 sub-units, in this case of thiophene rings. Because of its conjugated system of double bonds, this organic molecule conducts electricity quite well. As a result, it is one of a number of similar molecules being studied for possible uses in organic polymer electronics. Incidentally, the Latin for 5 sub-units is <i>quinque</i> (pronounced 'kinky'), so by adding one subunit a <i>quinque</i> molecule becomes <i>sexi</i>... Nine units would be <i>nonakis</i>...which shows what always happens if you try to take things too far.</p></td>
<td><a href="sexi.mol"><img src="sexi.gif" title="A sexi molecule - click for 3D structure" width="329" height="150" class="hs10" alt="Sexithiophene" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10"><tr>
<td><a href="pina.mol"><img src="pinacolada.gif" title="Click for 3D structure" width="195" height="211" class="hs10" alt="pina" /></a></td>
<td><h3>Bis(pinacolato)diboron</h3>
<p>Although it sounds like it, this isn't the active ingredient in a pina colada cocktail. Rather it is a versatile reagent for the preparation of boronic esters from halides, the diboration of olefins, and solid-phase Suzuki coupling. A proper Pina Colada cocktail is a concoction of pineapple juice, coconut milk and rum, often served with crushed ice and a little paper umbrella stuck in the glass.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Victoria Barclay of <a
href="http://www.acdlabs.com">Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc.</a>, Toronto, for providing the info on this molecule. More info: <a href="pinacolato.pdf">Tet. Letts. <b>39</b> (1998) 2357</a>.</p>
</td>
<td><img src="colada_cocktail.gif" title="A proper Pina Colada" width="111" height="211" class="hs10" alt="A proper Pina Colada" /></td>
</tr></table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><img src="lucifersauce.gif" title="Lucifer Sauce (taken from corbis.com)" width="118" height="177" class="hs10" alt="Lucifer" /></td>
<td>
<h3>Lucifer yellow</h3>
<p>I think Lucifer Yellow is a food colouring used especially in hot sauces, like salsa pickle. It is also used in plant microscopy anatomy studies, because it fluoresces under ultraviolet light and stains certain regions between plant cells.</p>
<p class="ref"><a href="http://omlc.ogi.edu/spectra/PhotochemCAD/html/luciferyellowCH.html">More info</a>. Thanks to Gavin Shear of <a href="http://www.acdlabs.com">Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc.</a>, Toronto, and to Seranne Howis, of Rhodes University, South Africa, for providing the info on this molecule.</p></td>
<td><img src="luciferyellow.gif" title="A devil of a molecule!" width="230" height="177" class="hs10" alt="A devil of a molecule!" /></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td>
<h3>Crapinon</h3>
<p>Crapinon (also known as <i>Sanzen</i>) is another molecule with an excellent name, and is apparently used therapeutically as an anticholinergic. These are drugs which dry secretions, increase heart rate, and decrease lung constriction. More importantly, they also constipate quite strongly - so 'crappy-non' is most appropriate. It would be nice to think that this molecule could find an alternative use as a toilet cleaner (as in "Who's been crapinon the seat?").</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Gavin Shear of <a href="http://www.acdlabs.com">Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc.</a>, Toronto, and to Tom Simpson of the Royal Hobart Hospital, Austalia for providing the info on this molecule.</p>
</td>
<td><a href="crapinon.mol"><img src="crapinon.gif" title="Crapinon - Click for 3D Molfile" width="212" height="197" class="hs10" alt="Crapinon" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="sparasol.mol"><img src="sparasol.gif" title="Sparassol - Click for 3D molfile" width="138" height="178" alt="sparasol" /></a></td>
<td>
<h3>Sparassol</h3>
<p>This molecule sounds like what you'd need the day after eating a very hot curry (spare-assol). Sparassol is an antibiotic produced by the fungus <i>Sparassis ramosa</i>.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to <a href="http://www.finchcms.edu/biochem/walters.html">Eric Walters</a> from The Chicago Medical School for providing the info on this molecule.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td>
<h3>Periodic Acid</h3>
<p>Ok, I know it should really be per-iodic acid, but without the hyphen it sounds like it only works some of the time...It has also been described as that acid extracted by boiling of old periodic tables found in chemistry lecture halls and laboratories.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Allen Knutson for suggesting this molecule, and to Prof Walter Maya of California State Polytechnic University for some of the details.</p>
</td>
<td><img src="periodic.gif" title="Per-iodic Acid" alt="Per-iodic Acid" width="150" height="74" /></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="phthalic.mol"><img src="phthalic.gif" title="Phthalic acid - click for 3D structure" width="139" height="131" class="hs1" alt="Phthalic acid" /></a></td>
<td>
<h3>Phthalic Acid</h3>
<p>This molecule is often pronounced with a silent 'th' for comic effect. I wonder if phthalyl side-groups have a shorthand symbol in chemical structures, in the same way that phenyl groups are shortened to -Ph? If so, would it be a 'phthalic symbol'...?<br />
Again, adding an extra carbon makes homo-phthalic acid - say no more...</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Neil Edwards for info about this molecule.</p>
</td>
<td><a href="hphthal.mol"><img src="hphthal.gif" title="Homo-phthalic acid - click for 3D structure" width="162" height="152" class="hs1" alt="Homo-phthalic acid" /></a></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="psicose.mol"><img src="psicose.gif" title="Psicose - click for 3D structure" width="236" height="156" class="hs10" alt="psicose" /></a></td>
<td>
<h3>Psicose</h3>
<p>This molecule has nothing to do with axe-murderers, but is a sugar which gets its name because it's isolated from the antibiotic <i>psicofurania</i>. Its other name is ribo-hexulose.</p></td>
<td><img src="shin.gif" title="Does psicose turn you into a psycho...?" width="127" height="166" class="hs10" alt="The Shining" /></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td>
<h3>Commic Acid</h3>
<p>This molecule's always good for a laugh! It gets its 'commical' name since it's a constituent of the plant <i>Commiphora pyracanthoides</i>, one of the Myrrh trees. When reduced to the aldehyde, I presume the product would be named commic<u>al</u>?</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Michael F Aldersley for info about this molecule.</p></td>
<td><a href="commic.mol"><img src="commic.gif" title="Commic acid - click for 3D structure" width="192" height="175"
alt="Commic acid" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="fruti.mol"><img src="fruti.gif" title="Fruticolone - click for 3D structure" width="122" height="222" alt="Fruticolone" /></a></td>
<td>
<h3>Fruticolone</h3>
<p>This sounds like what you get after a baked bean meal...but it actually gets its name from being both a constituent of the plant <i>Teucrium fruiticans</i> and a ketone.</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td>
<h3>Nonanone</h3>
<p>Although maybe not quite as silly as some of the other molecular names, I like this one for its n-n-nice alliteration. Many nonanones act as alarm pheremones in wasps, ants and bees. Interestingly, in Danish, Norwegian, Swedish and German molecular names are spelt without the end "e" (<i>e.g</i>. butane is butan, <i>etc</i>.). Therefore nonanone becomes 'nonanon', and is quite an exceptional molecule name, being spelled the same way forwards and backwards - a palindromic molecule! The molecule shown is 2-nonanone, but 5-nonanone with the C=O group in the middle would be the same forward as well as backwards, thus being palindromic in spelling and in structure! The aldehyde version of this, nonanal, also causes undergrads some amusement, especially when a hyphen is inserted to read: non-anal.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Carl Kemnitz for supplying some info about nonanone, and to Rauful for nonanal.</p>
</td>
<td><a href="nonanone.mol"><img src="nonanone1.gif" title="Nonanone - click for 3d structure" width="198" height="140" alt="Nonanone" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr><td><img src="michael-jackson.gif" title="I say, I say, I say, this pop star's got no nose..." width="150" height="195" class="hs20" alt="MJ" /></td>
<td>
<h3>Nonose</h3>
<p>I say, I say, I say...my dog's got nonose. How does it smell? Sweet - because every chemist knows (nose?) that nonose is a sugar containing 9 carbon atoms. (Actually, it probably doesn't smell of anything because most sugars are odourless).</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Kay Dekker for suggesting this molecule.</p>
</td>
<td><a href="nonose.mol"><img src="nonose.gif" title="This molecule's got nonose too" width="314" height="130" class="hs20" alt="nonose" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="fukuget.mol"><img src="fukuget.gif" title="Fukugetin - click for 3D structure" width="322" height="200" class="hs10" alt="fukugetin" /></a></td>
<td>
<h3>Fukugetin</h3>
<p>This chemical with a most amusing name is also called Morellofavone, and is a constituent of the bark of the <i>Garcenia</i> species of tree. Its glucoside goes by the equally wonderful name of Fukugiside.</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><h3>Pubescine</h3>
<p>Also known as <i>Reserpinine</i>. It got its name since it was extracted from the plant <i>Vinca pubescens</i>. I don't know much else about pubescine, but I bet it forms short, curly crystals... </p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Michael J. Mealy of the University of Conneticut and to ShadowFox for providing the info on this molecule.</p></td>
<td><a href="pubes.mol"><img src="pubes.gif" title="Pubescine - click for 3D structure" width="231" height="162" class="hs10" alt="Pubescine" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="spamol1.mol"><img src="spamol1.gif" title="Spam, spam, spam, spam...." width="185" height="161" class="hs10" alt="spamol" /></a></td>
<td>
<h3>Spamol</h3>
<p>Monty Python's favourite molecule? Spamol might also conjure images of unwanted "Make Money Fast" emails circulating the globe at the speed of light ("spam - all"). Its other names are aminopromazine, lispamol or lorusil, and it's actually used as an anti-spasmodic therapeutic agent.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Victoria Barclay of <a href="http://www.acdlabs.com">Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc.</a>, Toronto, for providing the info on this molecule.</p></td>
<td><img src="spamtin.gif" title="Spam, spam, spam, spam, wonderful SPAAAAM.... bloody vikings..." width="165" height="160" alt="spamtin" /></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><h3>Fukiic Acid</h3>
<p>Fuki is the Japanese word for the butterbur flower, and Fukiic acid is the hydrolysis product from this plant, <i>Petasites japonicus</i>. Interestingly, further oxidation of this produces the wonderfully named <b>Fukinolic acid</b>. (I wonder if fukanolic is anything like alcoholic...) Anyway, since the conjugate base of fukinolic acid is <b>fukinolate</b>, it's probably about time we stopped!</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Anton Sherwood for info on fukiic acid, and to Andrew Reinders for suggesting fukinolate.</p>
</td>
<td><a href="fukiic.mol"><img src="fukiic.gif" title="Fukiic acid - click for 3D structure" width="226" height="202" class="hs10" alt="fukiic acid" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="funicone.mol"><img src="funicone.gif" title="Funicone - click for 3D structure" width="244" height="159" class="hs10" alt="funicone" /></a></td>
<td>
<h3>Funicone</h3>
<p>This gets its name, not from being funny and cone shaped, but because it's the metabolism product of the fungus <i>Penicillium funiculosum</i>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="housane.mol"><img src="housane1.gif" title="Housane - click to enter the house in 3D" width="112" height="150" alt="housane" /></a><a href="churchane.mol"><img src="churchane.gif" title="Churchane - click to enter the 3D church" width="115" height="182" alt="churchane" /></a></td>
<td>
<h3>Housane, Churchane and Basketane</h3>
<p>Obviously, these molecules get their name from their shapes. Although I do think that housane (how sane?) should be closely linked to psicose, above.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to A. Rich for suggesting these molecules.</p></td>
<td><a href="basketane.mol"><img src="basketane.gif" title="Basketane - click for 3D structure" width="99" height="109" alt="Basketane" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="window.mol"><img src="window.gif" title="Windowpane - click for 3D structure" width="71" height="100" class="hs10" alt="Windowpane" /></a></td>
<td>
<h3>Windowpane</h3>
<p>Windowpane C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>12</sub> gets its name from its resemblance to a set of windows, and is more accurately kown as <i>fenestrane</i>. But unfortunately it has never been synthesised. However, the version with a corner carbon missing C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>12</sub> has been made, and goes by the name 'broken window'. Interestingly, a hypothetical derivative of windowpane has been suggested which includes a double bond, and this would of course be called Windowlene...</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Adrian Davis of Pfizer Global Research & Development for providing the info on these molecules, and to Iain Fenton for suggesting windowlene.</p>
</td>
<td><a href="bwindow.mol"><img src="bwindow.gif" title="Broken Windowpane - click for 3D structure" width="71" height="100" alt="Broken Windowpane" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><h3>Godnose</h3>
<p>Ok, so this is a bit of a cheat, since it's not an official molecular name...but it makes a nice story. When Albert Szent-Gyorgyi isolated ascorbic acid and published his findings, he called the new substance 'ignose' since he was convinced it was a sugar that resembled glucose and fructose, but was ignorant of its structure. When the journal editor refused to accept ignose as a sensible name, Szent-Gyorgyi suggested 'Godnose' instead! Alas the editor was neither imaginative nor humorous, and suggested that a more proper name had to be used. The structure of the carbohydrate was elucidated in collaboration with Haworth at Birmingham and the alternative name given was hexuronic acid (hex = six). During the same period (19281931), Charles Glen King of the Columbia University of USA isolated Vitamin C from lemon juice and it was observed that hexuronic acid and Vitamin C were identical. Szent-Györgyi documents the episode in the essay "<a href="lost.pdf">Lost in the Twentieth Century</a>" which dates from 1963.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to John P Oliver, Peter Macinnis and Charles Turner for providing the info and story. Incidentally, <a href="http://home.dencity.com/thenose">Godnose</a> is also the name of an Australian punk band.</p></td>
<td><a href="vitc.mol"><img src="vitc.gif" title="'Godnose' - actually ascorbic acid or Vitamin C" width="169" height="177" class="hs10" alt="vitc" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><h3>Luciferase</h3>
<p>This molecule is an enzyme which reacts with ATP to cleave luciferin, its substrate. This cleavage reaction causes the firey glow in fireflies and certain types of fish, hence its name.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Melissa Harrison for suggesting this molecule.</p>
<h3>Diabolic Acid</h3>
<p>Diabolic acids are actually a class of compounds where the <i>m</i> and <i>n</i> chains can have different lengths and can contain unsaturation. They were named after the Greek <i>diabollo</i>, meaning to mislead, since they were particularly difficult to isolate using standard gas chromatography techniques. One of the inventors, Prof Klein, also thought that they had 'horns like the devil'.</p></td>
<td><a href="luciferase.pdb"><img src="luciferase.gif" title="Luciferase - click for 3D PDB file (250 kb!)" width="237" height="163" class="hs1" alt="luciferase" /></a><br />
<img src="satan.gif" title="Lucifer" width="121" height="165" class="hs20" alt="Lucifer" /><br />
<a href="diabolic.mol"><img src="diabolic.gif" title="A Diabolic acid" width="289" height="90" alt="A Diabolic acid" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="domperidone.mol"><img src="domp.gif" title="Domperidone (hic) - click for 3D structure" width="238" height="135" alt="domperidone" /></a></td>
<td>
<h3>Domperidone</h3>
<p>This molecule sounds like it should be the active ingredient in Dom Perignon champagne, but it's actually an anti-emetic drug. It is also used to promote the production of breast milk in lactating (or non lactating women). It's also been used to induce lactation in a male! It is also an anatagonist of dopamine which prevents final maturation of fish eggs. So domperidone and caviar then!</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Eric Walters from The Chicago Medical School for suggesting this molecule, and to Liz Parnell and Les Unwin for some info about it.</p></td>
<td><img src="champagne.gif" title="The real thing?" width="71" height="120" alt="The real thing?" /></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="gardininA.mol"><img src="gardinin1.gif" title="GardeninA - click for 3D structure" width="256" height="216" ALT="gardininA" /></a></td>
<td><h3>Gardenin <img src="aniflowe.gif" style="vertical-align:middle" width="39" height="36" class="hs10" title="flower" ALT="flower" /></h3>
<p>If you fancy a bit of gardenin', this is the molecule for you. In fact, these are many different gardenins, which are flavones extracted from <i>Gardenia lucida</i>, a plant from India. The structure left is for gardenin A, which forms yellow crystals.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to <a href="http://www.finchcms.edu/biochem/walters.html">Eric Walters</a> from The Chicago Medical School for suggesting this molecule. Ref: A.V.R. Rao, <em>et al</em>, <i>Indian J. Chem.</i> <b>8</b> (1970) 398.</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td>
<h3>Germane</h3>
<p>This is a particularly <i>relevant</i> molecule that is <i>pertinent</i> and <i>has a bearing on</i> a number of inorganic reactions...</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to <a href="http://www.finchcms.edu/biochem/walters.html">Eric Walters</a> from The Chicago Medical School for suggesting this molecule.</p></td>
<td><a href="germane.mol"><img src="germane.gif" title="Germane - click for the 3D structure" width="317" height="100" ALT="germane" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td>
<h3>Uranate</h3></td>
<td><img src="pee.gif" title="Uranation reaction?" style="vertical-align:middle" width="378" height="54" alt="Uranate" /><img src="uranate.gif" title="Uranate ion" style="vertical-align:middle" width="124" height="74" alt="Uranate ion" /></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The various uranium oxide anions (UO<sub>2</sub><sup>2-</sup>, UO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>, UO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>, <i>etc</i>) go by the glorious name of 'uranates'. I wonder if unwanted reactions of these ions with certain compounds is called 'involuntary uranation'...? And is nickel uranate what you'd need to 'spend a penny'?<br /> Related to this, uranium nitrate is also known as uranyl nitrate, which sounds like the entry fee for a gents toilet after 8pm... While U<sup>4+</sup> is the uranous ion. This sparks the question that when U<sup>4+</sup> is in aqueous solution, do the water molecules form a ring around uranous? An if you do need to uranate, should you do it at the tungsten carbide (WC)?</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Victor Sussman from Carleton College in Northfield, MN, USA for suggesting this molecule, to Amy Roediger for suggesting nickel uranate, to Sunil Rao for uranous and to Andy Shipway for WC.</p>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><img src="kunzite.gif" title="A bunch of Kunzite" width="140" height="158" class="hs10" alt="kunzite" /></td>
<td><h3>Kunzite (Spodumene)</h3>
<p>This mineral is a pink (of course...) gemstone, named after the gemologist G.F. Kunz who described it in 1902. Kunzite is a fragile stone, which shows different shades of colour when viewed from different directions. Called an "evening" stone, it should not be exposed to direct sunlight which can fade its color in time. Its alternative name, Spodumene, sounds like an American shop that sells computer nerds ("Spod-U-Mean")</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td>
<h3>Conantokin</h3>
<p>This chemical sounds like Conan the Barbarian has been smoking something he shouldn't... In fact it's a peptide neurotoxin found in the marine snail <i>Conus geographus</i>. Researchers have found that some conantokins cause young mice to fall asleep, and older mice to become hyperactive, but they don't say what happens to middle-aged mice...It probably gets its name because it was isolated from <i>Conus</i>
snails hence "con-". And, "antok" is a Filipino word which means "sleepy", which refers to its effect on young mice. Apparently, there is also a related molecule called "contulakin". "Tulak" is a Filipino term for "push". It seems that this molecule causes mice to be sluggish and thus, they had to be pushed.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Dr. Andrew P. Rodenhiser from McGill University, Canada, for suggesting this molecule, and to Jesper Karlsson of the University of Kalmar, Sweden, and Rene Angelo Macahig of Ateneo de Manila University, Philipines, for more info about it.</p></td>
<td><img src="conan1.gif" title="It looks like Conan has been doing more than just tokin'..." width="150" height="203" class="hs10" alt="Conan" />
<br /><a href="ct.pdb"><img src="ct.gif" title="Conantokin - click for 3D structure" width="175" height="192" alt="Conantokin" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr><td><img src="welshite.gif" title="Well, is it...?" width="160" height="120" class="hs10" alt="welshite" /></td>
<td><h3>Welshite</h3>
<p>This wonderfully named mineral is called after the US amateur mineralogist Wilfred R. Welsh. Its formula is Ca<sub>2</sub>SbMg<sub>4</sub>FeBe<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>O<sub>20</sub>. Some people think it's quite a nice mineral, but others think it's 'well-shite'.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Matthew Latto for suggesting this mineral.</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="prop.mol"><img src="prop.gif" title="Propellane - click for 3D structure" width="134" height="142" alt="Propellane" /></a></td>
<td><h3>Propellane and Cubane</h3>
<p>These two molecules are both named after their distinctive shapes. Propellane (left), C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, resembles a propeller, whereas cubane (right), C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>8</sub>, is a cube (but doesn't come from Cuba). Other molecules that get their name from their geometric shapes are: dodecahedrane C<sub>20</sub>H<sub>20</sub>, prismane C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, spherands and hemispherands, squaric acid C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and deltic acid C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, tetrahedranes C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub> and C<sub>20</sub>H<sub>36</sub> and finally twistane C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>16</sub>.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Kay Brower for suggesting propellane, and to Martin A. Iglesias Arteaga from the University of Havana, Cuba for suggesting cubane. Thanks also to Mark Minton for suggesting the other list of geometrical molecules. First reference for propellane: <a href="propellane.pdf">J. Altman , E. Babad, J. Itzchaki, D. Ginsburg , <i>Tetrahedron, Suppl</i>. 8(1), (1966) 279</a>.</p></td>
<td><a href="cubane.mol"><img src="cubane.gif" title="Cubane - click for 3d structure" width="152" height="134" class="hs10" alt="Cubane" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td>
<h3>Clitoriacetal</h3>
<p>This gets its name from the root of the <i>Clitoria macrophylla</i> plant, and is a constituent of the Thai drug "<a href="http://www.phytochemie.botanik.univie.ac.at/herbarium/stemona.htm">Non-tai-yak</a>" which is used to treat respiratory disorders, including pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchitis, and also works as an insecticide.</p></td>
<td><a href="clitoria.mol"><img src="clitoria.gif" title="Clitoria - press the button to see its structure..." width="272" height="188" class="hs10" alt="clitoria" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="vaginatn.mol"><img src="vaginatn.gif" title="Vaginatin - click for 3D structure" width="187" height="195" class="hs10" alt="Vaginatin" /></a></td>
<td>
<h3>Vaginatin</h3>
<p>I know you can get most things nowadays in a tin, but this is getting silly... Actually it gets its name from the plant <i>Selinum Vaginatum</i>. The related molecule is <i>Vaginol</i>, which also goes by the name <i>Archangelicin</i>.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Matti.Lepisto and Stephen Yabut for the info on this molecule.</p></td>
<td><a href="vaginol.mol"><img src="vaginol.gif" title="Vaginol - click for 3D structure" width="203" height="152" class="hs10" alt="vaginol" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="anol.mol"><img src="anol.gif" title="Anol - click for 3D structure" width="91" height="151" class="hs10" alt="anol" /></a></td>
<td>
<h3>Anol</h3>
<p>Anol is a synonym for 4-(1-propenyl)phenol, and it is apparently used in the flavour industry. Are compounds that bond strongly to this molecule called 'anolly retentive'?</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Phil Van Es for suggesting this molecule.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td>
<h3>Urospermal</h3>
<p>The European Union has standardised everything else (apple sizes, the shapes of bananas, <i>etc</i>...) and it now sounds like they're going even further (Euro-sperm-all). In reality, it gets its name from being a constituent of the roots of the <i>Urospermum delachampii</i> plant.</p></td>
<td><a href="urosperm.mol"><img src="urosperm.gif" title="Urospermal - click for 3D structure" width="160" height="169" class="hs10" alt="Urospermal" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><img src="buccalin.gif" title="Buccalin - clunk, click, every trip?" width="221" height="70" class="hs10" alt="buccalin" /></td>
<td><h3>Buccalin</h3>
<p>This sounds like the molecule from which car seat-belts are made, but it's actually a neuropeptide which acts in nerves to stop acetylcholine release.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Dr. Andrew P. Rodenhiser from McGill University, Canada, for suggesting this molecule.</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><h3>Antipain</h3>
<p>Antipain is a protease inhibitor, which means it prevents proteins from being degraded. Despite its promising name, it is a very toxic compound, and it causes severe itch or pain (!) when contacted with the skin. Its name is actually a contraction of anti-papain, since it inhibits the action of <i>papain</i>, an enzyme found in papayas.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Marcel Volker from Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands, for suggesting this molecule.</p></td>
<td><a href="antipain.mol"><img src="antipain.gif" title="Antipain - click for 3D structure" width="285" height="153" class="hs10" alt="antipain" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="dinile.mol"><img src="dinile.gif" title="Dinile - click for 3D structure" width="185" height="162" alt="dinile" class="hs10" /></a></td>
<td>
<h3>Dinile</h3>
<p>Why did the two cyanide groups go to see a psychiatrist? Because they were both 'in dinile'... In fact, dinile is another name for butanedinitrile or succinonitrile, and is a waxy solid that if ingested forms cyanides in the body.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Hazel Mottram and Phil van Ess for suggesting this molecule.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><h3>Fornacite</h3>
<p>This is a mineral that is composed of a basic chromate-arsenate compound of Pb and Cu with the formula: (Pb,Cu<sup>2+</sup>)<sub>3</sub>[(Cr,As)O<sub>4</sub>]<sub>2</sub>(OH). If it could be polished into a gemstone, it sounds ideal for a ring that a cheating husband might buy his mistress.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Alan Plante, a New Hampshire, USA, "Rockhound", for suggesting this mineral.</p></td>
<td><img src="fornacite.gif" title="Fornacite - the dark lumpy bits on a white background" width="186" height="125" class="hs1" alt="fornacite" />
<p class="caption">The dark lumpy bits on the white background are Fornacite</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><a href="butanal.mol"><img src="butanal.gif" title="Butanal - Click for 3D structure" width="164" height="164" class="hs10" alt="butanal" /></a></td>
<td><h3>Butanal</h3>
<p>This molecule sounds better if it's hyphenated (but-anal), but it is actually quite a common aldehyde.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Shawn McClements, Amsterdam NY, USA, and his high school class for suggesting this molecule.</p>
</td></tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr><td><img src="angel.gif" title="hey....got any acid....?" width="114" height="92" alt="angel" /></td>
<td><h3>Angelic Acid</h3>
<p>Angelic acid isn't very angelic at all - it's a defence substance for certain beetles. It gets its name from the Swedish plant Garden Angelica (<i>Archangelica officinalis</i>) from whose roots it was first obtained in the 1840s. Its proper name is (<em>Z</em>)-2-methyl-2-butenoic acid. The other isomer (<em>E</em>) goes by the equally silly name of tiglic acid (from the plant <i>Croton tiglium</i>, the source of croton oil) and is also a beetle defence substance.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Andrew Walden for suggesting these molecules and to Florian Raab and Bo Ohlson for providing some of the information about them.</p></td>
<td><a href="angelic.mol"><img src="angelic.gif" title="Angelic acid - click for 3D structure" width="190" height="87" alt="Angelic acid" /></a><br />
<a href="tiglic.mol"><img src="tiglic.gif" title="Tiglic acid - click for 3D structure" width="188" height="82" alt="Tiglic acid" /></a></td>
</tr></table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><h3>Ciglitizone</h3>
<p>This molecule sounds like the places reserved for smokers to light up. Actually, ciglitizone is is a member of a class of compounds that are used as anti-diabetics. The drug <i>Avandia </i>(Rosiglitazone), used to treat type II diabetes, is a member of this class of compounds. Another related molecule is <i>troglitazone</i>, which I've mentioned for all fans of the eponymous rock group or small cave dwelling dwarfs.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Robin Brown of <i>Galapagos Genomics</i>, Belgium, and to Joerg Fruechtel for the info on this molecule. (More info, see: <a href="ciglitizone.pdf"><i>Br. J. Pharmacol</i>. <b>131</b> (2000) 651)</a>.</p></td>
<td><a href="ciglit.mol"><img src="ciglit.gif" title="Ciglitizone - click for 3D structure" width="218" height="158" alt="ciglitizone" /></a></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr><td><a href="clitorin.mol"><img src="clitorin.gif" title="Clitorin - rub here for 3D effect ;-)..." width="325" height="266" alt="clitorin" class="hs10" /></a></td>
<td><h3>Clitorin</h3>
<p>I don't know much about clitorin, except that it's a flavenol glycoside (make of that what you will), but I've heard it's touch sensitive ;-).</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Joerg Fruechtel and Nicholas J. Welham for the info on this molecule. (More info, see: <a href="clitorin.pdf"><i>Chem. Pharm. Bull</i>. <b>53</b> (2005) 591</a>).</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><h3>Constipatic Acid</h3>
<p>This is a constituent of some Australian lichens, such as <i>Parmelia constipata</i>. I don't know why these lichens were called this, maybe eating them causes constipation? Derivatives of constipatic acid include protoconstipatic acid, dehydroconstipatic acid, and methyl constipatate.</p>
<p class="ref">See <a href="constipatic.pdf">D.O. Chester and J.A. Elix, <i>Austr. J. Chem. </i><b>32</b> (1979) 2565</a>. Thanks to Ronald Wysocki of the University of Arizona for suggesting this molecule.</p></td>
<td><a href="constip.mol"><img src="constip.gif" title="Constipatic acid - click for 3D structure" width="199" height="211" class="hs10" alt="Constipatic Acid" /></a></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr><td><a href="lfucol.mol"><img src="lfucol.gif" title="L-Fucol - click for fucol to happen." width="158" height="123" class="hs10" alt="Fucol" /></a></td>
<td><h3>Fucol</h3>
<p>This sugar sounds like it doesn't do very much! Actually the <em>L</em>-Fucol form is obtained from the eggs of sea urchins, frog spawn and milk. The <em>L</em>-fucol form also goes by the name of <i>rhodeose</i>.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Ronald Wysocki of the University of Arizona for suggesting this molecule.</p></td>
<td><a href="dfucol.mol"><img src="dfucol.gif" title="D-Fucol - click for fucol to happen" width="158" height="124" class="hs10" alt="D-Fucol" /></a></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><h3>Penguinone</h3>
<p>This gets its name from the similarity of its 2D structure to a penguin. The effect is slightly lost in the 3D model, though. It's real name is: 3,4,4,5-tetramethylcyclohexa-2,5-dienone.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Chris Scotton for suggesting this molecule.</p></td>
<td><img src="penguin.gif" title="P-p-p-pick up a penguin" width="72" height="110" class="hs10" alt="penguin" /><a href="penguine.mol"><img src="penguine.gif" title="Penguinone - click for 3D structure" width="114" height="126" alt="Penguinone" /></a></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr><td><a href="ovalene.mol"><img src="ovalene1.gif" title="Ovalene - click for 3D structure" width="193" height="176" class="hs10" alt="ovalene" /></a></td>
<td><h3>Ovalene</h3>
<p>Ovalene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, C<sub>32</sub>H<sub>14</sub>. Funnily enough it's oval-shaped... In the series of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons to which ovalene belongs, the next one is <b>circumanthracene</b>...(is it also known as <i>oy-vane</i>?).</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to <a href="http://www.chemistry.uq.edu.au/homepages/crdgroup/frankcombe.html">Terry Frankcomb</a> of the University of Queensland, Australia for suggesting this molecule, and to Professor Juan Murgich of the Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Caracas, for providing a correct structure.</p></td>
<td><a href="ovalene.mol"><img src="ovalene.gif" title="Ovalene - click for 3d structure" width="221" height="166" class="hs10" alt="ovalene" /></a></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><h3>Aenigmatite</h3>
<p>This mineral gets its 'enigmatic' name from the fact that its chemical composition was originally difficult to determine. It is an iron and titanium silicate with sodium as a charge balancing cation, although because it does not easily fit into the current classification system, it is classified as an 'Unclassified Silicate'.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to <a href="http://www.soils.wisc.edu/~barak/">Phillip Barak</a> of the <a href="http://www.soils.wisc.edu/virtual_museum/aenigmatite/index.html">Virtual Museum of Minerals and Molecules</a> for suggesting this mineral.</p></td>
<td><a href="aenigmatite.pdb"><img src="aenigmatite.gif" title="Aenigmatite - click for 3D structure" width="159" height="139" class="hs10" alt="Aenigmatite" /></a></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr><td><img src="dog.gif" title="The units which make up dogcollarane" width="221" height="122" class="hs10" alt="dog" /><br /><a href="dogcollarane.mol"><img src="dogcollar.gif" title="The first dogcollarane - click for 3D structure" width="256" height="142" class="hs10" alt="The first dogcollarane" /></a>
</td>
<td><h3>Dogcollarane</h3>
<p>Dogcollaranes are a group of molecules made from alternating bicyclo [2,2,0] and norbornyl segments. When there are 24 such components, the ends can be linked together to form a ring, which looks like a dogcollar. Unfortunately, although many of the intermediate structures have been made, none of the dogcollaranes have yet been synthesised.</p>
<p class="ref">For more info, see: <a href="dogcollar.pdf"><i>Aust. J. Chem</i>. <b>40</b> (1987) 1951</a>.<br />
Thanks to John Lambert of the University of Melbourne for suggesting this molecule.</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><h3>Fuchsite</h3>
<p>Fuchsite is a mineral, and is the green form of Muscovite, KAl<sub>2</sub>(AlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub>)(F, OH)<sub>2</sub>. It is used as an ornamental stone, and apparently has perfect cleavage...</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Tanuki for suggesting this mineral.</p></td>
<td><p class="caption"><img src="fuchsite.gif" title="Fuchsite" width="160" height="120" class="hs10" alt="Fuchsite" /><br />
This rock's a fuchsite better than most other minerals...</p></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr><td><a href="cobalt_sepulchrate.mol"><img src="sepulchrate.gif" title="Sepulchrate - click for 3D structure" width="134" height="182" alt="Sepulchrate" /></a></td>
<td><h3>Sepulchrate and Sarcophagene</h3>
<p>These spooky sounding molecules both have structures which wrap around and enclose metal atoms, such as cobalt, in a coffin-like cage. Hence their names.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Mark Minton for suggesting this molecule.</p></td>
<td><a href="cobalt_sarcophagene.mol"><img src="sarcophagene.gif" title="Sarcophagene - click for 3D structure" width="141" height="183" alt="cobalt_sarcophagene" /></a></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr><td><img src="pagoda.gif" title="A pagoda in Kyoto" width="119" height="177" alt="pagoda" /></td>
<td><h3>Pagodane</h3>
<p>This C<sub>20</sub>H<sub>20</sub> molecule gets its name because it resembles a Japanese pagoda - well, two pagodas, back-to-back.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Mark Minton for suggesting this molecule.</p></td>
<td><a href="pagodane.mol"><img src="pagodane.gif" title="Click for 3D structure" width="170" height="172" alt="pagodane" /></a></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><h3>DEAD</h3>
<p>DEAD is actually the acronym for diethyl azodicarboxylate, which is an important reagent in the well-known Mitsunobu reaction which performs a stereospecific conversion of an alcohol to a primary amine. It's quite a good acronym, as DEAD is an orange liquid that's explosive, shock sensitive, light sensitive, toxic, a possible carcinogen or mutagen, and an eye, skin and respiratory irritant! A version of <u>d</u>i<u>e</u>thyl <u>a</u>zo<u>d</u>i<u>c</u>arboxylate mixed with <u>a</u>cid and <u>t</u>riphenylphosphine has also been termed DEADCAT. DEAD is also sometimes abbreviated further to DAD. The encyclopedia e-EROS (<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/047084289X.rd176.pub2/abstract">Encyclopedia of of Reagents for Organic Synthesis</a>) contains the worrying sentence: "DAD has been reported to occasionally decompose violently when heated." I think that anyone who has ever been a teenager has experienced this!</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to 'Sparkly' Sally Ewen of Bristol University for suggesting DEAD and to Leppänen Mikko-Pekka of Aalto University School of Chemical Technology, Finland, for DAD.</p></td>
<td><a href="dead.mol"><img src="deadcat.gif" title="A real dead cat" width="193" height="84" class="hs10" alt="A dead cat" /><br /><img src="dead.gif" title="Click here and you'll be DEAD" width="193" height="69" class="hs10" alt="DEAD" /></a></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr><td><img src="mrcreosote.gif" title="Apatite for destruction? Wafer-thin mineral, anyone?" width="236" height="128" alt="mrcreosote" /></td>
<td><h3>Apatite</h3>
<p>A mineral for hungry people? Apatite is a phosphate mineral with the composition Ca<sub>5</sub>[PO<sub>4</sub>]<sub>3</sub>(OH,F,Cl). It has been used extensively as a phosphorus fertilizer and is still mined for that purpose today. The mineral called "asparagus stone" is a appropriately a type of green apatite. Ironically, apatite is the mineral that makes up the teeth in all vertebrate animals as well as their bones.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to 'Sparkly' Sally Ewen for suggesting this molecule and to Sean and to Kay Dekker for some info about it.</p></td>
<td><a href="apatite.pdb"><img src="apatite.gif" title="Apatite - click for 3D structure" width="127" height="135" alt="apatite" /></a></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr><td><a href="lep.mol"><img src="lep.gif" title="Lepidopterane - click for 3D structure" width="192" height="150" alt="Lepidopterane" /></a></td>
<td><h3>Lepidopterene or Biplanene</h3>
<p>Lepidopterenes are a whole class of molecules named after their structural similarity to a butterfly. When the two wings are directly over one another, they look like a WW1 biplane, and so this group of molecules has been termed 'biplanenes'.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Mark Minton for suggesting this molecule.</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr><td><img src="snout.gif" title="A snout" width="186" height="134" alt="snout" /></td>
<td><h3>Snoutene</h3>
<p>This strange looking molecule resembles the nose or snout of an animal, but I don't know if it smells...</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Mark Minton for suggesting this molecule.</p></td>
<td><a href="snoutene.mol"><img src="snoutene.gif" title="Push nose for 3D structure" width="123" height="98" alt="snoutene" /></a></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><h3>Crown Ethers and Lariat Ethers</h3>
<p>Both these molecules get their names from their distinctive shapes. Crown ethers look like crowns (shown in red in the picture on the right), whereas lariat ethers look like lassos, and are really just crown ethers with extended 'tails' (shown in blue). Some lariat ethers are so flexible that they can stick their tails into their rings (nice trick!), and so have been termed 'ostrich complexes', or 'tail biters'. Lariat ethers with two tails are called 'bibrachial lariat ethers' (<i>bracchium</i> means 'arm'), and are abbreviated as BiBLEs.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Mark Minton for suggesting this molecule.</p></td>
<td><a href="lariat.mol"><img src="lariat.gif" title="A lariat ether - click for 3D structure" width="215" height="109" alt="lariat" /></a></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr><td><img src="kakodyl.gif" title="Kakodyl" width="128" height="77" alt="kakodyl" class="hs10" /></td>
<td><h3>Cacodyl</h3>
<p>This molecule gets its name from the Greek <i>kakodes</i>, meaning 'stinking', as it has a really pungent smell of manure with a delicate hint of garlic. It is sometimes spelled 'kakodyl', but its correct name is tetramethyl diarsenic. Its main claim to fame is that it was one of the compounds worked on by Bunsen (of burner fame).</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Birgit Schulz for suggesting this molecule and to Lars Finsen for correcting the spelling of the name.</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr>
<td><h3>Betweenanene (Screwene)</h3>
<p>Betweenanenes are molecules which have a trans double bond shared <i>between</i> two cycloalkanes. There is a whole family of them, depending upon the size of each ring. The one shown on the right is the [10,10] betweenanene. If there are two double bonds linked together, the molecules are called screwenes, but this terminology isn't that popular, for obvious reasons!</p>
<p class="ref">More info see: <a href="between.pdf"><i>J. Am. Chem. Soc</i>. <b>99</b> (1977) 3508</a>. Thanks to Mark Minton for suggesting this molecule.</p></td>
<td><a href="between.mol"><img src="between.gif" title="Betweenanene - click for 3D structure" width="350" height="300" alt="Betweenanene" /></a></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr><td><a href="paddle.mol"><img src="paddle.gif" title="Paddlane - click for 3D structure" width="49" height="102" alt="Paddlane" /></a></td>
<td><h3>Paddlane</h3>
<p>Paddlanes are molecules which have bicyclic cyclohexane units, which look a bit like the paddles on Mississippi steamboats.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Mark Minton for suggesting this molecule.</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr><td><img src="brains.gif" title="Steve Martin in 'The Man with 2 Brains'" width="150" height="180" class="hs10" alt="Steve Martin" /><br />
<p class="caption">I bet Dr. Michael Hfuhruhurr could use some furfuryl furfurate about now...</p> </td>
<td><h3>Furfuryl Furfurate</h3>
<p>A ridiculously-named molecule, about which I know virtually nothing, although I'm told it's quite smelly and may be used as a vapour phase polymerisation inhibitor. It got its name from the Latin "furfur", meaning "bran" (the source of the compound). A related molecule, furfural alcohol is apparently used in the fabrication process of the Reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC) sections used in the space shuttle.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Steve Colley for suggesting this molecule, and to Calli Arcale and Ogpusatan and Danny Sichel for info about it.</p></td>
<td><a href="ff.mol"><img src="ff.gif" title="ffffffffurfuryl ffffffurfurate" width="147" height="165" class="hs10" alt="Furfuryl Furfurate" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr><td><img src="bathsheba.gif" title="A carnal painting? Rembrandt's Bathsheba..." width="140" height="142" class="hs10" alt="Rembrandt's Bathsheba" /></td>
<td><h3>Carnallite</h3>
<p>Carnallite is KMgCl<sub>3</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O, an evaporite mineral. Surprisingly for a mineral called carnallite, it doesn't exhibit any cleavage... It's used as an ore for potassium fertilizers, and is named after Rudolf von Carnall, a Prussian mining engineer, whose (Carnall?) knowledge of the subject was famous...</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to <a href="http://www.soils.wisc.edu/~barak/">Phillip Barak</a> of the <a href="http://www.soils.wisc.edu/virtual_museum/">Virtual Museum of Minerals and Molecules</a> for suggesting this mineral.</p></td>
<td><img src="carnallite_cpk.gif" title="Carnal knowledge?" width="189" height="145" class="hs10" alt="carnallite" /></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="sp10">
<tr><td><img src="dracula.gif" title="Dracula" width="132" height="192" class="hs10" alt="dracula" /></td>
<td><h3>Draculin</h3>
<p>Draculin is the anticoagulant factor in vampire bat saliva. It is a large glycoprotein made from a sequence of <a href="http://ca.expasy.org/cgi-bin/niceprot.pl?Q9W747">411 amino acids</a>.</p>
<p class="ref">Thanks to Mark Baxter for suggesting this molecule, to Eric Walters for some of the info about it and to Tara Turnas for the molecular structure image.</p></td>
<td><a href="draculin.pdb"><img src="draculin.gif" title="Draculin - click for 3D stucture" width="206" height="192" class="hs10" alt="draculin" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
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Molecules with Silly or Unusual Names
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| A silly Molecule | Molecules with Silly or Unusual Names |
[](mwsn-book.jpg)Believe it or not, some chemists do have a sense of humour, and this page is a testament to that. Here we'll show you some *real* molecules that have unusual, ridiculous or downright silly names. If you know of any other potential candidates for this page, [please let me know](mailto:paul.may@bris.ac.uk). People from all over the world have sent me so many contributions to this page, that I've now had to split it into four smaller pages.
The 3D structure files of many of these molecules can be obtained by clicking on the images. Information on what you need to view these structure files can be found [here](http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/whatneed.htm).
**Stop Press**: Due to the popularity of this site, I've now written it up as a book, entitled '*Molecules with Silly or Unusual Names*', by Paul May, published by Imperial College Press, July 2008. It is available at all good bookstores, price around £18. It will include all your favourite molecules from this website, plus some extra information about them. Or you can buy it online from [World Scientific](http://www.worldscibooks.com/popsci/p561.html) or [Amazon](http://www.amazon.co.uk/Molecules-Silly-Unusual-Names-Paul/dp/1848162073/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1221318062&sr=8-1).
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| Arsole
Yes, believe it or not, there is actually a molecule called *Arsole*... and it's a ring! It is the arsenic equivalent of pyrrole, and although it is rarely found in its pure form, it is occasionally seen as a sidegroup in the form of organic *arsolyls*. For more information, see the paper with probably the best title of any scientific paper I've ever come across: "[Studies on the Chemistry of the Arsoles](arsole1.pdf)", G. Markl and H. Hauptmann, *J. Organomet. Chem*., **248** (1983) 269. Although the class of molecules with this general structure are called 'arsoles', the specific molecule shown on the right is actually called 'arsenole' (not to be confused with the London football club, Arsenal). Contrary to popular belief, new research (see reference below) shows that arsoles are only moderately aromatic... Incidentally US patent number US 3 412 119 by the Dow Chemical Company is entitled 'Substituted Stannoles, Phospholes, Arsoles, and Stiboles' - I didn't know there was a substitute for an arsole...
Furthermore, if six of them are bonded together we can apply the prefix 'sexi', to get 'sexiarsole'. And the structure where arsole is fused to a benzene ring is called 'benzarsole'; 6 of these bonded together would be called 'sexibenzarsole' (although neither of those sexi- molecules have been synthesised yet). Another well known poisonous arsenic molecule is the simple hydride, called 'arsine', with formula AsH3.
And on a related theme, I've been told of an Aryl Selenide compound with the superb shorthand of ArSe, which is both toxic and smelly. The [paper it comes from in *J. Am. Chem. Soc*.](ArSe.pdf) was published by authors from, of course, the University of Aarhus! I've been told that it's possible to make molecules with Se-Se bonds, so if ArSe is bonded to a selenium halide (with X representing Br, Cl, etc), then it's possible to make ArSe-SeX. I'll leave this as a challenge to synthetic chemists to first try to make this compound, and then to try to get its name in the title of a paper!
Also, the related molecule [phosphole](phosphole.mol) (which just replaces As with P) is quite amusing if you are a French speaker, since it's pronounced the same as '*fausse folle*'. *Fausse* means 'fake' or 'false', and *folle* means both a 'crazy woman' and a 'drag-queen' or 'ladyboy'.
Thanks to Neil Brookes, Nicholas Welham, Andy Shipway, Lloyd Evans, Peter Sims, John Perkins, Bob Buntrock and Ben Mills for some of the info and details about these molecules. This article inspired Mikael Johansson from Helsinki University to do a scientific study into the aromaticity of arsoles, which has been published: *Letts. Org. Chem.* **2** (2005) 469. Another intriguing reference supplied by Patrick Wallace is: [G. Märkl and H. Hauptmann, "Unusual Substitution in an Arsole Ring", *Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.* . **11**, (1972) 441](arsole2.pdf), and another one supplied by Simon Cotton is: "Arsole metal complexes", E.W. Abel, I.W. Nowell, A.G.J. Modinos, C. Towers, *J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun*., (1973) (7), 258-259. Another superb paper title sent to me by Jan Linders is: "[Selective Covalent Targeting of Pyruvate Kinase M2 using Arsenous Warheads", *J. Med. Chem*. **66** (2023) 2608](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01563). Thanks also to Thomas Jeanmaire and Alan Parker for the info and translation about phosphole. | [Arsole structure](arsole.mol) |
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| [adamantane](adamantane.pdb) | Adam Ant
**Adamantane**
This molecule always brings a smile to the lips of undergrads when they first hear its name, especially in the UK. For those not in the know, ***Adam Ant*** was an English pop star in the early 1980's famous for silly songs and strange make-up. Adamantane actually gets its name from the Greek *adamas* meaning 'indestructible', since it's the chemical building block of diamond. |
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| Bastardane
This is actually a close relative of adamantane, and its proper name is ethano-bridged noradamantane. However because it had the unusual ethano bridge,
and was therefore a variation from the standard types of structure found in the field of hydrocarbon cage rearrangements, it came to be known as *bastardane* - the "unwanted child". In fact the [original paper](./bastardane.pdf) had the title "Nonacyclo-docosane, a Bastard Tetramantane".
A related cage hydrocarbon was called *Golcondane* by the first people to synthesis it in 1993, Mehta and Reddy, in honour of the 400th anniversary of the founding of the Indian city of Hyderabad, whose ancient name was Golconda.
A. Nickon and E.F. Silversmith, '*Organic Chemistry: The Name Game*', Pergamon, 1987; [P. von R. Schleyer, E., and M.G.B. Drew. *J. Am. Chem. Soc.* **90**, (1968) 5034](bastardane.pdf). [G. Mehta and S.H.K. Reddy, A*ngew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl.* **32**, (1993) 1160](golcondane.pdf). | bastardane |
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| [C60
C60
C60](c60.pdb) | Buckminster Fullerene
This is the famous soccerball-shaped molecule that won its discoverers the [Nobel prize for Chemistry in 1996](http://www.nobel.se/announcement-96/chemistry96.html). It is named after the architect Buckminster Fuller who designed the geodesic dome exhibited at Expo '67 in Montreal, from which Sir Harry Kroto got the idea how 60 Carbon atoms could be arranged in a perfectly symmetrical fashion. Because the name of the molecule is a bit of a mouthful, it is often referred to just as a *[Bucky Ball](http://www.bristol.ac.uk/Depts/Chemistry/MOTM/buckyball/c60a.htm)*. It's also known as 'Footballene' by some researchers. In fact, there is now a whole '[fullerene zoo](http://www.jcrystal.com/steffenweber/gallery/Fullerenes/Fullerenes.html)', with oddly coined names, including: *Buckybabies* (C32, C44, C50, C58), *Rugby Ball* (C70), *Giant Fullerenes* (C240, C540, C960), *Russian Egg* or *Bucky Onions* (balls within balls), *Fuzzyball* (C60H60), *[Bunnyball](http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/Fullerene/confirmation.html)* (C60(OsO4)(4-t-Butylpyridine)2), *Platinum-Burr Ball* ({[(C2H5)3P]2Pt}6C60) and *Hetero-fullerenes* (in which some Cs are replaced by other atoms).
There is also a fullerene paper in which the authors describe a method for severing two adjacent bonds in C60, entitled "[There Is a Hole in My Bucky](buckyhole.pdf)". And finally, there's evena village in France called [Fulleren](http://www.annuaire-mairie.fr/mairie-fulleren.html), although it's unrelated to the molecule.
Thanks to A. Haymet for the info regarding footballene, and to Charles Turner for the names of the other fullerenes which came from: *'Fullerenes'*, by Robert F. Curl and Richard E. Smalley, *Scientific American* October 1991, and to Tom Hawkins for the JACS reference, and to Patrick Henry for the French village name. |
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| Megaphone
Despite having a ridiculous name, the molecule is quite ordinary. It gets its name from being both a constituent of *Aniba Megaphylla* roots and a ketone.
[S.M. Kupchan *et al.*, *J. Org. Chem.*, **43** (1978) 586](megaphone1.pdf). | [Megaphone structure](megaphon.mol) |
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| Munchnones | A munchkinMunchnones
No, these aren't the favourite compound of the *Munchkins* from *The Wizard of Oz*, but are in fact a type of [mesoionic compound](http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/class/ionra.html#34). These are ring structures in which the positive and negative charge are delocalised, and which cannot be represented satisfactorily by any one polar structure. They got their name when Huisgen called them after the city Munich (München), after similar compounds were called sydnones after Sydney.
Huisgen *et al*. *Chem. Ber*. 1970, **103**, 2611. Thanks to Matthew J. Dowd, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, for supplying this one. |
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| Unununium
I know this is technically an element, not a molecule, but it had such a ridiculous name I thought I'd include it. This is actually element number 111, and was called by the IUPAC temporary systematic name of unununium before it was recently renamed **roentgenium**. This is a pity, because if it formed ring or cage structures, previously we might have ended up with unununium onions...
[See [*Pure and Appl. Chem.* **51** (1979) 381](unununium.pdf) for the naming scheme]. Thanks to Chris Fellows for info about its new name. | uuu |
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| Cummingtonite
A sample of *pyroxmangite*, with white pieces of cummingtonite visible toward the lower left. | Cummingtonite
This mineral must have the silliest name of them all! Its official name is magnesium iron silicate hydroxide, and it has the formula (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2. It got its name from the locality where it was first found, Cummington, Massachusetts, USA. |
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| Putrescine and cadaverine
Silly names, and smelly too...
(3D structure files:
[putrescine](putrescine.pdb), [cadaverine](cadaverine.pdb), [spermine](spermine.mol), [spermidine](spermidine.mol)) | Putrescine, Cadaverine, Spermine and Spermidine
Putrescine originates in putrefying and rotting flesh, and is quite literally, the smell of death. It is one of the breakdown products of some of the amino-acids found in animals, including humans. Although the molecule is a poisonous solid, as flesh decays the vapour pressure of the putrescine it contains becomes sufficiently large to allow its disgusting odour to be detected. It is usually accompanied by cadaverine (named after the cadavers that give rise to it), a poisonous syrupy liquid with an equally disgusting smell. Putrescine and cadaverine also contribute towards the smells of some living processes. Since they are both poisonous, the body normally excretes them in whatever way is quickest and most convenient. For example, the odour of bad breath and urine are 'enriched' by the presence of these molecules, as is the 'fishy' smell of the discharge from the female medical condition *bacterial vaginosis*. Putrescine and cadaverine also contribute to the distinctive smell of semen, which also contains the related molecules spermine and spermidine, named by their discoverer Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1677. Strangely, spermine [has also been detected](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0065291108601988) in the odours of some particularly smelly mushrooms, called stinkhorns (*Phallaceae*), which are reputed to smell of ejaculate. Indeed, there are (unverified) reports of one species of these stinkhorn mushrooms (*Dictyophora cinnabarina*) found in Hawaii that has such a potent 'male' scent that it can make a woman orgasm instantly. This has never been scientifically proven, but [makes for an interesting story](http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/science-sushi/2016/02/14/hawaii-orgasm-mushroom/?utm_source=dscfb&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=dscfb&fbclid=IwAR0beFWFmzuOkV9hTG9mTeNs2Y9-os1PSoQWH_9ByXq7jVSuHegSQp9WFK4).
Thanks to Bill Longman for suggesting spermine and spermidine, to Dr Chris Valentine for the info about bacterial vaginosis, and to Charles Turner for the items about spermine and mushrooms. | [Sniffing a stinkhorn mushroom](sniff.jpg)
Sniffing a *Dictyophora cinnabarina* stinkhorn mushroom. |
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| [Dickite](dickite.mol)
2 layers of dickite. | Dickite
Dickite, Al2Si2O5(OH)4, is a (kaolin) clay-like mineral which exhibits mica-like layers with silicate sheets of 6-membered rings bonded to aluminium oxide/hydroxide layers. Dickite is used in ceramics, as paint filler, rubber, plastics and glossy paper. It got its name from the geologist that discovered it around the 1890s, Dr. W. Thomas Dick, of Lanarkshire, Scotland.
Structure from the [Virtual Museum of Minerals and Molecules](http://www.soils.wisc.edu/~barak/virtual_museum/) |
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| Moronic Acid
This is a triterpenoid organic acid that is found in *Pistacia* resin, and is therefore of interest to people studying archaeological relics, shipwrecks and the contents of ancient Egyptian jars. Its name comes from its corresponding hydroxy acid, which was originally named *morolic acid* since it was isolated from the heartwood of the mora tree, *mora excelsa*. The keto acid then became moronic acid. Derivatives of this are called *moronates*, as in 'which moron-ate the contents of this jar?' It's currently being studied as a potential treatment for HIV and herpes.
**Ref**: [P.L. Majumdar, R.N. Maity, S.K. Panda, D. Mal, M.S. Raju and E. Wenkert, *J. Org. Chem.* (1979) **44**, 2811](moronic.pdf).
Thanks to Dr Ben Stern of Bradford University for supplying this one, and to John Perkins for the story of the name origin. Thanks also to Jack Paulson for info on its recent uses. | [Moronic Acid](moronic.mol)
Moronic acid |
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| Curious chloride | Curious Chloride and Titanic Chloride
The trivial name for some curium compounds can be either curous or 'curious', so curium trichloride becomes *curious chloride*. However the only
curious property it has is that it's sufficiently radioactive that a solution, if concentrated enough, will boil spontaneously after a while. (I wonder if a molecule with 2 Cm atoms in would be 'bi-curious'...?)
In a similar way, titanium compounds can be 'titanic', so we get the wonderfully named titanic chloride, TiCl4. It's also interesting to know that in the titanium industry, TiCl4 is known as 'tickle'. Furthermore, curium oxides are called 'curates', so the titanium compound would be *Titanic Curate*, and since curium can have more than one valency we could end up with *Curious Curates*. But I'm sure these are already a well-known phenomenon...
In a similar way, some nickel compounds can be referred to as 'nickelous' - so we get compounds like *Nickelous Sulfate* (a nice guy by all accounts...)
Thanks to Beveridge and Dr Justin E. Rigden for supplying these two and to John Burgess and Neil Tristram for the ideas on curates, and to Michael Geyer for the Nickelous content. |
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| Fukalite
This wonderfully named mineral gets its name from the Fuka mine in the Fuka region of southern Japan. It is very rare, and is a form of calcium silico-carbonate, with formula Ca4Si2O6(CO3)(OH,F)2.
More details from: [Henmi, C., Kusachi, I., Kawahara, A., and Henmi, K., *Mineral. J.*,**8**, (1977) 374](fukalite.pdf). Thanks to Matthew Latto for info on this mineral. | Fukalite |
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| Traumatic Acid
This is a plant hormone which causes injured cells to divide and help repair the trauma - hence its name, and its synonym 'wound hormone'.
Thanks to Dr Neil Edwards for supplying this one, and to Han Wermaat in the Dutch Chemistry magazine '[Chemisch2weekblad](http://www.c2w.nl)' for its information. | [Traumatic acid](traumatic_acid.mol) |
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| [Arabitol](arabitol.pdb) | Arabitol
No, this has nothing to do with rabbits - it's an organic alcohol that's one constituent of wine. It's also known as pentahydric alcohol. A related sugar molecule, **arabinose**, also has nothing to do with rabbits, nor with the size of a Rabbi's nose (A Rabbi Nose).
Thanks to David Brady for supplying info about arabitol, and to Darren Sydenham for arabinose. | Does Bugs eat arabitol? |
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| [Fucitol](fucitol.mol)
[Fucitol again](fucitol.mol) | Fucitol
Although this sounds like what an undergraduate chemist might exclaim when their synthesis goes wrong, it's actually an alcohol, whose other names are
L-fuc-ol or 1-deoxy-D-galactitol. It gets its wonderful trivial name from the fact that it is derived from the sugar fucose, which comes from a seaweed found in the North Atlantic called Bladderwrack whose latin name is *Fucus vesiculosis*. Interestingly, there are a few articles in the *Journal of
Biochemistry* throughout 1997 concerning a kinase enzyme which acts on fucose. The creators of these articles were Japanese, and seemed to have missed the fact that fucose kinase should not be abbreviated as '[fuc-K](http://biocyc.org/ECOLI/new-image?type=GENE-IN-MAP&object=EG10350)'. Similarly, the *E. coli* K-12 Gene has other proteins that have been named [Fuc-U](http://biocyc.org/ECOLI/new-image?type=GENE-IN-MAP&object=EG10355) and [Fuc-R](http://biocyc.org/ECOLI/new-image?type=GENE-IN-MAP&object=EG10353). Recently, the abbreviation for fucose-kinase enzyme has been cleaned up to 'FUK'. However, there are now clones of this where the cloning position in the DNA sequence is labelled by its [Open Reading Frame](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_reading_frame) (ORF) number. And of course, these clones are called ***FUK ORF***!
Thanks to Bob Brady for suggesting this one, and to Dr Stephen O'Hanlon from the Orthopaedics Dept of Bedford Hospital for the information on fucose kinase, and to Professor Anthony Davis of Bristol University for suggesting FucU and FucR. Thanks also to Jan Linders for telling me to FUK ORF. |
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| Erotic Acid
No, this isn't the world's best aphrodisiac. Its correct name is *orotic acid*, but it has been misspelt so often in the chemical literature that it is also known as erotic acid! Another name for it is vitamin B13. Apparently, if you add another carbon to it, it becomes homo-erotic acid...
Thanks to Gerard J. Kleywegt of Uppsala University for info on this molecule. | [orotic acid](orotic_acid.mol) |
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| Kinoshitalite |
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| [Bastardin-5](bastad.mol) | Bastadins and Bastaranes
*Bastadins* are molecules isolated from the marine sponge *Ianthella basta*. They possess antibacterial, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory properties. *Bastaranes* and *isobastaranes* are derivatives of these. To keep track of them all, the bastadins are numbered, bastadin-1, bastadin-2, *etc*. The molecule shown in the diagram is bastadin-5, which is one of the few commercially available ones. If you devise the full synthesis of one of these, have you made a complete and utter bastadin?
Thanks to Neil Edwards and Jan Linders for info on these molecules. Ref: [E.A. Couladouros et al., *Chem. Eur. J.* **11**, (2005) 406.](bastarane.pdf) | [Bastardin-5](bastad.mol) |
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| [Vomicine](vomicine.mol) | Vomicine and Vomitoxin
Vomicine (left) is a poisonous molecule that gets its name from the nut *Nux Vomica*, which is the seed of a tree found on the coasts of the East Indies. The seeds are sometimes called 'Quaker buttons', and are a source of strychnine as well as the emetic vomicine. Similarly, [vomitoxin](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitoxin) (right) is a toxin that's produced by certain types of fungus that grow on wheat and barley. Its proper name is deoxynivalenol, but was given the trivial name vomitoxin because it caused vomiting in pigs that had eaten contaminated wheat. It must be pretty gross to make even a pig vomit...
Thanks to Bill Longman and Alan Howard Martin for info on vomicene, and to Victoria Ludowici for info about vomitoxin. More details: [R.F. Vesonder, A. Ciegler, A.H. Jensen, *Appl. Microbiol*., **26** (1973) 1008](vomitoxin.pdf). | [Vomitoxin structure](vomitoxin.mol) |
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| [Rhamnose](rhamnose.mol) | Rhamnose
This sounds like the molecule that's created when you walk into doors...in fact it's a type of sugar.
Thanks to Bill Longman for info on this molecule. | [Rhamnose](rhamnose.mol)
Posh Spice |
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| Gossypol
This ridiculously named molecule is found in cotton seeds. It was used as a male contraceptive in China, but was never used in the West (and may have since been banned in China as well), since its effects were permanent in about 20% of patients! Its name originated from being present in the flowers of the Indian cotton plant *Gossypium herbaceum L*. Apart from its contraceptive effects, gossypol has properties that might make it useful in treating a number of ailments, including cancer, HIV, malaria and some bacterial/viral illnessness. Related to this molecule are the equally strangely named **gossypetin** and **gossypin**. I always thought 'gossypin' was frowned upon in polite labs...
Thanks to Lionel Hill for suggesting this molecule, and to Anthony Argyriou and Kristina Turner for providing some of the info. | [gossypol](gossypol.mol) |
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| [skatole](skatole.mol) | Skatole
This molecule's name comes from 'scatological', meaning concerning fecal material. Its proper name is 3-methylindole, but it gets its trivial name from the fact that it is a component of feces. Surprisingly, it is also found in coal tar and beetroot (!), and can be obtained synthetically by mixing egg albumin and KOH. Skatole consists of white crystals when pure (or brownish scales when impure) which are soluble in hot water. Apparently, coriander can be used to cover up bad smells such as these, as testified in the classic paper: "Deodorizing Effect of Coriander on the Offensive Odor of the Porcine Large Intestine" [[Kohara *et al*, *Food Sci. Technol. Res*. **12** (2006) 38](coriander.pdf).]
Thanks to Allen Knutson for suggesting this molecule, and to Samuel Knight for providing the info. | toilet |
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| Arsenolite | Arsenolite
This is a naturally occurring mineral, whose correct name is cubic arsenic trioxide (As2O3). It is also the primary product whenever arsenic ores are smelted, and is used in industry as a glass decolourising agent. Another related mineral with a similar silly name is *arsenolamprite*, which is a native form of arsenic.
Thanks to Matthew Latto and Nicholas Welham for suggesting these minerals. |
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| Sexithiophene
This is a 'sexi' molecule - which means it has 6 sub-units, in this case of thiophene rings. Because of its conjugated system of double bonds, this organic molecule conducts electricity quite well. As a result, it is one of a number of similar molecules being studied for possible uses in organic polymer electronics. Incidentally, the Latin for 5 sub-units is *quinque* (pronounced 'kinky'), so by adding one subunit a *quinque* molecule becomes *sexi*... Nine units would be *nonakis*...which shows what always happens if you try to take things too far. | [Sexithiophene](sexi.mol) |
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| [pina](pina.mol) | Bis(pinacolato)diboron
Although it sounds like it, this isn't the active ingredient in a pina colada cocktail. Rather it is a versatile reagent for the preparation of boronic esters from halides, the diboration of olefins, and solid-phase Suzuki coupling. A proper Pina Colada cocktail is a concoction of pineapple juice, coconut milk and rum, often served with crushed ice and a little paper umbrella stuck in the glass.
Thanks to Victoria Barclay of [Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc.](http://www.acdlabs.com), Toronto, for providing the info on this molecule. More info: [Tet. Letts. **39** (1998) 2357](pinacolato.pdf). | A proper Pina Colada |
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| Lucifer | Lucifer yellow
I think Lucifer Yellow is a food colouring used especially in hot sauces, like salsa pickle. It is also used in plant microscopy anatomy studies, because it fluoresces under ultraviolet light and stains certain regions between plant cells.
[More info](http://omlc.ogi.edu/spectra/PhotochemCAD/html/luciferyellowCH.html). Thanks to Gavin Shear of [Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc.](http://www.acdlabs.com), Toronto, and to Seranne Howis, of Rhodes University, South Africa, for providing the info on this molecule. | A devil of a molecule! |
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| Crapinon
Crapinon (also known as *Sanzen*) is another molecule with an excellent name, and is apparently used therapeutically as an anticholinergic. These are drugs which dry secretions, increase heart rate, and decrease lung constriction. More importantly, they also constipate quite strongly - so 'crappy-non' is most appropriate. It would be nice to think that this molecule could find an alternative use as a toilet cleaner (as in "Who's been crapinon the seat?").
Thanks to Gavin Shear of [Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc.](http://www.acdlabs.com), Toronto, and to Tom Simpson of the Royal Hobart Hospital, Austalia for providing the info on this molecule. | [Crapinon](crapinon.mol) |
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| [sparasol](sparasol.mol) | Sparassol
This molecule sounds like what you'd need the day after eating a very hot curry (spare-assol). Sparassol is an antibiotic produced by the fungus *Sparassis ramosa*.
Thanks to [Eric Walters](http://www.finchcms.edu/biochem/walters.html) from The Chicago Medical School for providing the info on this molecule. |
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| Periodic Acid
Ok, I know it should really be per-iodic acid, but without the hyphen it sounds like it only works some of the time...It has also been described as that acid extracted by boiling of old periodic tables found in chemistry lecture halls and laboratories.
Thanks to Allen Knutson for suggesting this molecule, and to Prof Walter Maya of California State Polytechnic University for some of the details. | Per-iodic Acid |
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| [Phthalic acid](phthalic.mol) | Phthalic Acid
This molecule is often pronounced with a silent 'th' for comic effect. I wonder if phthalyl side-groups have a shorthand symbol in chemical structures, in the same way that phenyl groups are shortened to -Ph? If so, would it be a 'phthalic symbol'...?
Again, adding an extra carbon makes homo-phthalic acid - say no more...
Thanks to Neil Edwards for info about this molecule. | [Homo-phthalic acid](hphthal.mol) |
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| [psicose](psicose.mol) | Psicose
This molecule has nothing to do with axe-murderers, but is a sugar which gets its name because it's isolated from the antibiotic *psicofurania*. Its other name is ribo-hexulose. | The Shining |
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| Commic Acid
This molecule's always good for a laugh! It gets its 'commical' name since it's a constituent of the plant *Commiphora pyracanthoides*, one of the Myrrh trees. When reduced to the aldehyde, I presume the product would be named commical?
Thanks to Michael F Aldersley for info about this molecule. | [Commic acid](commic.mol) |
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| [Fruticolone](fruti.mol) | Fruticolone
This sounds like what you get after a baked bean meal...but it actually gets its name from being both a constituent of the plant *Teucrium fruiticans* and a ketone. |
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| Nonanone
Although maybe not quite as silly as some of the other molecular names, I like this one for its n-n-nice alliteration. Many nonanones act as alarm pheremones in wasps, ants and bees. Interestingly, in Danish, Norwegian, Swedish and German molecular names are spelt without the end "e" (*e.g*. butane is butan, *etc*.). Therefore nonanone becomes 'nonanon', and is quite an exceptional molecule name, being spelled the same way forwards and backwards - a palindromic molecule! The molecule shown is 2-nonanone, but 5-nonanone with the C=O group in the middle would be the same forward as well as backwards, thus being palindromic in spelling and in structure! The aldehyde version of this, nonanal, also causes undergrads some amusement, especially when a hyphen is inserted to read: non-anal.
Thanks to Carl Kemnitz for supplying some info about nonanone, and to Rauful for nonanal. | [Nonanone](nonanone.mol) |
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| MJ | Nonose
I say, I say, I say...my dog's got nonose. How does it smell? Sweet - because every chemist knows (nose?) that nonose is a sugar containing 9 carbon atoms. (Actually, it probably doesn't smell of anything because most sugars are odourless).
Thanks to Kay Dekker for suggesting this molecule. | [nonose](nonose.mol) |
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| [fukugetin](fukuget.mol) | Fukugetin
This chemical with a most amusing name is also called Morellofavone, and is a constituent of the bark of the *Garcenia* species of tree. Its glucoside goes by the equally wonderful name of Fukugiside. |
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| Pubescine
Also known as *Reserpinine*. It got its name since it was extracted from the plant *Vinca pubescens*. I don't know much else about pubescine, but I bet it forms short, curly crystals...
Thanks to Michael J. Mealy of the University of Conneticut and to ShadowFox for providing the info on this molecule. | [Pubescine](pubes.mol) |
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| [spamol](spamol1.mol) | Spamol
Monty Python's favourite molecule? Spamol might also conjure images of unwanted "Make Money Fast" emails circulating the globe at the speed of light ("spam - all"). Its other names are aminopromazine, lispamol or lorusil, and it's actually used as an anti-spasmodic therapeutic agent.
Thanks to Victoria Barclay of [Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc.](http://www.acdlabs.com), Toronto, for providing the info on this molecule. | spamtin |
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| Fukiic Acid
Fuki is the Japanese word for the butterbur flower, and Fukiic acid is the hydrolysis product from this plant, *Petasites japonicus*. Interestingly, further oxidation of this produces the wonderfully named **Fukinolic acid**. (I wonder if fukanolic is anything like alcoholic...) Anyway, since the conjugate base of fukinolic acid is **fukinolate**, it's probably about time we stopped!
Thanks to Anton Sherwood for info on fukiic acid, and to Andrew Reinders for suggesting fukinolate. | [fukiic acid](fukiic.mol) |
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| [funicone](funicone.mol) | Funicone
This gets its name, not from being funny and cone shaped, but because it's the metabolism product of the fungus *Penicillium funiculosum*. |
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| [housane](housane.mol)[churchane](churchane.mol) | Housane, Churchane and Basketane
Obviously, these molecules get their name from their shapes. Although I do think that housane (how sane?) should be closely linked to psicose, above.
Thanks to A. Rich for suggesting these molecules. | [Basketane](basketane.mol) |
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| [Windowpane](window.mol) | Windowpane
Windowpane C9H12 gets its name from its resemblance to a set of windows, and is more accurately kown as *fenestrane*. But unfortunately it has never been synthesised. However, the version with a corner carbon missing C8H12 has been made, and goes by the name 'broken window'. Interestingly, a hypothetical derivative of windowpane has been suggested which includes a double bond, and this would of course be called Windowlene...
Thanks to Adrian Davis of Pfizer Global Research & Development for providing the info on these molecules, and to Iain Fenton for suggesting windowlene. | [Broken Windowpane](bwindow.mol) |
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| Godnose
Ok, so this is a bit of a cheat, since it's not an official molecular name...but it makes a nice story. When Albert Szent-Gyorgyi isolated ascorbic acid and published his findings, he called the new substance 'ignose' since he was convinced it was a sugar that resembled glucose and fructose, but was ignorant of its structure. When the journal editor refused to accept ignose as a sensible name, Szent-Gyorgyi suggested 'Godnose' instead! Alas the editor was neither imaginative nor humorous, and suggested that a more proper name had to be used. The structure of the carbohydrate was elucidated in collaboration with Haworth at Birmingham and the alternative name given was hexuronic acid (hex = six). During the same period (19281931), Charles Glen King of the Columbia University of USA isolated Vitamin C from lemon juice and it was observed that hexuronic acid and Vitamin C were identical. Szent-Györgyi documents the episode in the essay "[Lost in the Twentieth Century](lost.pdf)" which dates from 1963.
Thanks to John P Oliver, Peter Macinnis and Charles Turner for providing the info and story. Incidentally, [Godnose](http://home.dencity.com/thenose) is also the name of an Australian punk band. | [vitc](vitc.mol) |
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| Luciferase
This molecule is an enzyme which reacts with ATP to cleave luciferin, its substrate. This cleavage reaction causes the firey glow in fireflies and certain types of fish, hence its name.
Thanks to Melissa Harrison for suggesting this molecule.
Diabolic Acid
Diabolic acids are actually a class of compounds where the *m* and *n* chains can have different lengths and can contain unsaturation. They were named after the Greek *diabollo*, meaning to mislead, since they were particularly difficult to isolate using standard gas chromatography techniques. One of the inventors, Prof Klein, also thought that they had 'horns like the devil'. | [luciferase](luciferase.pdb)
Lucifer
[A Diabolic acid](diabolic.mol) |
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| [domperidone](domperidone.mol) | Domperidone
This molecule sounds like it should be the active ingredient in Dom Perignon champagne, but it's actually an anti-emetic drug. It is also used to promote the production of breast milk in lactating (or non lactating women). It's also been used to induce lactation in a male! It is also an anatagonist of dopamine which prevents final maturation of fish eggs. So domperidone and caviar then!
Thanks to Eric Walters from The Chicago Medical School for suggesting this molecule, and to Liz Parnell and Les Unwin for some info about it. | The real thing? |
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| [gardininA](gardininA.mol) | Gardenin flower
If you fancy a bit of gardenin', this is the molecule for you. In fact, these are many different gardenins, which are flavones extracted from *Gardenia lucida*, a plant from India. The structure left is for gardenin A, which forms yellow crystals.
Thanks to [Eric Walters](http://www.finchcms.edu/biochem/walters.html) from The Chicago Medical School for suggesting this molecule. Ref: A.V.R. Rao, *et al*, *Indian J. Chem.* **8** (1970) 398. |
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| Germane
This is a particularly *relevant* molecule that is *pertinent* and *has a bearing on* a number of inorganic reactions...
Thanks to [Eric Walters](http://www.finchcms.edu/biochem/walters.html) from The Chicago Medical School for suggesting this molecule. | [germane](germane.mol) |
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| Uranate | UranateUranate ion |
The various uranium oxide anions (UO22-, UO32-, UO42-, *etc*) go by the glorious name of 'uranates'. I wonder if unwanted reactions of these ions with certain compounds is called 'involuntary uranation'...? And is nickel uranate what you'd need to 'spend a penny'?
Related to this, uranium nitrate is also known as uranyl nitrate, which sounds like the entry fee for a gents toilet after 8pm... While U4+ is the uranous ion. This sparks the question that when U4+ is in aqueous solution, do the water molecules form a ring around uranous? An if you do need to uranate, should you do it at the tungsten carbide (WC)?
Thanks to Victor Sussman from Carleton College in Northfield, MN, USA for suggesting this molecule, to Amy Roediger for suggesting nickel uranate, to Sunil Rao for uranous and to Andy Shipway for WC.
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| kunzite | Kunzite (Spodumene)
This mineral is a pink (of course...) gemstone, named after the gemologist G.F. Kunz who described it in 1902. Kunzite is a fragile stone, which shows different shades of colour when viewed from different directions. Called an "evening" stone, it should not be exposed to direct sunlight which can fade its color in time. Its alternative name, Spodumene, sounds like an American shop that sells computer nerds ("Spod-U-Mean") |
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| Conantokin
This chemical sounds like Conan the Barbarian has been smoking something he shouldn't... In fact it's a peptide neurotoxin found in the marine snail *Conus geographus*. Researchers have found that some conantokins cause young mice to fall asleep, and older mice to become hyperactive, but they don't say what happens to middle-aged mice...It probably gets its name because it was isolated from *Conus*
snails hence "con-". And, "antok" is a Filipino word which means "sleepy", which refers to its effect on young mice. Apparently, there is also a related molecule called "contulakin". "Tulak" is a Filipino term for "push". It seems that this molecule causes mice to be sluggish and thus, they had to be pushed.
Thanks to Dr. Andrew P. Rodenhiser from McGill University, Canada, for suggesting this molecule, and to Jesper Karlsson of the University of Kalmar, Sweden, and Rene Angelo Macahig of Ateneo de Manila University, Philipines, for more info about it. | Conan
[Conantokin](ct.pdb) |
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| welshite | Welshite
This wonderfully named mineral is called after the US amateur mineralogist Wilfred R. Welsh. Its formula is Ca2SbMg4FeBe2Si4O20. Some people think it's quite a nice mineral, but others think it's 'well-shite'.
Thanks to Matthew Latto for suggesting this mineral. |
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| [Propellane](prop.mol) | Propellane and Cubane
These two molecules are both named after their distinctive shapes. Propellane (left), C5H6, resembles a propeller, whereas cubane (right), C8H8, is a cube (but doesn't come from Cuba). Other molecules that get their name from their geometric shapes are: dodecahedrane C20H20, prismane C6H6, spherands and hemispherands, squaric acid C4H2O4 and deltic acid C3H2O3, tetrahedranes C4H4 and C20H36 and finally twistane C10H16.
Thanks to Kay Brower for suggesting propellane, and to Martin A. Iglesias Arteaga from the University of Havana, Cuba for suggesting cubane. Thanks also to Mark Minton for suggesting the other list of geometrical molecules. First reference for propellane: [J. Altman , E. Babad, J. Itzchaki, D. Ginsburg , *Tetrahedron, Suppl*. 8(1), (1966) 279](propellane.pdf). | [Cubane](cubane.mol) |
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| Clitoriacetal
This gets its name from the root of the *Clitoria macrophylla* plant, and is a constituent of the Thai drug "[Non-tai-yak](http://www.phytochemie.botanik.univie.ac.at/herbarium/stemona.htm)" which is used to treat respiratory disorders, including pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchitis, and also works as an insecticide. | [clitoria](clitoria.mol) |
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| [Vaginatin](vaginatn.mol) | Vaginatin
I know you can get most things nowadays in a tin, but this is getting silly... Actually it gets its name from the plant *Selinum Vaginatum*. The related molecule is *Vaginol*, which also goes by the name *Archangelicin*.
Thanks to Matti.Lepisto and Stephen Yabut for the info on this molecule. | [vaginol](vaginol.mol) |
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| [anol](anol.mol) | Anol
Anol is a synonym for 4-(1-propenyl)phenol, and it is apparently used in the flavour industry. Are compounds that bond strongly to this molecule called 'anolly retentive'?
Thanks to Phil Van Es for suggesting this molecule. |
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| Urospermal
The European Union has standardised everything else (apple sizes, the shapes of bananas, *etc*...) and it now sounds like they're going even further (Euro-sperm-all). In reality, it gets its name from being a constituent of the roots of the *Urospermum delachampii* plant. | [Urospermal](urosperm.mol) |
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| buccalin | Buccalin
This sounds like the molecule from which car seat-belts are made, but it's actually a neuropeptide which acts in nerves to stop acetylcholine release.
Thanks to Dr. Andrew P. Rodenhiser from McGill University, Canada, for suggesting this molecule. |
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| Antipain
Antipain is a protease inhibitor, which means it prevents proteins from being degraded. Despite its promising name, it is a very toxic compound, and it causes severe itch or pain (!) when contacted with the skin. Its name is actually a contraction of anti-papain, since it inhibits the action of *papain*, an enzyme found in papayas.
Thanks to Marcel Volker from Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands, for suggesting this molecule. | [antipain](antipain.mol) |
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| [dinile](dinile.mol) | Dinile
Why did the two cyanide groups go to see a psychiatrist? Because they were both 'in dinile'... In fact, dinile is another name for butanedinitrile or succinonitrile, and is a waxy solid that if ingested forms cyanides in the body.
Thanks to Hazel Mottram and Phil van Ess for suggesting this molecule. |
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| Fornacite
This is a mineral that is composed of a basic chromate-arsenate compound of Pb and Cu with the formula: (Pb,Cu2+)3[(Cr,As)O4]2(OH). If it could be polished into a gemstone, it sounds ideal for a ring that a cheating husband might buy his mistress.
Thanks to Alan Plante, a New Hampshire, USA, "Rockhound", for suggesting this mineral. | fornacite
The dark lumpy bits on the white background are Fornacite |
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| [butanal](butanal.mol) | Butanal
This molecule sounds better if it's hyphenated (but-anal), but it is actually quite a common aldehyde.
Thanks to Shawn McClements, Amsterdam NY, USA, and his high school class for suggesting this molecule. |
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| angel | Angelic Acid
Angelic acid isn't very angelic at all - it's a defence substance for certain beetles. It gets its name from the Swedish plant Garden Angelica (*Archangelica officinalis*) from whose roots it was first obtained in the 1840s. Its proper name is (*Z*)-2-methyl-2-butenoic acid. The other isomer (*E*) goes by the equally silly name of tiglic acid (from the plant *Croton tiglium*, the source of croton oil) and is also a beetle defence substance.
Thanks to Andrew Walden for suggesting these molecules and to Florian Raab and Bo Ohlson for providing some of the information about them. | [Angelic acid](angelic.mol)
[Tiglic acid](tiglic.mol) |
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| Ciglitizone
This molecule sounds like the places reserved for smokers to light up. Actually, ciglitizone is is a member of a class of compounds that are used as anti-diabetics. The drug *Avandia* (Rosiglitazone), used to treat type II diabetes, is a member of this class of compounds. Another related molecule is *troglitazone*, which I've mentioned for all fans of the eponymous rock group or small cave dwelling dwarfs.
Thanks to Robin Brown of *Galapagos Genomics*, Belgium, and to Joerg Fruechtel for the info on this molecule. (More info, see: [*Br. J. Pharmacol*. **131** (2000) 651)](ciglitizone.pdf). | [ciglitizone](ciglit.mol) |
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| [clitorin](clitorin.mol) | Clitorin
I don't know much about clitorin, except that it's a flavenol glycoside (make of that what you will), but I've heard it's touch sensitive ;-).
Thanks to Joerg Fruechtel and Nicholas J. Welham for the info on this molecule. (More info, see: [*Chem. Pharm. Bull*. **53** (2005) 591](clitorin.pdf)). |
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| Constipatic Acid
This is a constituent of some Australian lichens, such as *Parmelia constipata*. I don't know why these lichens were called this, maybe eating them causes constipation? Derivatives of constipatic acid include protoconstipatic acid, dehydroconstipatic acid, and methyl constipatate.
See [D.O. Chester and J.A. Elix, *Austr. J. Chem.* **32** (1979) 2565](constipatic.pdf). Thanks to Ronald Wysocki of the University of Arizona for suggesting this molecule. | [Constipatic Acid](constip.mol) |
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| [Fucol](lfucol.mol) | Fucol
This sugar sounds like it doesn't do very much! Actually the *L*-Fucol form is obtained from the eggs of sea urchins, frog spawn and milk. The *L*-fucol form also goes by the name of *rhodeose*.
Thanks to Ronald Wysocki of the University of Arizona for suggesting this molecule. | [D-Fucol](dfucol.mol) |
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| Penguinone
This gets its name from the similarity of its 2D structure to a penguin. The effect is slightly lost in the 3D model, though. It's real name is: 3,4,4,5-tetramethylcyclohexa-2,5-dienone.
Thanks to Chris Scotton for suggesting this molecule. | penguin[Penguinone](penguine.mol) |
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| --- | --- | --- |
| [ovalene](ovalene.mol) | Ovalene
Ovalene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, C32H14. Funnily enough it's oval-shaped... In the series of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons to which ovalene belongs, the next one is **circumanthracene**...(is it also known as *oy-vane*?).
Thanks to [Terry Frankcomb](http://www.chemistry.uq.edu.au/homepages/crdgroup/frankcombe.html) of the University of Queensland, Australia for suggesting this molecule, and to Professor Juan Murgich of the Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Caracas, for providing a correct structure. | [ovalene](ovalene.mol) |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Aenigmatite
This mineral gets its 'enigmatic' name from the fact that its chemical composition was originally difficult to determine. It is an iron and titanium silicate with sodium as a charge balancing cation, although because it does not easily fit into the current classification system, it is classified as an 'Unclassified Silicate'.
Thanks to [Phillip Barak](http://www.soils.wisc.edu/~barak/) of the [Virtual Museum of Minerals and Molecules](http://www.soils.wisc.edu/virtual_museum/aenigmatite/index.html) for suggesting this mineral. | [Aenigmatite](aenigmatite.pdb) |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| dog[The first dogcollarane](dogcollarane.mol) | Dogcollarane
Dogcollaranes are a group of molecules made from alternating bicyclo [2,2,0] and norbornyl segments. When there are 24 such components, the ends can be linked together to form a ring, which looks like a dogcollar. Unfortunately, although many of the intermediate structures have been made, none of the dogcollaranes have yet been synthesised.
For more info, see: [*Aust. J. Chem*. **40** (1987) 1951](dogcollar.pdf).
Thanks to John Lambert of the University of Melbourne for suggesting this molecule. |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Fuchsite
Fuchsite is a mineral, and is the green form of Muscovite, KAl2(AlSi3O10)(F, OH)2. It is used as an ornamental stone, and apparently has perfect cleavage...
Thanks to Tanuki for suggesting this mineral. | Fuchsite
This rock's a fuchsite better than most other minerals... |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [Sepulchrate](cobalt_sepulchrate.mol) | Sepulchrate and Sarcophagene
These spooky sounding molecules both have structures which wrap around and enclose metal atoms, such as cobalt, in a coffin-like cage. Hence their names.
Thanks to Mark Minton for suggesting this molecule. | [cobalt_sarcophagene](cobalt_sarcophagene.mol) |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| pagoda | Pagodane
This C20H20 molecule gets its name because it resembles a Japanese pagoda - well, two pagodas, back-to-back.
Thanks to Mark Minton for suggesting this molecule. | [pagodane](pagodane.mol) |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| DEAD
DEAD is actually the acronym for diethyl azodicarboxylate, which is an important reagent in the well-known Mitsunobu reaction which performs a stereospecific conversion of an alcohol to a primary amine. It's quite a good acronym, as DEAD is an orange liquid that's explosive, shock sensitive, light sensitive, toxic, a possible carcinogen or mutagen, and an eye, skin and respiratory irritant! A version of diethyl azodicarboxylate mixed with acid and triphenylphosphine has also been termed DEADCAT. DEAD is also sometimes abbreviated further to DAD. The encyclopedia e-EROS ([Encyclopedia of of Reagents for Organic Synthesis](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/047084289X.rd176.pub2/abstract)) contains the worrying sentence: "DAD has been reported to occasionally decompose violently when heated." I think that anyone who has ever been a teenager has experienced this!
Thanks to 'Sparkly' Sally Ewen of Bristol University for suggesting DEAD and to Leppänen Mikko-Pekka of Aalto University School of Chemical Technology, Finland, for DAD. | [A dead catDEAD](dead.mol) |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| mrcreosote | Apatite
A mineral for hungry people? Apatite is a phosphate mineral with the composition Ca5[PO4]3(OH,F,Cl). It has been used extensively as a phosphorus fertilizer and is still mined for that purpose today. The mineral called "asparagus stone" is a appropriately a type of green apatite. Ironically, apatite is the mineral that makes up the teeth in all vertebrate animals as well as their bones.
Thanks to 'Sparkly' Sally Ewen for suggesting this molecule and to Sean and to Kay Dekker for some info about it. | [apatite](apatite.pdb) |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| [Lepidopterane](lep.mol) | Lepidopterene or Biplanene
Lepidopterenes are a whole class of molecules named after their structural similarity to a butterfly. When the two wings are directly over one another, they look like a WW1 biplane, and so this group of molecules has been termed 'biplanenes'.
Thanks to Mark Minton for suggesting this molecule. |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| snout | Snoutene
This strange looking molecule resembles the nose or snout of an animal, but I don't know if it smells...
Thanks to Mark Minton for suggesting this molecule. | [snoutene](snoutene.mol) |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Crown Ethers and Lariat Ethers
Both these molecules get their names from their distinctive shapes. Crown ethers look like crowns (shown in red in the picture on the right), whereas lariat ethers look like lassos, and are really just crown ethers with extended 'tails' (shown in blue). Some lariat ethers are so flexible that they can stick their tails into their rings (nice trick!), and so have been termed 'ostrich complexes', or 'tail biters'. Lariat ethers with two tails are called 'bibrachial lariat ethers' (*bracchium* means 'arm'), and are abbreviated as BiBLEs.
Thanks to Mark Minton for suggesting this molecule. | [lariat](lariat.mol) |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| kakodyl | Cacodyl
This molecule gets its name from the Greek *kakodes*, meaning 'stinking', as it has a really pungent smell of manure with a delicate hint of garlic. It is sometimes spelled 'kakodyl', but its correct name is tetramethyl diarsenic. Its main claim to fame is that it was one of the compounds worked on by Bunsen (of burner fame).
Thanks to Birgit Schulz for suggesting this molecule and to Lars Finsen for correcting the spelling of the name. |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Betweenanene (Screwene)
Betweenanenes are molecules which have a trans double bond shared *between* two cycloalkanes. There is a whole family of them, depending upon the size of each ring. The one shown on the right is the [10,10] betweenanene. If there are two double bonds linked together, the molecules are called screwenes, but this terminology isn't that popular, for obvious reasons!
More info see: [*J. Am. Chem. Soc*. **99** (1977) 3508](between.pdf). Thanks to Mark Minton for suggesting this molecule. | [Betweenanene](between.mol) |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| [Paddlane](paddle.mol) | Paddlane
Paddlanes are molecules which have bicyclic cyclohexane units, which look a bit like the paddles on Mississippi steamboats.
Thanks to Mark Minton for suggesting this molecule. |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Steve Martin
I bet Dr. Michael Hfuhruhurr could use some furfuryl furfurate about now... | Furfuryl Furfurate
A ridiculously-named molecule, about which I know virtually nothing, although I'm told it's quite smelly and may be used as a vapour phase polymerisation inhibitor. It got its name from the Latin "furfur", meaning "bran" (the source of the compound). A related molecule, furfural alcohol is apparently used in the fabrication process of the Reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC) sections used in the space shuttle.
Thanks to Steve Colley for suggesting this molecule, and to Calli Arcale and Ogpusatan and Danny Sichel for info about it. | [Furfuryl Furfurate](ff.mol) |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Rembrandt's Bathsheba | Carnallite
Carnallite is KMgCl3·6H2O, an evaporite mineral. Surprisingly for a mineral called carnallite, it doesn't exhibit any cleavage... It's used as an ore for potassium fertilizers, and is named after Rudolf von Carnall, a Prussian mining engineer, whose (Carnall?) knowledge of the subject was famous...
Thanks to [Phillip Barak](http://www.soils.wisc.edu/~barak/) of the [Virtual Museum of Minerals and Molecules](http://www.soils.wisc.edu/virtual_museum/) for suggesting this mineral. | carnallite |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| dracula | Draculin
Draculin is the anticoagulant factor in vampire bat saliva. It is a large glycoprotein made from a sequence of [411 amino acids](http://ca.expasy.org/cgi-bin/niceprot.pl?Q9W747).
Thanks to Mark Baxter for suggesting this molecule, to Eric Walters for some of the info about it and to Tara Turnas for the molecular structure image. | [draculin](draculin.pdb) |
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<li><font size="2"><a href="wxsat/atovs/EUMETCast-trouble-shooting-guide.html">Troubleshooting guide</a></font></li>
<li><font size="2"><a href="software/TelliCast-utilities.html">Monitoring
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<li><font size="2">APT </font><a href="wxsat/equipment.htm"><font size="2">Equipment</font></a><font size="2">
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<li><a href="wxsat/software.htm"><font size="2">Software details</font></a></li>
<li><font size="2"><a href="wxsat/Sentinel/Sentinel-2A.html">Sentinel2</a>
<a href="wxsat/Sentinel/index.html">Sentinel3</a></font></li>
<li><font size="2"><a href="wxsat/dvb-s2/T1-T2.html">Transponders</a></font></li>
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<li><a href="software/audio.html"><b><font size="2">Audio Tools</font></b></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="software/audio.html#SatLevel"><font size="2">SatLevel</font></a></li>
<li><a href="software/audio.html#SweepGen"><font size="2">SweepGen</font></a></li>
<li><a href="software/audio.html#ToneBurst"><font size="2">Tone
Burst</font></a></li>
<li><a href="software/audio.html#VectorScope"><font size="2">Vector
Scope
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<li><a href="software/disk.html"><b><font size="2">Disk Utilities</font></b></a>
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<li><font size="2"><a href="software/disk.html#TrimTree">TrimTree</a></font></li>
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monitor</font></a></li>
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port LEDs</a></font></li>
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<ul>
<li><a href="software/imaging.html#GreyScale"><font size="2">GreyScale</font></a></li>
<li><a href="software/imaging.html#SlideShow"><font size="2">SlideShow</font></a></li>
<li><a href="software/imaging.html#TVwriter"><font size="2">TVwriter</font></a></li>
<li><a href="software/imaging.html#Viewer"><font size="2">Viewer</font></a></li>
<li><a href="software/imaging.html#WebCam"><font size="2">WebCam</font></a></li>
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<li><a href="software/disk.html#DiskTemp"><font size="2">Disk Temp</font></a></li>
<li><a href="software/disk.html#GetUtcDateTimeString"><font size="2">GetUtcDateTime</font></a></li>
<li><font size="2"><a href="software/PlanePlotterReport.html">Plane
Plotter Report</a></font></li>
<li><font size="2"><a href="software/disk.html#TinyBen">Windows Analog clock</a></font></li>
</ul>
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<li><font size="2"><a href="raspberry-pi/acars-decoder.html">ACARS receiver</a></font></li>
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<li><font size="2"><a href="raspberry-pi/kernel-cross-compile.html">Cross-compiling</a></font></li>
<li><font size="2"><a href="DATV/RPi_Portsdown_LimeSDR-mini_Airspi-mini_SDRangel.html" title="Digital Amateur Television">Digital Amateur TV</a></font></li>
<li><font size="2"><a href="raspberry-pi/DigitalClock.html">Digital Wall Clock</a></font></li>
<li><font size="2"><a href="raspberry-pi/monitoring.html">MRTG Monitoring</a></font></li>
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<li><font size="2"><a href="raspberry-pi/wine-pp.html">PlanePlotter
(WINE)</a></font></li>
<li><font size="2"><a href="raspberry-pi/UpdatingGPSD.html">Updating GPSD &
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|
David & Cecilia Taylor's Web Pages
| |
| --- |
| **David & Cecilia Taylor's Web Pages**
|
| | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Welcome to David & Cecilia Taylor's Web
pages! You'll find a mixture of topics here - some notes on David's experiences of digital photography, illustrated reports on a
few of our travels, my collection of [award-winning](software/msg_dm.htm#award) software utilities, hints
& tips on weather
satellite reception, NTP & the Raspberry Pi, and of course some personal information in Cecilia's and David's own pages.
I hope you enjoy the site! I have now retired, so will be
taking it easier than previously.
**Health:** Crohn's and prostate issues have resulted in
three hospital stays recently - more details are [here](davids.html#health)
(updated October 2022).
You can follow me on Twitter [@gm8arv](https://twitter.com/gm8arv).
Now in anti-virus self-isolation as I have three penalty points already: age,
Crohn's, and immunosuppressant drugs. Oops!
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| * [**Cecilia's Page**](cecilias.html)
* [**David's Page**](davids.html)
* [**Digital Photography**](imaging/index.html)
* **[Linn's winners](Linn-Phipps-winners.htm)**
* [**Travels**](Hols/holidays.html)
* [**Software**](software/index.html)
+ [FAQs](software/faq.htm)
& [Beta Versions](software/beta.htm)
+ [NTP](ntp/index.html) & [Windows
NTP](ntp/setup.html)
+ [Register](software/registrations.htm)
+ [Runtime
Libraries](software/runtime.html)
+ [What's New?](software/updates.html)
+ [Windows-10
notes](software/Win-10-notes.html)
* [**PC performance Logging**](mrtg/performance_cable-modem.php)
+ [Cable
modem](mrtg/performance_cable-modem.php) [LAN](mrtg/performance_network.php)
+ [NTP timekeeping](mrtg/performance_ntp.php)
+ [EUMETCast
Europe](mrtg/performance_eumetcast-europe_link_margin.php)
* Radio
+ [DDE tracker
for SDR#](software/DDETracker.html)
+ [Digital
TV Spectra](Radio/digital-TV-spectra.html)
+ [Digital voice
hotspots](Radio/hotspots.html)
+ [DSD+ notes](Radio/Using-DSD+.html)
[Repeater
levels](Radio/Repeater-levels.html)
+ Filters [VHF](Radio/ddamtek-filters.html)
[1.09 GHz](Radio/RX-filters.html)
+ [145 MHz pager
QRM](Radio/2m-filter.html)
+ [DK8OK
2015
solar eclipse](Radio/Solar_Eclipse_DK8OK.pdf "Paper from Nils Schiffhauer DK8OK on some observations during the 2015 total solar eclipse 0 - 2 MHz - opens a PDF file in a new tab")
| * [**Satellite Tools**](software/wxsat.htm)
+ [ATOVS Reader](software/atovs.html)
+ [AVHRR Manager](software/AVHRRmanager.htm)
+ [Defrag
MODIS](software/modis-L1-viewer.html#defrag)
+ [Defrag NPP](software/DefragNPP.html)
+ [DWDSAT HRPT Viewer](software/dwd-hrpt.htm)
+ [GeoSatSignal](software/geosatsignal.htm)
+ [GOES
ABI Manager](software/GOES-ABI-Manager.html)
+ [GRIB Viewer](software/grib-viewer.htm)
+ [GroundMap](software/groundmap.htm)
+ [HDF Viewer](software/hdf-viewer.htm)
+ [HRPT Reader](software/hrpt.htm)
+ [Kepler
Updater](software/KeplerUpdater.html)
+ [LRPT
Image Processor](software/LRPT-processor.html)
+ [Metop LSA Viewer](software/MetopLSAviewer.html)
+ [Metop Manager](software/metop_manager.htm)
+ [MODIS L1 Viewer](software/modis-L1-viewer.html)
+ [MSG Animator](software/msg_dm.htm#MSGanimator)
+ [MSG Data Manager](software/msg_dm.htm)
+ [RSS Holiday](software/msg_dm.htm#rss-holiday)
+ [SatSignal](software/satsignal.htm)
+ [Sea-Ice & SST Viewer](software/sea-ice-viewer.htm)
+ Viewer [BUFR](software/bufr-viewer.html)
[CHLO](software/CHLOviewer.html) [CMA](software/cma-viewer.html)
+ [WXtrack](software/wxtrack.htm)
| * [**Weather Satellites**](wxsat/index.html)
+ [Using EUMETCast](wxsat/atovs/index.html)
+ [EUMETCast & DVB-S2](wxsat/Ayecka/index.html)
+ [Troubleshooting guide](wxsat/atovs/EUMETCast-trouble-shooting-guide.html)
+ [Monitoring
TelliCast](software/TelliCast-utilities.html)
+ APT [Equipment](wxsat/equipment.htm)
[Antennas](wxsat/antennas/default.htm)
+ [Software details](wxsat/software.htm)
+ [Sentinel2](wxsat/Sentinel/Sentinel-2A.html)
[Sentinel3](wxsat/Sentinel/index.html)
+ [Transponders](wxsat/dvb-s2/T1-T2.html)
* [**Audio Tools**](software/audio.html)
+ [SatLevel](software/audio.html#SatLevel)
+ [SweepGen](software/audio.html#SweepGen)
+ [Tone
Burst](software/audio.html#ToneBurst)
+ [Vector
Scope](software/audio.html#VectorScope)
* [**Disk Utilities**](software/disk.html)
+ [Equalise](software/disk.html#Equalise)
+ [Find
Duplicates](software/disk.html#FindDuplicates)
+ [ShowMan](software/disk.html#ShowMan)
+ [TrimTree](software/disk.html#TrimTree)
* [**NTP & other net Tools**](software/net.htm)
+ [NTP
Leap Trace](software/net.htm#NTPLeapTrace)
+ [NTP
monitor](software/net.htm#NTPmonitor)
+ [NTP
Plotter](software/net.htm#NTPplotter)
+ [Serial
port LEDs](software/net.htm#SerialPortLEDs)
| * [**GIS & Mapping Tools**](software/mapping.htm)
+ [MapToGeo](software/mapping.htm#MapToGeo)
* [**Image Utilities**](software/imaging.html)
+ [GreyScale](software/imaging.html#GreyScale)
+ [SlideShow](software/imaging.html#SlideShow)
+ [TVwriter](software/imaging.html#TVwriter)
+ [Viewer](software/imaging.html#Viewer)
+ [WebCam](software/imaging.html#WebCam)
* [**Others**](software/disk.html#Miscellaneous)
+ [Disk Temp](software/disk.html#DiskTemp)
+ [GetUtcDateTime](software/disk.html#GetUtcDateTimeString)
+ [Plane
Plotter Report](software/PlanePlotterReport.html)
+ [Windows Analog clock](software/disk.html#TinyBen)
* [**Raspberry Pi**](raspberry-pi/index.html)
+ [ACARS receiver](raspberry-pi/acars-decoder.html)
+ [ADS-B & dump1090](raspberry-pi/dump1090.html)
+ [AIS receiver](raspberry-pi/AIS-receiver.html)
+ [Ambient Temperature](raspberry-pi/monitoring.html#ambient)
+ [Cross-compiling](raspberry-pi/kernel-cross-compile.html)
+ [Digital Amateur TV](DATV/RPi_Portsdown_LimeSDR-mini_Airspi-mini_SDRangel.html "Digital Amateur Television")
+ [Digital Wall Clock](raspberry-pi/DigitalClock.html)
+ [MRTG Monitoring](raspberry-pi/monitoring.html)
+ [NTP quick-start](ntp/Raspberry-Pi-quickstart.html)
+ [PlanePlotter
(WINE)](raspberry-pi/wine-pp.html)
+ [Updating GPSD &
RTC](raspberry-pi/UpdatingGPSD.html)
|
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| |
Search this site with Google for:
| |
[Mastodon](https://mastodon.social/@gm8arv)
|
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Copyright © [David Taylor](mailto:david-taylor@blueyonder.co.uk), Edinburgh | [@gm8arv on Twitter](https://twitter.com/gm8arv) | Last modified: 2023 Jul 02 at 11:44 |
|
| http://www.satsignal.eu/ |
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<meta name="description" content="Breeds of Cattle Dogs at Cattle Today Online! A listing of the all the major breeds of cattle dogs including their history, traits, description and pictures.">
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<h1>Cattle Dogs</h1>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/index.php">INDEX</a> </li>
<li><a href="/australiancattledog.php">Australian Cattle Dog</a></li>
<li><a href="/australiankelpie.php">Australian Kelpie</a> </li>
<li><a href="/australianshepherd.php">Australian Shepherd</a></li>
<li><a href="/beardedcollie.php">Bearded Collie</a> </li>
<li><a href="/belgianshepherddog.php">Belgian Shepherd Dog</a></li>
<li><a href="/bordercollie.php">Border Collie</a></li>
<li><a href="/bouvierdesflandres.php">Bouvier Des Flandres</a></li>
<li><a href="briard.php">Briard</a></li>
<li><a href="/cardiganwelshcorgi.php">Cardigan Welsh Corgi</a></li>
<li><a href="/catahoulaleopard.php">Catahoula Leopard Dog</a></li>
<li><a href="collie.php">Collie</a></li>
<li><a href="/englishshepherd.php">English Shepherd</a></li>
<li><a href="/germanshepherd.php">German Shepherd</a></li>
<li><a href="/koolie.php">Koolie</a></li>
<li><a href="/mcnab.php">McNab Shepherd</a></li>
<li><a href="/oldenglishsheepdog.php">Old English Sheepdog</a></li>
<li><a href="/pembrokewelshcorgi.php">Pembroke Welsh Corgi</a></li>
<li><a href="/puli.php">Puli</a></li>
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<p><img src="/images/crossbc.jpg" style="width:98%; alt="cattle dogs"></p>
<p>A Cattle Dog is a dog has been bred and trained to gather,
herd and drive livestock. Different breeds of Cattle Dogs work cattle
in different ways. Some breeds, such as the Australian Cattle Dog,
typically nip at the animals heels, therefore they are "heelers".
Others like the Border Collie, get in front of the animals and use
what is called "eye" to stare down the animals, these are
the "headers". The Koolie has been observed to use both
these methods and to jump on the backs of their charges. Koolies are
therefore said to 'head', 'heel' and 'back'. </p>
<p>Some herding breeds work well with any kind of animals;
others have been bred for generations to work with specific kinds
of animals such as cattle and have developed the physical characteristics
and styles of working that enable the dogs to better handle these
animals. </p>
<p>Cattle Dogs are bred for the physical characteristics
that help them with their work, including speed and endurance. Shorter
breeds, such as Welsh Corgis,
were bred so that they would be out of the way when cattle kicked
at them. </p>
<p> Due to their intelligence and beauty, Cattle Dogs
are often family pets.
It is important to remember that these dogs have been bred to
work, and must be kept active. Otherwise they become bored and develop
bad habits. </p>
<p> </p>
<h4><a href="/Border_Collie.php">The Border Collie</a></h4>
<p>The <a href="/bordercollie.php">Border Collie</a> originated in areas between Scotland and England and was often referred to as the Scottish Sheep Dog for its use to herd sheep, cattle and other live stock. The beautiful, intelligent breed weighs 35 to 50 pounds and has a shoulder length of 19 to 22 inches. This breed has the multitude to learn a plethora of tricks and tasks while maintaining its keen sense of strength. ..<a href="/Border_Collie.php">.more</a></p>
<h4><a href="/How_Remove_Tick.php">How to Remove a Tick</a></h4>
<p> There are many dangerous and ineffective methods of removing ticks that have been passed on by older generations. But these methods just won't work. One of this is burning the tick off. This could also mean getting your dog burned. This a dangerous method you should never attempt to use....<a href="/How_Remove_Tick.php">more</a></p>
<h4><a href="Get_Rid_of_Fleas.php">Get Rid of Fleas</a><a href="https://cattletoday.biz/Cardigan_Welsh_Corgi_Dogs.php"></a></h4>
<p>Fleas multiply really fast and when your dog gets fleas, there is a big possibility of your house getting infested with fleas, too. It will only take a matter of days for these fleas to multiply. And once this happens, it will be very difficult to eliminate them. Keep your dog flea free to prevent them from multiplying and invading your homes..<a href="Get_Rid_of_Fleas.php">.more</a></p>
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<H6>This site is published under the <a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html">GNU
Free Documentation License</a>. It uses material from the Wikipedia
article <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herding_dogs">"Herding
dog"</a>.</H6>
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Cattle Dogs!
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# Cattle Dogs
* [INDEX](/index.php)
* [Australian Cattle Dog](/australiancattledog.php)
* [Australian Kelpie](/australiankelpie.php)
* [Australian Shepherd](/australianshepherd.php)
* [Bearded Collie](/beardedcollie.php)
* [Belgian Shepherd Dog](/belgianshepherddog.php)
* [Border Collie](/bordercollie.php)
* [Bouvier Des Flandres](/bouvierdesflandres.php)
* [Briard](briard.php)
* [Cardigan Welsh Corgi](/cardiganwelshcorgi.php)
* [Catahoula Leopard Dog](/catahoulaleopard.php)
* [Collie](collie.php)
* [English Shepherd](/englishshepherd.php)
* [German Shepherd](/germanshepherd.php)
* [Koolie](/koolie.php)
* [McNab Shepherd](/mcnab.php)
* [Old English Sheepdog](/oldenglishsheepdog.php)
* [Pembroke Welsh Corgi](/pembrokewelshcorgi.php)
* [Puli](/puli.php)
* [Shetland Sheepdog](/shetlandsheepdog.php)
* -
* [Articles](Canine_Articles.php)
* [Links](http://ranchlinks.com/Dogs/)
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A Cattle Dog is a dog has been bred and trained to gather,
herd and drive livestock. Different breeds of Cattle Dogs work cattle
in different ways. Some breeds, such as the Australian Cattle Dog,
typically nip at the animals heels, therefore they are "heelers".
Others like the Border Collie, get in front of the animals and use
what is called "eye" to stare down the animals, these are
the "headers". The Koolie has been observed to use both
these methods and to jump on the backs of their charges. Koolies are
therefore said to 'head', 'heel' and 'back'.
Some herding breeds work well with any kind of animals;
others have been bred for generations to work with specific kinds
of animals such as cattle and have developed the physical characteristics
and styles of working that enable the dogs to better handle these
animals.
Cattle Dogs are bred for the physical characteristics
that help them with their work, including speed and endurance. Shorter
breeds, such as Welsh Corgis,
were bred so that they would be out of the way when cattle kicked
at them.
Due to their intelligence and beauty, Cattle Dogs
are often family pets.
It is important to remember that these dogs have been bred to
work, and must be kept active. Otherwise they become bored and develop
bad habits.
#### [The Border Collie](/Border_Collie.php)
The [Border Collie](/bordercollie.php) originated in areas between Scotland and England and was often referred to as the Scottish Sheep Dog for its use to herd sheep, cattle and other live stock. The beautiful, intelligent breed weighs 35 to 50 pounds and has a shoulder length of 19 to 22 inches. This breed has the multitude to learn a plethora of tricks and tasks while maintaining its keen sense of strength. ..[.more](/Border_Collie.php)
#### [How to Remove a Tick](/How_Remove_Tick.php)
There are many dangerous and ineffective methods of removing ticks that have been passed on by older generations. But these methods just won't work. One of this is burning the tick off. This could also mean getting your dog burned. This a dangerous method you should never attempt to use....[more](/How_Remove_Tick.php)
#### [Get Rid of Fleas](Get_Rid_of_Fleas.php)
Fleas multiply really fast and when your dog gets fleas, there is a big possibility of your house getting infested with fleas, too. It will only take a matter of days for these fleas to multiply. And once this happens, it will be very difficult to eliminate them. Keep your dog flea free to prevent them from multiplying and invading your homes..[.more](Get_Rid_of_Fleas.php)
###### This site is published under the [GNU
Free Documentation License](http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html). It uses material from the Wikipedia
article ["Herding
dog"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herding_dogs).
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This site created and maintained by [CATTLE TODAY](http://www.cattletoday.com).
Copyright ©
2023 Cattle Today, Inc.
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| https://cattletoday.biz/ |
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="copy.xsl"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>Homebrew Computers Website</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Homebrew Computers Website</h1>
<p>
<p>
The Homebrew Computers Website is open to any computer project featuring
a home-built CPU. That CPU may emulate a commercial design, but it
cannot be just an off-the-shelf chip.
</p>
<p>
The design must have been (at least partially) built in "real"
hardware: paper designs and simulations don't cut it :-)<br>
However, the qualifying hardware styles are extremely broad: anything from
relays to TTL chips to FPGA's will qualify - will anyone contribute a
vacuum-tube design? :-)
</p>
<h2>Copyrights</h2>
<p>
I often get asked for permission to reproduce data from one or more of the
projects. I merely maintain the links to the projects: all
intellectual property remains
with the various project builders. Please contact them directly (email
contacts on this page) if you want to use their content.
</p>
<h2>The Projects</h2>
<p>
Click on any of the images below, to go to that project. From there, you can
navigate back and forth in the ring.<br>
<i>Please note</i> the builders' email addresses have been obfuscated to
foil spam harvesters. You will need to fix them up manually (ie change
[at] to @).
</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://github.com/fortinsylvain/MyCpu"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/fortinsylvain/MyCpu/main/cpuPicture1.jpg" width="200"><br>
MyCPU</a>
<a href="mailto:sylfortin71 at hotmail.com?Subject=MyCPU">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.mtmscientific.com/stack.html"><img src="http://www.mtmscientific.com/ttl_setup.jpg" width="200"><br>
TTL-Retro Project</a>
<a href="mailto:mmruzek at gmail.com?Subject=TTL-Retro Project">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://www.valve.computer/"><img src="https://www.valve.computer/gallery_gen/786c8c2a0f64e1a6480537a8c55143e1_fit.jpg" width="200"><br>
Valve.Computer</a>
<a href="mailto:valve.computer at engineer.com?Subject=Valve.Computer">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://github.com/pondahai/my_oisc_subleq/tree/main"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pondahai/my_oisc_subleq/main/IMG_1575.jpeg" width="200"><br>
Subleq</a>
<a href="mailto:dahai.pon at gmail.com?Subject=Subleq">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="https://jiristepanovsky.cz/project.php?p=23cpu"><img src="https://jiristepanovsky.cz/projects/23cpu/cpu.jpg" width="200"><br>
16-bit Serial Homebrew CPU</a>
<a href="mailto:me at jiristepanovsky.cz?Subject=16-bit Serial Homebrew CPU">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://mysterymath.github.io/simple_cpu/"><img src="Img/a_simple_cpu.png" width="200"><br>
A Simple CPU</a>
<a href="mailto:mysterymath at gmail.com?Subject=A Simple CPU">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://www.qsl.net/ct1dmk/ttlcpu.html"><img src="https://www.qsl.net/ct1dmk/ttlcpu_01.jpg" width="200"><br>
TTLCPU</a>
<a href="mailto:ct1dmk at gmail.com?Subject=TTLCPU">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://excess.org/cpu/"><img src="https://excess.org/images/milestone1.jpg" width="200"><br>
20xt6 Homebrew CPU</a>
<a href="mailto:ian at excess.org?Subject=20xt6 Homebrew CPU">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="https://cpu.unisaar.de/"><img src="https://cpu.unisaar.de/assets/images/build-d927dd793340e1d9321cf85bb330dffc.jpg" width="200"><br>
SaarCPU</a>
<a href="mailto:s8johost at stud.uni-saarland.de?Subject=SaarCPU">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://relaiscomputer.at"><img src="https://relaiscomputer.at/file/i/4ec3478b62245972.jpg" width="200"><br>
High Performance Relay Computer</a>
<a href="mailto:info at relaiscomputer.at?Subject=High Performance Relay Computer">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="www.vccomputer.com"><img src="https://ecngx300.inmotionhosting.com/~vccomp5/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/VCinCase-e1629592582634-1024x520.jpg" width="200"><br>
VC Computer</a>
<a href="mailto:ian.jenson at ensigne.com?Subject=VC Computer">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://hackaday.io/project/167895-super-micro-relay-computer"><img src="https://cdn.hackaday.io/images/2953991570827533843.jpg" width="200"><br>
Super Micro Relay Computer</a>
<a href="mailto:stefano.marago at gmail.com?Subject=Super Micro Relay Computer">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="https://www.ena.computer"><img src="Img/noimage.jpg" width="200"><br>
Ena Computer</a>
<a href="mailto:contact at ena.computer?Subject=Ena Computer">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://github.com/Johnlon/spam-1"><img src="https://github.com/Johnlon/spam-1/blob/master/docs/board-ram.jpg?raw=true" width="200"><br>
Spam-1</a>
<a href="mailto:john.lonergan at gmail.com?Subject=Spam-1">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://mysterymath.github.io/simple_cpu/"><img src="Img/noimage.jpg" width="200"><br>
Simple CPU</a>
<a href="mailto:mysterymath at gmail.com?Subject=Simple CPU">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://www.qsl.net/ct1dmk/ttlcpu.html"><img src="https://www.qsl.net/ct1dmk/ttlcpu_07.jpg" width="200"><br>
Cupido CPU</a>
<a href="mailto:t1dmk at gmail.com?Subject=Cupido CPU">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="https://www.vccomputer.com/"><img src="https://ecngx300.inmotionhosting.com/~vccomp5/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/VCinCase-e1629592582634-1024x520.jpg" width="200"><br>
VC Computer</a>
<a href="mailto:ian.jenson at ensigne.com?Subject=VC Computer">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://cottageworker.com/"><img src="https://cottageworker.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/System-2-901x1024.jpeg" width="200"><br>
YACC1</a>
<a href="mailto:ken.rother at gmail.com?Subject=YACC1">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://baffa-1.baffasoft.com.br"><img src="https://i1.wp.com/www.computer.etc.br/site/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2021/08/IMG_20210822_012029504-1.jpg?w=1024&ssl=1" width="200"><br>
Baffa 1</a>
<a href="mailto:augbaffa at gmail.com?Subject=Baffa 1">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://github.com/jes/scamp-cpu/"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jes/scamp-cpu/master/doc/card-cage.jpeg" width="200"><br>
Scamp CPU</a>
<a href="mailto:james at incoherency.co.uk?Subject=Scamp CPU">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="https://www.ena.computer/"><img src="https://www.ena.computer/gallery_gen/30c185f2f49bb12d5e17bea3cf24458e.jpg" width="200"><br>
Ena.Computer</a>
<a href="mailto:contact at ena.computer?Subject=Ena.Computer">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://hackaday.io/project/178826-pineapple-one"><img src="https://cdn.hackaday.io/images/7800561617638870911.png" width="200"><br>
Pineapple One</a>
<a href="mailto:filip.szkandera at gmail.com?Subject=Pineapple One">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://markuskerbl.wixsite.com/logic74"><img src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/a3890a_bf4b2400912348349ce5ddfac9bec900~mv2.jpg" width="200"><br>
LOGIC74</a>
<a href="mailto:markus.kerbl at gmx-topmail.de?Subject=LOGIC74">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://sites.google.com/view/joshuaelectronics/misc-projects"><img src="Img/monomatic.png" width="200"><br>
Monomatic</a>
<a href="mailto:joshuaelectronics at gmail.com?Subject=Monomatic">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="http://PJ5CPU.wordpress.com"><img src="https://pj5cpu.files.wordpress.com/2021/01/img_20210131_1621599.jpg" width="200"><br>
PJ5CPU</a>
<a href="mailto:paulamaddox1970 at gmail.com?Subject=PJ5CPU">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.vk2sja.org/piffle/pisc/"><img src="http://www.vk2sja.org/piffle/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/web_IMG_1470.jpg" width="200"><br>
PISC</a>
<a href="mailto:stephen.arnold at bigpond.com?Subject=PISC">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://www.computadora.alomar.com.ar/"><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JwMibd8yUX0/XiOgGUcCWWI/AAAAAAAACn8/kr6QBaklDYIspLNzBjKaGH155-wfCn2EwCNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Computadora%2BDidactica%2BSinapTec%2B1.png" width="200"><br>
Computadora Didáctica SinapTec</a>
<a href="mailto:ale_alomar at hotmail.com?Subject=Computadora Didáctica SinapTec">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://hackaday.io/project/168076-home-brew-computer"><img src="https://cdn.hackaday.io/images/4872251571531314059.JPG" width="200"><br>
Ammar Bhayat's Home Made CPU</a>
<a href="mailto:ammarbhayat28 at gmail.com?Subject=Ammar Bhayat's Home Made CPU">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="https://www.computerculture.org/projects/rc3/"><img src="https://i2.wp.com/www.computerculture.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/IMG_1865.jpg" width="200"><br>
RC-3 Relay Computer</a>
<a href="mailto:pryals at austin.rr.com?Subject=RC-3 Relay Computer">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://8-bitspaghetti.com"><img src="http://8-bitspaghetti.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Almost-1024x768.jpg" width="200"><br>
8-bit Spaghetti</a>
<a href="mailto:khoveyc at gmail.com?Subject=8-bit Spaghetti">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXYQcMpUBT3aaQKfmAVJNow/playlists"><img src=" Img/Slu4.jpg" width="200"><br>
Slu4's Minimalistic 8-Bit Computer</a>
<a href="mailto:carstenherting at web.de?Subject=Slu4's Minimalistic 8-Bit Computer">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://hackaday.io/project/8499-trinity-core-and-net"><img src="https://cdn.hackaday.io/images/6755491550441503987.jpeg" width="200"><br>
Trinity Core</a>
<a href="mailto:andre_p79 at hotmail.com?Subject=Trinity Core">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="https://github.com/AlexIII/R200"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AlexIII/R200/master/img/titleImg.jpg" width="200"><br>
R200</a>
<a href="mailto:endoftheworld at bk.ru?Subject=R200">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://www.dijkens.com/mdComputer8/"><img src="https://www.dijkens.com/mdComputer8/mdComputer8.png" width="200"><br>
mdComputer8</a>
<a href="mailto:maurits at dijkens.com?Subject=mdComputer8">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.xpl0.org/rr6/"><img src="http://www.xpl0.org/rr6/xrr617.jpg" width="200"><br>
RR6</a>
<a href="mailto:loren.blaney at gmail.com?Subject=RR6">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.ruby-red.com.au/8bitmachine/"><img src="http://www.ruby-red.com.au/8bitmachine/Assets/rotate2.gif" width="200"><br>
MarkFabianV2</a>
<a href="mailto:mwise at ruby-red.com.au?Subject=MarkFabianV2">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLFhc0MFC8MiCDOh3cGFji3qQfXziB9yOw"><img src="Img/SharmanCPU.jpg" width="200"><br>
SharmanCPU</a>
<a href="mailto:weirdboyjim at gmail.com?Subject=SharmanCPU">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://theghastmodding.blogspot.com/2019/08/scrap-cpu-homebrew-cpu-made-from-things.html"><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4mkybog1d4U/XV_9-Bm0UKI/AAAAAAAAGXw/pYvK2fbehzk1m5vF_ye5BAvR48QcIP6qgCLcBGAs/s320/20190823_164238.jpg" width="200"><br>
Scrap-CPU</a>
<a href="mailto:luca.horn at gmx.de?Subject=Scrap-CPU">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://github.com/meaderobert/sap1"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MeadeRobert/sap1/master/images/hardware.jpg" width="200"><br>
Meade SAP1</a>
<a href="mailto:rjm27trekkie at gmail.com?Subject=Meade SAP1">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://github.com/DoctorWkt/CSCvon8/"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DoctorWkt/CSCvon8/master/Docs/Figs/pcb_20190601.jpg" width="200"><br>
CSCvon8</a>
<a href="mailto:wkt at tuhs.org?Subject=CSCvon8">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="https://gigatron.io/"><img src="Img/gigatron.jpg" width="200"><br>
Gigatron</a>
<a href="mailto:info at gigatron.io?Subject=Gigatron">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://github.com/Pconst167/dreamcatcher"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Pconst167/dreamcatcher/master/19369620_1893676417510976_32961567_n.jpg" width="200"><br>
Dreamcatcher</a>
<a href="mailto:pconst167 at gmail.com?Subject=Dreamcatcher">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://twinsphotography.net/index.php/projects/8-bit/"><img src="http://twinsphotography.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/DSC_0513-1.jpg" width="200"><br>
8 bits of data</a>
<a href="mailto:PeytonCreery at fbsw.com?Subject=8 bits of data">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://users.sch.gr/tliontakis/index.php/my-projects/13-vhdl-cpu"><img src="http://users.sch.gr/tliontakis/images/Lionsys_ram.jpg" width="200"><br>
Lion</a>
<a href="mailto:lliont at gmail.com?Subject=Lion">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="http://andrebaptista.com.br/?page=Jaca"><img src="https://cdn.glitch.com/f159bcb4-6b9f-4810-94ab-437b9ad463c0%2Fjaca%20thumbnail%20peq.jpg?1544474536171" width="200"><br>
JACA</a>
<a href="mailto:albs_br at yahoo.com.br?Subject=JACA">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://c74project.com/"><img src="https://c74project.files.wordpress.com/2017/12/cpu-forest.jpg" width="200"><br>
C74-6502 CPU</a>
<a href="mailto:rdrassinower at gmail.com?Subject=C74-6502 CPU">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.enscope.nl/rrc"><img src="http://www.enscope.nl/rrc/images/rrc_photo_1.jpg" width="200"><br>
RISC Relay CPU</a>
<a href="mailto:roelh200 at gmail.com?Subject=RISC Relay CPU">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://minnie.tuhs.org/Programs/CrazySmallCPU/index.html"><img src="http://minnie.tuhs.org/Programs/CrazySmallCPU/Figs/breadboard.jpg" width="200"><br>
Crazy Small CPU</a>
<a href="mailto:wkt at tuhs.org?Subject=Crazy Small CPU">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="http://www.relaiscomputer.nl/"><img src="http://www.relaiscomputer.nl/images/HomePic.jpg" width="200"><br>
Mercia</a>
<a href="mailto:jeroenbrinkman2 at gmail.com?Subject=Mercia">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://apollo181.wixsite.com/apollo181"><img src="Img/apollo181.jpg" width="200"><br>
Apollo181</a>
<a href="mailto:ggluca at inwind.it ?Subject=Apollo181">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://k1.spdns.de/Develop/Hardware/K1-Computer/"><img src="http://k1.spdns.de/Develop/Hardware/K1-Computer/K1-CPU/b/cpu-2010-02.jpg" width="200"><br>
K1-16/16</a>
<a href="mailto:kio at little-bat.de ?Subject=K1-16/16">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://mkpeker.wixsite.com/mp-4"><img src="http://members.iinet.net.au/~daveb/simplex/MP-4.jpg" width="200"><br>
MP-4</a>
<a href="mailto:mk.peker at hotmail.com ?Subject=MP-4">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="https://gigatron.io/chipper/"><img src="https://gigatron.io/chipper/photo-250x200.jpg" width="200"><br>
Chipper</a>
<a href="mailto:marcelk at bitpit.net?Subject=Chipper">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.clivemaxfield.com/diycalculator/popup-m-hrrgcomp.shtml"><img src="http://www.clivemaxfield.com/diycalculator/imgs/popupbanner.jpg" width="200"><br>
DIY Calculator</a>
<a href="mailto:max at clivemaxfield.com?Subject=DIY Calculator">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://other-1.webs.com/"><img src="http://imageprocessor.websimages.com/width/315/crop/0,0,315x420/other-1.webs.com/OTHER-1_01-1.jpg" width="200"><br>
Other-1</a>
<a href="mailto:jrjones at q.com ?Subject=Other-1">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://qnice-fpga.com"><img src="http://qnice-fpga.com/public/intro.jpg" width="200"><br>
QNICE</a>
<a href="mailto:ulmann at vaxman.de ?Subject=QNICE">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="http://2x-1.net/ob/gray1/"><img src="http://2x-1.net/ob/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/romcpu.png" width="200"><br>
Gray-1</a>
<a href="mailto:olivier at bailleux.net?Subject=Gray-1">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://funcpu.blogspot.com.au/p/funcpu-7-bit-homebrew-cpu-designed-to.html"><img src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-943-zeSNYHA/ViDlGuAueXI/AAAAAAAAADc/WjTFa03r-ZY/s640/funcpu_control_panel.png" width="200"><br>
FunCPU</a>
<a href="mailto:andras.juhasz.hu at gmail.com?Subject=FunCPU">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.cpu-design.at"><img src="http://members.iinet.net.au/~daveb/simplex/Klaus.jpg" width="200"><br>
CPU Design</a>
<a href="mailto:klaus.aschenbrenner at sqlpassion.at?Subject=CPU Design">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://users.telenet.be/hedwigzebra/home.html"><img src="https://docs.google.com/uc?id=0Bxfcr8OF6RaOV1Y2eU9qZllvWFk&export=download" width="200"><br>
Zebra</a>
<a href="mailto:hedwigvdmoortel at gmail.com?Subject=Zebra">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="http://baltazarstudios.com/z80-cpu/"><img src="https://i1.wp.com/baltazarstudios.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/manic-miner-playtzx.jpg" width="200"><br>
A-Z80</a>
<a href="mailto:gdevic at yahoo.com?Subject=A-Z80">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="https://techtapelab.com/leo1cpu/"><img src="https://techtapelab.com/leo1cpu/index.jpg" width="200"><br>
Leo-1</a>
<a href="mailto:croudyj at gmail.com?Subject=Leo-1">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.fritzler-avr.de/spaceage2/"><img src="http://www.fritzler-avr.de/spaceage2/!Bilder/main.jpg" width="200"><br>
Spaceage 2</a>
<a href="mailto:Martin.Wende at campus.tu-berlin.de?Subject=Spaceage 2">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.lovqvist.net/"><img src="http://lovqvist.net/onewebmedia/8080/8080-FirstPage.jpg" width="200"><br>
8080 Replica</a>
<a href="mailto:johnny at lovqvist.net?Subject=8080 Replica">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="http://www.megaprocessor.com/homebrew.html"><img src="http://members.iinet.net.au/~daveb/simplex/017.JPG" width="200"><br>
Megaprocessor</a>
<a href="mailto:James at JamesNewman.org?Subject=Megaprocessor">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://pico-systems.com/ring/ring.html"><img src="http://pico-systems.com/stories/datapathfs.JPG" width="200"><br>
Bit Slice</a>
<a href="mailto:unknown?Subject=Bit Slice">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://digitarworld.uw.hu/ttlcpu.html"><img src="http://digitarworld.uw.hu/ttlcpu_0.jpg" width="200"><br>
8-bit TTL CPU</a>
<a href="mailto:kunszabomarton at gmail.com?Subject=8-bit TTL CPU">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://canyouseethestars.com/project-the-kino-74/"><img src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/52666e9ee4b06564b843cdeb/52667165e4b0363b833484a6/52667164e4b0363b83348472/1382240530000/img_1366.jpg" width="200"><br>
Kino 74</a>
<a href="mailto:jhoffm at vt.edu?Subject=Kino 74">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="http://relaysbc.sourceforge.net/"><img src="http://relaysbc.sourceforge.net/relaysmall1.jpg" width="200"><br>
Trainer</a>
<a href="mailto:jhallenworld at gmail.com?Subject=Trainer">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://isquared.weebly.com/index.html"><img src="http://isquared.weebly.com/uploads/2/0/3/0/20304011/6747393.jpg?438" width="200"><br>
isquared</a>
<a href="mailto:taylor.ives at hotmail.co.uk?Subject=isquared">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.ttlcpu.com/"><img src="https://www.ttlcpu.com/sites/default/files/images/4-bit/Wired-needs-control-wiring-2_0.jpg" width="200"><br>
TTL CPU</a>
<a href="mailto:unknown?Subject=TTL CPU">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.northdownfarm.co.uk/rory/tim/tinytim.htm"><img src="http://www.northdownfarm.co.uk/rory/tim/DTL%20Logic.PNG" width="200"><br>
Tiny Tim (sa TIM)</a>
<a href="mailto:rapidrory at googlemail.com?Subject=Tiny Tim (sa TIM)">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="http://www.northdownfarm.co.uk/rory/tim/tim-8.htm"><img src="http://www.northdownfarm.co.uk/rory/tim/P1110106.JPG" width="200"><br>
TIM</a>
<a href="mailto:rapidrory at googlemail.com?Subject=TIM">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.saccade.com/writing/projects/CS428/WireWrap.html"><img src="http://www.saccade.com/writing/projects/CS428/ThreeBoardsThumb.jpg" width="200"><br>
The Suitcase</a>
<a href="mailto:linux at saccade.com ?Subject=The Suitcase">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.bigmessowires.com/bmow1/"><img src="http://www.bigmessowires.com/gallery8.jpg" width="200"><br>
BMOW 1</a>
<a href="mailto:unknown?Subject=BMOW 1">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.pilawa.org/computer/"><img src="http://www.pilawa.org/computer/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/uart_board_soldered_s.jpg" width="200"><br>
Byte C/16</a>
<a href="mailto:unknown?Subject=Byte C/16">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="http://alessiolombardo.altervista.org/ttlcomputer/index.htm"><img src="http://alessiolombardo.altervista.org/ttlcomputer/IMG_5451.JPG" width="200"><br>
TTL Computer</a>
<a href="mailto:alessiox.94 at hotmail.it ?Subject=TTL Computer">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.praxibetel.org/toro/toro.html"><img src="http://www.praxibetel.org/toro/anim_clock.gif" width="200"><br>
Toro Clock Project</a>
<a href="mailto:zmetzing at pobox.com?Subject=Toro Clock Project">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://marc.cleave.me.uk/cpu/index.htm"><img src="http://marc.cleave.me.uk/cpu/img/ALU_Top.JPG" width="200"><br>
Titan</a>
<a href="mailto:unknown?Subject=Titan">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.bigbit.com/bigbit/BIGBITComputer.htm"><img src="http://www.bigbit.com/bigbit/rodabs.jpg" width="200"><br>
BIGBIT</a>
<a href="mailto:geneweb at bigbit.com?Subject=BIGBIT">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="http://www.ostracodfiles.com/elitepage/menu.html"><img src="http://www.ostracodfiles.com/elitepage/small.jpg" width="200"><br>
Duo Elite</a>
<a href="mailto:j.eisenmann at gmail.com ?Subject=Duo Elite">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.ostracodfiles.com/adeptpage/menu.html"><img src="http://www.ostracodfiles.com/adeptpage/setup.JPG" width="200"><br>
Duo Adept</a>
<a href="mailto:j.eisenmann at gmail.com ?Subject=Duo Adept">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.nablaman.com/relay/"><img src="http://www.nablaman.com/images/zusieslanted1.jpg" width="200"><br>
Zusie</a>
<a href="mailto:cpuwebring at nablaman.com ?Subject=Zusie">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.wellytop.com/Fnagaton/DIYComputer.html"><img src="http://www.wellytop.com/Fnagaton/MainBoardAssembled.jpg" width="200"><br>
Yet Another DIY Processor</a>
<a href="mailto:unknown?Subject=Yet Another DIY Processor">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="http://www.ibmsystem3.nl/hjs22/"><img src="http://www.ibmsystem3.nl/hjs22/images/HJS21-CPU-IO.jpg" width="200"><br>
HJS22</a>
<a href="mailto:hjs22 at hccnet.nl?Subject=HJS22">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.galacticelectronics.com/Simple4BitCPU.HTML"><img src="http://www.galacticelectronics.com/Images/Pictures/4BitCPU_Panel.JPG" width="200"><br>
Galactic Electronics</a>
<a href="mailto:WireHead at GalacticElectronics.com?Subject=Galactic Electronics">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://mynor.org/webring"><img src="http://mynor.org/webring/preview.jpg" width="200"><br>
MyCPU</a>
<a href="mailto:dennis_k at freenet.de?Subject=MyCPU">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~harry/Relay/index.html"><img src="http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~harry/Relay/index-Thumbnails/0.jpg" width="200"><br>
Harry Porter's Relay Computer</a>
<a href="mailto:harry at cs.pdx.edu ?Subject=Harry Porter's Relay Computer">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="http://cpuville.com/index.htm"><img src="http://cpuville.com/Projects/Original-CPU/images/whole_figure_med.jpg" width="200"><br>
Home-Built TTL Computer</a>
<a href="mailto:dstew at cpuville.com?Subject=Home-Built TTL Computer">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.6502.org/users/dieter/"><img src="http://www.6502.org/users/dieter/mt15/mt15_cpu_right.jpg" width="200"><br>
MT15</a>
<a href="mailto:unknown?Subject=MT15">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.timefracture.org/D16.html"><img src="http://www.timefracture.org/D16pics/Td16front2.jpg" width="200"><br>
Time Fracture</a>
<a href="mailto:john.doran at timefracture.org ?Subject=Time Fracture">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.aholme.co.uk/Mk1/Architecture.htm"><img src="http://www.aholme.co.uk/Mk1/IMG/Rack1_40.jpg" width="200"><br>
Mark 1</a>
<a href="mailto:andrew at holmea.demon.co.uk?Subject=Mark 1">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><a href="http://www.homebrewcpu.com/"><img src="http://www.homebrewcpu.com/Pictures/P5150118_small.JPG" width="200"><br>
Magic-1</a>
<a href="mailto:bill at homebrewcpu.com ?Subject=Magic-1">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://f4hdk.free.fr/A2Z_computer/index.html"><img src="http://f4hdk.free.fr/A2Z_computer/A2Z_pres_small3.jpg" width="200"><br>
A2Z</a>
<a href="mailto:f4hdk at free.fr?Subject=A2Z">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
<td><a href="http://members.iinet.net.au/~daveb/simplex/simplex.html"><img src="http://members.iinet.net.au/~daveb/simplex/panel-1.jpg" width="200"><br>
Simplex-III</a>
<a href="mailto:vk6zma at gmail.com?Subject=Simplex-III">
<img src="Img/email_forward_32.png">email</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
| xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?
xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="copy.xsl"?
Homebrew Computers Website
# Homebrew Computers Website
The Homebrew Computers Website is open to any computer project featuring
a home-built CPU. That CPU may emulate a commercial design, but it
cannot be just an off-the-shelf chip.
The design must have been (at least partially) built in "real"
hardware: paper designs and simulations don't cut it :-)
However, the qualifying hardware styles are extremely broad: anything from
relays to TTL chips to FPGA's will qualify - will anyone contribute a
vacuum-tube design? :-)
## Copyrights
I often get asked for permission to reproduce data from one or more of the
projects. I merely maintain the links to the projects: all
intellectual property remains
with the various project builders. Please contact them directly (email
contacts on this page) if you want to use their content.
## The Projects
Click on any of the images below, to go to that project. From there, you can
navigate back and forth in the ring.
*Please note* the builders' email addresses have been obfuscated to
foil spam harvesters. You will need to fix them up manually (ie change
[at] to @).
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [MyCPU](https://github.com/fortinsylvain/MyCpu)
[email](mailto:sylfortin71 at hotmail.com?Subject=MyCPU) | [TTL-Retro Project](http://www.mtmscientific.com/stack.html)
[email](mailto:mmruzek at gmail.com?Subject=TTL-Retro Project) | [Valve.Computer](https://www.valve.computer/)
[email](mailto:valve.computer at engineer.com?Subject=Valve.Computer) | [Subleq](https://github.com/pondahai/my_oisc_subleq/tree/main)
[email](mailto:dahai.pon at gmail.com?Subject=Subleq) |
| [16-bit Serial Homebrew CPU](https://jiristepanovsky.cz/project.php?p=23cpu)
[email](mailto:me at jiristepanovsky.cz?Subject=16-bit Serial Homebrew CPU) | [A Simple CPU](https://mysterymath.github.io/simple_cpu/)
[email](mailto:mysterymath at gmail.com?Subject=A Simple CPU) | [TTLCPU](https://www.qsl.net/ct1dmk/ttlcpu.html)
[email](mailto:ct1dmk at gmail.com?Subject=TTLCPU) | [20xt6 Homebrew CPU](https://excess.org/cpu/)
[email](mailto:ian at excess.org?Subject=20xt6 Homebrew CPU) |
| [SaarCPU](https://cpu.unisaar.de/)
[email](mailto:s8johost at stud.uni-saarland.de?Subject=SaarCPU) | [High Performance Relay Computer](https://relaiscomputer.at)
[email](mailto:info at relaiscomputer.at?Subject=High Performance Relay Computer) | [VC Computer](www.vccomputer.com)
[email](mailto:ian.jenson at ensigne.com?Subject=VC Computer) | [Super Micro Relay Computer](https://hackaday.io/project/167895-super-micro-relay-computer)
[email](mailto:stefano.marago at gmail.com?Subject=Super Micro Relay Computer) |
| [Ena Computer](https://www.ena.computer)
[email](mailto:contact at ena.computer?Subject=Ena Computer) | [Spam-1](https://github.com/Johnlon/spam-1)
[email](mailto:john.lonergan at gmail.com?Subject=Spam-1) | [Simple CPU](https://mysterymath.github.io/simple_cpu/)
[email](mailto:mysterymath at gmail.com?Subject=Simple CPU) | [Cupido CPU](https://www.qsl.net/ct1dmk/ttlcpu.html)
[email](mailto:t1dmk at gmail.com?Subject=Cupido CPU) |
| [VC Computer](https://www.vccomputer.com/)
[email](mailto:ian.jenson at ensigne.com?Subject=VC Computer) | [YACC1](https://cottageworker.com/)
[email](mailto:ken.rother at gmail.com?Subject=YACC1) | [Baffa 1](http://baffa-1.baffasoft.com.br)
[email](mailto:augbaffa at gmail.com?Subject=Baffa 1) | [Scamp CPU](https://github.com/jes/scamp-cpu/)
[email](mailto:james at incoherency.co.uk?Subject=Scamp CPU) |
| [Ena.Computer](https://www.ena.computer/)
[email](mailto:contact at ena.computer?Subject=Ena.Computer) | [Pineapple One](https://hackaday.io/project/178826-pineapple-one)
[email](mailto:filip.szkandera at gmail.com?Subject=Pineapple One) | [LOGIC74](https://markuskerbl.wixsite.com/logic74)
[email](mailto:markus.kerbl at gmx-topmail.de?Subject=LOGIC74) | [Monomatic](https://sites.google.com/view/joshuaelectronics/misc-projects)
[email](mailto:joshuaelectronics at gmail.com?Subject=Monomatic) |
| [PJ5CPU](http://PJ5CPU.wordpress.com)
[email](mailto:paulamaddox1970 at gmail.com?Subject=PJ5CPU) | [PISC](http://www.vk2sja.org/piffle/pisc/)
[email](mailto:stephen.arnold at bigpond.com?Subject=PISC) | [Computadora Didáctica SinapTec](https://www.computadora.alomar.com.ar/)
[email](mailto:ale_alomar at hotmail.com?Subject=Computadora Didáctica SinapTec) | [Ammar Bhayat's Home Made CPU](https://hackaday.io/project/168076-home-brew-computer)
[email](mailto:ammarbhayat28 at gmail.com?Subject=Ammar Bhayat's Home Made CPU) |
| [RC-3 Relay Computer](https://www.computerculture.org/projects/rc3/)
[email](mailto:pryals at austin.rr.com?Subject=RC-3 Relay Computer) | [8-bit Spaghetti](http://8-bitspaghetti.com)
[email](mailto:khoveyc at gmail.com?Subject=8-bit Spaghetti) | [Slu4's Minimalistic 8-Bit Computer](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXYQcMpUBT3aaQKfmAVJNow/playlists)
[email](mailto:carstenherting at web.de?Subject=Slu4's Minimalistic 8-Bit Computer) | [Trinity Core](https://hackaday.io/project/8499-trinity-core-and-net)
[email](mailto:andre_p79 at hotmail.com?Subject=Trinity Core) |
| [R200](https://github.com/AlexIII/R200)
[email](mailto:endoftheworld at bk.ru?Subject=R200) | [mdComputer8](https://www.dijkens.com/mdComputer8/)
[email](mailto:maurits at dijkens.com?Subject=mdComputer8) | [RR6](http://www.xpl0.org/rr6/)
[email](mailto:loren.blaney at gmail.com?Subject=RR6) | [MarkFabianV2](http://www.ruby-red.com.au/8bitmachine/)
[email](mailto:mwise at ruby-red.com.au?Subject=MarkFabianV2) |
| [SharmanCPU](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLFhc0MFC8MiCDOh3cGFji3qQfXziB9yOw)
[email](mailto:weirdboyjim at gmail.com?Subject=SharmanCPU) | [Scrap-CPU](https://theghastmodding.blogspot.com/2019/08/scrap-cpu-homebrew-cpu-made-from-things.html)
[email](mailto:luca.horn at gmx.de?Subject=Scrap-CPU) | [Meade SAP1](https://github.com/meaderobert/sap1)
[email](mailto:rjm27trekkie at gmail.com?Subject=Meade SAP1) | [CSCvon8](https://github.com/DoctorWkt/CSCvon8/)
[email](mailto:wkt at tuhs.org?Subject=CSCvon8) |
| [Gigatron](https://gigatron.io/)
[email](mailto:info at gigatron.io?Subject=Gigatron) | [Dreamcatcher](https://github.com/Pconst167/dreamcatcher)
[email](mailto:pconst167 at gmail.com?Subject=Dreamcatcher) | [8 bits of data](http://twinsphotography.net/index.php/projects/8-bit/)
[email](mailto:PeytonCreery at fbsw.com?Subject=8 bits of data) | [Lion](http://users.sch.gr/tliontakis/index.php/my-projects/13-vhdl-cpu)
[email](mailto:lliont at gmail.com?Subject=Lion) |
| [JACA](http://andrebaptista.com.br/?page=Jaca)
[email](mailto:albs_br at yahoo.com.br?Subject=JACA) | [C74-6502 CPU](https://c74project.com/)
[email](mailto:rdrassinower at gmail.com?Subject=C74-6502 CPU) | [RISC Relay CPU](http://www.enscope.nl/rrc)
[email](mailto:roelh200 at gmail.com?Subject=RISC Relay CPU) | [Crazy Small CPU](http://minnie.tuhs.org/Programs/CrazySmallCPU/index.html)
[email](mailto:wkt at tuhs.org?Subject=Crazy Small CPU) |
| [Mercia](http://www.relaiscomputer.nl/)
[email](mailto:jeroenbrinkman2 at gmail.com?Subject=Mercia) | [Apollo181](http://apollo181.wixsite.com/apollo181)
[email](mailto:ggluca at inwind.it ?Subject=Apollo181) | [K1-16/16](http://k1.spdns.de/Develop/Hardware/K1-Computer/)
[email](mailto:kio at little-bat.de ?Subject=K1-16/16) | [MP-4](https://mkpeker.wixsite.com/mp-4)
[email](mailto:mk.peker at hotmail.com ?Subject=MP-4) |
| [Chipper](https://gigatron.io/chipper/)
[email](mailto:marcelk at bitpit.net?Subject=Chipper) | [DIY Calculator](http://www.clivemaxfield.com/diycalculator/popup-m-hrrgcomp.shtml)
[email](mailto:max at clivemaxfield.com?Subject=DIY Calculator) | [Other-1](http://other-1.webs.com/)
[email](mailto:jrjones at q.com ?Subject=Other-1) | [QNICE](http://qnice-fpga.com)
[email](mailto:ulmann at vaxman.de ?Subject=QNICE) |
| [Gray-1](http://2x-1.net/ob/gray1/)
[email](mailto:olivier at bailleux.net?Subject=Gray-1) | [FunCPU](https://funcpu.blogspot.com.au/p/funcpu-7-bit-homebrew-cpu-designed-to.html)
[email](mailto:andras.juhasz.hu at gmail.com?Subject=FunCPU) | [CPU Design](http://www.cpu-design.at)
[email](mailto:klaus.aschenbrenner at sqlpassion.at?Subject=CPU Design) | [Zebra](http://users.telenet.be/hedwigzebra/home.html)
[email](mailto:hedwigvdmoortel at gmail.com?Subject=Zebra) |
| [A-Z80](http://baltazarstudios.com/z80-cpu/)
[email](mailto:gdevic at yahoo.com?Subject=A-Z80) | [Leo-1](https://techtapelab.com/leo1cpu/)
[email](mailto:croudyj at gmail.com?Subject=Leo-1) | [Spaceage 2](http://www.fritzler-avr.de/spaceage2/)
[email](mailto:Martin.Wende at campus.tu-berlin.de?Subject=Spaceage 2) | [8080 Replica](http://www.lovqvist.net/)
[email](mailto:johnny at lovqvist.net?Subject=8080 Replica) |
| [Megaprocessor](http://www.megaprocessor.com/homebrew.html)
[email](mailto:James at JamesNewman.org?Subject=Megaprocessor) | [Bit Slice](http://pico-systems.com/ring/ring.html)
[email](mailto:unknown?Subject=Bit Slice) | [8-bit TTL CPU](http://digitarworld.uw.hu/ttlcpu.html)
[email](mailto:kunszabomarton at gmail.com?Subject=8-bit TTL CPU) | [Kino 74](http://canyouseethestars.com/project-the-kino-74/)
[email](mailto:jhoffm at vt.edu?Subject=Kino 74) |
| [Trainer](http://relaysbc.sourceforge.net/)
[email](mailto:jhallenworld at gmail.com?Subject=Trainer) | [isquared](http://isquared.weebly.com/index.html)
[email](mailto:taylor.ives at hotmail.co.uk?Subject=isquared) | [TTL CPU](http://www.ttlcpu.com/)
[email](mailto:unknown?Subject=TTL CPU) | [Tiny Tim (sa TIM)](http://www.northdownfarm.co.uk/rory/tim/tinytim.htm)
[email](mailto:rapidrory at googlemail.com?Subject=Tiny Tim (sa TIM)) |
| [TIM](http://www.northdownfarm.co.uk/rory/tim/tim-8.htm)
[email](mailto:rapidrory at googlemail.com?Subject=TIM) | [The Suitcase](http://www.saccade.com/writing/projects/CS428/WireWrap.html)
[email](mailto:linux at saccade.com ?Subject=The Suitcase) | [BMOW 1](http://www.bigmessowires.com/bmow1/)
[email](mailto:unknown?Subject=BMOW 1) | [Byte C/16](http://www.pilawa.org/computer/)
[email](mailto:unknown?Subject=Byte C/16) |
| [TTL Computer](http://alessiolombardo.altervista.org/ttlcomputer/index.htm)
[email](mailto:alessiox.94 at hotmail.it ?Subject=TTL Computer) | [Toro Clock Project](http://www.praxibetel.org/toro/toro.html)
[email](mailto:zmetzing at pobox.com?Subject=Toro Clock Project) | [Titan](http://marc.cleave.me.uk/cpu/index.htm)
[email](mailto:unknown?Subject=Titan) | [BIGBIT](http://www.bigbit.com/bigbit/BIGBITComputer.htm)
[email](mailto:geneweb at bigbit.com?Subject=BIGBIT) |
| [Duo Elite](http://www.ostracodfiles.com/elitepage/menu.html)
[email](mailto:j.eisenmann at gmail.com ?Subject=Duo Elite) | [Duo Adept](http://www.ostracodfiles.com/adeptpage/menu.html)
[email](mailto:j.eisenmann at gmail.com ?Subject=Duo Adept) | [Zusie](http://www.nablaman.com/relay/)
[email](mailto:cpuwebring at nablaman.com ?Subject=Zusie) | [Yet Another DIY Processor](http://www.wellytop.com/Fnagaton/DIYComputer.html)
[email](mailto:unknown?Subject=Yet Another DIY Processor) |
| [HJS22](http://www.ibmsystem3.nl/hjs22/)
[email](mailto:hjs22 at hccnet.nl?Subject=HJS22) | [Galactic Electronics](http://www.galacticelectronics.com/Simple4BitCPU.HTML)
[email](mailto:WireHead at GalacticElectronics.com?Subject=Galactic Electronics) | [MyCPU](http://mynor.org/webring)
[email](mailto:dennis_k at freenet.de?Subject=MyCPU) | [Harry Porter's Relay Computer](http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~harry/Relay/index.html)
[email](mailto:harry at cs.pdx.edu ?Subject=Harry Porter's Relay Computer) |
| [Home-Built TTL Computer](http://cpuville.com/index.htm)
[email](mailto:dstew at cpuville.com?Subject=Home-Built TTL Computer) | [MT15](http://www.6502.org/users/dieter/)
[email](mailto:unknown?Subject=MT15) | [Time Fracture](http://www.timefracture.org/D16.html)
[email](mailto:john.doran at timefracture.org ?Subject=Time Fracture) | [Mark 1](http://www.aholme.co.uk/Mk1/Architecture.htm)
[email](mailto:andrew at holmea.demon.co.uk?Subject=Mark 1) |
| [Magic-1](http://www.homebrewcpu.com/)
[email](mailto:bill at homebrewcpu.com ?Subject=Magic-1) | [A2Z](http://f4hdk.free.fr/A2Z_computer/index.html)
[email](mailto:f4hdk at free.fr?Subject=A2Z) | [Simplex-III](http://members.iinet.net.au/~daveb/simplex/simplex.html)
[email](mailto:vk6zma at gmail.com?Subject=Simplex-III) |
| https://www.homebrewcpuring.org/ |
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<FONT SIZE=2><I>LUGNET Cool LEGO Site of the Week</I></FONT><BR>
<FONT SIZE=2><I>(January 30-February 5, 2000)</I></FONT><BR>
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|
LEGO STARWARS TOP PAGE
| | |
| --- | --- |
| | *LUGNET Cool LEGO Site of the Week*
*(January 30-February 5, 2000)* |
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| --- | --- | --- |
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| --- | --- | --- |
| **LEGO STARWARS TRILOGY...** | [English version](sworde.htm) | [Japanese version](sword.htm) |
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<font color="#FFCC66" face="arial" size="-1"><b>More pictures!</b></font>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">Published on: 2023-10-26</font>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">Hi everyone!
<br><br>
Today, while browsing my old backups I found a bunch of old, funny pictures that I had to add here. Currently, there's over 100 of them, which is quite an achievement, considering how I struggled to find anything initially.
<br><br>
Keep your eyes peeled for more cool stuff in the near future!
<br><br>
Chris.</font>
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<font color="#FFCC66" face="arial" size="-1"><b>Six, six, six!</b></font>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">Published on: 2023-10-25</font>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">Hey there folks,
<br><br>
Three sixes have been added:
<br><br>
- Six new cool and funny Flash games
<br>
- Six new funny images in the gallery
<br>
- Six new Happy Tree Friends episodes
<br><br>
More stuff will be coming later. Stay tuned and thank to all of you, who have taken the time to visit this website.
<br><br>
Chris.</font>
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<font color="#FFCC66" face="arial" size="-1"><b>The website is finally finished!</b></font>
</td>
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<td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">Published on: 2023-10-22</font>
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<img src="/images/divider_small.gif" width="194" height="9">
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<font face="arial" size="-1">Hi there!
<br><br>
I have finally finished the website! The funny texts and links sections have been finally added.
<br><br>
That doesn't mean though that the website will not be updated - more stuff is still coming. I have lots more things to add to various sections - that includes missing Happy Tree Friends episodes, some flash games and maybe a few more sections.
<br><br>
In the near future I'm hoping to do a major redesign of the website, we'll see what happens. Have fun browsing!
<br><br>
Chris.</font>
</td>
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<td>
<font color="#FFCC66" face="arial" size="-1"><b>Website design updates</b></font>
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<td>
<font face="arial" size="-1">Published on: 2023-10-20</font>
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<font face="arial" size="-1">Hey everyone!
<br><br>
The website has received a minor design update, mainly in the form of UI size reduction, to work better on smaller resolution screens. The main banner, fonts and categories icons are way smaller, previously they took way too much space.
<br><br>
The site should be now way more fun to browse. More updates are coming in the future, stay tuned!
<br><br>
Chris.</font>
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Retro Tech Lounge
| |
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|
Retro Tech Lounge
|
|
The corner of all retro computer related stuff: software, games and fun!
|
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|
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| |
| CATEGORIES |
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| | [News](/) |
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| | [Utilities](/utilities) |
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| | [Music Players](/music_players) |
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| --- | --- |
| | [Video Players & Utils](/video_players) |
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|
| | |
| --- | --- |
| | [Drivers](/drivers) |
|
|
| | |
| --- | --- |
| | [Joke Programs](/jokes) |
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| | |
| --- | --- |
| | [Games](/games) |
|
|
| | |
| --- | --- |
| | [Happy Tree Friends](/happytreefriends) |
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| --- | --- |
| | [Funny MP3 & WAV](/mp3) |
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| --- | --- |
| | [Funny Videos](/video) |
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| --- | --- |
| | [Funny Pictures](/pictures) |
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| --- | --- |
| | [Funny Texts](/funnytexts) |
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| --- | --- |
| | [Links](/links) |
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| --- |
| |
| NEWS |
| |
| |
| **More pictures!** |
| Published on: 2023-10-26 |
| |
| |
| Hi everyone!
Today, while browsing my old backups I found a bunch of old, funny pictures that I had to add here. Currently, there's over 100 of them, which is quite an achievement, considering how I struggled to find anything initially.
Keep your eyes peeled for more cool stuff in the near future!
Chris. |
| |
| **Six, six, six!** |
| Published on: 2023-10-25 |
| |
| |
| Hey there folks,
Three sixes have been added:
- Six new cool and funny Flash games
- Six new funny images in the gallery
- Six new Happy Tree Friends episodes
More stuff will be coming later. Stay tuned and thank to all of you, who have taken the time to visit this website.
Chris. |
| |
| **The website is finally finished!** |
| Published on: 2023-10-22 |
| |
| |
| Hi there!
I have finally finished the website! The funny texts and links sections have been finally added.
That doesn't mean though that the website will not be updated - more stuff is still coming. I have lots more things to add to various sections - that includes missing Happy Tree Friends episodes, some flash games and maybe a few more sections.
In the near future I'm hoping to do a major redesign of the website, we'll see what happens. Have fun browsing!
Chris. |
| |
| **Website design updates** |
| Published on: 2023-10-20 |
| |
| |
| Hey everyone!
The website has received a minor design update, mainly in the form of UI size reduction, to work better on smaller resolution screens. The main banner, fonts and categories icons are way smaller, previously they took way too much space.
The site should be now way more fun to browse. More updates are coming in the future, stay tuned!
Chris. |
| |
| Pages: [1](//www.retrotechlounge.com/main?page=1) [2](//www.retrotechlounge.com/main?page=2) |
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|
| |
| Copyleft © Retro Tech Lounge 2023, all wrongs reserved |
|
| http://www.retrotechlounge.com/ |
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[Texas A & M Research Video**Texas A & M Research Video**](video.html) | [PLAY THE OJ GAME -- CLICK HERE
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<html>
<head>
<title>Kid Icarus Scans</title>
</head>
<body text="#FFCC33" bgcolor="#333333" link="#FF9900" vlink="#009900" alink="#FF0000" style="background:#fff url(pics/kibg.gif) repeat fixed top left;">
<dl>
<center><font face="Barbedor T Heavy"><font color="#FF9900"><font size=+4>Kid Icarus Scans</font></font></font>
</center>
<p><hr width=100%>
<p><font color="#FFCC33"><font size=+2>Cartridge Scans</font></font></font>
<p><li><a href="pics/pitamerican.jpg">American version of Kid Icarus Cartridge</a>
<br>Eventually, I'm going to scan my own cartridge and replace this image with a better one.
<p><li><a href="pics/pitasian.jpg">Asian version of Kid Icarus Cartridge</a>
<br>Thanks to site reader Sloppy Joe for pointing me in the direction of an ebay auction where I found this scan.
<p><li><a href="pics/pitgameboy.jpg">Game Boy version of Kid Icarus</a>
<br>This is Kid Icarus: Of Myths & Monsters for Game Boy. Apparently, the Canadian version, but the American version has the same exact artwork. This game wasn't released in Japan.
<p><hr width=100%>
<p><font color="#FFCC33"><font size=+2>Kid Icarus Manual Scans</font></font></center></font>
<p><li><a href="scans/manual-cover.jpg">Kid Icarus Manual Cover</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs1-2.jpg">Pages 1 & 2: Nintendo Seal of Quality & Table of Contents</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs3-4.jpg">Pages 3 & 4: The Tale of Kid Icarus</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs5-6.jpg">Pages 5 & 6: The Tale of Kid Icarus Cont.</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs7-8.jpg">Pages 7 & 8: The Tale of Kid Icarus Cont.</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs9-10.jpg">Pages 9 & 10: How to Start Playing Kid Icarus & When the Game is Over</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs11-12.jpg">Pages 11 & 12: Basic Wisdom & Skillfully Control Pit!</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs13-14.jpg">Pages 13 & 14: How to Read the Display & Total Score</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs15-16.jpg">Pages 15 & 16: Weapons & A Guide to Angel Land</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs17-18.jpg">Pages 17 & 18: Map of Angel Land</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs19-20.jpg">Pages 19 & 20: Stage 1 Undeworld/Stage 2 Overworld & Stage 3 Skyworld</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs21-22.jpg">Pages 21 & 22: Items That Will Make Pit a More Powerful Angel & Enter the Chambers and Collect the Items!</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs23-24.jpg">Pages 23 & 24: Black Marketeer & Types of Items That Will Make Pit Big and Strong</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs25-26.jpg">Pages 25 & 26: Three Sacred Treasures & Special Items</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs27-28.jpg">Pages 27 & 28: Regular Items</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs29-30.jpg">Pages 29 & 30: Items That Will Help Pit Get His Strength Back & Items That Give Pit Extra Fighting Power</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs31-32.jpg">Pages 31 & 32: Introducing the Inhabitants in Angel Land & Stage 1 Underworld</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs33-34.jpg">Pages 33 & 34: Stage 2 Overworld</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs35-36.jpg">Pages 35 & 36: Stage 3 Skyworld</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs37-38.jpg">Pages 37 & 38: Stage 4 Palace in the Sky</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs39-40.jpg">Pages 39 & 40: All Stages</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs41-42.jpg">Pages 41 & 42: All Stages Cont.</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs43-44.jpg">Pages 43 & 44: Questions and Answers</a>
<li><a href="scans/manual-pgs45-46.jpg">Pages 45 & 46: Compliance With FCC Regulations & 90-Day Limited Warranty Nintendo Game Paks</a>
<p><li><a href="scans/Kid-Icarus-Instruction-Booklet.pdf">Entire Manual in PDF format</a>
<p><hr width=100%>
<p><font color="#FFCC33"><font size=+2>Kid Icarus: Of Myths & Monsters Manual Scans</font></font></center></font>
<p><li><a href="scans/gbman-cover.jpg">Kid Icarus: Of Myths & Monsters Manual Cover</a>
<li><a href="scans/gbman-pgs1-2.jpg">Pages 1 & 2: Nintendo Seal of Quality & Table of Contents</a>
<li><a href="scans/gbman-pgs3-4.jpg">Pages 3 & 4: The Tale of Kid Icarus</a>
<li><a href="scans/gbman-pgs5-6.jpg">Pages 5 & 6: The Tale of Kid Icarus Cont.</a>
<li><a href="scans/gbman-pgs7-8.jpg">Pages 7 & 8: Controller Operations & About the Pause</a>
<li><a href="scans/gbman-pgs9-10.jpg">Pages 9 & 10: How to Play Kid Icarus & Item Screen</a>
<li><a href="scans/gbman-pgs11-12.jpg">Pages 11 & 12: A Guide to Angel Land</a>
<li><a href="scans/gbman-pgs13-14.jpg">Pages 13 & 14: The Items & Recovery Items</a>
<li><a href="scans/gbman-pgs15-16.jpg">Pages 15 & 16: Harp & Palutena's Key</a>
<li><a href="scans/gbman-pgs17-18.jpg">Pages 17 & 18: Gifts From Zeus & Weapons</a>
<li><a href="scans/gbman-pgs19-20.jpg">Pages 19 & 20: The Three Sacred Treasures & What Are the Three Sacred Treasures?</a>
<li><a href="scans/gbman-pgs21-22.jpg">Pages 21 & 22: Rooms & The Black Market</a>
<li><a href="scans/gbman-pgs23-24.jpg">Pages 23 & 24: Hot Spring Chamber & Sacred Training Center</a>
<li><a href="scans/gbman-pgs25-26.jpg">Pages 25 & 26: The Secrets & The Black Market</a>
<li><a href="scans/gbman-pgs27-28.jpg">Pages 27 & 28: The Cast of Characters</a>
<li><a href="scans/gbman-pgs29-30.jpg">Pages 29 & 30: Pit's Foes & Stage 1 Enemies</a>
<li><a href="scans/gbman-pgs31-32.jpg">Pages 31 & 32: Stage 3 & Fortress</a>
<li><a href="scans/gbman-pgs33-34.jpg">Pages 33 & 34: Fortress Guardians & 90-Day Limited Warranty</a>
<p><hr width=100%>
<p><font color="#FFCC33"><font size=+2>Nintendo Power Top Secret Passwords Guide: Kid Icarus</font></font></center></font>
<p><li><a href="scans/passwordgd-pg1.jpg">Password Guide Page 1</a>
<li><a href="scans/passwordgd-pg2.jpg">Password Guide Page 2</a>
<p>This is where I got those level passwords in the "Codes" section of this shrine. (Sorry that Page 1 is crooked, but it's extremely difficult to flatten this book out enough to scan it and I don't want to damage it.) I have a ton of my own passwords from playing the game, but I was too lazy to plug them in and figure out what passwords went to what levels at the time I originally made that page. Eventually, someday if I figure out where I put my passwords, I'll scan them all and put them up.
<p><hr width=100%>
<p><font color="#FFCC33"><font size=+2>Kid Icarus: Of Myths & Monsters Nintendo Power Review</font></font></center></font>
<p><li><a href="scans/npreview-pg1.jpg">Nintendo Power Review Page 1: Intro</a>
<li><a href="scans/npreview-pg2.jpg">Nintendo Power Review Page 2: Level 1-1</a>
<li><a href="scans/npreview-pg3.jpg">Nintendo Power Review Page 3: Level 1-2</a>
<li><a href="scans/npreview-pg4.jpg">Nintendo Power Review Page 4: Level 1-3</a>
<p>This is Nintendo Power's original 4-page coverage for the Game Boy Kid Icarus sequel. It contains complete maps of the first three stages as well as artwork of Pit and the Eggplant Wizard that cannot (to my knowledge) be found anywhere else.
<p><hr width=100%>
<p><font color="#FFCC33"><font size=+2>Nester's Adventures: Kid Icarus: Of Myths & Monsters Episode</font></font></center></font>
<p><li><a href="scans/kidnesterus-pg1.jpg">Nester's Adventures Page 1</a>
<li><a href="scans/kidnesterus-pg2.jpg">Nester's Adventures Page 2</a>
<p>One issue after the review, Nintendo Power did a Nester's Adventures comic based on Kid Icarus: Of Myths & Monsters. I had described this on the "Other" page of this shrine, but because the site was originally made for Geocities, I could not at that time upload the entire comic (mainly because of file size issues). Here, finally, is the complete comic. Kind of cheesey as Nester often was, although that harp joke did make me laugh out loud. Also of note, this would be the last Nester comic that was two pages long. After this one, they were reduced to one page.
<p><hr width=100%>
<p><font color="#FFCC33"><font size=+2>Nintendo Power Club Trading Cards</font></font></center></font>
<p><li><a href="scans/kidicarus-card-front.jpg">Kid Icarus: Of Myths & Monsters Card Front</a>
<li><a href="scans/kidicarus-card-back.jpg">Kid Icarus: Of Myths & Monsters Card Back</a>
<li><a href="scans/kidicarus-card-collector.jpg">Kid Icarus: Of Myths & Monsters Card Collector's Edition</a>
<p>Because I was subscribed to Nintendo Power years ago, I used to get these trading cards with each monthly issue. There was a card for Kid Icarus: Of Myths & Monsters, although there was never one for the NES Kid Icarus. I also somehow got a "Collector's Edition" version of this card. The only differences are that the Collector's Edition has those words printed in "shiny gold" letters and the letters in "Super Power Club" are shiny gold, too. Unfortunately, my scanner cannot pick up on the shiny gold color and it turned out black, but you get the idea. The card is also slightly thicker than the normal trading cards. The back is identical to the normal card, so I didn't bother to scan it.
<P><hr><center>
<p><b><a href="kidicarusshrine.html">BACK TO THE KID ICARUS SHRINE</a></font></font></center>
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Kid Icarus Scans
Kid Icarus Scans
---
Cartridge Scans
- [American version of Kid Icarus Cartridge](pics/pitamerican.jpg)
Eventually, I'm going to scan my own cartridge and replace this image with a better one.
- [Asian version of Kid Icarus Cartridge](pics/pitasian.jpg)
Thanks to site reader Sloppy Joe for pointing me in the direction of an ebay auction where I found this scan.
- [Game Boy version of Kid Icarus](pics/pitgameboy.jpg)
This is Kid Icarus: Of Myths & Monsters for Game Boy. Apparently, the Canadian version, but the American version has the same exact artwork. This game wasn't released in Japan.
---
Kid Icarus Manual Scans
- [Kid Icarus Manual Cover](scans/manual-cover.jpg)- [Pages 1 & 2: Nintendo Seal of Quality & Table of Contents](scans/manual-pgs1-2.jpg)- [Pages 3 & 4: The Tale of Kid Icarus](scans/manual-pgs3-4.jpg)- [Pages 5 & 6: The Tale of Kid Icarus Cont.](scans/manual-pgs5-6.jpg)- [Pages 7 & 8: The Tale of Kid Icarus Cont.](scans/manual-pgs7-8.jpg)- [Pages 9 & 10: How to Start Playing Kid Icarus & When the Game is Over](scans/manual-pgs9-10.jpg)- [Pages 11 & 12: Basic Wisdom & Skillfully Control Pit!](scans/manual-pgs11-12.jpg)- [Pages 13 & 14: How to Read the Display & Total Score](scans/manual-pgs13-14.jpg)- [Pages 15 & 16: Weapons & A Guide to Angel Land](scans/manual-pgs15-16.jpg)- [Pages 17 & 18: Map of Angel Land](scans/manual-pgs17-18.jpg)- [Pages 19 & 20: Stage 1 Undeworld/Stage 2 Overworld & Stage 3 Skyworld](scans/manual-pgs19-20.jpg)- [Pages 21 & 22: Items That Will Make Pit a More Powerful Angel & Enter the Chambers and Collect the Items!](scans/manual-pgs21-22.jpg)- [Pages 23 & 24: Black Marketeer & Types of Items That Will Make Pit Big and Strong](scans/manual-pgs23-24.jpg)- [Pages 25 & 26: Three Sacred Treasures & Special Items](scans/manual-pgs25-26.jpg)- [Pages 27 & 28: Regular Items](scans/manual-pgs27-28.jpg)- [Pages 29 & 30: Items That Will Help Pit Get His Strength Back & Items That Give Pit Extra Fighting Power](scans/manual-pgs29-30.jpg)- [Pages 31 & 32: Introducing the Inhabitants in Angel Land & Stage 1 Underworld](scans/manual-pgs31-32.jpg)- [Pages 33 & 34: Stage 2 Overworld](scans/manual-pgs33-34.jpg)- [Pages 35 & 36: Stage 3 Skyworld](scans/manual-pgs35-36.jpg)- [Pages 37 & 38: Stage 4 Palace in the Sky](scans/manual-pgs37-38.jpg)- [Pages 39 & 40: All Stages](scans/manual-pgs39-40.jpg)- [Pages 41 & 42: All Stages Cont.](scans/manual-pgs41-42.jpg)- [Pages 43 & 44: Questions and Answers](scans/manual-pgs43-44.jpg)- [Pages 45 & 46: Compliance With FCC Regulations & 90-Day Limited Warranty Nintendo Game Paks](scans/manual-pgs45-46.jpg)
- [Entire Manual in PDF format](scans/Kid-Icarus-Instruction-Booklet.pdf)
---
Kid Icarus: Of Myths & Monsters Manual Scans
- [Kid Icarus: Of Myths & Monsters Manual Cover](scans/gbman-cover.jpg)- [Pages 1 & 2: Nintendo Seal of Quality & Table of Contents](scans/gbman-pgs1-2.jpg)- [Pages 3 & 4: The Tale of Kid Icarus](scans/gbman-pgs3-4.jpg)- [Pages 5 & 6: The Tale of Kid Icarus Cont.](scans/gbman-pgs5-6.jpg)- [Pages 7 & 8: Controller Operations & About the Pause](scans/gbman-pgs7-8.jpg)- [Pages 9 & 10: How to Play Kid Icarus & Item Screen](scans/gbman-pgs9-10.jpg)- [Pages 11 & 12: A Guide to Angel Land](scans/gbman-pgs11-12.jpg)- [Pages 13 & 14: The Items & Recovery Items](scans/gbman-pgs13-14.jpg)- [Pages 15 & 16: Harp & Palutena's Key](scans/gbman-pgs15-16.jpg)- [Pages 17 & 18: Gifts From Zeus & Weapons](scans/gbman-pgs17-18.jpg)- [Pages 19 & 20: The Three Sacred Treasures & What Are the Three Sacred Treasures?](scans/gbman-pgs19-20.jpg)- [Pages 21 & 22: Rooms & The Black Market](scans/gbman-pgs21-22.jpg)- [Pages 23 & 24: Hot Spring Chamber & Sacred Training Center](scans/gbman-pgs23-24.jpg)- [Pages 25 & 26: The Secrets & The Black Market](scans/gbman-pgs25-26.jpg)- [Pages 27 & 28: The Cast of Characters](scans/gbman-pgs27-28.jpg)- [Pages 29 & 30: Pit's Foes & Stage 1 Enemies](scans/gbman-pgs29-30.jpg)- [Pages 31 & 32: Stage 3 & Fortress](scans/gbman-pgs31-32.jpg)- [Pages 33 & 34: Fortress Guardians & 90-Day Limited Warranty](scans/gbman-pgs33-34.jpg)
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Nintendo Power Top Secret Passwords Guide: Kid Icarus
- [Password Guide Page 1](scans/passwordgd-pg1.jpg)- [Password Guide Page 2](scans/passwordgd-pg2.jpg)
This is where I got those level passwords in the "Codes" section of this shrine. (Sorry that Page 1 is crooked, but it's extremely difficult to flatten this book out enough to scan it and I don't want to damage it.) I have a ton of my own passwords from playing the game, but I was too lazy to plug them in and figure out what passwords went to what levels at the time I originally made that page. Eventually, someday if I figure out where I put my passwords, I'll scan them all and put them up.
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Kid Icarus: Of Myths & Monsters Nintendo Power Review
- [Nintendo Power Review Page 1: Intro](scans/npreview-pg1.jpg)- [Nintendo Power Review Page 2: Level 1-1](scans/npreview-pg2.jpg)- [Nintendo Power Review Page 3: Level 1-2](scans/npreview-pg3.jpg)- [Nintendo Power Review Page 4: Level 1-3](scans/npreview-pg4.jpg)
This is Nintendo Power's original 4-page coverage for the Game Boy Kid Icarus sequel. It contains complete maps of the first three stages as well as artwork of Pit and the Eggplant Wizard that cannot (to my knowledge) be found anywhere else.
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Nester's Adventures: Kid Icarus: Of Myths & Monsters Episode
- [Nester's Adventures Page 1](scans/kidnesterus-pg1.jpg)- [Nester's Adventures Page 2](scans/kidnesterus-pg2.jpg)
One issue after the review, Nintendo Power did a Nester's Adventures comic based on Kid Icarus: Of Myths & Monsters. I had described this on the "Other" page of this shrine, but because the site was originally made for Geocities, I could not at that time upload the entire comic (mainly because of file size issues). Here, finally, is the complete comic. Kind of cheesey as Nester often was, although that harp joke did make me laugh out loud. Also of note, this would be the last Nester comic that was two pages long. After this one, they were reduced to one page.
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Nintendo Power Club Trading Cards
- [Kid Icarus: Of Myths & Monsters Card Front](scans/kidicarus-card-front.jpg)- [Kid Icarus: Of Myths & Monsters Card Back](scans/kidicarus-card-back.jpg)- [Kid Icarus: Of Myths & Monsters Card Collector's Edition](scans/kidicarus-card-collector.jpg)
Because I was subscribed to Nintendo Power years ago, I used to get these trading cards with each monthly issue. There was a card for Kid Icarus: Of Myths & Monsters, although there was never one for the NES Kid Icarus. I also somehow got a "Collector's Edition" version of this card. The only differences are that the Collector's Edition has those words printed in "shiny gold" letters and the letters in "Super Power Club" are shiny gold, too. Unfortunately, my scanner cannot pick up on the shiny gold color and it turned out black, but you get the idea. The card is also slightly thicker than the normal trading cards. The back is identical to the normal card, so I didn't bother to scan it.
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**[BACK TO THE KID ICARUS SHRINE](kidicarusshrine.html)**
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</head><body bgcolor="#E6E6E6" style="text-align: center"><div align="center"><table cellspacing="0" width="97%" height="1%"><tr><td></td></tr></table><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="99%" bordercolor="#333333" style="border: 1px solid #333333" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" height="456"><tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"><table width="97%" height="10"><tr><td></td></tr></table><div align="center"><table cellspacing="0" width="98%" height="76"><tr><td valign="bottom"><h1 align="center"><font face="Arial" color="#404040">Roman Empire & Colosseum</font></h1></td><td width="76" valign="top"><p align="center"><img border="0" src="images/siteseen6.png" width="76" height="76"></td></tr></table><table width="97%" height="4"><tr><td></td></tr></table><div align="center"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="98%"><tr><td valign="top" width="38%"><img src="images/gladiator.jpg" width="100%" alt=""></td><td valign="middle" rowspan="2"><p align="justify"><b><font face="Arial" color="#363636" size="3">Roman Colosseum</font><font face="Arial" color="#363636"><br></font></b><font face="Arial" color="#363636">The content of this website provides comprehensive details of the Roman Colosseum including facts and information about the building and design of the famous arena, the history of the Colosseum, additional pictures of the Colosseum and the lives and the clothing of the Romans who visited the Colosseum - the Emperors, Senators, Soldiers, Citizens, Slaves, the Women, the Vestal Virgins and of course the Gladiators. Interesting facts and information about the Colosseum of Ancient Rome.</font><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" height="90" id="table12"><tr><td><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</td></tr></table><p align="justify"><b><font face="Arial" size="3" color="#363636">Roman Colosseum - Gladiators</font><font face="Arial" color="#363636"><br></font></b><font face="Arial" color="#363636">Facts and information about the life, training and role of the Gladiator and their fights to the death at the Roman Colosseum. Fast, concise facts about the different types of gladiators including the Bestiarii gladiator (gladiators who specialised in beast fighters), the Retiarii gladiator ( gladiators who carried a trident, a dagger, and a net), the Dimachaeri gladiator ( gladiators who used two-swords, one in each hand) and their clothing. </font></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" height="46"><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" bordercolor="#383838"><tr><td width="15"> </td><td height="36" valign="bottom"><p align="center"> </td><td width="15"> </td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table><div align="center"><div align="center"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="98%" height="26"><tr><td valign="top" width="38%"><p align="center"> </td><td> </td></tr></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="99%" height="120"><tr><td><p align="center"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</td></tr></table><table width="97%" height="10"><tr><td></td></tr></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="98%"><tr><td><h2 align="center"><font face="Arial" color="#363636">Roman Colosseum</font></h2><p align="justify"><font face="Arial" color="#363636">There is also a section on Female Gladiators and </font><font face="Arial"><a href="gladiators/famous-gladiators.htm">Famous Gladiators</a></font><font face="Arial" color="#363636">. How did a gladiator prepare for his fight at the Colosseum? What was the life of a gladiator in the Colosseum of Ancient Rome? What were the ceremonies in the arena of the Colosseum? Comprehensive facts and information about the life of the gladiator who fought in the Colosseum and Circus Maximus of Ancient Rome.</font></p><p align="justify"><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="240" height="40" align="left"><tr><td><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="230" height="30" bordercolor="#363636"><tr><td><p align="center"><font face="Arial" face="Arial Narrow"><b><span style="text-decoration: none"><a href="gladiators/" style="text-decoration: none">Gladiators</a></span></b></font></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table></div><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="240" height="40" align="left"><tr><td><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="230" height="30" bordercolor="#363636"><tr><td><p align="center"><font face="Arial" face="Arial Narrow"><b><span style="text-decoration: none"><a href="colosseum/" style="text-decoration: none">Colosseum</a></span></b></font></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table></div><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="240" height="40" align="left"><tr><td><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="230" height="30" bordercolor="#363636"><tr><td><p align="center"><font face="Arial" face="Arial Narrow"><b><span style="text-decoration: none"><a href="roman-empire/" style="text-decoration: none">Roman Empire</a></span></b></font></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table></div><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="240" height="40" align="left"><tr><td><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="230" height="30" bordercolor="#363636"><tr><td><p align="center"><font face="Arial" face="Arial Narrow"><b><span style="text-decoration: none"><a href="roman-life/" style="text-decoration: none">Roman 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</td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table><p align="justify"><b><font face="Arial" color="#363636" size="3">Roman Colosseum - Roman Emperors</font><font face="Arial" color="#333333"><br></font></b><font face="Arial" color="#363636">The Roman Emperor Vespasian and his son Titus constructed the Roman Colosseum. Many Roman Emperors enjoyed the spectacles that the Colosseum had to offer and many of the games were financed by the emperors themselves. There was even an Emperor who took great delight in participating in the games held at the Colosseum - the Emperor Commodus - the Emperor featured in the <a href="gladiators/gladiator-movie.htm">Russell Crowe Movie Gladiator</a>. Much of the movie was fiction rather than fact - the real Commodus was much worse than the character depicted in the film! This section features the history, facts and information about the famous Emperors and their clothing together with biographies and timelines of the Roman Emperors and the part they played in the persecution of the Christians and the history of the Colosseum. Interesting facts and information about the emperors of Ancient Rome.</font><p align="justify"><b><font face="Arial" size="3" color="#363636">Roman Colosseum - Roman Empire</font><font face="Arial" color="#363636"><br></font></b><font face="Arial" color="#363636">The history, facts and information about the Roman Empire are detailed in this section. The growth of Rome, its early history and kings and the Kingdom of Rome, its rise, decline and fall as the Roman Republic and the rise and the fall of the Roman Empire which was ruled by the all-powerful emperors. The period of time which is covered so information is divided into categories - the Kingdom of Rome, the Republic and the Empire with lists, dynasties and timelines of the Emperors. The History of Rome, Timelines, a brief History of Rome, the Rise, Decline and Fall of the Republic and the the Rise, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Definition of the Ancient Roman Empire. What was the Empire? Why was the Ancient Empire established? When was the Empire established? Who established the Empire? What events led to the Decline of the Empire? When did the Empire of Rome fall? </font><font face="Arial"><a href="roman-empire/reason-why-the-roman-empire-fell.htm">Reason why the Roman Empire fell</a></font><font face="Arial" color="#363636">. The split of the Empire. </font><p align="justify"><b><font face="Arial" color="#363636" size="3">The Roman Colosseum - Architecture</font><font face="Arial" color="#363636"><br></font></b><font face="Arial" color="#363636">This section of the website provides an overview of Roman Architecture, much of which is featured in the construction, design and building of the Roman Colosseum. Basilicas, Baths, Amphitheaters such as the Roman Colosseum, Triumphal arches, Villas, Temples, Roads, Forts and Stockades, Towns, Aqueducts and the </font><font face="Arial"><a href="roman-architecture/roman-baths.htm">Roman Baths</a></font><font face="Arial" color="#363636">. Facts and Information about their discovery of concrete and their famous columns and arches. The Colosseum was situated in the centre of Rome, it was in fact a symbol of the might, the wealth and the power of the Roman Empire. The Colosseum took less than 10 years to build, a remarkable achievement for the excellent engineers and their famous engineering skills. The architecture of the Roman Colosseum illustrates their use of one of the Romans most famous inventions - concrete. The Roman arch was prominently featured in the design and building of the Colosseum as were the different styles of architecture reflected in the Roman columns. Look carefully at pictures of the Colosseum and you will see Tuscan columns at the bottom, then Ionic, with Corinthian columns in the third storey. Facts and information about the beautiful Roman mosaics and Roman Art are also included. Comprehensive facts about the art and architecture of Ancient Rome. Interesting facts about the Colosseum and architecture of Ancient Rome. </font><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="400" height="324" bordercolor="#383838" align="right"><tr><td valign="middle"><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="300" height="250"><tr><td><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table><p align="justify"><b><font face="Arial" color="#363636" size="3">Roman Colosseum - History</font><font face="Arial" color="#363636"><br></font></b><font face="Arial" color="#363636">This history of the Roman Colosseum started hundreds of years before it was actually built when the tastes of Roman citizens craved the excitement and blood lust of the gladiatorial games. Their taste for blood and this form of entertainment dates back to 264AD when the first recorded Roman gladiatorial combats took place in Rome. The Roman Colosseum was opened in 80AD and was originally the called the Flavian Amphitheatre. The idea of this great arena was that of the Roman Emperor Vespasian and the construction started in c70AD and was financed from the proceeds gained from the Roman sacking of Jerusalem. The history of the bloody arena continues through the reigns of various emperors, the emergence of the new Christian religion, the horror stories of the deaths of Christian martyrs in the Colosseum, the Gladiator fights and the killing of thousands of exotic animals in Ancient Rome. The madness of the mob and craving for this type of entertainment finally ended in the 6th century. Interesting facts about the Colosseum of Ancient Rome. </font><p align="justify"><b><font face="Arial" color="#363636" size="3">Roman Colosseum - Roman Life</font><font face="Arial" color="#333333"><br></font></b><font face="Arial" color="#363636">Who were the people who could be found at the Roman Colosseum? The Roman Life section provides history, facts and information about the people of Ancient Rome. Facts and information about the clothing and lives and life of women, children, the family, marriage, education and food. The history facts and information about the Patricians and the Plebeians, the citizens of Rome, the slaves and the senators. There are several articles relating to Roman slaves including the </font><font face="Arial"><a href="roman-life/slave-market.htm">Slave Market</a></font><font face="Arial" color="#363636">,<a href="roman-life/slave-auction.htm"> Slave Auction</a>, </font><font face="Arial"><a href="roman-life/slave-trade.htm">Slave Trade</a></font><font face="Arial" color="#363636">, </font><font face="Arial"><a href="roman-life/slave-punishment.htm">Slave Punishment</a> </font><font face="Arial" color="#363636">and the </font><font face="Arial"><a href="roman-life/day-in-the-life-of-a-slave.htm">Day in the Life of a Slave</a>. </font><font face="Arial" color="#363636">This section also describes the history, information and facts about the activities and entertainments in Ancient Rome. Additional articles, facts and information about <a href="roman-life/roman-numerals.htm">Roman Numerals</a> and the numbers 1 100 in Roman numerals, the names of the days of the week and the months, weights, measures and coins. Who was allowed to go to the games at the Colosseum? How much did it cost to go into the Colosseum? Who sat where in the Colosseum? How often did people go to the Colosseum? Comprehensive facts about life in Ancient Rome.</font><p align="justify"><b><font face="Arial" color="#363636" size="3">Roman Colosseum - Roman Gods and Goddesses - Gods - Religion and Mythology</font><font face="Arial" color="#363636"><br></font></b><font face="Arial" color="#363636">This section contains facts and information about religion, mythology, and the Gods and Goddesses. The Roman's attitude towards religion and how other religions were assimilated into their culture and society. The role that religion took in state occasions, politics and the lives and future of the Romans. The names of the most important gods and goddesses are include together with descriptions of other terms closely related to <a href="roman-gods/roman-mythology.htm">Roman mythology</a>. A list, description and details of all the Gods and Goddesses including Jupiter the King of the Gods, Juno the Queen of the Gods, Neptune the God of the Sea, Pluto the God of Death, Apollo the God of the Sun, Diana the Goddess of the Moon, Mars the God of War, Venus the Goddess of Love, Cupid the God of Love, Mercury the Messenger of the Gods, Minerva the Goddess of Wisdom, Ceres the Earth Goddess, Proserpina the Goddess of the Underworld, Vulcan, Bacchus the God of Wine, Saturn the God of Time, Vesta the Goddess of the Home, Janus the God of Doors and Uranus the Father of Saturn. Information about the Underworld, the Fates and the Furies. The role and clothing of the Vestal Virgins, the Augurs and Auguries, Aruspices, Pontifices, Priests and Religious ceremonies and festivals. The role of religion and the Colosseum.</font><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="400" height="324" bordercolor="#383838" align="left"><tr><td valign="middle"><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="300" height="250"><tr><td><!-- Conversant Media 300x250 Medium Rectangle CODE for Roman Empire & Colosseum --><script type="text/javascript">var vclk_options = {sid:58328,media_id:6,media_type:8,version:"1.4"};</script><script class="vclk_pub_code" type="text/javascript" src="http://cdn.fastclick.net/js/adcodes/pubcode.min.js?sid=58328&media_id=6&media_type=8&version=1.4&exc=1"></script><noscript><a href="http://media.fastclick.net/w/click.here?sid=58328&m=6&c=1" target="_blank"><img src="http://media.fastclick.net/w/get.media?sid=58328&m=6&tp=8&d=s&c=1&vcm_acv=1.4" width="300" height="250" border="1"></a></noscript><!-- Conversant Media 300x250 Medium Rectangle CODE for Roman Empire & Colosseum --></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table><p align="justify"><b><font face="Arial" size="3" color="#363636">Roman Colosseum - Roman Weapons</font><font face="Arial" color="#363636"><br></font></b><font face="Arial" color="#363636">The history, facts and information about roman weapons including those used by the gladiators in the Colosseum. The army, the legions, centurions and the soldiers. Their armor, helmets, shields, siege weapons including the catapult and ballista, the chariots and facts about the different types of weapons and clothing used by soldiers and gladiators. Facts and information about the Roman Siege Weapons including the Tormentum, Ballista, Testudo, Vinea (arbor-sheds), Helepolis, Turris, Battering Ram and the Wild Ass (Onager).</font><p align="justify"><b><font face="Arial" size="3" color="#363636">Roman Colosseum - Roman Army</font><font face="Arial" color="#363636"><br></font></b><font face="Arial" color="#363636">The history, facts and interesting information about the Roman Army. The Romans were essentially military and antagonistic in all their tastes and habits. Twenty-five legions made the conquest of the known world, and retained that conquest for 500 years. The army of the Romans was one of the greatest armies that the world has ever seen. History, interesting facts and information on the army and the fleet and ships of the navy: Soldiers, Consuls, Centurion and Tribune, Ensigns, Flags, the Standard, Army Ranks Dictionary, Soldiers and the clothing, the Legion and Cohorts, army battle plans, strategy, army tactics and army formations. There are also facts and information about the 'Praetorian Guard' which originated from the 'Praetoria Cohors' who were the troops who guarded the Praetor and then the Consuls who served as commanders in a military capacity.</font><p align="justify"><b><font face="Arial" size="3" color="#363636">Roman Colosseum - Roman Clothing</font><font face="Arial" color="#363636"><br></font></b><font face="Arial" color="#363636">Interesting facts and information about the different types and colors of the clothing worn by the Romans who lived in Ancient Rome and visited places of spectacle and entertainment like the Colosseum. Clothing worn by the Emperors, Senators, Soldiers, Roman citizens, Slaves, the Women, the Vestal Virgins and of course the Gladiators. Interesting facts and information about the Roman Clothing worn by people who lived in Ancient Rome. </font><p align="justify"><font face="Arial" size="3" color="#363636"><b>Information and Facts about the </b></font><b><font face="Arial" size="3" color="#363636">Roman Colosseum</font><font face="Arial" color="#363636"><br></font></b><font face="Arial" color="#363636">Interesting facts and information on the Colosseum arena in Ancient Rome. Why was this arena in Ancient Rome called the Colosseum? The Colosseum was originally called the the Flavian Amphitheatre but was given the name Colosseum. The name Colosseum was taken from the Latin word 'colosseus' meaning colossal referring to a gigantic statue of the Emperor Nero, measuring 100 to 120 Roman feet (37m) high, which had once occupied the location of the Colosseum in Ancient Rome.</font><p align="center"><marquee style="color: #383838; font-family:Arial" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="100%" high="30" scrollamount="2" scrolldelay="10">Life in Ancient Rome in the Colosseum - Gladiators *** Weapons used by Soldiers and Gladiators in the Roman Colosseum *** Life in Ancient Rome and the people who visited the games Roman Colosseum *** Roman Emperors at the Colosseum - Life Biography and Timeline of the most famous Emperors *** Colosseum - Facts and Information about the Architecture of the Colosseum - design, building and construction *** Roman Clothing - the different types and colors of the clothing worn by the Romans at the Colosseum. *** Roman Gods - Facts and information about the religion, mythology, and the Gods and Goddesses of the Romans</marquee><h3 align="center"><font face="Arial" color="#363636">Roman Colosseum</font></h3></td></tr></table><table width="97%" height="10"><tr><td></td></tr></table><table width="98%" height="26"><tr><td><h3 align="center"><font face="Arial" size="5" color="#363636">Roman Empire & Colosseum</font></h3></td></tr></table><table width="97%" height="10"><tr><td></td></tr></table><div align="center"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="98%"><tr><td width="20%" align="center"><font color="#CEB980" face="Arial"><a href="tribunesandtriumphs-copyright.htm" style="text-decoration: none"><font color="#000000">© 2017 Siteseen</font></a></font></td><td width="20%" align="center"><font color="#FFCC00" face="Arial"><a href="cookies_policy.htm"style="text-decoration: none"><font color="#000000">Cookies Policy</font></a></font></td><td width="20%" align="center"><div align="center"><table id="table11" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 20px; height: 19px"><tr><td height="19"><!--BEGIN ADCHOICES HTML HERE--><a id="adChoicesLogo" href="/quantcast.com/adchoices-pub?pub=md78T2EwMgEVv8TEXxAzhg" style="display: block; width: 100px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background: transparent url(//aboutads.quantcast.com?icon=md78T2EwMgEVv8TEXxAzhg) no-repeat right 0; font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;" target="_blank"><font color="#000000">AdChoices</font></a> <!--END ADCHOICES HTML HERE--></td></tr></table></div></td><td width="20%" align="center"><font face="Arial"><a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/+LindaAlchin/about?rel=author"><span style="text-decoration: none"><font color="#000000">By Linda Alchin</font></span></a></font></td><td width="20%" align="center"><font color="#CEB980" face="Arial"><a href="tribunesandtriumphs-privacy-statement.htm"style="text-decoration: none"><font color="#000000">Privacy Statement</font></a></font></td></tr></table><table width="97%" height="14"><tr><td></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="97%" height="26"><tr><td><p align="center"><script language="JavaScript">
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</p></td></tr></table><table width="97%" height="10"><tr><td></td></tr></table><table width="97%" height="26"><tr><td><p align="center"><marquee style="color: #383838; font-family:Arial" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="100%" high="30" scrollamount="2" scrolldelay="10">The Romans - Roman Colosseum - Ancient Rome - Encyclopedia - Reference - Research - Coloseum - Collosseum - Colossuem - Colisseum - Coliseum - Coliseum - Colliseum - Coloseum Facts - History - Famous - Information - Design - Romans - Fights - Kids - Built - Gladiator - Gladiators - Emperors - Info - Why -Italy - What - Where - Fact - Italy - How - Entertainment - Building - Amphitheatre - Year - Educational References - Schools - Colleges - Homework - Roman Gladiator - Anceint - Construction - Coloseum - Collosseum - Colossuem - Colisseum - Coliseum - Coliseum - Colliseum - Coloseum - Ancient Rome - Encyclopedia - Reference - Research - Coloseum - Collosseum - Colossuem - Colisseum - Coliseum - Coliseum - Colliseum - Coloseum Facts - History - Roman Colosseum - Famous - Information - Design - Romans - Fights - Kids - Built - Gladiator - Gladiators - Emperors - Info - Why -Italy - What - Where - Fact - Italy - How - Roman Colosseum - Entertainment - Building - Amphitheatre - Year - Educational References - Schools - Colleges - Homework - Roman Gladiator - Roman Colosseum - Anceint - Construction - Coloseum - Collosseum - Colossuem - Colisseum - Coliseum - Coliseum - Colliseum - Coloseum - Roman Colosseum - Written By Linda Alchin</marquee> </p></td></tr></table><table width="97%" height="10"><tr><td></td></tr></table><table width="98%" height="26"><tr><td width="33%"><p align="center"><div align="center"><table border="0" width="120" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" height="20"><tr><td width="30"></td><td></td></tr></table></div></td><td width="34%"><h4 align="center"><font face="Arial" color="#363636">Roman Colosseum</font></h4></td><td width="33%"><p align="center"><div align="center"><table border="0" width="120" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" height="20"><tr><td width="20"></td><td></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr></table></div></body></html> | Roman Colosseum
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| | **Roman Colosseum**The content of this website provides comprehensive details of the Roman Colosseum including facts and information about the building and design of the famous arena, the history of the Colosseum, additional pictures of the Colosseum and the lives and the clothing of the Romans who visited the Colosseum - the Emperors, Senators, Soldiers, Citizens, Slaves, the Women, the Vestal Virgins and of course the Gladiators. Interesting facts and information about the Colosseum of Ancient Rome.
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**Roman Colosseum - Gladiators**Facts and information about the life, training and role of the Gladiator and their fights to the death at the Roman Colosseum. Fast, concise facts about the different types of gladiators including the Bestiarii gladiator (gladiators who specialised in beast fighters), the Retiarii gladiator ( gladiators who carried a trident, a dagger, and a net), the Dimachaeri gladiator ( gladiators who used two-swords, one in each hand) and their clothing. |
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| Roman ColosseumThere is also a section on Female Gladiators and [Famous Gladiators](gladiators/famous-gladiators.htm). How did a gladiator prepare for his fight at the Colosseum? What was the life of a gladiator in the Colosseum of Ancient Rome? What were the ceremonies in the arena of the Colosseum? Comprehensive facts and information about the life of the gladiator who fought in the Colosseum and Circus Maximus of Ancient Rome.
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**Roman Colosseum - Roman Emperors**The Roman Emperor Vespasian and his son Titus constructed the Roman Colosseum. Many Roman Emperors enjoyed the spectacles that the Colosseum had to offer and many of the games were financed by the emperors themselves. There was even an Emperor who took great delight in participating in the games held at the Colosseum - the Emperor Commodus - the Emperor featured in the [Russell Crowe Movie Gladiator](gladiators/gladiator-movie.htm). Much of the movie was fiction rather than fact - the real Commodus was much worse than the character depicted in the film! This section features the history, facts and information about the famous Emperors and their clothing together with biographies and timelines of the Roman Emperors and the part they played in the persecution of the Christians and the history of the Colosseum. Interesting facts and information about the emperors of Ancient Rome.**Roman Colosseum - Roman Empire**The history, facts and information about the Roman Empire are detailed in this section. The growth of Rome, its early history and kings and the Kingdom of Rome, its rise, decline and fall as the Roman Republic and the rise and the fall of the Roman Empire which was ruled by the all-powerful emperors. The period of time which is covered so information is divided into categories - the Kingdom of Rome, the Republic and the Empire with lists, dynasties and timelines of the Emperors. The History of Rome, Timelines, a brief History of Rome, the Rise, Decline and Fall of the Republic and the the Rise, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Definition of the Ancient Roman Empire. What was the Empire? Why was the Ancient Empire established? When was the Empire established? Who established the Empire? What events led to the Decline of the Empire? When did the Empire of Rome fall? [Reason why the Roman Empire fell](roman-empire/reason-why-the-roman-empire-fell.htm). The split of the Empire. **The Roman Colosseum - Architecture**This section of the website provides an overview of Roman Architecture, much of which is featured in the construction, design and building of the Roman Colosseum. Basilicas, Baths, Amphitheaters such as the Roman Colosseum, Triumphal arches, Villas, Temples, Roads, Forts and Stockades, Towns, Aqueducts and the [Roman Baths](roman-architecture/roman-baths.htm). Facts and Information about their discovery of concrete and their famous columns and arches. The Colosseum was situated in the centre of Rome, it was in fact a symbol of the might, the wealth and the power of the Roman Empire. The Colosseum took less than 10 years to build, a remarkable achievement for the excellent engineers and their famous engineering skills. The architecture of the Roman Colosseum illustrates their use of one of the Romans most famous inventions - concrete. The Roman arch was prominently featured in the design and building of the Colosseum as were the different styles of architecture reflected in the Roman columns. Look carefully at pictures of the Colosseum and you will see Tuscan columns at the bottom, then Ionic, with Corinthian columns in the third storey. Facts and information about the beautiful Roman mosaics and Roman Art are also included. Comprehensive facts about the art and architecture of Ancient Rome. Interesting facts about the Colosseum and architecture of Ancient Rome.
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**Roman Colosseum - History**This history of the Roman Colosseum started hundreds of years before it was actually built when the tastes of Roman citizens craved the excitement and blood lust of the gladiatorial games. Their taste for blood and this form of entertainment dates back to 264AD when the first recorded Roman gladiatorial combats took place in Rome. The Roman Colosseum was opened in 80AD and was originally the called the Flavian Amphitheatre. The idea of this great arena was that of the Roman Emperor Vespasian and the construction started in c70AD and was financed from the proceeds gained from the Roman sacking of Jerusalem. The history of the bloody arena continues through the reigns of various emperors, the emergence of the new Christian religion, the horror stories of the deaths of Christian martyrs in the Colosseum, the Gladiator fights and the killing of thousands of exotic animals in Ancient Rome. The madness of the mob and craving for this type of entertainment finally ended in the 6th century. Interesting facts about the Colosseum of Ancient Rome. **Roman Colosseum - Roman Life**Who were the people who could be found at the Roman Colosseum? The Roman Life section provides history, facts and information about the people of Ancient Rome. Facts and information about the clothing and lives and life of women, children, the family, marriage, education and food. The history facts and information about the Patricians and the Plebeians, the citizens of Rome, the slaves and the senators. There are several articles relating to Roman slaves including the [Slave Market](roman-life/slave-market.htm), [Slave Auction](roman-life/slave-auction.htm), [Slave Trade](roman-life/slave-trade.htm), [Slave Punishment](roman-life/slave-punishment.htm) and the [Day in the Life of a Slave](roman-life/day-in-the-life-of-a-slave.htm). This section also describes the history, information and facts about the activities and entertainments in Ancient Rome. Additional articles, facts and information about [Roman Numerals](roman-life/roman-numerals.htm) and the numbers 1 100 in Roman numerals, the names of the days of the week and the months, weights, measures and coins. Who was allowed to go to the games at the Colosseum? How much did it cost to go into the Colosseum? Who sat where in the Colosseum? How often did people go to the Colosseum? Comprehensive facts about life in Ancient Rome.**Roman Colosseum - Roman Gods and Goddesses - Gods - Religion and Mythology**This section contains facts and information about religion, mythology, and the Gods and Goddesses. The Roman's attitude towards religion and how other religions were assimilated into their culture and society. The role that religion took in state occasions, politics and the lives and future of the Romans. The names of the most important gods and goddesses are include together with descriptions of other terms closely related to [Roman mythology](roman-gods/roman-mythology.htm). A list, description and details of all the Gods and Goddesses including Jupiter the King of the Gods, Juno the Queen of the Gods, Neptune the God of the Sea, Pluto the God of Death, Apollo the God of the Sun, Diana the Goddess of the Moon, Mars the God of War, Venus the Goddess of Love, Cupid the God of Love, Mercury the Messenger of the Gods, Minerva the Goddess of Wisdom, Ceres the Earth Goddess, Proserpina the Goddess of the Underworld, Vulcan, Bacchus the God of Wine, Saturn the God of Time, Vesta the Goddess of the Home, Janus the God of Doors and Uranus the Father of Saturn. Information about the Underworld, the Fates and the Furies. The role and clothing of the Vestal Virgins, the Augurs and Auguries, Aruspices, Pontifices, Priests and Religious ceremonies and festivals. The role of religion and the Colosseum.
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**Roman Colosseum - Roman Weapons**The history, facts and information about roman weapons including those used by the gladiators in the Colosseum. The army, the legions, centurions and the soldiers. Their armor, helmets, shields, siege weapons including the catapult and ballista, the chariots and facts about the different types of weapons and clothing used by soldiers and gladiators. Facts and information about the Roman Siege Weapons including the Tormentum, Ballista, Testudo, Vinea (arbor-sheds), Helepolis, Turris, Battering Ram and the Wild Ass (Onager).**Roman Colosseum - Roman Army**The history, facts and interesting information about the Roman Army. The Romans were essentially military and antagonistic in all their tastes and habits. Twenty-five legions made the conquest of the known world, and retained that conquest for 500 years. The army of the Romans was one of the greatest armies that the world has ever seen. History, interesting facts and information on the army and the fleet and ships of the navy: Soldiers, Consuls, Centurion and Tribune, Ensigns, Flags, the Standard, Army Ranks Dictionary, Soldiers and the clothing, the Legion and Cohorts, army battle plans, strategy, army tactics and army formations. There are also facts and information about the 'Praetorian Guard' which originated from the 'Praetoria Cohors' who were the troops who guarded the Praetor and then the Consuls who served as commanders in a military capacity.**Roman Colosseum - Roman Clothing**Interesting facts and information about the different types and colors of the clothing worn by the Romans who lived in Ancient Rome and visited places of spectacle and entertainment like the Colosseum. Clothing worn by the Emperors, Senators, Soldiers, Roman citizens, Slaves, the Women, the Vestal Virgins and of course the Gladiators. Interesting facts and information about the Roman Clothing worn by people who lived in Ancient Rome. **Information and Facts about the** **Roman Colosseum**Interesting facts and information on the Colosseum arena in Ancient Rome. Why was this arena in Ancient Rome called the Colosseum? The Colosseum was originally called the the Flavian Amphitheatre but was given the name Colosseum. The name Colosseum was taken from the Latin word 'colosseus' meaning colossal referring to a gigantic statue of the Emperor Nero, measuring 100 to 120 Roman feet (37m) high, which had once occupied the location of the Colosseum in Ancient Rome.Life in Ancient Rome in the Colosseum - Gladiators \*\*\* Weapons used by Soldiers and Gladiators in the Roman Colosseum \*\*\* Life in Ancient Rome and the people who visited the games Roman Colosseum \*\*\* Roman Emperors at the Colosseum - Life Biography and Timeline of the most famous Emperors \*\*\* Colosseum - Facts and Information about the Architecture of the Colosseum - design, building and construction \*\*\* Roman Clothing - the different types and colors of the clothing worn by the Romans at the Colosseum. \*\*\* Roman Gods - Facts and information about the religion, mythology, and the Gods and Goddesses of the RomansRoman Colosseum |
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<H2><FONT COLOR="#DD0000">The Hobby of Beer Stein Collecting</FONT></H2>
<DL>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsb-1.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/bsb-1.htm" class="cataloglink">A Brief History of Beer Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsb-c.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/bsb-c.htm" class="cataloglink">Beer Stein Collector’s Glossary</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/collect.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/collect.htm" class="cataloglink">Collecting Antique Beer Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/aab11-5.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/aab11-5.htm" class="cataloglink">The Lure of the Beer Stein</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/alpha.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/alpha.htm" class="cataloglink">What Does This Blasted Thing Say?</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsb-b.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/bsb-b.htm" class="cataloglink">The Practical Side of Stein Collecting</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-4b.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/bsj-4b.htm" class="cataloglink">Detecting Stein Repairs</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsb-a.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/bsb-a.htm" class="cataloglink">Antique Beer Stein Prices: Adjustments for Condition</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/capmarks/capmrks.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/capmarks/capmrks.htm" class="cataloglink">Capacity Marks by Manufacturer</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/handles.asp" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/handles.asp" class="cataloglink"><B><I><font size="+1">Westerwald Beer Stein Handle Gallery</font></I></B></A></DT>
</DL>
<H2><FONT COLOR="#DD0000">Early Ceramic Steins (Pre-1850)</FONT></H2>
<DL>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-1c.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/bsj-1c.htm" class="cataloglink">17th and 18th Century Stoneware and Faience Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s7712.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/s7712.htm" class="cataloglink">Kreussen Stoneware</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s9203.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/s9203.htm" class="cataloglink">Historical Salt-Glazed Stoneware From Central Germany</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s9606b.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/s9606b.htm" class="cataloglink">Westerwald Steinzeug: 1600-1914</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/aab13-2.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/aab13-2.htm" class="cataloglink">Faience Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s9606a.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/s9606a.htm" class="cataloglink">A Very Concise History of Faience and a Listing of German Faience Factories</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalogs/vogt-fai/index.asp" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="/catalogs/vogt-fai/index.asp" class="cataloglink"><b><i><font size="+1">Early Faience Stein Catalog</font></i></b></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalogs/vogt-stn/index.asp" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="/catalogs/vogt-stn/index.asp" class="cataloglink"><b><i><font size="+1">Early Stoneware Stein Catalog</font></i></b></A></DT>
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<H2><FONT COLOR="#DD0000"><A NAME="char">Figural (Character) Steins</FONT></H2>
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<DT><A HREF="articles/char-stns.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/char-stns.htm" class="cataloglink">Why Character Steins?</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/ebs-intro.asp" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/ebs-intro.asp" class="cataloglink">The Steins of E. Bohne Söhne: An Introduction</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=2" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=2" class="cataloglink"><B><I><font size="+1">Ernst Bohne Söhne Stein Catalog</font></I></B></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=33" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=33" class="cataloglink"><B><I><font size="+1">Stahl-PKT Stein Catalog</font></I></B></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/schr-intro.asp" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/schr-intro.asp" class="cataloglink">Introduction to Schierholz Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=7" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=7" class="cataloglink"><B><I><font size="+1">Schierholz & Sohn Stein Catalog</font></I></B></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/mccs-intro.asp" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/mccs-intro.asp" class="cataloglink">Figural Munich Child Steins: History and Mysteries</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/skulls.asp" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/skulls.asp" class="cataloglink">Collector’s Guide to Antique Figural Skull Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/sd-intro.asp" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/sd-intro.asp" class="cataloglink">Schultz & Dooley, <I>et al.</I>: A Collector’s Guide</FONT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=23" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=23" class="cataloglink"><FONT size="+1"><B><I>Schultz & Dooley Character Stein Catalog</I></B></FONT></A></DT>
</DL>
<H2><FONT COLOR="#DD0000">Glass Steins</FONT></H2>
<DL>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsb-6.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="articles/bsb-6.htm" class="cataloglink">Introduction to Glass Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-1b.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="articles/bsj-1b.htm" class="cataloglink">Glass Glossary: Terminology for the Glass Collector</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-2a.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="articles/bsj-2a.htm" class="cataloglink">Glass Stein Manufacturing Techniques</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-3d.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="articles/bsj-3d.htm" class="cataloglink">Glass Coloring Techniques</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-4c.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="articles/bsj-4c.htm" class="cataloglink">Glass Decorating Techniques</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s9412b.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="articles/s9412b.htm" class="cataloglink">American Cut Glass</A></DT>
</DL>
<H2><FONT COLOR="#DD0000">Mettlach Steins</FONT></H2>
<DL>
<DT><A HREF="articles/mettlach.asp" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="articles/mettlach.asp" class="cataloglink">Mettlach Beer Steins: An Introduction</FONT></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=4" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=4" class="cataloglink"><FONT size="+1"><B><I>Mettlach Stein Catalog</I></B></FONT></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/vbm.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="articles/vbm.htm" class="cataloglink">Forward to <I>Mettlach Steinzeug 1885 – 1905</I></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s7706.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="articles/s7706.htm" class="cataloglink">The Mettlach Occupationals</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s9412a.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="articles/s9412a.htm" class="cataloglink">The Mettlach Book Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s9612.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="articles/s9612.htm" class="cataloglink">The Mettlach Tapestry Steins</A></DT>
<BR><FONT COLOR="#DD0000" size="+1"><b>Variations</b></FONT><BR>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-1a.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="articles/bsj-1a.htm" class="cataloglink">Mettlach City Scene Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-1d.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="articles/bsj-1d.htm" class="cataloglink">Mettlach Decorations: Not Always What They Seem to Be</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-2f.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="articles/bsj-2f.htm" class="cataloglink">Mettlach Brewery Stein Variations</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-3F.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="articles/bsj-3F.htm" class="cataloglink">Mettlach Decorations That Vary by Size</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-4a.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="articles/bsj-4a.htm" class="cataloglink">Mettlach Inlay Variations</A></DT>
<BR><FONT COLOR="#DD0000" size="+1"><b>Artists</b></FONT><BR>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s8106.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="articles/s8106.htm" class="cataloglink">Introducing Heinrich Schlitt</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s8512.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="articles/s8512.htm" class="cataloglink">Mettlach Artist Fritz Quidenus</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s8806.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="articles/s8806.htm" class="cataloglink">Beer Steins Designed by Franz Ringer</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s9409.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="articles/s9409.htm" class="cataloglink">The Artistic Contribution of Otto Hupp to the Manufacture of Stoneware in Mettlach</A></DT>
</DL>
<H2><FONT COLOR="#DD0000">Non-Mettlach Ceramic Steins</FONT>
<FONT COLOR="navy" SIZE="+1"><BR>See also “<A HREF="#char">Figural (Character) Steins</A>”</FONT></H2>
<DL>
<DT><A HREF="articles/dies-ID.asp" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/dies-ID.asp" class="cataloglink">Identifying and Dating Diesinger Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=1" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=1" class="cataloglink"><FONT size="+1"><B><I>Adolf Diesinger Stein Catalog</I></B></FONT></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/db-guide.asp" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/db-guide.asp" class="cataloglink">Collector’s Guide to Dümler & Breiden Beer Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=15" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=15" class="cataloglink"><font size="+1"><B><I>Dümler & Breiden Stein Catalog</I></B></font></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=32" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=32" class="cataloglink"><FONT size="+1"><B><I>S.P. Gerz Stein Catalog</I></B></FONT></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/girm-intro.asp" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/Girm-intro.asp" class="cataloglink">Introduction to Girmscheid Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=11" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=11" class="cataloglink"><FONT size="+1"><B><I>Matthias Girmscheid Stein Catalog</I></B></FONT></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=9" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=9" class="cataloglink"><FONT size="+1"><B><I>Reinhold Hanke Stein Catalog</I></B></FONT></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=3" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=3" class="cataloglink"><FONT size="+1"><B><I>Hauber & Reuther Stein Catalog</I></B></FONT></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/jlk-revealed.asp" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/jlk-revealed.asp" class="cataloglink">J.L. Knoedgen Revealed</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=35" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=35" class="cataloglink"><FONT size="+1"><B><I>J.L. Knoedgen Stein Catalog</I></B></FONT></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=13" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=13" class="cataloglink"><FONT size="+1"><B><I>Marzi & Remy Stein Catalog</I></B></FONT></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/merkelbach.asp" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/merkelbach.asp" class="cataloglink">The Steins of Reinhold Merkelbach</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=34" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=34" class="cataloglink"><FONT size="+1"><B><I>Reinhold Merkelbach Stein Catalog</I></B></FONT></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=26" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=26" class="cataloglink"><FONT size="+1"><B><I>Merkelbach & Wick Stein Catalog</I></B></FONT></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=29" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=29" class="cataloglink"><FONT size="+1"><B><I>J.W. Remy Stein Catalog</I></B></FONT></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=10" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=10" class="cataloglink"><FONT size="+1"><B><I>Rosskopf & Gerz Stein Catalog</I></B></FONT></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=36" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=36" class="cataloglink"><FONT size="+1"><b><i>J.P. Thewalt Stein Catalog</i></b></FONT></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=5" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=5" class="cataloglink"><FONT size="+1"><B><I>A.J. Thewalt Stein Catalog</I></B></FONT></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s7703.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/s7703.htm" class="cataloglink">Rare and Beautiful American Belleek Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/aab11-6.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/aab11-6.htm" class="cataloglink">Porcelain Beer Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/rookwood.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/rookwood.htm" class="cataloglink">Steins by Rookwood Pottery of Cincinnati, Ohio</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s9812.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/s9812.htm" class="cataloglink">The August Saeltzer Factory</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-5f.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/bsj-5f.htm" class="cataloglink">“Royal Vienna” Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-5d.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/bsj-5d.htm" class="cataloglink">Whites of Utica</A></DT>
<H2><FONT COLOR="#DD0000">Metal Steins and Fittings</FONT></H2>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsb-5.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/bsb-5.htm" class="cataloglink">Introduction to German Pewter Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-4e.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/bsj-4e.htm" class="cataloglink">Silver-Plated Steins: A Brief History</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-3g.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/bsj-3g.htm" class="cataloglink">Metal Arts Glossary</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s9309.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/s9309.htm" class="cataloglink">Pewter Fittings Through the Ages</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-2c.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/bsj-2c.htm" class="cataloglink">European Silver Quality Markings</A></DT>
<H2><FONT COLOR="#DD0000">Modern Steins (Post-WWII)</FONT>
<FONT COLOR="navy" SIZE="+1"><BR>See also “<A HREF="#char">Figural (Character) Steins</A>”</FONT></H2>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=24" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=24" class="cataloglink"><font size="+1"><I><B>SCI Convention Stein Catalog</B></I></font></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/gerz-ltd.asp" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></a> <A HREF="articles/gerz-ltd.asp" class="cataloglink"><B>Gerz <I>“Limität”</I> Steins (with Complete Catalog)</B></FONT></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=25" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=25" class="cataloglink"><B><I>Oktoberfest Jahreskrüge</I> Annual Stein Series Catalog</B></FONT></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s9706.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/s9706.htm" class="cataloglink">The Unheralded KING</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s9906.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/s9906.htm" class="cataloglink">Pewter-Banded Steins from Thewalt</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s9912.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/s9912.htm" class="cataloglink">What is it — German or Chinese?</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s0106.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/s0106.htm" class="cataloglink">The KING-Werk <i>“Limität”</i> Series</A></DT>
<BR><FONT COLOR="#DD0000" size="+1"><b>Anheuser-Busch</b></FONT><BR>
<DT><A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=8" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="/catalog.asp?id=8" class="cataloglink"><FONT size="+1"><B><I>Anheuser-Busch Stein Catalog</I></B></FONT></A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s9703.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/s9703.htm" class="cataloglink">“Reinventing” Brewery Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/a9511.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/a9511.htm" class="cataloglink">Which One Is It? CS-2, CS-28 or ?</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/a9601.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/a9601.htm" class="cataloglink">CS-1, CS-100, CS-213: Bud Man’s Many Variations</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/a9711.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/a9711.htm" class="cataloglink">Senior Grande Mug and Stein Variations</A></DT>
</DL>
<H2><FONT COLOR="#DD0000">Regimental/Military Steins</FONT></H2>
<DL>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s8109.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/s8109.htm" class="cataloglink">Regimental Steins: A Brief History</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-3c.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/bsj-3c.htm" class="cataloglink">Austrian Regimental Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-5c.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/bsj-5c.htm" class="cataloglink">Owner Designations on Regimental Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/s9709a.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/s9709a.htm" class="cataloglink">U.S. Military Steins</A></DT>
</DL>
<H2><FONT COLOR="#DD0000">Student Association Steins</FONT></H2>
<DL>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-3a.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/bsj-3a.htm" class="cataloglink">Introduction to Student Association Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-5b.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/bsj-5b.htm" class="cataloglink">Deciphering Student Association Symbols</A></DT>
</DL>
<H2><FONT COLOR="#DD0000">Themes on Steins</FONT></H2>
<DL>
<DT><A HREF="articles/aab13-4.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/aab13-4.htm" class="cataloglink">“Father Jahn” and Athletic Motifs</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/aab12-2.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/aab12-2.htm" class="cataloglink">The Munich Oktoberfest & Its Beer Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-2d.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/bsj-2d.htm" class="cataloglink">Munich Brewery Steins</A></DT>
<DT><A HREF="articles/bsj-3e.htm" class="cataloglink"><IMG SRC="images/blueball.gif" BORDER="0" width="14" height="14" /></A> <A HREF="articles/bsj-3e.htm" class="cataloglink">Occupational Steins</A></DT>
</DL>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
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| The Hobby of Beer Stein Collecting
[A Brief History of Beer Steins](articles/bsb-1.htm)
[Beer Stein Collector’s Glossary](articles/bsb-c.htm)
[Collecting Antique Beer Steins](articles/collect.htm)
[The Lure of the Beer Stein](articles/aab11-5.htm)
[What Does This Blasted Thing Say?](articles/alpha.htm)
[The Practical Side of Stein Collecting](articles/bsb-b.htm)
[Detecting Stein Repairs](articles/bsj-4b.htm)
[Antique Beer Stein Prices: Adjustments for Condition](articles/bsb-a.htm)
[Capacity Marks by Manufacturer](articles/capmarks/capmrks.htm)
[***Westerwald Beer Stein Handle Gallery***](articles/handles.asp)
Early Ceramic Steins (Pre-1850)
[17th and 18th Century Stoneware and Faience Steins](articles/bsj-1c.htm)
[Kreussen Stoneware](articles/s7712.htm)
[Historical Salt-Glazed Stoneware From Central Germany](articles/s9203.htm)
[Westerwald Steinzeug: 1600-1914](articles/s9606b.htm)
[Faience Steins](articles/aab13-2.htm)
[A Very Concise History of Faience and a Listing of German Faience Factories](articles/s9606a.htm)
[***Early Faience Stein Catalog***](/catalogs/vogt-fai/index.asp)
[***Early Stoneware Stein Catalog***](/catalogs/vogt-stn/index.asp)
Figural (Character) Steins
[Why Character Steins?](articles/char-stns.htm)
[The Steins of E. Bohne Söhne: An Introduction](articles/ebs-intro.asp)
[***Ernst Bohne Söhne Stein Catalog***](/catalog.asp?id=2)
[***Stahl-PKT Stein Catalog***](/catalog.asp?id=33)
[Introduction to Schierholz Steins](articles/schr-intro.asp)
[***Schierholz & Sohn Stein Catalog***](/catalog.asp?id=7)
[Figural Munich Child Steins: History and Mysteries](articles/mccs-intro.asp)
[Collector’s Guide to Antique Figural Skull Steins](articles/skulls.asp)
[Schultz & Dooley, *et al.*: A Collector’s Guide
[***Schultz & Dooley Character Stein Catalog***](/catalog.asp?id=23)](articles/sd-intro.asp)
Glass Steins
[Introduction to Glass Steins](articles/bsb-6.htm)
[Glass Glossary: Terminology for the Glass Collector](articles/bsj-1b.htm)
[Glass Stein Manufacturing Techniques](articles/bsj-2a.htm)
[Glass Coloring Techniques](articles/bsj-3d.htm)
[Glass Decorating Techniques](articles/bsj-4c.htm)
[American Cut Glass](articles/s9412b.htm)
Mettlach Steins
[Mettlach Beer Steins: An Introduction](articles/mettlach.asp)
[***Mettlach Stein Catalog***](/catalog.asp?id=4)
[Forward to *Mettlach Steinzeug 1885 – 1905*](articles/vbm.htm)
[The Mettlach Occupationals](articles/s7706.htm)
[The Mettlach Book Steins](articles/s9412a.htm)
[The Mettlach Tapestry Steins](articles/s9612.htm)
**Variations**
[Mettlach City Scene Steins](articles/bsj-1a.htm)
[Mettlach Decorations: Not Always What They Seem to Be](articles/bsj-1d.htm)
[Mettlach Brewery Stein Variations](articles/bsj-2f.htm)
[Mettlach Decorations That Vary by Size](articles/bsj-3F.htm)
[Mettlach Inlay Variations](articles/bsj-4a.htm)
**Artists**
[Introducing Heinrich Schlitt](articles/s8106.htm)
[Mettlach Artist Fritz Quidenus](articles/s8512.htm)
[Beer Steins Designed by Franz Ringer](articles/s8806.htm)
[The Artistic Contribution of Otto Hupp to the Manufacture of Stoneware in Mettlach](articles/s9409.htm)
Non-Mettlach Ceramic Steins
See also “[Figural (Character) Steins](#char)”
[Identifying and Dating Diesinger Steins](articles/dies-ID.asp)
[***Adolf Diesinger Stein Catalog***](/catalog.asp?id=1)
[Collector’s Guide to Dümler & Breiden Beer Steins](articles/db-guide.asp)
[***Dümler & Breiden Stein Catalog***](/catalog.asp?id=15)
[***S.P. Gerz Stein Catalog***](/catalog.asp?id=32)
[Introduction to Girmscheid Steins](articles/Girm-intro.asp)
[***Matthias Girmscheid Stein Catalog***](/catalog.asp?id=11)
[***Reinhold Hanke Stein Catalog***](/catalog.asp?id=9)
[***Hauber & Reuther Stein Catalog***](/catalog.asp?id=3)
[J.L. Knoedgen Revealed](articles/jlk-revealed.asp)
[***J.L. Knoedgen Stein Catalog***](/catalog.asp?id=35)
[***Marzi & Remy Stein Catalog***](/catalog.asp?id=13)
[The Steins of Reinhold Merkelbach](articles/merkelbach.asp)
[***Reinhold Merkelbach Stein Catalog***](/catalog.asp?id=34)
[***Merkelbach & Wick Stein Catalog***](/catalog.asp?id=26)
[***J.W. Remy Stein Catalog***](/catalog.asp?id=29)
[***Rosskopf & Gerz Stein Catalog***](/catalog.asp?id=10)
[***J.P. Thewalt Stein Catalog***](/catalog.asp?id=36)
[***A.J. Thewalt Stein Catalog***](/catalog.asp?id=5)
[Rare and Beautiful American Belleek Steins](articles/s7703.htm)
[Porcelain Beer Steins](articles/aab11-6.htm)
[Steins by Rookwood Pottery of Cincinnati, Ohio](articles/rookwood.htm)
[The August Saeltzer Factory](articles/s9812.htm)
[“Royal Vienna” Steins](articles/bsj-5f.htm)
[Whites of Utica](articles/bsj-5d.htm)
Metal Steins and Fittings
[Introduction to German Pewter Steins](articles/bsb-5.htm)
[Silver-Plated Steins: A Brief History](articles/bsj-4e.htm)
[Metal Arts Glossary](articles/bsj-3g.htm)
[Pewter Fittings Through the Ages](articles/s9309.htm)
[European Silver Quality Markings](articles/bsj-2c.htm)
Modern Steins (Post-WWII)
See also “[Figural (Character) Steins](#char)”
[***SCI Convention Stein Catalog***](/catalog.asp?id=24)
[**Gerz *“Limität”* Steins (with Complete Catalog)**](articles/gerz-ltd.asp)
[***Oktoberfest Jahreskrüge* Annual Stein Series Catalog**](/catalog.asp?id=25)
[The Unheralded KING](articles/s9706.htm)
[Pewter-Banded Steins from Thewalt](articles/s9906.htm)
[What is it — German or Chinese?](articles/s9912.htm)
[The KING-Werk *“Limität”* Series](articles/s0106.htm)
**Anheuser-Busch**
[***Anheuser-Busch Stein Catalog***](/catalog.asp?id=8)
[“Reinventing” Brewery Steins](articles/s9703.htm)
[Which One Is It? CS-2, CS-28 or ?](articles/a9511.htm)
[CS-1, CS-100, CS-213: Bud Man’s Many Variations](articles/a9601.htm)
[Senior Grande Mug and Stein Variations](articles/a9711.htm)
Regimental/Military Steins
[Regimental Steins: A Brief History](articles/s8109.htm)
[Austrian Regimental Steins](articles/bsj-3c.htm)
[Owner Designations on Regimental Steins](articles/bsj-5c.htm)
[U.S. Military Steins](articles/s9709a.htm)
Student Association Steins
[Introduction to Student Association Steins](articles/bsj-3a.htm)
[Deciphering Student Association Symbols](articles/bsj-5b.htm)
Themes on Steins
[“Father Jahn” and Athletic Motifs](articles/aab13-4.htm)
[The Munich Oktoberfest & Its Beer Steins](articles/aab12-2.htm)
[Munich Brewery Steins](articles/bsj-2d.htm)
[Occupational Steins](articles/bsj-3e.htm)
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<tr class='top'><td class='right'><a href='personnel-page.php?PersonID=1' class="OrangeLink">Kirk</a> : </td><td><div class='QuoteBlock'>"Any chance of teaching me that body throw?"</div></td></tr>
<tr class='top'><td class='right'><a href='personnel-page.php?PersonID=5' class="OrangeLink">Sulu</a> : </td><td><div class='QuoteBlock'>"I don't know. It isn't just physical you know; you have to be inscrutable."</div></td></tr>
<tr class='top'><td class='right'><a href='personnel-page.php?PersonID=1' class="OrangeLink">Kirk</a> : </td><td><div class='QuoteBlock'>"Inscrutable? You're the most scrutable man I know!"</div></td></tr>
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</div><a href="series-episodes.php?Series=TAS&Sort=Episode&Order=Asc" class='BlueLink'>TAS</a> : <a href="episode-page.php?Series=TAS&Episode=7" class='BlueLink'>The Infinite Vulcan</a> </div>
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<br><h2>27 Nov 2023</h2>
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<h2>24 Nov 2023</h2>
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<div class="WNUpdate">So the initial work has been done. The new server is configured and a test migration performed. I've set the DNS to update more frequently, in an attempt to shorten the time required for the rollout. <br><br>The plan is to freeze and start the process Monday morning UK time. I would do it tomorrow but I'm not in all day Sunday and don't want to take any chances.</div>
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<h2>23 Nov 2023</h2>
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<div class="WNUpdate">We're once again going to be performing a server move. This time it is pretty much the same hardware as last time but there's a Black Friday deal on, that should save me 20% over the next year or so. So if you haven't been through one of these moves before. It goes pretty much as follows:<br><ul>
<li>A new server is purchased and setup along side the old one.</li>
<li>All data is migrated from the old server to the new one.</li>
<li>I'll setup and configure the DNS to point to the new server.</li>
<li>Forum access is frozen at this point on the old server. No posting will be possible.</li>
<li>Access will be possible on the new server.</li>
</ul>
It can take a few hours to days for your DNS to update and point to the new server. I will do what I can to minimise that downtime. Once your local DNS is updated you will find the new server and be able to post again. I will provide warning as to when this is going to start.</div>
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# Daystrom Institute Technical Library
Visitor no :
37,781,387
Forum :
Posts :
[343,888](forum/)
Members :
[504](forum/memberlist.php)
Sudden death :
Last Week :
Levente with 35 points
All time :
Gurius III with 116 points
Did you know :
Our lists section describes all 79 [shuttle accidents](littlebangs-list.php)
Shops :
[UK / Europe](shops-uk-page.php)
[USA](shops-us-page.php)
Quote :
| | |
| --- | --- |
| [Kirk](personnel-page.php?PersonID=1) : | "Any chance of teaching me that body throw?" |
| [Sulu](personnel-page.php?PersonID=5) : | "I don't know. It isn't just physical you know; you have to be inscrutable." |
| [Kirk](personnel-page.php?PersonID=1) : | "Inscrutable? You're the most scrutable man I know!" |
[TAS](series-episodes.php?Series=TAS&Sort=Episode&Order=Asc) : [The Infinite Vulcan](episode-page.php?Series=TAS&Episode=7)
## 27 Nov 2023
Section
Update
Servers
Welcome to the new server.
## 24 Nov 2023
Section
Update
Move schedule
So the initial work has been done. The new server is configured and a test migration performed. I've set the DNS to update more frequently, in an attempt to shorten the time required for the rollout.
The plan is to freeze and start the process Monday morning UK time. I would do it tomorrow but I'm not in all day Sunday and don't want to take any chances.
## 23 Nov 2023
Section
Update
Server move
We're once again going to be performing a server move. This time it is pretty much the same hardware as last time but there's a Black Friday deal on, that should save me 20% over the next year or so. So if you haven't been through one of these moves before. It goes pretty much as follows:
* A new server is purchased and setup along side the old one.
* All data is migrated from the old server to the new one.
* I'll setup and configure the DNS to point to the new server.
* Forum access is frozen at this point on the old server. No posting will be possible.
* Access will be possible on the new server.
It can take a few hours to days for your DNS to update and point to the new server. I will do what I can to minimise that downtime. Once your local DNS is updated you will find the new server and be able to post again. I will provide warning as to when this is going to start.
---
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
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<td><p align="center"><strong>John Hutchison's life changed drastically in 1979 when, upon starting up an array of high-voltage equipment, he felt something hit his shoulder. He threw the piece of metal back to where it seemed to have originated, and it flew up and hit him again. This was how he originally discovered fundamental frequencies can shield gravity. </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>John Hutchison is one of the formost <a href="Tesla Main.php">Nikola Tesla</a> experts alive today. He has replicate many of Nikola Tesla's works over the years, including the Death Ray, and a smaller <a href="PE Main.php">Philadelphia Experiment</a>.</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>When John's Tesla coils, electrostatic generator, and other equipment created a complex electromagnetic field, heavy pieces of metal levitated and shot toward the ceiling, and some pieces shredded. Upon analysis and thorough investigation, the <a href="Department Of Defense.php">Canadian government</a> dubbed this phenomenon the <span class="style1"><span class="style5">Hutchison-Effect</span>. </span>What is the Hutchison effect? </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>As with much of the new-energy field, no one can say for sure. Some theorists think the effect is the result of opposing electromagnetic fields canceling each other out, creating a powerful flow of space energy. The Canadian government also reported invisible samples phasing in and out of existence. A Vancouver businessman, George Hathaway, heard about the Hutchison Effect in 1980, contacted Hutchison, and brought in a consulting engineer from Boeing Aerospace, and the Canadian government to form a company that would promote technology developed from the effect. They called this company<em> Pharos' Technology.</em></strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>Many different political factors ensured Hutchison would not be allowed to continue in his research unless he signed agreements with either the Canadian government or the U.S. military. John refused both offers. A little while after he returned from Los Alamos military base, during one of John's overseas trips to Germany to secure funding from a different government, the Canadian government seized the opportunity to acquire all of John's priceless <b>replications</b> of Nikola Tesla's equipment. They collaborated with his "partner" George Liscazis, who was paid upwards of 70 million dollars for information and samples of John's <a href="Crystal Battery.php">Field stress detector</a>. The government also created a false PCB scandal so they could use the local press to justify their actions and hide the true nature of what the government was actually removing from John's Lab located at 13th and Kingsway, Vancouver B.C. </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>After many more years of experiments, demonstrations and lectures in other countries such as U.S.A. Germany and Japan, Hutchison returned to Vancouver in 1991. Piece by piece, he built out of surplus Navy equipment what now had become a landmark in New Westminster, British Colombia. John has built himself an<a href="Ash St Laboratory.php"> apartment laboratory</a> second to none. It took several years before he could reestablish his collection, however despite many <b>obstacles</b> , most political, John, until recently had his apartment lab equipped to perform for all types of media <b>demonstrating</b> the Hutchison Effect. </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>The Mayor of New Westminster forced him to cease in 2006, then in 2010 John was forcibly removed by order of the Mayor directing the fire marshal to remove him from his famous apartment lab on 5th Ave. Under the <a href="Experiments Main.php" target="_self">Experiments</a> <a href="Experiments%20Main.php">Section</a>, you will find John and friends are still developing new ideas, and historically engineering suppressed and lost technologies for release and scrutiny by the general public. The <a href="Egyptian%20Technology.php">Egyptian Technology Section</a>, and the<a href="Atlantis.php"> Atlantean Technology Section</a> are favorite topics, of ours and the fans. </strong> </p>
<p align="center"><strong>In John's <a href="Newsletter Main.php">newsletter</a>, he has released never before seen, previously classified documentation from his own works as well as some of the Department of Defense documentation he has acquired over the years. from government sources, with or without official authorization. Please enjoy this independent scientist's website and all it has to offer. John has remained independent regardless of multi million dollar offers to conceal his findings from the general public. </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>NASA is among the agencies he has turned down, as well as both the North American superpowers offerings to privatize and or militarize his inventions. John believes in a world of free energy and the marvels of anti- gravity for the general public, not just those in positions of power. Now that the government has destroyed his third laboratory, and again taken his home from him, where did John end up with his tiny fixed income and boxes of his broken dreams? A German research team bought his entire New Westminster apartment laboratory after seeing demonstrations ofhis effect, and gave him enough seed money to take his whole show on the road with his new wife Nancy.</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> As John travels the U.S.A. in his newly converted S.W.A.T.T bus (mobile laboratory), he treats polluted waters of the gulf with the Hutchison Effect and researches different possible pollution solutions from his mobile command center. He also remains hopeful his inventions one day will ease the burden and suffering, and enrich all of mankind all around the world, rich or poor.</strong> <em>In the end, the government didn't crush his spirit and destroy his dreams. They set him loose. John roams the planet quite freely now with his wife and explores natures mysteries to this very day. We hope you enjoy the website, and if you feel a desire to participate in John's adventure, all you need to do is email him.</em></p>
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John Hutchison on the late Kevin Smith Show
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| **John Hutchison's life changed drastically in 1979 when, upon starting up an array of high-voltage equipment, he felt something hit his shoulder. He threw the piece of metal back to where it seemed to have originated, and it flew up and hit him again. This was how he originally discovered fundamental frequencies can shield gravity.**
**John Hutchison is one of the formost [Nikola Tesla](Tesla Main.php) experts alive today. He has replicate many of Nikola Tesla's works over the years, including the Death Ray, and a smaller [Philadelphia Experiment](PE Main.php).**
**When John's Tesla coils, electrostatic generator, and other equipment created a complex electromagnetic field, heavy pieces of metal levitated and shot toward the ceiling, and some pieces shredded. Upon analysis and thorough investigation, the [Canadian government](Department Of Defense.php) dubbed this phenomenon the Hutchison-Effect. What is the Hutchison effect?**
**As with much of the new-energy field, no one can say for sure. Some theorists think the effect is the result of opposing electromagnetic fields canceling each other out, creating a powerful flow of space energy. The Canadian government also reported invisible samples phasing in and out of existence. A Vancouver businessman, George Hathaway, heard about the Hutchison Effect in 1980, contacted Hutchison, and brought in a consulting engineer from Boeing Aerospace, and the Canadian government to form a company that would promote technology developed from the effect. They called this company *Pharos' Technology.***
**Many different political factors ensured Hutchison would not be allowed to continue in his research unless he signed agreements with either the Canadian government or the U.S. military. John refused both offers. A little while after he returned from Los Alamos military base, during one of John's overseas trips to Germany to secure funding from a different government, the Canadian government seized the opportunity to acquire all of John's priceless **replications** of Nikola Tesla's equipment. They collaborated with his "partner" George Liscazis, who was paid upwards of 70 million dollars for information and samples of John's [Field stress detector](Crystal Battery.php). The government also created a false PCB scandal so they could use the local press to justify their actions and hide the true nature of what the government was actually removing from John's Lab located at 13th and Kingsway, Vancouver B.C.**
**After many more years of experiments, demonstrations and lectures in other countries such as U.S.A. Germany and Japan, Hutchison returned to Vancouver in 1991. Piece by piece, he built out of surplus Navy equipment what now had become a landmark in New Westminster, British Colombia. John has built himself an [apartment laboratory](Ash St Laboratory.php) second to none. It took several years before he could reestablish his collection, however despite many **obstacles** , most political, John, until recently had his apartment lab equipped to perform for all types of media **demonstrating** the Hutchison Effect.**
**The Mayor of New Westminster forced him to cease in 2006, then in 2010 John was forcibly removed by order of the Mayor directing the fire marshal to remove him from his famous apartment lab on 5th Ave. Under the [Experiments](Experiments Main.php) [Section](Experiments%20Main.php), you will find John and friends are still developing new ideas, and historically engineering suppressed and lost technologies for release and scrutiny by the general public. The [Egyptian Technology Section](Egyptian%20Technology.php), and the [Atlantean Technology Section](Atlantis.php) are favorite topics, of ours and the fans.**
**In John's [newsletter](Newsletter Main.php), he has released never before seen, previously classified documentation from his own works as well as some of the Department of Defense documentation he has acquired over the years. from government sources, with or without official authorization. Please enjoy this independent scientist's website and all it has to offer. John has remained independent regardless of multi million dollar offers to conceal his findings from the general public.**
**NASA is among the agencies he has turned down, as well as both the North American superpowers offerings to privatize and or militarize his inventions. John believes in a world of free energy and the marvels of anti- gravity for the general public, not just those in positions of power. Now that the government has destroyed his third laboratory, and again taken his home from him, where did John end up with his tiny fixed income and boxes of his broken dreams? A German research team bought his entire New Westminster apartment laboratory after seeing demonstrations ofhis effect, and gave him enough seed money to take his whole show on the road with his new wife Nancy.**
**As John travels the U.S.A. in his newly converted S.W.A.T.T bus (mobile laboratory), he treats polluted waters of the gulf with the Hutchison Effect and researches different possible pollution solutions from his mobile command center. He also remains hopeful his inventions one day will ease the burden and suffering, and enrich all of mankind all around the world, rich or poor.** *In the end, the government didn't crush his spirit and destroy his dreams. They set him loose. John roams the planet quite freely now with his wife and explores natures mysteries to this very day. We hope you enjoy the website, and if you feel a desire to participate in John's adventure, all you need to do is email him.*
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<a class="button" href="?stardates/part1">Part I</a>
<br><a class="button" href="?stardates/part2">Part II</a>
<br><a class="button" href="?stardates/part3">Part III</a>
<br><a class="button" href="?stardates/part4">Part IV</a>
<br><a class="button" href="?stardates/part5">Part V</a>
<br><a class="button" href="?stardates/part6">Part VI</a>
<p>
<a href="ftp://ftp.cc.umanitoba.ca/startrek/stardates">plain-text version</a>
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<!-- BEGIN:CONTENT -->
<!--title--><h1 class="largept">STARDATES IN STAR TREK FAQ</h1>
<i>Last update: Feb 15 1997</i>
<b><i>
Version 1.6
<br> by Andrew Main
<<a href="mailto:zefram@fysh.org">zefram@fysh.org</a>>
<br> 1997-02-09, stardate [-31]8857.62
</i></b>
<hr>
<h2><center> PART I: PRELIMINARY MATTERS </center></h2>
<hr>
<h3>I.1. TABLE OF CONTENTS</h3>
<dl>
<dt><b>Part I: PRELIMINARY MATTERS</b>
<dl>
<dt>I.1. Table of contents
<dt><a href="?stardates/part1#2">I.2. Introduction to this FAQ</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part1#3">I.3. Abbreviations</a>
</dl></dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="?stardates/part2">Part II</a>: THEORIES OF STARDATES</b>
<dl>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part2#1">II.1. The official explanation</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part2#2">II.2. Subjective stardates</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part2#3">II.3. Mission-based stardates</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part2#4">II.4. Modified Julian dates</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part2#5">II.5. Hexadecimal stardates, ten year centuries and other rubbish</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part2#6">II.6 Recalibration of the warp factor scale
</dl></dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="?stardates/part3">Part III</a>: INVESTIGATION INTO STARDATES</b>
<dl>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part3#1">III.1. Time standards</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part3#2">III.2. Principles for the investigation</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part3#3">III.3. Reference points: the original series</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part3#4">III.4. First period of stardates: the original series</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part3#5">III.5. Reference points: the classic films</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part3#6">III.6. Third period of stardates: the classic films</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part3#7">III.7. Second period of stardates: intermediate, ST:TOS to TCFS</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part3#8">III.8. Reference points: the next generation</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part3#9">III.9. Fifth period of stardates: the next generation</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part3#10">III.10. Fourth period of stardates: intermediate, TCFS to ST:TNG</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part3#11">III.11. Zeroth period of stardates: before the original series</a>
</dl></dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="?stardates/part4">Part IV</a>: CONSEQUENCES OF THE THEORY</b>
<dl>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part4#1">IV.1. Conjectural history of stardates</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part4#2">IV.2. Date calculations</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part4#3">IV.3. Stardates in the twentieth century</a>
</dl></dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="?stardates/part5">Part V</a>: OBJECTIONS TO THE THEORY</b>
<dl>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part5#1">V.1. The Klingons wouldn't use a human-based system</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part5#2">V.2. There aren't really any stardates below 1000</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part5#3">V.3. The 4 at the beginning of TNG stardates means 24th century</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part5#4">V.4. It wasn't winter on stardate 44012.3</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part5#5">V.5. Riker's beard was four years old, but this system makes it five</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part5#6">V.6. This system gets Sarek's age wrong</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part5#7">V.7. Sisko said his wife died four years before stardate 47329.4</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part5#8">V.8. Stardate 49263.8 was an anniversary of the arrival of the Emissary</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part5#9">V.9. Stardates in the 30000s were 35 years before stardate 47254.1</a>
</dl></dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="?stardates/part6">Part VI</a>: POINTS OF ORDER</b>
<dl>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part6#1">VI.1. Obtaining the latest version of this FAQ</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part6#2">VI.2. Obtaining this FAQ in other formats</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part6#3">VI.3. Related material</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part6#4">VI.4. Contacting the author</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part6#5">VI.5. Acknowledgements</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part6#6">VI.6. History of the text</a>
<dt><a href="?stardates/part6#7">VI.7. Legal notice</a>
</dl></dl>
<p>
<h3><a name="2">I.2. INTRODUCTION TO THIS FAQ</a></h3>
<p>
There are a number of conflicting theories concerning the meaning of
stardates. This is primarily because no entirely perfect system is possible.
However stardates are defined, the definition must have changed more than once
during established Trek history.
<p>
This FAQ is an attempt to answer once and for all questions concerning the
nature of stardates. The system worked out is as satisfactory as is possible
in these conditions of confusing and conflicting data. Unlike most FAQs, the
sections do not cover completely separate questions; rather, the implied `big
question' has been divided into logical subtopics.
<p>
<a href="?stardates/part2">Part II</a> explains why stardates are so confusing, by describing some popular
theories (and why they don't work). <a href="?stardates/part3">Part III</a> follows its own narrative
structure, and presents an investigation into stardates. <a href="?stardates/part4">Part IV</a> describes
the major implications of the system derived in <a href="?stardates/part3">part III</a>. <a href="index.cgi?stardates/part5">Part V</a> presents a
number of possible objections to the system, and refutes them.
<p>
<b>IMPORTANT NOTE</b>: if this version of this text is more than a month old, it may
be out of date. See <a href="?stardates/part6">part VI</a> for information on getting the latest version.
You can contact the author by email at <zefram@fysh.org>.
<h3><a name="3">I.3. ABBREVIATIONS</a></h3>
<p>
Note the following abbreviations, which will be used without further
explanation:
<pre>
FTB Federation Timebase
SD stardate
ST:TOS "Star Trek" (the original TV series)
ST:TAS "Star Trek" (the animated TV series)
ST:TNG "Star Trek: The Next Generation" (TV series)
ST:DS9 "Star Trek: Deep Space Nine" (TV series)
ST:VOY "Star Trek: Voyager" (TV series)
TCFS the classic film series (ST:TMP to STVI:TUC)
ST:TMP "Star Trek: The Motion Picture" (feature film)
STII:TWOK "Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan" (feature film)
STIII:TSFS "Star Trek III: The Search for Spock" (feature film)
TVH:STIV "The Voyage Home: Star Trek IV" (feature film)
STV:TFF "Star Trek V: The Final Frontier" (feature film)
STVI:TUC "Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country" (feature film)
ST:G "Star Trek: Generations" (feature film)
ST:FC "Star Trek: First Contact" (feature film)
</pre>
</dl></dl>
<hr>
<p><center>[
Part I |
<a href="?stardates/part2">Part II</a> |
<a href="?stardates/part3">Part III</a> |
<a href="?stardates/part4">Part IV</a> |
<a href="?stardates/part5">Part V</a> |
<a href="?stardates/part6">Part VI</a>
]</center>
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STARDATES IN STAR TREK FAQ
*Last update: Feb 15 1997*
***Version 1.6
by Andrew Main
<[zefram@fysh.org](mailto:zefram@fysh.org)>
1997-02-09, stardate [-31]8857.62***
---
PART I: PRELIMINARY MATTERS
---
I.1. TABLE OF CONTENTS
**Part I: PRELIMINARY MATTERS**
I.1. Table of contents
[I.2. Introduction to this FAQ](?stardates/part1#2)
[I.3. Abbreviations](?stardates/part1#3)
**[Part II](?stardates/part2): THEORIES OF STARDATES**
[II.1. The official explanation](?stardates/part2#1)
[II.2. Subjective stardates](?stardates/part2#2)
[II.3. Mission-based stardates](?stardates/part2#3)
[II.4. Modified Julian dates](?stardates/part2#4)
[II.5. Hexadecimal stardates, ten year centuries and other rubbish](?stardates/part2#5)
[II.6 Recalibration of the warp factor scale](?stardates/part2#6)
**[Part III](?stardates/part3): INVESTIGATION INTO STARDATES**
[III.1. Time standards](?stardates/part3#1)
[III.2. Principles for the investigation](?stardates/part3#2)
[III.3. Reference points: the original series](?stardates/part3#3)
[III.4. First period of stardates: the original series](?stardates/part3#4)
[III.5. Reference points: the classic films](?stardates/part3#5)
[III.6. Third period of stardates: the classic films](?stardates/part3#6)
[III.7. Second period of stardates: intermediate, ST:TOS to TCFS](?stardates/part3#7)
[III.8. Reference points: the next generation](?stardates/part3#8)
[III.9. Fifth period of stardates: the next generation](?stardates/part3#9)
[III.10. Fourth period of stardates: intermediate, TCFS to ST:TNG](?stardates/part3#10)
[III.11. Zeroth period of stardates: before the original series](?stardates/part3#11)
**[Part IV](?stardates/part4): CONSEQUENCES OF THE THEORY**
[IV.1. Conjectural history of stardates](?stardates/part4#1)
[IV.2. Date calculations](?stardates/part4#2)
[IV.3. Stardates in the twentieth century](?stardates/part4#3)
**[Part V](?stardates/part5): OBJECTIONS TO THE THEORY**
[V.1. The Klingons wouldn't use a human-based system](?stardates/part5#1)
[V.2. There aren't really any stardates below 1000](?stardates/part5#2)
[V.3. The 4 at the beginning of TNG stardates means 24th century](?stardates/part5#3)
[V.4. It wasn't winter on stardate 44012.3](?stardates/part5#4)
[V.5. Riker's beard was four years old, but this system makes it five](?stardates/part5#5)
[V.6. This system gets Sarek's age wrong](?stardates/part5#6)
[V.7. Sisko said his wife died four years before stardate 47329.4](?stardates/part5#7)
[V.8. Stardate 49263.8 was an anniversary of the arrival of the Emissary](?stardates/part5#8)
[V.9. Stardates in the 30000s were 35 years before stardate 47254.1](?stardates/part5#9)
**[Part VI](?stardates/part6): POINTS OF ORDER**
[VI.1. Obtaining the latest version of this FAQ](?stardates/part6#1)
[VI.2. Obtaining this FAQ in other formats](?stardates/part6#2)
[VI.3. Related material](?stardates/part6#3)
[VI.4. Contacting the author](?stardates/part6#4)
[VI.5. Acknowledgements](?stardates/part6#5)
[VI.6. History of the text](?stardates/part6#6)
[VI.7. Legal notice](?stardates/part6#7)
I.2. INTRODUCTION TO THIS FAQ
There are a number of conflicting theories concerning the meaning of
stardates. This is primarily because no entirely perfect system is possible.
However stardates are defined, the definition must have changed more than once
during established Trek history.
This FAQ is an attempt to answer once and for all questions concerning the
nature of stardates. The system worked out is as satisfactory as is possible
in these conditions of confusing and conflicting data. Unlike most FAQs, the
sections do not cover completely separate questions; rather, the implied `big
question' has been divided into logical subtopics.
[Part II](?stardates/part2) explains why stardates are so confusing, by describing some popular
theories (and why they don't work). [Part III](?stardates/part3) follows its own narrative
structure, and presents an investigation into stardates. [Part IV](?stardates/part4) describes
the major implications of the system derived in [part III](?stardates/part3). [Part V](index.cgi?stardates/part5) presents a
number of possible objections to the system, and refutes them.
**IMPORTANT NOTE**: if this version of this text is more than a month old, it may
be out of date. See [part VI](?stardates/part6) for information on getting the latest version.
You can contact the author by email at <zefram@fysh.org>.
I.3. ABBREVIATIONS
Note the following abbreviations, which will be used without further
explanation:
```
FTB Federation Timebase
SD stardate
ST:TOS "Star Trek" (the original TV series)
ST:TAS "Star Trek" (the animated TV series)
ST:TNG "Star Trek: The Next Generation" (TV series)
ST:DS9 "Star Trek: Deep Space Nine" (TV series)
ST:VOY "Star Trek: Voyager" (TV series)
TCFS the classic film series (ST:TMP to STVI:TUC)
ST:TMP "Star Trek: The Motion Picture" (feature film)
STII:TWOK "Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan" (feature film)
STIII:TSFS "Star Trek III: The Search for Spock" (feature film)
TVH:STIV "The Voyage Home: Star Trek IV" (feature film)
STV:TFF "Star Trek V: The Final Frontier" (feature film)
STVI:TUC "Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country" (feature film)
ST:G "Star Trek: Generations" (feature film)
ST:FC "Star Trek: First Contact" (feature film)
```
---
[
Part I |
[Part II](?stardates/part2) |
[Part III](?stardates/part3) |
[Part IV](?stardates/part4) |
[Part V](?stardates/part5) |
[Part VI](?stardates/part6)
]
|
|
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| --- | --- | --- |
| | | |
| http://starchive.cs.umanitoba.ca/?stardates/ |
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Indian, Chinese, & Japanese Emperors</TITLE>
<script language="JavaScript"><!--
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</HEAD>
<BODY bgcolor="#ffffff" rgb="#000000" text="#000000" link="#ff0000" vlink="#0000ff">
<center><img src="images/key-c.gif"></center>
<H1 ALIGN="center">Emperors of the <I>Sangoku</I>,<br>
<img src="history/san.gif" align=middle><img src="history/koku.gif" align=middle>, the "Three Kingdoms,"<br>
of India, China, & Japan</H1>
<P><center><img src="images/key-c.gif"></center>
<P><img src="images/maps/sangoku.gif" align=right>India and China are the sources of the greatest <a href="upan.htm#civiliz">civilizations</a> in Eastern and Southern Asia. Their rulers saw themselves as universal monarchs, thereby matching the pretensions of the <a href="romania.htm">Roman Emperors</a> in the West.
<P>The only drawbacks to their historical priority were that India suffered a setback, when the Indus Valley Civilization collapsed (for disputed reasons), and China got started later than the Middle Eastern civilizations. By the time India recovered, it was a contemporary of <a href="greek.htm#why">Greece</a>, rather than <a href="notes/oldking.htm#sumer">Sumeria</a>, with many parallel cultural developments, like <a href="history.htm#east">philosophy</a>. And, curiously, China reached a philosophical stage of development in the same era, the "axial age," 800 to 400 BC.
<P>Later, when the West, India, and China all had contact with each other, it was at first India that had the most influence on China, through the introduction of <a href="buddhism.htm">Buddhism</a>. Indian influence on the West, though likely through the skepticism of <a href="hist-1.htm#hellen">Pyrrho</a>, and possibly evident in the halos of Christian saints (borrowed from Buddhist iconography), did not extend to anything more substantial -- unless the whole world-denying character of Christianity was due, as <a href="arthur.htm">Schopenhauer</a> might have thought, to Indian influence. While China then made Buddhism its own, India later endured the advent of <a href="islam.htm">Islām</a>, which introduced deep cultural and then violent political divisions into the Subcontinent, which persist until today. The only comparable development as disruptive in China was the application of <a href="marx.htm">Marxism</a> by the Communist government that came to power in 1949, whose violence has been largely inflicted on both ethnic minorities and the majority population of Han, <font size=+2>漢</font>, Chinese.
<P>While China instituted a liberal economic vision and has outgrown India, which was larger and more developed under the <a href="#britgov">British</a>, it retains the political dictatorship of Communism, which now is again eating into its economic successes. India, with a successful history as a democracy, found its growth hampered by socialist expectations and regulations (the stifling "Licence Raj"), with some, but not enough, economic liberalization in the 1990's.
<P>Recently, China has harmed itself with renewed state controls over the economy, a "one child" policy often involving forced abortions, which has led to a population shortfall, renewed police state measures which have discouraged and driven out foreign investment and foreign entrepreneurs, and, perhaps especially, political repression and terror tactics in <a href="#hongkong">Hong Kong</a>, which violate the 1997 treaty with Britain and alarm the whole international business community. Meanwhile, India is set to surpass China in population, which, even with imperfect economic governance, is given India a renewed advantage in growth.
<P>Since the 19th century, if not earlier, however, emigrants from China and India have distinguished themselves with their entrepreneurial spirit and economic success, sometimes dominating economies where they then have been resented, often with violence, by the local majority. This is a valuable lesson, rarely noticed, for those who think that economic power is a function of political power, or that minorities are necessarily poor because of their powerlessness. Successful Chinese or Indians may have been hated, or ignored, but never understood, in the blizzard of Leftist <a href="discrim.htm">ethnic ideology</a>. Yet this was all already obvious in the Russian Revolution, when Lenin realized that the "workers" did not know how to run factories. Management by <a href="bureau.htm">bureaucrats</a>, on the other hand, as a solution, never worked well. Instead, it was a formula for self-interest and stagnation, as was already understood by no less than Karl Marx and now developed as <a href="rent.htm">Public Choice</a> economics.
<P>Even in the United States, the success of "Asian" immigrants, from China, Korea, Vietnam, Japan, and especially from India has contradicted Leftist ideological claims that "racism" prevents economic and educational success. Immigrants from India are now, according to the U.S. Census, the most sucessful demographic group in the country. In revenge, "Asian" students, like Jewish students in the past, have been systematically discriminated against at elite colleges and universities, in violation of anti-discrimination laws -- practices ruled illegal by the Surpreme Court in <I>Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard</I> (2023).
<P>The response to <I>Fair Admissions</I> has often been open expressons of hatred against "Asians," who for some reason are expected to accept discrimination because they are <I>too</I> successful from "acting white," i.e. working and studying hard. At least there have been no race riots, as there were against Chinese people in the Philippines and Indonesia, although attacks on "Asian" persons, especially in New York City, have become frequent.
<P>The Left wishes to assign such attacks to white "racism," but the majority of them are by other, especially Black, minorities. The experience of Chinese immigrant Ying Ma, growing up in Oakland with Black racism, is recounted in her book <I>Chinese Girl in the Ghetto</I> [2011]. This expodes most of the anti-American ideology currently infecting the Leftist political elite of the American <a href="ruling.htm">Ruling Class</a>. Democrats vote for crime, corruption, poverty, and urban decay, and that is what we all get, at least in "Blue" States and cities, as a result.
<P>Nevertheless, Black voters mostly continue to support a party, the Democrats, fresh from a history of slavery and Segregation, who have betrayed them at very turn, especially in education. But now we get the idea that the ignorant and illiterate are simply <I>owed</I> advanced degrees, even as thieves and looters are thought to have a right to their stolen goods, while the targeted businesses disappear from cities. History attests to few examples of more irrational and self-destructive principles. It may be enough to persuade one of the reality of <a href="francia.htm#freud">Freud's</a> "Death Wish."
<P><center><img src="images/key-c.gif"></center>
<P>The <img src="history/sangoku.gif" align=left>idea that there are "Three Kingdoms," <a href="buddhism.htm#mappo"><I><B>Sangoku</B></I></a>, <font size=+2>三國</font>, is a Japanese conceit, placing those peripheral islands on equal standing with the great centers of civilization, India and China. Until the 20th century, there would not have been a shadow of justification for that, except perhaps in subjective judgments about the creativity or originality of Japanese culture, which I am sure would be disputed by Koreans and Vietnamese, especially when early Japan owed a lot to Korean influence.
<P>However, in terms of the history of Buddhism, Japan can make some claims. <B>Saichō</B> (767-822) first used the term in relation to the transmission of the T'ien T'ai School, whose doctrine he brought directly from China. At the same time, in <a href="perigoku.htm#korea">Korea</a> the monarchy became fiercely anti-Buddhist, even forbidding Buddhist institutions or monks in the capital, while in contemporary Japan we see a flourishing of original <a href="six.htm#japan">Buddhist sects</a>.
<P>Buddhism was only freed in Korea because of the Japanese occupation, which itself motivated many Koreans to convert in protest to Christianity. In <a href="perigoku.htm#viet">Vietnam</a>, the principal development in Buddhism that I am aware of may have been that the conquest of <a href="perigoku.htm#champa">Champa</a> by Đại Việt in 1471 snuffed out the <a href="buddhism.htm#hina">Theravāda</a> culture of the South, including that of the Mekong Delta, subsequently taken from Cambodia.
<P>Later, after a process of self-transformation sparked by American intervention, Japan leapt to the status of a <a href="kongo.htm#navy">Great Power</a> by defeating <a href="russia.htm#romanov">Russia</a> in 1905. This shocked and astounded the world, especially since the Russian fleet was not just defeated, but annihilated, leading to <a href="presiden.htm#26">Teddy Roosevelt</a> calling the Japanese the "Anglo-Saxons of the Orient." Many people in European colonies took heart from this, that European nations could be decisively defeated -- although the way the Koreans, Chinese, Filipinos, Burmese, and others were treated under Japanese occupation was quickly disillusioning.
<P>The Japanese Empire, <font size=+2>大日本帝國</font>, <I>Dai Nippon Teikoku</I>, then spent the next 40 years throwing its weight around, occupying Korea and invading China, ultimately taking on the United States in a disastrous bid for hegemony (1941-1945). Catastrophic defeat slowed Japan down a little, but by the 1980's, the country had vaulted to the highest per capita income in the world, with wealth and economic power that deeply frightened many, even in the United States. The ironic song, "Turning Japanese," by the Vapors [1980], began to seem prophetic.
<P>Japan became the first and, for a long time, the only Great Power, in economic terms (as the Japanese military establishment remains low profile), not directly derived from European civilization. Even after a decade of economic stagnation in the 1990's, Japan remained the second largest economy in the world (about 40% the size of the United States, more than 1.7 times the size of Germany, and finally reviving a bit in 2004), although in per capita terms declining from 3rd in the world in 2003 to 11th in 2007 [<I>The Economist Pocket World in Figures</I>, 2007 Edition].
<P>However, by 2010 the economy of China had surpassed Japan in absolute size, although, of course, far behind Japan in <I>per capita</I> terms. China is thus in the position that Russia was in 1914 -- underdeveloped in <I>per capita</I> comparisons but the fourth largest economy in the world (after the United States, Germany, and Britain) because of its relative development and absolute size.
<P>The level of success of Japan, despite its relative decline, might still be thought to justify the Japanese view of themselves as having a unique, or at least special, "national essence," <font size=+2>國体</font>, <I>Kokutai</I>, certainly of the first order of geopolitical importance, giving us some motivation for the inclusion of Japan in a "Sangoku" page. However, Japan has problems with an aging population and an economy that is still slowed by the drag of "zombie" companies, i.e. businesses that should have gone bankrupt but are unwisely protected. Japan has thus still not really shaken off the problems that developed in the 1990's.
<P>At the same time, China has been aggressive against its neighbors, creating militarized islands, against international law, in the South China Sea, and tresspassing in territorial waters claimed by Japan, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Indonesia. It regularly threatens Taiwan, despite the recognition of the "People's Republic" by the United States stipulating that the reunification of China only be done peacefully. This has motivated Japan to greatly increase its military budget. The obvious threat of China is alarming most of these countries in the area.
<P><a href="philhist.htm">Philosophy of History</a>
<P><a name="top"><center><img src="images/key-c.gif"></center>
<H2><I>Index</I></H2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#">Introduction</a>
<li><a href="#india">Emperors of India</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#nandas">The Nandas, c.450-c.321</a>
<li><a href="#mauryas">The Mauryas, c.322-184 BC</a>
<li><a href="buddhism.htm#ceylon">Ceylon, Kings of Lanka & Kandy</a>
<li><a href="hist-1.htm#text-10">The Macedonian Kings of Bactria, 256-c.55 BC</a>
<li><a href="#saka">The Sakas/Parthians, 97 BC-125 AD</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#india-era">The Saka Era, The Indian Historical Era, 79 AD</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="calendar.htm#india">The Calendar in India</a>
</ul>
</ul>
<li><a href="#kushan">The Kushans, c.20 BC-c.260 AD</a>
<li><a href="#guptas">The Guptas, c.320-550 AD</a>
<li><a href="#thanesar">Vardhanas of Thanesar, c.500-647 AD</a>
<li><a href="#maharashtra">The Deccan, Carnatic, & Maharashtra, 543-1317 AD</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#dress">Classical Indian Women's Dress</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#kashmir">Kārkoṭas of Kashmir, 711-810 AD</a>
<li><a href="#ujjain">Gurjara-Pratīhāras of Ujjain & Dantidurga, 725-1017 AD</a>
<li><a href="#chola">the Chola Kingdom, c.846-1279</a>
<li><a href="#ghazna">Maḥmūd of Ghazna, 998-1030</a>
<li><a href="#delhi">Sulṭāns of Delhi, 1206-1555</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#slaves">Mu'izzī or Shamsī Slave Kings, 1206-1290</a>
<li><a href="#khaljis">Khaljīs, 1290-1320</a>
<li><a href="#tughluqids">Tughluqids, 1320-1414</a>
<li><a href="#sayyids">Sayyids, 1414-1451</a>
<li><a href="#lodis">Lôdīs, 1451-1526</a>
<li><a href="#suris">Sūrīs, 1540-1555</a>
<li><a href="#mysore">Rājās and Sulṭāns of Mysore, 1100-1949</a>
<li><a href="#vijayanagar">Vijayanagar, 1336-c.1660</a>
<li><a href="#sikhs">Sikh Gurūs and the Khālsā, 1469-1849</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#punjab">The Punjab</a>
</ul>
</ul>
<li><a href="#moghuls">Moghul Emperors, 1526-1540, 1555-1858</a>
<ul><ul>
<li><a href="#note">Moghuls and Mughals: <I>South Asia in World History</I>, by Marc Gilbert</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#diacritics">Diacritics</a>
</ul>
</ul>
<li><a href="#maratha">Maratha (Mahratta) Confederacy/Empire, 1674-1848</a>
<li><a href="#dupleix">Nawwābs of the Carnatic, at Arcot</a>
<li><a href="#bengal">Nawwābs of Bengal, 1704-1765</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="JavaScript:popup('bengal.htm','bengal','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of titular Nawwabs of Bengal';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Titular Nawwābs of Bengal, to 1969</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#britgov">British Governors of Bengal and Governors-General of India, 1765-1858</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#oudh">Nawwābs of Oudh, 1722-1856</a>
<li><a href="#hyderabad">Niẓāms of Hyderabad, 1720-1948</a>
<li><a href="coins.htm#india">British Coinage of India, 1835-1947</a>
</ul>
</ul>
<li><a href="#british">British Emperors and Viceroys, 1876-1947 (1858-1950)</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="british.htm#prince">Index of Princely States & Protectorates of British India</a>
<li><a href="buddhism.htm#ceylon">Ceylon, British Governors</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#britgov">Burma, British Governors</a>
<li><a href="buddhism.htm#note"><I>Culmen Mundi</I></a>
<li><a href="buddhism.htm#realms">The Himalayan Realms, Nepal, Bhutan, & Sikkim</a>
<li><a href="british.htm#india">Prime Ministers of India</a>
<li><a href="british.htm#pakistan">Prime Ministers of Pakistan</a>
<li><a href="british.htm#ceylon">Prime Ministers of Ceylon/Sri Lanka</a>
</ul></ul><P>
<li><a href="#china">Emperors of China</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#china-era">The Chinese Historical Era, 2637 BC</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Chinese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Eras (<I>Nien-hao</I>) of Chinese History</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#shang">Shang Dynasty, 1523-1028</a>
<li><a href="#chou">Chou Dynasty, 1027-256</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="rank.htm#note-6">Monarchical Acclamations</a>
<li><a href="rank.htm#china">Chinese Feudal Hierarchy</a>
<li><a href="#sp&au">Spring and Autumn Period</a>
<li><a href="#warring">Warring States Period</a>
<li><a href="choustat.htm">States of the Eastern Chou</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#ch'in">Ch'in Dynasty, 255-207 BC</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#hero"><I>Hero</I>, <font size=+1>英雄</font>, <I>Yīngxióng</I>, 2002</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#nanyue">Nan Yüeh, 204-211 BC</a>
<li><a href="#han">Former Han Dynasty, 206 BC-25 AD</a>
<li><a href="#han-2">Later Han Dynasty, 25-220 AD</a>
<li><a href="#three">The Three Kingdoms, 220-265</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#redcliff"><I>Red Cliff</I>, 赤壁, 2008, <I>Red Cliff II</I>, 2009</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#north-south">Northern and Southern Empires, 266-589</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#north-south">The Six Southern Dynasties, 266-589</a>
<li><a href="#sixteen">The Sixteen Kingdoms of the Five Barbarians, 304-439</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#barbarians">The Barbarians</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#fivenorth">The Five Northern Dynasties, 386-581</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#faxian">The Pilgrim Fa-hsien</a>
</ul>
</ul>
<li><a href="#sui">Sui Dynasty, 590-618</a>
<li><a href="#t'ang">T'ang Dynasty, 618-906</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#xuanzang">The Pilgrim Hsüan-tsang</a>
<li><a href="#yijing">The Pilgrim I-ching</a>
<li><a href="ross/dee.htm">Judge Dee (630-700)</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#five">The Five Dynasties, 907-960</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#five">The Ten Kingdoms, 896-979</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#tartar">Tartar Dynasties</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#liao">Liao (Khitan) Dynasty, 907-1125</a>
<li><a href="#tangut">Hsi-Hsia (Tangut) State, 990-1227</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#sung">Sung Dynasty, 960-1126</a>
<li><a href="#tartar2">Tartar Dynasties</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#northliao">Northern Liao (Khitan) Dynasty, 1122-1123</a>
<li><a href="#westliao">Western Liao (Qara-Khitaï) Dynasty, 1125-1218</a>
<li><a href="#chin">Kin/Chin (Jurchen) Dynasty, 1115-1234</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#sung-s">Southern Sung Dynasty, 1127-1279</a>
<li><a href="#yuan">Yüan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1280-1368</a>
<li><a href="#ming">Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#admiralhe">The Voyages of Admiral He, 1405-1433</a>
<li><a href="#south">Southern Ming Dynasty, 1644-1662</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#ch'ing">Manchu Ch'ing Dynasty, 1644-1911</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#foreign">Foreign Encroachments</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#barbarian">The Barbarians</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="newspain.htm#macao">Macao</a>
<li><a href="#hongkong">Hong Kong</a>
<li><a href="francia.htm#kwangchouwan">Kwangchouwan</a>
<li><a href="#tibet">Tibet</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#republic">Republic of China, First Republic, 1912-1928</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#2ndrepublic">Second Republic, 1928-present</a>
<li><a href="sports.htm#prom">The Chinese Prom Dress</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#communist">Communist China, Third Republic, 1949-present</a>
<li><a href="ross/recipe.htm#chefho">Chef Ho and the Names of Chinese Restaurants</a>
<li><a href="yinyang.htm#characters">Categories of Chinese Characters</a>
<li><a href="yinyang.htm#dialects">The Dialects of Chinese</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="yinyang.htm#dialects2">Examples of Dialect Differences Between Peking, Shanghai and, Canton</a>
<li><a href="yinyang.htm#dialects3">Pronouncing Mandarin Initials</a>
<li><a href="yinyang.htm#dialects5">Mandarin Finals and Syllables</a>
<li><a href="yinyang.htm#dialects4">The Contrast between Classical and Modern Chinese</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="chinacal.htm">The Solar Terms and the Chinese Calendar</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="chinacal.htm#60">The Chinese 60 Year Calendar Cycle</a>
<li><a href="chinacal.htm#terms">The Occurrence of the Solar Terms</a>
<li><a href="grndhog.htm">Groundhog Day and Chinese Astronomy</a>
</ul></ul>
<p>
<li><a href="#japan">Emperors, Shoguns, & Regents of Japan</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#japan-era">The Japanese Historical Era, 660 BC</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="JavaScript:popup('erajpn.htm','erajapan','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Chinese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Eras (<I>Nengō</I>) of Japanese History</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#emperor">The Japanese "Emperor"</a>
<li><a href="rank.htm#note-6">Monarchical Acclamations</a>
<li><a href="#legend">The Legendary Period, 660 BC-539 AD</a>
<li><a href="#history">The Historical Period, 539-645</a>
<li><a href="#yamato">The Yamato Period, 645-711</a>
<li><a href="#nara">The Nara Period, 711-793</a>
<li><a href="#heian">The Heian Period, 793-1186</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="JavaScript:popup('jpnprime.htm','jpnprime','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=540,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Japanese Ministers';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Fujiwara Chancellors and Imperial Regents, 858-1868</a>
<li><a href="javascript:popup('history/fujiwara.gif','fujiwara','resizable,scrollbars,width=621,height=1799')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for popup genealogy of the Fujiwara';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Genealogy of the Fujiwara</a>
<li><a href="#dannoura">Dan-no-Ura</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#note-3">Shrines and Temples</a>
</ul></ul>
<li><a href="#kamakura">The Kamakura Period, 1186-1336</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#hojo">Hōjō Regents</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#nambokucho">The Nambokuchō Period, 1336-1392</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#ashikaga">Ashikaga Shōguns</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#muromachi">The Muromachi Period, 1392-1573</a>
<li><a href="#azuchi">The Azuchi-Momoyama Period, 1573-1603</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="javascript:popup('images/maps/himeji.gif','himeji','resizable,scrollbars,width=1034,height=748')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for popup image of Himeji Castle';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Himeji Castle</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#edo">The Edo Period, 1603-1868</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#adams">Tokugawa Shoguns, Will Adams</a>
<li><a href="javascript:popup('images/maps/tokyo.gif','tokyo','resizable,scrollbars,width=721,height=558')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for popup image of Edo Castle';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Edo Castle, Tōkyō Imperial Palace</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#modern">The Modern Period, 1868-present</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="JavaScript:popup('jpnprime.htm#ministers','jpnprime','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=540,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Japanese Prime Ministers';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Prime Ministers, 1868-present</a>
</ul></ul><p>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm">The Periphery of China -- Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Burma, Tibet, and Mongolia</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#korea">Kings of Korea</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#koguryo">Kings of Koguryo</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#paekche">Kings of Paekche</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#silla">Kings of Silla and Korea</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#viet">Kings and Emperors of Vietnam</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#champa">Kings of Champa</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#annam">Kings and Emperors of Annam and Vietnam</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#siam">Kings of Thailand</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#siam2">Kings of Sukhothai, c.1240-1438</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#siam3">Kings of Lan Na, 1259-1774</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#siam4">Chao of Chiang Mai, 1781-1939</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#siam5">Kings of Ayudhya, 1351-1767</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#siam6">King of Thonburi, 1767-1782</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#siam7">Kings of Bangkok, Chakri Dynasty, 1782-present</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#laos">Kings of Laos</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#vientiane">Kings of Vientiane, 1353-1778</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#luang">Kings of Luang Prabang, 1707-1975</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#cambodia">Kings of Cambodia, 6th century AD-present</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#burma">Kings of Burma</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#arakan">Kings of Arakan, 788-1784</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#pagan">Kings of Pagan, c.900-1325</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#pinya">Kings of Pinya, 1298-1364</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#ava">Kings of Ava, 1364-1555</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#shan">Kings of Shan, 1287-1757</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#taungu">Kings of Taungu, 1531-1751</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#konbaung">Kings of Konbaung/Burma, 1753-1885</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#britgov">British Governors, 1862-1948</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#burmpres">Heads of State of Burma, 1948-present</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#ww2">World War II in Burma</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#tibet">Kings of Tibet and the Dalai Lamas</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#tibet2">First Kingdom of Tibet</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#tibet3">Mongol Regents</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#tibet4">Second Kingdom of Tibet</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#tibet5">The Dalai Lamas</a>
<li><a href="perigoku.htm#panchen">The Panchen Lamas</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="buddhism.htm#realms">The Himalayan Realms, Nepal, Bhutan, & Sikkim</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="buddhism.htm#note"><I>Culmen Mundi</I></a>
</ul>
<li><a href="notes/india.htm#malaya">Straits Settlements</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="notes/india.htm#malaya">Governors of Singapore</a>
<li><a href="notes/india.htm#johor">Sulṭāns of Johor, 1528-present</a>
<li><a href="notes/india.htm#prime">Singapore, Prime Ministers</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="mongol.htm">The Mongol Khāns</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#top">Index</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#map-1">The Conquests of Chingiz Khān, 1227</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#great">The Great Khāns and the Yüan Dynasty of China</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#map-2">The Grandsons of Chingiz Khān, 1280</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#chaghaty">The Chaghatayid Khāns</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#golden">The Khāns of the Golden Horde</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#golden">The Khāns of the Blue Horde</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#white">The Khāns of the White Horde</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#gold">The Khāns of the Golden Horde</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#kazan">The Khāns of Kazan</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#astrakhan">The Khāns of Astrakhan</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#crimea">The Khāns of the Crimea</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#ilkhan">The Il Khāns</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#jalay">The Jalāyirids, 1340-1432</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#qaraqoy">The Qara Qoyunlu, 1351-1469</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#timurid">The Timurids, 1370-1501</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#aqqoy">The Aq Qoyunlu, 1396-1508</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#uzbek">Shibānid Özbegs, 1438-1599</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#kazakh">Kazakhs, 1394-1748</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#toqay">Toqay Temürids, 1599-1758</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#mangit">Mangıts of Bukhara, 1747-1920</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#uighurs">The East Turkestan Genocide</a>
</ul></ul></ul>
<P><a href="philhist.htm">Philosophy of History</a><p>
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<H5>Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2018, 2020, 2023 <a href="./ross/">Kelley L. Ross, Ph.D.</a> All <a href="./#ross">Rights</a> Reserved</H5>
<P><a name="india"><center><img src="images/key-8.gif"></center>
<H1 ALIGN="center">Emperors of India</H1>
<P><center><img src="images/key-8.gif"></center>
<P>India has had less of a <img src="images/maps/sangoku1.gif" align=right>tradition of political unity than China or Japan. Indeed, most of the names for India ("India," "Hind," "Hindustān") are not even Indian. As Yule & Burnell say in their classic <I>A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases</I> ["<I>Hobson-Jobson</I>," Curzon Press, 1886, 1985, p. 433]:
<P><blockquote>It is not easy, if it be possible, to find a truly native (i.e. Hindu) name for the whole country which we call India; but the <I>conception</I> certainly existed from an early date. <I>Bhāratavarsha</I> is used apparently in the Purānas with something like this conception.</blockquote>
<P><I>Bhāratavarṣa</I>, <img src="images/greek/sanskrt8.gif" align=middle>, meant the "division of the world" (<I>varṣa</I>) of the Bhāratas -- the heroes of the great <a href="gita.htm#bharat"><I>Mahābhārata</I></a> epic. An independent India in 1947 decided to officially become <I>Bhārat</I>, <img src="images/greek/bharat.gif" align=middle> (the short final "a" not being pronounced in Hindi), with the earlier word emerging as Hindi <I>Bhāratvarsh</I>. Probably India did not have a clear local name earlier because, like <a href="#china">China</a>, it seemed to be the principal portion of the entire world, and so simply the world itself.
<P>In 2023, it looks like the Indian government may be actively trying to replace international uses of "India" with "Bhārat." This follows a similar effort by <a href="turkia.htm#republic">Turkish</a> dictator Erdoğan to replace "Turkey" with the Turkish version of the name, i.e. "Türkiye." Such moves always reflect increasing nationalism, often in response to internal opposition or international criticism. As in <a href="perigoku.htm#burma">Burma</a>, the international press and diplomacy often uncritically go along with this. A milder version of it is opposition to the usage in English of an article with the name of <a href="russia.htm#the">the Ukraine</a>.
<P>As essentially constituting the world, there was another early name for India, <I>Jambudvīpa</I>, <img src="images/greek/jambudvi.gif" align=middle>, the "Island of the Jambu Tree." In Buddhist cosmology, this was the great Southern Continent in the sea around the cosmic Mt. Sumeru (or Meru), the only one inhabited with humans identical to us. Thus, despite the existence of the other continents, <I>Jambudvīpa</I> constituted our world for all practical purposes.
<P>The only question was how much of it was taken up by India. Since the name often seems to be used interchangeably with India, there was early on not much sense that much existed beyond what we still call the "Subcontinent"; and since <I>Jambudvīpa</I> was thought to be triangular in shape, this was consistent with the form of India, which is roughly triangular. Indeed, India <I>was</I> once an island in the Mesozoic Ocean, but it moved north and collided with Asia. The use of <I>Jambudvīpa</I> for India may have declined as the size of Asia became more apparent from the reports of traders, travelers, and conquerors. Eventually, Buddhist cosmology was that <I>Jambudvīpa</I> consisted of "sixteen major countries, five hundred middle-sized countries, and a hundred thousand minor countries, as well as countless island countries scattered in the sea like 'millet grains or dust motes'." Since these numbers are vastly larger than the membership of the United Nations today, <I>Jambudvīpa</I> was ultimately conceived as larger than what we now know of the whole of Planet Earth.
<P>In Chinese, we get various ways of referring to India. The modern form, <img src="images/hiero/india3.gif" align=middle>, renders the name phonetically with characters of no particular semantic significance ("print, stamp, or seal" and "a rule, law, measure, degree"). This rendering, of course, is based on a name from Greek, <font size=+1>Ἰνδία</font>, or Arabic, <img src="images/greek/alhind.gif" align=middle> (<I>ʾal-Hind</I>; <img src="images/greek/hindi-u.gif" align=middle>, <I>Hindī</I>, "Indian," <img src="images/greek/hindi.gif" align=middle> in Devanagari), that would have been unknown in China until modern times. The older practice, however, was dedicated characters that might have a larger meaning. Thus, we get <img src="images/hiero/india2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle> or <img src="images/hiero/heaven.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/india2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle>, in which <img src="images/hiero/india2.gif" align=middle> can be a kind of bamboo but otherwise is just used for India. Semantically stronger is <img src="images/hiero/india.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle>, where <img src="images/hiero/india.gif" align=middle> is primarily used for the Indian <a href="gods.htm">god</a> <B>Brahmā</B> (<img src="images/hiero/india.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/heaven.gif" align=middle><img src="images/king.gif" align=middle>) and then for compounds involving India or Buddhism. Thus we get expressions like <img src="images/hiero/india.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/speech.gif" align=middle>, "Sanskrit," <img src="images/hiero/india.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/writing3.gif" align=middle>, "Sanskrit writing," and <img src="images/hiero/india.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/charactr.gif" align=middle>, "Sanskrit characters." In Japan, India was sometimes called the <I>Yüehchih</I>, <img src="images/hiero/moon.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/zhi.gif" align=middle>, the "Moon Tribe." This appealed because of the contrast with Japan, the <img src="images/nippon-0.gif" align=middle>, "Sun Source." The Japanese knew from Chinese histories that the <I>Yüehchih</I> were in the West, and since they were a bit vague about what was in the West, but they knew that India was also, the connection got made. They might not have known that the <I>Yüehchih</I> actually did enter India as the <a href="#kushan">Kushans</a>
<P>When a unified state has occurred in Indian history, it has had varying religious, political, and even linguistic bases: e.g. Hindu, Buddhist, Islāmic, and foreign. The rule of the Sulṭāns of Delhi and the Moghul Emperors was at once Islāmic <I>and</I> foreign, since most of them were Turkish or Afghani, and the Moghul dynasty was founded directly by incursion from Afghanistan. The <I>supremely</I> foreign unification of India, of course, was from the British, under whom India achieved its greatest unity, although that was lost upon independence to the religious division between India and Pakistan. The Moghuls and British, of course, called India by its name in their own languages (i.e. "Hindustān," <img src="images/greek/hindustn.gif" align=middle>, <img src="images/greek/hindust3.gif" align=middle> [with "n" written as a nasalization], or <img src="images/greek/hindust2.gif" align=middle>, and "India").
<P><a name="cakra">With a unified state in India a rare phenomenon, often under foreign influence, and with only a derivative indigenous name for the modern country as a whole, one might wonder if the term "Emperor," with its implications of unique and universal monarchy, is aptly applied to Indian rulers. However, from an early date there was a notion of such monarchy, which depended only on a conception of the world, particularly as <I>Jambudvīpa</I>, <img src="images/greek/jambudvi.gif" align=middle>, whether India itself was clearly conceived or not, but with some actual examples, beginning with the <a href="#mauryas">Mauryas</a>. The universal monarch <img src="images/chakra.gif" align=left>was the <B>Cakravartin</B>, <img src="images/greek/cakravar.gif" align=middle>, "Who Turns the Wheel of Dominion." He could also be called the "One Umbrella Sovereign," after the parasol carried to mark the location of royalty. The <I>Cakravartin</I> rules, or at least has authority, over all of <I>Jambudvīpa</I>. In Chinese, <B>Cakravartin</B> could be rendered as <img src="images/hiero/wheel.gif" align=middle><img src="images/king.gif" align=middle>, "Wheel [i.e. <I>Cakra</I>] King," <img src="images/hiero/revolve.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/wheel.gif" align=middle><img src="images/king.gif" align=middle>, "Wheel Turning King," or <img src="images/hiero/revolve.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/wheel.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/sacred.gif" align=middle><img src="images/king.gif" align=middle>, "Wheel Turning Sacred King." The first Chinese Emperor who thought of his universal dominion in these Buddhist terms was Yang Chien, founder of the <a href="#sui">Sui Dynasty</a>.
<P>Thus, the prophecy was that Siddhartha Gautama might have become the <a href="buddhism.htm">Buddha</a> or a <I>Cakravartin</I>, a world ruler. The word was ambiguous, since the term can mean simply a sovereign, but its use is paralleled by the Latin word <I>Imperator</I>, which simply means "Commander" and grew, by usage, into a term for a unique and universal monarch. As it happened, many of the monarchs who began to claim ruler over all of India did usually use titles that were translations or importations of foreign words. Thus, the <a href="#kushan">Kushans</a> used titles like <I>Rājatirājā</I>, "King of Kings," and <I>Mahārājā</I>, "Great King," which appear to be translations from older Middle Eastern titles. While the original "Great King" long retained its uniqueness, thanks to the durability of the <a href="greek.htm#persia">Persian</a> monarchy, the title in India experienced a kind of grade inflation, so that eventually there were many, many <I>Mahārājās</I>. With Islām came a whole raft of new titles. One was <I>Sulṭān</I>, which originally was an Arabic title of <a href="islam.htm#manz">universal</a> rule itself but had already experienced its own grade inflation. Persian titles, like <I>Pādeshāh</I>, centuries after the Achaemenids, were now borrowed rather than translated. With the <a href="#moghuls">Moghuls</a>, however, the names of the Emperors, more than their titles, reflected their pretensions: like Persian <B>Jahāngir</B>, "Seize (<I>gir</I>) the world (<I>jahān</I>)." The most remarkable title borrowed from the West is probably <I>Kaisar</I>, but the Latin title itself arrived with Queen <a href="#british">Victoria</a>, <font size=-1><B>IND IMP</B></font>, <I>Indiae Imperatrix</I>, in 1876. The last <I>Indiae Imperator</I> was King George VI, until 1947.
<P>In addition to these complications, Indian history is also less well known and dated than that of China or Japan. Classical Indian literature displays little interest in history proper, which must be reconstructed from coins, monumental inscriptions, and foreign references. As Jan Nattier has said recently [<I>A Few Good Men, The Bodhisattva Path According to the Inquiry of Ugra (Ugraparipṛcchā)</I>, University of Hawai'i Press, 2003]:
<P><blockquote>...the writing of history in the strict sense does not begin in India until the 12th century, with the composition of Kalhaṇa's <I>Rājataraṅgiṇī</I>. [p.68]</blockquote>
<P>Because of this, even the dating of the Mauryas and the Guptas, the best known pre-Islāmic periods, displays small uncertainties. The rulers and dates for them here are from Stanley Wolpert's <I>A New History of India</I> [Oxford University Press, 1989], the <I>Oxford Dynasties of the World</I> by John E. Morby [Oxford University Press, 1989, 2002], and Bruce R. Gordon's Regnal Chronologies. Gordon had the only full lists I'd ever seen for the Mauryas, Kushans, and Guptas until I found the <I>Oxford Dynasties</I>, which has the Mauryas and Guptas but nothing else until the Sulṭanate of <a href="#delhi">Delhi</a>. Besides Wolpert, another concise recent history of India is <I>A History of India</I> by Peter Robb [Palgrave, 2002]. It is becoming annoying to me that scholarly histories like these are almost always but poorly supplemented with maps and lists of rulers, let alone genealogies (where these are known). Both Wolpert and Robb devote much more space to modern India than to the ancient or mediaeval country, and this preference seems to go beyond the paucity of sources for the earlier periods.
<P>More satisfying than Wolpert and Robb is another recent history, <I>A History of India</I> by John Keay [Harper Perennial, 2000, 2004]. Keay has an apt comment for the phenomenon just noted in the other histories:
<P><blockquote>In contriving maximum resolution for the present, there is also a danger of losing focus on the past. A history which reserves half its narrative for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries may seem more relevant, but it can scarcely do justice to India's extraordinary antiquity. [p.xxi]</blockquote>
<P>Keay thus does a better job of dealing with the eras (and their obscure events) that fall between the Mauryas, Guptas, and the Islamic states with their new, foreign traditions of historiography. One drawback of Keay's book is its total innocence of diacritics. Indeed, it is even innocent of any acknowledgement of this, which would leave the reader wondering why a word is given as "Vidisha" in one citation and "Vidisa" in another [cf. p.90]. Keay also exhibits the occasional ignorance of Indianists for the Persian and Arabic backgrounds of some words, where here I explain the difference between <a href="#ghazna">Ghazna and Ghaznī</a> and between <a href="#moghuls">Moghul and Mughal</a>. We also find Keay carelessly referring to the capital of the Caliph <a href="islam.htm#siege-1">al-Walīd</a> as Baghdad, a city that was not yet founded [p.185].
<P>The "Saka Era," <img src="images/greek/shaka.gif" align=middle><img src="images/greek/kala.gif" align=middle>, as the Indian historical era, significantly starts rather late (79 AD) in relation to the antiquity of Indian civilization. Indeed, like Greece (c.1200-800 BC) and Britain (c.400-800 AD), India experienced a "Dark Ages" period, c.1500-800 BC, in which literacy was lost and the civilization vanished from history altogether. Such twilight periods may enhance the vividness of quasi-historical mythology like the <I>Iliad</I>, the Arthurian legends, and the <a href="gita.htm#bharat"><I>Mahābhārata</I></a>. The earliest history of India is covered separately at "<a href="upan.htm#civiliz">The Earliest Civilizations</a>" and "<a href="upan.htm#steppe">The Spread of Indo-European and Turkish Peoples off the Steppe</a>." The affinities of Indian languages are also covered at "<a href="cognates.htm#sanskrit">Greek, Sanskrit, and Closely Related Languages</a>."
Readers should treat with caution some scholarship and a great deal of the material on the internet about the Indus Valley Civilization and its relationship to Classical Indian civilization, or all of civilization. The claims have progressed to the point now where not only are all of Indian civilization and all of its languages regarded as autochthonous (with <a href="cognates.htm">Indo-European</a> languages said to originate in India, and derived from Dravidian languages, rather than arriving from elsewhere and unrelated to Dravidian), but the civilization itself is said to extend back to the Pleistocene Epoch (before 10,000 BC), with any ruins or artifacts conveniently covered by rising sea levels. The urge towards inflated nationalistic claims is familiar. Particular claims about India are treated here in several places but especially in "<a href="notes/note-n.htm#note-20">Strange Claims about the Greeks, and about India</a>."
<P><a name="nandas"><table border cellpadding=5 align=right bgcolor="#88ff88" width=250>
<tr><th colspan=2>THE NANDAS, c.450?-c.321</th></tr>
<tr><td>Mahapadma Nanda</td><td>c.450?-c.362?</td></tr>
<tr><td>Pandhuka</td><td>c.362-?</td></tr>
<tr><td>Panghupati</td><td rowspan=6> </td></tr>
<tr><td>Bhutapala</td></tr>
<tr><td>Rashtrapala</td></tr>
<tr><td>Govishanaka</td></tr>
<tr><td>Dashasidkhaka</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kaivarta</td></tr>
<tr><td>Dhana Nanda<br>(Argames)</td><td>?c.321 BC</td></tr>
</table>
Mahapadma Nanda became King of Magadha and created what looks like the first "Empire" in Northern India. While Indian history begins with some confidence with the Mauyras, the Nandas are now emerging into the light of history with a little more distinctness. Of special importance is the circumstance that Magadha was the venue for the life of the Buddha. The previously favored chronology for the life of the <a href="buddhism.htm">Buddha</a>, which had him dying around 483 BC (and so a contemporary of <a href="confuci.htm">Confucius</a>) now looks to be wrong, and a much later date, around 386 BC, looks much more reasonable (making him a contemporary of <a href="apology.htm">Socrates</a>). This would put the Buddha possibly within the lifetime of Mahapadma, or certainly during the tenure of one of the Nanda Kings.
<P>The <a href="buddhism.htm#stages">First Buddhist Council</a>, soon after the death of the Buddha, was held at the Magadha capital, Rajagriha, and so would have been under the patronage of a Nanda King. However, traditionally it was King Bimbisara of Magadha (of the Hariyanka Dynasty) who was supposed to have sponsored the Buddha, and Bimbisara's patricide son and successor, Ajatashatru, who sponsored the First Council. The reckoning of their dates goes with the earlier traditional dating, with Bimbisara ruling c.545-493 BC. Since the reconstruction of the early Kings of Magadha is based on legendary material in the much later <I>Puraṇas</I>, it is difficult to have much confidence in them as history. And the whole structure of the dates hangs on how long before Aśoka the Buddha lived. If a short chronology is preferable, some serious rethinking will be necessary about the relationlship of Bimbisara to the Nandas, whose own chronology of course, such as it is, is speculative.
<P><a name="mauryas"><table border cellpadding=5 align=left bgcolor="#ff8888" width=230>
<tr><th colspan=2>THE MAURYAS, <img src="images/greek/maurya.gif" align=middle>,<br>c.322-184 BC</th></tr>
<tr><td><img src="images/greek/chandras.gif" align=middle><br><B>Chandragupta</B>;<br>Greek, <I>Sandrákottos</I>,<br><img src="images/greek/chandrag.gif" align=middle></td><td>c.322-301</td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="images/greek/bindusar.gif" align=middle><br>Bindusāra</td><td>301-269</td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="images/greek/ashoka.gif" align=middle><br><B>Aśoka, Asoka</B></td><td>269-232</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kunala ?</td><td>232-225</td></tr>
<tr><td>Dasharatha</td><td>232-225</td></tr>
<tr><td>Samprati</td><td>225-215</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shālishuka</td><td>215-202</td></tr>
<tr><td>Devadharma/<br>Devavarman</td><td>202-195</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shatamdhanu/<br>Shatadhanvan</td><td>195-187</td></tr>
<tr><td>Br.hadratha</td><td>187-185</td></tr>
</table>
The Mauryas are the true beginning of historical India. This inception is particularly dramatic when we realize that Chandragupta seems to have actually met <a href="hist-1.htm#great">Alexander the Great</a> in person. Perhaps realizing that there were no historians writing down his deeds, the greatest king of the Dynasty, <B>Aśoka</B> (<I>Ashoka</I>; <I>Asoka</I> in <a href="cognates.htm#sanskrit">Pāli</a>), commemorated himself with monumental rock cut inscriptions, and especially on a series of pillars, erected around India. The most famous of the pillars is at <a href="buddhism.htm#note-2">Sārnāth</a>, <img src="images/greek/sarnath.gif" align=middle>, where the Buddha began preaching. <img src="images/chakra.gif" align=right>The lion capital of the pillar at Sārnāth is now used as the official crest of the modern <a href="british.htm#india">Republic of India</a>, with the Wheel of the Law (<I>Dharmachakra</I>, <img src="images/greek/dharmcak.gif" align=middle>) on it (as at right) featured the flag of India. Indeed, Aśoka is the most famous for converting to <a href="buddhism.htm">Buddhism</a> (or something, his references are to the <I>dharma</I> but are otherwise vague) and sending missionaries abroad. But his name, <img src="images/greek/ashoka.gif" align=middle>, "Without Sorrow," is a good Buddhist name. It was also easily translated into Chinese, as Wu-yu, <img src="images/no-2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/sorrow.gif" align=middle>. We also get the ideology of the <B>Cakravartin</B>, <img src="images/greek/cakravar.gif" align=middle>, the "Wheel Turning" <a href="#cakra">universal monarch</a>, i.e. the legitimate sovereign over all of <I>Jambudvīpa</I>, <img src="images/greek/jambudvi.gif" align=middle>. But Aśoka was not the first Maurya to get religion late in life. Chadragupta himself is supposed to have renounced the throne, become a <a href="karma.htm">Jain</a> monk, and eventually starved himself to death, in Jain fashion, in Bhadrabahu Cave in <a href="#maharashtra">Karnataka</a>.
<P>Below we have a sculpted image of Aśoka from the extraordinarily well preserved Buddhist Stupa complex he built at Sanchi. He is surrounded by court women, whom we clearly see are lacking underwear, with the pudendal cleft (<I>rima pudendi</I>) not only shown, but conspicuous in a way that is contrary to human anatomy. This is a vivid example of how the Indian tradition of <a href="#dress">dress</a> (and art) initially had no problem displaying female genitals. I know of no other example of this in world history. The Egyptians and the Greeks, for all their comfort with various kinds of undress and nudity, nevertheless drew the line at female genitals. Greek and Rome sculpture typically doesn't even allow space between the legs for female genitals. Otherwise, the hips and breasts of the female figures here are familiar from all later Indian art. There is also the curious feature of this image that Aśoka seems to have an oversized head, and he also seems to be positively <I>supported</I> by two of the women, as though he is weak or stumbling. Is this some evidence of illness or deformity? We have no other information or indication of such things, so it will likely remain mysterious. The sensuality of a court with only all-but-naked female attendants in evidence may not be surprising in the nation of the <I>Kama Sutra</I>, but it may now seem a little incongruous at a sacred Buddhist site.
<P><center><img src="images/ashoka.jpg" width=620></center>
<P>Aśoka can be rather well dated because he sent missionaries or letters to the contemporary <a href="hist-1.htm#note-3">Hellenistic</a> monarchs, Antiochus II Theos (<I>Antiyoka</I>) of the <a href="hist-1.htm#text-8">Seleucid</a> Kingdom, Ptolemy II Philadelphus (<I>Turamaya</I>) of <a href="hist-1.htm#text-9">Egypt</a>, Antigonus II Gonatas (<I>Antikini</I>) of <a href="hist-1.htm#macedon">Macedonia </a>, Magas (<I>Maga</I>) of Cyrene, and Alexander II (<I>Alikasudara</I>) of <a href="hist-1.htm#epirus">Eprius</a>, urging them to convert to Buddhism themselves and apparently receiving the impession, one way or another, that they had. Greek history contains no record of these efforts. There is also an attested eclipse in 249 dated with a regal year date. Aśoka's reign is used to date the life of the <a href="buddhism.htm">Buddha</a>, since tradition in Sri Lanka (<a href="buddhism.htm#ceylon">Ceylon</a>) is that the Buddha died 218 years before Aśoka came to the throne. That would put his death in 487 BC, which is close to the generally used date. The Ceylonese chronology is now often questioned, with alternative reckonings placing the Buddha's death about a century later. John Keay's history inclines in this direction [cf. <I>op. cit.</I> p.62].<br clear=left>
<P><a name="relics"><img src="images/maps/india-1.gif" align=left>
Among Aśoka's many works for Buddhism, one has come in for recent prominence. In 1898, an amateur archaeologist, William Claxton Peppe, excavated a stupa at Piprahwa on his land near Birdpore -- itself near one of Aśoka's pillars. This was in Uttar Pradesh, in the ancient lands of the Śākya Clan of the Gautama Buddha. Relics, identified as those of the Buddha on one reliquary, were recovered by Peppe.
<P>In 1971 K.M. Srivastava excavated further at the site and discovered more relics, at a deeper layer, which findings were not formally published until 1991. The actual bones and ashes of the Peppe discovery had been donated by the British Government of India to the Buddhist King of <a href="perigoku.htm#siam7">Siam</a>; but the inclusions of hundreds of small jewels, including gold leaf flowers and other treasures, had been divided between the Peppe family and the Government, with the family only keeping things that were duplicates.
<P>It is worth recalling the Buddhist belief that cremation itself produces jewels as part of the ashes of saints, including the Buddha himself. The speculation now is that the Piprahwa relics consisted of the original 1/8th share of the Buddha's relics that had been given to the Śākyas, and that Piprahwa can be identified with the site of <I>Kapilavastu</I> that had been recorded as where the Śakyas kept the relics. The lower layer of excavation was from the original burial, while the stupa excavated by William Peppe was a later work, with reburial, of Aśoka himself.
<P><a href="buddhism.htm#realms">Nepal</a> believes that Kapilavastu is a site in that country, but nothing like the Piprahwa relics has ever been discovered anywhere else. That the stupa itself was built by Aśoka is a determination that relies on its date, since there are no inscriptions on site, except for the short text on the reliquary -- which itself is of the language and alphabet (the Brahmi) of Aśoka's age.
<P><a href="perigoku.htm#relics">Relics in Buddhism</a>
<P>While the Mauryas are the beginning of historical India, a great deal had already been going on (like the life of the Buddha) that in a Greek or Chinese context we would expect to be within historical time. In traditional Indian terms, such events were already covered by the "Fifth Veda," the historical Epics of the <a href="gita.htm#bharat"><I>Mahābhārata</I></a> and the <I>Rāmāyaṇa</I>. One reason for the lack of interest in history in Indian secular literature may have been the feeling that, as only eternity is significant and all other time is <a href="gods.htm#note-4">cyclical and repetitive</a>, the Epics thus represent everything that can possibly happen in history. There is even a saying, "Everything is in the <I>Mahābhārata</I>." Our lack of knowledge of individual Indian philosophers from this early period, even though we possess much of an undoubted early date in the <a href="upan.htm#upan"><I>Upaniṣads</I></a>, may also be due to the idea that such texts, as parts of the <a href="upan.htm#veda"><I>Vedas</I></a>, were actually part of eternal revelation and were not originated by their authors.
<P><a href="history.htm#india">Indian Philosophy</a>
<P><a href="history.htm#buddha">Buddhist Philosophy</a><br clear=left>
<P><table border bgcolor="#0000ff" cellpadding=5 align=left>
<tr><th colspan=2>MACEDONIAN KINGS OF BACTRIA<br>256-c.55 BC</th></tr>
</table>
The decline of the Mauryas coincided with the rise of a neighboring Greek Kingdom in <a href="hist-1.htm#text-10">Bactria</a>. This was also important for the history of Buddhism, as the Kings became converts. A classic of Buddhist literature, the "Questions of Milinda," (<I>Milindapañha</I>) records the conversion of one King in particular, Menander Soter Dikaios (<I>Milinda</I>, 155-130). This is part of the history of India, but the kingdom is listed with other <a href="hist-1.htm">Hellenistic</a> monarchies. It now seems like one of the oddest things in history that there was once a kingdom of Greek Buddhists in Afghanistan. There are no Greeks or Buddhists in <a href="afghan.htm">Afghanistan</a> now. The Greek rulers then survive well into the period of the Sakas and Parthians, as follows.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="saka"><table border cellpadding=5 bgcolor="#ffaa88" align=left width=220>
<tr><th colspan=2>THE SAKAS,<br>c.130 BC</th></tr>
<tr><td>Maues</td><td>97-58 BC</td></tr>
<tr><td>Vonones</td><td rowspan=4> </td></tr>
<tr><td>Spalyris</td></tr>
<tr><td>Spalagademes</td></tr>
<tr><td>Spalirises</td></tr>
<tr><td>Azes I</td><td>c.30 BC</td></tr>
<tr><td>Azilises</td><td rowspan=2> </td></tr>
<tr><td>Azes II</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>THE PARTHIANS/SUREN</th></tr>
<tr><td>Pakores</td><td rowspan=2> </td></tr>
<tr><td>Orthagnes</td></tr>
<tr><td>Gudnaphar<br>(Gondophernes)</td><td>c.19-45 AD</td></tr>
<tr><td>Abdagases</td><td rowspan=3> </td></tr>
<tr><td>Sasas</td></tr>
<tr><td>Arsaces Theos</td></tr>
<tr><td>Nahapa</td><td>119-124 AD</td></tr>
</table>
The Sakas (or Shakas, <img src="images/greek/shaka.gif" align=middle>), collectively the <I>shakajana</I>, <img src="images/greek/shaka.gif" align=middle><img src="images/greek/jana.gif" align=middle>, "Shaka people," were an <a href="cognates.htm#sanskrit">Iranian</a> steppe people who descended into India, much as the <a href="upan.htm#steppe">Ārya</a> had earlier -- indeed, it is a pattern that would be repeated again and again until the <a href="#moghuls">Moghuls</a>. The Sakas spoke an Iranian language. This is classified as "South-Eastern" Iranian, which geographically locates where the Sakas ended up, but not where they began, which was on the steppe north and east of the Aral Sea. The "North-Eastern" Iranian languages, Sarmatian and Scythian (which are poorly attested), ended up in the far North-West, north of the Caspian Sea and in the Ukraine, respectively. From the Sarmatians came the Alans, whose language survives in the Caucasus as <a href="armenia.htm#georgia2">Ossetian</a>. Also North-Eastern Iranian was Sogdian, which remained North-East and continued to be an important Central Asian language until the <a href="islam.htm#siege-1">Arab conquest</a>. It has a small survivor in the <a href="buddhism.htm#note">Pamirs</a>, Yaghnobi. After the arrival of the Kushans, the Sakas were simply driven further into India, into Rajasthan, where they became assimilated as Hindu <a href="caste.htm">Kshatriyas</a>. Since Rajasthan later became famous for its warriors, this may indicate the cultural preservation of Saka nomadic fierceness.
<P><a name="india-era">There are no historical documents or preserved narratives from this period, and the rulers are mostly known from coins, which may have dates,
<table border bgcolor="#ff8888" cellpadding=5 align=right width=250>
<tr><th>THE SAKA ERA,<br>THE INDIAN<br>HISTORICAL ERA</th><th>79 AD</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2>2000 AD - 78 = 1922 Annō Sakidae</td></tr>
</table>
but in eras or reckonings that often cannot be identified. Since 1957, the National Calendar of India uses the <B>Saka Era</B>, <I>Shakakāla</I>, <img src="images/greek/shaka.gif" align=middle><img src="images/greek/kala.gif" align=middle>, (78 AD = year 0), but the origin of this benchmark is itself uncertain (cf. <I>Explandatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac</I>, edited by P. Kenneth Seidelmann, University Science Books, 1992, pp.591-594). It has been thought that the Era was established by the <a href="#kushan">Kushan</a> monarch Kanishka I, and may even have dated his reign, but he now appears to have ruled somewhat later. It is certainly representative of the problems with Indian history that its own historical era dates an unknown event in a period, long after the beginning of Indian history, that itself is all but innocent of dates and historical evidence.<img src="images/maps/yuezhi.gif" align=right>
<P><a href="calendar.htm#india">The Calendar in India</a>
<P>Simultaneously with the descent of Sakas into India, <a href="iran.htm#parthian">Parthians</a> (Pahlavas) or Suren appear from the west, and some of them become established in India independent (or not) of the Parthian King. The Parthians spoke a "North-Western" Iranian language, though its origin was far south of the Scythians. The sources are sometimes confused about which Indian rulers are Sakas and which are Parthians, since they are never attested as which. Gudnaphar (Greek <I>Gondophernes</I>), who traditionally is supposed to have welcomed the Apostle Thomas to India, seems to have been Parthian. The legend of the mission of Thomas to India is now of renewed interest because of the discovery of the text of the Gospel of Thomas, one of the <a href="pagels.htm">Gnostic Gospels</a>, in Egypt in 1945.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="kushan"><table border cellpadding=5 bgcolor="#88aaff" align=left width=260>
<tr><th colspan=2>THE KUSHANS</th></tr>
<tr><td>Kujula Kadphises</td><td>c.20 BC-c.30/64 AD</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wima/Welma Taktu</td><td>c.30-c.80</td></tr>
<tr><td>Welma Kadphises</td><td>c.80-c.103</td></tr>
<tr><td><B>Kanishka I</B></td><td>c.103-c.127 AD</td></tr>
<tr><td>Vasishka I</td><td>c.127-c.131</td></tr>
<tr><td>Huvishka I</td><td>c.130-c.162</td></tr>
<tr><td>Vasudeva I</td><td>c.162-c.200</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kanishka II</td><td>c.200-c.220</td></tr>
<tr><td>Vasishka II</td><td>c.220-c.230</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kanishka III</td><td>c.230-c.240</td></tr>
<tr><td>Vasudeva II</td><td>c.240-c.260</td></tr>
<tr><td>Vasu</td><td>late 3rd century</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chhu</td><td>late 3rd century</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shaka</td><td>3-4th century</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kipanada</td><td>4th century</td></tr>
</table>
The Kushans (<img src="images/greek/kushan.gif" align=middle>, <I>Kuṣaṇa</I>), Greek <font size=+1>Κοσσανοί</font>, also began as an Indo-European <a href="upan.htm#steppe">steppe</a> people, known to the Chinese as the <B>Yüehchih</B>, <img src="images/hiero/moon.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/zhi.gif" align=middle>, the "Moon Tribe." They seem to have been a group who moved far east on the steppe very early, speaking a language with many archaic features.
<P>The <a href="#huns">Hsiung-nu</a>, <img src="images/hiero/xiong.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/slave.gif" align=middle>, probably the later Huns, drove the Yuèzhi back into the Tarim Basin (170 BC). These were the "Lesser" Yüeh-chih, <img src="images/hiero/little.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/moon.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/zhi.gif" align=middle>. Some continued on into Transoxania, where they become the "Greater" Yüeh-chih, <img src="images/hiero/great.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/moon.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/zhi.gif" align=middle>). They dominated these areas c.100 BC-300 AD. The language of the Lesser Yüeh-chih is attested in Buddhist texts in two dialects of Tocharian (A and B).
<P>The Greater Yüeh-chih, as the Kushans, followed other steppe people down into India. Some small uncertainty perisisted over the identification of the Yüeh-chih with the Kushans and the writers of Tocharian, but the debate over Tocharian seems to have been resolved with a <a href="cognates.htm#note-2">positive identification</a>. The recent discovery of well-preserved, European-looking mummies along the Silk Road serves to affirm the European and so <a href="cognates.htm#sanskrit">Indo-European</a> <I>bona fides</I> of the still illiterate (from a period long before Tocharian) local culture. Unfortunately, the Tocharian texts do not include historical works, which might have removed uncertainties and added an invaluable framework for understanding the area.<br clear=left>
<P>Although the dates are still very uncertain, historical information in India is rather better than for the preceding period. Of special importance is King <B>Kanishka</B>, under whom the Fourth Great <a href="buddhism.htm#stages">Buddhist Council</a> is supposed to have been held, as the Third was under Aśoka. Kanishka is said to have been converted to Buddhism by the playwright Ashvaghosha. The earliest actual images of Buddhas and Boddhisattvas date from his reign. Also of interest are the Kushan royal titles, <I>Maharaja Rajatiraja Devaputra Kushāṇa</I>. <I>Rajatiraja</I>, "King of Kings," is very familiar from Middle Eastern history, since monarchs from the <a href="greek.htm#assyria">Assyrians</a> to the Parthians had used it. <I>Maharaja</I>, "Great King," is very familiar from later India but at this early date betrays its Middle Eastern inspiration, since it was originally used by the <a href="greek.htm#persia">Persian</a> Kings. <I>Devaputra</I>, "Son of God," sounds like the Kushans claiming some sort of Christ-like status, which is always possible, <img src="images/maps/india-1a.gif" align=left>but it may actually just be an Sanskrit version of a title of the Chinese Emperor, "Son of Heaven."
<P>The <a href="romania.htm#flavian">Roman</a> trading posts in Kushan India bespeak a great deal of trade and contact, about which we get the occasional notice in Greek and Roman writers, but which do not become a source of any extensive knowledge of India or its history recorded by either. Something else overlooked by Classical historians nevertheless turns up in Chinese history. That is, a Roman Embassy made its way by way of India by sea to the China of the <a href="#han-2">Later Han Dynasty</a>. It is recorded that in the year 166 AD (in the time of King Vasudeva I) an embassy arrived in Lo-Yang from a ruler of <img src="images/hiero/great.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/qin.gif" align=middle>, "Great Ch'in," named Andun, which looks like a rendering of <I>Antoninus</I>. The year 166 was in the early days of Marcus Aurelius (Antoninus). Since we know, besides the presence of Romans in India, that there were well traveled sea routes to China (see the voyage of Fa-hsien below), this Roman Embassy easily passes the test of credibility. It is a shame that such a project, like the letters written by Aśoka to Hellenistic monarchs, escaped the notice of Greek and Roman historians.
<P>While the imperial maps here until 1701 are based on Stanley Wolpert's <I>A New History of India</I> [Oxford University Press, 1989], the map for the Kushans is based on the <I>The Anchor Atlas of World History</I>, Volume I [1974, Hermann Kinder, Werner Hilgemann, Ernest A. Menze, and Harald and Ruth Bukor, p.42], which now has been reissued in identical form as <I>The Penguin Atlas of World History</I>, Volume I [Penguin Books, 1978, 2003].<br clear=left>
<P><a name="guptas"><img src="images/maps/india-2.gif" align=left>
The rule of the Guptas was one of the classic ages of Indian history, for whose culture we have a rather full description by the Chinese <a href="buddhism.htm#maha">Buddhist</a> pilgrim <B>Fa-hsien</B> (<B>Fǎxiǎn</B>, d.c.422), who was in India between 399 and 414 (see map below), in the time of <B>Chandra Gupta II</B>. This was the last time that the North of India would be united by a culturally indigenous power. The Guptas patronized the Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain religions equally. Consequently, they now become celebrated, like Aśoka and Akbar, as examplifying a modern <a href="freestat.htm">liberal</a> ideal of tolerance and enlightenment. <img src="images/fepillar.jpg" align=right>This is anachronistic but not inappropriate as long as we realize the limitations of such an identification. The Indian monarchs, however relatively enlightened, were autocrats, and thus comparable less to liberal democracy than to "Enlightened Despots" like Frederick the Great of <a href="germany.htm#prussia2">Prussia</a>. Thus, their magnanimous patronage of religions certainly did not extend to the toleration of political opposition.<br clear=left>
<table border cellpadding=5 bgcolor="#ff8888" align=left width=220>
<tr><th colspan=2>THE GUPTAS, <img src="images/greek/gupta.gif" align=middle>,<br>c.320-551 AD</th></tr>
<tr><td>Gupta</td><td>275-300</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="gita.htm#gato"><img src="images/greek/ghatotka.gif" align=middle border=0></a><br>Ghaṭotkaca</td><td>300-320</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chandra Gupta I</td><td>320-335</td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="images/greek/samudra.gif" align=middle><img src="images/greek/gupta.gif" align=middle><br>Samudra Gupta</td><td>335-370</td></tr>
<tr><td>Rama Gupta ?</td><td>370-375</td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="images/greek/chandra.gif" align=middle><img src="images/greek/gupta.gif" align=middle><br><B>Chandra Gupta II</B></td><td>375-415</td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="images/greek/kumara.gif" align=middle><img src="images/greek/gupta.gif" align=middle><br>Kumāra Gupta I</td><td>415-455</td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="images/greek/skanda.gif" align=middle><img src="images/greek/gupta.gif" align=middle><br>Skanda Gupta</td><td>455-467</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kumāra Gupta II</td><td>467-477</td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="images/greek/budha.gif" align=middle><img src="images/greek/gupta.gif" align=middle><br>Budha Gupta</td><td>477-496</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chandra Gupta III ?</td><td>496-500</td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="images/greek/vainya.gif" align=middle><img src="images/greek/gupta.gif" align=middle><br>Vainya Gupta</td><td>500-515</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="gods.htm"><img src="images/greek/manlion.gif" align=middle border=0></a><img src="images/greek/gupta.gif" align=middle><br>Narasimha Gupta</td><td>510-530</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kumāra Gupta III</td><td>530-540</td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="images/greek/vishnu2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/greek/gupta.gif" align=middle><br>Vishṇu Gupta</td><td>540-551</td></tr>
</table>
<P>While the name of Chandragupta, the founder of the <a href="#mauryas">Mauryas</a>, is usually given as one word, the
"Gupta," <img src="images/greek/gupta.gif" align=middle> ("guarded, protected"), element in names of the Gupta dynasty is usually, but not always, written as a separate word. The <I>Oxford Dynasties</I> writes them together. Classical Sanskrit, of course, like Greek and Latin, ordinarily did not separate words at all.
<P>One of the unique monuments of the Gupta dynasty is the <B>Iron Pillar of Delhi</B>, seen at right. This is a solid piece of wrought iron more than 22 feet tall. Delhi may not have been its original location, but exactly where that would have been and when or why the pillar was brought to Delhi is a matter of conjecture. The pillar is dedicated to <a href="gods.htm">Vishnu</a>, but any other Hindu structures around it were demolished by the Sulṭāns of <a href="#delhi">Delhi</a>, who built the nearby Qutub Minar tower and the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque. Dating the pillar is also a matter of some uncertainty, since its inscription merely mentions a King named "Chandra." This is generally taken to mean Chandra Gupta II, reinforced by the evidence of the style and language of the pillar, in comparison to known art of the Guptas, like the coins of Chandra Gupta II. It is also sometimes said that the pillar was erected to <I>commemorate</I> Chandra Gupta by his successor Kumāra Gupta I. The Pillar, however, is such an extraordinary artifact that some people reject the mundane historical explanations and prefer that the object is much, much older, or even the work of extra-terrestrials. The Pillar does testify, however, to the sophistication of Indian iron work, of which there is much other evidence. The steel of the famous Damascus steel swords of the Middle Ages was actually manufactured and exported from India, with techniques that had been used for centuries. The Pillar, although not itself steel, does exhibit the technique that leaves it appearing to be a single piece of iron -- forge welding, where hot iron is hammered and fused together. This is the technique that produced the bars of steel that were exported.
<P>The pilgrimage of <a href="#faxian"><B>Fa-hsien</B></a> is noteworthy for many things, but one feature in particular evident from the map is that the entire homeward leg of the journey was by sea. <img src="images/maps/pilgrim2.gif" align=right>This reminds us of the sea routes that had been busy since the Greeks and extended all the way from Egypt to China. We have frustratingly little in the way of historical documents about this business, but when we do get an account, as with Fa-hsien, we realize how routine the communication was (with understandable hazards and misadventures).
<P><a name="huna"><hr>
<P>Towards the end of the period, the Guptas began to experience inroads from the <a href="#huns">Huns</a> (Huna), the next steppe people, whose appearance in Europe (it is supposed that these are the same people), of course, pressured German tribes to move into the <a href="romania.htm#third">Roman Empire</a>. By 500, Huns controlled the Punjab and in short order extended their rule down the Ganges. They don't seem to have founded any sort of durable state and eventually suffered defeats. The Huns were the last non-Islamic steppe people to invade India.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="thanesar"><table border cellpadding=5 bgcolor="#88cc88" align=right width=230>
<tr><th colspan=2>Vardhanas of Thanesar</th></tr>
<tr><td>Naravardhana?</td><td>c. 500-?</td></tr>
<tr><td>Rajyavardhana I?</td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>Pushyabhūti</td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>Adityasena Vardhana</td><td>c.555-580</td></tr>
<tr><td>Prabhakaravardhana</td><td>c.580-c.605</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>nephew of Mahāsenagupta</th></tr>
<tr><td>Rajyavardhana (II)</td><td>c.605-606</td></tr>
<tr><td><B>Harsha Vardhana</B></td><td>606-647</td></tr>
</table>
The following period might very well be called the <B>Warring States Period</B> of India, on analogy with that of <a href="#warring">China</a>.
<table border cellpadding=5 bgcolor="#ff8888" align=left width=210>
<tr><th colspan=2>The Later Guptas, of<br>Magadha, c.550-700 AD</th></tr>
<tr><td><B>Kumāragupta</B></td><td>c.550-560</td></tr>
<tr><td>Dāmodaragupta</td><td>c.560-562</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mahāsenagupta</td><td>c.562-601</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>vassals of Kālachuris,<br>595/6-c.601</th></tr>
<tr><td><B>Mādhavagupta</B></td><td>c.601-655</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ādityasena</td><td>c.655-680</td></tr>
<tr><td>Devagupta</td><td>c.680-700</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>overthrown by Yashovarman<br>of Kanauj, 725-730</th></tr>
</table>
Unlike China, however, it would be brought to an end only by foreign invasion and conquest. In the political fragmentation of the era, we still have some Guptas, the "Later Guptas," but these are evidently former vassals, not relatives, of the Imperial Guptas, in Magadha on the lower Ganges. They are players, but not dominant ones.
<P><B>Harsha Vardhana</B>, from Thanesar, north of Delhi, was one ruler who for a while united most of the North of India again, and, as luck would have it, we have the account of <a href="#xuanzang"><B>Hsüan-tsang</B></a> (Xuanzang, 600-664), another Chinese <a href="buddhism.htm#maha">Buddhist</a> pilgrim, who went to India between 629 and 645, during his time. In his <I>A History of China</I> [Basic Books, 2009], John Keay says, "Indeed, most of what is known of Harsha and his empire, and of India in the seventh century, derives from Xuanzang's <I>Record of the Western Regions</I>" [p.241]. There is a remarkable sequel to this:<br clear=left>
<P><blockquote><img src="images/maps/pilgrim1.gif" align=right>In the mid-nineteenth century, armed with a French translation of Xuanzang's itinerary (the first to appear in any European language), Alexander Cunningham, a Scots general in British India, devoted his retirement to rediscovering the long-forgotten sites associated with the Buddha's life and early Buddhism; from this exercise there grew the Archaeological Survey of India, whose responsibilities now probably exceed those of any other heritage body and of which Cunningham was both founder and director. [<I>ibid.</I>, p.241]</blockquote>
<P>Thus, the ancient Chinese pilgrim allows the modern British general to initiate the modern archaeology of Indian Buddhism, and then that of all India.
<P><a name="cosmas">Hsüan-tsang's account follows a story we have from the other direction, that of a Greek sailor, <B>Cosmas Indicopleustes</B>, <font size=+1>Κοσμᾶς ὁ Ἰνδικοπλεύστης</font>, who visited India, Ceylon, and even Axumite <a href="ethiopia.htm">Ethiopia</a> some time before 550 AD, during the reign of the Roman Emperor <a href="romania.htm#justin">Justinian</a>. Unfortunately, Cosmas was a bit of a crackpot who seemed just as concerned with proving, despite widely accepted evidence (recounted in detail by Aristotle), that the Earth was flat rather than spherical. Thus, we can imagine that Cosmas, whose book was the <I>Christian Topography</I>, was hostile to a round earth for much the same (religious) reasons that contemporary <a href="design.htm">anti-Darwinians</a> are hostile to Evolution.<img src="images/maps/india-2a.gif" align=left>
<P>Harsha enjoyed a long reign but, when he attempted to expand south into the Deccan, he was defeated by <B>Pulakeshin II</B> of Vātāpi (or Badami). Subsequently, we get dynasties whose power occasionally spans the country, but none are able to secure hegemony for long.<br clear=right>
<P>Indian Buddhism, although patronized by Harsha, already seemed to be in decline to Hsüan-tsang, and some important Buddhist sites were already neglected or abandoned. John Keay cites the Pala Dynasty of Bengal (8th-9th centuries AD) as the "last major Indian dynasty to espouse Buddhism" [<I>India, op.cit.</I> pp.192-193]. Indeed, I think the contemporary development of <a href="buddhism.htm#vajra">Tantrism</a> was obscuring the differences between Hinduism and Buddhism -- Keay agrees with this [p.194, in a comment marred by the rationalism he attributes to the pure original Buddhism of the Buddha]. It was also during this period that we begin to get identifiable individual Indian philosophers, like <B>Shankara</B> (c.780-820), from whom we have a classic formulation of the doctrine of the <a href="six.htm">Vedanta</a> School. With the period of the Classical Empires over, it is striking that only now do individuals appear in the light of history in Indian philosophy. There is speculation that Shankara already represents a reaction to the arrival of Islām on the borders of India.<br clear=left>
<a name="maharashtra"><table border cellpadding=5 width=240 bgcolor="#cc55cc" align=right>
<tr><th colspan=2>the Deccan,<br>the Carnatic, & Maharashtra</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Chālukyas of Vātāpi</th></tr>
<tr><td>Pulakeshin I</td><td>c.543-566</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kīrtivarman I</td><td>c.567-597</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mangalesha</td><td>c.597-609</td></tr>
<tr><td><B>Pulakeshin II</B></td><td>c.609-642</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>overthrows Kālachuris, c.620; killed in battle by Narasimha Varman I of Pallava, 642; interregnum, 642-655; <a href="islam.htm#siege-1">Arab</a> attacks, 644</th></tr>
<tr><td>Vikramāditya I</td><td>654/5-681</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Arab attacks, 677</th></tr>
<tr><td><B>Vinayāditya</B></td><td>c.680-696</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>defeats Later Gupta Devagupta, 695</th></tr>
<tr><td>Vijayāditya</td><td>c.696-733/4</td></tr>
<tr><td><B>Vikramāditya II</B></td><td>c.733-744/5</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>defeat and explusion of Arabs from India, 737</th></tr>
<tr><td>Kirtivarman II</td><td>744/5-753</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Rāṣṭrakūṭas<br>of Ellora & Malkhed</th></tr>
<tr><td><B>Dantidurga</B></td><td>c.735-744</td></tr>
<tr><td><B>Krishna I</B></td><td>c.755-772</td></tr>
<tr><td><B>Dhruva Dhārāvarsha</B></td><td>c.780-793</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>defeats Gangetic powers but abandons North</th></tr>
<tr><td><B>Govinda III</B></td><td>c.793-814</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>occupies North again, height of Rāṣṭrakūṭa power</th></tr>
<tr><td>Amoghavarsha</td><td>c.814-880</td></tr>
<tr><td>Krishna II</td><td>c.878-914</td></tr>
<tr><td>Indra III</td><td>c.914-928</td></tr>
<tr><td>Amoghavarsha II</td><td>c.928-929</td></tr>
<tr><td>Govinda IV</td><td>c.930-935</td></tr>
<tr><td>Amoghavarsha III</td><td>c.936-939</td></tr>
<tr><td>Krishna III</td><td>c.939-967</td></tr>
<tr><td>Khoṭṭiga</td><td>c.967-972</td></tr>
<tr><td>Karkka II (Amoghhavarsha IV)</td><td>c.972-973</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Chālukyas<br>of Kalyāṇī</th></tr>
<tr><td><B>Taila II Ahavamalla</B></td><td>973-997</td></tr>
<tr><td>Satyasraya Irivabedanga</td><td>997-1008</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>invasions of <a href="#ghazna">Mahmud of Ghaza</a>, 1001-1024</th></tr>
<tr><td>Vikramaditya I</td><td>1008-1014</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ayyana</td><td>1014-1015</td></tr>
<tr><td>Jayasimha</td><td>1015-1042</td></tr>
<tr><td>Somesvara I</td><td>1042-1068</td></tr>
<tr><td>Somesvara II</td><td>1068-1076</td></tr>
<tr><td>Vikramaditya II</td><td>1076-1127</td></tr>
<tr><td>Somesvara III</td><td>1127-1138</td></tr>
<tr><td>Jagadekamalla</td><td>1138-1151</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tailapa</td><td>1151-1156</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Kālachuris</th></tr>
<tr><td>Bijjala</td><td>1156-1168</td></tr>
<tr><td>Somesvara</td><td>1168-1177</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sankama</td><td>1177-1180</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ahavamalla</td><td>1180-1183</td></tr>
<tr><td>Singhana</td><td>1183-1184</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Chālukyas</th></tr>
<tr><td>Somesvara IV</td><td>1184-1200</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Yādavas</th></tr>
<tr><td>Singhana</td><td>1200-1247</td></tr>
<tr><td>Krishna</td><td>1247-1261</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mahadeva</td><td>1261-1271</td></tr>
<tr><td>Amana</td><td>1271</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ramachandra</td><td>1271-1311</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sankaradeva</td><td>1311-1313</td></tr>
<tr><td>Harapaladeva</td><td>1313-1317</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>To Delhi, 1317-1336;<br>then <a href="#vijayanagar">Vijayanagar</a>, 1336</th></tr>
</table>
<P>Initial invasions by the Arab <a href="islam.htm#siege-1">Omayyad Caliphs</a>, starting in 644, were repulsed by 737, after episodes of the Arabs slaughtering local populations or deporting them as slaves. Curiously, these Muslims were at first called "<a href="greek.htm#note-000">Greeks</a>," i.e. <I>Yavana</I>, <img src="images/greek/yavana.gif" align=middle>. This is rather like the way the Chinese called the Portuguese "<a href="confuci.htm#note-1">Hui</a>," <img src="images/hiero/hui.gif" align=middle>, i.e. Muslims, when they first arrived in China.
<P>The following period, then, is the calm before the full force of Islām burst on the country with the invasions of <a href="#ghazna">Maḥmūd of Ghazna</a>, from 1001 to 1024. While Shankara's views were later criticized as too influenced by Buddhism, they are more faithful to the <a href="upan.htm#upan">Upanishads</a> than the theism of the critics, who themselves seem increasingly influenced by the monotheism of Islām.
<P><center><img src="images/maps/pilgrim3.gif"></center>
<P>The period of the Arab invasions of India (644-737) corresponded to the residence of an important Chinese pilgrim in India, <a href="#yijing"><B>I-ching</B></a> (635-713), from 673 to 687. While previously pilgrims, and Indian missionaries, had traversed Central Asia for at least one leg of their journey, I-ching went entirely by sea. We also might notice that his travels in India did not extend to the Western part of the country, as had those of previous pilgrims. We therefore might harbor the suspicion that he avoided an area where warfare that attended the invasions was raging. This is at least a portent of the later Islamic Conquest, which will help eliminate Buddhism from India. Also, I-ching spends several years at a Buddhist center in Indonesia, whose Buddhism, still flourishing, will also be eliminated by the advent of Islām there.
<P><a name="dress"><hr>
<P><img src="images/indiafem.gif" align=left>Later there appears to be a decisive influence from Islām on Indian dress. While in Classical India women are typically shown bare breasted, as at left, the rigors of the Middle Eastern nudity taboo came into full force in modern India, at least for women. I am not aware just when this transition occurs. John Keay cites several references from the 13th to the 15th century on the nudity of the Indians, including a Russian traveler, Athanasius Nikitin, who around 1470 described Indians going about all but naked, with "their breasts bare" [<I>op.cit.</I> p.277]. By the 19th century Krishna's lover Radha is shown in a full shoulder to floor woven dress or <I>sari</I>. Someone could easily chronicle the transition by cataloguing such sculpture and portraiture.
<P>While it is not difficult to find bare <a href="notes/breast.htm">breasts</a> in Classical Indian art, after a while one begins to notice something rather more shocking. <img src="images/yakshini.gif" align=right width=200>Female figures appear wearing little more than a belt around their hips, with the <I>labia majora</I> and pudendal cleft (<I>rima pudendi</I>) plainly visible. While this is now mainly preserved in the figures of goddesses and spirits, such as the <I>yakshini</I> spirit at right, who may represent hightened sexuality, it also appears among the women of the Court of <a href="#mauryas">Aśoka</a>, and so for a while seems to have been acceptable in ordinary costume. The name of the semi-divine Sītā, the wife of the Avatar <a href="gods.htm">Rāma</a>, of the epic <I>Rāmayāna</I>, <img src="images/greek/sita.gif" align=middle>, actually has the basic meaning "furrow." This is explained by the story of her miraculous birth from the furrow of a plowed field, but it is not hard to see it as a reference to the actual <I>rima pudendi</I>. Metaphors of sexual intercourse as plowing, and of female genitals as furrows, are common in all agricultural societies.
<P>This minimal dress varies with other representations where the narrow band of a loincloth (a <I>dhoti</I>) may extend down to the feet, front and back, both on goddesses and others, without our having any clue on the reason for this variation. When the vulva is shown, there does not seem to be any effort to portray pubic hair, which actually would be comparable to the Egyptian practice, which survives even in the modern Middle East, of shaving pubic hair.
<P><img src="images/sanchi.jpg" align=left>This exposure of female genitals seems to me very unusual in world history. Even in cultures that today tolerate little or no dress, the female genitals usually seem to be the first thing covered, or the last thing uncovered, sometimes with folk beliefs that unwary males looking directly at the vulva might be blinded. Egyptian hieroglyphics, which when dealing with sexual organs at first seem <a href="notes/note-o.htm">quite explicit</a>, nevertheless appear to shy away from representing the structures of the vulva.
<P>In Western art, female nudes became common from the Mediaeval period on, and Modern art contains female nudes in abundance, often as Neo-Classical references to Greek and Roman nudes. Nowever, the <I>rima pudendi</I> is all but never visible in the whole expanse of this art. Nor is there ever the sort of "thigh gap" at the top of the legs that would render the <I>labia</I> and <I>rima</I> more conspicuous. There is something about all these structures that has made Western artists, from the Greeks on, very nervous.<br clear=left>
<P><img src="images/lakshmi.jpg" width=200 align=left>We know that the Romans, at least, were aware of the explicitness of Indian art because a statue of the goddess Lakshmi was found at <a href="italia.htm#pompeii">Pompeii</a>, in what is actually called "the House of the Indian Statuette," between 1930 and 1935, and held at the Museo Archeologico Nazionale de Napoli. The description of the statue is that it is "naked," but we know from our other examples that it is not, as this was reckoned in India. This Lakshmi is wearing as much as the women of Aśoka's Court, even if that mostly consists of jewelry.
<P>As far as I know, this is a unique object. Portraying the <I>rima pudendi</I> obviously did not catch on in Greek or Roman art, and if there were other such imports from India around, they must have been destroyed in the Christian moralization of artworks. But we also might note in this example of sculpture that the placing of the <I>vulva</I> is more exaggerated and unnatural than in the other examples here: the <I>rima pudendi</I> is really not going to be evident, from the front, in natural anatomy; and all Indian art, but especially this statue, takes increasing liberties to make it explicit. Japanese <a href="notes/breast.htm#note-3"><I>manga</I></a> figures, amid their various bodily exaggerations, do not misplace the <I>vulva</I> like this, even as it is generally present.
<P>Equally curious is the treatment of Indian dress in history and scholarship on India. For instance, the <I>Indian Art</I> volume of the "Oxford History of Art" [Partha Mitter, 2001] has only a single large image of a Classical figure with both breasts and vulva bare [p.18], but the breasts are actually <I>broken off</I> and the genital area is photographed in shadow, with the pudendal cleft invisible. Since the caption speaks of the "'full-moon' face" of the figure, where the head is simply <I>missing</I> from the sculpture shown, <img src="images/draupadi.jpg" align=right width=260>I am left with the impression that the example was not chosen with particular care that it illustrate the attributes, like "rounded breasts," that are described. And it is as close as we get in the whole book to the level of exposure that is evident in so much of the early art. Otherwise, although we do see occasional comment about the bare torsos of Classical Indian dress, I have never seen actual discussion of the bare female pudenda. This all would seem to make people uneasy.
<P>A clue about an intermediate stage in the evolution of female dress in India may be in the <a href="gita.htm#bharat"><I>Mahābhārata</I></a>. When Duḥshāsana tries to humiliate Draupadī by pulling off her <a href="miracles.htm#clothes">clothes</a>, we might wonder exactly what is going to be exposed. In terms of the modern <I>sārī</I>, it will not be her breasts; for these are covered by a separate garment, the bodice or <I>choli</I>, which may not antedate the 10th century AD. Duḥshāsana is clearly pulling off a long piece of cloth, the <I>sārī</I> proper, which is miraculously extended to protect Draupadī's modesty. This is what would cover her genitals and buttocks, which in modern India, or even China and Europe, would be considered something to be concealed. If the <I>Mahābhārata</I> was completed by about 300 AD, then we might imagine that the custom of female genital exposure must have largely disappeared by the time of the <a href="#guptas">Guptas</a>.
<P><img src="images/raniki-2.jpg" align=left width=230>However, we get perhaps a contrary, but ambiguous, indication from the sculpture at left, from the Rani ki Vav step well at Patan in Gujarat. This dates from the 11th century. The goddesses in the well wear the ancient belt, and all that seems to cover the pudenda is a long tassle, one of several around the belt. In the figure shown, although not on the others, the belt seems merely rope-like, and it has come down, perhaps pulled by the monkey. We get the faintest hint of the <I>rima pudendi</I> here; and one wonders, at this late date, if there is a sense of naughty humor in this, like the dog pulling down the girl's bathing suit in the <img src="images/coppertn.jpg" align=right>old Coppertone tanning lotion ads. If so, it may mean that the old level of exposure is no longer quite acceptable -- but still not positively banned. This is the era, indeed, when Islām is beginning to make its inroads. The monkey still represents a bit more erotic fun than Islām will tolerate.
<P><hr>
<P>My source for the list of the rulers from the fall of the Guptas (551) to the dominance of the Sulṭanate of Delhi (1211), beginning with the line of the Chālukyas, was originally from Bruce R. Gordon's Regnal Chronologies. I took details of the period from Stanley Wolpert's <I>A New History of India</I> [Oxford, 2000, pp.95-103]. There was clearly uncertainty about the dates, since Wolpert has <B>Krishna I Rāṣṭrakūṭa</B>, patron of the remarkable Kailasanatha temple to Shiva, reigning 756-775, while Gordon has 768-783. This is, of course, not too surprising, given the problems with Indian historiography. Later, however, I found a much more thorough treatment of the period in Ronald M. Davidson's <I>Indian Esoteric Buddhism, A Social History of the Tantric Movement</I> [Columbia University Press, 2002], which has an extensive summary of the whole period [pp.25-62], with maps and lists of many of the rulers. Here we find Krishna I with the dates c.755-772, in much closer agreement with Wolpert, but still, of course, residual uncertainties. John Keay's <I>A History of India</I> [Harper Perennial, 2000, 2004] covers the period with similar thoroughness.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="kashmir"><table border cellpadding=5 width=235 bgcolor="#66ddff" align=left>
<tr><th colspan=2>Kārkoṭas<br>of Kashmir</th></tr>
<tr><td><B>Candrāpīḍa</B></td><td>c.711-720</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>asks for alliance<br>with <a href="#t'ang">China</a>, 713</th></tr>
<tr><td>Tārāpīḍa</td><td>c.720-725</td></tr>
<tr><td><B>Lalitāditya<br>Muktāpīḍa</B></td><td>c.725-756</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>overthrows Yashovarman of Kanauj, 733; secures Ganges Valley, 747; dies in Tarim Basin</th></tr>
<tr><td>Kuvalayāpīḍa</td><td>?</td></tr>
<tr><td>Vajrāditya</td><td>?</td></tr>
<tr><td>Prthivyāpīḍa</td><td>?</td></tr>
<tr><td>Samgrāmāpīḍa</td><td>?</td></tr>
<tr><td>Jayāpīḍa<br>Vinayādirya</td><td>c.779-810</td></tr>
</table>
<B>Pulakeshin II</B> ruled from the <B>Deccan Plateau</B>, which now emerges as a force that often intrudes into the North of India. Wolpert [p.101] introduces the subject by mentioning the territory of <B>Mahārāshtra</B> ("Great country"). We are left with the implication that the Chālukya Dynasty, which ruled the area, was of Maharashtran origin. However, Wolpert also mentions that the Chālukya capital was Badami (Davidson says Vātāpi), "just south of the River Krishna" (Kistna). This is not in the modern state of Mahārāshtra, but in <B>Karnātaka</B>. These modern states are drawn with linguistic boundaries. The <a href="upan.htm">language</a> of Maharashtra is Marathi, while that of Karnataka is Kannada (or Kanarese). As it happens, the inscriptions of the Vātāpi Chālukyas are in Kannada, and a correspondent drew my attention to the problem that it would be a confusion to associate them with Maharashtra or the <a href="#maratha">Marathas</a>. On the other hand, as Davidson notes, the meaning of expressions like "Maharashtra" was previously rather vague had more to do with geography than with language. Wolpert was continuing to reflect that circumstance. John Keay, however, provides a citation that removes doubt in the matter: Hsüan-tsang met Pulakeshin II and refers to him as the ruler of "Mo-ho-la-ch'a," i.e. Mahārāshtra [p.168].<br clear=right>
<a name="ujjain"><table border cellpadding=5 width=235 bgcolor="#ffaa00" align=right>
<tr><th colspan=2>The Gurjara-Pratīhāras<br>of Ujjain & Dantidurga</th></tr>
<tr><td><B>Nāgabhaṭa I</B></td><td>c.725-760</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>helps defeat Arabs, 725</th></tr>
<tr><td>Devarāja</td><td>c.750-?</td></tr>
<tr><td>Vatsarāja</td><td>?-c.790</td></tr>
<tr><td><B>Nāgabhaṭa II</B></td><td>c.790-833</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>occupies Kanauj and middle Ganges, 815</th></tr>
<tr><td>Rāmabhadra</td><td>c.833-836</td></tr>
<tr><td><B>Mihira Bhoja</B></td><td>c.836-885</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mahendrapāla I</td><td>c.890-910</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mahīpāla</td><td>c.910-?</td></tr>
<tr><td>Bhoja II</td><td>?-914</td></tr>
<tr><td>Vināyakapāla I</td><td>c.930-945</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mahendrapāla II</td><td>c.945-950</td></tr>
<tr><td>Vināyakapāla II</td><td>c.950-959</td></tr>
<tr><td>Vijayapāla</td><td>c.960-1018</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>invasions of <a href="ghazna">Mahmud of Ghaza</a>, 1001-1024</th></tr>
<tr><td>Rājyapāla</td><td>c.1018-1019</td></tr>
<tr><td>Trilocanapāla</td><td>c.1019-1017</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mahendrapāla III</td><td>?</td></tr>
</table>
<P>More importantly, the history of India in this period is not the national history of linguistic communities. It is <I>dynastic history</I>, and dynasties like the Chālukya were much more interested in territory, anywhere, than in national origins, homelands, or languages. Thus, Chālukyas ruled elsewhere, without much regard for the local language, with branches of the dynasty in what is now Andhra Pradesh (Telugu speakers) and Gujarat (Gujarati). When the Vātāpi Chālukyas were overthrown by their vassals, the Rāṣṭrakūṭas of Ellora, this was a dynasty definitely seated in a Marathi speaking area of Maharashtra, though they subsequently moved their capital to Malkhed, virtually at the border between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The Rāṣṭrakūṭas were in time displaced by a branch of the Chālukyas again, who in turn fell to the Kālachuris, a dynasty from a region in modern Madhya Pradesh that now speaks Hindi. Thus, the language of their domain was not nearly as important to all these rulers as the possession of dominion.
<P><a name="carnatic">As the Chālukyas moved, they could also take a geographical name with them. The British rendering of "Karnataka" was as the "Carnatic" (much like the word in Hindi, where a short final "a" would not be pronounced). The name "Carnatic" migrated south and south-east, with the movements of the Chālukya dynasts. On the Bay of Bengal, the Eastern Chālukyas became established, and we also find the name "Carnatic" applied there. That eastern "Carnatic" then also came to be associated with the large <a href="#vijayanagar">Vijayanagara</a> realm, which straddled the modern states of Karnataka, Tamil Nādu (the language is Tamil), and Andhra Pradesh. Thus, on old maps of India, the name "Carnatic" can sometimes be found adjacent to the west coast, and on others along the south-eastern coast. The name disappeared altogether for a while between Maharashtra to the north and the later state of <a href="#mysore">Mysore</a> to the south. The modern Indian state of Karantaka was originally itself called "Mysore," but this was changed in 1973 to "Karnātaka" to reflect its linguistic character.
<P>Pulakeshin II declared himself "Lord of the Eastern and Western Waters." Although the Chālukyas never united the north or dominated the country like the Guptas or Harsha, they would appear there, and I have focused on them and their successors as the best sequence to span the period down to the Sulṭāns of Delhi. There were many other states of similar size and power during this era, several often called "Empires." Now I include lists for Kashmir and for the Gurjara-Pratīhāras, whose realm centered on Ujjain in the western part of the modern Madhya Pradesh. All of these states contended at one time or another for the Ganges Valley and thus were candidates for achieving a North Indian hegemony. Their successes proved only temporary, often because of rebellions in their rear.<br clear=left>
<P>The Chālukya dynasty suffered a severe reverse when Pulakeshin II was killed in battle by Narasimha Varman I of Pallava, and Vātāpi occupied. After reestablishing themselves, they most importantly planted cadet lines in the East and in Gujarat, which would eventually provide for the restoration of the dynasty.
<a name="chola"><table border cellpadding=5 width=250 bgcolor="#00ffaa" align=left>
<tr><th colspan=2>Chola Kingdom</th></tr>
<tr><td>Vijayalaya</td><td>c. 846-c. 871</td></tr>
<tr><td>Asitya I</td><td>c. 871-907</td></tr>
<tr><td>Parantaka</td><td>907-947</td></tr>
<tr><td>Rajaditya I</td><td>947-949</td></tr>
<tr><td>Gandaraditya</td><td>949-956</td></tr>
<tr><td>Arinjaya</td><td>956</td></tr>
<tr><td>Parantaka II</td><td>956</td></tr>
<tr><td>Aditya II</td><td>956-969</td></tr>
<tr><td>Madhurantaka Uttama</td><td>969-985</td></tr>
<tr><td><B>Rajaraja I Deva the Great</B></td><td>985-1012</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Conquest of <a href="buddhism.htm#chola">Ceylon</a>, 993</th></tr>
<tr><td><B>Rajendra I Choladeva</B></td><td>1012-1044</td></tr>
<tr><td>Rajadhiraja I</td><td>1044-1052</td></tr>
<tr><td>Rajendra II Deva</td><td>1052-1060</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ramamahendra</td><td>1060-1063</td></tr>
<tr><td>Virarajendra</td><td>1063-1067</td></tr>
<tr><td>Adhirajendra</td><td>1067-1070</td></tr>
<tr><td>Rajendra III</td><td>1070-1122</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Diplomatic mission to China, 1077</th></tr>
<tr><td>Vikrama Chola</td><td>1122-1135</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kulottunga II Chola</td><td>1135-1150</td></tr>
<tr><td>Rajraja II</td><td>1150-1173</td></tr>
<tr><td>Rajadhiraja II</td><td>1173-1179</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kulottunga III</td><td>1179-1218</td></tr>
<tr><td>Rajaraja III</td><td>1218-1246</td></tr>
<tr><td>Rajendra IV</td><td>1246-1279</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Overthrown by <a href="#delhi">Delhi</a>, 1279</th></tr>
</table>
The Rāṣṭrakūṭas appeared in force in the Ganges Valley more than once, but they were never able to retain a grip on the region. The restoration of the Chālukyas was followed by their overthrow in turn by the Kālachuris and then the Yādavas. This merry-go-ground of power in the center of India did no good with the new Islamic powers of the <a href="#ghazna">Ghaznawids</a> and <a href="islam.htm#ghur">Ghūrids</a> just over the horizon, forcing their way into India. There would be no unity of force such as repelled the Arabs in 737.
<P><hr>
<P>One of the "Empires" of the period was the Kingdom of <B>Chola</B>. As it happens, this is a realm in origin and history with a decidedly linguistic basis, in the Tamil language of modern Tamil Nādu. The Chola Kings cultivated Tamil literature and are remembered as heroic patrons of Tamil power, learning, and religion. Chola is in the competition as an "Empire" because of it spread north, briefly all the way to the mouths of the Ganges, and, most strikingly, by its projection beyond the sea, initiated by King <B>Rajaraja I Deva</B>, whose name has the decidedly Imperial ring of "King of Kings, god." With grave portent for future history, the first such projection of Chola power was into <a href="buddhism.htm#chola">Ceylon</a>. Tamils had settled in Ceylon and briefly ruled there already, and even the Chola occupation was relatively short lived, but it all contributed to a durable Tamil ethnic presence that, in the modern day, exploded into a vicious and protracted civil war, whose appalling course and sobering lessons are examined <a href="british.htm#ceylon">elsewhere</a>.
<P>Of dramatic course and great portent in its own way is the other projection of Chola power, which was across the sea of the Bay of Bengal, through isolated land such as the Andaman Islands, all the way to Sumatra, Malaya, and the trade route of the Straits between those Indonesian islands. It is hard to know how much of the area was actually occupied and ruled. Some maps (optimisticly or nationalisticly) show a Chola domain over entire islands like Sumatra and over the entire peninsula of Malaya. Other maps (more realistically) show a Chola presence along the coastlines. In whichever form, this is the first example we know of an incursion that will be significantly mirrored in later history. Four hundred years after the Chola presence, the <a href="#ming">Chinese</a> would arrive in the Straits from the opposite direction and initiate what was probably much the same kind of process, finally arriving themselves at Ceylon and the coast of Tamil Nādu. As we will see below, this did not last long. Not long after the Chinese left, however, the <a href="newspain.htm">Portuguese</a> arrived from across the Indian Ocean, themselves occupied <a href="buddhism.htm#portugal">Ceylon</a> and areas on the mainland of India, and then followed in the wake of the Chola voyagers into Indonesia. This produces occupations of considerable extent and duration, though mostly consumated by the <a href="lorraine.htm#netherlands">Dutch</a> and the <a href="british.htm">British</a> who replaced the Portuguese. The Chola "Empire" thus pioneers the colonial history of Indonesia -- though the hiatus between the Chola presence and the arrival of the Chinese will see a heavy <a href="islam.htm#malacca">Islamicization</a>, by influence of trade alone, of the area.
<P>Chola was finally broken up by the Sulṭanate of <a href="#delhi">Delhi</a>, which, however, was unable to retain a dominant position in the south. Thus, the small kingdom of Madura became the successor state at the southern tip of India, while the larger kingdom of <a href="#vijayanagar">Vijayanagar</a> came to dominate much of the South, including the old metropolis Chola, Gangaikondacolapuram.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="ghazna"><img src="images/maps/india-2b.gif" align=left>The map shows the aggressive powers of the 11th century in India. In the South, Chola looks on its way to making the Bay of Bengal into a Cholan lake, but apparently it never does have much success on the coast of Burma, where <a href="perigoku.htm#burma">Pagan</a> has grown into a powerful kingdom with its own brilliant civilization. The darker green in the image shows the conquests of Rajendra I, the son of Rajaraja I.
<P>Otherwise, what we see is the domain of the conqueror <a href="islam.htm#ghazna"><B>Maḥmūd of Ghazna</B></a>. He began raiding into India in the year 1001 (enough to warm the heart of any <a href="century.htm">ordinalist</a>). Eventually he established a presence in the Punjab, but he also continued raiding deeper into India, usually with the aim of plunder, to be sure, but practiced with particular relish in the sacking of Hindu and Jain temples. This allowed for the particuarly Islamic diversion of smashing idols -- where in most Islamic conquests, in Christian and Persian lands, there had actually been few to smash.
<P>This set a poor precedent in the area, since in recent years the savage vandals of the Tālibān regime in <a href="afghan.htm">Afghanistan</a> determined to smash all the Buddhist art in the Kabul Museum and that present around the country on cliff-face sculpture, including two great cliff carved Buddhas in <a href="hist-1.htm#text-10">Bamian province</a>, 175 and 120 feet tall. Subsequently, Jihadist forces have destroyed monuments in <a href="romania.htm#palmyra">Palmyra</a>, in Syria, and even Muslim tombs and libraries in <a href="islam.htm#mali">Mali</a>. These atrocities and vandalism, along with human carnage, certainly represent the worst of <a href="afghan.htm#fascism">Islamic Fascism</a>. Given the fury of his own attacks, Maḥmud's treatment of the Hindu population was actually more conciliatory than one might expect, and it laid the groundwork, once the smashing was finished, for durable Islamic regimes in India.<br clear=left>
<P>A curious linguistic issue arises when we deal with Maḥmud. The name of the city of Ghazna, <img src="images/greek/ghazna.gif" align=middle> (Unicode <font size=+2>غَزْنَى</font>), is written in the Arabic alphabet with the letter "y" at the end. Ordinarily, this would indicate the long vowel "ī"; but sometimes in Arabic, and originally in this case, the "y" is pronounced as the vowel "a." This is called <I>alif maqṣura</I> and occurs in some very common words in Arabic. Thus, sources that one might expect to be intimate with Arabic, like <I>The New Islamic Dynasties</I>,
<a name="mysore"><table border cellpadding=5 width=230 bgcolor="#aa5500" align=right>
<tr><th colspan=2>Rājās of Mysore</th></tr>
<tr><td>Ballala I</td><td>1100-1110</td></tr>
<tr><td>Vishnuvardhana</td><td>1110-1152</td></tr>
<tr><td>Narasimha I</td><td>1152-1173</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ballala II</td><td>1173-1220</td></tr>
<tr><td>Narasimha II</td><td>1220-1238</td></tr>
<tr><td>Somesvara</td><td>1233-1267</td></tr>
<tr><td>Narasimha III</td><td>1254-1292</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ballala III</td><td>1291-1342</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a href="#vijayanagar"><font color="#000000">Vijayanagara</font></a> rule after 1336</th></tr>
<tr><td>Virupaksha Ballala IV</td><td>1342-1346</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Vacant, 1346-1399</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Wadiyar, Wodeyar Dynasty</th></tr>
<tr><td>Yadu Raya</td><td>1399-1423</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hiriya Bettada Chamaraja I</td><td>1423-1459</td></tr>
<tr><td>Timmaraja I</td><td>1459-1478</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hiriya Chamaraja II</td><td>1478-1513</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hiriya Bettada Chamaraja III</td><td>1513-1553</td></tr>
<tr><td>Timmaraja II</td><td>1553-1572</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Vijayanagara broken up by Moghuls, 1565</th></tr>
<tr><td>Bola Chamaraja IV</td><td>1572-1576</td></tr>
<tr><td>Bettada Devaraja</td><td>1576-1578</td></tr>
<tr><td>Raja Wadiyar</td><td>1578-1617</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chamaraja V</td><td>1617-1637</td></tr>
<tr><td>Immadi Raja</td><td>1637-1638</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>effective independence, 1637</th></tr>
<tr><td>Kanthirava Narasaraja I</td><td>1638-1659</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kempa Devaraja</td><td>1659-1673</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chikkadevaraja</td><td>1673-1704</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kanthirava Narasaraja II</td><td>1704-1714</td></tr>
<tr><td>Krishnaraja I</td><td>1714-1732</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chamaraja VI</td><td>1732-1734</td></tr>
<tr><td>Krishnaraja II</td><td>1734-1766</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#00ff000"><th colspan=2>Muslim Ḥaydarids</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#00ff000"><td>Ḥaydar 'Alī Khān Bahādur</td><td>1762-1782</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#00ff000"><th colspan=2>First Anglo-Mysore War, 1766-1769; Second Anglo-Mysore War, 1780-1784</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#dd7700"><th colspan=2>Wodeyar figureheads for Ḥaydarids</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#dd7700"><td>Nanjaraja</td><td>1766-1770</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#dd7700"><td>Bettada Chamaraja VII</td><td>1770-1776</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#dd7700"><td>Khasa Chamaraja VIII</td><td>1776-1796</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#00ff000"><td><B>Tīpū Sulṭān</B></td><td>1782-1799</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#00ff000"><th colspan=2>Third Anglo-Mysore War, 1789-1792; Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, 1798-1799</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>restoration of the Wodeyars</th></tr>
<tr><td>Krishnaraja III</td><td>1799-1831,<br>d.1868</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ff0000"><th colspan=2>British rule, 1831-1881</th></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Chamaraja IX</td><td bgcolor="#ff0000">regency,<br>1868-1881</td></tr>
<tr><td>1881-1894</td></tr>
<tr><td>Krishnaraja IV</td><td>1894-1940</td></tr>
<tr><td>Jayachama- rajendra Bahadur</td><td>1940-1949</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Annexation to India, 1947</th></tr>
</table>
by Clifford Edmund Bosworth [Edinburgh University Press, 1996], use "<B>Ghazna</B>."
<P>In Arabic, where "y" indicates the long vowel "ī," we get two dots under the letter. However, in Persian, the dots are not used (and vowels rarely indicated), the word is written <img src="images/ghazna.gif" align=middle>, and, consequently, <I>alif maqṣura</I> tends to end up getting read in the more obvious way, as a long "ī."
<P>Eventually this happened with Ghazna, which today is locally pronounced "<B>Ghaznī</B>," which would have been written <img src="images/greek/ghazni.gif" align=middle> (Unicode <font size=+2>غَزْنِي</font>) in Arabic. Thus, sources, including modern news sources, whose focus is more on India and less on Islam or on Arabic,
<a name="delhi"><table border cellpadding=5 width=200 align=left bgcolor="#ff8888">
<tr><th colspan=2>SULṬĀNS OF DELHI (DILHÎ)</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a name="slaves">Muʿizzī or Shamsī Slave Kings</a></th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffbbbb"><td rowspan=2>ʾAybak Quṭb ad-Dīn</td><td>Commander in India for the <a href="islam.htm#ghur">Ghūrids</a>, 1192-1206</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffbbbb"><td>Malik in Lahore,<br>1206-1210</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffbbbb"><th colspan=2>destroys Buddhist library and monastery at Nalanda, 1193/4</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffbbbb"><td>ʾĀrām Shāh</td><td>1210-1211</td></tr>
<tr><td>ʾIltutmish Shams ad-Dīn</td><td>Sulṭān in Delhi,<br>1211-1236</td></tr>
<tr><td>Fīrūz Shāh I</td><td>1236</td></tr>
<tr><td>Raḍiyya Begum</td><td>Sulṭāna,<br>1236-1240</td></tr>
<tr><td>Bahrām Shāh</td><td>1240-1242</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mas'ūd Shāh</td><td>1242-1246</td></tr>
<tr><td>Maḥmud Shāh I</td><td>1246-1266</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Balban ʾUlugh Khān</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff">viceroy<br>since 1246</td></tr>
<tr><td>1266-1287</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kay Qubādh</td><td>1287-1290</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kayūmarth</td><td>1290</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a name="khaljis">Khaljīs</a></th></tr>
<tr><td>Fīrūz Shāh ʾII Khaljī</td><td>1290-1296</td></tr>
<tr><td>ʾIbrāhīm Shāh I<br>Qadır Khān</td><td>1296</td></tr>
<tr><td>Muḥammad Shāh I<br>ʿAlī Garshāsp</td><td>1296-1316</td></tr>
<tr><td>ʿUmar Shāh</td><td>1316</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mubārak Shāh</td><td>1316-1320</td></tr>
<tr><td>Khusraw Khān Barwārī</td><td>1320</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a name="tughluqids">Tughluqids</a></th></tr>
<tr><td>Tughluq Shāh I</td><td>1320-1325</td></tr>
<tr><td>Muḥammad Shāh II</td><td>1325-1351</td></tr>
<tr><td>Fīrūz Shāh III</td><td>1351-1388</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tughluq Shāh II</td><td>1388-1389</td></tr>
<tr><td>ʾAbū Bakr Shāh</td><td>1389-1391</td></tr>
<tr><td>Muḥammad Shāh III</td><td>1389-1394</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sikandar Shāh I</td><td>1394</td></tr>
<tr><td>Maḥmūd Shāh II</td><td>1394-1395,<br>1401-1412</td></tr>
<tr><td>Nuṣrat Shāh</td><td>1395-1399</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a href="mongol.htm#timurid">Tamerlane</a> sacks Delhi, 1398</th></tr>
<tr><td>Dawlat Khān Lôdī</td><td>1412-1414</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a name="sayyids">Sayyids</a></th></tr>
<tr><td>Khiḍr Khān</td><td>1414-1421</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mubārak Shāh II</td><td>1421-1434</td></tr>
<tr><td>Muḥammad Shāh IV</td><td>1434-1443</td></tr>
<tr><td>ʿĀlam Shāh</td><td>1443-1451</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a name="lodis">Lôdīs</a></th></tr>
<tr><td>Bahlūl</td><td>1451-1489</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sikandar II<br>Niẓām Khān</td><td>1489-1517</td></tr>
<tr><td>ʾIbrāhīm II</td><td>1517-1526</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a href="#moghuls"><font color="#000000">Moghul</font></a> Rule, 1526-1540</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a name="suris">Sūrīs</a></th></tr>
<tr><td>Shīr Shāh Sūr</td><td>1540-1545</td></tr>
<tr><td>ʾIslām Shāh Sūr</td><td>1545-1554</td></tr>
<tr><td>Muḥammad V Mubāriz Khān</td><td>1554</td></tr>
<tr><td>ʾIbrāhīm III Khān</td><td>1554-1555</td></tr>
<tr><td>ʾAḥmad Khān<br>Sikandar Shāh III</td><td>1555</td></tr>
</table>
tend to project the modern, Persian pronunciation back on the figure who therefore typically gets called "Maḥmud of Ghaznī." It is instructive to know why this variation occurs.
<hr>
<P>While, Islām came to India in great measure in the person of Maḥmūd of Ghazna, this progressed to permanent occupation under his successors, the <a href="islam.htm#ghur"><B>Ghūrids</B></a>. Their viceroys in India, originally from slave troops like the <a href="islam.htm#mamluk">Mamlūks</a> in Egypt, drifted into independence at the beginning of the 13th century. These "Slave Kings" thus founded the Sulṭānate of Delhi. This began an Islāmic domination of India, especially the North of India and the Ganges Valley, that lasted until the advent of the British.
<P>The consequences of the Islāmic conquest of India can hardly be underestimated. Up to a quarter of all Indians ended up converting to Islām. <a href="buddhism.htm#vajra">Buddhism</a> disappeared. Some of the greatest monuments of Indian architecture, like the Taj Mahal, really reflect Persian and Central Asian civilization rather than Indian. Indian Moslems became accustomed, as was their right under Islāmic Law, to be ruled by a Moslem power. In practical terms, that meant that they did not want to be ruled by Hindus, when and if India should become independent. Today, the separation of Pakistan and Bangladesh from the Republic of India, with ongoing strife between them, and the occasional riot between Hindus and Moslems in India itself, are all the result of this.
<P><hr>
<P><B>Mysore</B> (Mahisur, Maysūr, Mahishūru, Mysuru) began as a dependancy of the rulers of the <a href="#maharashtra">Deccan</a> to the North. In 1100, in the days of the Chālukyas of Kalyāṇī, Mysore became independent under the dynasty that had been in place since the 6th or 7th century. However, after the passage of the Sulṭāns of Delhi, Mysore then became a dependency of the Vijayanagara kingdom that was established in 1336. The Wodeyar Dynasty was a cadet line of Vijayanagara. The subordination of Mysore was broken up after Vijayanagara was defeated by the Moghuls in 1565. Moghul rule, such as it was, seems to have ebbed and flowed in presence and affectiveness. The domination by Aurangzeb was certainly a brief one, after which Mysore was independent.
<P>Mysore lost its traditional Hindu rule and became a center of conflict when its own general, Ḥaydar Alī, who had defeated the <a href="#maratha">Marathans</a>, seized power in his own right. The Rājās were retained as figureheads until deposed in 1796 by Ḥaydar's son, the celebrated <B>Tīpū</B>. The rule of these Muslim warriors quickly led to repeated conflict with the British. Ḥaydar Alī became an active ally of the French in the War of American Independence, 1778-1783 (the Second Anglo-Mysore War, 1780-1784), but his invasion of Madras, with some French troops, was defeated. However, after his death (1782), <B>Tīpū</B> crushed a British force of 2000, killing 500 and taking the rest prisoner. This made him the "Tiger of Mysore." Tīpū amused himself with a six-foot long mechanical figure of a tiger gnawing at the throat of an Englishman and snarling at the turn of a crank.
<P>Continuing with the enemies of his enemy, Tīpū entered into relations with <a href="francia.htm#revolution">Revolutionary France</a>, whose rationalists, deists, and atheists curiously found a kindred spirit in a fanatical and tyrannical Muslim -- a dynamic we may see today in the affinity of the <a href="rand.htm#modern">Left</a> for <a href="afghan.htm#fascism">Islamic Fascism</a>. When Napoleon landed in <a href="turkia.htm#egypt">Egypt</a> in 1798, it looked like help might be on the way; but there really wasn't much that the French Republic could do for "Citizen Tipu." The British whittled away at Tīpū's realm until he was killed in 1799. The Wodeyar Rājās were restored, doubtless with some relief to Hindus who had undergone forced conversion and circumcision by Tīpū.
<P><hr>
<P>The first map below is based on Stanley Wolpert [<I>op.cit.</I>]; but the following map, and those of Harsha and of Chola above, are based on maps in <I>The Harper Atlas of World History</I> [Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Editor, Jacques Bertin, Cartographer, Harper & Row, New York, 1986, p.117]. In assembly information for the maps on this page, this is the only source I have that shows Chola or the Sulṭānate at its high water mark.
<br><img src="images/maps/india-3.gif" align=right><br clear=left>
<br>On the map of India in 1236, the Sulṭānate of Delhi has completed its conquest of the North of India, all the way down the Ganges to the Bay of Bengal. Although the fortunes of the state will vary, this area will generally be preserved until the coming of the Moghuls.<br clear=right>
<P><img src="images/maps/india-3a.gif" align=left>On the map for 1335, we see the Sulṭānate of Delhi astride the whole Sub-Continent. This is the largest Indian state in a long time, if not the largest ever. But it will not last long.
<P>The following map below, for 1350, indicates the kingdoms in the South that are the result of the earlier states (like Maharashtra and Chola) being broken up by Delhi, which, then unable to remain dominant in the area, was driven out.
<P>We also see the routes travelled by <a href="#admiralhe"><B>Zhèng Hé</B></a>, the Chinese admiral who led seven great voyages of exploration, trade, and military intervention during the early days of the <a href="#ming">Ming Dynasty</a>, from 1405 to 1433. The military intervention became less a factor the further West we get. It was intense in Indonesia, where considerable battles were fought and kings were made -- or sent back to China for execution. A Chinese base was established and fortified at <a href="islam.htm#malacca">Malacca</a>. In <a href="buddhism.htm#ceylon">Ceylon</a>, we still get some intervention, with King Vira Alakeshvara of Raigama (1397-1411) captured and sent back to China. But the Emperor apologized for this, and returned the King to Ceylon (though not, apparently, to his throne). Further West, trade and embassies seem to have been the rule. All this stopped abruptly in 1433, as China withdrew from foreign contact. When the Portuguese arrived in 1498, the Chinese were long gone.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="vijayanagar"><img src="images/maps/india-3b.gif" align=left>
<table border cellpadding=5 width=170 bgcolor="#00aaaa" align=right>
<tr><th colspan=2>Vijayanagar</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>SANGAMA</th></tr>
<tr><td>Harihara I</td><td>1336-1356</td></tr>
<tr><td>Bukka I</td><td>1356-1377</td></tr>
<tr><td>Harihara II</td><td>1377-1404</td></tr>
<tr><td>Virupaksha I</td><td>1404-1405</td></tr>
<tr><td>Bukka II</td><td>1405-1406</td></tr>
<tr><td>Devaraya I</td><td>1406-1422</td></tr>
<tr><td>Rama-<br>chandra</td><td>1422-1430</td></tr>
<tr><td>Vira Vijaya I<br>Bukka Raya</td><td>1422-1424</td></tr>
<tr><td>Devaraya II</td><td>1424-1446</td></tr>
<tr><td>Vijaya II</td><td>1446-1447</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mallikarjuna</td><td>1446-1465</td></tr>
<tr><td>Virupaksha II</td><td>1465-1485</td></tr>
<tr><td>Praudha Raya</td><td>1485</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>SALUVA</th></tr>
<tr><td>Narasimha-<br>devaraya</td><td>1485-1490</td></tr>
<tr><td>Thimma Bhupala</td><td>1490-1491</td></tr>
<tr><td>Immadi Narasimha</td><td>1491-1505</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>TULUVA</th></tr>
<tr><td>Vira Narasimha</td><td>1505-1509</td></tr>
<tr><td>Krishna-<br>devaraya</td><td>1509-1529/30</td></tr>
<tr><td>Achyota-<br>devaraya</td><td>1529/30-1542</td></tr>
<tr><td>Venkata</td><td>1542</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sadashi-<br>varaya</td><td>1542-1565</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>disrupted by Moghuls, 1565</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>ARAVIDU</th></tr>
<tr><td>Tirumala Devaraya</td><td>1565-1572</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sriranga I Devaraya</td><td>1572-1586</td></tr>
<tr><td>Venkatapati I Devaraya</td><td>1586-1614</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sriranga II Raya</td><td>1614</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>vacant</th></tr>
<tr><td>Rama-<br>devaraya</td><td>1617-1632</td></tr>
<tr><td>Venkatapati Raya</td><td>1632-1642</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sriranga III Raya</td><td>1642-1646</td></tr>
<tr><td>Venkatapati II Raya</td><td>1646-c.1660</td></tr>
</table><br clear=left>
<P>The kingdom of Vijayanagar, based in the area of Kannada speakers again (stretching East in Telugu speaking country), originates in revolt against the Sulṭānate of Delhi, which only briefly dominated the South, but nevertheless broke up the older powers in the area. Vijayanagar reestablishes local independence. It will continue dominant until the arrival of the Moghuls. We do not, however, see a simple conquest any cleaner than what Delhi had managed to accomplish in the same area. In 1565, Akbar defeated and disrupted the power of the state, but the result was not Moghul occupation. Instead, a cadet line of Vijayanagar at <a href="#mysore">Mysore</a> begins to overshadow its parent state, as recounted above and shown on the maps below. By the time Aurangzeb returned to briefly conquer the area, Vijayanagar had faded away. In 1646 the capital itself was seized by the Sulṭāns of Bijapur and Golkonda. The last king, Venkatapati II, was thus himself an exile in some small fragment of the former kingdom.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="sikhs"><hr>
<P>Sikhism, from Pāli</a> <I>sikkha</I> (Sanskrit <img src="images/greek/shishya.gif" align=middle>), "follower, pupil, disciple," was a new religion, founded in the days of the Sulṭānate of Delhi, that attempted to reconcile and replace Hinduism and ʾIslām. Although there are some 18 million Sikhs today, this never made much of a dent in the numbers of Hindus or Moslems, and long earned the Sikhs little but hostility from both.
<table border cellpadding=5 align=left width=250 bgcolor="#ffaa00">
<tr><th colspan=3>Sikh Gurūs</th></tr>
<tr><td>1</td><td>Nānak</td><td>1469-1539</td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td>Aṅgad</td><td>1539-1552</td></tr>
<tr><td>3</td><td>Amar Dās</td><td>1552-1574</td></tr>
<tr><td>4</td><td>Rām Dās Soḍhi</td><td>1574-1581</td></tr>
<tr><td>5</td><td>Arjun Mal</td><td>1581-1606</td></tr>
<tr><td>6</td><td>Hargobind</td><td>1606-1644</td></tr>
<tr><td>7</td><td>Har Rāi</td><td>1644-1661</td></tr>
<tr><td>8</td><td>Hari Krishen</td><td>1661-1664</td></tr>
<tr><td>9</td><td>Tegh Bahādur</td><td>1664-1675</td></tr>
<tr><td>10</td><td>Gobind Rāi Singh</td><td>1675-1708</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Khālsā, 1699</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2>Bandā Singh Bahādur</td><td>1708-1716</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Moghul campaign of extermination, 1716-1733</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2>Nawab Kapur Singh</td><td>Nawwāb, 1733-1753</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>recognized by Moghuls, 1733; attack on <a href="iran.htm#afsharid">Nādir Shāh</a>, 1739; Sikh Confederacy, 1745; 11 <I>Misls</I>, 1748; Khālsā Rāj, Punjab, 1761</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2>Ranjīt Singh</td><td>Mahārāja, 1801-1839</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Sikh column attacked by <a href="islam.htm#saudi">Wahhābīs</a>, "Hindustani fanatics," who are massacred, 1827; Sikhs defeated by Wahhābīs, 1828; Peshawar occupied by Wahhābīs, Pathans massacre Wahhābīs, 1830; Sikhs annhilhate Wahhābīs, Battle of Balakot, 1831</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2>Kharak Singh</td><td>1839-1840</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2>Nao Nehal Singh</td><td>1840</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2>Chand Kaur <img src="images/female.gif" align=middle></td><td>1840-1841</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2>Sher Singh</td><td>1841-1843</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2>Duleep Singh</td><td>1843-1849,<br>d. 1893</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>First Sikh War, 1845-1846;<br>
Second Sikh War, 1848-1849;<br>
annexed by British, 1849</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2>Victor Duleep Singh</td><td>Heir of Punjab, 1893-1918</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2>Frederick Duleep Singh</td><td>1918-1926</td></tr>
</table>
After the Fifth Gurū ("Teacher") was executed by the Moghuls, the Sixth rejected Moghul authority and was forced to flee to the mountains. When the Ninth Gurū was later again executed by the Moghuls, the Tenth, Gobind Rāi, took things a step further by transforming the community into an army, the Khālsā, "Pure." Every Sikh male became a <img src="images/greek/lion.gif" align=middle>, <I>Singh</I>, "Lion," and every Sikh female a <img src="images/greek/kaur.gif" align=middle>, <I>Kaur</I>, "Princess," which we still see as the surnames of modern Sikhs. The succession of Gurūs was then ended.
<P>Actually, I am curious about <img src="images/greek/kaur.gif" align=middle>, which is said to mean "princess" in both Punjabi and Hindi. But the word of that spelling in the <I>Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary</I> [edited by R.S. McGregor, Oxford, 1993] only has the meaning "a mouthful (of food)" [p.219]. This is glossed as possibly being a Dravidian word, and indeed it does not occur in my Sanskrit lexicon [<I>Practical Sanskrit Dictionary</I>, by Arthur Anthony MacDonnell, Oxford, 1929, 1971, p.75]. I am surprised that there is this obscurity about it.
<P>At first this transformation did not seem to improve things much. Gobind Singh and his temporal successor, Bandā Singh Bahādur, both died violent deaths, and the community fragmented. But with the decline of Moghul power, opportunity knocked. The Khālsā was soon again unified and installed in Lahore, under Ranjīt Singh, who became Mahārāja of the Punjab. Henceforth the Sikhs, although never more than a minority, were the greatest military power in northern India. The death of Ranjīt, however, led to a chaotic succession and conflict among his heirs. Two sharp wars with the British led to the annexation of the Punjab, after which Sikh warlike ambitions could be directed through membership in the British Indian Army, where the Sikhs stood out with their characteristic turbans and beards.
<P><a name="punjab">In the Punjab, we have a major crossroads of history. The name, "Five Rivers," we find in <a href="iran.htm#persian">Persian</a>, <img src="images/greek/panjab.gif" align=middle> (i.e. <img src="images/greek/panj.gif" align=middle> "five," and <img src="images/greek/ab.gif" align=middle>, "water, river"). The "u" in the English name probably is the result of the "a" being a reduced vowel, as "schwa" [ə], in Hindi-Urdu, <img src="images/greek/punjab.gif" align=middle>. Just what rivers these are is a matter of some small uncertainty. In Sanskrit, the area was the "Seven Rivers," <img src="images/greek/7sindhu.gif" align=middle>; and there are enough rivers, indeed, that these could be multiplied. However, the general idea is that the <B>Indus</B>, <font size=+1>Ἰνδός</font>, <img src="images/greek/sindhu.gif" align=middle>, and its five <I>major</I> tributaries constitute the Punjab.
<P>The tributaries considered for this are (1) the Jhelum, (2) the Chenab, (3) the Ravi, (4) the Beas, and (5) the Sutlej. <img src="images/maps/punjab.gif" align=right>If the Indus itself is counted as one of the "Five," then the Sutlej might be dropped. This seems a little odd, since the Beas is a tributary of the Sutlej, which is a lot longer, flowing into the Indus. The answer may be that the road to the Ganges, such as followed by Alexander the Great, reaches the Beas before the Sutlej. All of these rivers have different names in multiple languages. What are shown on the map are the names, of course, in English, in Greek, and in both <a href="upan.htm#hindi">Hindi and Urdu</a> (in the Arabic alphabet).
<P><a name="beas">A curious case is the Beas (or Bëas, or Bias) River, whose name in Hindu or Urdu I had some difficulty finding. Wikipedia didn't have either on its "Beas" page.
<P>What is shown on the map is Sanskrit, <img src="images/greek/vipasha.gif" align=middle>, and Arabic, <img src="images/greek/beas-a.gif" align=middle>. The Arabic I only had a clue from "Hobson-Jobson," <I>A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases</I>, by Henry Yule & A.C. Burnell [1886, 1985, Curzon Press, 1995, p.742]. Yule & Burnell quote al-Birūnī using "Biah" [c.1020] and, apparently, <a href="mongol.htm#timurid">Tamerlane</a> using "Biyāh" [c.1400], which I have used to produce the likely rendering, albeit speculative, in Arabic.
<P>An actual Hindi name I could only find on pages in Hindi about the Beas, fortunately with the name in the title and first line, which did not prevent my ignorance of Hindi from interfering with the identification. Thus, the basic Hindi name seems to be <img src="images/greek/byas.gif" align=middle>. A variant of this is <img src="images/greek/vyasa.gif" align=middle>, where we have a "v" instead of a "b." As it happens, this is often what we see in Sanksrit for a "b" in Hindi, and with a "v" this word looks like the name of the author of the <a href="gita.htm#bharat"><I>Mahābhārata</I></a>. Thus, we seem to find a tradition that the river was actually named after him.
<P>The Greek names of the rivers are discussed in the relation to the campaign here of <a href="hist-1.htm#punjab">Alexander the Great</a>, with relevant sites in purple. The cities in red are either ancient (Harappa) or modern (Delhi, Lahore, and Amritsar).
<P>In modern India a movement began for Sikh independence from India, with the Indian Punjab becoming <I>Khālistān</I>. Led by Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindrānwale, this led to a catastrophic showdown in 1984 when the Golden Temple in Armitsar, the fortified center of the Sikh Faith, was stormed by the Indian Army, and Bhindrānwale killed. When Prime Minister Indria Gandhi was assassinated later the same year by Sikh bodyguards, few doubted that this was an act of revenge. Sikh nationalism continues to trouble India, although the historic Sikh kingdom lies equally in Pakistan.<br clear=right>
<P><a name="moghuls"><table border cellpadding=5 align=left bgcolor="#ff8888" width=290>
<tr><th colspan=2><img src="images/moghul.gif"><br>MOGHUL EMPERORS</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Great Moghuls</th></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2><B>Bābur</B>, <img src="images/greek/babur.gif" align=middle></td><td bgcolor="#dddddd">1498-1500,<br>1500-1501<br>in <a href="mongol.htm#timurid">Transoxania</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>1526-1530</td></tr>
<tr><td><B>Humāyūn</B>, <img src="images/greek/humayun.gif" align=middle></td><td>1530-1540,<br>
1555-1556</td></tr>
<tr><td><B>ʾAkbar I</B>, <img src="images/greek/akbar.gif" align=middle></td><td>1556-1605</td></tr>
<tr><td><B>Jahāngīr</B>, <img src="images/greek/jahangir.gif" align=middle></td><td>1605-1627</td></tr>
<tr><td>Dāwar Bakhsh</td><td>1627-1628</td></tr>
<tr><td><B>Shāh Jahān I,<br><img src="images/greek/jahan.gif" align=middle> <img src="images/greek/shah.gif" align=middle>,<br>Khusraw</B>, <img src="images/greek/khusraw.gif" align=middle></td><td>1628-1657,<br>d. 1666</td></tr>
<tr><td><B>ʾAurangzeb/ʾAwrangzīb,<br><img src="images/greek/aurangzb.gif" align=middle>,<br>ʿĀlamgīr I</B>, <img src="images/greek/alamgir.gif" align=middle></td><td>1658-1707</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shāh ʿĀlam I, <img src="images/greek/alam.gif" align=middle> <img src="images/greek/shah.gif" align=middle>,<br>Bahādur, <img src="images/greek/bahadur.gif" align=middle></td><td>1707-1712</td></tr>
<tr><td>Jahāndār Muʿizz ad-Dīn</td><td>1712-1713</td></tr>
<tr><td>Farrukh-siyar</td><td>1713-1719</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shams ad-Dīn<br>Rāfiʿ ad-Darajāt</td><td>1719</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shāh Jahān II<br>Rāfiʿ ad-Dawla </td><td>1719</td></tr>
<tr><td>Nīkū-siyar Muḥammad</td><td>1719</td></tr>
<tr><td>Muḥammad Shāh,<br><img src="images/greek/shah.gif" align=middle> <img src="images/greek/muhammad.gif" align=middle>, Nāṣir ad-Dīn,<br><img src="images/greek/ad-din.gif" align=middle><img src="images/greek/nasir.gif" align=middle></td><td>1719-1748</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ff888"><th colspan=2>Looting of Delhi by <a href="iran.htm#afsharid"><font color="#000000">Nādir Shāh</font></a>, 1739</td></tr>
<tr><td>Aḥmad Bahādur Shāh I</td><td>1748-1754</td></tr>
<tr><td>ʿAzīz ad-Dīn ʿĀlamgīr II</td><td>1754-1759</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shāh Jahān III</td><td>1759</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shāh ʿĀlam II</td><td>1759-1788,<br>1788-1806</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><I>Diwani</I> of Bengal granted to <a href="#diwan"><font color="#000000">East India Company</font></a>, 1765; <a href="#maratha"><font color="#000000">Marathans</font></a> eject <a href="afghan.htm"><font color="#000000">Afghans</font></a> from Delhi, 1770</th></tr>
<tr><td>Bīdār-bakht</td><td>1788</td></tr>
<tr><td>Muʿīn ad-Dīn ʾAkbar II</td><td>1806-1837</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Moghul authority replaced by Britain, 1827; English replaces Persian, 1828; Suttee illegal, 1829; suppression of Thugee launched, 1836</th></tr>
<tr><td><B>Sirāj ad-Dīn<br>Bahādur Shāh II</B>,<br><img src="images/greek/shah.gif" align=middle> <img src="images/greek/bahadur.gif" align=middle></td><td>1837-1858,<br>d.1862</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Great Sepoy Mutiny, 1857-1858;<br>
<a href="#british"><font color="#000000">British</font></a> Rule, 1858-1947</th></tr>
</table>
<B><I>Moghul</I></B>, <img src="images/moghul.gif" align=middle>, is Persian (<font size=+2>مُغُول</font>, <I>Mughūl</I> in Arabic) for "Mongol" -- although the Moghuls were rather more Turkish than Mongol. An alternative pronunciation in Persian is <I>Moghol</I>, which, with a different final vowel, would give a Hindi-Urdu pronunciation of <I><B>Mughal</B></I> -- written <img src="images/mughal.gif" align=middle> in Urdu (<font size=+2>مُغَل</font>), <img src="images/mugal.gif" align=middle> in Hindi (<font size=+1>मुग़ल</font>).
<P>There the /gh/ is ordinarily pronounced as a /g/, but otherwise meaning the Arabo-Persian fricative /<font size=+1>γ</font>/ (indicated by the diacritic underdot in Devanāgarī), not the proper voiced aspirate stop /gh/ of <a href="cognates.htm#sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.
<P>The Hindi-Urdu name <I>Mughal</I> now tends to be used by historians, on the principle that it is an "endonym," the name used by the people to whom it refers. However, although <I>Mughal</I> is used in Modern India and Pakistan, it was <I>not</I> used by the people to whom it refers. On the other hand, it is the <I>English</I> word "Mogul," which we find in dictionary entries and is used for Hollywood movie executives, that looks to be based directly on the Persian. Its use was standardized in the 18th century.
<P>Many names were used for the Mongols, long before the advent of the Moghuls in India. In Marco Polo we see <I>Mungul</I>. In the 14th century there is <I>Moccol</I> in Portuguese and even <font size=+1>Μουγουλίος</font>, <I>Mougoulíos</I>, in Greek. Portuguese is still using <I>Mogor</I> in the 18th century.
<P><a href="iran.htm#persian">Persian</a> was the Court language of the Moghuls themselves. "Mughal" would have been strange to them. Although Arabic and Persian have variant writings that seem to have have included this, the short "u" would have been pronounced "o" in proper Persian. The dominant language today, <a href="upan.htm#note-0">Hindi-Urdu</a> or Hindustani, was simply the language that ended up adopted as the language of the Moghul army -- as it remained the language of command in the British Indian Army, which meant British officers had to learn to speak it, as did Indian recruits, like Punjabis, whose first language was something else. Thus, when William Slim, later the victorious commander in <a href="perigoku.htm#ww2">Burma</a>, found himself about to be discharged from the British Army after World War I, he continued his career by moving to the Indian Army and, of course, learning Hindi.
<P>Hindi has gone on, in turn, to be the principal language of India, although it is used as a first language mainly in the North. Hindi is also the national language of India, along with English. The original idea to replace English with Hindi has been stopped by States where Hindi is not an official language. The defining text of Indian law is still the one in English, and deliberations of the Indian Supreme Court are in English.
<P>Some States, like Maharashtra, have neither Hindi nor English as official languages, which has resulted in phenomena such as official replacement of English "Bombay" with Marathi "Mumbai" as the name of that city. This reflects Indian politics, not anti-colonialism. Marathi is the <I>only</I> official language of Maharashtra, despite a reported 38 other languages spoken there. The replacement of "Bombay" with "Mumbai" even in English is the result of politically correct <a href="romania.htm#note-14">confusion</a>, i.e. asinine "virtue signaling," about place names.
<P>As a center of the Indian movie industry, Bombay continues to be called "Bollywood," and its movies are mostly filmed in Hindi. A South Indian movie industry, with movies shot in Tamil or Telugu, has come to be called "Tollywood." One of its movies, the marvelous two part <I>Bāhubali</I> [2017], became an international sensation, in Tamil, Telugu, and Hindi versions; but the internationally available DVD is only the film dubbed in Hindi. The name, <img src="images/greek/bahubali.gif" align=middle>, "Strong Arm," is, of course, Sanskrit (<font size=+1>बाहुबलि</font>) -- the equivalent name in European history, used for <a href="flanders.htm">Baldwin I of Flanders</a> and <a href="italia.htm#hauteville">William de Hauteville</a>, would be <I>Bras de Fer</I>, "Iron Arm."
<P><a name="text">We should reflect that the current preference among academics for <I>Mughal</I> is in part the result of a modern ideological preference for a "national" language, along with the <a href="romania.htm#eskimo">political principle</a> that we should use the name for a people that they use for themselves, the purported "endonym," in their own language. This is something that the Moghuls would have found alien and perplexing, both in principle and in result. They certainly weren't speaking Hindi-Urdu. It thus verges on the anachronistic and may seem biased in a distractive, deceptive, and <a href="moral-2.htm">politically correct</a> way. It is not a practice and does not reflect an attitude that is proper to a historian. And, ironically, this means that calling a Hollywood studio executive a "Mogul" may reflect a pronunciation that is more faithful to the Moghuls than the current "best practice" of historians -- the expression "Bollywood Mogul" might be the nicest taunt to the <a href="language.htm">language police</a>. We find similar political quibbles over the transcription of <a href="romania.htm#latinized">Greek</a> [<a href="#note">note</a>].
<hr>
<P>Pretensions to universal rule, which figure in Indian mythology, in Persian imperial tradition, and in the titles of earlier Indian rulers,
<table align=right border cellpadding=10 bgcolor=red>
<tr><td>
<a href="rank.htm#feudal"><font color=black>Feudal Hierarchy</font></a>
<br><a href="rank.htm#note-6"><font color=black>Monarchical Acclamations</font></a>
</td></tr></table>
are reflected in many of the actual names of Moghul emperors. "ʾAkbar" in Arabic, <img src="images/greek/akbar.gif" align=middle> (<font size=+2>أَكْبَر</font>), is "Greatest." "Jahāngir," <img src="images/greek/jahangir.gif" align=middle> (<font size=+2>جَهَانْگِير</font>), in Persian means to "seize" (<I>gir</I>) the "world" (<I>jahān</I>). "Shāh Jahān" is also Persian for "World King." "ʿĀlamgir" and "Shah ʿĀlam" both simply substitute the Arabic word for "world," <I>ʿālam</I>, for the Persian word. As the Moghul state decays in the 18th century, of course, these names and pretentions become increasingly farcical.<br clear=left>
<P>Almost from the first, Moghul policy was to tolerate and win the cooperation of Hindus, especially the warriors of Rajasthan. With <B>ʾAkbar</B>, this approached a policy of positive toleration and religious syncretism, which earned Akbar the disfavor of Moslem clerics but, <img src="images/maps/india-4.gif" align=left>like Aśoka, the esteem of modern liberal opinion. Akbar even toyed with the idea of a universal syncretistic religion, to be called the <I>Din-e Allāh</I>, the "Religion of God." This was rather like what the <a href="#sikhs">Sikhs</a> originally tried to do. But while Hinduism was open, more or less, to various kinds of syncretism (like adopting the Buddha as an Avatar of <a href="gods.htm">Vishnu</a>), Islām certainly was not.
<P>The maps of Moghul India begin to feature European colonial possessions. <a href="newspain.htm">Portugal</a> is first, and for a good while they have the scene to themselves. Goa is the center of the operation, which then would extend all the way to China and Japan. <B>St. Francis Xavier</B> (d.1552) entered <a href="#muromachi">Japan</a> and learned Japanese, and his reportedly incorrupt body is now still enshrined at Goa. Although nearly lost among the billion people of India, a fair number of Catholics survive from Portuguese missionary activity, often with Portuguese names, like D'Souza. Famous Portuguese missionaries in China, like <a href="chinacal.htm#jesuits">Matteo Ricci</a> (d.1610), also passed through Goa. The Kingdom of Kandy in <a href="buddhism.htm#ceylon">Ceylon</a> came to be in a rebellion against the Portuguese (1590) and then would survive in the mountains all through the Dutch tenure on the island, until the British took over (1815).<br clear=left>
<P>Until this point the maps of Imperial domains in India are based on Stanley Wolpert's <I>A New History of India</I> [Oxford University Press, 1989]. Now, however, <img src="images/maps/india-5.gif" align=right>they are largely based on the <I>The Anchor Atlas of World History</I>, Volume I [1974, Hermann Kinder, Werner Hilgemann, Ernest A. Menze, and Harald and Ruth Bukor] and Volume II [1978], and the <I>Historical Atlas of the World</I> [Barnes & Noble, 1972].
<P>Even the most basic elements of Moghul policy were reversed by the fanatical <B>ʾAwrangzīb</B> (or <B>ʾAurangzeb</B>), who briefly brought the Empire to its greatest extent but whose measures against Hindus and Sikhs (the execution of the ninth Sikh Gurū) fatally weakened the state. Non-Moslems no longer had any reason to support the Moghuls, and in short order the Empire was only a shell of its former strength and vigor, with the Persians sacking Delhi itself (1739), under the Emperor, Muḥammad Shāh, who had otherwise done somewhat well at maintaining things.
<P>A century after ʾAkbar, with the death of ʾAurangzeb, as the Moghul Empire totters at maximum extent a moment before fatally shrinking, things are getting a bit crowded, with Britain, the Dutch, the French, and even the <a href="perifran.htm#scancolon">Danes</a> piling on. One of the earliest British toeholds was Bombay, which was actually a gift from Portugal in the dowry of Catherine of Braganza when she married <a href="perifran.htm#protect">Charles II</a> of England in 1664. In 1701, it looks like the Dutch have the strongest hold, but as the 18th century progressed, and the Moghul domain crumbled, France and Britain would become the principal rivals for hegemony.<br clear=right>
<P><img src="history/moghuls.gif" align=left>Henceforth, the shell of Moghul authority would stand just until a new conquering power would appear. After a surge of French influence under their brilliant governor Joseph Dupleix (d.1763), that turned out to be the British, who, however, only gradually conceived the notion of actually replacing nominal Moghul authority with an explicit British Dominion in India. Although the last Moghul was deposed in 1858, after the Great Mutiny, the full process was not complete until Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of Indian in 1876. The British Rāj would then last exactly 71 more years -- testimony to the rapidity of modern events after the 332 years of the Moghuls.
<P>How durable the British heritage will be is a good question. The form of government in India, which has in general remained democratic, is far more British than that of other former British possessions. And English, with its own distinctive Indian accent and vocabulary, remains the only official language of the country that does not provoke communal conflict. To many, the experience of British rule is a bitter memory, but it is only Hindus who may maintain the same kind of animus against the Moghuls. The removal of British monuments -- I've notice a statue of Edward VII transported to Toronto -- then dangerously suggests the removal of Moghul or Muslim monuments, which is now not unheard of.
<P>The genealogy of the Moghuls is entirely from <I>The New Islamic Dynasties</I>, by Clifford Edmund Bosworth [Edinburgh University Press, 1996]. Some brief reigns given by Bosworth, which are so ephemeral as not to figure in most lists of the Moghuls, including the table above, are marked as "disputed." Otherwise, the title, <I>Pādishāh</I>, <img src="images/greek/padishah.gif" align=middle>, "Emperor," and an imperial crown are given.<br clear=left>
<P>The most memorable monument of the Moghuls is the <I>Tāj Mahal</I>, <img src="images/greek/mahal-p.gif" align=middle><img src="images/greek/taj.gif" align=middle>, <img src="images/greek/taj-h.gif" align=middle><img src="images/greek/mahal-h.gif" align=middle>, "Crown Palace." Shāh Jahān built this mausoleum in tribute to his favorite wife, Mumtāz-i-Mahal, <img src="images/greek/mahal-p.gif" align=middle><img src="images/greek/of-2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/greek/mumtaz.gif" align=middle>, "Select of the Palace" (in Persian, this would be pronounced Momtāz-e-Mahal -- <I>mumtāz</I> is Arabic [root <B>myz</B>] and can mean "distinguished," "exquisite," "select," "excellent," etc.), the mother of Aurangzeb. Shāh Jahān lies there now with her, but his reign did not end well. He became ill and his sons then fell out among themselves, until Aurangzeb, the last of the Great Moghuls, gained control -- and imprisoned Shāh Jahān for the rest of his life.
<P>One might say that Aurangzeb ruled with such force that the Empire shattered in his hands. For a good while, as the realm broke up, the Throne was passed between brothers and cousins. Some stability was achieved when it no longer made much difference.
<P>The last, aging Moghul, Bahādur Shāh II, threw his lot with the Mutineers and was deposed by the British. <img src="images/lastmghl.jpg" align=right width=450>He was then exiled in Rangoon for the rest of his life. The image is of his arrest -- the old man with the white beard -- after he fled Delhi ahead of the British. Three sons are with him, Moghul, Khizr Sulṭan, and Abu Bakr. A British officer, Captain William Hodson, summarily executed -- i.e. murdered -- all or two of these -- some accounts place the execution of Abu Bakr a month later. This may have been to prevent their ever becoming a focus of resistance; but in the long run, of course, it made them martyrs, not to mention being a despicable way to treat defeated royalty. Bahādur Shāh was still the nominal sovereign of India, and none of his family owed the British any loyalty; and other sons nevertheless survived. But it is clear from world history, the victors only tend to be magnaminous when they don't still feel treatened by those they defeat. Thus, the Romans spitefully pursued <a href="hist-1.htm#carthage2">Hannibal</a>, but the British public celebrated the defeated Cetshwayo, King of the <a href="british.htm#zulu">Zulus</a>. The murdered and then surviving Moghul sons may represent the intensity, and then fading, of British fears, respectively.<br clear=right>
<P><a name="maratha"><table border cellpadding=5 bgcolor="#ffff00" align=left>
<th colspan=4>Maratha (Mahratta) Confederacy/Empire</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=4>Chattrapatis, Kings</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2>Sivaji I the Great</td><td colspan=2>1674-1680</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2>Shambhuji I</td><td colspan=2>1680-1689</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2>Rajaram I</td><td colspan=2>1689-1700</td></tr>
<th colspan=4>defeat and occupation by the Moghuls, 1700</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2><img src="images/female.gif" align=right>Tara Bai</td><td colspan=2>regent,<br>1700-1708</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Chattrapatis, Kings</th><th colspan=2>Peshwas, Ministers</th></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=3>Shahu I</td><td rowspan=3>1708-1749</td><td>Balaji Vishvanath</td><td>1713-1720</td></tr>
<tr><td>Baji Rao I</td><td>1720-1740</td></tr>
<tr><td>Balaji Baji Rao</td><td>1740-1761</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=5>Ramaraja II</td><td rowspan=5>1749-1777</td><td>Madhava Rao Ballal</td><td>1761-1772</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>defeated by <a href="afghan.htm">Afghans</a>,<br>battle of Panipat, 1761,<br>occupation of Delhi, 1770</th></tr>
<tr><td>Narayan Rao</td><td>1772-1773</td></tr>
<tr><td>Raghunath Rao</td><td>1773-1774</td></tr>
<tr><td>Madhava Rao Narayan</td><td>1774-1796</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Shahu II</td><td rowspan=2>1777-1808</td><td>Chimnaji Appa</td><td>1796</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Baji Rao II</td><td rowspan=2>1796-1818</th></tr>
<tr><td>Pratap Singh</td><td>1808-1839</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shahji Raja</td><td colspan=3>1839-1848</td></tr>
</table>
The gravest, indeed the fatal, blow to the Moghul imperium was the disaffection of warlike Hindu people like the Rajputs and the Marathis. The Marathans were already in revolt under Sivaji I the Great, and Aurangzeb was only able to put them down with difficulty. Shambhuji I was tortured and killed in 1689. After furious resistance and battles, Aurangzeb could claim victory; but after his death and the release from captivity of Shahu I, Marathan power recovered quickly and a large part of central India was lost to the Moghuls forever. Although the Marathan domain is often called an "Empire," we also see it called merely a "Confederacy." This may indicate some difficulties in holding the domain together, which ultimately rendered it less powerful than its extent might indicate. We also get the curious circumstance that Shahu I began to leave the responsibilities of government to his minister, Balaji Vishvanath. The line of ministers, the Peshwas, come to exercise the rule of the Marathan domain, which is sometimes then said to simply be the realm "of the Peshwas." In three wars between 1776 and 1818, the British defeated the Marathans and annexed a good part of their territory.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="dupleix"><img src="images/maps/india-6.gif" align=left>
<table border cellpadding=5 align=right bgcolor="#ffaaff" width=170>
<tr><th colspan=2>Nawwābs of the<br>Carnatic, at Arcot</th></tr>
<tr><td>Zū-l-Fiqār ʿAli Khan</td><td>c.1690-1703</td></tr>
<tr><td>Dāʾūd Khān</td><td>1703-1710</td></tr>
<tr><td>Muhammad Saʿādat-Allah Khan I</td><td>1710-1732</td></tr>
<tr><td>Dost ʿAli Khan</td><td>1732-1740</td></tr>
<tr><td>Safdar ʿAli Khan</td><td>1740-1742</td></tr>
<tr><td>Saʿādat-Allah Khan II</td><td>1742-1744</td></tr>
<tr><td>ʾAnwar ud-Din Muhammad</td><td>1744-1749</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>defeated by the French, 1744; defeated by the French & killed, 1749</th></tr>
<tr><td>Chanda Sahib</td><td>1749-1752</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>installed by the French under Dupleix, 1749; defeated by the British, surrendered, executed, 1752</th></tr>
<tr><td>Wala Jah Muhammad 'Ali</td><td>1749-1795</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>installed & supported by the British</th></tr>
<tr><td>ʿUmdut ul-Umara</td><td>1795-1801</td></tr>
<tr><td>ʿAzim ud-Dawlah</td><td>1801-1819</td></tr>
<tr><td>ʿAzim Jah</td><td>1819-1825</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Annexed to British India, 1825</th></tr>
</table><br clear=left> <br>
With the Marathans astride the sub-continent in 1756, we are just past the moment of the maximum influence of the French, who had greatly extended their possessons and influence under <B>Joseph François Dupleix</B> (d.1763). Dupleix engineered French candidates into the offices of Nawwāb of the <a href="#carnatic">Carnatic</a>, the coast around the French city of Pondichéry (and threatening to the British city of Madras), and of <I>Ṣūbadār</I> of <a href="#hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>. When Dupleix defeated the Nawwāb Anwar ud-Din's army of 8000-10,000 men with only 450 French troops in 1744, this opened the eyes of Europeans to the relative weakness of Indian military strength and, subsequently, the ease with which the politics of Indian states could be maniplated or dominated.
<P>Both the Nawwāb Anwar ud-Din of the Carnatic and the <I>Ṣūbadār</I> Nāṣir Jang of Hyderabad were killed in battle with the French allied to pretenders to their positions. French forces were sent with Muẓaffar Jang to support his government in Hyderabad. However, in 1752 their candidate for the Carnatic, Chanda Sahib, was defeated in battle, surrendered, and then was executed by the British candidate, Muhammad 'Ali, who would then rule under British protection for many years.
<P>By 1756, Dupleix had been recalled (in 1754), and his policies repudiated. His job, after all, was to make money, not to make war on the English or take over Indian states. He had done this with some justification during the <a href="francia.htm#maria">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740-1748) but his aggressive actions had continued after the Peace. This was a problem, and, indeed, the adventure in Hyderabad never did make any money for the French.
<P>In retrospect, Dupleix's recall looks ill considered, as the Seven Years War (1756-1763) was about to begin; the local French forces <I>would</I> need to make war on the English; and France would need as strong a position as possible to do that. She wasn't going to have it, and the British would be just as victorious in the war in India as in the Americas. But that is in hindsight. Back in France in 1754, it would not have been appreciated that Dupleix had created a whole new dynamic in Indian history. Formerly, Moghul authority continued to external appearances and Europeans approached local officials deferentially with nothing but trade privileges in mind. Now, with some exceptions and setbacks, the European traders could make and unmake local authorities at will. This was at first discovered and exploited by the French, but the British would prove far better and more successful at the game.<br clear=right>
<P><a name="bengal"><table border cellpadding=5 align=left bgcolor="#aaddaa" width=300>
<tr><th colspan=2>Nawwābs of Bengal, 1704-1765</th></tr>
<tr><td>Murshid Qulī Khān ʿAlāʾ ad-Dawla</td><td>1704-1725</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shujāʿ Khān Shujāʾ ad-Dawla</td><td>1725-1739</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sarfarāz Khān ʿAlāʾ ad-Dawla</td><td>1739-1740</td></tr>
<tr><td>ʿAlīwirdī Khān Hāshim ad-Dawla</td><td>1740-1756</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mīrzā Maḥmūd Sirāj ad-Dawla</td><td>1756-1757</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Defeated & dethroned by Robert Clive,<br>
Battle of Plassey, 1757</th></tr>
<tr><td>Mīr Jaʿfar Muḥammad Khān<br>Hāshim ad-Dawla</td><td>1757-1760<br>1763-1765</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mīr Qāsim ʿAlī</td><td>1760-1763</td></tr>
<tr><td>Najm ud-Dawlah</td><td>1765-1766</td></tr>
<tr><td>Saif ud-Dawlah</td><td>1766-1770</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a name="diwan">British East India Company Rule,<br> 1765-1858, <B>Presidency of Calcutta</B>;<br>Nawwābs continue as <a href="JavaScript:popup('bengal.htm','bengal','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of titular Nawwabs of Bengal';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">pensioners</a></th></tr>
<tr><td>Robert Clive</td><td>Governor,<br>1755-1760,<br>1764-1767</td></tr>
<tr><td>Henry Vansittart</td><td>1760-1764</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>First Anglo-Mysore War, 1766-1769</th></tr>
<tr><td>Henry Verelst</td><td>1767-1769</td></tr>
<tr><td>John Cartier</td><td>1769-1772</td></tr>
</table>
Originally the Moghul governors of Bengal, the decline of Moghul power resulted in effective independence for the Nawwābs. The clash with British power, however, spelled the end of independence and the beginning of British India. Clive became the effective founder of the British Empire in India, and the Battle of Plassey, 1757, where Clive defeated and dethroned the Nawwāb of Bengal, Sirāj ad-Dawla, was one of the supreme moments of British Imperial history.
<P>In 1765, Clive obtained from the Moghul Emperor <a href="#moghuls">Shāh 'Ālam II</a>, who was a fugitive in British care, a grant of the <I>Diwani</I>, or revenue responsiblity for the province of Bengal. This made the British East India Company, as the Diwan of Bengal, part of the consitutional order of the Moghul Empire, and it is often considered the beginning of British Rule, the "Rāj," <img src="images/raj-h.gif" align=middle>, in India. However, Clive had no intention of replacing the Nawwābs, and the Company intended to leave local officials in place to collect the actual revenues of Bengal. This was consistent with Clive's previous policy of supporting local rule, when he installed Mīr Qāsim as Nawwāb in 1760. Mīr Qāsim was a competent ruler, but, after Clive left, he was essentially doubled-crossed by the enemies of both himself and Clive, manueuvered into a war, and then driven from Bengal. The incompetent Mīr Ja'far was restored, evidently with the intention of employing him only as a puppet. Clive, on his return, could not undo this <I>coup</I>, but he did try to retain the Nawwāb as a real factor in the governance of Bengal, with the East India Company as <I>Dīwān</I>.
<P>The Nawwāb at least remained so <I>in name</I> until 1880, when Mansur Ali Khan, the last Nawwāb of Bengal, was deposed. His son, however, Hassan Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur, succeeded with the title Nawwāb of Murshidabad.
The <a href="JavaScript:popup('bengal.htm','bengal','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of titular Nawwabs of Bengal';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">titular line of Nawwābs</a> actually continued until 1969, when the main line died out and the succession was left in dispute.
<P>Bengal became one of the three "Presidencies" through which direct British rule in India was effected (with different arrangements for the <a href="british.htm#prince">Princely States</a>, which remained nominally under local rule). The others were Bombay and Madras. However, Bengal was also the seat of general British authority; and when the Governor of Bengal became the actual Governor-General of India, his seat continued to be in Calcutta. The capital of India was not moved to Delhi until rather late in British rule, in 1912. New Delhi became the capital in 1931.
<P>The British conquest of India was the first that progressed <I>up</I> rather than <I>down</I> the Ganges. Previous invasions had all come from Central Asia over the <a href="buddhism.htm#note">Hindu Kush</a> and the Khyber Pass. This had happened so often, beginning with the Arya in the 2nd millennium BC, that is rather difficult to say just how many such invasions were there. The British, however, like all the European powers, had come by sea. Where the Persians or the <a href="afghan.htm">Afghans</a>, most recently, would head straight for Delhi, the British were coming up all the way from Calcutta. They wouldn't get to Delhi until 1803.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="britgov"><img src="images/maps/india-7.gif" align=left>The situation in India in 1780 was with the British poised for conquest. At that point, wars had already been fought with Mysore and with the Marathans. More would come. The Punjab, in the distance, would be a project for some years later. Meanwhile, The French would shortly be down to four cities, which they would surrender to the newly independent India in 1947. The Portuguese, from their former hegemony, were reduced to three possessions, which they would retain until forcibly taken by India in 1961. The two Danish cities were sold to Britain in 1845. The British were unwilling to pay for the Danish Nicobar Islands, but then, after the Danes had left in 1837, they complained about piracy there. The Danes returned 1845-1848. After Denmark renounced sovereignty in 1868, the British occupied the islands.<br clear=left>
<P><table border cellpadding=5 bgcolor="#ff0000" align=left width=300>
<th colspan=2><img src="images/raj-u.gif" align=left><img src="images/raj-h.gif" align=right>British Governors-<br>General of India</th></tr>
<tr><td>Warren Hastings</td><td>Governor-General<br>1772-1785</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>First Anglo-Maratha War, 1776-1782; Second Anglo-Mysore War, 1780-1784</th></tr>
<tr><td>John MacPherson</td><td>1785-1786</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Cornwallis</td><td>1786-1793<br>& 1805</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Third Anglo-Mysore War, 1789-1792</th></tr>
<tr><td>Sir John Shore</td><td>1793-1798</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Mornington</td><td>1798-1805</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, 17981799; Second Anglo-Maratha War, 1803-1805</th></tr>
<tr><td>Sir G. Barlow</td><td>1805-1807</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Minto</td><td>1807-1813</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Moira<br>(Lord Hastings)</td><td>1813-1823</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Gurkha War, 1814-1816; Third Anglo-Maratha War, 1817-1818</th></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Amherst</td><td>1823-1828</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>First Burmese War, 1824-1826; Moghul authority replaced by Britain, 1827</th></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Bentinick</td><td>1828-1835</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>English replaces Persian, 1828; Suttee illegal, 1829; name of Moghul Emperor removed from coinage, 1835</th></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Metcalfe</td><td>1835-1836</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Auckland</td><td>1836-1842</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>suppression of Thugee launched, 1836; famine, 1837; First Afghan War, 1839-1842</th></tr>
<tr><td>Earl of Ellenborough</td><td>1842-1844</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Hardinge</td><td>1844-1848</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>First Sikh War, 1845-1846</th></tr>
<tr><td>Earl of Dalhousie</td><td>1848-1856</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Second Sikh War, 1848-1849; Punjab annexed, 1849; Second Burmese War, 1852; Oudh annexed, 1856</th></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Lord Canning</th><td>1856-1858</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ff8888"><td>Viceroy,<br>1858-1862</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ff8888"><th colspan=2>Great Sepoy Mutiny, 1857-1858;<br>
<a href="#british"><font color="#000000">Crown</font></a> Rule, 1858-1947; General Cotton's campaign against Wahhābīs, "Hindustani fanatics," 1858</th></tr>
</table>
The next step in the evolution of British government in India occurred in 1772, when Warren Hastings, as the first British Governor General of India, moved to take over in all its details the functions of the <I>Diwani</I>, the revenue collection, of Bengal. At the same time, the British also informally took over the <I>Nizamat</I>, the criminal and police administration of Bengal, including the courts, leaving the Nawwāb with no remaining public duties. He was, however, left unmolested with his pension at the capital of Murshidabad. The <I>Nizamat</I> was not <I>formally</I> assumed by the Company until 1793.
<P>Hastings thus inaugurates <I>de facto</I> direct Birtish rule over India, even if it is still really only the East India Company, and even if the fiction of Moghul sovereignty is retained for a while. British rule is often called "<B>the Raj</B>," from the Sanskrit and Hindi-Urdu word for "King." This is written <img src="images/raj-u.gif" align=middle> in Urdu and <img src="images/raj-h.gif" align=middle> in Hindi. There is no reason not to call the regime of the Moghuls or Guptas "the Raj" also, but the term seems to be restricted to the British dominion.
<P>The very odd thing about this period is the ambiguity about just who owned British possessions in India and who the real sovereign authority was. The British constitutional authority in Bengal under Hastings was still based on authorizations from the Moghul Emperors. Some fiction of Moghul sovereignty was maintained at least until 1827 -- although the Moghul Emperor himself had been living under British rule since 1803. In 1813, when the charter of the East India Company was renewed, the British Parliament did formally assert the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Company's territories in India. This unilateral declaration, although recognized after 1815 by other European powers, was less obviously asserted in India itself. Lord Hastings did not meet with the Emperor Akbar II in 1814 because the Emperor expected to receive the Governor-General as a vassal rather than an equal. It would then be in Akbar's reign that most of the remaining signs of Moghul sovereignty would be stripped away. The Moghul court language, Persian, was replaced by English in 1828. Originally British Indian coins simply said "East India Company." In 1835, the face of the King of England (William IV) began appearing on East India Company coins. The ambiguities were not all settled until 1858, when the Last Moghul, Bahādur Shāh II, was deposed (he had sided with the Mutineers), the East India Company was abolished, and the Governor-General became the Viceroy, the sovereign agent for Queen Victoria. Nevertheless, another ambiguity continued, which is what <I>kind</I> of entity India was, simply a "Crown Colony" or something else? This was cleared up in 1876, when Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India, meaning that India itself was an Empire, as it was presumed to be under the Moghuls. Thus, the slow process was completed by which the British Sovereign replaced the Moghul.
<P><a name="burke"><hr>
<P>The slow progress of claims to sovereignty may indicate the ambivalent nature of the British presence in India. They really were there just to make some money; and the very idea that the British would <B>rule</B> in India like Aśoka or Akbar was something that was both foreign and repugnant to a great deal of British public opinion.
<P>The <a href="conserv.htm">Whigs</a> and their successors, the Liberals, were never happy about British "imperialism." In this era an interesting example of the controversy was the impeachment (1787) and prosecution (1788-1795) of Warren Hastings, the first formal Governor-General of India, after his return home. This was led by <a href="nature.htm">Edmund Burke</a> and other Whig leaders, charging that Hastings had been a corrupt tyrant exploiting and victimizing the people of India.
<P>While many would now think of the whole British sojourn in India as of that nature, and there is no doubt that in the 1770's and '80's there was a bit of a Wild West feel to many who wanted to make their fortune in the country, <img src="images/hastings.gif" align=right>Hastings himself actually seems to have been relatively conscientious and benevolent. The fury of Burke's attacks and the extraordinary length of the trial may have helped generate positive sympathy for Hastings -- the cartoon shows him literally attacked by, from left to right, Burke, Lord North, and another Whig leader, Charles James Fox. He was acquited. The whole business, however, exposes such uncertainties as can never have troubled the likes of Mahmud of Ghazna or Bābur the Great Moghul.
<P><a name="suttee"><hr>
<P>Two remarkable undertakings in this period were the suppression of <a href="caste.htm#note-1">Suttee</a> and of Thugee. Suttee was the burning of widows on the pyres of their husbands. This was supposed to be voluntary, as an act of devotion, as Sīitā did for her husband Rāma in the Epic <img src="images/greek/ramayana.gif" align=middle>, but it mainly became an act of murder, by which the husband's family could rid themselves of an unwanted daughter-in-law. Now I hear the claim that it was only done to protect widows from rape by British soldiers -- although the burning of widows was observed among the Hindus of Java by the Chinese in the fleet of <a href="#admiralhe">Admiral He</a> in 1407, and the murder of daughters-in-law and widows is not unheard of in recent India. The Thugs were devotees of the <a href="gods.htm">goddess Kali</a>, who murdered and then robbed in her name (the practice of Thugee). Since the Thugs were a secret society, exposing and arresting them was a more difficult and protracted process. That these practices were worthy of suppression provides an interesting subject for arguments about cultural <a href="relative.htm">relativism</a>. At the time they did raise fears that the British intended to replace native religion with Christianity, which helped provoke the Great Mutiny.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="oudh"><table border cellpadding=5 align=left width=250 bgcolor="#aaaadd"></a>
<tr><th colspan=2>Nawwābs & Kings of Oudh<br>(Awadh), 1722-1856</th></tr>
<tr><td>Saʿādat Khān Burhān al-Mulk</td><td>1722-1739</td></tr>
<tr><td>ʾAbū Manṣūr Khān<br>Ṣafdār Jang</td><td>1739-1754</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ḥaydar Shujāʿ ad-Dawla</td><td>1754-1775</td></tr>
<tr><td>ʾĀṣaf ad-Dawla</td><td>1775-1797</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wazīr ʿAlī</td><td>1797-1798,<br>d. 1817</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>deposed by British</th></tr>
<tr><td>Saʿādat ʿAlī Khān</td><td>1798-1814</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ḥaydar I Ghāzī ad-Dīn</td><td>1814-1827;<br>King, 1819</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ḥaydar II Sulaymān Jāh</td><td>1827-1837</td></tr>
<tr><td>Muḥammad ʿAlī Muʿīn ad-Dīn</td><td>1837-1842</td></tr>
<tr><td>ʾAmjad ʿAlī <U>Th</U>urayyā Jāh</td><td>1842-1847</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wājid ʿAlī</td><td>1847-1856;<br>d. 1887</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Deposed by British, Oudh annexed to British India, 1856; Great Sepoy Mutiny, 1857-1858</th></tr>
<tr><td>Barjīs Qadır</td><td>1857, during the Mutiny</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a href="#british">British</a> Rule, 1858-1947</th></tr>
</table>
Oudh was a Moghul province that drifted into independence. The growth of British influence after 1764 led to a treaty in 1801 that required "sound government." British judgment that there wasn't such government became the pretext for deposing the king and imposing direct British rule in 1856. This and other resentments over British rule in India helped spark the <B>Great Mutiny</B> of British Sepoy (i.e. Indian) troups in 1857-1858 -- "sepoy" is the Ango-Indian rendering of <I>sipāhī</I> in Persian, which simply meant "soldier." Oudh was a center of the rebellion. The British were besieged in <B>Cawnpore</B> and <B>Lucknow</B>. The siege of Cawnpore ended in a massacre of the whole British garrison, women and children included -- to which the British retaliated with their own massacre later. The siege of Lucknow ended better. One relief force simply joined the besieged, then another rescued the garrison but abandoned the city. Finally the city was retaken in 1858.
<P>The political center of the Mutiny was perhaps in Delhi, where rebels rushed to solicit the legitimacy of the aging Moghul Bahādur Shāh II. With some reluctant, Bahādur, in principle still the sovereign and suzerain of British India (although reduced to being the "King of Delhi" in British treatment), went along with the rebellion. However, the now restored Emperor could provide little leadership, and the Mutineers themselves could never effectively organize either their forces or their goals for the rebellion. Delhi was recaptured, in part thanks to loyal Punjabi troops -- the Sikhs had little respect for the Bengalis who constituted the bulk of the rebels but curiously admired the British who had so recently defeated them. Bahādur was now deposed and exiled, but his sons were (disgracefully?) executed. This all led to a transformation of British rule in India, with the <B>East India Company</B> being disbanded and the <a href="#british">Royal Government</a> taking responsibility for the country.
<P>Although most rebels (or, unfortunately, suspected rebels) were simply hanged, convicted Mutineers were sometimes "blown from the guns," i.e. strapped to the mouth of a cannon that was then fired, tearing the body of the condemned apart. I long thought that this appalling practice was invented on the spot out of a spirit of savage, Imperial(ist) vengeance on the part of the British. However, such a form of execution had always been used in the British Indian Army, and it was actually inherited from the Moghuls.
<P>This reveals another ambivalence about British rule in India. On the one hand, the British were themselves appalled by many traditional practices in the country, where Moghul courts often inflicted the death penalty, for instance, in the form of impalement. One English officer asked, "How much longer are we to be outraged by the sight of writhing humanity on stakes?" [Sir Penderel Moon, <I>The British Conquest and Dominion of India</I>, Duckworth, Indiana University Press, 1989, pp.155-156]. On the other hand, it would be some time before it was believed proper simply to impose European sensibilities on the country and reform the government and judiciary on 18th century Enlightenment or 19th century <a href="freestat.htm">Liberal</a> principles.
<P>Thus, even when the East India Company began to take over the courts of Bengal, Islamic law continued for some time to be applied, as under the Moghuls. Although the imposition of British values offends <a href="relative.htm">cultural relativism</a> and now seems a salient and offensive characteristic of British rule in India, most objections to the Raj even now tend to revolve around features of the regime inherited from the Moghuls. The very idea of foreign conquest and rule being wrong, for instance, by which the whole British presence in India can be condemned, is itself a supremely Liberal judgment, unrelated to any value from traditional India. Nothing would have been so traditional as for Queen Victoria to have proclaimed herself, not the Empress, but the <I>Chakravartin</I> -- certainly apt for a ruler who possessed a realm upon which the <a href="british.htm">Sun Never Set</a>. Thus, it is shocking to think of Mutineers being "blown from the guns," but who are we to ethnocentrically criticize traditional Indian practices? <I>[irony]</I>
<P><a name="hyderabad"><table border cellpadding=5 align=right width=250 bgcolor="#ddaaaa">
<tr><th colspan=2>Niẓāms of Hyderabad,<br>(Haydarābād) 1720-1948</th></tr>
<tr><td>Chin Qılıch Khān<br>
Niẓām al-Mulk</td><td>1720-1748</td></tr>
<tr><td>Nāṣir Jang</td><td>1748-1750</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>overthrown by the French, under <a href="#dupleix">Dupleix</a>, killed in battle, 1750</th></tr>
<tr><td>Muẓaffar Jang</td><td>1751-1752</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>installed by the French,<br>under Dupleix</th></tr>
<tr><td>Ṣalābat Jang</td><td>1752-1762</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>installed by the French,<br>under Dupleix</th></tr>
<tr><td>Niẓām ʿAlī Khān</td><td>1762-1803</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sikandar Jāh</td><td>1803-1829</td></tr>
<tr><td>Farkhanda ʿAlī Khān
Nāṣir ad-Dawla</td><td>1829-1857</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mīr Maḥbūb ʿAli I ʾAfḍal ad-Dawla</td><td>1857-1869</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mīr Maḥbūb ʿAli II</td><td>1869-1911</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mīr ʿUthmān ʿAlī Khān Bahādur Fatḥ Jang</td><td>1911-1948,<br>d.1967</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Annexation by<br><a href="#dominion">Dominion</a> of India, 1948</th></tr>
</table>
Hyderabad, originally most of the Deccan plateau, was another Moghul province (under a <I>ṣūbadār</I>) that drifted into independence. Despite the collapse of Moghul power, becoming surrounded by the British, and becoming allies of the British against states like Mysore, the Niẓāms still listed the Moghul Emperors on their coins all the way until the end of the line in 1858. British sovereignty was not acknowledged until 1926. Although Hyderabad was relatively improverished compared to the surrounding British territories, the last Niẓām eventually accumulated enough wealth to be considered the richest man in the world -- he was called that by <I>Time</I> magazine in 1937. His throne did not outlive British rule by long. When India was partitioned, the Moslem Niẓām toyed with independence, going with Pakistan, or some kind of loose relationship with India. Since Hyaderabad was landlocked and surrounded by India, and was overwhelmingly Hindu, the new Dominion of India, ironically with <a href="#dominion">King George VI</a> of England still as official Head of State, already fighting with Pakistan over Kashmir, soon invaded and attached Hyderabad to India by force. The Niẓām himself, however, lived out a respected and active life in India.
<P>Oudh and Hyderabad are distinguished by color on the map below. A striking microcosm of the effect of British rule was the difference between the economic development of Hyderabad and that of the adjacent coast, under direct British rule. Although these encompassed the same <a href="upan.htm">Telugu</a> speaking Hindu people and were included in the same state of Andhra Pradesh on independence, the greater economic development of the British area resulted in complaints from Hyderabadis that they were being taken over, exploited, etc. by migrants from the coast. The result was political moves to create preferential policies for the natives of Hyderabad. That the "exploited" colonial area is more economically developed than the area left to traditional rule is something that should not be surprising, but it is if all one has done is read <a href="marx.htm">Leninist</a> economics. See Thomas Sowell's <I>Preferential Policies, An International Perspective</I>, "Andhra Pradesh" [William Morrow & Co., 1990, pp.65-69]. Hyderabad is an important case to demonstrate that economic development can vary with history even where race, language, (traditional) culture, and religion are otherwise identical. The tensions between the old inland Hyderabad and the coastal area have now resulted in an actual partition. As of 2 June 2014 the previous area of Andhra Pradesh is formally divided between the States of Andhra Pradesh, on the coast, and Telangana, inland. The city of Hyderabad, within Telangana, will be shared by both States as a common capital for ten years. This extraordinary development will clearly make it easier for Telangana to pass laws discriminating against people from Andhra Pradesh. Again, this case demonstrates how history can produce differences in human capital despite the identity of other features, especially <a href="racism.htm">race</a>, language, religion, and hostile <a href="discrim.htm">discrimination</a>, that other people might see as explanatory of economic differences. The people of coastal Andhra Pradesh <I>benefited</I> so much for British liberalism (i.e. "imperialism") that it has created a conflict, among an ethnically identical group, that has presisted from the era of Indian independence to the present [2014], which now amounts to 67 years, long enough for a couple whole new generations to have grown up. This persistence is itself noteworthy, something we should recollect in the face of more violent, tragic, vicious, and durable conflicts, as in <a href="british.htm#ceylon">Sri Lanka</a>.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="british"><img src="images/maps/india-8.gif" align=left>The map shows the growth of British India from 1805 to the time of the Mutiny in 1858. At first, direct British rule already extends from Bengal all the way up the Ganges to Delhi (where a shadow of Moghul sovereignty persists) and down the East coast to Ceylon. By 1858, extensive areas have been added, notably the Punjab and into Burma. Oudh is also a recent acquisition, distinguished for its importance in the Mutiny. The yellow areas contain <a href="british.htm#prince">Princely States</a> that are British dependents by treaty. Most would remain so until the end of British rule, a reluctance for further annexations having overcome the British after the Mutiny. However, on the eve of Indian Independence, the Princes would be rather bluntly informed that their territories were indeed going to be annexed, either to India or Pakistan. Their existence had become an anachronism. Such government was all that existed in the 18th century, but the British, by leaving them in place, had inadvertently managed to preserve them as living fossils into a very different age. Some people began to think that the British kept them in place just to make fun of them. Fossils or not, their actions were not always without contemporary consequences. The choice of the Hindu ruler of the majority Muslim Kashmir to go with India led to wars, tensions, and terrorism that persist until today.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="fanatics"><table border cellpadding=5 bgcolor="#ff8888" align=left width=400>
<tr><th colspan=2><img src="images/raj-u.gif" align=left><img src="images/raj-h.gif" align=right><a href="perifran.htm#hanover"><font color="#000000">BRITISH</font></a><br>EMPERORS<br>OF INDIA</th><th colspan=2>Viceroys & Governors-<br>General of India</th></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=17>Victoria<br><img src="images/female.gif"></td><td rowspan=7 bgcolor="#ff0000">Queen,<br>1858-1901</td><td>Lord Elgin</td><td>1862-1863</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Lawrence</td><td>1863-1869</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>General Chamberlain's campaign against <a href="islam.htm#saudi">Wahhābīs</a> and "Hindustani Fanatics," Battle of Ambeyla Pass, 1863-1864; trials of Wahhābīs, 1864 & 1865; Duar War, with <a href="buddhism.htm#realms">Bhutan</a>, 1864-1865; famine in Orissa, 1865-1866</th></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Mayo</td><td>1869-1872</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Trials of Wahhābīs, 1870 & 1871; Assassinated, Andaman Islands</th></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Northbrook</td><td>1872-1876</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Famine in Bengal & Bihar, 1874</th></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=10>Empress,<br>1876-1901</td><td>Lord Lytton</td><td>1876-1880</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Famine, 1876-1878; Second Afghan War, 1878-1881</th></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Rippon</td><td>1880-1884</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Dufferin</td><td>1884-1888</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Government agrees not to use the term "Wahhābī," 1885</th></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Landsdowne</td><td>1888-1894</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Third Burmese War, 1885</th></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Elgin</td><td>1894-1899</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Famine, 1896-1898; Siege of Malakand, 1897</th></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Lord Curzon</td><td rowspan=2>1899-1905</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=3>Edward (VII)</td><td rowspan=3>1901-1910</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Famine, 1899-1900</th></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Minto</td><td>1905-1910</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=7>George (V)</td><td rowspan=7>1910-1936</td><td>Lord Hardinge</td><td>1910-1916</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi, 1912, to New Delhi, 1931</th></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Chelmsford</td><td>1916-1921</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Third Afghan War, 1919</th></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Reading</td><td>1921-1926</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Irwin<br>(Lord Halifax)</td><td>1926-1931</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Willingdon</td><td>1931-1936</td></tr>
</table>
In explicitly assuming the sovereignty of India, Queen Victoria assured her new Subjects that their religions would be respected. The British had been shaken, however, and units of the Indian Army, for instance, were never again trusted with artillery. There is also a continuing ambivalence, if not ambiguity, in British Rule. Victoria became the "Queen-Empress," giving the impression that being Queen of England was the moral equivalent, and more like the superior, of being Empress of India. The formula of "King-Emperor" subsequently used by the monarchs also has an unfortunate echo in the <I>Königlich-Kaiserlich</I> style of <a href="francia.htm#orient-A">Austria-Hungary</a>, which became a byword for <B>absurdity</B> in German politics. It seemed no less absurd when the King of <a href="francia.htm#modern">Italy</a> became another "King-Emperor" after Mussolini's conquest of <a href="ethiopia.htm">Ethiopia</a> in 1936. As I have <a href="british.htm">elsewhere</a> compared the British Empire to something more like the Holy Roman Empire, this all adds to the ridiculous overtones of the business, even while the use of the double title must always have unnecessarily reminded Indians of the foreign and often condescending nature of the British government.
<P>Among the events of his period, I have noted the occasions when famines occurred in India. British measures during such famines I have discussed elsewhere in relation to the <a href="perifran.htm#famine">Irish Potato Famine</a>.
<P>The list of British Viceroys was originally compiled from <I>The British Conquest and Dominion of India</I>, Sir Penderel Moon [Duckworth, Indiana University Press, 1989]. <B>Lord Reading</B> was actually Jewish, probably the highest ranking Jew in the history of the British Empire, where the Viceroy of India, always raised to the Peerage for his office, held the highest Office of State next to the Throne itself.
<P>When India became independent in 1947, it legally became a British <B>Dominion</B>, which means that the King of England was still the formal Head of State. <B>Lord Mountbatten</B>, the last Viceroy, was asked by <B>Jawaharlal Nehru</B>, the new Prime Minister, to stay on as Governor-General of the Dominion. There was then only one Indian Governor-General before the country was declared a Republic in 1950. The first Governor-General of Pakistan, which similarly became a Dominion, was the Moslem nationalist leader, <B>Mohammad Ali Jinnah</B>. Jinnah died of cancer in 1948, and there were several Pakistani Governors-General before the country became a Republic in 1956.
<P>What the British heritage in India tends to stand for is something democratic, unifying, fair, and evenhanded -- a plus for India and a tribute to the British. One accusation against British evenhandedness was what seemed their preference for Muslims, which may have led to unnecessary haste in deciding to partition the country. However, it has always been the policy of every imperial power to use the services of minorities who dislike or fear the prospect of government by the majority communities. When minorities are subsequently oppressed, expelled, or massacred afterways, the majority community tends to justify the matter as retribution for cooperation with the occupiers. However, if the minorities had been oppressed <I>before</I> the arrival of the imperial power, this rationalization rings a little hollow.
<P>In India, Islam <I>arrived</I> with the imperial power of Ghazna, the Ghurids, and the Moghuls, and Muslims had <I>never</I> lived under a Hindu majority government. For reasons both rational and irrational, the movement arose to avoid this. Whether or not the British, who certainly included Islamophiles like <a href="ross/fencing.htm#burton">Sir Richard Burton</a>, favored Muslims (though others, like Colonel James Tod, admired the warlike Hindu Rajputs, cf. <I>Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan</I>, 1829, 1832), we are now familiar enough with the cultural dynamic of Islām to see that very little favor indeed, if any, was necessary to produce the nationalism of Mohammad Ali Jinnah. Even if the British had granted independence to India in 1919 or 1930, before Jinnah's movement began, it is not difficult to see a certainty of the emergence of something much like it, whose consequence would have been civil war rather than Partition -- the terrible things that often happened during the Partition, with many incidents of mutual massacre (though sometimes these were stopped by the remarkable influence of <a href="gandhi.htm">Gandhi</a>), give us some clue what a proper civil war could have been like. It seems unlikely that even the subsequent wars between Indian and Pakistan have been as sanguinary as the massacres during the Partition. Of course, the partition that Muslims favored in India as the minority, they rejected as the solution for <a href="outremer.htm#israel">Palestine</a>, where they were the majority.<br clear=left>
<P><img src="images/maps/india-9.gif" align=left>On the map we see the final form of British India, with <a href="perigoku.htm#burma">Burma</a> thrown in for good measure. The special North West Frontier Province and the imposition of direct British rule along the southern border of <a href="afghan.htm">Afghanistan</a> both bespeak increasing British concern about the advance of the <a href="russia.htm#romanov">Russians</a> in Central Asia. The espionage and diplomatic maneuvering associated with Russian actions and intentions were often called the "Great Game." In retrospect, not much seems to have come of it all; but at the time, Russia, actually with the largest economy in the world, seemed more powerful and aggressive than it looks now. We forget that Russia was at the time conquering Central Asia, and the British remembered well the hard fight of the Crimean War (1853-1856). The principle consequence of the Russian approach was British intervention in Afghanistan, either to attach the kingdom to the Empire, or at least preserve it as a buffer state. The First Afghan War (1839-1842) was a famous catastrophy, with, after intitial successes, the entire British force wiped out in retreat from Kabul. The Second Afghan War (1878-1881) at least accomplished the task of rendering Afghanistan under British protection as a buffer against the Russians, just as the Russians actually were arriving in the mountains to the north. The most famous casualty of this war is the fictional John H. Watson, M.D., whose wound and small income led to him to find a roommate in the person of one <a href="foundatn.htm#holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a>. The rest is, after a fashion, history. The practical end of the Great Game may have come in 1905, when the Wakhan salient was attached to Afghanistan to separate India from Russia. It still gives Afghanistan a small border with China. The Third Afghan War (1919), led to full formal Afghan independence in 1921. The Russians eventually arrived after all in 1979 but in the end probably wished that they had not bothered, with the Soviet Union itself collapsing shortly after the Russian occupation ended in 1989. Now, however, after Afghanistan began harboring <a href="afghan.htm#fascism">Islamist terrorists</a>, an American and NATO military presence (2001) has mainly succeeded in chasing the radicals and their allies into the mountains within the Pakistani border. This region, shown as annexed by the British in 1890 and 1893, is a primitive tribal area that was never very much under British control. The Pakistanis have not done markedly better with the place, which is still protected by the fearsome terrain, the resolute anarchy of the inhabitants, and now by the political problem of Islamist and pro-terrorist sentiment within Pakistan itself, which makes a sustained crackdown unpopular. <I>La plus ça change...</I><br clear=left>
<P><a name="lastdays"><center><table border cellpadding=5 bgcolor="#ff8888" width=630>
<tr><th colspan=2><img src="images/raj-u.gif" align=left><img src="images/raj-h.gif" align=right>BRITISH<br>EMPERORS<br>& KINGS</th><th colspan=4>Viceroys & Governors-General of India</th></tr>
<tr><td>Edward (VIII)</td><td>1936</td><td rowspan=2>Lord Linlithgow</td><td rowspan=2 colspan=3>1936-1943</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=7>George (VI)</td><td rowspan=4>Emperor,<br>1936-1947</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lord Wavell</td><td colspan=3>1943-1947</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=4>Famine, 1943</th></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Lord Mountbatten</td><td colspan=3>1947</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ff0000"><td rowspan=3>King;
<br>India<br>1947-1950,<br>Pakistan<br>1947-1952</td><td bgcolor="#eeaa00"><a name="dominion">Governor</a>-<br>General<br>of <a href="british.htm#india"><font color="#000000">India</font></a>,<br>1947-1948</td><td bgcolor="#00aa00">Mohammad Ali<br>Jinnah</td><td bgcolor="#00aa00">Governor-<br>General<br>of <a href="british.htm#pakistan"><font color="#000000">Pakistan</font></a>,<br>1947-1948</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eeaa00"><td>Chakravarti,<br>Rajagopalachari</td><td bgcolor="#eeaa00">Governor-<br>General<br>of India,<br>1948-1950</td><td bgcolor="#00aa00" rowspan=2>Khwaja<br>Nazimuddin</td><td bgcolor="#00aa00" rowspan=2>Governor-<br>General<br>of Pakistan,<br>1948-1951</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eeaa00"><th colspan=2>India becomes<br>a Republic, 1950</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ff0000"><td rowspan=3>Elizabeth (II)<br><img src="images/female.gif"></td><td rowspan=3>Queen,
<br>Pakistan,<br>1952-1956</td><td rowspan=3 colspan=2 bgcolor="#ffffff"><center><img src="history/india.gif"><br><img src="history/pakistan.gif"></center></td><td bgcolor="#00aa00">Ghulam Mohammad</td><td bgcolor="#00aa00">Governor-<br>General<br>of Pakistan,<br>1951-1955</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#00aa00"><td>Iskander Mirza</td><td>Governor-<br>General<br>of Pakistan,<br>1955-1956</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#00aa00"><th colspan=2>Pakistan becomes<br>a Republic, 1956</th></tr>
</table></center>
<P><img src="images/maps/india-10.gif" align=left>Although many Indians preserve an ideological or nationalistic animus towards the British (which they may or may not have, for instance, towards the Moghuls), believing that the British exploited India and inhibited its development -- for instance I find an equestrian statue of Edward VII in Toronto that had been relocated from an apparently unwelcoming Delhi (shouldn't the Tāj Mahal be deported to Bābur's Farghāna?) -- there is the striking circumstance that, while on independence in 1947 the Indian economy was twice the size of that of China, that advantage was lost by 1990, and the Chinese economy by 2003 was more than twice the size of India's. Thus, it seems to be that the British <I>promoted</I> Indian development more than otherwise and that the socialist and autarkic policies instituted by Nehru, and later his daughter Indira Gandhi, have done more damage than can ever be blamed on the British (unless it be on the influence of British socialists). Fortunately, these policies began to be reversed in the 1990's and great improvement has occurred, as discussed <a href="british.htm#india">elsewhere</a>. Today, an <a href="presiden.htm">American</a> calling a customer service number for an American company may well find themselves speaking to somebody in India. Some resent this, but it is really rather marvelous and would seem to bespeak a handsome kinship between two different subjects of the former British Imperium. Americans are otherwise familiar with the entrepreneurial talent of Indian immigrants to the United States, where they are disproportionately successful in a number of areas of business, including hotels and motels, of all things. In 1982 I was personally bewildered when my car broke down in Artesia, <a href="newspain.htm#newmexico">New Mexico</a>, to find a motel run by people from India. The industry of Indians is beyond doubt, all they needed was the sympathy and cooperation of their own government.<br clear=left>
<P><a href="british.htm"><img src="images/maps/british.gif" align=left>
<a href="british.htm#prince">Index of Princely States & Protectorates of British India</a><p>
<a href="calendar.htm#india">The Calendar in India</a><p>
<a href="coins.htm#india">British Coinage of India, 1835-1947</a><p>
<a href="caste.htm">The Caste System and the Stages of Life in Hinduism</a><p>
<a href="british.htm#india">Prime Ministers of India</a><p>
<a href="british.htm#pakistan">Prime Ministers of Pakistan</a><p>
<a href="british.htm">The Sun Never Set on the British Empire</a><p>
<a href="perigoku.htm#ww2">World War II in Burma</a><p>
<a href="perifran.htm#england">The Kings of England, Scotland, & Ireland</a><p>
<a href="coins.htm">British Coins before the Florin, Compared to French Coins of the <I>Ancien Régime</I></a><p>
<a href="coins.htm#bank">The Bank of England</a><p>
<a href="#top">Sangoku Index</a><p>
<a href="history.htm#india">History of Philosophy, Indian Philosophy</a><p>
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<P><a name="note"><center><img src="images/key-8.gif"></center>
<H3 ALIGN="center">Emperors of India, Note;<br>Moghuls and Mughals: <I>South Asia in World History</I>,<br>by Marc Gilbert, Oxford, 2017</H3>
<P><center><img src="images/key-8.gif"></center>
<P><center><font size=+1>χείλη ἀλλοτρίων ἐν τούτοις βαρυνθήσεται,<br>
λόγοι δὲ φρονίμων ἐν ζυγῷ σταθήσονται.
<P>Labia inprudentium stulta narrabunt,<br>verba autem prudentium statera ponderabuntur.
<P>The lips of strangers weigh down/weary others,<br>But the words of the wise will stand in the balance.</font>
<P><B>Ecclesiasticus</B>, Septuagint, <font size=+1>Σοφία Σειράχ</font> 21:25;<br>Vulgate, Liber Iesu Filii Sirach, 21:28; cf. <a href="wisdom.htm">wisdom</a>.</center>
<P><center><img src="images/bar-8.gif"></center>
<P>For an example of the promotion of the use of "Mughal," <img src="images/mugal.gif" align=middle>, for the Moghuls, let's look at the recent <I>South Asia in World History</I>, by Marc Jason Gilbert:
<P><blockquote>Though Timurs descendants called themselves Chatagai, or Timurids, Europeans, following the Persian word for Mongol (Mughal), came to call them Mughals. [Oxford University Press, 2017, p.62]</blockquote>
<P>The problems here are that (1) "Mughal" is not now, and apparently has not been for some time, at least, the Persian word for "Mongol" -- and never with the initial "u" vowel -- it is in the Modern language of Hindi, or Urdu; (2) "Europeans," overwhelmingly, until recently, did not call the Mongols or Moghuls "Mughals," and (3) the descendants of <a href="mongol.htm#chaghaty">Chagatai</a> and <a href="mongol.htm#timurid">Tamerlane</a> would not have literally called themselvies "Timurids," since this contains a Greek <a href="greek.htm#note-22">patronymic</a> ending that is only used in European languages. The Persian patronymic suffix <img src="images/greek/zadeh.gif" align=middle>, <I>zadeh</I>, was available for this purpose even in Turkish or Hindi; but I have not seen it used for the Timurids. We also might note (4) that the title of the book itself reflects a kind of political decision, since the ground covered therein is pretty much what previous books called "India" -- such as the book by Gilbert's own teacher, Stanley Wolpert (1927-2019), in his own <I>A New History of India</I> [Oxford, 2008]. The existence of Pakistan and Bangladesh now means that historic India is no longer India.
<P>At the same time, we can imagine that the history of <a href="buddhism.htm#ceylon">Ceylon</a> would count as "South Asia" but not "India"; but then (5) Gilbert devotes no more than <I>one paragraph</I> to pre-modern Ceylon, anachronistically called "<a href="british.htm#ceylon">Sri Lanka</a>" [p.49] -- a name that was adopted, by the way, as part of an ethnic nationalist campaign of disenfranchisement and even terror by the majority Sinhalese against the minority Tamil population of Ceylon.
<P>Has Gilbert, after a fashion, endorsed, we could say, discrimination and murder against the Tamils? This is probably not what politically correct language practices are supposed to accomplish, and Gilbert probably would be alarmed if the connection of the name to Sinhalese nationalism and terror were pointed out to him. But he should know about it already; and he at least owes us an acknowledgement that perhaps he uses "Sri Lanka" because it has, whatever its origin or overtones, become the standard international usage. Nevertheless, the politically correct <a href="romania.htm#note-14">principle</a> that a place must be called by the name used by its own inhabitants, the "endonym," cannot be coherently applied to a place like Ceylon where one local group, the Sinhalese, uses a name as a weapon against another, the Tamils.
<P>Another example of such anachronism also involves Pakistan. We find Chris Naunton saying, about <a href="hist-1.htm#great">Alexander the Great</a>, that "the Roman author Aelian wrote that when the emperor was in Pakistan..." [<I>Searching for the Lost Tombs of Egypt</I>, Thames & Hudson, 2018, p.208]. We have a twofer here, since the title "emperor" (Latin <I>imperator</I>) didn't exist yet and certainly couldn't have been used by Alexander. Also, Alexander cannot have visited "Pakistan" without a time machine, since the country didn't exist before 1947. Nor can Aelian have referred to a place called "Pakistan." But we know why this happens.
<P>The politically correct scholar does not want to offend Pakistanis by giving them the (correct) idea that their country has always been part of geographical India. However, Gilbert has run the danger of offending Tamils by using "<a href="buddhism.htm#ceylon">Sri Lanka</a>." They call the island <I>Ilaṅkai</I>; and the Tamils, as Hindus, know that "Lanka" is the place of demons in the Sanskrit epic, the <I>Rāmāyaṇa</I>.
<P>Thus, ironically, Gilbert's history of India avoids much of the historical vocabulary of its subject, and actually falsifies the usage of the word "Mughal" for the Moghuls -- where he says that this word is Persian, altough it is and <I>is supposed to be</I>, on political principle, Hindi or Urdu -- although "came to call them" is slippery, since it could make the statement true even if the usage only began ten minutes ago.
<P>What Europeans called the Moghuls is extensively listed by the <I>Oxford English Dictionary</I> (the "OED") and by what is commonly called "Hobson-Jobson," which is <I>A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases</I>, by Henry Yule & A.C. Burnell [1886, 1985, Curzon Press, 1995]. As noted <a href="#moghuls">above</a>, in English, "Mogul" seems to have become standard by the 18th century; and entries in English dictionaries, like Hobson-Jobson, the OED, Random House, Websters, etc., are under "Mogul." Thus, for at least a couple centuries, what "Europeans" called the Moghuls, at least in English, was "Moguls." Noted above are some words in Portuguese for the Mongols and Moghuls, and Hobson-Jobson even gives us the term "Mogores" in Latin [from 1536].
<P>A revealing case for usage may be editions of the extraordinary memoir of the Moghul Emperor Bābur, the <I>Bāburnāma</I> (see discussion of the word <I>nāma</I> <a href="iran.htm#note-0">here</a>). Hobson-Jobson quotes the English translation of 1826, the <I>Memoirs of Zehir-ed-Din Muhammed Baber, Emperor of Hindustan</I>, translated by John Leyden and William Erskine [Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green; London; annotated and revised by Sir Lucas King, Oxford, 1921]. The translation, finished by Erskine using the Persian translation of the original Turkic text, uses "Moghul" for the Mongols.
<P>Subsequent translations include <I>Memoirs of Babar, Emperor of India, First of the Great Moghuls</I>, edited by F.G. Talbot [Arthur L. Humphreys, London, 1909], and a facsimile of the Hyderabad Turkic manuscript of the memoir, <I>The Bábur-náma, Being the Autobiography of the Emperor Babar, the Founder of the Moghul Dynasty in India, Written in Chaghatay Turkish</I>, edited by Annette Susannah Beveridge [E.J.W. Gibb Memorial Series, Lucas, London, 1905; reissue, 1971]. Each of these editions, stretching from 1826 to 1921, uses the word "Moghul," in the first instance as we see in the quoted text, in the latter as included in the titles of the books. Since standard English usage in these periods was "Mogul," it looks like each of these books uses "Moghul" because that was standard Persian, <img src="images/moghul.gif" align=middle>, either in the manuscripts, or at the time of the translations. Thus, <I>pace</I> Gilbert, these "Europeans" were not using "Mughal."
<P>When it comes to Arabic and Persian, it would be nice to know what variants existed, and when, of Persian and Arabic names. Both Hobson-Jobson and the OED are under the impression that <img src="images/greek/mughul.gif" align=middle>, vocalized Mo<font size=+1>γ</font>ol or Mo<font size=+1>γ</font>al in Persian (or Mu<font size=+1>γ</font>ul or Mu<font size=+1>γ</font>al in Arabic), were common readings in those languages. Indeed, the word in Hindi-Urdu we can expect began as a variant of the Persian word, although read with Arabic "u" for Persian "o." We see the "Mughal" variant in just one citation in Hobson-Jobson, which is of the <I>Āin-i-Akbarī</I>, by Abul Fazl ʿAllami, from around 1590 (one volume translated and published by H. Blochmann in 1873, and continued in two more volumes by Col. H.S. Jarret from 1891-1894). We also see a citation, in Spanish, from 1404, before the Moghuls, as such, even existed, of "Mugalia," applied to the "empire of Samarkand" [p.570-571]. These imply that variants existed early. We do not get the form of "Mughal" used in any of the citations under the Hobson-Jobson entry "MOGUL, THE GREAT" [pp.571-573].
<P>So, one can well say that "Mughal" was <I>a</I> Persian word (with the Arabic vowel), but not <I>the</I> Persian (or Arabic) word, for Mongol. And it was certainly not a word much used by Europeans, let alone the British. So Gilbert has gotten this all wrong; and he has not acknowledged the fact of the ahistorical use of a Hind-Urdu word, where the motivation is simply opaque and political.
<P>So why would a historian ignore or falsify all this history? As I have said above, the preference for <I>Mughal</I> has nothing to do with the history of usage in any language. It signifies a political decision, applying the clumsy politically correct ideology that words must be used from the "indigenous" language of the area, even if there was no such word at the time and modern words must be applied anachronistically. Here the contemporary "indigenous" language is Hindi-Urdu, disregarding the history that the Moghuls spoke Persian, not Hindi, and with the potential for embarrassments like "Sri Lanka," which are artifacts of racist or fascist political programs (as later in the use of "Myanmar" for "<a href="perigoku.htm#burmpres">Burma</a>," a change made by military dictators, but accepted internationally by diplomats, scholars, and the press).
<P>With Gilbert, he not only uses the modern politically correct word, "Mughal," but he explains it in such a manner as to give the impression that it was <I>always</I> used this way. This is a "commissar vanishes" level of political manipulation. It constitutes misconduct for a historian, although familiar from totalitarian regimes, where inconvenient history "disappears." All alternative forms of the word have vanished in favor of "Mughal," for the same sort of <a href="upan.htm#hindi">reason</a> that the names "Bombay" and "Calcutta" have vanished or are vanishing.
<P>The judgment is that the words in the indigenous language ought to be used because anything else is colonialist, imperialistic, or insulting, even when this isn't even true, while the actual history of usage, and the reasons for it, is deleted. Indeed, in the quotation above, we don't know why "Europeans" would be using a Persian word for the Moghuls, since Gilbert has skipped the part where the Moghuls used that language themselves.
<P>This "commissar vanishes" approach to the history becomes another shocking clue of the politicized and totalitarian creep in modern universities, and not just in the United States - with the added irony that it is really patronizing to the "natives" who supposedly are being respected by the practice -- although they may be amused at the mispronunciations that result (which as such then constitute "microaggressions").
<P>This is why in English, French, and German everyone has stopped using "Rome" and "Rom" and now say "Roma," as in the local languages for more than 2000 years, Latin and Italian. Oh, thats not right. Never mind.
<P><a href="romania.htm#note-14">Confusion about Place Names</a>
<P><a href="romania.htm#eskimo">Confusion about Ethnic Names</a>
<P><a name="diacritics"><center><img src="images/key-8.gif"></center>
<H2><I>Diacritics</I></H2>
<P>A somewhat different issue comes up in one of the recent translations of the <I>Bāburnāma</I>, namely <I>The Baburnama, Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor</I>, translated by Wheeler M. Thackston. [The Modern Library, 2002]. Here we, of course, find "Mughal," but we also have a curious practice explained in the Preface:
<P><blockquote>In this translation, diacritical marks, meaningless to those who do not know Persian and superfluous for those who do, have been dispensed with in spelling. Only the umlaut for Turkish words has been retained... [p.xxvii]</blockquote>
<P>Of course, the Persian words in Thackston's book are almost entirely <B>the proper names of people and places, things with which even readers fluent in Persian may be unfamiliar</B>. One might have memorized an entire Persian dictionary without learning a single one of them. This is why a "gazeteer," with place names, or a biographical dictionary, with proper names, is different from a standard dictionary. Thus, there is nothing "superfluous" about supplying the diacritics, and in fact it is the speaker of Persian, or at least those familiar with Persian and Arabic pronunciation, who would appreciate them. I am sometimes <a href="afghan.htm#note">defeated</a> trying to figure out what an "Arabic" word, supplied without diacritics, is in actual Arabic. The ambiguities are too great. So what Thackston says is absurd.
<P>When we find a ridiculous explanation like this, the suspicion is warranted that the true reason for the practice is something that the scholar does not want to candidly admit. And there are various reasons floating around why people don't want to bother with diacritics for Middle Eastern or Indian languages. One is that it is just trouble, although one might think that it would be less trouble now, in the age of digital fonts, than it used to be, when 18th, 19th, and 20th century scholars, limited by lead type faces, nevertheless tried to faithfully represent the spelling and pronunciation of such languages (when the phonology may not always have been understood, and the conventions of phonetic representation primitive). Such scholars, however, now might be condemned as "Orientalists" who (they are falsely accused) have colonialist and imperialist hostility towards their subjects.
<P><a href="ross/fencing.htm#burton">Richard Burton</a> expresses considerations similar to Thackston:
<P><blockquote>Moreover the devices perplex the simple and teach nothing to the learned. Either the reader knows Arabic, in which case Greek letters, italics and "upper case," diacritical points and similar typgraphic oddities are, as a rule with some exceptions, unnecessary; or he does not know Arabic, when none of these expedients will be of the least use to him. [<I>The Book of The Thousand Nights and a Night</I>, Volumes I & II, The Heritage Press, 1934, 1962, p.xii]</blockquote>
<P>Burton overlooks the same problem as Thackston, that even knowledge of Arabic does not mean familiarity with all the proper names of places and persons that figure in the text, which, in the case of the <a href="islam.htm#thousand"><I>Thousand and One Nights</I></a>, may be names that do not occur anywhere else. Burton compounds the problem with transcriptions that reflect his understanding of pronunciation rather than Arabic spelling, an approach that complicates identifying the Arabic word even for the "learned." And there are peculiarities of the era, such as Burton using an acute accent for long vowels. Even this he calls "an eyesore to the reader and a distress to the printer" [p.xiii].
<P>Burton's use of an acute accent for long vowels is curious. The only language I am aware of that actually does this is <a href="perifran.htm#bohemia">Hungarian</a>. For its two vowels with umlauts, <B>ö</B> and <B>ü</B>, Hungarian even has unique <I>double acute</I> accents, <B>ő</B> and <B>ű</B>, to show when they are long. Otherwise, acute accents used with the Latin alphabet never indicate or imply long vowels, the way the circumflex, which in origin only occurred on long vowels in <a href="archon.htm#pronounce">Greek</a>, can. Otherwise, we see accents used in Modern European languages to indicate vowel quality or stress, and not the <I>tone</I> for which they were created in Greek -- except for <a href="perifran.htm#lith">Lithuanian</a>, which preserves tone accent, indicated by grave, acute, and circumflex accents, although the circumflex is commonly written as a tilde. The grave accent is used with short vowels, the others with long. Accents to indicate tone have now been adopted to write languages like <a href="yinyang.htm#dialects2">Chinese</a> and <a href="perigoku.htm#vietese">Vietnamese</a>, which are tonal.
<P>Nevertheless, apart from Burton we have already seen the acute accent used in the name of <I>The Bábur-náma, Being the Autobiography of the Emperor Babar, the Founder of the Moghul Dynasty in India</I>. Also, the <a href="calendar.htm#bahai">Baháʾí Faith</a> still uses the accent to indicate long vowels in its transcriptions from Arabic. Why should this be? My guess is that macrons, to indicate long vowels, were little used or available in 19th century type fonts. Acute accents, used in French and other European languages, like, well, Hungarian, were. If Burton and others wished to avoid "distress to the printer," they might choose a diacritic more readily available.
<P>The other reason for dumbing down the text is that an apparatus of diacritics is "elitist." The irony of this is perhaps in its coming from persons who are among one of the most comfortable, complacent, smug, and privileged elites that has ever existed. To these people, the <I>hoi polloi</I> (<font size=+1>οἱ πολλοί</font>) do not need to be exposed to the arcana of historical accuracy. <B>Let's keep the arcana fully arcane.</B> Of course, this <I>reinforces and exemplifies</I> rather than suppresses or avoids elitism, even while its practitioners congratulate themselves on their political enlightenment. This is typical. Meanwhile, Wikipedia pioneers (unevenly) giving every name in every language and alphabet that has used it. The names that Thackston gives without diacritics often can be found there with diacritics, pronunciation guide, and written in the Arabic alphabet. Those pages are by anonymous scholars, but they are far more conscientious, helpful, and informative than Wheeler M. Thackston.
<P>Wiser may be the application of this practice without explanation. Thus, Gilbert's book also dispenses with diacritics, but without any explanation or pronunciation guide. But there are mistakes, where some diacritics sneak in. Thus, the Arabic names "Maḥmud" and "ʾAḥmad" both feature an "emphatic h," <img src="images/greek/h-emphat.gif" align=middle>, which is conventionally transcribed with an underdot (see an audio file for this in relation to the pronunciation of <a href="egypt.htm">Egyptian</a>). On page 55 of his book, where Gilbert is discussing <a href="#ghazna">Maḥmūd of Ghazna</a>, we get "Mahmud" without the underdot and "Aḥmad" with it. One wonders if Gilbert had supplied the diacritics and then the editors took them out, carelessly.
<P>We find another version of Thackston's rationalization, like Burton's, in the Penguin translation of the <I>Thousand and One Nights</I>:
<P><blockquote>Here it has been decided not to enter in most cases the diacritical markings that distinguish matching consonsants as well as long and short vowels. For Arabists these are unnecessary and for the general reader they may be thought to add confusion rather than clarity. [<I>The Arabian Nights, Tales of 1001 Nights</I>, translated by Malcolm C. Lyons, with Ursula Lyons, Introduced and Annotated by Robert Irwin, Penguin Classics, 2008, p.xxi]</blockquote>
<P>The "Note on Translation" in this book does not identify its author as the translators or as the annotator. In either case, it exhibits the same paradoxes as in the Preface of Wheeler M. Thackston. There is a range of education between the "Arabists" on the one hand and the "general reader" on the other, many of whom might like to know the accurate form of the names in Arabic. Indeed, as with Thackston and Burton, "Arabists" themselves are not going to know the Arabic spelling of all the place and personal names in the <I>Arabian Nights</I>. Indeed, as I have noted, many are imaginary and do not occur elsewhere. Nor does the presence of an underdot on some letters, I suspect, add any real "confusion" for the "general reader." This edition, however, while forgetting underdots and macrons, does supply diacritics for non-initial glottal stops (as with the Caliph al-Maʾmun) and for the Arabic letter <I>ʿayn</I>, whose significance will indeed be meaningless to readers who do not know some Arabic. I provide explanations for these sounds <a href="islam.htm#letters">here</a>.
<P>While Thackston's book seems to be a fully scholarly work, and Gilbert's is scholarly but for a general or student audience, the logical culmination to the whole thing may be in Philip Mansel's <I>Constantinople, City of the World's Desire, 1453-1924</I> [John Murray, London, 1995]. Mansel is an independent scholar and journalist. His impressive bibliography lists works in many languages, including Turkish; but one might wonder about this from the evidence of the text. He uses no diacritics for Turkish, and also provides no pronunciation guide. Thus, the reader innocent of Turkish will not know that "c" is pronounced "j," or that "ç," which is now reduced also to "c," is pronounced "ch." Unlike Thackston, he doesn't even use the umlauts of Modern Turkish orthography. As with the personal and place names in Thackston, even the Turkish speaker will be clueless about the pronunciation of many such words in Mansel -- with the added complication that the phonology of <a href="turkia.htm#turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a> was somewhat richer than the subsequent language, with many Ottoman words eliminated by "language reform," and Mansel's book is entirely about the Ottoman period. Who is helped by this? How can it ever be considered sound scholarship, even in a popular work? Both the scholar and the curious and conscientious general reader is left adrift.
<P><a href="#text">Return to Text</a>
<P><a name="china"><center><img src="images/key-c1.gif"></center>
<H1 ALIGN="center">Emperors of China</H1>
<P><center><img src="images/key-c1.gif"></center>
<P><img src="history/china-2.gif" align=left>In the table below right, the "short count" Chinese historical era is what used to be given in the <I>Astronomical Almanac</I> [U.S. Government Printing Office, various annual editions]. The "long count" is from the list of Dynasties in <I>Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary</I> [Harvard, 1972, p.1165].
<P>Like the era of the City of Rome (A.U.C., <I>ab urbe condita</I>, <I>annō urbis conditae</I>), the Chinese historical era really has not been used for dating. Citing the era as the Chinese "year" seems to be a very recent phenomenon. Indeed, the <I>Astronomical Almanac</I>
<a name="china-era"><table border bgcolor="#ffffaa" cellpadding=5 align=right width=360>
<tr><th>THE CHINESE HISTORICAL ERA, long count</th><th>2852 BC</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2>2021 AD + 2852 = 4873 Annō Sinarum</td></tr>
<tr><th>THE CHINESE HISTORICAL ERA, short count</th><th>2637 BC</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2>2021 AD + 2637 = 4658 Annō Sinarum</td></tr>
<tr><th>The Legendary Period, Age of the Five Rulers</th><th>647 years</th></tr>
<tr><th rowspan=2>Hsia, <img src="images/hiero/xia.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty</th><th>long,<br>2205-1766</th></tr>
<tr><th>short,<br>1962-1523</th></tr>
</table>
ceased giving any Chinese year in its 2010 edition, perhaps recognizing that there is no history of its use.
<P>In the absence of a continuous Era, the Chinese reckoned time in terms of the 60 Year Calendar Cycle and then in the years of individual Eras, the <I>Nien-hao</I>, 年號, <I>Niánhào</I>. Details about the Chinese calendar are provided through the links in the list below. The inception of Era names is discussed <a href="#eras">below</a>.
<P>The traditional Chinese dates for the Emperors are usually for the first full year of the reign, which is also the first year of the appropriate Era. This can be a little confusing, and sources on Chinese history do not always seem consistent (or we run afoul of when the Chinese calendar year starts -- or I have gotten confused!). The convention is even applied to the Chinese Republic, which is often said to have begun in 1912, even though the <a href="#ch'ing">Ch'ing</a> Dynasty was overthrown in 1911 -- although in this case the Republic was actually not <I>formally</I> proclaimed until January 1, 1912; so the history was arranged to match the chronology.
<table cellpadding=5 align=left>
<tr><td><ul>
<li><a href="chinacal.htm#60">The Chinese 60 Year Calendar Cycle</a>
<li><a href="JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Chinese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Eras (<I>Nien-hao</I>) of Chinese History</a>
<li><a href="chinacal.htm">The Solar Terms and the Chinese Calendar</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="notes/note-p.htm">The Occurrence of the Solar Terms</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="grndhog.htm">Groundhog Day and Chinese Astronomy</a>
</ul></td></tr></table>
(But then the Emperor did not abdicate until March 1912.)
<P>The convention also makes it possible that Emperors who do not <I>survive</I> beyond their initial calendar year may not even be counted, which is the case, creating some confusion, with a couple of the <a href="#yuan">Mongols</a>. Other Emperors are not listed in Chinese sources as unworthy for other reasons, often dismissed as a <I>Shàodì</I>, 少帝, "insignificant emperor."
<P>In <I>Mathews'</I>, only the first year of a reign is ordinarily given. Here, for the <a href="#ming">Ming</a> and <a href="#ch'ing">Ch'ing</a> Dynasties, this year corresponds to the first Era given with the reign. All other Era names, from the Han up to and including the Yüan, are given on a <a href="JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Chinese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup page</a> -- or it may be opened in the <a href="erachin.htm">current window</a>.
<P><a name="china2"><center><img src="images/key-c1.gif"></center>
<P>The <a href="moral-2.htm">Thought Police</a> are hereby informed that the color yellow <img src="images/kanji-c.gif" align=right>is used for the tables and maps for China, <table bgcolor=yellow border=0 align=left><tr><td><img src="images/kanji-09.gif"></td></tr></table>not because China is the <a href="racism.htm">racial</a> "Yellow Peril," but because the color yellow is associated with the <a href="elements.htm#china">element</a> <B>earth</B> (<I>t'u</I>, at left) in Chinese philosophy.
<P>Indeed, Chinese civilization began in the northern valley and plain of the <img src="images/hiero/yellow.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/river.gif" align=middle>, "Yellow River" (Hwang Ho), which actually is yellow from the <B>loess</B> (<I>löß</I>) brought down from the Tibetan plateau. The Huang He floodplain is thus literally "yellow earth," <img src="images/hiero/yellow.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/earth.gif" align=middle>, <img src="images/maps/perigoku.gif" align=right>and the Chinese theory of the elements has apparently taken cognizance of this.
<P>The element earth also implies the direction "center" -- with China itself, the "Middle Kingdom" (<I>Chung-kuo</I>, <img src="images/hiero/zhong3.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle>) at the center. Thus, China can even be called <img src="images/hiero/zhong3.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/earth.gif" align=middle>, "Middle Earth." At least from the Ming Dynasty, yellow tiles were reserved for use on the roofs of Imperial palaces, and so the color came to mean the Emperor himself.
<P>China can also be called the <img src="images/hiero/zhong3.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/glorious.gif" align=middle>, "Middle Glorious," with <img src="images/hiero/glorious.gif" align=middle> used for "Chinese" in many expressions (almost interchangeably with <img src="images/hiero/zhong2.gif" align=middle> and <img src="images/hiero/han.gif" align=middle>), e.g. <img src="images/hiero/glorious.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/person.gif" align=middle> or <img src="images/hiero/glorious.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/people.gif" align=middle> for "Chinese People," or <img src="images/hiero/glorious.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/four-art.gif" align=middle> for "Chinese labor (abroad)," or <img src="images/hiero/glorious.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/writing3.gif" align=middle>, "Chinese language." We also get <img src="images/hiero/glorious.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/xia.gif" align=middle>, "Glorious and Extensive," as a name for China, where the latter character is the name of the Hsia Dynasty but also simply the character for "summer," which we see in the <a href="chinacal.htm">Solar Terms</a>.
<P>However, <img src="images/hiero/xia.gif" align=middle> as a name for China could also be used just to mean "civilized," like China, and thus could be applied to India, although <img src="images/hiero/xia.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle>, or even <img src="images/hiero/great.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/xia.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle>, is now remembered as the name for <a href="hist-1.htm#text-10">Bactria</a>. It is not clear how many Chinese of former times would have been aware that Bactria and India were different places, especially considering that they are "in the West," adjacent, and at the end of the Silk Road. The <a href="#kushan">Kushans</a> occupied both Bactria and Northern India and thus, as the <I>Yüeh-chih</I>, were sometimes identified as such with the latter.
<P>While the "Middle Kingdom" or "Middle Earth" give China a central place in the world, another locution, <img src="images/tianxia.gif" align=middle>, "Under Heaven," can mean both China and the entire World -- <I>all</I> under heaven. Since the title <img src="images/emperor.gif" align=middle>, "Emperor," when introduced in the <a href="#ch'in">Ch'in</a>, signified uniqueness, supremacy, and universal monarchy, "Emperor," Latin <I>Imperator</I>, is a suitable translation in relation to Roman ideology of universal monarchy over the <B>Cosmopolis</B>, the world state. To all the countries <a href="perigoku.htm">around China</a>, as to Imperial Princes, the Emperors bestowed no more than the title <img src="images/king.gif" align=middle>, "King." This was not graciously received in courts, like <a href="#japan">Japan</a>, where the Monarch was regarded as the equal of the <img src="images/emperor3.gif" align=middle>, "Son of Heaven."
<P>Several characters are used to mean "dynasty." With the <a href="#north-south">Northern and Southern</a> Dynasties we see <img src="images/hiero/dynasty.gif" align=middle> (which, with a different pronunciation, otherwise means "morning," as in the name of the Japanese <a href="destroy.htm">destroyer</a> <I>Asagiri</I>, <img src="images/ships/asagiri.gif" align=middle>, "Morning Mist"). With the <a href="#five">Five Dynasties</a>, however, we see <img src="images/hiero/dai.gif" align=middle>. Indeed, the first entry for "dynasty" in a modern Chinese dictionary is <img src="images/hiero/dynasty.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/dai.gif" align=middle> [<I>Concise English-Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary</I>, A.P. Cowie, A. Evison, The Commercial Press, Oxford University Press, Beijing, Hong Kong, 1986, p.134]. With the names of dynasties, however, one often sees <img src="images/hiero/dynasty2.gif" align=middle> ("record, annals"), as in <img src="images/hiero/ming.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/dynasty2.gif" align=middle>, "Ming Dynasty" (cf. <I>Mathew's</I>, character 430, p.57, and in Appendix A, with the tables of dynasties, pp.1165-1175).
<P><center><img src="images/key-c1.gif"></center>
<P>Wade-Giles writings are intially used here, consistent with the older sources. But <a href="yinyang.htm#dialects3">Pinyin</a> versions are now generally given, especially for the dynasties, and also exclusively with images of characters. HTML codes used to be very deficient for Pinyin tones. However, Unicode can take care of that, and I think I have fixed up all the examples. Superscript numbers for tones are no longer needed. In fact, there are Unicodes for all the Chinese characters I have looked for; and such characters are now being extensively added to the images (with Pinyin) previously used. One virtue of the Unicode character is that they can be copied and pasted into search engines, which will turn up pages on the Internet about them.
<P>Note that Wade-Giles "ho" and "he" can both be found for Pinyin "he" -- as other writings sometimes reflect older Mandarin pronunciations (e.g. "Peking" itself).
<P>While newer sources use Pinyin exclusively, I think this is improper. As a denial of history, it is like teaching Chinese with only the "simplified" characters. Simplified characters themselves are not given here because they are (1) ugly, (2) ahistorical, (3) not used in older sources, and (4) not used in Taiwan or by many or most overseas Chinese communities (though, I understand, this is changing). It may be too late to stop the simplified character bandwagon, but the attempt should be made -- and oddly enough, traditional characters can often be found in the People's Republic.
<P>While the idea was that simplified characters would make literacy easier, it actually makes larger literacy more difficult when traditional characters must be learned anyway to read older books, historical inscriptions, overseas Chinese, or Japanese <I>kambun</I> (<img src="images/han-4.gif" align=middle>), i.e. written Chinese from Japanese writers who didn't actually speak Chinese (a similar phenomenon was formerly found in <a href="perigoku.htm#korea">Korea</a> and <a href="perigoku.htm#viet">Vietnam</a>).
<P>A break with the past was certainly one motivation for the simplification -- though Mao Tse-tung (Zedong) then published his own poetry in traditional characters! Curiously, <I>The Pinyin Chinese-English Dictionary</I> [Editor-in-chief Wu Jingrong, The Commercial Press, Beijing, Hong Kong, & John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1979, 1985], which gives the simplified character for <img src="images/han-6.gif" align=middle> in the text [p.266] and in the Chinese Foreword [p.2], nevertheless has the traditional character on the front of the book and on the title page. Indeed, newer dictionaries in Pinyin do a better job of giving the traditional characters along with the simplified ones. And when an edition was prepared of the 24 Standard Dynastic Histories, the <I>Ershisishi</I> [241 volumes, Zhonghua, 1962-1975], at the personal direction of Chairman Mao, it was all in traditional, "complex" characters.
<P><center><img src="images/key-c1.gif"></center>
<P>The maps are based on L. Carrington Goodrich, <I>A Short History of the Chinese People</I> [Harper Torchbooks, The University Library, 1963], <I>The Anchor Atlas of World History</I>, Volume I [Hermann Kinder,
Werner Hilgemann, Ernest A. Menze, and Harald and Ruth Bukor, 1974], Michael Prawdin, <I>The Mongol Empire, its Rise and Legacy</I> [Free Press, 1961], <I>The [London] Times Concise Atlas of World History</I>, edited by Geoffrey Barraclough [Times Books Ltd, Hammond Inc., 1988], <I>The Cambridge History of Ancient China, from the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C.</I> edited by Michael Loewe & Edward L. Shaughnessy [Cambridge U. Press, 1999], and a few other sources I've lost track of. Paludan's <I>Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors</I>, although an excellent book in every other way, is suspiciously deficient in maps, with a glaring mistake on one that is given -- the absence of the trans-Amur Maritime Province, later lost to Russia, on the map of the Ch'ing Empire [p.11]. There seem to be considerable uncertainties, or at least disagreements, about the boundaries in many periods, even well documented ones, like the T'ang and Ming.
<P>The list of Chinese Emperors here was originally as given in <I>Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary</I> [Harvard University Press, 1972, pp. 1165-1175]. Now most of the names and dates and information are from, <I>A Short History of the Chinese People</I> by L. Carrington Goodrich [Harper Torchbooks, 1943, 1963], <I>The Horizon History of China</I> by C.P. Fitzgerald [American Heritage Publishing, 1969], <I>The Chinese Calendar and the Julian Day Number</I>, a pamphlet by <a href="numbers.htm">O.L. Harvey</a> [1977, based on <I>Chronological Tables of Chinese History</I> by Tung Tso-pin, Hong Kong University Press, 1960], <I>The Glory and Fall of the Ming Dynasty</I> by Albert Chan [U. of Oklahoma Press, 1982], <I>The Southern Ming, 1644-1662</I> by Lynn A. Struve [Yale University Pres, 1984], <I>A History of Chinese Civilization</I> by Jacques Gernet [translated by J.R. Foster, Cambridge University Press, 1972, 1982, 1990], the <I>Records of the Grand Historian</I> by Sīmǎ Qián [3 volumes, <I>Qin</I>, <I>Han I</I>, & <I>Han II</I>, Columbia University Press, 1993], the <I>Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors</I> by Ann Paludan [Thames & Hudson, London, 1998], <I>The Cambridge History of Ancient China, from the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C.</I> edited by Michael Loewe & Edward L. Shaughnessy [Cambridge U. Press, 1999], <I>A Concise History of China</I> by J.A.G. Roberts [Harvard University Press, 1999], <I>Chinese History, A Manual</I> by Endymion Wilkinson [Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series, 52, Harvard U. Press, 2000], the <I>Oxford Dynasties of the World</I> by John E. Morby [Oxford University Press, 1989, 2002, pp.215-221], <I>Historical Records of the Five Dynasties</I>, by Ouyang Xiu [translated by Richard L. Davis, Columbia U. Press, 2004], <I>China, A New History</I> by John King Fairbank & Merle Goldman [Belknap Press of Harvard U. Press, 2006], The <I>Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten</I>, or <I>Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History</I>, on CD-ROM [Yamato Shobō, 2006], <I>A History of China</I>, by John Keay [Basic Books, 2009], <I>The Troubled Empire, China in the Yüan and Ming Dynasties</I>, by Timothy Brook [Belknap Press, Harvard, 2010], and some other books and websites that are referenced at various points below.<br clear=right>
<P><a name="shang"><center><img src="images/key-c1.gif"></center>
<P><table border bgcolor="#ffffaa" cellpadding=5 align=left width=200>
<tr><th colspan=2>Shang, <img src="images/hiero/four-mrc.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty,<br>
1523-1028 (1766-1122)</th></tr>
<tr><td>Shang-chia</td><td rowspan=25> </td></tr>
<tr><td>Pao-yi</td></tr>
<tr><td>Pao-ping</td></tr>
<tr><td>Pao-ting</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shih-jen</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shih-kuei</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ta-yi</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wai-ping</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chung-jên</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ch'êng-t'ang?</td></tr>
<tr><td>T'ai-chia</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wu-ting</td></tr>
<tr><td>T'ai-kêng</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsiao-chia</td></tr>
<tr><td>Yung-chi</td></tr>
<tr><td>T'ai-wu</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chung-ting</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wai-jên</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tsien-chia</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tsu-yi</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tsu-hsin</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ch'iang-chia</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tsu-ting</td></tr>
<tr><td>Nan-kêng</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hu-chia</td></tr>
<tr><td>P'an-kêng</td><td rowspan=3>Dynastic<br>name<br>changed to<br><img src="images/hiero/yin-dyst.gif"></td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsiao-hsin</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsiao-yi</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wu-ting</td><td>?-1189</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tsu-kêng</td><td>1188-1178</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tsu-chia</td><td>1177-1158</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lin-hsin</td><td>1157-1149</td></tr>
<tr><td>K'ang-ting</td><td>1148-1132</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wu-yi</td><td>1131-1117</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wên-wu-ting</td><td>1116-1106</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ti-yi</td><td>1105-1087</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ti-hsin</td><td>1086-1045</td></tr>
</table>
<img src="images/shang-0.gif" align=right>
The Shang, a splendid Bronze Age <a href="upan.htm#civiliz">civilization</a>, is the true beginning of Chinese history, emerging just as India was falling into its own Dark Ages period (1500-800 BC). The system of writing we see developing in the Shang already displays most of the characteristics of Chinese <a href="yinyang.htm#characters">characters</a> and was destined to be the only ancient system of ideographic writing to survive into modern usage, both in China and Japan. <img src="images/maps/china-2.gif" align=left>However, Shang writing is known mainly from oracle bones. There is no surviving literature, documents, or monumental inscriptions from the period. Data like the list of Shang kings or the excavation of Shang royal tombs thus leaves us pretty much in the dark about historical events, though this is not much different from what is often the case with contemporary Egypt or Mesopotamia. The sophistication of Shang culture, on the other hand, may be inspected directly in the magnificent bronzes that are featured in many of the world's museums.
<P>The beginning of Chinese civilization in the North, in the Huang He (or Hwang Ho) valley, means that, among many things, the Chinese diet was not at first what we would expect. <B>Rice</B> only grows further South, where there is much greater rain. The Huang He valley is semi-arid. Even today it is <B>wheat</B> that is grown there. Of course, wheat was used for another characteristic Chinese food: <B>Noodles</B> -- which Marco Polo is supposed to have brought back to Italy. Actually, it looks like noodles had already arrived by way of the Arabs; and there is no evidence, for instance, that the Romans ever ate noodles or knew about them (no plate of <a href="ross/recipe.htm#spago">spaghetti</a> for <a href="romania.htm#julio">Augustus</a>). The characteristic staple food of the Mediterranean world was <B>bread</B>, something the Chinese did not make. Recently [2005], an ancient bowl of noodles made from <a href="elements.htm#china">millet</a> was discovered in China and dated about 2000 BC, antedating even the Shang Dynasty.
<P>The contrast between the dry North and the wet South is summed up in a traditional expression, <img src="images/hiero/south.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/boat.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/north.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/horse.gif" align=middle>, "South [by] boat; north [by] horse." The dry Huang He plain, so suitable for horses, contrasts not only with the wet Yangtze Valley, but with the mountains and gorges through which the Yangtze flows (and is now extensively dammed). This terrain was one reason the <a href="#yuan">Mongols</a> had much more difficulty conquering the South than the North.
<P>Used alone, the characters <img src="images/hiero/river.gif" align=middle> and <img src="images/hiero/river2.gif" align=middle> can mean, not just "river," but, respectively, the Huang He and the Yangtze rivers specifically. The former usage is now unusual but the latter is common. Thus, the Huang He is, indeed, the <img src="images/hiero/yellow.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/river.gif" align=middle>, "Yellow River"; but even the Yangtze is commonly expanded into a binome, <img src="images/hiero/long.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/river2.gif" align=middle>, "Long River." "Yangtze" itself is from a local name, <img src="images/hiero/praise2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/zi.gif" align=middle>, which was generalized, perhaps just by foreigners, for the whole river. This, however, may have been based on a 13th century poem that used the expression <img src="images/hiero/praise2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/zi.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/river2.gif" align=middle>.
<P><img src="images/shang.gif" align=right>Chinese characters in the Shang were still pictographic in form. At right are some examples of common modern characters with their Shang antecedents. The pronunciation, of course, is <a href="yinyang.htm#dialects3">modern</a>. There is little and poor evidence about the pronunciation of Chinese at this early period. Chinese at this point may not even have had <B>tones</B>. There are no tones in related languages, like Tibetan, but there are tones in unrelated regional languages, like Vietnamese. Chinese may have picked up tones as part of a Southeast Asian <I>Sprachbund</I>, where, as in the <a href="turkia.htm#romania">Balkans</a>, unrelated or distantly related languages borrow features from each other. There is also the accepted view that tones developed from morphological features that have now disappeared. There is no reason, however, why influence may not have accompanied such a development. There is also the problem that the inclusion of Chinese in the same language family as Tibetan and Burmese is based on relatively narrow evidence.
<table cellpadding=5 align=left width=300><tr><td><ul>
<li><a href="yinyang.htm#characters">Categories of Chinese Characters</a>
<li><a href="yinyang.htm#dialects">The Dialects of Chinese</a>
<li><a href="yinyang.htm#dialects2">Examples of Dialect Differences Between Peking, Shanghai and, Canton</a>
<li><a href="yinyang.htm#dialects3">Pronouncing Mandarin Initials</a>
<li><a href="yinyang.htm#dialects5">Mandarin Finals and Syllables</a>
<li><a href="yinyang.htm#dialects4">The Contrast between Classical and Modern Chinese</a>
</ul></td></tr></table>
<P>Previously, I had not given dates for reigns in the Shang dynasty, because of the uncertainties of early Chinese chronology. However, I have now filled in those given in <I>The Cambridge History of Ancient China</I> [edited by Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy, 1999, p.25]. I have left the dates of the Dynasty itself the same, however, to indicate the traditional level of uncertainty. I have kept the Chinese convention of ending a reign a calendar year before the beginning of the next reign, both to indicate that this is the convention and because the uncertainties of the dates make the point moot.
<P>The genealogy of the Shang, from the <I>Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten</I> (<I>Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History</I>) and the <I>Cambridge History of Ancient China</I>, may be examined on a <a href="JavaScript:popup('history/shang.gif','shang','resizable,scrollbars,width=260,height=1460')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of the Genealogy of the Shang Dynasty';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup image</a>. Different lists of early Shang rulers are to be seen. In <I>Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary</I>, the dynasty begins with a Ch'eng-t'ang immediately before T'ai-chia. However, the <I>Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten</I> does not give a Ch'eng-t'ang at all and begins the dynasty two generations before T'ai-chia, with Ta-yi. The <I>Cambridge History</I> starts <I>six generations</I> before Ta-yi with Shang-chia. The <I>Nihon Kodaishi</I> and the <I>Cambridge History</I> differ in their construction of the early genealogy. I have tried to indicate where the differences occur. Usually these are in which generation a king belongs. The <I>Cambridge History</I> sometimes has a different element in a name -- I have put their version in parentheses. Where the <I>Nihon Kodaishi</I> has <B>T'ai</B>, <img src="images/hiero/grand.gif" align=middle>, the <I>Cambridge History</I> usually has <B>Ta</B>, <img src="images/hiero/great.gif" align=middle> -- the characters differ by a small stroke and can actually mean almost the same thing. Like the <I>Cambridge History</I>, the <I>Nihon Kodaishi</I> does not give dates for rulers before Wu-ting, but it does give the beginning of the dynasty at 1600, as the <I>Cambridge History</I> does at 1570. The numbering on the crowns is that of the <I>Nihon Kodaishi</I>.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="chou"><table border bgcolor="#ffffaa" cellpadding=5 align=left width=250>
<tr><th colspan=2>Chou, <img src="images/hiero/zhou.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty<br>1027-256 (1122-256)</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Western Chou, <img src="images/hiero/west.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/zhou.gif" align=middle><br>1027-771</th></tr>
<tr><td>Wen Wang</td><td>1099/56-1049</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wu Wang</td><td>1049/45-1042</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chou Kung</td><td>1042-1036</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chêng Wang</td><td>1042/35-1005/03</td></tr>
<tr><td>K'ang Wang</td><td>1005/03-977/75</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chao Wang</td><td>977/75-956</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mu Wang</td><td>956-917/15</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kung Wang</td><td>917/15-899/97</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ih Wang</td><td>899/97-872?</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsiao Wang</td><td>872?-865</td></tr>
<tr><td>I Wang</td><td>865-857/53</td></tr>
<tr><td>Li Wang</td><td>857/53-842/28</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kung Ho</td><td>841-827/25</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>841, first solid date<br>in Chinese chronology</th></tr>
<tr><td>Hsüan Wang</td><td>827/25-781</td></tr>
<tr><td>Yu Wang</td><td>781-771</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Eastern Chou, <img src="images/hiero/east.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/zhou.gif" align=middle>,<br>771-256;<br>
Middle Chou, 771-473</th></tr>
<tr><td>P'ing Wang</td><td>770-719</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a name="sp&au">Spring and Autumn, <img src="images/hiero/spring.gif" align=middle>,<br>Period, 722-481</th></tr>
<tr><td>Huan Wang</td><td>719-696</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsiang Wang</td><td>696-681</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsi Wang</td><td>681-676</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hui Wang</td><td>676-651</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsiang Wang</td><td>651-618</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ch'ing Wang</td><td>618-612</td></tr>
<tr><td>K'uang Wang</td><td>612-606</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ting Wang</td><td>606-585</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chien Wang</td><td>585-571</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ling Wang</td><td>571-544</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ching Wang</td><td>544-520</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tao Wang</td><td>520</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ching Wang</td><td>519-475</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a name="warring">Warring States, <img src="images/hiero/war.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle>,<br>Period, 481-221</th></tr>
<tr><td>Yüan Wang</td><td>475-468</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Late Chou, 473-256</th></tr>
<tr><td>Chêng-ting Wang</td><td>468-441</td></tr>
<tr><td>K'ao Wang</td><td>440-425</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wei-lieh Wang</td><td>425-401</td></tr>
<tr><td>An Wang</td><td>401-375</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lieh Wang</td><td>375-368</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsien Wang</td><td>368-320</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shên-ching Wang</td><td>320-314</td></tr>
<tr><td>Nan Wang</td><td>314-256</td></tr>
</table>
<img src="images/chou.gif" align=right>
Over the long history of the Chou Dynasty (commonly pronounced "Joe" in English), China went from a period even more obscure than the Shang to a flourishing, fully documented historical civilization.<br clear=right>
The changes were so drastic that the dynasty is typically divided into three parts, though there are different versions of exactly how to do this. <img src="images/maps/china-2a.gif" align=right>The Early Chou presents us with the least satisfactory material, since things seem to have rather declined after the fall of the Shang.
<P>Of much greater interest is what happens when the central authority of the state actually collapses, which moves us into the Middle Chou or the Spring and Autumn Period. The country breaks up into small domains, which separately become vigorous and expansive, and the Chou kings are reduced to ruling a small county on the Huang He River. We finally get into a period with secure historical dating.
<P>The name of the Spring and Autumn Period itself is derived from the <I>Spring and Autumn Annals</I>, <img src="images/hiero/spring.gif" align=middle>, one of the Chinese <a href="confuci.htm#classics">classics</a>, which was a chronicle of the state of Lu, the birthplace of Confucius. The origin of the name may be that "Spring and Autumn" was used to simply mean "year," and so by extension an annal or chronicle.
<P><img src="images/maps/china-3.gif" align=right>The origin of the phrase, however, is now obscured by its being the name of the book itself. One of the works later interpreted as a commentary on the <I>Spring and Autumn Annals</I>, the <I>Tso Chuan</I>, <img src="images/hiero/zuozhuan.gif" align=middle>, actually contains more information than the <I>Annals</I> itself. Indeed, the <I>Tso Chuan</I> really isn't a commentary but originally an independent narrative history, the first in Chinese literature, covering the same period.
<P>Suddenly we have the beginning of Chinese literature, history, and philosophy, curiously at about the same time as the beginnings of <a href="greek.htm">Greek</a> and <a href="upan.htm#upan">Indian</a> philosophy also. The following links deal with matters in Chinese philosophy.<br clear=right>
<P><table><tr><td>
<ul>
<li><a href="history.htm#china">Chinese Philosophy</a><br>
<li><a href="six.htm#china">The "Six Schools" of China</a><br>
<li><a href="elements.htm#china">The Chinese Elements and Associations</a><br>
<li><a href="elements.htm#colors">The Chinese Colors</a><br>
<li><a href="confuci.htm">Confucius [<I>K'ung-fu-tzu</I> or <I>Kongfuzi</I>]</a><br>
<li><a href="confuciu.htm">Key Passages in the <I>Analects</I> of Confucius</a><br>
<li><a href="confuci.htm#six">The Six Relationships and the Mandate of Heaven</a><br>
<li><a href="confuci.htm#classics">The Confucian Chinese Classics</a><br>
<li><a href="key.htm#virtues">The Chinese Virtues</a><br>
<li><a href="yinyang.htm">Yin & Yáng and the <I>I Ching</I></a><br>
<li><a href="taote.htm">Comments on the <I>Tao Te Ching</I></a>
</ul></td></tr></table>
<P><img src="images/maps/china-4.gif" align=right>
Although Confucius hoped to end the warfare between the small states of his time, things actually got worse after he died. The following time thus is often called the "Warring States" period.
<P>As time went on, however, one of the Warring States began to win, and to conquer the others. This was the state of Ch'in (Qin), which lay in Shensi (Shaanxi) Province, in the great bend of the Huang He river. In 256, the ruler of Ch'in, Chao-Hsiang, dethroned the last Chou king. Although the Warring States period was not over, the Chou Dynasty was. All of the rulers of the States of the <a href="choustat.htm#sp&au" target="window2">Spring and Autumn Period</a> and the <a href="choustat.htm#warring" target="window2">Warring States Period</a> may be examined in a separate page. A new window will open with these links, and it should be maximized because the tables are large.
<P>A ruler in the Chou Dynasty was a <img src="images/hiero/king.gif" align=middle>. Once the country had broken up, but the King retained some kind of precedence, the rulers of the successor states are usually known by the title <img src="images/hiero/duke.gif" align=middle>[<I>kung</I> in Wade-Giles]. Thus, we find Confucius visiting "Duke Ching of Ch'i" [<a href="confuciu.htm">Analects</a> 12:11].
<table border cellpadding=5 bgcolor="ffffaa" align=right>
<tr><th colspan=6><a href="choustat.htm#warring">six kingdoms</a> <img src="images/hiero/six.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle></th></tr>
<tr><td>Ch'i</td><td>Ch'u</td><td>Han</td><td>Wei</td><td>Chao</td><td>Yen</td></tr>
<tr><th><img src="images/hiero/qi.gif"></th><th><img src="images/hiero/chu.gif"></th><th><img src="images/hiero/han-2.gif"></th><th><img src="images/hiero/wei.gif"></th><th><img src="images/hiero/zhao.gif"></th><th><img src="images/hiero/yan.gif"></th></tr>
</table>
In the table of the Ch'in Dynasty following, we can see the title of the ruler changing from "Duke" to "King" in the year 324. Some rulers (Tsin/Jin, Yen/Yan, and the later Han, Wei, and Chao) originally used <img src="images/hiero/marquis.gif" align=middle>, before upgrading to "Duke". Indeed, as shown in the genealogy of Ch'in below, we see that, before the Spring and Autumn Period, the ruler of Ch'in began as a Marquis also. One state, Ch'u, had used <I>Wàng</I> from an early date; but by the Late Warring States Period all of the states had adopted that title. "Duke" and "Marquis" were the first of the feudal "Five Ranks," <img src="images/hiero/5ranks.gif" align=middle>. <img src="images/maps/china-4a.gif" align=left> All the ranks can be examined under the Chinese <a href="elements.htm#china">elements</a> and under <a href="rank.htm#china">Feudal Hierarchy</a>.
<P>Previously, I had not given dates for reigns before 841, because of the uncertainties of early Chinese chronology. However, I have now filled them in from <I>The Cambridge History of Ancient China</I> [edited by Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy, 1999, p.25]. Beginning with Hsüan Wang, the dates then seem to match what I was already using. I have left the dates of the Dynasty itself the same, however, to indicate the traditional level of uncertainty. Also, I have eliminated the Chinese convention of ending a reign a calendar year before the beginning of the next reign.
<P>The genealogy of the Chou, from the <I>Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten</I> (<I>Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History</I>), may be examined on a <a href="JavaScript:popup('history/zhou.gif','zhou','resizable,scrollbars,width=260,height=2440')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of the Genealogy of the Chou Dynasty';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup image</a>, though the names and dates are from the <I>Cambridge History</I>.
<P><a href="choustat.htm" target="window2">States of the Eastern Chou</a><br clear=left>
<P><a name="ch'in"><table border bgcolor="#ffffaa" cellpadding=5 align=left width=250>
<tr><th colspan=2>Ch'in, <img src="images/hiero/qin.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty<br>256-207 BC</th></tr>
<tr><td>Hsiao Kung<br><font size=-1>Ying Hsiao</font></td><td>361-337</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Hui-wen Kung</td><td>337-324</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wang,<br>324-310</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wu Wang</td><td>310-306</td></tr>
<tr><td>Dowager Hsüan,<br>Mi Bazi, Mi Yue</td><td>Dowager Queen<br>& Regent,<br>307-271, d.265</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Chao-hsiang Wang</td><td>during Chou,<br>306-256</td></tr>
<tr><td>256-250</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsiao-wên Wang</td><td>250, 3 days</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chuang-hsiang Wang</td><td>250-247</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Wang Chêng,<br><font size=-1>(changes his name to)</font><br>Shih-huang-ti/<br><B>Shǐhuángdì</B></td><td>247-221</td></tr>
<tr><td>Emperor,<br>221-210</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>End of Warring States Period, 221; burning books, 213</th></tr>
<tr><td>Erh-shih-huang-ti<br><font size=-1>Ying Huhai</font></td><td>210-207</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ch'in Wang<br><font size=-1>Tzu-Ying</font></td><td>207</td></tr>
</table>
The ruler who accomplished the unification of China may not even have been of the Ch'in royal house. While <B>Wang Chêng</B>, <img src="images/king.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/cheng0.gif" align=middle> (or <B>Ch'in Wang Chêng</B>, <img src="images/hiero/qin.gif" align=middle><img src="images/king.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/cheng0.gif" align=middle>), was the son of Chao-chi, the wife of Chuang-hsiang Wang, she may have already been pregnant, previously having been the concubine of another man (Lü Pu-wei). This is like the story of the Empress Eudocia Ingerina, who was the mistress of the Roman Emperor Michael III and was probably already pregnant when she married Basil I, the founder of the <a href="romania.htm#macedon">Macedonian</a> Dynasty. The story about Wang Chêng, however, looks a bit more like a later Han slander against the Ch'in First Emperor. These relationships can be examined in the genealogy given below. Earlier rulers of Ch'in are given both in the genealogy and with the <a href="choustat.htm" target="window2">States of the Eastern Chou</a>.
<P>There is an obscurity in the chronology here. <img src="images/ch'in.gif" align=right>Sources often say that Chao-hsiang Wang died in 251, but the historian Szu-ma Ch'ien [司馬遷, Sīmǎ Qián], who is about the only real source for the chronology, says that Hsiao-wên Wang, 孝文王, Xiàowénwáng, only reigned for 3 days in what would have been 250. There is no evidence of a hiatus, so the "251" may be an artifact of the Chinese habit of dating new things to the following year (i.e. 250 follows 251). Indeed, Ulrich Theobald rationalizes all the dates as falling in 251, which is probably as reasonable as anything. Meanwhile, <I>Mathews'</I> dictionary places Hsiao-wên Wang in 250, with a gloss that this was 3 days, while dating the following King, Chuang-hsiang Wang, 莊襄王, Zhuāngxiāngwáng, to 249. This is what confuses things. If Hsiao-wên Wang died in 251, then the reign of Chuang-hsiang Wang should have been dated from 250.
<P>Many Chinese histories and king lists, like the <I>Oxford Dynasties of the World</I>, are sparing or skip entirely dates in the Ch'in Dynasty before Shih-huang-ti. So I have just tried to apply the most obvious interpretation to Szu-ma Ch'ien and have dated the death of Chao-hsiang Wang to 250. As it happens, <I>The Cambridge History of Ancient China</I> [edited by Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy, 1999] follows the Chinese practice, ends the reign of Chao-hsiang Wang in 251, gives Hsiao-wên Wang 250, and then begins the reign of Chuang-hsing Wang in 249. It thus looks like Hsiao-wên Wang's three days unites all the reigns in 250.<br clear=right>
<P>Whatever his origins, Wang Chêng conquered most of the other Warring States and by 221 brought the country together for the first time since the Early Chou. And a much larger and more sophisticated country it now was, too. Although one might say that he was a combination, for Chinese history, of <a href="hist-1.htm#great">Alexander the Great</a> and <a href="rome.htm#caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, nevertheless he was not a great general himself, just the ruler. One of the first things he decided to do was come up with a more appropriate title. <a name="august">Previously</a>, Chinese rulers had been styled <img src="images/king.gif" align=middle>, or "king" (<I>ō</I> in <a href="#japan">Japanese</a>, <I>wang</I> in <a href="perigoku.htm#korea">Korean</a>, <I>vương</I> in <a href="perigoku.htm#viet">Vietnamese</a>). This was not going to be good enough. So Wang Chêng made up a new title, <img src="images/emperor.gif" align=middle>, the "August God," or, as we would say, the <B>Emperor</B>. Later, either one <img src="images/maps/china-5.gif" align=right>of these characters could be used individually to mean "emperor," as the latter became a suffix for the names of many <a href="#han">Han</a> Emperors. The whole expression would become <I>kōtei</I> in Japanese (<I>hwangje</I> in Korean), but much more commonly in Japanese only the first character was used (<I>kō</I> or <I>ō</I>), suffixed to "heaven," <img src="images/emperor2.gif" align=middle>, as <I>Tennō</I> in Japanese, "heavenly" or "divine" Emperor. This distinction is even preserved in <a href="perigoku.htm#vietese">Vietnamese</a>, where <I>hoàng-đế</I> is "emperor" but <I>thiên-hoàng</I> is "Emperor of Japan." The Emperor could also simply be the "Son of Heaven," <img src="images/emperor3.gif" align=middle>, <I>tenshi</I> in Japanese, <I>thiên-tử</I> in Vietnamese. We also see <img src="images/hiero/august.gif" align=middle><img src="images/greek/high.gif" align=middle>, the "Emperor Above."
<P>Along with the title of Emperor, we come to find a characteristic and suitable expression of good wishes, namely the cheer <img src="images/hiero/wansui.gif" align=middle>. This means "Ten Thousand Years," i.e. the length of the reign that we hope for. In Japanese this is pronounced <I>banzai</I>, which became familiar as a battle cry in World War II. Such a cheer seems a little more economical and more generally suitable than would "God Save the Queen" in Britain. A comparable expression, <img src="images/hiero/LHP.gif" align=middle>, "Life, Prosperity, Health," was used in <a href="notes/newking.htm#pharaoh">Ancient Egypt</a>.<br clear=left>
<P>The new "Emperor" of China then decided that he would simply be known as the "<B>First Emperor</B>," and that all rulers after him would continue the sequence, "Second Emperor," etc. This made him <img src="images/emperor4.gif" align=middle> (<I>Shih-huang-ti</I>), which he is still usually called. After the "Second Emperor," however, nobody bothered with the numbering. <I>Wàng</I> came to be used for foreign rulers and Imperial Princes. Thus, the "Prince of Fu" who resisted the Manchus as the first Emperor of the <a href="#south">Southern Ming</a>, was really <I>Fu Wang</I>, "King of Fu." The rulers of <a href="#nara">Japan</a> didn't like being called <I>wàng</I>, but it stuck for places like <a href="perigoku.htm#siam">Siam/Thailand</a> or <a href="perigoku.htm#korea">Korea</a>.
<P>Shih-huang-ti's name is now variously rendered. First, we get the name of the dynasty prefixed: Qín Shǐhuángdì, <img src="images/hiero/qin.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/first.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/august.gif" align=middle><img src="images/emperor1.gif" align=middle>. Next, we get the same expression with "Emperor" abbreviated: Qín Shǐhuáng, or Qín Shǐ Huáng, <img src="images/hiero/qin.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/first.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/august.gif" align=middle>. This is now common, usually without the tones written -- Qin Shi Huang. For some reason, I find this annoying.
<P>The genealogy of Ch'in here is based on that in <I>The First Emperor of China</I>, by Jonathan Clements [Sutton Publishing, 2006, pp.170-172]. This begins in the Early Chou, with the first Marquis of Ch'in, and continues through all the Dukes and Kings of the <a href="choustat.htm" target="window2">Eastern Chou</a>.
<P>Although I have seen no such detail given anywhere else, Clements unfortunately does not discuss the style of Chinese dating and does not address the specific issue of the short, peculiar reign of Hsiao-wên Wang -- which he dates to 451, beginning the next reign in 450. He does actually appear to attribute months, not days, to the reign, with the "three days" confined to the time after the <I>coronation</I> at the New Year (of 450?). I do not know if this is an interpretation or is clearly asserted by some source.
<P>Clements does mention, which I have not seen elsewhere, that the family name of the house of Ch'in was <I>Ying</I>. He also addresses the question of the legitimacy of Wang Cheng, but curiously only as an aside in an appendix, "The First Emperor on Screen" [pp.177-180]. <img src="history/qin.gif" align=left>If Lü Pu-wei were the father, Clements says that the queen would have needed to "carry the First Emperor in her womb for eleven months" [p.177]. That would settle the question, but we really do not get the matter argued in an explicit manner.
<P>While Clements gives the earliest rulers of Ch'in the title of <img src="images/hiero/marquis.gif" align=middle>, according to Burton Watson [<I>The Tso Chuan, Selections from China's Oldest Narrative History</I>, Columbia U. Press, 1989], this would have been no more than a <I>posthumous</I> rank. The ruler of Ch'in at the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period was still no more than a <img src="images/hiero/count.gif" align=middle>. However, Watson does not chronicle the stages by which the rulers certainly increased their rank, which reached <img src="images/hiero/king.gif" align=middle> in 324. This matter is discussed with the <a href="choustat.htm">States of the Eastern Chou</a>.
<P>Until the Ming, Chinese Emperors are usually known by posthumous names, which frequently describe something characteristic of the Emperor or his reign. Until the <a href="#t'ang">T'ang</a>, these names are "memorial titles" (<I>shih</I>), most frequently ending in <I>ti</I> <img src="images/emperor1.gif" align=middle>, "Emperor." Starting with the T'ang, the posthumous names are "temple names" (<I>miao hao</I>), and the final character is most commonly <I>tsu</I> <img src="images/ancestr1.gif" align=middle>, "Founder," or <I>tsung</I> <img src="images/ancestr2.gif" align=middle>, "Ancestor." "Founder" is used at the beginning of the Dynasty, or after an event like a <I>re</I>founding during it. The last Emperor in a Dynasty (or before another kind of hiatus) gets a memorial rather than a temple name, since, at the end, he is not an ancestor.
<P>Personal names, which are not used after ascending the Throne (a reigning Emperor is simply the "Present Emperor," 當今皇上, Dāngjīn Huángshàng), are given for many of the following Emperors. They are identifiable because they begin with the family name of the Dynasty, e.g. Liu for the Han (both of them), Yang for the Sui, Li for the T'ang, and Chu for the Ming. The <a href="#yuan">Mongols</a> and <a href="#ch'ing">Manchus</a> did not use Chinese family names -- and with both of them we get two "Founders" because Chinese historians officially began the dynasties only when they considered them the legitimate rulers of China.
<P>With the <a href="#ming2">Ming</a>, Emperors start being known by the name they chose themselves for their Era (<I>nien-hao</I>). Earlier there usually were several Eras per reign, so this was not a convenient device, but the Ming Emperors stuck to one, a practice maintained by the Ch'ing and adopted by the <a href="#modern">Japanese</a> in 1868. The Founder of the Ming, Chu Yüan-chang, thus was given the temple name T'ai Tsu ("Great Founder," 太祖, Tàizǔ), but instead is usually known as the "Hung-wu [Vast Military Power] Emperor," 洪武帝, Hóngwǔ dì. Similarly, Hirohito is now the "Shōwa Emperor [Tennō]," 昭和天皇.
<P>Shih-huang-ti had a ferocious and ruthless disposition that found the advice of the <a href="six.htm#china">Legalist</a> philosopher Li Szu, 李斯, Lǐ Sī, agreeable. In 213, on Li Szu's urging, Shih-huang-ti outlawed all other schools of thought and began to burn their books. This may be why more is not know about the "Hundred Schools" reputed to have existed under the Chou Dynasty. Scholars who resisted the order were executed: 346 (or more) are supposed to have actually been buried alive. The fall of the Ch'in Dynasty soon thereafter was later seen as proof of the working of the <a href="confuci.htm#six">Mandate of Heaven</a>. Mao Tse-tung is reported as saying in 1958:
<P><table><tr><td><blockquote>What's so unusual about Emperor Shih Huang of the Chin Dynasty? He had buried alive 460 scholars only, but we have buried alive 46,000 scholars....We are 100 times ahead of Emperor Shih of the Chin Dynasty in repression of counter-revolutionary scholars.</blockquote></td></tr></table>
<P>Mao is often compared, not surprisingly, to Shih-huang-ti. Elsewhere, the Emperor's ruthlessness was evident in his construction of the Great Wall of China, which is supposed to have cost many lives per mile. A wall in the North, however, was reasonable when nothing but desert and nomads lay beyond. In the South, he sent an army, which for the first time extended the county down to the South China Sea. It would take some years before the enclosed coastal mountains were settled and pacified by the Chinese. If these things were more good than bad for China, Shih-huang-ti also set in motion some real reforms, like a simplification of the writing system and the end of feudal tenure in farmland.
<P><a name="hero"><center><img src="images/key-c1.gif"></center>
<P>While Mao is gone, his political heirs still favor positive portrayals of Shih-huang-ti. We see this in a recent movie, <I>Hero</I>, <font size=+1>英雄</font>, <I>Yīngxióng</I>, by director Zhang Yimou. This was released in China in 2002, and DVD's of it were soon available elsewhere. The movie was not released to theaters in the United States until 2004. It was said to be "presented by" director Quentin Tarantino, with the hope perhaps that Tarantino's well known enthusiasm for martial arts movies would help draw in audiences. They needn't have worried, since the movie opened in the number one position.
<P>The story is about how assassins attempting to kill Shih-huang-ti become converted to his cause. Although the King of Ch'in himself says that many people think of him as a tyrant, we do not yet see the degree to which his ruthlessness later went. Instead, we are given to understand that, whatever he does, it is simply for the sake of unifying the country and bringing peace. The key element in the conversion of the assassins are the two characters <img src="images/tianxia.gif" align=middle>. These are not actually shown in the film, simply read by the lead assassin.
<P>In the Chinese DVD, which did have English subtitles, it is literally translated "under heaven," and means the world or, the practical equivalent, China. This represents the unifying program of Ch'in. However, the subtitles of the film as released in the United States rather awkwardly translate it as "our land," which may indeed be a suitable translation but does have a very different feel to it. We lose the Chinese sense of the universality of its civilization, or of the universal sovereignty of the Emperor. Probably this was not thought suitable for foreign audiences.
<P>An expression does exist in Chinese for "our land," namely <img src="images/hiero/i-ego.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle>, but this is not what is used in the movie.<img src="images/jingke.jpg" align=right width=350>
<P>The idea for the movie came from a real assassination attempt against Shih-huang-ti. This was by a retainer of the State of <a href="chousta3.htm">Yen</a> (<I>Yan</I>), Jīng Kē <font size=+1>荊軻</font>, in 227 BC. Jīng Kē concealed a poisoned dagger in a scroll to be presented to the King of Ch'in, and the attack was very nearly successful. Shih-huang-ti was able to fend off the assassin until he was able to draw his own sword, and the guards then arrived.
<P>In the image from a Han Dynasty tomb at right, the King has moved behind a pillar and the assassin is at right, having finally and esperately thrown the dagger, which has hit the pillar. Needless to say, Jīng Kē did not decide that <font size=+1>天下</font> was enough to justify the victory of Shih-Huang-ti. He was killed by the guards, and the King's revenge against Yen seems to have been brutal. But then, it might have been brutal anyway.<a href="elements.htm#colors"><img src="images/hiero/directi1.gif" align=left border=0 width=150></a>
<P>Otherwise, the movie is stylish and colorful and well worth watching for the visuals alone. All of the set-piece duels and other scenes are color coded: Black, red, yellow, green, blue, white. These are the colors of the Chinese <a href="elements.htm#china">elements</a>; and, indeed, in the "black" duel we see rain and water everywhere. Otherwise, the associations are not obvious. I see no fire in the red sequences; and during the yellow duel, the participants are still wearing red, while yellow is provided by falling yellow leaves. While this is visually very rich, what that would have to do with the element earth, whose color is yellow, I could not say. I don't think that the director or cinematographer was very systematic about it all.<br clear=right>
<P><a name="tomb"><center><img src="images/key-c1.gif"></center>
<P>Much of the enduring interest in Shih-huang-ti is because of his tomb. This is not far from the modern city of Sian (Xian), which was the capital of China, Ch'ang-An, in several periods. The mound of the tomb has never been excavated. It was robbed after the Dynasty fell, but it was described by historians, with a sarcophagus surrounded by a pool of mercury and other marvels. But a surprise came in the 1970's, when a farmer digging a well near the mound found the first figure in what became an entire army of terracotta soldiers, buried in orderly rows to defend the tomb. These amazing figures appear to be individual portraits, and they show the grooming and appearance of Chinese military men of the 3rd century BC. In the Shang Dynasty, such men had themselves been buried with the kings. Now, even the ruthless First Emperor made do with copies.
<P>Shih-huang-ti is a good example of the ruler who the <a href="taote.htm">Taoists</a> said is successful from fear. When he died, his success could not endure.
<a name="nanyue"><table border bgcolor="#ffffaa" cellpadding=5 align=right width=200>
<tr><th colspan=2>Kingdom of Nan-Yüeh, <img src="images/hiero/south.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/yue.gif" align=middle>, 204-111 BC; Chieu, Triệu, Dynasty of <a href="perigoku.htm#viet">Vietnam</a></th></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Chao T'o, Wu Wang</td><td>204-137</td></tr>
<tr><td>Emperor, 183-179</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chao Mo</td><td>137-122</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chao Ying-ch'i</td><td>122-115</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chao Hsing</td><td>115-112</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chao Chien-te</td><td>112-111</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Han conquest, 112-111</th></tr>
</table>
A plot at the court, masterminded by the eunuch Chao Kao (but with the agreement of Li Szu), faked a message to the Crown Prince Fu-su, ordering him to kill himself, which he did. A weak younger brother was made the "Second Emperor," but he was the tool of the manipulators, who did not know how to actually govern the country, which began to slip into rebellion. Meanwhile, Chao Kao had managed to execute any other potential leaders of the house of Ch'in. It was a former peasant, Liu Pang, who soon took the capital and founded a new dynasty.
<P>The fall of Ch'in cut lose areas in the South that had themselves only been recently attached to the State. The Chinese commander of the area, Chao T'o, styled himself King of Nan-Yüeh (南越, Nányuè), with a capital at P'an-yü, 番禺, Pānyú, the modern Canton. The Kingdom drifted in and out of amicable relations with the Han -- for a while Chao T'o styled himself an Emperor -- until it was reduced by force in 112-111. Subsequently, "Yüeh" continued to be used for southern Kingdoms, and the <a href="yinyang.htm#dialects2">Cantonese</a> language is still called "Yüeh," but with a different character, <img src="images/hiero/yue-2.gif" align=middle> (<img src="images/hiero/yue-1.gif" align=middle> in Cantonese). In Cantonese, Nan-Yüeh will be <img src="images/hiero/south-3.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/yue-4.gif" align=middle>. Since the Kingdom included a good bit of northern <a href="perigoku.htm#viet">Vietnam</a>, the episode also figures as part of the early history of that country. Indeed, "Vietnam," <img src="images/hiero/yue-3.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/south-2.gif" align=middle>, is "Yüeh-nan" in the Vietnamese reading of Chinese.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="han"><table border bgcolor="#ffffaa" cellpadding=5 align=left width=145>
<tr><th colspan=2>(Former or<br>Western)<br>Han, <img src="images/hiero/han.gif" align=middle>,<br>
Dynasty,<br>207 BC-<br>25 AD</th></tr>
<tr><td>Kao Tsu<br><font size=-1>Liu Pang</font></td><td>207- 195</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Hsiung-nu rout the Chinese, 209 & 200; Treaty, 198</th></tr>
<tr><td>Hui Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Ying</font></td><td>195- 188</td></tr>
<tr><td>Empress Lü 吕后, Lǚ Hòu, <font size=-1>Lü Chih</font></td><td>regent<br>188- 180</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shao Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Kung</font></td><td>188- 184</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shao Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Hung</font></td><td>184- 180</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wên Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Heng</font></td><td>180- 157</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ching Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Ch'i</font></td><td>157- 141</td></tr>
<tr><td><B>Wu Ti</B><br><font size=-1>Liu Ch'e</font></td><td>141- 87</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Chang Ch'ien explores Central Asia, 139-126; occupation of Sinkiang, 115-105; forays to Ferghana, 104, 102</th></tr>
<tr><td>Chao Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Fu-ling</font></td><td>87-74</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsüan Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Ping-i</font></td><td>74-48</td></tr>
<tr><td>Yüan Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Shih</font></td><td>48-33</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Hsiung-nu pursued & defeated in Central Asia, <a href="rome.htm">Roman</a> Soldiers(!?), escaped from <a href="iran.htm#parthian">Parthians</a>(?), captured from Hsiung-nu, 36 BC</th></tr>
<tr><td>Ch'eng Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Ao</font></td><td>33-7</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ai Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Hsin</font></td><td>7-1 BC</td></tr>
<tr><td>P'ing Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Chi-tzu</font></td><td>1 BC-6 AD</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ju-tzu<br><font size=-1>Liu Ying</font></td><td>6-9</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Hsin, <img src="images/hiero/xin.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty</th></tr>
<tr><td>Chia Huang-ti,<br>Wáng Mǎng,<br>王莽</td><td>9-23</td></tr>
<tr><td>Huai-yang<br>Wang<br><font size=-1>Liu Hsüan</font></td><td>23-25,<br>d.26</td></tr>
</table>
<center><img src="images/maps/china-6.gif"></center>
<P><img src="images/han.gif" align=right>The importance of the Han Dynasty should be evident in the circumstance that this is what the Chinese have called themselves ever since, <img src="images/han-1.gif" align=middle>, the "Han People." The Chinese language is the <img src="images/han-3.gif" align=middle> (<I>kango</I> in Japanese), "Han speech"; and Chinese characters are called the <img src="images/han-2.gif" align=middle> (<I><B>Kanji</B></I> in Japanese, <I>Hanja</I> in Korean), the "Han letters." The expression <img src="images/han-4.gif" align=middle> can mean "Chinese writing," or "literature of the Han Dynasty," or the "Han Emperor Wên Ti."
<P>In Japanese, however, where this is pronounced <I>Kambun</I>, it usually means Chinese as written by Japanese writers, who usually did not speak Chinese. We see the combination of the second characters <I>wén</I> and <I>zì</I> in <img src="images/han-5.gif" align=middle> (<I>moji</I> or <I>monji</I> in Japanese), which can mean "characters, script, writing." (Be warned that there is a simplified character, 汉, now used for "Hàn" in China.)<br clear=right>
<P>Nevertheless, the actual family name of the rulers of the Han Dynasty was <B>Liú</B>, 劉, and this would continue through the <a href="#han-2">Later Han</a>, the <a href="#three">Minor Han</a>, and the <a href="#five">Posterior Han</a>.
<P><img src="history/han.gif" align=right>The genealogy of the Former Han is from the <I>Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten</I> (<I>Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History</I>) supplemented with information from the <I>Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors</I> by Ann Paludan [Thames & Hudson, London, 1998]. Paludan, unfortunately, renders the name of the Empress Lü as "Lu."
<P><a name="huns">The Han was barely established before being badly defeated by a steppe people from the North, the <B>Hsiung-nu</B> (<I>Xiōngnú</I>), <img src="images/hiero/xiong.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/slave.gif" align=middle>. Speculation has long centered on them as being the "Huns" who later invaded <a href="romania.htm#theodos">Europe</a> and <a href="#guptas">India</a>.
<P>One of the principal objections to the identification of the Hsiung-nu with the Huns is that there is too great a chronological gap between the original references to them in China, during the Han, and with their arrival in Europe, in the 5th century.
<P>The implication of the criticism is that the Hsiung-nu disappear in China and then pop up in Europe centuries later, as though they just vanished in the meantime. However, as will be evident below, a Hsiung-nu presence in China continues into the 5th century also. I wonder if the critics are aware of that. Elements of the group could have ventured upon the Steppe towards Europe at any convenient time.
<P>With the death of the founding Emperor Kao Tsu, the <B>Empress Lü, 吕后, Lǚ Hòu</B>, comes to dominate the next fifteen years of Chinese history. She killed dynastic rivals to her own family and even one of her own grandsons in her pursuit of her interests. However, both her grandsons were rendered so insignificant by her power that they were not even given postumous names and are often not even listed as Chinese Emperors. Thus, they are known as the "former insigificant Emperor," 前少帝, Qián Shàodì, and the "later insigificant Emperor," 後少帝, Hòu Shàodì.
<P>Never would the hate of Lü be so terrible, however, as that vented on the Consort Ch'i, 戚姬, Qī Jī, whose son was a rival to her own in becoming the next Emperor. What Lü did to Consort Ch'i is like nothing so much as the mutilations we see in the <I>Dexter</I> books by Jeff Lindsay -- the books, that is, not the <I>Dexter</I> TV shows (2006-2013), which were considerably toned down. It is the stuff of nightmares. But it was all for naught. The Lü family was massacred and Hòu Shàodì deposed and then killed. The son of <B>Consort Po, 薄姬, Bó Jī</B>, became Emperor, and the ancestor of all subsequent Han Emperors.
<P><a name="qian">The greatest Emperor of the Former Han Dynasty was probably <B>Wu Ti, 武帝, Wǔdì</B>. This posthumous name means "Martial Emperor," because of the success of Chinese arms in breaking the Hsiung-nu and in the occupation of the Tarim Basin; but the cultural heritage of his long reign was far more durable. The establishment of <a href="confuci.htm">Confucianism</a> as the official moral and political ideology of the state was due to the advice of Wu Ti's minister <B>Kung-sun Hung</B>, 公孫弘, Gōngsūn Hóng (200-121 BC). In 136 official experts in each of the <a href="confuci.htm#classics">Five Classics</a> were appointed at court, and in 124 they took on fifty students. By 50 BC this palace school had 3000 students, and by 1 AD graduates staffed the bureaucracy.
<P>Also at Wu Ti's court was the historian <B>Szu-ma Ch'ien</B> (司馬遷, Sīmǎ Qián, 145-86 BC), the "Grand Historian." Szu-ma angered the Emperor by defending a general who had been captured by the Hsiung-nu. His punishment was castration. Ordinarily, this humiliation (which also, to the horror of the Chinese, involved an element of dismemberment) would have led to suicide, but the historian lived with his shame in order to finish the first great Chinese history, the <I>Shih Chi</I>, <img src="images/hiero/shiji.gif" align=middle>, "Historical Records," which covers all Chinese history up to the Ch'in and early Han Dynasties. This established the standard and the form for subsequent official Chinese dynastic histories -- not narrative history as familiar from Greek and Roman historians, but something more like an encyclopedia, with a chronicle, monographs on various subjects, and biographies. It had been started by Szu-ma's father, Szu-ma Tan (d.110) and was completed in 91 BC.
<P>There would be twenty-four classic histories written in the Chinese tradition. Thus, these would simply be called the <B>二十四史, Èrshísì Shǐ, the <I>Twenty-Four Histories</I></B>. The history of Szu-ma Ch'ien is the first history, and can be identified with as Roman numeral, as "<B>(I) 史記, Shǐjì</B>." I will identify subsequent histories with Roman numerals.
<P>When the government of the Republic of China fled to Taiwan in 1949, it took along all the records that had been kept about the Manchu Ch'ing Dynasty. Eventually, in the 1970's, a standard dynastic history was produced from these records; but, of course, this is not recognized by Communist China or, even among Western scholars, reckoned in the sequence, as the 25th Dynastic History.
<P>The prelude to Wu Ti's pentration of Central Asia was the mission of <B>Chang Ch'ien</B> (張騫, Zhāng Qiān, d.<I>c.</I>114 BC). He was originally sent out, around 139, to make contact with the <a href="#kushan">Yüeh-chih</a>, whom the Chinese knew had been fighting the Hsiung-nu. Chang's mission got off to a bad start, since he was immediately captured by the Hsiung-nu and held for ten years. After escaping, he continued on his way, perhaps completely forgotten by Wu Ti. But Chang returned in 126, full of information about the strange places and things he had seen, including the remarkable coins that were used in the West (many of which were probably those from <a href="hist-1.htm#text-10">Greek Bactria</a>):
<P><blockquote>Each coin, he reports, 'bore the face of the king [and] when the king died, the currency was immediately changed and new coins issued with the face of his successor'. Such a practice had never been known in China; since it could be construed as ennobling commerce and demeaning the sovereign by association with it, nor would it be. [John Keay, <I>A History of China</I>, Basic Book, 2009, p.137]</blockquote>
<P>The face of Chinese coins would never bear more than an inscription of the Era name and the equivalent of "legal tender."
<P><a name="eras">Beginning with the reign of Wên Ti, auspicious names begin to be given to periods of time. These become the Era names (<I>nien-hao, niánhào</I>, 年號). Until the Ming, each reign consists of one and sometimes several Eras. The present definition of the Chinese <a href="chinacal.htm">New Year</a>, as the second New Moon after the Winter Solstice, dates from the inception of the <I>T'ai-ch'u</I> Era in 104 BC, in the reign of Wu Ti. The Eras of the Former Han Dynasty can be examined on a <a href="JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm#han','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Chinese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup page</a>. By Chinese reckoning, the reign of each Emperor begins in its first full calendar year. Thus, <B>P'ing Ti</B> (平帝, Píngdì), the "Peaceful Emperor," who comes to the throne in 1 BC, is reckoned to reign properly from 1 AD. Since this also marks the start of the life of the <a href="why.htm#why">Christian</a> "Prince of Peace," it makes for a nice coincidence with the name of the Chinese Emperor.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="han-2"><table border bgcolor="#ffffaa" cellpadding=5 align=left width=145>
<tr><th colspan=2>Later (Eastern) Han, <img src="images/hiero/later.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/han.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 25-220 AD</th></tr>
<tr><td>Kuang-wu Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Hsiu</font></td><td>25-57</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ming Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Yang</font></td><td>57-75</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chang Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Ta</font></td><td>75-88</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ho Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Chao</font></td><td>88- 106</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Embassy sent to <a href="romania.htm#flavian">Rome</a>, detained by <a href="iran.htm#parthian">Parthians</a>, 97; pulp paper making, 105</th></tr>
<tr><td>Shang Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Lung</font></td><td>106</td></tr>
<tr><td>An Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Yü</font></td><td>106- 125</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shao Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Yi</font></td><td>125</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shun Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Pao</font></td><td>125- 144</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ch'ung Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Ping</font></td><td>144- 145</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chih Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Tsuan</font></td><td>145- 146</td></tr>
<tr><td>Huan Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Chih</font></td><td>146- 168</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Embassy arrives from Rome(?), 166</th></tr>
<tr><td>Ling Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Hung</font></td><td>168- 189</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shao Ti,<br>Shun Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Shun</font></td><td>189,<br>d.190</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Deposed & killed by warlord Tung Cho (董卓, Dǒng Zhuó)</th></tr>
<tr><td>Hsien Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Hsieh</font></td><td>189- 220,<br>d.234</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Tung Cho destroys Lo-Yang, moves court to Chang-An, 190; assassinated, 192; Emperor escapes, returns to Lo-Yang, 195; Ts'ao Ts'ao (曹操, Cáo Cāo) occupies Capital, dominates Reign, 196</th></tr>
</table>
<center><img src="images/maps/china-6a.gif"></center>
<P><img src="history/hanlink.gif" align=right>
The Later Han is often called the "Eastern" Han because the capital was moved down the Huang He valley, back to where the capital of the Chou had been. This location was actually more easily supplied than the area of Ch'ang-An. Since the previous dynasty is often called the "Former" Han, it seems like the new one should be the "Latter" rather than the "Later" Han, but the usage is established. The "Former Han" is the <I>Ch'ien Han</I>, where <img src="images/hiero/former.gif" align=middle> is "formerly, before, in front of." The Former Han can also simply be called the "Han." "Later" is a translation from Chinese <img src="images/hiero/later.gif" align=middle>, "afterward, behind, to follow." Actually, looking at those, "former" and "latter" might be the best translations. They are also seen rendered as "early" and "posterior," respectively, with the names of other dynasties.
<P>The change of dynasty was mainly because of rebellion against the "dictator" Wáng Mǎng, 王莽, at the end of the Former Han. The Throne was successfully seized by a distant Han cousin, who retained the Dynastic name. As shown in the genealogies above and below, the last Emperor of the Former Han, the rulers of the Later Han, and the subsequent <a href="#three">Minor Han</a> (or Shu Han) all traced descent from Ching Ti of the Former Han. Eventually, the Later Han Emperors for a time returned to the Tarim Basin, conquered Hainan, Tonkin, and Annam, and even moved north of the Great Wall into Mongolia.
<P><a name="paper">One of the notable inventions of the Later Han dynasty was paper. The process of pulp paper making is ascribed to the eunuch Ts'ai Lun (蔡倫, Cài Lún, d.121 AD), who is supposed to have introduced it in the year 105. As a substitute for silk or bamboo strips, this made for a medium that was inexpensive and could be mass produced. Wood pulp could be mixed with shredded rags and other debris to make for papers of different qualities and durability. Later, in the <a href="#t'ang">T'ang Dynasty</a>, Chinese artisans familiar with the process are supposed to have been captured by the Arabs at the Battle of Talas in 751. From them the process passed to Caliphal <a href="islam.htm#paper2">Baghdad</a> and then to <a href="romania.htm#amor">Romania</a>.<br clear=right><img src="history/hanlater.gif" align=right>
<P><a name="pan-ku">The second great dynastic history is produced during the Later Han Dynasty. This is simply the <img src="images/hiero/hanshu.gif" align=middle>, "Han History," or <I>Ch'ien Han Shu</I>, 前漢書, Qián Hàn shū "Early/Former Han History." I will number it <B>(II) 漢書, Hàn shū</B>, in the sequence of great histories.
<P>Like Szu-ma Ch'ien before him, the compiler of the <I>History of the Former Han Dynasty</I>, <B>Pan Ku</B> (班固, Bān Gù, 32 AD-92), ran afoul of the Emperor, in this case actually dying in prison. Nevertheless, this confirmed the tradition of the history of each dynasty being written under the following one. But Pan Ku was imprisoned and died before finishing the history, which leads to an extraordinary thing about it.
<P>Pan Ku's sister, <B>Pan Chao</B>, <img src="images/hiero/pan.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/chao.gif" align=middle>, finished the project. This probably makes her the first woman historian, beating out by a thousand years the woman who otherwise could claim that priority, <a href="romania.htm#maria">Anna Comnena</a> (10831153).
<P>The Emperors of two short reigns, in 125 and 189, are called <img src="images/hiero/shao.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/di.gif" align=middle>. This is discussed <a href="#feiandshao">below</a> with regard to the Emperors of the Three Kingdoms, where it took me a while to figure it out. This simply means that the reigns were short and insigificant, in these cases involving children. However, we have already seen two "Shao" Emperors in the Former Han. One might think that their combined reign of eight years (188-184, 184-180) would make them significant figures; but they had no independence of action apart from their grandmother, the Dowager Empress Lü, and Chinese history judged them insignificant.
<P>In the Later Han, the way the succession here starts jumping between distant cousins reflects the rivalry between Court factions, particuarly the eunuchs and the Court women, usually meaning the Empress Dowager -- such as the Empress Ho ("He" in Pinyin), who was able to install her son as Emperor, until he was deposed and poisoned, as was she, by the warlord Tung Cho (董卓, Dǒng Zhuó, d.192). This conflict finally resulted in the massacre of the hated palace eunuchs in 189, leading to the dominance of warlords, like Tung Cho and Ts'ao Ts'ao.
<P><a name="embassy"><hr>
<P>The <I>History of the Later Han Dynasty</I> records that in the year 166 an embassy arrived in Lo-Yang from a ruler of <img src="images/hiero/great.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/qin.gif" align=middle>, "Great Ch'in," named <I>Andun</I>. This had come up from <a href="perigoku.htm#viet">Vietnam</a> after, apparently, travelling by sea from the West. <I>Andun</I> looks like it might be "Antoninus," which could mean either Antoninus Pius or Marcus Aurelius, both of whom used the name. Thus, "Great Ch'in" is usually taken to mean <a href="romania.htm#flavian"><B>Rome</B></a>, and the embassy was sent to explore ways to redirect the silk trade around the route, the Silk Road through Central Asia, dominated by the <a href="iran.htm#parthian">Parthians</a>. This is something that would indeed concern the Romans. If so, nothing came of it. The possibility of any communication between the great contemporary Empires of Rome and the Han is tantalizing. By the <a href="#t'ang">T'ang</a>, regular communication would be established and maintained. The last contact would be in the <a href="#ming">Ming</a>.
<P>There had been a previous Chinese attempt to establish some communication overland with "Great Ch'in" [John Keay, <I>A History of China</I>, Basic Book, 2009, p.173], <img src="history/pans.gif" align=left>because it was already understood that this was the source of the gold that paid for all the Chinese silk that was going West. This effort was an embassy of 97 AD, sent by <B>Pan Ch'ao</B> (班超, Bān Chāo, 32102 AD), another member of the <img src="images/hiero/pan.gif" align=middle> family, brother of Pan Ku and Pan Chao and "Protector General of the Western Regions," i.e. Sinkiang, and led by <B>Kan Ying</B> (甘英, Gān Yīng;, <I>c.</I>90's AD). The project was frustrated by the Parthians, who detained the embassy and persuaded Pan Ch'ao that for various reasons (distance, plague) it was impractical to continue to the West. Kan Ying seems to have reached either the Persian Gulf or the Black Sea, and was discouraged from crossing by the Parthians. Since the Persian Gulf doesn't <I>need</I> to be crossed on a route to Rome, this suggests that the obstacle was more like the Black Sea, or even the Caspian, unless Kan Ying is being deceived about the geography altogether.<br clear=right>
<P>Since we know that the Romans had knowledge of and trade with India and <a href="buddhism.htm#ceylon">Ceylon</a>, and that Chinese pilgrims like Fa-hsien went by sea from India to China (399-414), <img src="images/maps/india-1a.gif" align=right>it is not at all impossible or unlikely that some Romans, in the days of the <a href="#kushan">Kushans</a> in India, could have done what the dynastic history says. The <I>History</I> was actually written in <a href="#north-south">Anterior Sung Dynasty</a> (420-479), and the Chinese were still aware that the Parthians (and by then the <a href="iran.htm#shahs">Sassanids</a>) were frustrating attempts at direct trade with "Great Ch'in." Also, if the Romans went by sea, then obviously they would not have encountered the interference of the Parthians on route such as foiled the mission of Kan Ying. In fact, the account of Kan Ying says that the Parthians had previously prevented Roman enjoys from getting through overland to China.
<P>The Eras of the Later Han Dynasty can be examined on a <a href="JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm#han-2','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Chinese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup page</a>. The genealogy of the Later Han is from the <I>Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten</I> (<I>Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History</I>) supplemented with information from the <I>Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors</I> by Ann Paludan [Thames & Hudson, London, 1998].<br clear=right>
<P><center><a name="three"><table border cellpadding=5 bgcolor="#ffffaa" width=630>
<tr><th colspan=6>The Three Kingdoms, <img src="images/hiero/three.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle>, 220-266</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Minor Han, <img src="images/hiero/shu2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/han.gif" align=middle>,<br>Dynasty, 221-263</th><th colspan=2>Wei, <img src="images/hiero/wei.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 220-266</th><th colspan=2>Wu, <img src="images/hiero/wu.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 222-280</th></tr>
<tr><td>Chao-lieh Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Pei</font></td><td>King of Shu/<br>Han-chung,<br>219-221;<br>Emperor,<br>221-223</td><td>Wen Ti<br><font size=-1>Ts'ao P'i [Cao Pi]</font></td><td>Emperor, 220-226</td><td rowspan=2>Wu Ta Ti<br><font size=-1>Sun Ch'üan</font></td><td rowspan=2>King of Wu,<br>222-229;<br>Emperor,<br>229-252</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=3>Hou Chu<br><font size=-1>Liu Shan</font></td><td rowspan=3>223-263,<br>d.271</td><td>Ming Ti<br><font size=-1>Ts'ao Jui</font></td><td>226-239</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shao Ti, Fei Ti,<br>Ch'i Wang<br><font size=-1>Ts'ao Fang</font></td><td>239-254,<br>d.274</td><td>Fei Ti<br><font size=-1>Sun Liang</font></td><td>252-258</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shao Ti,<br>Kao Kuei Hsiang Kung<br><font size=-1>Ts'ao Mao</font></td><td>254-260</td><td>Ching Ti<br><font size=-1>Sun Hsiu</font></td><td>258-264</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2 rowspan=2>conquest by Wei, 263</th><td>Yüan Ti<br><font size=-1>Ts'ao Huan</font></td><td>260-266,<br>d.302</td><td>Mo Ti<br><font size=-1>Sun Hao</font></td><td>264-280,<br>d.281</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>overthrown by <a href="#north-south">Chin</a>, 266</th><th colspan=2>conquest by Chin, 280</th></tr>
</table></center>
<P>The period of the "Three Kingdoms" is a brief interlude before things settle down for a while in the dynamic of the following period. It may be remembered now with special attention because of a literary source, <I>The Romance of the Three Kingdoms</I>, <img src="images/hiero/three.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/practice.gif" align=middle><img src="images/yi2.gif" align=middle> (from the <a href="#ming">Ming</a> Dynasty). The expression <img src="images/hiero/practice.gif" align=middle><img src="images/yi2.gif" align=middle> can mean a "historical novel/romance," but literally it reads "practice righteousness," which suits its often moralizing approach. Although occasionally fictionalized, the novel covers the entire period from the fall of the Later Han to the succession of the Western Chin with largely historical detail. It became a very influential treatment of the history, and of history in general.<img src="images/maps/china-7.gif" align=left>
<P><a name="redcliff"><hr>
<P>In 2008 director John Woo released the first of two epic movies, <I>Red Cliff</I>, followed by <I>Red Cliff II</I> [2009], based on the Battle of Red Cliff, <img src="images/hiero/red-r.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/cliff-r.gif" align=middle>, in the year 208.
<P>This was a critical event in the formation of the Three Kingdoms. With the last Han Emperor reduced to a figurehead, the Prime Minister, Ts'ao Ts'ao [曹操, Cáo Cāo], attempted to crush the southern forces of Liu Pei [劉備, Liú Bèi] and Sun Ch'üan [孫權, Sūn Quán].
<P>Where the Han River flows into the Yangtze, Ts'ao Ts'ao's fleet and army were broken, with the consequence that Liu Pei and Sun Ch'üan would be able to establish their independent domains of the Minor Han and Wu. <img src="history/hantrans.gif" align=right>When Ts'ao Ts'ao's son Ts'ao P'i deposes the last Han Emperor in 220, Liu Pei and Sun Ch'üan declare independence. Traditionally, Wei was counted as the "legitimate" successor to the Han, but in the <I>Three Kingdoms</I> the sympathy and regard is all for Liu Pei.
<P>Much of the success of Liu Pei was due to the Taoist recluse, the <img src="images/hiero/mountain.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/forest.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/hidden.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/withdraw.gif" align=middle>, "mountain and forest hermit," Chu-ke Liang (諸葛 亮, Zhūgě Liàng), known as K'ung-ming (孔明, Kǒngmíng</I>). Liu Pei travels three times to find and petition K'ung-ming before obtaining his services. The Taoist then serves the Dynasty with superior administrative, diplomatic, strategic, and tactical abilities.
<P>Before the Battle of Red Cliff, K'ung-ming even performs an elaborate rite to <I>call the wind</I> that will be against Ts'ao Ta'ao's fleet and will make for the Southern victory -- like a similar phenomenon, with the tide, that occurred naturally for the Minamoto at <a href="#dannoura">Dan-no-Ura</a>. In the movie, he is merely able to <I>predict</I> the wind. This is consistent with his presentation in the movie, where we don't learn anything of his background, his recruitment, his powers, or anything about what would distinguish a Taoist recluse.
<P>But the magical powers of Taoist adepts are firmly enshrined in <a href="six.htm#tao">Taoist</a> tradition. Thus, in the <I>Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio</I> by Pú Sōnglíng, 蒲松齡 (1640-1715) [Penguin, 2006], we find a reference that "the great wizard and strategist Zhuge Liang had once served the Pretender Liu Bei in the time of the Three Kingdoms" ["King of the Nine Mountains," p.232], and several stories in that collection feature the magical powers of Taoist hermits or mendicants, including their returning from the <a href="soul.htm#note-2">dead</a>.
<P>While the prevalent political ideas of classical China are Confucian, we often see that there is a suspicion that the Taoists may know more about the way things work, in politics, war, and even in terms of magical powers to control nature. Except for the story of <I>The Haunted Monastery</I> [1961], we find Taoists, unlike Buddhists, generally presented positively in <a href="./ross/dee.htm">Judge Dee</a>. Perhaps John Woo thought that a Western audience, or any properly modern audience, should not be confronted with the use of Taoist magic, or even an actual Taoist, in a historical epic.
<P><a href="ross/hollywod.htm">On Hollywood</a><p>
<a href="review.htm">Reviews</a>
<hr>
<P>A 1986 movie, <I>A Great Wall</I>, about a Chinese-American family who go to visit their relatives back in China, after the beginning of liberalization, contains a striking scene where the families attend a performance by an old woman who <I>sings</I>, with instrumental accompaniment, an episode from <I>The Romance of the Three Kingdoms</I>. The poet and official K'ung Jung (孔融, <I>Kǒng Róng</I>) recommends to Ts'ao Ts'ao the poet and scholar Mí Héng, 禰衡, for an office at Court.
<P>Now, I would swear that when I originally saw the movie, at the time of its release, in a theater in Los Angeles, the old woman went on to recount the famous episode where Mí Héng strips naked at a banquet in order to protest Ts'ao Ts'ao's growing usurpation and tyranny. The 2002 version of the DVD, however, does not contain that development.
<P>I don't know how I could be mistaken, since I remembered the episode for many years, without even realizing it was from the period of the Three Kingdoms, as a fine example of a Conscientious Minister, <img src="images/zhong2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/minister.gif" align=middle>, remonstrating about wrongful government. Surely there was not some <I>other</I> Chinese movie that related this event! The movie as now available says nothing about what Mi Heng did.
<P>I have no doubt that the DVD version was censored by the <a href="#communist">Chinese Government</a>, which objects to the whole Confucian ideal of officials remonstrating with the Throne. Despite the project of putting "Confucius Institutes" in American universities, the Communists do not believe in Confucian principles of government, or of anything. The destruction of freedoms in <a href="#hongkong">Hong Kong</a> in 2020, although following years later, reflects a perfectly consistent attitude and policy of the Communist police state.
<P>Even the original version of the movie, however, was not as sharp as the text of the <I>Romance</I>:
<P><blockquote>"How dare you commit such an outrage [i.e. stripping]," Cao cried, "in the hallowed hall of the imperial court?" "To abuse one's lord," Mi Heng shot back, "to deceive the sovereign, is what I call an 'outrage,' Let everyone see that I have kept the form my parents gave me free of blemish." "If you are so pure," Cao demanded, "who is corrupt?" Mi Heng responded, "That you cannot distinguish between the able and the incompetent shows that your eyes are corrupt. Your failure to chant the <I>Odes</I> and the <I>Documents</I> [i.e. early <a href="confuci.htm#classics">Confucian Classics</a>] shows that your mouth is corrupt. Your rejection of loyal advice shows that your ears are corrupt. Your ignorance of past and present shows that your whole being is corrupt. Your conflicts with the lords of the realm show that your stomach is corrupt. Your dream of usurpation shows that your mind is corrupt..." [<I>Three Kingdoms</I>, Volume I, Foreign Languages Press, Beijing, 1995, 2007, p.391]</blockquote>
<P>Ts'ao Ts'ao prudently endured Mi Heng's insults but sent him off to the provinces hoping that another official would be offended and execute him. This is what happened.
<P>Other records do not have Mi Heng denouncing Ts'ao Ts'ao at the banquet, but just being briefly naked while changing clothes, as requested, although he did end up getting excuted in the provinces. Such records are generally more favorable to Ts'ao Ts'ao, but it is not clear why the <I>Romance</I> should otherwise have marked him as a villain. There is a Chinese saying, the equivalent of "speak of the devil," <font size=+1>説曹操, 曹操 到</font>, <I>Shuō Cáo Cāo, Cáo Cāo dào</I>, "Speak of Cáo Cāo, and Cáo Cāo arrives."
<P><center><img src="history/3kingdom.gif"></center>
<P>The Minor Han is supposed to derive from the Former Han Dynasty. "Shu Han" actually means the "Han of Szechwan." The character <img src="images/hiero/shu2.gif" align=middle> does not mean "minor." I have always been intrigued that the Shu Han is shown by L. Carrington Goodrich (<I>A Short History of the Chinese People</I>, Harper Torchbooks, 1959, 1963, p.59) occupying an area of Yunnan that had only been partially occupied by the Han, is missing from many maps of the T'ang, and was only properly settled by Chinese with veterans at the beginning of the Ming. J.A.G. Roberts, in <I>A Concise History of China</I> [Harvard, 1999], more reasonably identifies the area as Szechwan [Sichuan, north of the Yangtze], but then doesn't provide a map of the period (the maps he does provide jump directly from Confucius to the T'ang). Ann Paludan (<I>Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors</I>, Thames & Hudson, 1998) provides a nice map of the Three Kingdoms [p.64], though, mysteriously, none of the Sui or T'ang, showing somewhat less, thought still substantial, territory south of the Yangtze.
<P>After repulsing Ts'ao Ts'ao, Liu Pei moved to occupy Szechwan. The territory he held in Hupei was then taken by Wu. <I>The Romance of the Three Kingdoms</I> does recount extensive campaigns in Yunnan by the now familiar K'ung-ming, so perhaps it is these campaigns, with the subjugation of the "Man" people, that account for its inclusion in the maps of the Shu Han. There is an explicit denial, however, of Chinese occupation or colonization. Yunnan thus has a vassal status that could easily lapse.
<P>The Shu Han kingdom is later absorbed by the Wei (Ts'ao Ts'ao's grandson overthrowing Liu Pei's son). The Wei is replaced in a coup by the founder of the <a href="#north-south">Western Tsin</a> [or Chin, 西晋, Pinyin <I>Xī Jìn</I>], Sima Yan, a general of Wei, in 266. He conquers Wu in 280, reunifying the country. This doesn't last, as civil war breaks out in 290. The Hsiung-nu, <img src="images/hiero/xiong.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/slave.gif" align=middle>, sacked the capital of Luoyang in 311.
<P><a name="feiandshao"><center><img src="images/key.gif"></center>
<P>There is a curious inconsistency in the Emperors of the Wei between Paludan and the <I>Oxford Dynasties of the World</I> [p.215-216]. Paludan drops Fei Ti, <img src="images/hiero/fei3.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/di.gif" align=middle>, from the list and attributes his reign years to "Shao Ti," <img src="images/hiero/shao.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/di.gif" align=middle>. A "Kao Kuei Hsiang Kung" [Gao Gui Xiang Gong] is then inserted between Shao Ti and Yüan Ti, with Shao Ti's regal years. "Kao Kuei Hsiang Kung" is, of course, a peculiar name, without the "Ti" element, which should mean that, in some sense, he was not judged legitimate ("Kung," <img src="images/hiero/gong.gif" align=middle>, as we <a href="rank.htm#china">know</a>, is "Duke"). But Paludan, who discusses the era as the <I>Dynasties</I> does not, does not address this question.
<P>In the list of <I>Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary</I> [p.1168], however, Shao Ti <B><I>is</I></B> Kao Kuei Hsiang Kung. Fei Ti is noted as deposed, and the <I>Oxford Dynasties</I> glosses him as both adopted and deposed. At the <a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/index.html">Chinaknowledge</a> website, Ulrich Theobald matches Paludan, with Shao Ti identified as Ch'i Wang, which is how <I>Mathews'</I> identified Fei Ti.
<P>What appears to be the case is that, as "Fei Ti," <img src="images/hiero/fei3.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/di.gif" align=middle>, simply <I>means</I> the "overthrown Emperor," and "Shao Ti," <img src="images/hiero/shao.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/di.gif" align=middle>, simply means the "minor Emperor" (in the sense of either young or insignificant). Thus, more than one Emperor in a dynasty, even successors, might be "Fei" or "Shao" or both -- see the <a href="#han">Former Han</a>. So I suspect "Shao" has been used for both Emperors in question. "Mo Ti," <img src="images/hiero/last.gif" align=middle><img src="images/emperor1.gif" align=middle>, means the "last Emperor," usually for the end of a dynasty -- see the <a href="#ch'ing">Ch'ing</a> for the <I>very</I> last Emperor.
<P><center><img src="images/key.gif"></center>
<P>The Eras of the Minor Han and Wei Dynasties can be examined on a <a href="JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm#three','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Chinese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup page</a>. The genealogy of the Three Kingdoms is from the <I>Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten</I> (<I>Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History</I>) supplemented with information from the <I>Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors</I> by Ann Paludan [Thames & Hudson, London, 1998]. The genealogical descent of the Shu Han from the Han is that recounted in the <I>Romance of the Three Kingdoms</I> [<I>Three Kingdoms</I>, Volume I, Foreign Languages Press, Beijing, 1995, 2007]. The combined genealogy of Former Han, Later Han, and Shu Han can be inspected in a <a href="JavaScript:popup('history/han-all.gif','allhan','resizable,scrollbars,width=805,height=1233')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of the Genealogies of all the Han Dynasties';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup image</a>.
<P><a name="north-south"><table border bgcolor="#ffffaa" cellpadding=5 width=250 align=left></a>
<tr><th colspan=2>The Northern and Southern Empires, <img src="images/hiero/north.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/south.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/dynasty.gif" align=middle>, 266-589</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>The Six Southern Dynasties,<br><img src="images/hiero/six.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/south.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/dynasty.gif" align=middle></th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>1. Western Chin/Tsin, <img src="images/hiero/west.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/jin-2.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 266-316</th></tr>
<tr><td>Wu Ti<br><font size=-1>Ssu-ma Yen/Sima Yan</font></td><td>266-290</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hui Ti<br><font size=-1>Ssu-ma Chung</font></td><td>290-307</td></tr>
<tr><td>Huai Ti<br><font size=-1>Ssu-ma Ch'ih</font></td><td>307-313, d.318</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>siege of Loyang, 309-311;<br>captured by Hsiung-nu<br>of the Early Chao, 313</th></tr>
<tr><td>Min Ti<br><font size=-1>Ssu-ma Yeh</font></td><td>313-316,<br>d.318</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>moved court to Ch'ang-an, 313;<br>captured by Hsiung-nu<br>of the Early Chao, 316;<br>excecuted with Huai Ti, 318</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>2. Eastern Chin/Tsin, <img src="images/hiero/east.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/jin-2.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 317-420</th></tr>
<tr><td>Yüan Ti<br><font size=-1>Ssu-ma Jui</font></td><td>317-323</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ming Ti<br><font size=-1>Ssu-ma Shao</font></td><td>323-325</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ch'êng Ti<br><font size=-1>Ssu-ma Yen</font></td><td>325-342</td></tr>
<tr><td>K'ang Ti<br><font size=-1>Ssu-ma Yüeh</font></td><td>342-344</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mu Ti<br><font size=-1>Ssu-ma Tan</font></td><td>344-361</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ai Ti<br><font size=-1>Ssu-ma P'i</font></td><td>361-365</td></tr>
<tr><td>Fei Ti, Hai-hsi Ti<br><font size=-1>Ssu-ma I</font></td><td>365-372</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chien-wên Ti<br><font size=-1>Ssu-ma Yü</font></td><td>372</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsiao-wu Ti<br><font size=-1>Ssu-ma Yao</font></td><td>372-396</td></tr>
<tr><td>An Ti<br><font size=-1>Ssu-ma Te-tsung</font></td><td>396-419</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kung Ti<br><font size=-1>Ssu-ma Te-wen</font></td><td>419-420</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>3. Anterior Sung, <img src="images/hiero/liu.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/song.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 420-479</th></tr>
<tr><td>Wu Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Yü</font></td><td>420-422</td></tr>
<tr><td>Fei Ti, Shao Ti,<br>Ying-yang Wang<br><font size=-1>Liu I-fu</font></td><td>422-424</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wen Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu I-lung</font></td><td>424-453</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsiao-wu Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Chün</font></td><td>453-464</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ch'ian Fei Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Ye</font></td><td>464-466</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ming Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Yü</font></td><td>466-472</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hou Fei Ti,<br>Ts'ang-wu Wang<br><font size=-1>Liu Yeh</font></td><td>472-477</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shun Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Chün</font></td><td>477-479</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>4. Southern Ch'i, <img src="images/hiero/south.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/qi.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 479-502</th></tr>
<tr><td>Kao Ti<br><font size=-1>Hsiao Tao-ch'eng</font></td><td>479-482</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wu Ti<br><font size=-1>Hsiao Tse</font></td><td>482-493</td></tr>
<tr><td>Yü-lin Wang<br><font size=-1>Hsiao Chao-yeh</font></td><td>493-494</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hai-ling Wang<br><font size=-1>Hsiao Chao-wen</font></td><td>494</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ming Ti<br><font size=-1>Hsiao Luan</font></td><td>494-498</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tung Hun Ho<br><font size=-1>Hsiao Pao-chüan</font></td><td>498-501</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ho Ti<br><font size=-1>Hsiao Pao-jung</font></td><td>501-502</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>5. (Southern) Liang, <img src="images/hiero/liang.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 502-557</th></tr>
<tr><td>Wu Ti<br><font size=-1>Hsiao Yan</font></td><td>502-549</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chien-wên Ti<br><font size=-1>Hsiao Kan</font></td><td>549-551</td></tr>
<tr><td>Yü-chang Wang<br><font size=-1>Hsiao Tung</font></td><td>551,<br>d.552</td></tr>
<tr><td>Yüan Ti<br><font size=-1>Hsiao I</font></td><td>552-555</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wu-ling Wang<br><font size=-1>Hsiao Chi</font></td><td>555 (552?)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ching Ti<br><font size=-1>Hsiao Fang-chih</font></td><td>555-557,<br>d.558</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>5a. Later Liang, <img src="images/hiero/later.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/liang.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 555-587</th></tr>
<tr><td>Yi Ti<br><font size=-1>Hsiao Ch'a</font></td><td>555-562</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ming Ti<br><font size=-1>Hsiao K'uei</font></td><td>562-585</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ts'ung<br><font size=-1>Hsiao Ts'ung</font></td><td>585-587</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>6. Southern Ch'ên, <img src="images/hiero/south.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/chen.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 557-589</th></tr>
<tr><td>Wu Ti<br><font size=-1>Ch'en Pa-hsien</font></td><td>557-559</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wên Ti<br><font size=-1>Ch'en Ch'ien</font></td><td>559-566</td></tr>
<tr><td>Fei Ti, Lin-hai Wang<br><font size=-1>Ch'en Po-tsung</font></td><td>566-568,<br>d.570</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsüan Ti<br><font size=-1>Ch'en Hsü</font></td><td>569-582</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hou Chu<br><font size=-1>Ch'en Shu-pao</font></td><td>582-589,<br>d.604</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Falls to <a href="#sui">Sui</a>, 589</th></tr>
</table>
For a while, Imperial China looked like it would suffer the same fate as the <a href="romania.htm#third">Roman Empire</a>. After the Fall of the Han, the brief interlude of the Three Kingdoms, and the even briefer reunification under the Western Tsin [Jìn], the country split into North and South, with the North overrun by Barbarians. However, the major difference was that no geographical barriers, like the Mediterranean Sea, would obstruct reunification, as it did for Rome, and no massive external invasion, like the advent of <a href="islam.htm#umar">Islām</a>, would inhibit the process.
<a name="sixteen"><table border bgcolor="#dddddd" cellpadding=5 width=240 align=right>
<tr><th colspan=2>the Sixteen Kingdoms of the Five Barbarians, <img src="images/hiero/five.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/barbar.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/ten.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/six.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle></th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>1. Early Chao, <img src="images/hiero/former.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/zhao.gif" align=middle>, (Northern Han) Dynasty, 304-329 (Hsiung-nu), Shansi, Hopei, & Shensi</th></tr>
<tr><td>Kao Tsung<br><font size=-1>Liu Yuan</font></td><td>304-309 (311?)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Liu Ho</td><td>309</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chao-wu Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Ts'ung</font></td><td>310-317</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Sack of Loyang, 311; captures last two Chin Emperors, 313, 316; ends Western Chin, 316</th></tr>
<tr><td>Yin Ti, Shao-chu<br><font size=-1>Liu Ts'an</font></td><td>317</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ch'in Wang<br><font size=-1>Liu Yao</font></td><td>318-329</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>fell to Later Chao</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2 bgcolor="#ee0000">2. Later Chao, <img src="images/hiero/later.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/zhao.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 319-352 (Chieh)</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ee0000"><td>Kao Tsu<br><font size=-1>Shih Le</font></td><td>319-333</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ee0000"><td>Hai-yang Wang<br><font size=-1>Shih Hong</font></td><td>333-334</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ee0000"><td>T'ai Tsu<br><font size=-1>Shih Hu</font></td><td>334-349</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ee0000"><td>Ch'iao Wang<br><font size=-1>Shih Shih</font></td><td>349</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ee0000"><td>P'eng-ch'ung Wang<br><font size=-1>Shih Tsun</font></td><td>349</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ee0000"><td>I-yang Wang<br><font size=-1>Shih Chien</font></td><td>349-350</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ee0000"><td>Hsin-hsing Wang<br><font size=-1>Shih Chih</font></td><td>350-351</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ee0000"><td>Jan Min</td><td>350-352</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ee0000"><th colspan=2>fell to Early Yen</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><th colspan=2>3. Ch'eng-Han, <img src="images/hiero/cheng.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/han.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 304-347 (Ti), Szechwan</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Shih Tsu<br><font size=-1>Li T'e</font></td><td>302-303</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Chin-wen Wang<br><font size=-1>Li Liu</font></td><td>303</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>T'ai Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Hsiung</font></td><td>303-334</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Ai Ti<br><font size=-1>Li Pan</font></td><td>334</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>You Ti, Fei Ti<br><font size=-1>Li Ch'i</font></td><td>334-337,<br>deposed</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Chung Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Shou</font></td><td>338-343</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Hou Ti<br><font size=-1>Li Shih</font></td><td>343-347</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><th colspan=2>fell to Eastern Chin</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><th colspan=2>4. Early Liang, <img src="images/hiero/former.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/liang-2.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 313-376 (Chinese), Kansu</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>Wu Wang, T'ai Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chang Kui</font></td><td>301-314</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>T'ai Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chang Shih</font></td><td>314-320</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>Ch'eng Wang<br><font size=-1>Chang Mao</font></td><td>320-324</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>Wen Wang<br><font size=-1>Chang Chün</font></td><td>324-346</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>Ming Wang<br><font size=-1>Chang Ch'ung-hua</font></td><td>346-353</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>Ai Kung<br><font size=-1>Chang Yao</font></td><td>353</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>Wei Wang<br><font size=-1>Chang Tsuo</font></td><td>353-355</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>Ch'ung Wang<br><font size=-1>Chang Hsüan-ching</font></td><td>355-363</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>Tao Kung<br><font size=-1>Chang Tien-Hsi</font></td><td>363-376</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><th colspan=2>fell to Early Ch'in</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><th colspan=2>5. Later Liang,<img src="images/hiero/later.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/liang-2.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 386-403 (Ti)</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>T'ai Tsu<br><font size=-1>Lü Kuang</font></td><td>386-399</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Yin Wang<br><font size=-1>Lü Shao</font></td><td>399</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Ling Ti<br><font size=-1>Lü Tsuan</font></td><td>399-401</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Hou-chu<br>Chien-k'ang Kung<br><font size=-1>Lü Lung</font></td><td>401-403</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><th colspan=2>fell to Later Ch'in</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><th colspan=2>6. Southern Liang, <img src="images/hiero/south.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/liang-2.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 397-404, 408-414<br>(Hsien-pei)</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Lieh Tsu<br><font size=-1>T'u-fa Wu-ku</font></td><td>397-399</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>K'ang Wang<br><font size=-1>T'u-fa Li-lu-ku</font></td><td>399-402</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Ching Wang<br><font size=-1>T'u-fa Ju-t'an-li</font></td><td>402-414</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><th colspan=2>fell to Western Ch'in</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><th colspan=2>7. Western Liang, <img src="images/hiero/west.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/liang-2.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 401/5-421 (Chinese)</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>T'ai Tsu<br><font size=-1>Li Kao</font></td><td>400-417</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>Hou-chu,<br>Liang Kung<br><font size=-1>Li Hsin</font></td><td>417-420</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>Kuan-chün Hou<br><font size=-1>Li Hsün</font></td><td>420-421</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><th colspan=2>fell to Northern Liang</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>8. Northern Liang, <img src="images/hiero/north.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/liang-2.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 397-439 (Hsiung-nu)</th></tr>
<tr><td>Chien-k'ang Kung<br><font size=-1>Tuan Yeh</font></td><td>397-400</td></tr>
<tr><td>T'ai Tsu,<br>Wu-hsüan Wang<br><font size=-1>Chü-ch'ü Meng-hsün</font></td><td>401-432</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ai Wang<br><font size=-1>Chü-ch'ü Mu-chien</font></td><td>433-439</td></tr>
<tr><td>[Chü-ch'ü Wu-hui]</td><td>443</td></tr>
<tr><td>[Chü-ch'ü An-chou]</td><td>444-460</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>fell to Northern Wei</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><th colspan=2>9. Early Yen, <img src="images/hiero/former.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/yan.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 349-370 (Hsien-pei), Shansi & Hopei</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>P'u-kuei</td><td>281-283</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Shan</td><td>283-285</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Wu-hsüan Ti<br><font size=-1>Mu-jung Hui</font></td><td>285-333</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>T'ai Tsu<br><font size=-1>Mu-jung Huang</font></td><td>333-348</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Lieh Tsu<br><font size=-1>Mu-jung Chün</font></td><td>348-360</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Yu Ti<br><font size=-1>Mu-jung Wei</font></td><td>360-370</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><th colspan=2>fell to Early Ch'in</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><th colspan=2>10. Later Yen, <img src="images/hiero/later.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/yan.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 384-408 (Hsien-pei)</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Shih Tsu<br><font size=-1>Mu-jung Ch'ui</font></td><td>384-396</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Lieh Tsung<br><font size=-1>Mu-jung Pao</font></td><td>396-397</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>K'ai-feng Kung<br><font size=-1>Mu-jung Hsiang</font></td><td>397</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Chao Wang<br><font size=-1>Mu-jung Lin</font></td><td>397</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Chung Tsung<br><font size=-1>Mu-jung Sheng</font></td><td>398-401</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Chao-wen Ti<br><font size=-1>Mu-jung Hsi</font></td><td>401-407</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Hui-i Ti<br><font size=-1>Kao Yün</font></td><td>407-408</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><th colspan=2>fell to Northern Yen</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><th colspan=2>11. Southern Yen, <img src="images/hiero/south.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/yan.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 398-410 (Hsien-pei)</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Shih Tsu<br><font size=-1>Mu-jung Te</font></td><td>398-405</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Pei-hai Wang<br><font size=-1>Mu-jung Chao</font></td><td>405-410</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><th colspan=2>fell to Eastern Chin</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><th colspan=2>12. Northern Yen, <img src="images/hiero/north.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/yan.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 409-436 (Chinese)</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>T'ai Tsu<br><font size=-1>Feng Pa</font></td><td>408-430</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>Chao-ch'eng Ti<br><font size=-1>Feng Hong</font></td><td>430-436</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><th colspan=2>fell to Northern Wei</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><th colspan=2>13. Early Ch'in, <img src="images/hiero/former.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/qin.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 351-394 (Ti), Shensi [Shaanxi]</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>T'ai Tsu<br><font size=-1>Fu Hong</font></td><td>349-350</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Kao Tsu<br><font size=-1>Fu Chien</font></td><td>350-354</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Chao Li Wang<br><font size=-1>Fu Sheng</font></td><td>354-357</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Shih Tsu<br><font size=-1>Fu Chien</font></td><td>357-385</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Ai P'ing Ti<br><font size=-1>Fu P'i</font></td><td>385-386</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>T'ai Tsung<br><font size=-1>Fu Teng</font></td><td>386-394</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Mo-chu<br><font size=-1>Fu Ch'ung</font></td><td>394</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><th colspan=2>fell to Later or Western Ch'in</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><th colspan=2>14. Later Ch'in, <img src="images/hiero/later.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/qin.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 384-417 (Ch'iang)</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>Shih Tsu<br><font size=-1>Yao I-chung</font></td><td rowspan=2> </td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>Wei Wu Wang<br><font size=-1>Yao Hsiang</font></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>T'ai Tsu<br><font size=-1>Yao Ch'ang</font></td><td>383-393</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>Kao Tsu<br><font size=-1>Yao Hsing</font></td><td>393-415</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>Hou-chu<br><font size=-1>Yao Hong</font></td><td>415-417</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><th colspan=2>fell to Eastern Chin</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><th colspan=2>15. Western Ch'in, <img src="images/hiero/west.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/qin.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 385-390, 409-431 (Hsien-pei)</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Lieh Tsu<br><font size=-1>Ch'i-fu Kuo-jen</font></td><td>385-387</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Kao Tsu<br><font size=-1>Ch'i-fu Ch'ien-kuei</font></td><td>387-411</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>T'ai Tsu<br><font size=-1>Ch'i-fu Chih-p'an</font></td><td>411-427</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Ho-chu<br><font size=-1>Ch'i-fu Mu-mo</font></td><td>427-431</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><th colspan=2>fell to Hsia</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>16. Hsia, <img src="images/hiero/xia.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty<br>407-431 (Hsiung-nu), Shensi</th></tr>
<tr><td>Shih Tsu<br><font size=-1>Ho-lien Po-po</font></td><td>407-425</td></tr>
<tr><td>Fei-chu, Ch'in Wang<br><font size=-1>Ho-lien Ch'ang</font></td><td>425-428</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hou-chu,<br>P'ing-k'ang Wang<br><font size=-1>Ho-lien Ting</font></td><td>428-431</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>fell to Northern Wei</th></tr>
</table>
<P>Chinese historians regarded the Southern Dynasties as the legitimate succession of the Chinese Throne, which is why, even though Yang Chien came to a unified Northern Throne in 581, the period is reckoned to extend down to 589 and the Sui begun in 590.
<P>All sources tend to neglect listing the rulers of the Northern Dynasties and Kingdoms, or even many of the Northern Dynasties and Kingdoms themselves. The latter neglect tends to follow a division, between the less Chinese, more ephemeral, and so less noteworthy "Sixteen Kingdoms," and the "Five Northern Dynasties" which unify the North, last longer, become much more Sinified, and lead, by way of the Northern Chou, to the reunification of the country.
<P>The Eras of the Six Southern Dynasties can be examined on a <a href="JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm#north-south','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Chinese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup page</a>.
<P>The genealogies of the Six Southern Dynasties, the Sixteen Kingdoms, and the Five Northern Dynasties can all be examined on a very large [90.0K] <a href="JavaScript:popup('history/northsou.gif','northsougeneal','resizable,scrollbars,width=1597,height=2030')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of the Genealogies of the Northern and Southern Empires';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup image</a> [use a default gray background for best effect]. Or it can be loaded into the <a href="history/northsou.gif">current window</a>.
<P>Or the three groups of genealogies can be examined in individual popups: The <a href="JavaScript:popup('history/sixsouth.gif','sixsouth','resizable,scrollbars,width=450,height=2030')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of the Genealogies of the Northern and Southern Empires';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Six Southern Dynasties</a>, the <a href="JavaScript:popup('history/sixteen.gif','sixteen','resizable,scrollbars,width=1288,height=901')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of the Genealogies of the Northern and Southern Empires';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Sixteen Kingdoms</a>, and the <a href="JavaScript:popup('history/fivenort.gif','fivenorth','resizable,scrollbars,width=843,height=1120')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of the Genealogies of the Northern and Southern Empires';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Five Northern Dynasties</a>. These genealogies are entirely from the <I>Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten</I> (<I>Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History</I>), though the names and dates may be from other sources.
<P>It will be noticed that there are <I>two</I> Later Liang dynasties -- pronounced the same but not using the same character -- one with the Six Dynasties (<img src="images/hiero/liang.gif" align=middle>, #5a), but not one of them, and another among the Sixteen Kingdoms (<img src="images/hiero/liang-2.gif" align=middle>, #5). The former, while not an official part of the Six Dynasties or the Northern Kingdoms or Dynasties, was simply a survival of the official Liang Dynasty (#5), after it had been displaced by the Southern Ch'ên (#6). As such, it is often ignored or anomalously placed with the Sixteen Kingdoms.
<P>The "Anterior" Sung is actually called the <img src="images/hiero/liu.gif" align=middle> Sung, i.e. the Sung of the Liu family, which otherwise is the family of Han Dynasties -- though not, as it happens, of the Ch'eng Han, whose surname is Li (like the T'ang Dynasty). The character <img src="images/hiero/cheng.gif" align=middle> means "final," as though this was the very last Han dynasty. It wasn't, and the character is not otherwise used.
<P>It is under the Western Chin (266-316) that the tradition of dynastic histories was continued, with the <I>Record of the Three Kingdoms</I>, <I>San Kuo Chih</I>, <B>(III) 三國志, Sānguózhì</B>, by <B>Ch'en Shou, 陳夀, Chén Shòu</B>, in 289.
<P>Under the Anterior Sung Dynasty (420-479) we get the publication, in 445, of the important and classic <I>History of the Later Han Dynasty</I>, the <img src="images/hiero/laterhan.gif" align=middle>, <B>(IV) 後漢書, Hòu Hàn shū</B>, by Fan Yeh, 范曄, Fà Yè (398-455),
<P>This completes what are then called the "Early Four Histories," 前四史, Qiánsì Shǐ, encompassing the Ch'in, the Han dynasties, and the Three Kingdoms. The production of these is a little out of sequence, since the Later Han came before the Three Kingdoms.
<P>Under the (Southern) Liang (502-557) two dynastic histories were completed: The <I>History of the [Anterior] Sung</I>, <I>Sung Shu</I>, <B>(V) 宋書, Sòng Shū</B>, by Shen Yüeh, 沈約, Shěn Yuē (441513), in 488; and the <I>History of the Southern Ch'i</I>, <I>Nan Ch'i Shu</I>, <B>(VI) 南齊書, Nán Qíshū</I></B>, by Hsiao Tzu-hsien, 蕭子顯, Xiāo Zǐxiǎn (489537), in 537. The date the first hsitory, however, is evidently itself under the Southern Ch'i.
<P>Under the Northern Ch'i (557-589) one history was completed, the <I>History of the [Northern & Eastern] Wei</I>, <I>Wei Shu</I>, <B>(VII) 魏書, Wèi Shū</B>, in 554, by Wei Shou, 魏收, Wèi Shōu (506572).<br clear=left>
<P><a name="fivenorth"><table border bgcolor="#dddddd" width=250 cellpadding=5 align=left>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><th colspan=3>the Five Northern Dynasties,<br><img src="images/hiero/five.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/north.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/dynasty.gif" align=middle></th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><th colspan=3>1. Northern Wei, <img src="images/hiero/north.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/wei.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 386-534 (Hsien-pei)</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Tao Wu Ti, T'ai Tsu<br><font size=-1>T'o-pa Kuei</font></td><td colspan=2>386-409</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Ming Yüan Ti<br><font size=-1>T'o-pa Ssu</font></td><td colspan=2>409-423</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>T'ai-wu Ti<br><font size=-1>T'o-pa T'ao</font></td><td colspan=2>423-452</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Nan-an Wang<br><font size=-1>T'o-pa Yü</font></td><td colspan=2>452</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Wên Ch'êng Ti<br><font size=-1>T'o-pa Chün</font></td><td colspan=2>452-465</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Hsien Wên Ti<br><font size=-1>T'o-pa Hong</font></td><td colspan=2>465-471,<br>d.476</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Hsiao Wên Ti<br><font size=-1>Yüan Hong</font></td><td colspan=2>471-499</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Hsüan Wu Ti<br><font size=-1>Yüan K'o</font></td><td colspan=2>499-515</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Hsiao Ming Ti<br><font size=-1>Yüan Hsü</font></td><td colspan=2>515-528</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Hsiao Chuang Ti<br><font size=-1>Yüan Tzu-yu</font></td><td colspan=2>528-530,<br>d.531</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Tung-hai Wang<br><font size=-1>Yüan Yeh</font></td><td colspan=2>530</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Fei Ti, Chieh Min Ti<br>Kuang-ling Wang<br><font size=-1>Yüan Kung</font></td><td colspan=2>530-531,<br>d.532</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Hou-fei Ti, An-ting Wang<br><font size=-1>Yüan Lang</font></td><td colspan=2>531-532</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Hsiao Wu Ti<br><font size=-1>Yüan Hsiu</font></td><td colspan=2>532-535</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><th colspan=3>2. Eastern Wei, <img src="images/hiero/east.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/wei.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 534-550 (Hsien-pei)</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Hsiao Ching Ti<br><font size=-1>Yüan Shan-chien</font></td><td colspan=2>534-550,<br>d.552</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><th colspan=3>3. Western Wei, <img src="images/hiero/west.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/wei.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 535-556 (Hsien-pei)</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Wên Ti<br><font size=-1>Yüan Pao-chü</font></td><td colspan=2>535-551</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Fei Ti<br><font size=-1>Yüan Ch'in</font></td><td colspan=2>551-554</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Kung Ti<br><font size=-1>Yüan K'uo</font></td><td colspan=2>554-557</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><th colspan=3>4. Northern Ch'i, <img src="images/hiero/north.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/qi.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 550-577</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>Wên Hsüan Ti<br><font size=-1>Kao Yang</font></td><td colspan=2>550-559</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>Fei Ti<br><font size=-1>Kao Yin</font></td><td colspan=2>559-560,<br>d.561</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>Hsiao Chao Ti<br><font size=-1>Kao Yen</font></td><td colspan=2>560-561</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>Wu Ch'êng Ti<br><font size=-1>Kao Chan</font></td><td colspan=2>561-565,<br>d.569</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>Hou-chu<br><font size=-1>Kao Wei</font></td><td colspan=2>565-577</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>An-te Wang<br><font size=-1>Kao Yen-tsung</font></td><td colspan=2>577</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>Yu-chu<br><font size=-1>Kao Heng</font></td><td colspan=2>577</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><th colspan=3><a name="northchou">5. Northern Chou, <img src="images/hiero/north.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/zhou.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 557-581 (Hsien-pei)</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Hsiao Min Ti<br><font size=-1>Yü-wên Chüeh</font></td><td colspan=2>557</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Ming Ti, Shih Tsung<br><font size=-1>Yü-wên Yü</font></td><td colspan=2>557-560</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Wu Ti, Kao Tsu<br><font size=-1>Yü-wên Yung</font></td><td colspan=2>560-578</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><th colspan=2>Abolishes Buddhism<br>and Taoism, 574</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Hsüan Ti<br><font size=-1>Yü-wên Yün</font></td><td colspan=2>578-579,<br>d.580</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Ching Ti<br><font size=-1>Yü-wên Ch'an</font></td><td colspan=2>579-581</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><th colspan=3>Overthrown by <a href="#sui">Yang Chien</a>, 581</th></tr>
</table>
While something like the Sixteen Kingdoms sounds like an obscure period, like the <a href="germania.htm">Dark Ages</a> in Europe, this is only an impression, not because of lack of records, as in the European Dark Ages. There was a history, the <I>Shíliùguó Chūnqiū</I>, 十六國春秋, or the <I><a href="confuci.htm#classics">Spring and Autumn Annals</a> of the Sixteen Kingdoms</I>, by Ts'ui Hong [Cui Hong]. Unfortunately, the original of this was lost, though, as with many Greek and Roman histories, elements of it were preserved in later writers.
<P>Indeed, the history of the period ends up being covered by no less than eight of the standard dynastic histories. The Six Southern Dynasties are featured in the <I>(XIII) Jinshu</I> (<I>History of Tsin/Jin</I>), <I>(V) Songshu</I> (<I>History of the Anterior Sung</I>), <I>(VI) Nan Qishu</I> (<I>History of the Southern Ch'i</I>), <I>(VIII) Liangshu</I> (<I>History of the Liang</I>), and <I>(IX) Chenshu</I> (<I>History of the Ch'en</I>).
<P>The Five Northern Dynasties are featured in the <I>(VII) Weishu</I> (<I>History of Wei</I>), <I>(X) Bei Qishu</I> (<I>History of Northern Ch'i</I>), and <I>(XI) Zhoushu</I> (<I>History of Chou</I>).
<P>Since there were only 24 standard dynastic histories finished before the end of Imperial China in 1912, this group counts for exactly a third of the whole corpus. However, there is more. Two more histories of the period, the <I>Southern Dynasties</I>, <B>(XIV) 南史, Nánshǐ</B>, and the <I>Northern Dynasties</I>, <B>(XV) 北史, Běishǐ</B>, were added by T'ang historians. So this came to 10 out of the 24 histories. Eight of these were completed in the T'ang Dynasty and consequently were called the "Eight Histories of the T'ang Dynasty," 唐初八史, Táng Chū Bā Shǐ.
<P><a name="barbarians"><hr>
<P>The Sixteen Kingdoms are of the "Five Barbarians," <img src="images/hiero/five.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/barbar.gif" align=middle>, i.e. five barbarian peoples. In the tables, these are color coded.
<P>These were (1) the <B>Hsiung-nu</B>, <img src="images/hiero/xiong.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/slave.gif" align=middle>, shown in gray. Gray is also reserved for the Mongols, and for any non-Chinese dynasty whose ethnic character is unknown, at least to me. Also, the barbarian states on the maps are in gray.
<P>(2) the <B>Chieh</B>, <img src="images/hiero/jie.gif" align=middle>, or <img src="images/hiero/jie.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/old.gif" align=middle>, in dark red; (3) the <B>Hsien-pei</B> [or Hsien-pi], <img src="images/hiero/xian.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/bei.gif" align=middle>, in olive green; (4) the <B>Ch'iang</b>, <img src="images/hiero/qiang.gif" align=middle>, in purple; and (5) the <B>Ti</B>, <img src="images/hiero/di3.gif" align=middle>, or <img src="images/hiero/di3.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/qiang.gif" align=middle>, in brown.
<P>The Ch'iang and the Ti, like the later <a href="#tartar">Hsi-Hsia</a> kingdom, were early groups of <a href="perigoku.htm#tibet">Tibetan</a> or Tangut peoples, all speaking languages ultimately related to Chinese in the Sino-Tibetan language family. The other groups were all speaking Altaic languages, closely related to Turkish, Mongolian, and Manchu.
<P>The <a href="cognates.htm#sanskrit">Indo-European</a> speaking <B>Yüeh-chih</B>, <img src="images/hiero/moon.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/zhi.gif" align=middle>, are long gone, appearing as the Kushans in Central Asia and <a href="#kushan">India</a>, after they were defeated and driven away by the Hsiung-nu in 170 BC (in the early days of the <a href="#han">Han</a> Dynasty). As noted <a href="#huns">above</a>, a reasonable speculation holds that the Hsiung-nu are none other than the Huns, whose linguistic (<a href="turkia.htm#altaic">Altaic</a>) affinity was probably with Mongolian, though some sources say Turkish. The Hsien-pei, in turn, appear to have been Turkish. However, it may be that all the languages are rather close to proto-Altaic and the Mongolian and Turkic groups have not definitely separated yet. A few of the Northern Dynasties were evidently Chinese, but all became increasingly Sinified both in culture and, through intermarriage, ethnically. The general terms for barbarians in different directions are discussed <a href="#barbarian">below</a>.
<P>One thing that fragmented and weakened government made possible was basic cultural innovation. <a href="buddhism.htm">Buddhism</a> took a while to catch on in China. <a href="confuci.htm">Confucians</a> would really <I>never</I> accept a teaching that advised people to abandon their families and become dependants on society, as Buddhist monks and nuns did. Buddhism had arrived during the Later Han, not always attracting negative official notice, but basic Confucian hostility was only overcome by the weakening of central authority with the now fragmented nature of the country, especially under the barbarian Northern dynasties, where undiscriminating "barbarian" tastes perhaps didn't know any better. It was from the Northern Wei that the fabulous Buddhist cave shrines began to be carved and painted at <B>Dūnhuáng, 敦煌</B>, on the Silk Road in western Kansu [Gānsù, 甘肃]. There was also a change in Buddhism itself: <a href="buddhism.htm#maha">Mahāyāna</a> Buddhism had become less hostile to the world than earlier forms, and this was altogether more agreeable to the Chinese.<br clear=left>
<a name="faxian"><table border bgcolor="#aaeeee" cellpadding=5 width=250 align=left>
<tr><th colspan=2>Unclassified Dynasties</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><th colspan=2>1. Western Yen, <img src="images/hiero/west.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/yan.gif" align=middle>, (= Later Han?) Dynasty,<br>384-394 (Hsien-pei), Shansi & Hopei</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Mu-jung Hong</td><td>384-385</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Wei Ti<br><font size=-1>Mu-jung Ch'ung</font></td><td>385-386</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Mu-jung I</td><td>386</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Mu-jung Yao</td><td>386</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Mu-jung Chung</td><td>386</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>Mu-jung Yung</td><td>386-394</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><th colspan=2>fell to Later Yen</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><th colspan=2>2. Tai, <img src="images/hiero/dai.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 315-376 (Hsien-pei), Shensi</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>T'o-pa I-lu</td><td>315-338</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><td>T'o-pa Shih-i-chien</td><td>338-376</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aabb00"><th colspan=2>fell to Early Ch'in</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><th colspan=2>3. Former Ch'iu-ch'ih,<br><img src="images/hiero/former.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/qiuchi.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 296-371 (Ti), Kansu</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Yang Mao-sou</td><td>296-317</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Yang Nan-ti</td><td>317-334</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Yang I</td><td>334-337</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Yang Ch'u</td><td>337-355</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Yang Kuo</td><td>355-356</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Yang Chün</td><td>356-360</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Yang Shih</td><td>360-370</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Yang Ts'uan</td><td>370-371</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><th colspan=2>fell to Early Ch'in</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><th colspan=2>4. Later Ch'iu-ch'ih,<br><img src="images/hiero/later.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/qiuchi.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 385-443 (Ti)</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Wu Wang<br><font size=-1>Yang Ting</font></td><td>385-394</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Hui-wen Wang<br><font size=-1>Yang Sheng</font></td><td>394-425</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Hsiao-chao Wang<br><font size=-1>Yang Hsüan</font></td><td>425-429</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Yang Pao-tsung</td><td>429</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Yang Nan-tang</td><td>429-441</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><td>Yang Pao-ch'ih</td><td>441-443</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#bb5500"><th colspan=2>fell to Northern Wei</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>5. Wu-tu, <img src="images/hiero/wudu.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 447-477</th></tr>
<tr><td>Yang Wen-te</td><td>443-454</td></tr>
<tr><td>Yang Yüan-te</td><td>454-466</td></tr>
<tr><td>Yang Seng</td><td>466-473</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>fell to Northern Wei</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>6.Wu-hsing, <img src="images/hiero/wuxing.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 478-530</th></tr>
<tr><td>Yang Wen-hong</td><td>478-480</td></tr>
<tr><td>Yang Chi-shih</td><td>480-503</td></tr>
<tr><td>Yang Shao-hsien</td><td>503-?</td></tr>
<tr><td>Yang Pi-hsieh</td><td>?-530</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>fell to Northern Wei</th></tr>
</table>
<P>The popularity of Buddhism ushered in the great era of missionaries and pilgrims. Buddhist missionaries arrived to spread the <I>dharma</I>. One of these was <B>Kumārajīva</B> (344-413), the great translator of the <I>Lotus Sutra</I>, who arrived in China in 401. Another was the semi-mythical <B>Bodhidharma</B> (died <I>circa</I> 528), who founded the <a href="divebomb.htm">Ch'an (Zen) School</a> of Buddhism, which combined Buddhism with Chinese ideas from Taoism.
<P>This missionary effort was reciprocated by Chinese pilgrims who travelled to India, like <B>Fa-hsien</B> (<B>法顯, Fǎxiǎn</B>, d.<I>c.</I>422), whose route, overland going (on the <B>Silk Road</B>), by sea returning, is shown below. This is recounted in his <I>Records of Buddhist Kingdoms</I>, <img src="images/hiero/buddha.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/record.gif" align=middle>, which includes a remarkable account of the <a href="#guptas">Gupta</a> Court and contemporary India. The purpose of the pilgrims was usually not just to visit holy sites but to learn Sanskrit and fetch back texts to translate into Chinese.<br clear=right>
<P><center><img src="images/maps/pilgrim2.gif"></center>
<P>Hunting down the details of this period has been a challenge. The print histories I have seen are woefully deficient in chronological apparatus, with few lists of rulers and often lacking even lists of dynasties, especially of the Sixteen Kingdoms and Five Northern Dynasties. The rulers of the Five Northern Dynasties are from the <I>Oxford Dynasties of the World</I>, by John E. Morby [Oxford University Press, 1989, 2002, pp.217-218]. L. Carrington Goodrich [<I>A Short History of the Chinese People</I>, Harper Torchbooks, 1943, 1963] had the first detail of the Sixteen Kingdoms that I had seen. Otherwise, I have had to resort of other kinds of resources.
<P>The <I>Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten</I> (<I>Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History</I>) actually gives <I>genealogies</I> for all the Dynasties and Kingdoms but, being all in <I>kanji</I>, requires (for me) a slow effort of decipherment. On line, Wikipedia has good treatments, and some other websites give complete lists of rulers. I now find the most complete treatment of the Sixteen Kingdoms, however, at the <a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/index.html">Chinaknowledge</a> website of Ulrich Theobald. He includes all the forms of the names of the rulers, with characters and era names. This is pretty definitive.
<P>Theobald strictly uses Pinyin readings, which are sometimes jumbled together with Wade-Giles at some sites, sometimes even in the same names. Here, of course, I try to give Wade-Giles first with some Pinyin alternatives, but the process of imposing uniformity in these tables is not yet complete. There are some minor differences in dates for the Sixteen Kingdoms between Goodrich and Jacques Gernet [<I>A History of Chinese Civilization</I>, translated by J.R. Foster, Cambridge University Press, 1972, 1982, 1990]. There are <I>systematic</I> differences in dates between the <I>Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten</I> and other sources, probably explicable in terms of the practice of dating a reign from the first full year. The <I>Daijiten</I> dates, reflecting that practice, are given here.
<P>Some <font color="#00bbbb"><I>unclassifed dynasties</I></font> occur in different sources -- i.e. they are not in the traditional roster of the Six Southern Dynasties, the Sixteen Kingdoms, or the Five Northern Dynasties. Goodrich mentions and the <I>Daijiten</I> lists the Southern "Later Liang" discussed and listed above. Goodrich also mentions a "Western Yen," and some websites list a "Later Han" and a "Tai." The "Western Yen" and the "Later Han" suspiciously both have the same starting and finishing dates, so I have taken the liberty of equating them. Theobald gives full information on the Western Yen, Tai [Dai], and several others, of which I had added the Former and Later Ch'iu-ch'ih [Qiuchi], the Wu-tu, and Wu-hsing.
<P>I have never seen a map of the arrangement or history of the kingdoms, north or south, in this period. Theobald does give some geographical designations, which I have added to the names of the dynasties. Dynasties with the same names (e.g. Chao, Liang, Yen) follow in the same geographical areas. Note that <B>Shansi</B> is now written as <B>Shanxi</B>, and <B>Shensi</B> as <B>Shaanxi</B>. The former means Western Mountain (<img src="images/hiero/shan.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/west.gif" align=middle>), the latter Western Mountain Passes (<img src="images/hiero/shan-2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/west.gif" align=middle>). Shensi is in the great bend of the Huang He river, west of Shansi. This was the homeland of <a href="#ch'in">Ch'in</a> and the seat of the Former Han, as it would be of the T'ang, at Ch'ang-an (modern Sian or Xian). A while ago a correspondent objected that there is no word "Sh<B>aa</B>nxi" in Chinese. That is true, but using the two a's is the convention adopted in China itself to distinguish between the two provinces, which otherwise, in the absence of written tones, would have identical names.<br clear=left>
<br><a name="sui"><table width=220 border bgcolor="#ffffaa" cellpadding=5 align=left></a>
<tr><th colspan=2>Sui, <img src="images/hiero/sui.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty,<br>589-618</th></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Wên Ti<br><font size=-1>Yang Chien</font></td><td>Northern Empire,<br>581-604</td></tr>
<tr><td>Southern Empire,<br>589-604</td></tr>
<tr><td>Yang Ti<br><font size=-1>Yang Kuang</font></td><td>604-617,<br>d.618</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kung Ti<br><font size=-1>Yang Yu</font></td><td>617-618,<br>d.619</td></tr>
<tr><td>Yüeh Wang,<br>Kung Ti<br><font size=-1>Yang T'ung</font></td><td>618-619</td></tr>
</table>
<img src="images/sui.gif" align=right><B>Yang Chien</B> was rather like the Chinese <a href="romania.htm#justin">Justinian</a>, with some important exceptions: (1) He began in the Barbarian North (as a general of the Northern Chou, grandfather and regent for the <a href="#northchou">Chou</a> Emperor Ching Ti, whom he deposed in 581) and conquered the Chinese South; and (2) he completely restored the Empire. Justinian's work began from the remaining Empire and was incomplete. If <a href="francia.htm#caroling">Charlemagne</a> had reunited the entire Roman Empire, the effect <img src="images/chakra.gif" align=right>would have similar to what we see in China.
<P>Yang Chien was raised a <a href="religion.htm#buddha">Buddhist</a>; and on assuming the Northern Throne in 581, he announced that his rule, promoting the "ten Buddhist virtues," would be like that of a <I>Cakravartin</I>, <img src="images/greek/cakravar.gif" align=middle>, the universal monarch of <a href="#india">Indian</a> ideology, translated into Chinese as the <img src="images/hiero/revolve.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/wheel.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/sacred.gif" align=middle><img src="images/king.gif" align=middle>, "Wheel Turning Sacred King." There could be no more striking a testimony to the legitimization of Buddhism as a Chinese religion. However, Confucians <I>never</I> liked Buddhism very much, and it was certainly not forgotten that Buddhism was a foreign introduction. There was latent hostility towards it, though no anti-Buddhist measures would ever go so far as they subsequently would in <a href="perigoku.htm#korea">Korea</a>.<br clear=right>
<P>Besides reuniting<img src="history/sui.gif" align=right> the country, the Sui is particularly famous for the building of the Grand Canal. This took essentially the entire duration of the Dynasty, and aroused great resentment from the severity of the forced labor. More than 3,000,000 workers were impressed, and those evading service were executed. The project was pursued by the Emperor Yang Kuang, who also provoked opposition with disastrous attempts to conquer Korea. Then, when rebellions broke out, he did little to suppress them and was eventually killed by the captain of his own guard. Meanwhile, the T'ang had become established at Ch'ang-an. The last person on the list, the Prince (<I>Wang</I>) of Yüeh, is often not included among the Emperors. The T'ang had already deposed the dynasty.
<P>In 607, <a href="#history">Prince Shōtoku</a> supposedly wrote a letter for his aunt, the Empress Suiko, to the Sui Emperor Yang Ti. He referred to Japan as the land where the "Sun Rises," <img src="images/nippon-2.gif" align=middle> (Nippon, Nihon), and to China as the land where the "Sun Sets," <img src="images/sunset.gif" align=middle> (Nichibotsu). To the Chinese, however, there could be only one Emperor, <img src="images/emperor.gif" align=middle>, and Son of Heaven, <img src="images/emperor3.gif" align=middle>. The ruler of Japan was simply the "King of Wa," <img src="images/wa-1.gif" align=middle>, i.e. of the "land of dwarves." Yang Ti was furious at the pretention of there being another Emperor, and of China, the "Middle Kingdom," <img src="images/hiero/zhong3.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle>, being reduced to the place where the "sun sets" (which can also mean "dies" or "drowns"). Yang Ti informed his officials that he was not again to be shown a letter from barbarians who did not know how to address the Emperor of China. Nevertheless, this contact did initiate a period of exchanges between China and Japan.
<P>The Eras of the Sui Dynasty can be examined on a <a href="JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm#sui','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Chinese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup page</a>. The genealogy of the Sui is from the <I>Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten</I> (<I>Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History</I>), with some help from the <a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/index.html">Chinaknowledge</a> website of Ulrich Theobald.<br clear=right>
<P><center><a name="t'ang"><img src="images/maps/china-8.gif"></center>
<P><table border cellpadding=5 width=250 align=left bgcolor="#ffffaa">
<tr><th colspan=2>T'ang, <img src="images/hiero/tang.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty,<br>618-907</th></tr>
<tr><td>Kao Tsu<br><font size=-1>Li Yüan</font></td><td>618-626</td></tr>
<tr><td>T'ai Tsung<br><font size=-1><B>Li Shih-min</B></font></td><td>626-649</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Embassy arrives from <a href="romania.htm#heracli">Constantinople</a>, 643; <a href="hist-1.htm#christ">Nestorian</a> missionaries arrive in Ch'ang-an, 635; Conquest of Tarim Basin, 645</th></tr>
<tr><td><a name="empwu">Kao Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Chih</font></td><td>649-683</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Legendary life of Ti Jen-chieh (狄仁杰, Dí Rénjiè) <a href="./ross/dee.htm">Judge Dee</a>, 630-700; Transoxania occupied, 659-665; Korea occupied, 668-676</th></tr>
<tr><td>Chung Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Che</font></td><td>6 weeks, 684,<br>705-710</td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="images/female.gif" align=right>Wu Hou,<br>"<B>Empress Wu</B>," <br>(<B>Chou, <img src="images/hiero/zhou.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty</B>)</td><td>Empress, 655; regent, 684-690; sole Rule, 690-705,<br>deposed,<br>d.705</td></tr>
<tr><td>Jui Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Tan</font></td><td>684-690,<br>710-712,<br>regent,<br>712-713,<br>d.716</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsüan Tsung, <B>Ming Huang</B><br><font size=-1>Li Lungchi</font></td><td>712-756</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>appeal for alliance from <a href="#kashmir">Kashmir</a>, 713; Battle of Talas, <a href="islam.htm#talas">Arabs</a> defeat Chinese, under Kao Hsien-chih, but advance no further into Central Asia, <a href="islam.htm#paper">paper</a> makers captured, 751; An Lu-shan Rebelion, 755-763</th></tr>
<tr><td>Su Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Yü</font></td><td>756-762</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tai Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Yü</font></td><td>762-779</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Loss of Tarim Basin to Tibetans, Ch'ang-An occupied by Tibetans, 763</th></tr>
<tr><td>Tê Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Shih</font></td><td>779-805</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Nestorian Table, 782;<br>Battle of T'ing-chou,<br>Kansu lost to Tibetans, 791</th></tr>
<tr><td>Shun Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Sung</font></td><td>805</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsien Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Ch'un</font></td><td>805-820</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mu Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Heng</font></td><td>820-824</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ching Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Chan</font></td><td>824-827</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wen Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Ang</font></td><td>827-840</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wu Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Yen</font></td><td>840-846</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Persecution of Buddhism, 845</th></tr>
<tr><td>Hsüan Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Ch'en</font></td><td>846-859</td></tr>
<tr><td>Yi Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Wen</font></td><td>859-873</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsi Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Yen</font></td><td>873-888</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Canton captured by pirates, population slaughtered, including 120,000 Middle Easterners, 878; Chinese ports closed to foreigners, 878; rebel Huang Ch'ao seizes Ch'ang-an, 881</th></tr>
<tr><td>Chao Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Chieh</font></td><td>888-904</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chao-hsüan Ti, Ai Ti<br><font size=-1>Li Chu</font></td><td>904-907,<br>d.908</td></tr>
</table>
<img src="images/tang.gif" align=right>
The T'ang may very well have been the greatest Chinese dynasty. None other, for a time, so dominated its surroundings or so influenced its neighbors. <a href="#japan">Japanese</a> civilization, for instance, basically came into existence under T'ang (and Korean) influence. Similarly, the mountainous coastal regions of the South of China were first integrated into the state. A remaining artifact of this is that in <a href="yinyang.htm#dialects2">Cantonese</a>, the Chinese people are not the "Han People," <img src="images/han-1.gif" align=middle>, but the "T'ang People," <img src="images/tang-1.gif" align=middle>, or <img src="images/tang-2.gif" align=middle>, as pronounced in Cantonese itself.
<P>The Founder of the dynasty was more or less a figurehead for his great son, Li Shih-min, the real creator of the T'ang state, and the mastermind of rebellion against the Sui while only 16 years old. This, at least, is what Li Shih-min later said, and some scepticism is now expressed about it. Nevertheless, while Emperor himself, remembered as T'ai Tsung, with the realm well established, Li Shih-min created the system of <a href="confuci.htm#note-8">civil service examinations</a> in the <a href="confuci.htm#classics">Classics</a> that would choose China's bureaucrats for nearly the next 1300 years.
<P>The family name of the T'ang Emperors was <img src="images/hiero/lee.gif" align=middle>, or "Lee," as Americanized Chinese used to write it. This made it look like an American name, one held, for instance, by the Confederate General Robert E. Lee. In World War II, Admiral Willis Augustus Lee had made it a joke, after a posting to China, that he was actually Chinese -- he was in fact related to Robert E. Lee himself. This was less a joke when that was used to help identify him, as "Ching Lee," on the battleship <a href="dreadnot.htm#wwii"><I>Washington</I></a> at the Naval Battle of <a href="history/guadal.htm">Guadalcanal</a>, where the <I>Washington</I> sank the Japanese battleship <a href="kongo1.htm"><I>Kirishima</I></a>. This was a decisive moment in World War II. Meanwhile, <img src="images/hiero/lee.gif" align=middle> was also a surname in <a href="perigoku.htm#viet">Vietnam</a> and in <a href="perigoku.htm#korea">Korea</a> -- where, as <img src="images/hiero/lee-k.gif" align=middle>, "Lee," or "Rhee" (also read <img src="images/hiero/lee-i.gif" align=middle>, "Yee"), it is the most common surname.
<P><a name="xuanzang"><center><img src="images/maps/pilgrim1.gif"></center>
<P>Buddhism, which became entrenched during the period of the Northern and Southern Empires, was finally accepted (probably with ill grace by Confucian officials) as a properly Chinese religion (the third of the "<a href="confuci.htm#text-1">Three Ways</a>") during the Sui and T'ang. Chinese pilgrims, like <B>Hsüan-tsang</B> (<B>玄奘, Xuánzàng</B>, d.664), continued to brave the Silk Road and the Pamirs to travel to India, visiting the Court of <a href="#thanesar">Harsha Vardhana</a>, to learn Sanskrit and bring back Buddhist texts. The story of Hsüan-tsang, who travelled in the days of the T'ai Tsung Emperor, was later embellished and expanded into a popular Ming Dynasty novel, the <I>Journey to the West</I>, <img src="images/hiero/west.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/travel.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/record.gif" align=middle> ("Record of the Western Journey"). Few historical details are left in this story, but miraculous events and memorable characters, especially the Immortal Monkey King, made it a perennial favorite in China, with an increasing audience in the West. A recent movie, <I>The Forbidden Kingdom</I> [Lionsgate, 2008], extracts the Monkey King with some other elements from the <I>Journey to the West</I> and constructs an unrelated story around him.
<P>According to the <I>Old History of the Tang Dynasty</I> [<I>Jiu Tangshu</I>], an embassy arrived at the Court of the Emperor T'ai Tsung in the year 643. This was from <img src="images/hiero/fulin1.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/fulin2.gif" align=middle>, which apparently is now the Chinese version of "Constantinople," perhaps derived from "City" in the accusative, <font size=+1>Πολίν</font> -- a Mandarin syllable, of course, could not have ended in an "s." This would have been in the time of <a href="romania.htm#heracli">Constans II</a>. Unlike the earlier record of contact in the time of the Antonines, in the Later Han Dynasty, this came overland and initiated regular trading relations. Roman <I>solidi</I> became prized in China, even to the point of imitation coins being produced.
<P>In 635 there is a report that <a href="hist-1.htm#christ">Nestorian</a> Christian missionaries arrived in Ch'ang-an. At first such a one of these seems to have been called a <img src="images/hiero/zorogod.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/school2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/disciple.gif" align=middle>, i.e. a "follower" of <img src="images/hiero/zorogod.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/school2.gif" align=middle> -- Zoroastrianism! This confusion is perhaps understandable. The character <img src="images/hiero/zorogod.gif" align=middle> was used for "the god of the Zoroastrians," but then it had also been applied to the god of the Manicheans. Another religion coming down the Silk Road from Central Asia, with a similar God, perhaps was just another version of the same thing. A more detailed discussion of this can be found with the treatment of <a href="iran.htm#zoroaster">Zoroastrianism</a> under the Sassanids.
<P>We may suspect, however, that the missionaries had already been in China for a while. This is because around the year 550 a couple of them arrived at the Court of the Emperor <a href="romania.htm#justin">Justinian</a> bearing silk worm larvae. More than just a questionable report, this resulted in the undoubted establishment of <a href="romania.htm#silk">sericulture</a> in the Roman Empire, eliminating what had been the principal client of the trade at the Western end of the Silk Road. In the troubled times of the Northern and Southern Empires, we can imagine both that the presence of the missionaries escaped general notice and that they had opportunties to leave with the larvae, whose export was prohibited by the Chinese and whose very existence was a Secret to the West. Overall, however, this seems to have had little effect on the health of the Chinese silk industry.
<P><a name="yijing"><img src="images/maps/pilgrim3.gif" align=right>Where Fa-hsien had journeyed to India by land and sea, and Hsüan-tsang had gone entirely by land, <B>I-ching</B> (<B>義淨, Yìjìng</B>, d.713), heading to the Buddhist center at Nālandā (where he would stay 11 years), went entirely by sea. This involved interesting interludes in Indonesia, at Palembang in the kingdom of Srivijaya, on Sumatra. On the way out, he stayed there to study Sanskrit, also learning <a href="islam.htm#malacca">Malay</a> -- although this would not yet be the language influenced by Islam and Arabic. On the way back to China, in possession of some 400 Buddhist texts, not only did he linger in Palembang to work on his translations, but he briefly returned to Canton (Guangzhou) from there to fetch back ink and paper. So his stay in Indonesia ended up involving several years. On his return to China, he was received and welcomed by the Empress Wu, who was a patron of Buddhism.
<P><a name="wu">One of T'ai Tsung's own concubines seduced his weak son on his succession and, as the "Empress Wu," <B>武后, Wǔ Hòu</B>, dominated the next 45 years of Chinese history. Consort of Kao Tsung, mother of Chung Tsung and Jui Tsung, effectively the sole ruler from 684 to 705, and ruler in her own name from 690, she was the only woman to thus rule China in all of Chinese history. Her career was very similar to that of the Empress <a href="romania.htm#irene">Irene</a>, who was the first Roman Empress to rule in her own name, and the only one to seriously exercise power on her own initiative. Thus, like Irene, the Empress Wu had a relatively weak willed husband; and, when he died, she first dethroned one son, then acted as regent for another, dethroned him, and then assumed the throne in her own right. While Irene had her son blinded, an injury from which he died, and ruled only briefly in her own right, Wu did not harm her sons and then ruled for fifteen years (when each followed her). Both Wu and Irene ruled rather well, but were then deposed, without being killed. At that point Wu herself may have just been too old to resist. Subsequently, misogynistic Confucians portrayed Wu as consumed with bloody and immoral appetites. Irene's reign gave Pope <a href="popes.htm#leo">Leo III</a> justification for crowning <a href="francia.htm#caroling">Charlemagne</a> Roman Emperor, since neither believed that a woman could <img src="history/tang.gif" align=right>be a legitimate Roman ruler. Irene, however, would be fondly remembered for ending the first phase of Iconclasm and restoring the Icons.
<P>The Empress Wu's grandson Hsüan Tsung was the last great figure of the dynasty, also known as <B>明皇, Míng Huáng</B>, or the "Bright [or brilliant] Emperor." <img src="images/guifei.jpg" align=left>Charming stories are associated with Hsüan Tsung, for instance that he released butterflies onto an assembly of concubines and candidates and would take to bed the woman upon whom they settled. If this was his practice, he stopped it under the (reportedly) unhealthy influence of the concubine Yang Kuei-fei (<B>楊貴妃, Yáng Guìfēi</B>) -- one of the "<a href="key.htm#beauties">Four Great Beauties</a>" of Chinese history.
<P>In the rebellion of An Lu-shan (755-763), when the Court fled Ch'ang-An, the palace guards blamed Yang Kuei-fei and demanded that the Emperor allow her to be executed, which he did (756). Hsüan Tsung's long reign thus ended troubled by this rebellion, which substantially impaired the strength of the state for the rest of the history of the dynasty. Nevertheless, important innovations continued to occur. Books began to be printed in the 9th century, porcelain became common, and tea began to be made regularly, not just used as a medicine. The wine drinking of Judge Dee's day gave way to the more sober potable.
<P>Judge Ti (Dí, Dee; 630-700) became a hero of later Chinese detective fiction. Such stories always featured a District Magistrate as the protagonist; and since the Magistrate was also the Police Chief, Prosecutor, and Judge in his District, this allowed for dimensions of crime fiction that now in Western fiction would usually belong to separate genres. Judge Ti was brought into modern fiction by the Dutch diplomat and linguist Robert van Gulik (1910-1967). Van Gulik first translated a Chinese story, the <B><I>Dígōng Àn</I>, 狄公案</B> ("Judge Ti Cases"), as the <I>Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee</I> in 1949. He hoped this would spark a revival of such stories in Chinese and Japanese; but when it didn't, he began writing a series of such stories himself. This is examined in more detail <a href="ross/dee.htm">elsewhere</a>. The culture of van Gulik's Dee stories, and the costumes he illustrated in his own drawings, were more of Ming times than of T'ang, however, since van Gulik was more familiar with that.
<P>In the decline of the T'ang, <a href="perigoku.htm#tibet">Tibet</a> becomes a major factor. It was the Tibetans who drove the T'ang out of the Tarim Basin (763) and then even took Kansu (791). This collapse even included an brief occupation of Ch'ang-An itself by the Tibetans (763). Tibetans remained in Kansu, later founding the durable Tangut or <a href="#tangut">Hsi-Hsia</a> state, which survived until the Mongol conquest. The irony of these Tibetan successes is now considerable, in light of recent events. Some might think of present Chinese claims and policies in Tibet as little more than a long delayed revenge for the Tibetan humiliation of the T'ang.
<P>The Eras of the T'ang Dynasty can be examined on a <a href="JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm#tang','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Chinese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup page</a>. The genealogy of the T'ang is entirely from the <I>Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten</I> (<I>Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History</I>).
<P>In the T'ang Dynasty the process of producing the dynastic histories started becoming a matter of a team at the Historiographic Bureau, with an editor, rather than individual efforts, though some were produced in that way. Eight histories were produced during the T'ang, a third of the whole corpus. These were then called the "Eight Histories of the T'ang Dynasty," 唐初八史, Táng Chū Bā Shǐ. This is no less than a third of all of the 24 dynastic histories.
<P>In 636 five histories were finished. The <I>History of the [Southern] Liang</I>, <B>(VIII) 梁書, Liángshū</B>, and the <I>History of the [Southern] Ch'en</I>, <B>(IX) 陳書, Chénshū</B>, were by Yao Ch'a and Yao Szu-lien. The <I>History of the Northern Ch'i</I>, <B>(X) 北齊書, Běi Qíshū</B>, was by Li Te-lin and Li Po-yao. The <I>History of the [Northern] Chou</I>, <B>(XI) 周書, Zhōushū</B>, and the <I>History of the Sui</I>, <B>(XII) 隋書, Suíshū</B>, were produced by the Bureau, edited by Ling-hu Te-fen and Wei Cheng, respectively.
<P>In 646 the Bureau produced the <I>History of the [Western & Eastern] Chin</I>, <B>(XIII) 晉書, Jìnshū</B>, edited by <B>Fan Hsüan-ling</B>. Finally, in 659, we get the <I>History of the Southern Dynasties</I>, <B>(XIV) 南史, Nánshǐ</B>, and the <I>History of the Northern Dynasties</I>, <B>(XV) 北史, Běishǐ</B>, by Li Yen-shou.
<P>Note that all of these histories, VIII-XV deal with the previous period of the <a href="#north-south">Northern and Southern Empires</a>, accept for the <B>(XII) 隋書, Suíshū</B>, which deals with the subsequent <a href="#sui">Sui Dynasty</a>. Histories V-VII, also about the Northern and Southern Empires, were themselves completed during that period. As noted above, no less than 10 of the dynastic histories are about the Northern and Southern Empires.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="five"><table border bgcolor="#ffffaa" cellpadding=5 width=250 align=left>
<tr><th colspan=2>The Five Dynasties, <img src="images/hiero/five.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/dai.gif" align=middle>, 907-960</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>1. Posterior Liang, <img src="images/hiero/later.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/liang.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 907-923</th></tr>
<tr><td>T'ai Tau, T'ai Tsu<br><font size=-1>Chu Wen</font></td><td>907-912</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ying Wang<br><font size=-1>Chu Yu-kuei</font></td><td>912-913</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mo Ti<br><font size=-1>Chu Yu-chen</font></td><td>913-923</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ee0000"><th colspan=2>2. Posterior T'ang, <img src="images/hiero/later.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/tang.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 923-937 (Turkish)</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ee0000"><td>Chuang Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Ts'un-hsü</font></td><td>923-926</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ee0000"><td>Ming Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Tan</font></td><td>926-933</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ee0000"><td>Min Ti<br><font size=-1>Li Ts'ung-hou</font></td><td>933-934</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ee0000"><td>Fei Ti<br><font size=-1>Li Ts'ung-k'e</font></td><td>934-937</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ee0000"><th colspan=2>3. Posterior Chin/Tsin, <img src="images/hiero/later.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/jin-2.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 937-947 (Turkish)</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ee0000"><td>Kao Tsu<br><font size=-1>Shih Ching-t'ang </font></td><td>937-942</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ee0000"><td>Ch'u Ti<br><font size=-1>Shih Ch'ung-kuei</font></td><td>942-947,<br>d.964</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ee0000"><th colspan=2>4. Posterior Han, <img src="images/hiero/later.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/han.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 947-951 (Turkish)</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ee0000"><td>Kao Tsu<br><font size=-1>Liu Chih-yüan</font></td><td>947-948</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ee0000"><td>Yin Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Ch'eng-yu</font></td><td>948-951</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>5. Posterior Chou, <img src="images/hiero/later.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/zhou.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 951-960</th></tr>
<tr><td>T'ai Tsu<br><font size=-1>Kuo Wei</font></td><td>951-954</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shih Tsung<br><font size=-1>Ch'ai Juong</font></td><td>954-959</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shih Tsung<br><font size=-1>Ch'ai Tsung-Hsün</font></td><td>959-960,<br>d.973</td></tr>
</table>
<table border bgcolor="#ffffaa" cellpadding=5 width=250 align=right>
<tr><th colspan=2>The Ten Kingdoms, <img src="images/hiero/ten.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle>, 896-979</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>1. Min, <img src="images/hiero/min.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 896-944, Fukien [Fujian]</th></tr>
<tr><td>Wang Ch'ao</td><td>896-897</td></tr>
<tr><td>T'ai Tsu<br><font size=-1>Wang Shen-chih</font></td><td>897-925</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sze Tsung<br><font size=-1>Wang Yen-han</font></td><td>925-926</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hui Tsung<br><font size=-1>Wang Lin</font></td><td>926-935</td></tr>
<tr><td>K'ang Tsung<br><font size=-1>Wang Ch'ang</font></td><td>935-939</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ching Tsung<br><font size=-1>Wang Hsi</font></td><td>939-944</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tien-te Ti<br><font size=-1>Wang Yen-cheng</font></td><td>943-944</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>fell to Southern T'ang</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>2. Ch'u, <img src="images/hiero/chu.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 896-951, Hunan</th></tr>
<tr><td>Ch'u Wu-mu Wang<br><font size=-1>Ma Yin</font></td><td>896-930</td></tr>
<tr><td>Heng-yang Wang<br><font size=-1>Ma Hsi-sheng</font></td><td>930-932</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ch'u Wen-chao Wang<br><font size=-1>Ma Hsi-fan</font></td><td>932-947</td></tr>
<tr><td>Fei Wang<br><font size=-1>Ma Hsi-kuang</font></td><td>947-950</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ch'u Kung-hsiao Wang<br><font size=-1>Ma Hsi-o</font></td><td>950-951</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ch'u Wang<br><font size=-1>Ma Hsi-ch'ung</font></td><td>951,<br>d.962</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>fell to Southern T'ang</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>3. Former Shu, <img src="images/hiero/former.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/shu2.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 907-925, Szechwan</th></tr>
<tr><td>Kao Tsu<br><font size=-1>Wang Chien</font></td><td>907-918</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hou-chu<br><font size=-1>Wang Yen</font></td><td>918-925</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>fell to Posterior T'ang</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>4. Later Shu, <img src="images/hiero/later.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/shu2.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 930-965</th></tr>
<tr><td>Kao Tsu<br><font size=-1>Meng Chih-hsiang</font></td><td>930-934</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hou Chu<br><font size=-1>Meng Ch'ang</font></td><td>934-965</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>fell to <a href="#sung">Sung</a></th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>5. Wu, <img src="images/hiero/wu.gif" align=middle>, (Huai-nan) Dynasty, 902-937, Kiangsi [Jiangxi]</th></tr>
<tr><td>Tai Tsu<br><font size=-1>Yang Hsing-mi</font></td><td>902-905</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lieh Tsu<br><font size=-1>Yang Wu</font></td><td>905-908</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kao Tsu<br><font size=-1>Yang Wei</font></td><td>908-920</td></tr>
<tr><td>Jui Ti<br><font size=-1>Yang P'u</font></td><td>920-937</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>fell to Southern T'ang</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>6. Southern T'ang, <img src="images/hiero/south.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/tang.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 937-975, Kiangsi [Jiangxi]</th></tr>
<tr><td>Lieh Tsu<br><font size=-1>Li Sheng</font></td><td>937-943</td></tr>
<tr><td>Yüan Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Ching</font></td><td>943-961</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hou Chu, Wu Wang<br><font size=-1>Li Yü</font></td><td>961-975</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>fell to <a href="#sung">Sung</a></th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>7. Wu-Yüeh, <img src="images/hiero/wu.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/yue.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 907-978, Chekiang [Zhejiang]</th></tr>
<tr><td>Wu-su Wang<br><font size=-1>Ch'ien Liu</font></td><td>907-932</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wen-mu Wang<br><font size=-1>Ch'ien Yüan-kuang</font></td><td>932-941</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chung-hsien Wang<br><font size=-1>Ch'ien Hong-tso</font></td><td>941-947</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chung-hsün Wang<br><font size=-1>Ch'ien Hong-tsung</font></td><td>947-948</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chung-i Wang<br><font size=-1>Ch'ien Hong-ch'u</font></td><td>948-978</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>fell to <a href="#sung">Sung</a></th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a name="southhan">8. Southern Han, <img src="images/hiero/south.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/han.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 909-971, Kwantung [Guandong]</th></tr>
<tr><td>Jang Huang Ti,<br>Lieh Tsung<br><font size=-1>Liu Yin</font></td><td>909-911</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kao Tsu<br><font size=-1>Liu Yen</td><td>911-942</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Defeated by <a href="perigoku.htm#ngo">Vietnamese</a>, 938</th></tr>
<tr><td>Shang Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Fen</td><td>942-943</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chung Tsung<br><font size=-1>Liu Ch'eng</td><td>943-958</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hou-chu<br><font size=-1>Liu Chi-hsing, Ch'ang</td><td>958-971</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>fell to <a href="#sung">Sung</a></th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>9. Ching-nan, <img src="images/hiero/jing-2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/south.gif" align=middle>, (Nan-P'ing [Nanping]) Dynasty, 907-963, Hupei [Hubei]</th></tr>
<tr><td>Wu-hsin Wang<br><font size=-1>Kao Chi-hsing</font></td><td>907-928</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wen-hsien Wang<br><font size=-1>Kao Kung-hui</font></td><td>928-948</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chen-i Wang<br><font size=-1>Kao Pao-jung</font></td><td>948-960</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ssu-chung<br><font size=-1>Kao Pau-hsü</font></td><td>960-962</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kao Chi-ch'ung</td><td>962-963</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>fell to <a href="#sung">Sung</a></th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#dddddd"><th colspan=2>10. Northern Han, <img src="images/hiero/north.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/han.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 951-979, Shansi [Shanxi]</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#dddddd"><td>Shih Tsu<br><font size=-1>Liu Min, Ch'ung</font></td><td>951-954</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#dddddd"><td>Jui Tsung<br><font size=-1>Liu Ch'eng-chün</font></td><td>954-968</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#dddddd"><td>Fei Ti, Shao-chu<br><font size=-1>Liu Chi-en</font></td><td>968</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#dddddd"><td>Ying-wu Ti<br><font size=-1>Liu Chi-yüan</font></td><td>968-979</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#dddddd"><th colspan=2>fell to <a href="#sung">Sung</a></th></tr>
</table>
In this period China again breaks into Southern and Northern halves, but there are significant differances in comparison to the earlier period of the <a href="#north-south">Northern and Southern Empires</a>. Now it is the Five Dynasties, in the North and not entirely Chinese, that are regarded as the legitimate succession of the Chinese Throne. In the South were the mainly Chinese "Ten Kingdoms," whose rulers do not seem to be given in the common lists of Emperors.
<P>The priority apparently goes to the North as constituting the more unified part of the country. As at the end of the Northern and Southern Empires, a coup against the last Northern Dynasty ushered in reunification, under the Sung. One of the greatest differences, however, is just in the time scale. The Five Dynasties only last 53 years, while the Northern and Southern Empires endured 323 long years -- it is more like the period of the <a href="#three">Three Kingdoms</a>, at 46 years, that is comparable in scale to the Five Dynasties.
<P>The Eras of the Five Dynasties can be examined on a <a href="JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm#five','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Chinese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup page</a>. The genealogies of the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms can all be examined on a large <a href="JavaScript:popup('history/5dynasty.gif','5dynasties','resizable,scrollbars,width=897,height=1098')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of the Genealogies of the Northern and Southern Empires';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup image</a>. Or it can be loaded into the <a href="history/5dynasty.gif">current window</a>. These genealogies are entirely from the <I>Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten</I> (<I>Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History</I>), though the names and dates may be from other sources.
<P>In this transition period some basic Chinese customs of later history are supposed to have originated. Previously people sat on floor mats, as the Japanese continued to do, but now chairs came into common use. Also, the bizarre and disturbing custom of binding the feet of women began, an affectation, as with the long fingernails of the Mandarin bureaucrats, to display one's freedom from physical labor. Unfortunately, a long fingernail seems merely ridiculous, and can easily be cut off in need, but ruined feet cannot be remade without extensive modern reconstructive surgery. Interestingly, when the <a href="#ch'ing">Manchurians</a> came to power, footbinding was prohibited among their own people; but the tyranny of fashion, or the desire to assimilate to the Chinese, meant that the prohibition eroded in practice.
<P>One peculiarity of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms is that, when listed, we often see six dynasties and nine kingdoms. This is because the Northern Han (like the Later Liang of the <a href="#north-south">Six Dynasties</a>) actually derives from the Posterior Han Dynasty. As the Posterior Han (4th of the Five Dynasties) was replaced in 951, the Northern Han began as one of the Ten Kingdoms. To indicate this connection, it is always tempting to list them together. This not done here. While the rest of the Ten Kingdoms are in the <I>South</I>, the origin of the Northern Han is evident in its situation in the North, in Shansi province.
<P>One dynastic history was produced during the Five Dynasties, this was the <I>Old History of the T'ang</I>, <B>(XVI) 舊唐書, Jiù Tángshū</B>, produced by the Historiographic Bureau in 945, during the Posterior Chin (937-947), edited by Liu Hsü, 劉昫, Liú Xū. The Chin was a Sinified Turkish dynasty; but it would not be the only dynasty not of Chinese origin to produce one of the 24 histories. The Mongol Yüan Dynasty produced three.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="tartar"><table border bgcolor="#dddddd" cellpadding=5 width=250 align=left>
<tr><th colspan=2>Tartar Dynasties</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a name="liao">Liao, <img src="images/hiero/liao.gif" align=middle>, (Khitan, <img src="images/hiero/qi2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/dan.gif" align=middle>) Dynasty,<br>907-1125</th></tr>
<tr><td>T'ai Tsu<br><font size=-1>Yeh-lü A-pao-chi</font></td><td>907-926</td></tr>
<tr><td>T'ai Tsung<br><font size=-1>Yeh-lü Te-kuang</font></td><td>927-947</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shih Tsung<br><font size=-1>Yeh-lü Ju-an</font></td><td>947-951</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mu Tsung<br><font size=-1>Yeh-lü Ching</font></td><td>951-969</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ching Tsung<br><font size=-1>Yeh-lü Hsien</font></td><td>969-982</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shêng Tsung<br><font size=-1>Yeh-lü Lung-hsü</font></td><td>982-1031</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsing Tsung<br><font size=-1>Yeh-lü Tsung-chen</font></td><td>1031-1055</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tao Tsung<br><font size=-1>Yeh-lü </font>Hong-chi</td><td>1055-1101</td></tr>
<tr><td>T'ien-tso Ti<br><font size=-1>Yeh-lü Yen-hsi</font></td><td>1101-1125,<br>d.1128</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>displaced by the <a href="#chin">Kin/Chin</a>;<br>relocated to Sinkiang<br>as <a href="#westliao">Western Liao</a></th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><th colspan=2><a name="tangut">The Hsi-Hsia, <img src="images/hiero/west.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/xia.gif" align=middle><br>(Tangut, <img src="images/hiero/party.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/xiang2.gif" align=middle>) Dynasty,<br>990-(1032)-1227</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>Li I-chao</td><td>933-935</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>Li I-hsing</td><td>935-967</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>Li Chi-jui</td><td>968-978</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>Li Chi-Chun</td><td>978-979</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>Li Chi-feng</td><td>980-1004</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>Li Chi-Ch'ien</td><td>982-1004</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>Li Te-ming</td><td>1004-1032</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>Ching Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Yüan-hao</font></td><td>1032-1048,<br>Emperor,<br>1038</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>I Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Liang-tzu</font></td><td>1048-1068</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>Hui Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Ping-Ch'iang</font></td><td>1068-1086</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>Ch'ung Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Ch'ien-shun</font></td><td>1086-1139</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>Jen Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Jen-Hsiao</font></td><td>1139-1194</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>Huan Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Ch'un-yu</font></td><td>1194-1206</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><th colspan=2>Mongol vassal, 1206-1227</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>Hsiang Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li An-Ch'üan</font></td><td>1206-1211</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>Shen Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Tsun-hsu</font></td><td>1211-1223</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>Hsien Tsung<br><font size=-1>Li Te-wang</font></td><td>1223-1226</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><td>Li Hsien, Mo Ti</td><td>1226-1227</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="cc00cc"><th colspan=2>conquered by Mongols,<br>1226-1227</th></tr>
</table>
While the division into North and South evokes the earlier one, a significant difference is that the country really had broken into <I>three</I> parts. North of the Five Dynasties were the Tartar Dynasties of Liao and Hsi-Hsia [Xixia]. These survived the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and even survived the Sung. The <a href="#westliao">Western Liao</a> (derived from the Liao) and Hsi-Hsia only met their end at the hand of the <a href="#yuan">Mongols</a>. The "Tartar" territory thus was long alienated from Chinese rule and would not return until the <a href="#ming">Ming</a>.
<P>The genealogy of the Liao, from the <I>Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten</I> (<I>Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History</I>), may be examined on a <a href="JavaScript:popup('history/liao.gif','liao','resizable,scrollbars,width=220,height=620')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of the Genealogy of the Liao Dynasty';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup image</a>. I had not found a genealogy of the Hsi-Hsia, which was not regarded as Chinese enough to rate a dynastic history. Now however, Jan van den Burg has sent me a genealogy from a <a href="http://web.genealogies.free.fr/">French website</a>, which can be examined in another <a href="JavaScript:popup('history/xixia.gif','xixia','resizable,scrollbars,width=345,height=614')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of the Genealogy of the Xi Xia Dynasty';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup image</a>. This information reports the surname of the Hsi-Hsia Dynasty as Chao (<I>Zhao</I>) rather than Li. <a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/index.html">Ulrich Theobald</a>, however, does have the surname Li.
<P>"Tartar" is a European rendering of Persian <I>Tātār</I>. The extra "r" seems to have crept in from Greek/Latin <I>Tartarus</I>, the deepest region of Hades, i.e. Hell. This reflects the judgment that the Tartars were like demons from Hell, which is more or less what the Chinese and ultimately other objects of Mongol conquest would have thought themselves. The "Tartar" dynasties here and the later ones <a href="#tartar2">below</a> were not in the same league as the Mongols, and were ultimately Mongol victims, but were regarded as no less alien by the Chinese. With the Mongols, all the groups appear to be speakers of Altaic languages, except the Hsi-Hsia, who, as noted above, were Tanguts, closely akin to the Tibetans. "Tatar" remains as the name of a <a href="upan.htm#steppe">Turkic</a> language spoken across Central Asia and in the area of the former Mongol <a href="mongol.htm#kazan">Khanate of Kazan</a> in Russia.<br clear=right>
<P><img src="history/script-k.gif" align=right><img src="history/script-x.gif" align=right>The Khitans and the Hsi-Hsia both wrote their languages using Chinese characters, as shown at left. This is revealing of the degree to which they part of the Chinese cultural sphere, in contrast to the Uighur alphabets later used by the Mongols and Manchurians.
<P>Information about the Ten Kingdoms is often minimal in print histories of China, and it is possible to read a fair amount of material and actually be unaware of them. As with the <a href="#sixteen">Sixteen Kingdoms</a>, I have needed to resort to sources like the <I>Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten</I> (<I>Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History</I>) and to various websites. <img src="images/maps/china-8a.gif" align=left>The <I>Daijiten</I> gives genealogies for all the Kingdoms but, being all in <I>kanji</I>, requires (for me) a slow effort of decipherment. The dates given by the <I>Daijiten</I> are, as in the section above, preferred. Some details were supplied from Wikipedia articles. But the most complete treatment of the Ten Kingdoms, as noted for other periods, appears to be at the <a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/index.html">Chinaknowledge</a> website of Ulrich Theobald. He includes all the forms of the names of the rulers, with characters and era names. The treatment looks definitive.
<P><a name="ouyang2">Some small maps of this period are given in the <I>Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors</I> by Ann Paludan, but only the Five Dynasties are actually identified on them. Paludan's maps, however, appear to be based on, or related to (her edition antedates it), those in the <I>Historical Records of the Five Dynasties</I>, by Ouyang Xiu [or Ou-yang Hsiu, translated by Richard L. Davis, Columbia University Press, 2004], which identifies all the states. This is actually one of the standard <a href="#ouyang">dynastic histories</a> of Chinese literature, the <I>Wudai Shiji</I> or <I>Xin Wudaishi</I> (<I>New Five Dynasty History</I>). Theobald also supplies some geographical information on the Kingdoms, given with the names of the dynasties. Here above/right is displayed a version of the first map, of the Posterior Liang Dynasty and contemporaries, in the <I>Historical Records</I>. Note that Ch'i, Chin, and Yen are not among the Ten Kingdoms. Maps for the rest of the period can be examined on popups for the <a href="JavaScript:popup('images/maps/china-8b.gif','posttang','resizable,scrollbars,width=245,height=295')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup map of the Posterior Tang';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Posterior T'ang</a>, the <a href="JavaScript:popup('images/maps/china-8c.gif','postchin','resizable,scrollbars,width=245,height=295')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup map of the Posterior Chin and Han';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Posterior Chin and Han</a>, and the <a href="JavaScript:popup('images/maps/china-8d.gif','postchou','resizable,scrollbars,width=245,height=295')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup map of the Posterior Chou';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Posterior Chou</a>.<br clear=right>
<P><a name="sung"><table border width=200 cellpadding=5 align=left bgcolor="#ffffaa"></a>
<tr><th colspan=2>(Northern) Sung, <img src="images/hiero/song.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 960-1127</th></tr>
<tr><td>T'ai Tsu<br><font size=-1>Chao K'uang-yin</font></td><td>960-976</td></tr>
<tr><td>T'ai Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chao Kuan-i</font></td><td>976-997</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chên Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chao Te-ch'ang</font></td><td>997-1022</td></tr>
<tr><td>Jên Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chao Chen</font></td><td>1022-1063</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Observation of Crab Nebula Supernova, 1054</th></tr>
<tr><td>Ying Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chao Shu</font></td><td>1063-1067</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shên Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chao Hsü</font></td><td>1067-1085</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chê Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chao Hsü</font></td><td>1085-1100</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hui Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chao Chi</font></td><td>1100-1126</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ch'in Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chao Huan</font></td><td>1126-1127</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>displaced by<br>the <a href="#chin">Chin/Kin</a>, 1127</th></tr>
</table>
<img src="images/maps/china-9.gif" align=right>
The Sung restored the unity of China, but it would never have the power or empire of the T'ang. "<a href="#tartar">Tartar</a>" states, the Hsi Hsia and Liao, hemmed it in from the north, foreshadowing the era of barbarian domination that would overwhelm the Huang He valley under the Jurchen and then all of China under the Mongols. Nevertheless, the Sung would be remembered along with the T'ang as the classic period of Chinese civilization, so that Chu Yüan-chang, founder of the <a href="#ming">Ming</a>, would promise the restoration of "the T'ang and the Sung."<br clear=right>
<P>Of great interest during the Sung was the observation of a supernova in the constellation Taurus. Unlike Western astronomers at the time, <img src="history/song.gif" align=right>the Chinese did not believe that the heavens were unchanging, and they were always on the lookout for what they called "guest stars," 客星, kèxīng, i.e. novas (<I>novae</I>, <I>nova stella</I> in Latin, "new star") and supernovas. It would not be understood until modern astronomy that these were exploding stars. The guest star of 1054 was an extraordinarily bright and enduring supernova. A supernova can shine for a while with light equivalent to the whole rest of the galaxy. The remnant of the explosion today is the Crab Nebula, with an active Pulsar, or Neutron Star, at its center.
<P>The Eras of the Sung Dynasty can be examined on a <a href="JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm#sung','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Chinese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup page</a>. The genealogy of the Sung is entirely from the <I>Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten</I> (<I>Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History</I>). <img src="images/sung.gif" align=left>Both the Sung proper (or Northern Sung) and the Southern Sung are included in the same diagram. It is especially noteworthy how the first Emperor of the Southern Sung was actually the <I>brother</I> of the last Emperor of the Northern Sung. But the succession then passed to a very distant (sixth) cousin (once removed). The succession subsequently made an even larger leap to another collateral line.
<P><a name="ouyang">During the Sung three dynastic histories were produced. In 974 the Historiographic Bureau published the <I>Old History of the Five Dynasties</I>, <B>(XVII) 舊五代史, Jiù Wǔdàishǐ</B>, edited by Hsüeh Chü-cheng, 薛居正, Xuē Jūzhèng.
<P>In 1053, Ou-yang Hsiu, 歐陽脩, Ōuyáng Xiū, published, as noted <a href="#ouyang2">above</a>, the <I>Historical Records of the Five Dynasties</I>, <B>(XVIII) 五代史記, Wǔdài Shǐjì</B>, or the <I>New History of the Five Dynasties</I>, <B>(XVIII) 新 五代史, Xīn Wǔdài Shǐ</B>. This was the last dynastic history by an individual historian.
<P>Finally, in 1060 we get the <I>New History of the T'ang</I>, <B>(XIX) 新唐書, Xīn Tángshū</B>, by Ou-yang Hsiu and Sung Ch'i, 宋祁, Sòng Qí.<br clear=right>
<P><a name="sung-s"><table border width=200 bgcolor="#ffffaa" cellpadding=5 align=left></a>
<tr><th colspan=2>Southern Sung, <img src="images/hiero/south.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/song.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty, 1127-1279</th></tr>
<tr><td>Kao Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chao Kou</font></td><td>1127-1162,<br>d.1187</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Navy of 11 squadrons, 3,000 men, 1130 AD; invading Kin/Chin defeated by land and sea, first gunpowder bombs launched by catapult, 1161</th></tr>
<tr><td>Hsiao Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chao Po-tsung</font></td><td>1162-1189,<br>d.1194</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Navy of 15 squadrons, 21,000 men, 1174 AD</th></tr>
<tr><td>Kuang Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chao Tun</font></td><td>1189-1194,<br>d.1200</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ning Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chao K'uo</font></td><td>1194-1224</td></tr>
<tr><td>Li Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chao Yü-chü</font></td><td>1224-1264</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Navy of 20 squadrons, 600 ship, 52,000 men, 1237 AD</th></tr>
<tr><td>Tu Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chao Meng-ch'i</font></td><td>1264-1274</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kung Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chao Hsien</font></td><td>1274-1276,<br>d.1323</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Mongols control Yangtze valley, 1175; take capital, Emperor captured, 1276</th></tr>
<tr><td>Tuan Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chao Shi</font></td><td>1276-1278</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ping Ti<br><font size=-1>Chao Ping</font></td><td>1278-1279</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>conquered by Mongols,<br>
1267-1279</th></tr>
</table>
The Southern Sung is inevitably remembered mainly as the victim of Mongol conquest. It is noteworthy, however, that the Sung gave the Mongols the hardest time of any of their ultimate conquests. The final campaign by Qubilai Khān took twelve long years, when most people were lucky if they could resist the Mongols for twelve weeks. One explanation of this is that the Mongols were definitely out of their preferred element.
<a name="tartar2"><table border bgcolor="#dddddd" cellpadding=5 width=250 align=right>
<tr><th colspan=2>Tartar Dynasties</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a name="northliao">Northern Liao, <img src="images/hiero/north.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/liao.gif" align=middle>, (Khitan, <img src="images/hiero/qi2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/dan.gif" align=middle>) Dynasty, 1122-1123</th></tr>
<tr><td>Hsüan Tsung<br><font size=-1>Yeh-lü Ch'un</font></td><td>1122-1123</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsiao-te<img src="images/female.gif" align=middle></td><td>1122</td></tr>
<tr><td>Liang Wang<br><font size=-1>Yeh-lü Wali</font></td><td>1123</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a name="westliao">Western Liao, <img src="images/hiero/west.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/liao.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty (Qara-Khitaï, "Black Cathay"), 1125-(1141)-1218</th></tr>
<tr><td>Te Tsung<br><font size=-1>John Yeh-lü [Yeliuy] Dashi</font></td><td>1124-1144</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>defeat of <a href="islam.htm#manz">Seljuks</a>, <a href="islam.htm#khwarazm">Khwārazm</a>,<br>and <a href="islam.htm#qara">Qarakhānids</a>, occupation<br>of Transoxania, 1141</th></tr>
<tr><td>Kan-T'ien-Hou <img src="images/female.gif" align=middle><br><font size=-1>Tabuyan, T'a-Pu-Yen </font></td><td>1144-1151</td></tr>
<tr><td>Jen Tsung<br><font size=-1>Elias Yeh-lü I-lieh</td><td>1151-1163</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ch'eng-T'ien-Hou <img src="images/female.gif" align=middle><br><font size=-1>Yeh-lü Pusuwan</font></td><td>1163-1178</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mo Ti<br><font size=-1>George Yeh-lü Chi-lu-ku</td><td>1177-1211,<br>1213</td></tr>
<tr><td>David Küchülüg</td><td>1211-1218,<br>d.1229</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>conquered by Mongols,<br>1217-1218</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a name="chin">Kin/Chin, <img src="images/hiero/jin.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty (Jurchen/Nü-chên, <img src="images/hiero/woman.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/zhen.gif" align=middle>), 1115-1234</th></tr>
<tr><td>T'ai Tsu<br><font size=-1>Wan-yen A-ku-ta</font></td><td>1115-1123</td></tr>
<tr><td>T'ai Tsung<br><font size=-1>Wan-yen Sheng</font></td><td>1123-1135</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsi Tsung<br><font size=-1>Wan-yen Tan</font></td><td>1135-1150</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hai-ling Wang<br><font size=-1>Wan-yen Liang</font></td><td>1150-1161</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shih Tsung<br><font size=-1>Wan-yen Yung</font></td><td>1161-1189</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chang Tsung<br><font size=-1>Wan-yen Ching</font></td><td>1189-1208</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wei-shao Wang<br><font size=-1>Wan-yen Yung-chi</font></td><td>1208-1213</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsüan Tsung<br><font size=-1>Wan-yen Hsün</font></td><td>1213-1224</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ai Tsung<br><font size=-1>Wan-yen Shou-hsü</font></td><td>1224-1234</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mo Ti<br><font size=-1>Wan-yen Ch'eng-lin</font></td><td>1234</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>conquered by Mongols,<br>1230-1234</th></tr>
</table>
The saying in China is that "in the north, you go by horse; in the south, you go by boat," <img src="images/hiero/south.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/boat.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/north.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/horse.gif" align=middle> [south [by] boat; north [by] horse]. The Mongols undoubtedly were more comfortable with horses than with boats. The southern terrain posed a challenge that the Mongols could not meet with their accustomed cavalry tactics. The Sung state was also more formidably organized than many opponents of the <a name="text-1">Mongols. The Sung had resources unavailable to the Russians or the Khawarizm Shāhs. But the wages of resistance to the Mongols was, of course, death. On one account, Qubilai Khān, in the course of his conquest and rule over China, killed "more than 18,470,000 Chinese" (R.J. Rummel, <I>Death by Government</I>, Transaction Publishers, 1995, p. 51). This would put him in the same league, at least, as Adolph Hitler.
<P>The Mongols did need to build a fleet to defeat the Sung, even as the Sung had learned early on that their position in the South meant that they would be more involved with maritime matters. This lead to the cultivation of their navy, which stood them in good stead against their enemies, even as they developed new weapons, using gunpowder to create bombs (with shrapnel) that could be thrown by catapults. It also led to the easing of <a href="six.htm#text-1">Confucian</a> attitudes against trade. The founding Emperor, Kao Tsung, is supposed to have said, "Profits from maritime commerce are very great. If properly managed, they can amount to millions [of strings of cash]. Is this not better than taxing the people?" [Louise Levathes, <I>When China Ruled the Seas</I>, Oxford, 1994, p.41]. Indeed. When the Ming later moved their capital to the North, the Northern and Confucian disparagement of trade reemerged.
<P>The Eras of the Southern Sung Dynasty can be examined on a <a href="JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm#sung-s','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Chinese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup page</a>.
<hr>
<P>Readily available histories of China never seem to give any of the actual "Tartar" dynasty rulers, despite their importance in this era. The rulers of the Liao and the Kin/Chin Dynasties are from the <I>Oxford Dynasties of the World</I>, by John E. Morby [Oxford University Press, 1989, 2002, p.219]. Here the <a href="#tangut">Hsi-Hsia</a> rulers were originally taken from <a href="http://www.uglychinese.org/xixia.htm">Ah Xiang's</a> Xi Xia page and Bruce R. Gordon's Regnal Chronologies. I also discovered a list of the Qara-Khitaï (Western Liao) rulers at Gordon. The names are fascinating for their combination of Christian, Chinese, and Turkic elements. The Christian elements are due to the effect of<img src="history/script-u.gif" align=right> the <a href="hist-1.htm#christ">Nestorian</a> missionaries who converted many in Central Asia in this period. Because of this, the <a href="trees.htm#semitic">Syriac</a> alphabet ended up being adopted for many Central Asian languages, including Uighur, Mongolian, and Manchu, although written vertically, like Chinese, rather than right to left. The first name given by Gordon antedates the beginning of the Qara-Khitaï state, which is interesting since the Western Liao was simply the relocation of the Liao. Since the Liao was breaking up under Jurchen attack, my suspicion is that John Yeliuy [or Yeh-lü] Dashi begins as a bit of a rebel, or refugee. Morby's comment on this would have been nice, but the <I>Oxford Dynasties</I> is innocent of narrative. The closest we get is a note that "Chinese dates for Western Liao (here omitted) are unreliable" [p.221]. OK. Now I have added some information to this from the very detailed "Kara-Khitan Khanate" page at <a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/kara-khitan-khanate">Answers.com</a>, which evidently mirrors a similar page at Wikipedia. The most complete treatment of the Western Liao, however, appears to be at the <a href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/index.html">Chinaknowledge</a> website of Ulrich Theobald. He includes all the forms of the names of the rulers, <img src="history/script-j.gif" align=left>Christian names included, with characters and era names. This is pretty definitive. Theobald also includes the ephemeral "Northern Liao," which I have not seen otherwise noted. John Yeliuy Dashi was apparently not the only Khitan leader looking to refound the state. In Chinese terms, however, the Northern and Western Liao were never Chinese enough to be considered part of Chinese history; and there never was a formal dynastic history of them (or of the Hsi-Hsia) as there was of the Liao and the Kin/Jin. What I would wonder is if the Western Liao continued using the Chinese script of the Khitans, or if they adopted the alphabetic writing of the Uighurs, who would have been the predominating ethnic group in their domain, largely the modern Sinkiang. Meanwhile, the Jurchen were writing with Chinese characters, like their Khitan predecessors. The genealogy of the Kin/Chin, from the <I>Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten</I> (<I>Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History</I>), may be examined on a <a href="JavaScript:popup('history/chin.gif','chin','resizable,scrollbars,width=310,height=460')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of the Genealogy of the Chou Dynasty';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup image</a>. I had not found the genealogy of the Northern or Western Liao; but now Jan van den Burg has found a couple of sources for the Western Liao, although they do not agree in all particulars, including the dates. What seems to be the most likely version can be examined in a <a href="JavaScript:popup('history/liaowest.gif','westliao','resizable,scrollbars,width=295,height=336')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of the Genealogy of the Western Liao Dynasty';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup image</a>. My guess is that the three persons in the Northern Liao represent father, mother, and son, with the latter, the "Prince of Liang," perhaps never properly ruling. It seems to be uncertain when Hsüan Tsung died (1122 or 1123).<br clear=right>
<P><center><img src="images/maps/china-10.gif"></center>
<P><a name="yuan"><table border cellpadding=5 width=250 align=left bgcolor="#cccccc"></a>
<tr><th colspan=2>Yüan, <img src="images/hiero/yuan.gif" align=middle> (Mongol, <img src="images/hiero/meng.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/old.gif" align=middle>),<br>Dynasty, 1280-1368</th></tr>
<tr><td>Temüjin<br>Chingiz Khān<br><font color=yellow><B>T'ai Tsu</B></font></td><td>1206-1227</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a href="#westliao">Western Liao</a> conquered,<br>1217-1218;<br>The <a href="#tangut">Hsi-Hsia</a> State conquered,<br>1226-1227</th></tr>
<tr><td>Ögedei Khān<br><font color=yellow><B>T'ai Tsung</B></font></td><td>1229-1241</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a href="#chin">Kin/Chin Dynasty</a> conquered,<br>1230-1234</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"><td>Töregene Khātūn, regent <img src="images/female.gif" align=middle></td><td>1241-1246</td></tr>
<tr><td>Güyük Khān<br><font color=yellow><B>Ting Tsung</B></font></td><td>1246-1248</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"><td>Oghul Ghaymish,<br>regent <img src="images/female.gif" align=middle></td><td>1248-1251</td></tr>
<tr><td>Möngke Khān<br><font color=yellow><B>Hsien Tsung</B></font></td><td>1251-1259</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Yünnan conquered, 1253/54;<br>
Annam invaded, 1257-1258;<br>
Southern Sung invaded,<br>
1257-1259</th></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Qubilai Khān<br><font color=yellow><B>Shih Tsu</B></font></td><td>1260-1294</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>1280</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Southern Sung conquered,<br>
1267-1279;<br>
<a href="#kamakura">Japan</a> invaded, 1274, 1281</th></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Temür Öljeytü Khān<br><font color=yellow><B>Ch'êng Tsung</B></font></td><td>1294-1307</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>1295</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Qayshan Gülük<br>Hai-Shan<br><font color=yellow><B>Wu Tsung</B></font></td><td>1307-1311</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>1308</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Ayurparibhadra<br>Ayurbarwada<br><font color=yellow><B>Jên Tsung</B></font></td><td>1311-1320</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>1312</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Beginning of Little Ice Age, heavy rain for five years in Europe, famine, 1315-1320</th></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Suddhipala Gege'en<br>Shidebala<br><font color=yellow><B>Ying Tsung</B></font></td><td>1320-1323</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>1321</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Yesün-Temür<br><font color=yellow><B>Tai-ting Ti</B></font></td><td>1323-1328</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>1324</td></tr>
<tr><td>Arigaba<br>Aragibag<br><font color=yellow><B>T'ien-shun Ti</B></font></td><td>1328</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Jijaghatu Toq-Temür<br><font color=yellow><B>Wen Tsung</B></font></td><td>1328-1329<br>1329-1332</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>1330</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Qoshila Qutuqtu<br><font color=yellow><B>Ming Tsung</B></font></td><td>1329</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>1329</td></tr>
<tr><td>Rinchenpal, Irinjibal<br>Irinchibal<br><font color=yellow><B>Ning Tsung</B></font></td><td>1332-1333,<br>53 days</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Toghan-Temür<br><font color=yellow><B>Hui Tsung, Shun Ti</B></font></td><td>1333-1370</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>1333</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Mongols expelled from<br>China, 1368</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Northern Yüan, <img src="images/hiero/north.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/yuan.gif" align=middle>, Dynasty</th></tr>
<tr><td>Ayushiridara<br>Biliktü Qaghan<br><font color=yellow><B>Chao Tsung</B></font></td><td>1370-1379</td></tr>
<tr><td>Togus-Temür<br>Usaqal Qaghan</td><td>1379-1389</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>line continues in <a href="mongol.htm#northyuan">Mongolia</a> until<br><a href="#ch'ing">Manchurian</a> Conquest, 1696</th></tr>
</table>
<img src="images/yuan-0.gif" align=right>Although it is understandable that the Mongols chose an auspicious name, Yüan [Yuán], "Beginning," rather than a traditional Chinese regional name for their Dynasty, this creates a precedent that lasts for the rest of Chinese Imperial history -- though certainly the <a href="#ch'ing">Ch'ing</a> [Qing] as foreigners also were in a similar situation. <img src="images/yuan-1.gif" align=left>This character was formerly seen for the monetary unit of the <a href="#communist">People's Republic of China</a>, replacing the traditional character for "dollar," which meant "round" and was applied to the Spanish silver dollars that were brought to Manila every year from <a href="newspain.htm">Mexico</a> and distributed across East Asia. Now, however, an actual simplified version of the original character has come to be used, as shown. A silver coinage had never existed in China, and the Spanish dollars established a monetary standard all over the Orient. Thus, the <a href="#modern">Japanese</a> ¥en was also originally a silver dollar, long debased. In Japan now a special simplified character is used for the yen, and, as it happens, the "y" in the old Romanization never was pronounced.
<P>While Mongol occupation and rule is an important chapter in the history of China, the Mongol domain, which extended all the way to Hungary and Egypt, is a much larger topic, covered separately under the "<B><a href="mongol.htm">The Mongol Khāns</a></B>."
<P><table><tr><td>
<ul>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#top">Index</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#map-1">The Conquests of Chingiz Khān, 1227</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#great">The Great Khāns and the Yüan Dynasty of China</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#map-2">The Grandsons of Chingiz Khān, 1280</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#chaghaty">The Chaghatayid Khāns</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#ilkhan">The Il Khāns </a>
<ul>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#jalay">The Jalāyirids, 1340-1432</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#qaraqoy">The Qara Qoyunlu, 1351-1469</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#timurid">The Timurids, 1370-1500</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#aqqoy">The Aq Qoyunlu, 1396-1508</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#golden">The Khāns of the Golden Horde</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#golden">The Khāns of the Blue Horde</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#white">The Khāns of the White Horde</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#gold">The Khāns of the Golden Horde</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#kazan">The Khāns of Kazan</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#astrakhan">The Khāns of Astrakhan</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#crimea">The Khāns of the Crimea</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#uzbek">Shibānid Özbegs, 1438-1599</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#kazakh">Kazakhs, 1394-1748</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#toqay">Toqay Temürids, 1599-1758</a>
<li><a href="mongol.htm#mangit">Mangıts of Bukhara, 1747-1920</a>
</ul></td></tr></table>
<P>There may be some question about just how bad Mongol rule was in China. Apart from R.J. Rummel's figures, like that <a href="#text-1">above</a>, we have accounts like this:
<P><table><tr><td><blockquote>For a time it appeared as if the conquest would destroy Chinese culture and even the nation itself... Cities were annihilated, and tens of thousands of homeless refugees fled to the mountains, where they starved or survived as vast hordes of wandering mendicants. Great areas of land went out of cultivation... [C.P. Fitzgerald, <I>The Horizon History of China</I>, American Heritage Publishing, 1969, p.244]
<P>The great scholar families... Many of them had probably been almost wiped out in the conquest... Famous double surnames of great antiquity, such as Ssu-ma and Ssu-tu, Shang-kuan and Ou-yang, were borne by many great men of the Sung dynasty. But after the Mongol period no more is heard of these ancient families except for some branches surviving in the far south, in Kuangtung, which in T'ang times had been a place of exile for disgraced officials, and in Sung times the last stronghold of Southern Sung power. [<I>ibid.</I>, p.249]</blockquote></td></tr></table>
<P>On the other hand, other accounts, e.g. L. Carrington Goodrich, <I>A Short History of the Chinese People</I> [Harper Torchbooks, 1943, 1963] or
Ann Paludan, <I>Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors</I> [Thames & Hudson, London, 1998], <img src="history/script-g.gif" align=right>don't describe anything in the way of population loss. Each account, however, gives some hint of the Mongol ferocity familiar from their other campaigns.
<P>Paludan mentions the loss of over 100,000 Chinese in the very last, three week long battle of the Mongol conquest of the Southern Sung, off Kwantung in 1279 [p.147], and the proposal by Bayan, chancellor of Toghan-Temür, to exterminate "all Chinese with the five most popular names, some 90 per cent of the population!" [p.157].
<P>There was always a faction among the Mongols that wanted a steppe culture imposed on China, with the extermination of agriculture, and population, that that would entail. Paludan mentions that the amount of land under cultivation <I>tripled</I> just between 1371 and 1379, in the early years of the Ming, and that "in 1395 alone, 41,000 resevoirs were rebuilt or restored" [pp.161-162]. This would imply some neglect or abandonment under the Yüan. Goodrich mentions how Qubilai Khān, emulating Shih-huang-ti, tried to suppress Taoism, ordering (1258 & 1281) that all of its books (with some exceptions) be burned [<I>op.cit.</I>, pp.183-184].
<P>I had some problems with reconciling the Mongolian dates and names [<I>The Mongols</I>, David Morgan, Basil Blackwell, 1986, and <I>The New Islamic Dynasties</I>, Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Edinburgh University Press, 1996, which do not give Chinese names] with the Chinese list of Yüan emperors [<I>Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary</I>, Harvard University Press, 1972, p. 1175, which does not give the Mongolian names]. This is now cleared up by Ann Paludan's <I>Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors</I>.
<P>Two Emperors did not reign long enough to be acknowledged by Chinese historians. Also, Chinese sources list Ming Tsung <I>before</I> Wen Tsung (or Wen Ti, in Mathews') because only the second reign of the latter is counted. The list is confirmed by the <I>Oxford Dynasties of the World</I>, by John E. Morby [Oxford University Press, 1989, 2002, p.220], which also gives Chinese names for the Khāns before Qubilai. The Eras of the Yüan Dynasty can be examined on a <a href="JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm#yuan','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Chinese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup page</a>.
<P>During the Yüan three dynastic histories were produced, the 元末三史, Yuánmòsānshǐ. In 1344 the Historiographic Bureau published the <I>History of the [Tartar] Liao</I>, <B>(XX) 遼史, Liáoshǐ</B>, and the <I>History of the [Tartar] Chin</I>, <B>(XXI) 金史, Jīnshǐ</B>. In 1345 the <I>History of the [Northern & Southern] Sung</I>, <B>(XXII) 宋史, Sòngshǐ</B>. All the histories were edited by T'o-t'o, 脫脫, Tuōtuō (1314-1356) -- from a Mongolian name, Toqtogha or Toqtoa, <img src="images/greek/yuan.gif" align=middle> -- a Mongol with a Confucian education. T'o-t'o was also a gifted general, who was successfully suppressing rebellions against the Yüan. However, he was removed in a palace intrigue, exiled, poisoned, and replaced with less able commanders, who ultimately could not save the regime.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="ming"><img src="images/maps/china-11.gif" align=left>
The Míng was the first Chinese dynasty not to be named after a local ancient kingdom (Ch'in, Han, T'ang, etc.). This was because the Founder, <B>Chu Yüan-chang, 朱元璋, Zhū Yuánzhāng</B>, was of humble origin, not nobility that would have identified with such a locality. Like the Mongol Yüan ("Beginning"), the name is instead chosen to be auspicious,<img src="images/ming.gif" align=right> "Bright."
<P>The Founder of the Han had originally been of low station also, a peasant, but he had already styled himself "King of Han" (<I>Han Wang</I>) before definitively claiming the Ch'in Emperorship.
<P>Perhaps because of his origins, the Ming Founder was suspicious of the Scholars and sought to balance their influence in the Court with a competing Military institution of comparable depth and prestige. This wise provision, a kind of system of checks and balances, ultimately failed, as Emperors fell under the influence of the Scholars, and then even of the Palace Eunuchs, and neglected the Military. When the Manchus then seized power, some Chinese generals actually went over to them, expecting better status and attention. It was the same Chinese general, Wu San-kuei, 吳三桂, Wú Sānguì (1612-1678), who allowed Manchu forces through the Great Wall in 1644 and then personally executed the last of the <a href="#south">Southern Ming</a> Emperors in 1662. This was the ultimate payoff of the ancient Confucian denigration of the military.
<P>L. Carrington Goodrich begins his chapter on the Ming Dynasty by saying, "The Ming has had a bad press" [<I>A Short History of the Chinese People</I>, Harper Torchbooks, Harper & Row, 1943, 1959, 1963, p.189]. This problem seems to have begun with historians taking later Ch'ing propaganda too seriously. A very different perspective on the Ming is now available from Timothy Brook, in <I>The Troubled Empire, China in the Yüan and Ming Dynasties</I> [Belknap Press, Harvard, 2010].
<P>While many explanations of the Fall of the Ming involve minute descriptions of the brutality and corruption of the Ming regime, explained in part as the heritage of the Mongols, Brook avoids indulgence in this sort of thing -- which suspiciously sounds like the moralistic non-explanations for the <a href="decdenc1.htm">Fall of Rome</a>, something that obviously goes back to the Roman historian <a href="rome.htm#cincinnatus">Livy</a>. Indeed, it would not be foreign to the traditional moralizing of Chinese <a href="confuci.htm#six">historiography</a> itself. But Brook takes very seriously Chinese reports that match the <a href="crichton.htm">climate research</a> of our own day.
<P>Both the Yüan and the Ming suffered from the effects of the <B>Little Ice Age</B>. This period of anomalous cooling has been identified as stretching from 1550 to 1850, with a particularly cold period beginning about 1650, near the end of the Ming. However, the cooling after the Mediaeval Warm Period began a bit earlier. In Europe there was heavy rain for five years, with crop failure and famine, from 1315 to 1320. We know that the last vinyard in Mediaeval <a href="perifran.htm#roses">England</a>, for a time known for its wines and threatening to French vintners, closed in 1469 -- right before the Ming began rebuilding the Great Wall in 1474.
<P>Brook cites a cold period in China from 1261 to 1393, with drought from 1262 to 1306 and 1352 to 1374 [p.269]. This may have helped finish off the Yüan, which fell in 1368. What certainly helped finish off the Ming was severe cold from 1629 to 1643 with severe drought from 1637 to 1643. This not only meant starvation, with a death rate, according to Chinese sources (it may be exaggerated), of 70% to 90% in places, but also epidemics, which may have been the Bugonic Plague (to effect London in 1665) or smallpox, or both. Brook says, "When 1644 arrived, 80 percent of counties [i.e. what he calls the districts, <img src="ross/prov-dst.gif" align=middle>, of a <a href="ross/dee.htm">magistrate</a>] had stopped fowarding any taxes at all. The central treasury was empty" [p.252].
<P>We are not surprised then to learn that there was no defense of Peking when the rebel Li Tzu-ch'eng, 李自成, Lǐ Zìchéng, arrives in 1644. Although the <B>Maunder Minimum</B>, 1645-1715, a period of few sunspots and lower solar energy, follows the fall of the Ming, the number of sunspots had been declining since around 1600 and the cold and the drought of the 1629-1643 period may reflect this development.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="ming2"><table border cellpadding=5 align=left width=250 bgcolor="#ffffaa">
<tr><th colspan=2>Ming, <img src="images/hiero/ming.gif" align=middle>,<br>"Bright" Dynasty,<br>1368-1644</th><th>Era</th></tr>
<tr><td>T'ai Tsu<br>
<font size=-1>Chu Yüan-chang</font></td><td>1368-1398</td><td>1368 Hung-wu</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Writes letter to Emperor <a href="romania.htm#john5">John V Palaeologus</a> (1341-1376, 1379-1391) of <img src="images/hiero/fulin1.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/fulin2.gif" align=middle> announcing new Dynasty, last contact with Constantinople; Conquest of Mongol controlled Yunnan, including slaughter of 60,000 Miao and Yao tribesmen, 1381-1382</th></tr>
<tr><td>Hui Ti<br><font size=-1>Chu Yün-wen</font></td><td>1398-1402</td><td>1399 Chien-wên</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ch'eng Tsu<br><font size=-1>Chu Ti</font></td><td>1402-1424</td><td>1403 Yung-Lo</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>moves capital from Nanking<br>(Nan-ching/Nanjing) to Peking<br>(Pei-ching/Beijing); <a href="perigoku.htm#tibet">Tibet</a> refuses tribute, 1413</th></tr>
<tr><td>Jen Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chu Kao-chih</font></td><td>1424-1425</td><td>1425 Hung-hsi</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsüan Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chu Chan-chi</font></td><td>1425-1435</td><td>1426 Hsüan-tê</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=3>Ying Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chu Ch'i-chen</font></td><td>1435-1449</td><td>1436 Chêng-T'ung</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>captured by<br><a href="mongol.htm##northyuan">Mongols</a> at<br>T'u-mu, 1449</th></tr>
<tr><td>1457-1464</td><td>1457 T'ien-shun</td></tr>
<tr><td>T'ai Tsung, or<br>Ching Ti<br><font size=-1>Chu Ch'i-yü</font></td><td>1449-1457</td><td>1450 Ching-t'ai</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsien Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chu Chien-shen</font></td><td>1464-1487</td><td>1465 Ch'eng-hua</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Reconstruction of Great Wall started, 1474</th></tr>
<tr><td>Hsiao Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chu Yü-t'ang</font></td><td>1487-1505</td><td>1488 Hung-chih</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wu Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chu Hou-chao</font></td><td>1505-1521</td><td>1506 Chêng-tê</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Portuguese arrive, 1514,<br>Tomé Pires at Canton, 1517</th></tr>
<tr><td>Shih Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chu Hou-ts'ung</font></td><td>1521-1567</td><td>1522 Chia-tsing</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Portuguese expelled, 1522; some Portuguese & their firearms captured, 1523; foreign trade shut down, 1525; Portuguese at <a href="newspain.htm#macao">Macao</a>, 1553-1554, Amoy, 1544; Japanese pirates, <img src="images/wa-5.gif" align=middle>, besiege Nanking, 1555; Army ejects pirates from Fukien (Fujian), 1560-1563</th></tr>
<tr><td>Mu Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chu Tsai-hou</font></td><td>1567-1572</td><td>1567 Lung-ch'ing</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>foreign trade reopened, 1567</th></tr>
<tr><td><a name="wanli">Shên Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chu I-chün</font></td><td>1572-1620</td><td>1573 Wan-Li</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Alessandro Valignano founds<br>Jesuit Mission, 1577; <a href="chinacal.htm#jesuits">Matteo Ricci</a> reaches Peking, 1598, received at Court, 1601 (dies in 1610); war in <a href="perigoku.htm#burma">Burma</a>, 1599-1600; Japanese invasion, war in <a href="perigoku.htm#korea">Korea</a>, 1593-1598; Jesuits charged with correction of <a href="chinacal.htm">calendar</a>, 1611; Emperor becomes recluse, refuses to attend Court, 1600-1620</th></tr>
<tr><td>Kuang Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chu Ch'ang-le</font></td><td>1620</td><td>1620 T'ai-ch'ang</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsi Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chu Yü-chiao</font></td><td>1620-1627</td><td>1621 T'ien-ch'i</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3><a href="#nurhachi">Nurhachi</a> invades Liao-tung, 1618; Chinese defeated at Sar-hu, 1619, driven behind Great Wall, 1622; Mao Wen-lung invades Manchuria, 1624, defeats Manchus, 1626</th></tr>
<tr><td>Szu Tsung<br><font size=-1>Chu Yü-chien</font></td><td>1627-1644</td><td>1628 Ch'ung-chên</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Mao Wen-lung executed, Jesuits charged with correction of calendar, 1629; foreign trade closed, 1638; Rebellion of Li Tzu-ch'eng, 1640, occupies Peking, Emperor commits suicide, 1644; Wu San-kuei allows in Manchurians, Manchu occupation, 1644</th></tr>
</table>
While climate is a previously overlooked factor in Chinese history, other characteristics of Chinese government would ultimately effect the Ch'ing as well as the Ming. One indication of Chu Yüan-chang's attitude about the Scholars concerns the conduct of the great <a href="confuci.htm#note-8">Civil Service Examinations</a>, which had been suspended under the Mongols. In 1370, the Emperor reinstituted the examinations. In 1371, 75% of the degrees from the national examination had gone to candidates from the South of China.
<P>This displeased the Emperor, who believed, with many traditionalists, that Northerners were morally more worthy -- from the area where Chinese civilization had begun -- and possibly, given the Emperor's suspicions, more trustworthy. The examinations were thus suspended until 1385, but then the geographical division of those who passed did not change. At a special Palace examination in 1397, all of the 52 candidates who passed were Southerners. Borrowing from the Josef Stalin school of bureaucracy, the Emperor had two of the examiners executed, <I>pour encourager les autres</I>. In a subsequent retesting, all the successful candidates were Northerners.
<P>By 1425 it was decided that places in the national examinations would be reserved by region, with 35% for the North, 55% for the South, and 10% for some places in the middle [cf. Brook, <I>op.cit.</I>, pp.36-37].
<P>This extraordinary provision was imposed on a nation that to us may seem to be uniform in race, language, and religion. But clearly there were cultural differences, and not merely of an economic character. The moral aspect of these now apparently figured in the Emperor's judgment, who imposed a system of discriminatory preferential policies or "affirmative action" for Northerners. The more general meaning of such policies, which are now all the rage among the American <a href="ruling.htm">ruling class</a>, which promotes ethnic and racial quotas, and rejects merit and programs for gifted students (smearing them as "white supremacy," even though it is "Asian" students who then suffer the most discrimination), I have considered <a href="discrim.htm">elsewhere</a>.
<P><a name="text-0"><img src="images/hungwu.jpg" align=right>At right is a portrait of Chu Yüan-chang, the Hung-wu Emperor. It is important to keep this image in mind, because one often sees an ugly Ch'ing caricature of the Emperor, even presented as a genuine and unproblematic portrait in otherwise respected history books (e.g. <I>China, A New History</I> by John King Fairbank & Merle Goldman, Harvard, 1992, 2006, plate 12). Historians have no business insensibly promoting Manchu propaganda against the Chinese dynasty they overthrew [<a href="#note-1">note</a>].
<P>For the first time in Chinese history, the Míng Emperors employed only one Era name for their reigns. It thus becomes convenient to refer to the Emperors by the Era, e.g. the "Yung-Lo Emperor." This practice continued in the <a href="#ch'ing">following</a> Dynasty, but was not adopted in Japan until the <a href="#modern">Meiji Restoration</a>. The necessity or convenience of this device may not be obvious, but it should be noted that the personal names (e.g. Chu Yüan-chang) of the Emperors were properly no longer used once they came to the Throne, and that the names they are otherwise known by (e.g. T'ai Tsu) are posthumous. If a reigning Emperor is not simply to be called the "Current Emperor" (which is proper), he can at least be unambiguously identified by the Era.
<P>The first capital of the Ming at is at <B>Nanking</B> on the Yangtze. The name means "Southern Capital," <img src="images/hiero/south.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/capital.gif" align=middle>. I don't think this was a name initially used, since its meaning mainly serves to contrast it with the capital subsequently founded by the Yung-Lo Emperor much further north, which then became the "Northern Capital," <img src="images/hiero/north.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/capital.gif" align=middle>, <B>Peking</B> (note that this spelling is not a mistake but simply reflects, in both syllables, an older pronunciation of <a href="yinyang.htm#dialects5">Mandarin</a>).
<P>This was the site of one of the Mongol capitals of China, Khanbaliq in Mongolian or <B>Ta-tu</B>, <img src="images/hiero/great.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/metropol.gif" align=middle>, in Chinese, "Great Capital," occupied by <a href="#yuan">Qubilai Khān</a> in 1264. In 1272 it was renamed from what it had been as the capital of the <a href="#chin">Kin/Chin Dynasty</a>, <img src="images/greek/middle.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/metropol.gif" align=middle>, "Middle Capital." I had previously confused this with Shang-tu, <img src="images/greek/high.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/metropol.gif" align=middle>, in Inner Mongolia about 171 miles north of Peking. The latter was kept as a Mongol summer capital and is remembered by Coleridge as "Xanadu." Dà-dū had at first been renamed <B>Peip'ing</B>, <img src="images/hiero/north.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/peace.gif" align=middle>, "Northern Peace," by the Ming, before the capital was moved there -- a name that would be restored by the <a href="#2ndrepublic">Nationalists</a> in 1928.
<P>The location of Peking was clearly part of a forward strategic plan for the defense of the border. Unfortunately, in the absence of a genuine forward defense, i.e. attacks into Mongolia, it created a very shallow defensive backup and exposed the capital to sudden raids, for which the Ming were to pay dear. Nevertheless, the Peking (or Beijing) of today retains the landmarks of the Ming city, especially the Imperial Palace of the Forbidden City. The formal entrance to the Palace, the southern gate, the "Gate of Heavenly Peace," <img src="images/hiero/heaven.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/peace2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/gate.gif" align=middle>, gives its name to <B>Tiananmen Square</B>, immortalized by the tragic events of 1989.
<P><a name="admiralhe"><hr>
<P>Two early Míng Emperors, starting with the Yung-Lo Emperor, sent Admiral <img src="images/hiero/zheng.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/he.gif" align=middle>, Zhèng Hé (or Chêng Ho in Wade-Giles, <font size=5>鄭和</font>), a Moslem eunuch -- he was enslaved and castrated as a prisoner of war in the conquest of Yunnan in 1382 -- on seven great naval expeditions into the Indian Ocean between 1405 and 1433.
<table align=right border cellpadding=5 bgcolor="#ffffaa">
<tr><th colspan=3>Yung-Lo Era,<br>1402-1424</th></tr>
<tr><th>1</th><td>1405-1407</td><td>317 ships</td></tr>
<tr><th>2</th><td>1407-1409</td><td>249 ships</td></tr>
<tr><th>3</th><td>1409-1411</td><td>48 ships</td></tr>
<tr><th>4</th><td>1413-1415</td><td>63 ships</td></tr>
<tr><th>5</th><td>1417-1419</td><td>?</td></tr>
<tr><th>6</th><td>1421-1422</td><td>41 ships</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Hsüan-Tê Era,<br>1425-1435</th></tr>
<tr><th>7</th><td>1431-1433</td><td>100 ships</td></tr>
</table>
<P>Chinese sources report that the largest ships, the <I>baochuan</I> or "treasure ships," were 440 feet long. However, most of the records of the expeditions were destroyed (in 1477), and the reported dimensions are unrealistic (e.g. a beam of 180 feet, which sounds more like a bathtub than a sailing ship).
<P><a name="text-2">Bruce Swanson says that a modern surviving Chinese junk of five masts, the <I>Jiangsu trader</I>, was 170 feet long. He does not think the Ming ships were any larger; but since <I>baochuan</I> were reported to have up to nine masts, if this is accurate and the number of masts was proportional to the length, we might extrapolate ships of 306 feet in length [<I>Eighth Voyage of the Dragon</I>, Naval Institute Press, 1982, p. 33] [<a href="#note-2">note</a>].
<P>These dimensions are comparable to the length of some 19th century clipper ships: The <I>Great Republic</I> of 1853, the largest ship of its time, was 325 feet long. Although this is larger, by half again, than Swanson wants to allow, there now have been some archaeological discoveries of ship fittings that seem consistent with the larger sizes, as with the rudder below.
<P>Admiral He established a base at <a href="islam.htm#malacca">Malacca</a>, <img src="images/mingship.gif" align=left>where the local Sulṭān became a tributary of China and even sailed to China to pay homage to the Emperor. A Chinese cantonment protected, stored, and shipped goods from China and those obtained on the expeditions. On nearby Sumatra, a Chinese governor was installed at Palembang after a Chinese pirate was defeated, captured, and sent back to China for execution.
<P>In northern Sumatra, at Semudera, troops were put ashore to interfere in local politics (as Europeans would do later), installing one king and sending a rival back to China, where he was executed. A king in <a href="buddhism.htm#ceylon">Ceylon</a> was defeated and sent to China, but then the Emperor returned him to his kingdom (thought he evidently was unable to recover his throne). Some of Zhèng Hé's detachments went into the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and even down the coast of Africa, perhaps as far as Zanzibar.
<P>The triumph of the xenophobic faction of the Scholars at Court, who, of course, were also undermining the Army, <img src="images/mingpost.gif" align=right>meant that the expeditions were terminated. It became a capital offense to build a ship with more than two masts, Chinese were prohibited from trading abroad, and when a request was submitted in 1477 to examine Zhèng Hé's logs, they were "lost" by a vice president of the Ministry of War. The Minister himself expressed astonishment, "How is it possible for official documents in the archives to be lost?" [Louise Levathes, <I>When China Ruled the Seas</I>, Oxford, 1994, p.179].
<P>The records appear to have been deliberately destroyed -- a very shocking expedient given Chinese conscientiousness about history: We know details of the expeditions from an account by Ma Huan, who sailed with Zhèng Hé on three voyages, from other accounts, and from inscriptions actually left by Zhèng Hé at different places. As in Roman history, the epigraphic evidence, sometimes neglected and sometimes only recently discovered, can add substantially to historical knowledge.
<P>China withdrew into itself at the very time when the sea-lanes of the world were about to open to cosmopolitan traffic. There were times when foreign trade was reopened, but then also when it was shut down again. The ambivlance of the regime is palpable. Part of the problem was a misconception. It was believed that trade promoted piracy. When prohibitions of trade promoted smuggling, with increased piracy, the lesson of experience began to sink in. Chinese traders could be found in the Indian Ocean; but Chinese warships, never again.
<P>Vasco da Gama arrived in India in 1498, just 65 years after Admiral He had left. It is even said that on the coast of Africa, where the Portuguese put in, some old people actually remembered the Chinese. The Portuguese then found little to resist them at sea, when the Chinese probably had had superior technology and much larger forces. Having simply abdicated the contest, China would shortly fall behind and never catch up.
<P>Curiously, Zhèng Hé came to be celebrated in a later Ming novel, a play, and then in a cult of his own person, maintained largely by Chinese settlers in the Southeast Asian places where he had visited. It survives until today, generally under the form of one of his titles, <img src="images/hiero/three.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/jewel.gif" align=middle>, Sanbao, the "Three Treasure" or "Jewel." This also happens to be a <a href="buddhism.htm">Buddhist</a> term, for the "Treasures" of the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha; but then Zhèng Hé himself was a Muslim, which makes his apotheosis all the more remarkable. Another cult associated with the Admiral and his expeditions was that of the goddess <img src="images/hiero/heaven.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/consort.gif" align=middle>, Tianfei (or Tien-fei), the "Heavenly Consort." More commonly known as <img src="images/hiero/nurse.gif" align=middle><img src="images/ancestr1.gif" align=middle>, Mazu (or Ma-tsu), she is a goddess of the sea, fishermen, and sailors, although originally a mortal woman, thought to have lived from 960 to 987. After her death, miracles and visions associated with her resulted in deification, much as such things result in the recognition of Christians saints. Zhèng Hé, a Muslim again, nevertheless erected tablets honoring Tianfei.<br clear=left>
<P><center><img src="images/maps/zhenghe.gif"></center>
<P>The innovations of European civilization were dramatically demonstrated when the Portuguese arrived in China in 1514 and were received at Canton in 1517. Although the Chinese had invented gunpowder and cannon, the Portuguese brought the first hand-held firearms. These were then named <img src="images/hiero/frank.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/machine.gif" align=middle>. This interesting expression could mean "Portuguese" or later "Spanish," but it also looks like a combination of <img src="images/hiero/frank.gif" align=middle>, the familiar "<a href="francia.htm">Frank</a>" of Middle Eastern and Indian languages (although it would literally mean "Buddhist gentleman"), <img src="images/greek/farangi.gif" align=middle>, <I>ferengi</I> in Hindī, with <img src="images/hiero/machine.gif" align=middle>, which can mean "machine." Firearms as the "machines of the Franks" would be appropriate. The Portuguese presented cannon at Court in 1522, right before, for the time being, they were expelled.
<P>Before long, some in the Chinese government became interested in the weapons. At the time of attacks by Japanese pirates, the fearsome <img src="images/wa-5.gif" align=middle>, such as the siege of Nanking in 1555, General Yü Ta-yu urged that Chinese ships be equipped with cannon. He said, "In sea battle, there is no trick; the side that has more ships defeats the side that has fewer, the side that has more guns defeats the side that has less" [Keay, <I>A History of China</I>, Basic Book, 2009, p.429]. From 1568 to 1582, General Ch'i Chi-kuang experimented with artillery along the Great Wall. In 1622 and 1629, <B>Hsü Kuang-ch'i</B>, Vice-Minister of War, received permission to hire Portuguese to manufacture and use guns for the army. An illustration of the defense of Liao-yang in Liao-tung in the 1620's, as the Manchus are attacking, shows cannon outside the walls [Keay, <I>ibid.</I>].<img src="history/ming.gif" align=right>
<P>Thus, more modern weapons were for a time helpful against the Manchus, but it was also often stated that native Chinese were not very good dealing with the new technology. More important, Hsü's use of the Portuguese was a matter of intense controversy at Court. Since he was himself by then a convert to Christianity, the xenophobes were happy to accuse him of being loyal to the Franks, rather than to China, and of preparing for a Portuguese takeover. In the long run, of course, one might say that Europeans would be the greater threat to China. However, at the time, the Manchus were the clear and present danger, a danger that became more pressing when Hsü's arguments failed and the advantage of the help of the Portuguse was inconsistently employed.
<P>How valuable this advantage could have been we see when the <a href="#nurhachi">Manchu</a> Khan Nurhachi was wounded by cannon fire at the Battle of Ning-yüan in 1626 and then died. This was during a period, 1623-1629, when the Ming Court had itself had canceled the offical use of the Portuguese. The Ming General at Ning-yüan, Mao Wen-lung, a bit of a loose cannon himself (he was executed in 1629), apparently used the Portuguese on his own authority. Thus, Timothy Brook says, "attempts to borrow European technology and expertise were always compromised and had little cumulative impact on the Ming's defensive posture" [<I>op.cit.</I>, p.224] -- very different from the way in which the Portuguese enabled <a href="ethiopia.htm">Ethiopia</a> to repulse attacks from Islām in 1543. It would be the Ch'ing, not the Ming, that became the "gunpowder empire."
<P>Given the general xenophobia of Confucianism, the conflict about the adoption of Portuguese technology is not surprising, but something else is all but astonishing. The Jesuit Mission in China, begun in 1577, had worked its way into the Court by 1601. <B>Matteo Ricci</B> (15521610), an accomplished student of <a href="easter.htm">Christopher Clavius</a>, and soon impressively fluent and learned in Chinese, obtained a permanent berth for the Jesuits, destined to last centuries, by demonstrating the greater accuracy of Western astronomy and calendrical methods. The reaction against this was sometimes fierce and temporarily effective; but in the end, the Jesuits were repeatedly charged, even under the Manchus, with governing the <a href="chinacal.htm">calendar</a>. If the earlier Ming had only been so open to its <I>own</I> successes, the history of China might have been much different.
<P><a name="famine">Despite all the ways in which the Scholars and their Confucianism hampered the economic development of China, we sometimes find that administrators could be open-minded and flexible on economic issues. It is thus surprising to follow how the government experimented in dealing with <B>famine</B>, which afflicted parts of China, at least, with some regularity -- especially in this time of the Little Ice Age. As it was the duty of the government to "Manage the world, aid the people," <img src="images/hiero/classic.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/age.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/aid.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/people.gif" align=middle>, the Government always felt responsibility for dealing with famines. Yet there was a saying in China, "There are no good policies for famine relief" [Timothy Brook, <I>op.cit.</I>, p.122]. This is because of the hard experience of unintended and perverse consequences that were encountered over time. Distributing money for relief meant that corrupt local officials would be tempted to steal it. Distributing grain meant that prices could be driven down and local produce would be shipped away to where there were higher prices. Consequently:
<P><blockquote>The idea that the commercial economy does a better job of redistributing grain than does the state became a key element in the administrative reform that Qiu Jun (1420-1495) laid before the Hongzhi emperor in 1487. In the same vein, Lin Xiyuan (ca. 1480-ca. 1560), who undertook to reformulate famine policies in the sixteenth century, argued against the expectation that the state should provide relief. [<I>ibid.</I> p.125]</blockquote>
<P>After centuries of experience, the Chinese were still trying to get it right, and even relying on the market and the detested merchants began too look like a good idea.
<a name="south"><table border cellpadding=5 align=left width=250 bgcolor="#ffffaa">
<tr><th colspan=2>Southern Ming,<br><img src="images/hiero/south.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/ming.gif" align=middle>,<br>Dynasty, 1644-1662</a></th><th>Era</th></tr>
<tr><td>Fu Wang,<br>Prince of Fu<br><font size=-1>Chu Yu-sung</font></td><td>1644-1645, d.1646</td><td>1644 Hung-kuang</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Emperor also regarded as last of Ming; captured by Manchus, 1645; executed, 1646</th></tr>
<tr><td>T'ang Wang<br><font size=-1>Chu Yü-chien</font></td><td>1645-1646</td><td>1645 Lung-wu</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Emperor captured by Manchus, executed, 1646</th></tr>
<tr><td>T'ang Wang<br><font size=-1>Chu Yü-yüeh</font></td><td>1646-1647</td><td>1646 Shao-wa</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Emperor captured by Kuei Wang, suicide, 1647</th></tr>
<tr><td>Kuei Wang,<br>Yung-ming Wang<br><font size=-1>Chu Yü-lang,<br>Ch'ang-ying</font></td><td>1646-1661,<br>d.1662</td><td>1646 Yung-li</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Emperor captured in Burma, 1661; executed by General Wu San-kuei, who had let the Manchus in through the Great Wall, 1662</th></tr>
</table>
Indeed, a modern commercial economy, with cheap transport and without subsistence agriculture, has long banished famine from the developed countries. It is then instructive to compare Chinese efforts with the difficulties, practical and conceptual, that the British encountered in dealing with <a href="perifran.htm#famine">famines</a> in Ireland and India.
<P>Despite these exceptions to their xenophobia and anti-commercial instincts, the triumph and dominance of the Scholars (exactly the power that modern <a href="public.htm">academics</a> would like to have) not only stifled the innovative spirit of the Chinese to explore and create but opened China to foreign conquest. This then exposed China again, although under the <a href="#ch'ing">Ch'ing</a>, to new foreign encroachment, as European creativity and power waxed in the 18th and 19th centuries. The cultural readiness of the Chinese people to compete on modern terms was later demonstrated time and again as overseas Chinese communities often came to dominate the economy of places where they started with nothing and were often disliked -- the Philippines, <a href="notes/india.htm#malaya">Malaya</a>, Indonesia, <a href="perigoku.htm#siam">Thailand</a>, <a href="perigoku.htm#viet">Vietnam</a>, etc. In China itself, the first chance for the Chinese to really prosper in a free economy was, ironically, in the British Crown Colony of <a href="#hongkong">Hong Kong</a>.
<P>Note that while the Southern Ming Emperors draw from the ranks of Imperial Princes, and are commonly thus identified (e.g. the "Prince of Fu"), their actual title in Chinese protocol was <img src="images/hiero/king.gif" align=middle> (e.g. <I>Fu Wang</I>). In the West, this is comparable to the Heir of the <a href="francia.htm#saxon">Holy Roman Empire</a> being styled the "King of the Romans." That tradition was continued by <a href="francia.htm#bonaparte">Napoleon</a>, who crowned his son, Napoleon II, "King of Rome." The Emperor of China was thus literally a "King of Kings," and Imperial Princes were put on a level of equality with the rulers of foreign countries like <a href="perigoku.htm#korea">Korea</a> or <a href="perigoku.htm#siam">Siam</a>.
<P>The genealogy of the Ming is derived from the <I>Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten</I> (<I>Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History</I>), with relevant additions from <I>The Southern Ming, 1644-1662</I> by Lynn A. Struve [Yale University Pres, 1984].
<P>One dynastic history was produced by the Historiographic Bureau during the Ming, the <I>History of the Yüan</I>, <B>(XXIII) 元史, Yuánshǐ</B>, in 1370, edited by Sung Lien, 宋濂, Sòng Lián (13101381). It is regarded as perhaps the least satisfactory of the dynastic histories, but then the Chinese had no particular reason to expend effort on a fair or detailed treatment of the Mongol conquerors.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="ch'ing"><center><img src="images/maps/china-12.gif"></center>
<P><a name="nurhachi"><table border width=250 cellpadding=5 align=left bgcolor="#ffbb00">
<tr><th colspan=2>Manchu, <img src="images/hiero/man.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/zhou1.gif" align=middle>,<br>Ch'ing, <img src="images/hiero/qing.gif" align=middle>, "Clear"<br>Dynasty, (1616, 1636)-1644-(1662)-1911</th><th>Era</th></tr>
<tr><td>T'ai <img src="images/greek/nurhachi.gif" align=right>Tsu<br><font size=-1>Aisin Giorro Nurhachi</font></td><td>1616-1626</td><td>1616 T'ien-ming</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Invades Liao-tung, 1618; Chinese defeated at Sar-hu, 1619, driven behind Great Wall, 1622; Mao Wen-lung invades Manchuria, 1624; Nurhachi mortally wounded, Battle of Ning-yüan, 1626</th></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>T'ai Tsung<br><font size=-1>Aisin Giorro Aberhai</font></td><td rowspan=2>1626-1643</td><td>1627 T'ien-ts'ung</td></tr>
<tr><td>1636 Ch'ung-te</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Proclamation of Ch'ing Dynasty, 1636</th></tr>
<tr><td>Shih Tsu<br><font size=-1>Aisin Giorro Fu-lin</font></td><td>1643-1661</td><td>1644 Shun-Chih</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Chinese General Wu San-kuei allows Manchurians through Great Wall, Peking occupied, End of Ming proclaimed, 1644</th></tr>
<tr><td>Shêng Tsu<br><font size=-1>Aisin Giorro Hsüan-ye</font></td><td>1661-1722</td><td>1662 K'ang-Hsi</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shih Tsung<br><font size=-1>Aisin Giorro Yin-chen</font></td><td>1722-1735</td><td>1723 Yung-chêng</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Christianity prohibited, but Jesuits retained at Court, 1724</th></tr>
<tr><td>Kao Tsung<br><font size=-1>Aisin Giorro Hong-li</font></td><td>1735-1796</td><td>1736 Ch'ien-Lung</td></tr>
<tr><td>Jên Tsung<br><font size=-1>Aisin Giorro Yung-yen</font></td><td>1796-1820</td><td>1796 Chia-ch'ing</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsüan Tsung<br><font size=-1>Aisin Giorro Min-ning</font></td><td>1820-1850</td><td>1821 Tao-kuang</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wen Tsung<br><font size=-1>Aisin Giorro I-chu</font></td><td>1850-1861</td><td>1851 Hsien-fêng</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Taiping Rebellion, 1853-1864</th></tr>
<tr><td>Mu Tsung<font size=-1><br>Aisin Giorro Tsai-ch'un</font></td><td>1861-1875</td><td rowspan=2>1862<br>T'ung-chih</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tz'u Hsi [Cixi]<br>
the Empress<br>Dowager <img src="images/female.gif" align=middle></td><td>regent,<br>1861-1873,<br>1875-1889,<br>1898-1908</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tê Tsung<br><font size=-1>Aisin Giorro Tsai-t'ien</font></td><td>1875-1908</td><td>1875 Kuang-hsü</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Boxer Rebellion, 1900-1901</th></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Mò Ti<br><img src="images/hiero/last.gif" align=middle><img src="images/emperor1.gif" align=middle><br><font size=-1>Aisin Giorro<br>P'u-i<br>[Puyi]</font></td><td>1908-1911</td><td>1909 Hsüan-t'ung</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aaffaa"><td colspan=2>Emperor of <a href="#modern">Japanese</a><br>controlled "Manchukuo,"<br><img src="images/hiero/man.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/zhou1.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle>, 1934-1945,<br>d.1967</td></tr>
</table>
<img src="images/ching.gif" align=right>The Manchurian conquest of China was a deeply humiliating experience for the Chinese. The Manchus, indeed, made things harder for themselves, as foreign rulers, with their decree that Chinese men would have to adopt Manchu costume, including the infamous "queue," where the front of the head is shaved and the hair in back grown out and braided into a long pig-tail. This was the style of the Manchus themselves and so, at least, was not used to specifically mark the Chinese. Manchu costume replaced the deep sleeves that had always been used as pockets in Chinese dress with tight tailored cuffs, as in modern Western shirts. Even the Mongols had imposed no requirements of grooming and dress so personal and intimate on the Chinese. It provoked violent Chinese popular resistance and helped the "Southern Ming" princes rally forces against the Manchus for almost two decades. Subsequently, the queue could only be avoided by taking a Buddhist tonsure. The Manchus gave up trying to determine whether this was done sincerely, <img src="history/script-m.gif" align=right>and Chinese could be buried in Ming costume.
<P>The Manchus themselves spoke an <a href="turkia.htm#altaic">Altaic</a> language from the <B>Tungusic</B> group. They wrote their language with a variety of the <a href="trees.htm#semitic">Syriac</a> alphabet that had been brought by <a href="hist-1.htm#christ">Nestorian</a> missionaries into Central Asia. It was written from top to bottom, like Chinese, rather than from right to left like Syriac. The Manchus continued to use their language and alphabet until the end of the Dynasty -- the reverse of their coins featured the name of the mint in Manchu -- but the survival of their language, and their ethnic identity, was already all but swamped under the Han Chinese.
<P>Some Chinese histories do not begin the list of Ch'ing rulers until the fall of the Southern Ming in 1662 -- hence two successive Emperors are named "Tsu," "Founder." This usually means the founder of the Dynasty, although we also see it in a dynasty <I>refounded</I>, as the <a href="#ming2">Ming</a> was by its third Emperor. Nurhachi, <img src="images/greek/nurhachi.gif" align=middle>, the founder of the Dynasty back in Manchuria in 1616 is also a "Tsu."
<P>Like the Mongols, the Manchus practiced the <a href="buddhism.htm#vajra">Vajrayāna</a> form of Buddhism. The desire of the Manchus to be accepted as proper Confucian rulers, however, was otherwise intense. Even before incursion into China proper, they chose (1636) a name for the dynasty following the Ming precedent: <B>Ch'ing</B>, <img src="images/hiero/qing.gif" align=middle>, means "Clear." The deliberate implication was that, as Ming, "Bright," implies Fire, <img src="images/hiero/fire.gif" align=middle>, Ch'ing implies Water, <img src="images/hiero/water2.gif" align=middle>, which "overcomes" fire in the "mutually overcoming" <a href="elements.htm#note-3">cycle</a> of the Chinese <a href="elements.htm#china">elements</a>.
<P><img src="history/qing.gif" align=right>The genealogy of the Ch'ing is entirely from the <I>Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten</I> (<I>Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History</I>).
<P>One dynastic history was produced by the Historiographic Bureau during the Ch'ing, the <I>History of the Ming</I>, <B>(XXIV) 明史, Míngshǐ</B> in 1739, edited by Chang T'ing-yü, 張廷玉, Zhāng Tíngyù. This is the source of a great deal of the Manchu propaganda that has sucked in various uncritical historians in their treatment of the Ming, as noted.
<P><a name="foreign">While the Ch'ing was experienced bitterly as a foreign conquest of China, later it would be regarded as entirely Chinese in terms of the encroachment of European Powers and Japan on the territory and sovereignty of China. The oppressive Ch'ing Imperium, which even denied the Chinese their traditional <I>sleeves</I>, thus becomes the victim, ironically, of "imperialism."
<P>The rhetoric about this can be rather heated. Histories may say that China was "dismembered" or even "crucified" by the Powers. It hardly went that far. Indeed, there were areas detached by foreign states, the large ones mainly by <a href="russia.htm#romanov">Russia</a> and Japan -- the Russian ones still in Russia's hands -- otherwise cities. Then there were Treaty Ports, cities opened to trade with particular or perhaps many foreign states, spheres of influence, and concessions. The "unequal treaties" governed such cessions and concessions, which also included extraterritoriality for foreign citizens, i.e. <img src="history/china-1.gif" align=left>Chinese laws and courts did not apply to them.
<P>The latter was a provision that European powers usually claimed against all traditional governments (e.g. <a href="turkia.htm">Turkey</a> and <a href="#japan">Japan</a>), for the very sensible reason that their judicial procedure used torture and then inflicted cruel punishments that might include living dismemberment, as was the <a href="valley/dilemmas.htm#10">practice</a> in China. In several cities, but most famously in Shanghai, there was an "International Settlement" that mainly operated under its own laws. Even the United States, although promoting a "hands off" policy towards China, nevertheless contributed gunboats to keep the peace and protect foreigners. The 1966 movie <I>The Sand Pebbles</I> commemorates the confused and thankless nature of such missions.<br clear=left><P><center><img src="images/maps/china-13.gif"></center>
<P>The "unequal treaties" all began because China simply wasn't interested in any dealings, let alone actual trade, with foreigners, except under the forms, or at least the fictions, of tribute and subordination that had been traditional. This was already beginning to change in treaties with the Russians, but the British, beginning in 1793, absolutely refused even the fiction of tribute or subordination.
<P>The Portuguese had had a foot in the door since the 16th century, and their own settlement at <a href="newspain.htm#macao">Macao</a>. They weren't particularly troubled by the way the Chinese wanted to understand the whole business. Even the failure of the British mission in 1793 didn't make too much difference in the way trade, and smuggling, continued to function.
<P>The flash point turned out to be the importation of opium -- <img src="images/hiero/opium.gif" align=middle> or <img src="images/hiero/opium2.gif" align=middle>, which could also mean tobacco, or <img src="images/hiero/great.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/opium.gif" align=middle>, "great" opium. The practice of smoking opium had actually originated in China, and a for while the government was relatively complacent about it. As alarm grew about the opium trade, arguments were actually made, as today, for and against legalization.
<P>Legalization lost; and in 1839 a Special Commissioner for Frontier Defense, Lin Tse-Hsü, 林則徐, Lín Zéxú, was sent to Canton to deal with the matter. The result was War with the British East India Company, the Opium War (1840-1842). To the astonishment of the Chinese, their war junks and forts were blown to bits by a military technology that had advanced beyond their comprehension.
<P><a name="barbarian"><center><img src="images/key-c1.gif"></center>
<P>According to John Keay [<I>A History of China</I>, Basic Books, 2009], part of the problem in this conflict was a mistranslation. He says that in Commissioner Lin's letters the character <img src="images/hiero/bareast.gif" align=middle> was wrongly rendered as "barbarian" rather than "foreigner," which was insulting to the British.
<P><blockquote>The equation of <I>yi</I> with 'barbarian' seems to have originated with a Pomeranian missionary who was serving the British as a translator at the time; it is not evident in earlier works, such as Macartney's [the envoy in 1793] or Ricci's journals. A small mistake perhaps, it surfaced in the run-up to the Opium War and gained a wide and notorius currency. The Chinese insisted that <I>yi</I> had always signified merely those non-Chinese peoples who were 'easterners' (the British frequented the east coast) -- just as <I>man</I> did those who were 'southerners', <I>rong</I> 'northerners' [<I>sic</I>] and <I>di</I> 'westerners' [<I>sic</I>]. They were directional, not objectionable terms. But the British declined to find <I>yi</I> as other than highly insulting...
<P>It fouled Anglo-Chinese relations; it permeated racial stereotyping; and it corrupted -- and still does -- most non-Chinese writing on the entire course of China's history. [pp.461-462]</blockquote>
<P>This is a curious argument. Mr. Keay ought to be aware that the Greek term <I>bárbaroi</I>, <font size=+1>βάρβαροι</font> (singular <font size=+1>βάρβαρος</font>), itself originally just meant "not Greek, foreign" [Liddell and Scott's <I>An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon</I>, Oxford, 1889, 1964, p.146]. Is it a "mistranslation" to say that <I>bárbaroi</I> is "barbarians," rather than "non-Greeks"? Not really, since it is their word; and the connotations, perhaps negative or "objectionable" that we have of "barbarians" originated with the Greeks and the Romans using the word for peoples that they considered culturally inferior.
<P>The Chinese did have a large vocabulary for peoples who were non-Chinese. We have <img src="images/hiero/bareast.gif" align=middle> for eastern barbarians, <img src="images/hiero/barwest.gif" align=middle> for western barbarians, <img src="images/hiero/barnorth.gif" align=middle> for northern barbarians, and <img src="images/hiero/barsouth.gif" align=middle> for southern barbarians (Keay has switched the words for "northern" and "western"). This fits into the directional associations of <a href="elements.htm#china"><img src="images/maps/barbar.gif" align=right border=0>Five Element Theory</a>. We find other expressions for barbarians in general. As the character used with the "Five Barbarians" <a href="#barbarians">above</a>, <img src="images/hiero/barbar.gif" align=middle> is already familiar. The expression <img src="images/hiero/out.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/person.gif" align=middle>, "outside person," we see as the Japanese <B><I>gaijin</I></B>, but it already has that meaning in Chinese -- "outsider; an alien" [<I>Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary</I>, Harvard, 1972, p.1036]. The Chinese used these in exactly the same way that the Greeks used <font size=+1>βάρβαροι</font>, since the Chinese regarded most of the peoples around them as culturally inferior to themselves -- as indeed and in fact they were. As it happens, the Greeks may have had more respect for the older civilizations they knew about, Egypt and Babylon, than the Chinese did for the originally entirely illiterate people surrounding China.
<P>Mathews' dictionary has no difficulty using "barbarians" with all the traditional characters. Perhaps Keay thinks that this has "corrupted -- and still does -- most non-Chinese writing on the entire course of China's history." However, it is often difficult to avoid the traditional translations for the traditional characters. In the <I>ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary</I>, by John DeFrancis [Hawai'i, 2003], which reflects modern, indeed contemporary, usage, <img src="images/hiero/bareast.gif" align=middle> can mean "'barbarian' tribes, esp. in the east <I><B>yídí</B></I>" [p.1134] -- <img src="images/hiero/bareast.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/barnorth.gif" align=middle>, "tribes in the east and north" [p.1138]. Despite its use in the previous expression, <img src="images/hiero/barnorth.gif" align=middle> alone is only defined as a "Surname" [p.186] -- in fact the surname of no less than <a href="ross/dee.htm">Judge Dee</a>. <img src="images/hiero/barsouth.gif" align=middle> is "barbaric, fierce <I><B>yemán</B></I>" and "southern 'barbarians'" [p.595] -- <img src="images/hiero/wild.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/barsouth.gif" align=middle> is "uncivilized; savage" and "barbarous; cruel" [p.1131]. <img src="images/hiero/barwest.gif" align=middle> is defined as "weapons; military affairs <I><B>róngdí</B></I>," where, however, <img src="images/hiero/barwest.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/barnorth.gif" align=middle> then means "non-Chinese peoples of the north and west" [p.776]. Finally, <img src="images/hiero/barbar.gif" align=middle>, is defined as "foreign" or "non-Han peoples in the northwest" [p.374], and <img src="images/hiero/barbar.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/person.gif" align=middle> as "the Northern tribes" [p.404]. Thus, its use for the northern "Five Barbarians" influences the sense of direction.
<P>In this dictionary we see "barbarians" used where it is with scare quotes, sometimes replaced with "tribes," which doesn't imply much civilization, and finally just with "non-Chinese peoples." So it looks like DeFrancis and/or Chinese usage is moving in the direction that Keay indicates. But we cannot ignore the <I>context</I> in "the entire course of China's history" that Keay invokes. The Chinese had no greater regard, and no reason to have any, than the Greeks or the Romans did for their neighbors. We really don't have a vocabulary to distinguish between proper "barbarians" and something like "equally civilized non-Chinese neighbors." I don't believe that Keay can honestly maintain that the Chinese had ever made that distinction -- unless we find it with Buddhists speaking of remote India (and no Confucian would have a reason to make even that exception). At the same time, it was not <I>necessary</I> to translate <img src="images/hiero/bareast.gif" align=middle> as "barbarians" rather than "foreigners"; but even now it is not difficult to imagine that the Chinese had good reasons to regard the British as no less barbarous than the Greeks would have the invading Achaemenid <a href="greek.htm#persia">Persians</a>. They each represented something outlandish, threatening, and oppressive -- and the Persians weren't even trying to maintain the opium trade. On the other hand, when the Chinese used the expression <img src="images/hiero/ocean.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/gui.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/zi.gif" align=middle> (<font size=+2>洋鬼子</font>, <I>yángguǐzǐ</I>), or <font size=+2>鬼佬</font>, <I>guǐlǎo</I>, "foreign devil," there is no doubt how they felt about the foreigners.
<a name="hongkong"><table border width=275 cellpadding=5 align=right bgcolor="#ff0000">
<tr><th colspan=2>British Hong Kong <img src="images/hiero/hongkong.gif" align=middle></th></tr>
<tr><td>Charles Elliot</td><td>administrator,<br>1841</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Henry Eldred Curwen Pottinger</td><td>1841-1843, Governor,<br>1843-1844</td></tr>
<tr><td>Alexander Robert Johnston</td><td>agent,<br>1841-1843</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir John Francis Davis</td><td>1844-1848</td></tr>
<tr><td>William Staveley</td><td>acting,<br>1848</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Samuel George Bonham</td><td>1848-1854</td></tr>
<tr><td>William Jervois</td><td>agent,<br>1852-1853</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir John Bowring</td><td>1854-1859</td></tr>
<tr><td>William Caine</td><td>acting,<br>1859</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Hercules George Robert Robinson</td><td>1859-1865</td></tr>
<tr><td>William T. Mercer</td><td>acting,<br>1865-1866</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell</td><td>1866-1872</td></tr>
<tr><td>Henry Wase Whitflield</td><td>acting,<br>1872</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Arthur Edward Kennedy</td><td>1872-1877</td></tr>
<tr><td>John Gardiner Austin</td><td>agent,<br>1874, 1875, 1877</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir John Pope Hennessy</td><td>1877-1882</td></tr>
<tr><td>Malcolm Struan Tonnochy</td><td>acting,<br>1882</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir William Henry Marsh</td><td>acting,<br>1882-1883</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir George Ferguson Bowen</td><td>1883-1885</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir William Henry Marsh</td><td>acting,<br>1885-1887</td></tr>
<tr><td>William Gordon Cameron</td><td>acting,<br>1887</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir George William Des Voeux</td><td>1887-1891</td></tr>
<tr><td>George Digby Barker</td><td>acting,<br>1891</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir William Robinson</td><td>1891-1898</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wilsone Black</td><td>acting,<br>1898</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Henry Arthur Blake</td><td>1898-1903</td></tr>
<tr><td>Francis Henry May</td><td>acting,<br>1903-1904</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Matthew Nathan</td><td>1904-1907</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Francis Henry May</td><td>acting,<br>1907</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Frederick John Dealtry Lugard</td><td>1907-1912</td></tr>
<tr><td>Claud Severn</td><td>acting,<br>1912</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Francis Henry</td><td>1912-1918</td></tr>
<tr><td>Claud Severn</td><td>acting,<br>1918-1919</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Reginald Edward Stubbs</td><td>1919-1925</td></tr>
<tr><td>Claud Severn</td><td>acting,<br>1925</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Cecil Clementi</td><td>1925-1930</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wilfrid Thomas Southorn</td><td>acting,<br>1930</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir William Peel</td><td>1930-1935</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Wilfrid Thomas Southorn</td><td>acting,<br>1935</td></tr>
<tr><td>Norman Lockhart Smith</td><td>acting,<br>1935</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Wilfrid Thomas Southorn</td><td>acting,<br>1935</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Andrew Caldecott</td><td>1935-1937</td></tr>
<tr><td>Norman Lockhart Smith</td><td>acting,<br>1937</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Geoffrey Alexander Stafford Northcote</td><td>1937-1941</td></tr>
<tr><td>Norman Lockhart Smith</td><td>agent,<br>1940</td></tr>
<tr><td>Edward Felix Norton</td><td>agent,<br>1940-1941</td></tr>
<tr><td>Norman Lockhart Smith</td><td>acting,<br>1941</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Mark Aitchinson Young</td><td>1941-1947,<br>prisoner,<br>1941-1945</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#00ff00"><th colspan=2>Japanese Occupation, <img src="images/hiero/hongkng3.gif" align=middle>,<br>25 December 1941 - 16 August 1945</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#00ff00"><td>Takashi Sakai & Masaichi Niimi</td><td>military,<br>1941-1942</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#00ff00"><td>Rensuke Isogai</td><td>1942-1944</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#00ff00"><td>Hisaichi Tanaka</td><td>1945</td></tr>
<tr><td>Franklin Charles Gimson</td><td>provisional,<br>1945</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Cecil Harcourt</td><td>military,<br>1945-1946</td></tr>
<tr><td>David Mercer MacDougall</td><td>acting,<br>1947</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Alexander William Grantham</td><td>1947-1957</td></tr>
<tr><td>David Edgeworth Beresford</td><td>acting,<br>1957-1958</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Robert Brown Black</td><td>1958-1964</td></tr>
<tr><td> Edmund Brinsley Teesdale</td><td>acting,<br>1964</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir David Clive Crosbie Trench</td><td>1964-1971</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Hugh Selby Norman-Walker</td><td>acting,<br>1971-1971</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Murray MacLehose</td><td>1971-1982</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Philip Haddon-Cave</td><td>acting,<br>1982</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir Edward Youde</td><td>1982-1986</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir David Akers-Jones</td><td>acting,<br>1986-1987</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sir David Wilson</td><td>1987-1992</td></tr>
<tr><td>Christopher "Chris" Patten</td><td>1992-1997</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><th colspan=2>Chinese Hong Kong <img src="images/hiero/hongkng2.gif" align=middle></th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>Tung Chee-hwa</td><td>1997-2005</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>Sir Donald Tsang</td><td>2005-2012</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>Leung (C.Y.) Chun-ying</td><td>2012-2017</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffaa"><td>Carrie Lam</td><td>2017-present</td></tr>
</table>
<P>The Peace of Nanking (1842) ceded Hong Kong (with the Mandarin pronunciation: <img src="images/hiero/hongkng2.gif" align=middle>, "Fragrant Harbor") and opened five ports to trade. There followed a series of incidents, wars, and treaties. The Second Opium (or Lorca) War (1856-1858/60) led to the Treaty of Tientsin, followed by the occupation of Peking and the Treaty of Peking (1860). This created the international embassy area in Peking that would be famously besieged during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900. The Convention of Chih-fu (1876) opened four more treaty ports, the Convention of Chungking (1890) opened Chungking, and the Franco-Chinese commercial convention (1886/87, after the Sino-French War, 1883-1885) opened three more cities in the south to France.
<P>Meanwhile, the Powers sometimes helped prop up Ch'ing rule. The Taiping Rebellion (1853-1864) stood a good chance of overthrowing the Ch'ing altogether. With partially Christian inspiration, that might have resulted in a very different China. However, it was eventually put down with the help of Charles "Chinese" Gordan, who later died at Khartoum. Residual Chinese claims over Tonkin (<a href="perigoku.htm#viet">Vietnam</a>) and <a href="perigoku.htm#burma">Burma</a> were ceded to France (1885) and Britain (1886) respectively. Japan, beginning her predatory ways, went to war with China (Sino-Japanese War, 1894-95). Winning a naval battle and successful on land, the Peace of Shimonoseki ceded to Japan Taiwan, the Pescadores, and the Liaotung Peninsula, and recognized the independence of <a href="perigoku.htm#korea">Korea</a>. This was too much for some of the Powers. The "Triple Intervention" of France, Russia, and Germany forced Japan to retrocede the Liaotung to China. However, Russia then soon moved into the void. In 1897, Darien (Dalian) and Port Arthur (<img src="images/hiero/lyu.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/shun.gif" align=middle>) were occupied in the Liaotung, Korea was made a Russian protectorate, and work was begun on the Chinese Eastern Railroad, which cut across Manchuria from the Siberian Railroad to Vladivostok.
<P>The same year, the murder of German missionaries led to the German occupation of Tsingtao (Ch'ing-tao, Qingdao). In 1898, Tsingtao and the neighboring Kiaochow (Chiao-chou) were leased to Germany for 99 years, as was Weihai (or Weihai Wei, Port Edward, until 1930) and the new Territories of Hong Kong (previously enlarged in 1860 by Kowloon) to Britain, and <a href="francia.htm#kwangchouwan">Kwangchouwan</a> (Kuang-chow-wan, Guangzhouwan, modern Chankiang or Zhanjiang) to France. As Germans will do, they built a brewery in Tsingtao, which is still the name of a Chinese beer.
<P>The name Weihai, <img src="images/hiero/majesty.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/sea.gif" align=middle>, is often found with a third element, i.e. as "Weihaiwei," where <img src="images/wei.gif" align=middle> means "military station." This bespeaks a long history. Weihai was established as a <a href="#ming">Ming</a> naval base against Japanese pirates, <img src="images/wa-5.gif" align=middle>, in 1398. In 1406 a two mile wall was built around it. In the 1880's the Chinese built a modern naval base there, corresponding to one on the northern side of the Pohai (Bohai) Strait, <img src="images/hiero/lyu.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/shun.gif" align=middle>. In 1898 Weihai was leased to Britain, technically for the duration of the Russian lease on Port Arthur, and it became the British Port Edward. Port Arthur had been named by a British Navy officer, William C. Arthur, when he surveyed it in 1860. The British, however, had no real need for Weihai, and it had no commercial advantages, so it was returned to China in 1930. Port Arthur, of course, fell to Japan (1905), with whom it stayed, as Ryojun, until 1945.
<P>All these encroachments and compromises of Chinese sovereignty and territory led to a popular uprising in the Boxer Rebellion (1900-1901, <img src="images/hiero/boxers.gif" align=middle>, the Boxers = "Fist Rebels"). Chinese "Boxing" was what is now more commonly known as "Kung Fu" (<img src="images/hiero/gongfu.gif" align=middle>, "ability; work; service"). Its mystical powers were expected to provide some advantage against Western technology. The success of the Rebellion even drew the imprudent support of the Empress Dowager. Christians were massacred, and the foreign embassies in Peking were surrounded, cut off (in the days before radio), and besieged. The world wondered while an expedition of Eight Powers was organized to relieve the embassies. The Emperor of <a href="francia.htm#second">Germany</a>, Wilhelm II, memorably told his forces to behave like the Huns of Attila. Japanese forces, hitherto better disciplined, took this to heart as well. The embassies were relieved and China further humiliated.
<P>The grudge nursed by Japan against Russia exploded in 1904. After a war (the Russo-Japanese, 1904-05) that often looked like a dress-rehearsal for World War I, Japan retrieved its conquests of 1895, obtained part of the Manchurian railroad system, and forced Russian troops out of Manchuria. World War I itself enabled Japan to occupy German possessions in China. In 1915 China was bullied into ceding these to Japan (confirmed in the Treaty of Versailles, which China refused to sign), but in the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 they were returned to China. Later, Japanese conquest of Manchuria (1931) and invasion of China (1937) followed. The Japanese occupation of most foreign possessions in China during World War II led to their return to China after the war, except for Hong Kong and Macao, which were only returned in 1997 and 1999, respectively.
<P>In retrospect, the Opium War evokes special horror, in the way it implies the destruction of Chinese society through drug addiction. This was certainly the belief of the Chinese government. <img src="images/opium.gif" align=left>We are left with a picture of the East India Company, and the British Government itself, as drug pushers, shoving opium down the throats of the helpless Chinese (as literally in the contemporary cartoon). However, there is a curious anomaly in this view. Whenever Chinese went overseas to work, they took opium habits with them, but these never seemed to render such immigrants lazy or demoralized. Instead, Chinese labor took over or created economies almost everywhere it went, in Malaya, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, and California. Indeed, Chinese laborers were attacked in California, not for being lazy dopers, but for being too hard working, Spartan, and competitive. Living in California and Nevada at the time of the Gold Rush, Mark Twain observed of the Chinese:
<P><table><tr><td><blockquote>They are quiet, peaceable, tractable, free from drunkenness, and they are as industrious as the day is long. A disorderly Chinaman is rare, and a lazy one does not exist. [<I>Roughing It</I>]</blockquote></td></tr></table>
<P>Also, the opium that the British sold in China was grown in India. Why do we never hear of opium addiction being a problem in India? Did the East India Company forbid its sale or use there? I doubt that the Company could exercise that kind of control, regardless of its policies, if the demand existed. And overseas Indians often lived in places (Singapore) were there were Chinese emigrants actively using opium. Somehow it never caught on. Meanwhile, Indians in India were certainly using marijuana, <img src="images/greek/bhang.gif" align=middle>, <I>bhāng</I>, something that is today of limited legality but of widespread use. I have never seen this cited as a social problem in India, although the situation is ripe for blame to be placed on it if an explanation is needed for lack of Indian economic progress. But I think it is all too well understood that India's economic problems are the fault of the <I>licence rāj</I> and the Government, not drug use.
<P>That raises the important question whether debilitating opium addictions were the <B>effect</B> rather than the <B>cause</B> of demoralization back in China. It seems undeniable that they were the <B>effect</B> and that China's problems originated with the anti-commercial attitudes of the <a href="confuci.htm">Confucian</a> Chinese Government. Chinese hopelessness was not the effect of opium, but of bad government. Today, drug use is harshly punished in a place like Singapore, but Singapore exists as a Chinese city because of Chinese immigrants who grew in wealth under a British regime that didn't (originally) bother with drug laws -- and one still sees <I>opium offerings</I> in Chinese temples in Southeast Asia, whose source must be a trade that is officially ignored at some level, in countries that often have the <I>death penalty</I> for drug crimes. The truth seems to be that drug (or alcohol) addiction as a social pathology may result from personal problems or cultural problems, but it does not just happen because drugs (or alcohol) are available. Morally, it is not clear how judicial punishments for people are superior to the <I>natural</I> harm that follows from what are judged to be <a href="poly-1b.htm">imprudent</a> behaviors. If the punishment in fact harms people more than the imprudence, a grotesque injustice has been effected.
<P>At right we have been seeing the governors of British Hong Kong. This small colony ends up representing one of the most important lessons of history. Devastated by the Japanese, the British did little to rebuild the city after World War II. While in Britain itself industries were being nationalized by the Labourites, the British National Health Service was created, and restrictions were placed on the import and export of capital, nothing of the sort was done in Hong Kong. The city remained the last stronghold in the world of pure <I>laissez-faire</I> capitalism, with no labor law, minimum wage, social security, or working hours legislation. A good <a href="marx.htm">Marxist</a> would expect nothing but misery and degradation. However, by the time Hong Kong was returned to China in 1997, the <I>per capita</I> GDP of Hong Kong had surpassed that of Britain herself. As of 2003, this was $23,930 for Hong Kong and $23,680 for Britain. More importantly however, adjusted for cost of living ("purchasing power parity"), Hong Kong enjoyed 75.0% of American GDP, while Britain only had 69.1%. Thus, under a British rule of benign neglect (as many would see it), Hong Kong became one of the richest places on earth. This without "natural resources" and burdened by millions of refugees (from Communist China and Vietnam) on almost no land. No wonder Communist China undertook to leave the economic system unchanged for <I><B>fifty years</B></I> in the treaty that returned the city to China. By then, China itself should be entirely capitalist. And Hong Kong did return to China, on a sad 30 June 1997, in heavy rain, with Prince Charles overseeing one of Britain's last Imperial acts. Hong Kong is still usually credited as having the greatest economic freedom in the world (followed by Singapore, New Zealand, and then a tie of the United States, the Netherlands, Ireland, Estonia, and Luxembourg). Thus, after 200 years, it looks like <a href="sayslaw.htm">Say's Law</a> was right after all.
<P>Unfotunately, in 2020, the PRC has betrayed its treaty with Britain and has effectively cancelled the civil liberties of residents of Hong Kong. This was seen coming, and constant demonstrations for more than a year had shown Beijing what the people of Hong Kong thought of communist domination. Made no difference. The Chinese are now arresting all the leaders of the demonstrations, if they have not already fled. Britain has offered residency to refugees from Hong Kong -- if China lets them leave. It is a sad, grim, and horrifying business. Communist China is no longer becoming more capitalist, even as it has not given an inch to democratic or civil liberty reforms. Instead, to the genocide against Tibet is now added concentration camps, slave labor, and genocide against the Muslim Uyghurs of Sinkiang. Oddly, Muslim countries, and Muslim political leaders in the United States, so sensitive to "<a href="islam.htm#phobia">Islamophobia</a>," have been quite silent about the Chinese treatment of their Muslim brethren. An excellent lesson in hypocrisy there.
<P>The list of Governors of Hong Kong is from a page at the <a href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/China_Foreign_colonies.html">World Statesmen</a> site.
<P><a href="british.htm">The Sun Never Set on the British Empire</a>
<P><a name="tibet"><center><img src="images/key-c1.gif"></center>
<P>Despite the foreign</a> origin of the Ch'ing, it is noteworthy that subsequent Chinese governments, both Nationalist and Communist, regarded all Manchurian conquests as "intrinsic" parts of China.
<p>Thus <a href="perigoku.htm#tibet"><B>Tibet</B></a>, which had<img src="history/tibet-1.gif" align=left> been conquered by both Mongols and Manchus, and was independent after the fall of the Ch'ing in 1911, is claimed as an "intrinsic" part of China even though it had never actually been ruled by <I>Chinese</I> until the Communist invasion of 1950. The Tibetan language is related to Chinese, but culturally Tibet is a sub-Indian rather than a sub-Chinese civilization.
<P>Although the Tibetans were promised internal autonomy by the Chinese, they soon were subjected to the inevitable oppression, vandalism, and massacres of <a href="rand.htm#essential">Communist</a> government. Since there never were very many Tibetans in their poor, Alpine country, this kind of treatment plus Chinese colonization began to produce a genocidal effect. The International Community, once energized about "de-colonization," and formerly alert to every police beating in South Africa, has shown little stomach for consistently confronting the Chinese over Tibet.
<P>On the other hand, the <B>Dalai Lama</B>, who fled into exile in 1959, <img src="images/maps/5-el-chi.gif" align=right>has proven to be an appealing, eloquent, and respected spokesman for his country, attracting attention by many, including the Nobel Peace Prize committee and Hollywood devotees who now have produced sympathetic movies about Tibet and its plight (e.g. <I>Seven Years in Tibet</I> and <I>Kundun</I>). We can only hope that international pressure will increase and rescue a unique nation preserving an ancient heritage.
<P>Although Western, usually American, defenders of Tibet are sometimes belabored with charges of hypocrisy, because of the treatment of the Indian tribes in American history, so that Americans are in no moral position to belabor the Chinese over the treatment of Tibet, it remains true that <I>nowhere in the world</I> have traditional <I>tribal</I> peoples, who were at neolithic or even paleolithic levels of development at their time of contact with the advanced civilizations (Eastern or Western), <I>not</I> been incorporated into larger modern states. There are often complaints about the status and treatment of tribal peoples in many places, from the United States to Brazil to the Sudan, but there is no special level of criticism about such peoples, of which there are many, in China. Tibet, however, was, for all its poverty and isolation, an organized state far beyond the tribal level. Like Ethiopia or Afghanistan, Tibet was the sort of state that, in the era of "decolonization," would be expected to become independent, regardless of its backward features. But the Chinese Empire and Chinese colonization survive, with no more justification than the precedent of the Manchurian Empire.<br clear=left>
<p><a href="http://www.savetibet.org/">International Campaign for Tibet</a>
<p><a href="http://www.tibet.com/">Government of Tibet in Exile</a><br clear=right><P><a name="republic"><table border cellpadding=5 width=250 align=left bgcolor="#ffffaa">
<tr><th colspan=2>Presidents of the<br>Republic of China<br><img src="images/hiero/zhong3.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/glorious.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/people.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle></th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>First Republic<br><img src="images/hiero/number.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/one.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/people.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle></th></tr>
<tr><td>Sun Yat-sen<br>[Sun Zhongshan]</td><td>Provisional<br>President,<br>1911; President,<br>1912</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Government in Peking</th></tr>
<tr><td>Yüan Shih-k'ai</td><td>1912-1916</td></tr>
<tr><td>Li Yüan-hung<br>[Li Yuanghong]</td><td>1916-1917,<br>1922-1923</td></tr>
<tr><td>Feng Kuo-chang<br>[Feng Guozhang]</td><td>1917-1918</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hsü Shih-ch'ang</td><td>1918-1922</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chou Tzuch'i</td><td>acting, 1922</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chang Shaotseng</td><td>acting, 1923</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kao Lingwei</td><td>acting, 1923</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ts'ao K'un</td><td>1923-1924</td></tr>
<tr><td>Huang Fu</td><td>acting, 1924</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tuan Ch'i-jui<br>[Duan Qirui]</td><td>provisional,<br>1924-1926</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hu Weite</td><td>acting, 1926</td></tr>
<tr><td>Yen Huich'ing</td><td>1926</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tu Hsikuei</td><td>acting, 1926</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ku Weichün</td><td>acting,<br>1926-1927</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chang Tsolin<br>[Zhang Zuolin],<br>the "Old Marshal"</td><td>1927-1928</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Chang assassinated by<br>Japanese, Northern Government<br>abolished, 1928</th></tr>
</table>
<img src="history/china-3.gif" align=right>
The beginning of Republican China was a very flawed business. When a rebellion broke out on 10 October (10/10) 1911, Sun Yat-sen, who headed the "Revolutionary Alliance" [Tongmenghui] since 1905, returned from exile and was invited to become the Provisional President. However, the Army commander in Peking, Yüan Shih-k'ai [Yuan Shikai], who was made the Imperial Prime Minister in November 1911, refused to depose the Emperor unless <I>he</I> was made President. Sun Yat-sen agreed to a compromise. Sun Yat-sen became the first official President of China on 1 January 1912. The Emperor Pu Yi, truly the "Last Emperor," <img src="images/hiero/last.gif" align=middle><img src="images/emperor1.gif" align=middle>, got around to abdicating on 12 February. Sun then resigned on 10 March, and Yüan Shih-k'ai became President. It was not long before Yüan entertained plans of establishing himself as Emperor. He briefly declared himself Emperor between December 1915 and March 1916. This was not popular; he retracted the declaration, and then soon died anyway. In July 1917, a Warlord (Chang Hsün, Zhang Xun) tried to restore the Emperor (who was allowed to live in the Forbidden City until 1924). The Republican Government was reestablished, but late in the same year Sun Yat-sen began forming rival governments in the South. Some semblance of a Constitutional order was maintained, but the Central Government quickly lost authority over most of the rest of the country; and Peking itself became
<table border cellpadding=5 width=250 align=right bgcolor="#ffffaa">
<tr><th colspan=2>Kuomintang, <img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/people.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/party.gif" align=middle><br>Government, Canton</th></tr>
<tr><td>Sun Yat-sen</td><td>Generalissimo<br>or President,<br>1917-1918,<br>1921-1922,<br>1923-1925</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hu Han-min </td><td>acting, 1925</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Chairman of the National Government, Canton</th></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Wang Ching-wei [Wang Jingwei]</td><td>1925-1926,<br>1927</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#aaffaa"><td>collaborationist<br>government<br>with <a href="#modern">Japan</a>, 1938-1944</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Chairman of the National Government, Nanking, 1926</th></tr>
<tr><td>Tan Yankai</td><td>1926-1927,<br>1927-1928</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Communists expelled from Kuomintang, 1927; end of Government in Peking, 1928</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a name="2ndrepublic">Second Republic<br><img src="images/hiero/number.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/two.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/people.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle></th></tr>
<tr><td>Chiang Kai-shek [Jiang Jieshi]</td><td>1928-1931,<br>1943-1948</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lin Sen</td><td>1931-1943</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ff0000"><th colspan=2>Communist "Long March," 1934-1935</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Presidents of the Republic of China, Nanking</th></tr>
<tr><td>Chiang Kai-shek</td><td>1948-1949,<br>1950-1975</td></tr>
<tr><td>Li Tsung-jen</td><td>1949-1950</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Government moves to Taiwan, 1949</th></tr>
<tr><td>Yen Chia-kan</td><td>1975-1978</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chiang Ching-kuo</td><td>1978-1988</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lee Teng-hui</td><td>1988-2000</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chen Shui-bian</td><td>2000-2008</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ma Ying-jeou</td><td>2008-2016</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tsai Ing-wen</td><td>2016-present</td></tr>
</table>
a pawn of the Warlords who now came to dominate China -- for control of Peking, this mainly meant Chang Tsolin [Zhang Zuolin], the "Old Marshal," Warlord of Manchuria. Foreign governments, however, continued to recognize the titular government in Peking, and the foreign run customs service remitted its revenues there. Nevertheless, even assembling a list of the nominal Presidents has been a challenge, and for a long time I did not have complete information. I then found a website with a full list of Heads of the Peking Government, but it is now off-line.
<P><a href="yinyang.htm#dialects3">Pinyin</a> versions of these names are becoming common, although they bespeak sources and historiography that are now influenced by Chinese Communist scholarship and ideology. The names of both Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek traditionally were given in the form of their own Southern Language, <a href="yinyang.htm#dialects">Cantonese</a>. It is rare to see Wade-Giles versions of their names in Mandarin, but it is now becoming typical to see Pinyin versions of their names in Mandarin, even though nothing of the sort occurs in contemporary records or older histories. Here I give the names in the old ways, with Mandarin equivalents in Pinyin for the more important ones.<br clear=left>
<P>During the days of the Peking government, two dynastic histories were produced. In 1920 we get the <I>New History of the Yüan</I> [<I>Xin Yuanshi</I>], an individual history by <B>K'e Shao-min</B>. In 1927 the Historiographic Bureau produced the <I>Draft History of the
Ch'ing</I> [<I>Qingshigao</I>], edited by <B>Chao Erh-hsün</B>. <a href="#ouyang">Ou-yang Hsiu</a> is usually considered the last individual historian because the history of K'e Shao-min is often not counted among the "24 Histories" [<I>Erh-shih-szu-shih</I> or <I>Ershisishi</I>] as these stood at the end of the Ch'ing. Many of the records of the Bureau were removed to Taiwan in 1949, where another history of the Ch'ing was produced in the 1970's. But this tends to be ignored in <a href="#communist">PRC</a> influenced historiography.
<P><img src="history/taiwan.gif" align=left>Meanwhile, as noted, Sun Yat-sen labored to set up a counter-government in the South. After a couple of false starts, he succeeded in 1923. Although Sun died in 1925, his movement had become established, and civil war was the result. Leading the Northern Expedition that occupied Nanking [Pinyin <I>Nanjing</I>] in 1926 and eventually overthrew the Peking Government in 1928, Chiang Kai-shek [<I>Jiang Jieshi</I>] emerged as the leader of the Kuomintang (KMT, now GMD, <img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/people.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/party.gif" align=middle>) Party. Nanking received foreign recognition as the Government of China. Peking, "Northern Capital," <img src="images/hiero/north.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/capital.gif" align=middle>, was renamed Peip'ing, "Northern Peace" <img src="images/hiero/north.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/peace.gif" align=middle>, which had been its name in the early <a href="#ming">Ming</a>. These events are nicely recounted by Barbara Tuchman in <I>Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-1945</I> [1970, Macmillan Company, 1971, Bantam Books, 1972] -- General Joseph Stilwell, who was the American commander in the China Theater in World War II, and military liaison with Chiang, was already in China as an attaché in the 1920's.
<P>As with the Government in Peking, it has been rather difficult determining the titular Heads of Government in Nanking. One problem was that there was not formally a President of China until after a Constitution was written in 1947. In the meantime, a Chairman was the Head of Government or State under various formulae. <img src="images/maps/5-el-ch2.gif" align=right>I was able to reference a website where this is detailed, but it is now off-line. But Chiang was the one certainly in control, and during World War II he was commonly known as "Generalissimo," a title he shared with Josef Stalin. In the early days, the Kuomingtang was advised by the Soviets, starting with the Comintern agent Maring in 1921 and then with Mikhail Borodin starting in 1923. At the time the Northern Expedition began in 1926, the Nationalist Army had 150,000 Russian advisers. The Communists were told by Moscow to participate in the Kuomingtang Party and government. Soon this went bad, and the Communists were expelled from the Kuomingtang in 1927. Chiang became increasingly anti-Communist, regarding them as a greater threat than the Japanese -- he said that the Japanese were a "disease of the skin," while the Communists were a "disease of the heart." The Northern Expedition entered Peking only after Chang Tsolin, more concerned about the Japanese, was killed when the Japanese blew up his train. His son, Chang Hsüeh-liang [Zhang Xueliang], the "Young Marshall," threw in his lot with the Nationalists. By the 1930's Chiang's inspiration became increasingly that of the Fascist movements in <a href="francia.htm#italministers">Italy</a>, <a href="francia.htm#third">Germany</a>, <a href="perifran.htm#spainpms">Spain</a>, etc. In 1931 a group of officers formed the "Blue Shirts," like the Fascist Black Shirts of Italy or Brown Shirts of Germany, to promote dictatorship and other Fascist ideological ends. This soon became more and more the face of the Kuomintang regime, and Chiang was effective enough at mass murder that R.J. Rummel classifies him as the fourth greatest "<a href="potter.htm#note-2">megamurderer</a>" of the 20th century, with a total of 10,214,000 deaths [<I>Death by Government</I>, Transaction Publishers, 1994, p.8].
<P>After Chiang drove the Communists from the South, which led to their "Long March" of 1934-1935, 5000 miles to Yenan [Yan'an] in Shensi [Shaanxi], and the Japanese occupied Manchuria in 1931, the "Young Marshall" was set to tracking the Communists down. When Chiang visited him in Sian [Xian] in 1936, however, Chang held him prisoner until he agreed to a truce with the Communists and cooperation against the Japanese. Chiang agreed, and a "United Front" was made with the Communists in 1937 -- just in time for war with Japan to begin at the Marco Polo Bridge on 7 July 1937. The "Young Marshall" paid for this deed with imprisonment by Chiang for the rest of his life.
<P><a name="war">Ultimately, there wasn't a great deal the Chinese could do against the Japanese, although for awhile they received a great deal of aid from the Russians, who wanted the Japanese occupied enough with China that they would be less inclined to attack Russia. Some Americans learned first hand about Japanese air power when Claire Chennault led American volunteers in P-40's, the "Flying Tigers," against them. Unfortunately, the actual United States military didn't much like Chennault and didn't much believe his information, at the time. After Shanghai and Nanking fell <img src="images/maps/japan.gif" align=right>-- with the epic "Rape of Nanking" witnessed by foreign diplomats, including an German businessman, and Nazi Party member, John Rabe -- the Kuomintang government retreated upriver to Chungking [Chongqing], where it spent the rest of the Pacific War.
<P><a name="stilwell">What happened next has long been a matter of myth and disinformation. Joseph Stilwell didn't like Chiang, didn't like Chennault, didn't like Franklin Roosevelt, and didn't like the British. He nevertheless was deceived, along with the rest of us, by the narrative about the War established by Mao Tse-tung at Yenan. In those terms, the Communists were busy fighting the Japanese, while the Nationalists did nothing, or even collaborated with the Japanese, while they also hoarded supplies to be used fighting the Communists after the War. In fact, now it appears that the Communists were the ones following this strategy, arranging truces with the Japanese and marshalling their forces for the civil war they knew was ahead. That many were left with a very different impression, then and now, was the result of this line being promoted by the American sympathizers in the Army mission to Yenan and in the United States Foreign Service. It is still uncritically repeated by Barbara Tuchman in her <I>Stilwell and the American Experience in China</I>. This tangle is partially the result of domestic American politics, where the <a href="satan.htm#text-2">Democrats</a> did not want to admit, and largely still do not want to admit, that the Roosevelt Administration was heavily infiltrated by Communists and Soviet agents (cf. <I>Stalin's Secret Agents, the Subversion of Roosevelt's Government</I>, by M. Stanton Evans and Herbert Romerstein, Threshold Editions, 2012). The debate at the time about "Who lost China?" and over possible Communists in the State Department long after the War, still serves to obscure the history and to support now ancient Communist propaganda -- and to be used today by radicals to discredit <a href="rand.htm#essential">anti-Communism</a> in continuing attacks on capitalism that even <a href="antiam.htm">now</a> gravely damage the health of the Nation.<img src="history/taiwan.gif" align=left>
<P>One can read a great deal about China in World War II and see little or nothing about the accomplishments of the Nationalist Army. By September 1939, the Japanese were attacking the important city of Changsha in Hunan Province. The Chinese defeated them. The Japanese attacked Changsha again in September 1941, and the Chinese defeated them again. And the Japanese attacked Changsha again in May 1943, and the Chinese defeated them again. This is actually an extraordinary record, and it showed what the Nationalists could do with the right support. But when the Japanese attacked again, in June 1944, Chiang's army was no longer ready. The occurrence of these battles is actually <I>mentioned</I> by Tuchman:
<P><blockquote>In China the thrust of the Japanese offensive was strong: Changsha which had three times withstood attack in the past fell without a fight on June 18. [Bantam, 1972, p.580]</blockquote>
<P><img src="images/maps/japan.gif" align=left>Yet Tuchman had previously not recounted the story of these three earlier battles, and her failure to do so already gives her readers the propaganda impression that Stilwell himself was given and promoted, that the Nationalists were not fighting the Japanese. Also, considering that the Chinese Tenth Army in Heng-yang, south of Changsha, held out against the Japanese for more than six weeks, saying that Changsha "fell without a fight" also gives a false impression of the campaign. Because of the success of this propaganda line, still repeated by Tuchman thirty years after its Maoist inception, American supplies by 1944 were not going to the Nationalist Army. Stilwell was directing much of the supply to the Chinese units that he was training and commanding himself in Burma. This was not a bad idea, since <I>real</I> supply to China needed to get to China over the Burma Road, which Stilwell then helped liberate and open to traffic. The famous supply flights "over the Hump" of the Himalayas meanwhile mostly went to supporting Chennault's airbases. Even Roosevelt decided that Chiang wasn't needed to win the War. But Chennault was a real worry to the Japanese. American B-29 bombers began flying from Chinese bases and bombing Japan itself. So the Japanese decided that a serious effort was called for to eliminate the bases.<br clear=left>
<P><blockquote>General Hsueh Yueh, the Cantonese commander whose forces had successfully defended Changsha three times already, was bitterly disappointed. His armies had seen no American supplies, yet were still expected to defend [Chennault's] Fourteenth Air Force. As even Theodore White, that most bitter critic of the Nationalists wrote: 'Hsueh defended the city as he always had, with the same tactics and the same units, but his units were three years older, their weapons were three years more worn, the soldiers three years hungrier than when they had last seen glory.' [Antony Beevor, <I>The Second World War</I>, Little, Brown and Company, 2012, p.562]</blockquote>
<P>Japanese successes then served to reinforce the idea that aid to Chiang and the Nationalists was not worth it.
<P>The <I>conspiracy</I>, for that is what it was, to undermine the Nationalists continued in full force after the War. Even in the face of Soviet betrayal in Europe, United States aid to Chiang, in money and materiel, was <I>withheld</I> from July 1946 to May 1947, because of a report by visiting Secretary of State George Marshall, wherein he was advised by Communist sympathizing "experts." Even when American aid was resumed, its timely delivery was continually and unaccountably delayed. Getting to the bottom of the matter became, as noted, a highly partisan political issue in the United State, from that time to the present. Even when President <a href="presiden.htm#34">Eisenhower</a> was elected, investigations were terminated because (1) retrospectively they were no longer judged necessary, and (2) Eisenhower himself did not want to embarrass old mentors like Marshall.
<P>The result is that it is still common to see it denied that Foreign Service figures like John Stewart Service (1909-1999) were Communist agents or sympathizers. As it happened, in Chungking Service roomed with Chi Chao-ting, a Communist agent who had infiltrated the Kuomintang, and Solomon Adler, a Treasury official who, in league with Soviet Agent and Assistant Treasury Secretary in Washington, Harry Dexter White, was engaged in sabotaging a $200 million loan of gold to the Nationalist government to help stabilize its currency. Both Chi and Adler revealed their true colors by later <I>defecting</I> to the PRC, but Service, who was arrested by the FBI in 1945, never had the honesty to admit what he had been doing.
<P>The prosecution of Service was quashed, as we now know from recently released FBI files, by a high level cover-up and conspiracy to obstruct justice [cf. Evans and Romerstein, pp.215-221], orchestrated by Soviet agents like White House assistant Lauchlin Currie. Although Service would be publicly exposed by Senator Joseph McCarthy, and J. Edgar Hoover knew everything that had been going on, the Eisenhower Administration, for its own obscure reasons -- part of which may actually have been that Hoover and Eisenhower did not want the Soviets to know how much they actually knew -- <a href="satan.htm#note-1">silenced McCarthy</a> and allowed Service to continue with a quiet but harmless career.
<P>This did not serve the future well, since McCarthy, abandoned as expendable, now has become the Prince of Darkness who represents all the evil, not just of anti-Communism, but of <I>America itself</I> to the modern <a href="antiam.htm">anti-American</a> apologists and partisans of communism, which includes much of American <a href="public.htm">education</a>, higher and lower. This has allowed the revival of long discredited socialist, Marxist, and totalitarian ideas in American politics -- decades after their serious influence was finally destroyed by the admission of <a href="russia.htm#soviet">Nikita Khrushchev</a> in 1956 of the crimes of Joe Stalin, a man who, unlike Joe McCarthy, murdered millions (but whose face is proudly displayed, for instance, in modern <a href="newspain.htm#granada">Venezuela</a>, beloved of American "progressives").
<P>Chiang formally became President of China in 1948. By then, the days of the Nationalists on the Mainland were numbered. The Communists defeated them utterly in 1949. <img src="history/taiwan.gif" align=left>The Nationalist Government fled to Taiwan, taking most of the records of the Empire and the Republic, and the contents of the National Museum, with it. In 1950, as the Communists attacked in Korea and Mao occupied <a href="perigoku.htm#tibet">Tibet</a>, the United States undertook to defend Taiwan from Communist invasion.
<P>Still styling itself the <B>Republic of China</B> (<B>ROC</B>), the Government on Taiwan has grown into a democracy, with an economy counted as one of the "Four Tigers" of East Asia (<a href="perigoku.htm#korea">South Korea</a>, Hong Kong, and <a href="notes/india.htm#prime">Singapore</a> being the others) and notions about repudiating its claims to the Mainland and going its own way. Recently electing a pro-independence President, Taiwan has been harshly threatened by the Communists -- who in March 2005 passed a law authorizing force if Taiwan declares independence. The agreement that the United States made to recognize the People's Republic, however, precludes resolution of this issue by force, and Communist military demonstrations have been met with American counter-demonstrations. When democracy comes to the People's Republic, reunification may happen easily. But there are no signs that the Communists are anywhere near giving up power, despite the <I>de facto</I> abandonment of Communist economics.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="communist"><center><table border cellpadding=5 bgcolor="#ff0000" width=630>
<tr><th colspan=6>Communist China -- People's Republic of China -- PRC<br><img src="images/hiero/zhong3.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/glorious.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/person.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/people.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/republic.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle></th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=6>Third Republic <img src="images/hiero/number.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/three.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/people.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle></th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2 rowspan=2>Prime Minister</th><th colspan=2>Communist Party</th><th colspan=2 rowspan=2>President</th></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=5><B>Mao Zedong,<br>Mao Tse-tung</B></td><td rowspan=5>Chairman,<br>1935-1976</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=4>Zhou Enlai,<br>Chou En-lai</td><td rowspan=4>1949-1976</td><td colspan=2>1949-1959</td></tr>
<tr><td>Liu Shaoqi</td><td>1959-1968</td></tr>
<tr><td>Dong Biwu</td><td>1968-1975</td></tr>
<tr><td>Zhu De</td><td>1975-1976</td></tr>
<tr><td>1976-1980</td><td colspan=2><center>Hua Guofeng</center></td><td>1976-1981</td><td>Song Qingling</td><td>1976-1978</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Zhao Ziyang</td><td rowspan=2>1980-1987</td><td rowspan=2>Hu Yaobang</td><td>1981-1982</td><td>Ye Jianying</td><td>1978-1983</td></tr>
<tr><td>General Secretary,<br>1982-1987</td><td>Li Xiannian</td><td>1983-1988</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan=2>Li Peng</td><td rowspan=2>1987-1998</td><td>Zhao Ziyang</td><td>1987-1989</td><td>Yang Shangkun</td><td>1988-1993</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2>1989-2002</td><td rowspan=2>Jiang Zemin</td><td rowspan=2>1993-2003</td></tr>
<tr><td>Zhu Rongji</td><td>1998-2003</td><td rowspan=2>2002-2012</td><td rowspan=2>Hu Jintao</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wen Jiabao</td><td>2003-2013</td><td colspan=2>2003-2013</td></tr>
<tr><td><B>Li Keqiang</B></td><td>2013-<br>present</td><td>2012-present</td><td colspan=2><center><B>Xi Jinping</B></center></td><td>2013-present</td></tr>
</table></center>
<P><img src="images/chinarev.jpg" align=left><B>Mao Tse-tung</B> (Zedong) didn't want China to end up like Stalinist Russia. This did not mean he disapproved of dictatorship, <a href="potter.htm#note-2">mass murder</a>, or torture. He simply didn't want the country ruled by a bunch of bureaucrats. So his ultimate inspiration was the "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution" (1966-1976), in which mass political action would produce the sort of stateless utopia predicted by Marx. What it actually produced was chaos, not to mention widespread vandalism, torture, murders, etc.
<P>Like Stalin's purges in 1938, the Communist Party itself came in for attack. The disgraced and humiliated <B>Deng Xiaoping</B> (d.1997) never forgot it. With the death of Mao and the defeat of the "Gang of Four" political radicals, Deng, although never holding any of the highest posts in the state (above), became the guiding force behind market reforms. But he was never prepared to allow political liberalization and is generally credited with the decision to crush the demonstrations in Tiananmen Square in 1989. This left China still where it is today, with the <img src="ross/ca40/flag-c.gif" align=left>Communist Party firmly in place and in charge, but with an economy growing rapidly from <I>de facto</I> capitalist innovations, whose frank acknowledgement as such would void the whole purpose of the existence of the Communist Party.
<P>Yet the process continues. <img src="images/maps/5-el-ch3.gif" align=right>Farmland is in the hands of private leaseholders, although the <I>de jure</I> possession of Maoist communes. State industries, whose output is so worthless that some of it is simply warehoused and forgotten, are being steadily retired -- probably more quickly than in Russia, where the workers protest losing their (largely worthless) state incomes. Just the paradox of our time, where real <I>laissez-faire</I> capitalism flourishes under Communist government, in Hong Kong, while the voters in the democracies keep voting for bigger government handouts and ever more intrusive regulations and paternalism. Perhaps Deng was right about democracy. <a href="javascript:popup('images/basle.gif','basle','resizable,width=452,height=514')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for image popup of graph';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true"><img src="images/basle.gif" width=211 align=left border=0></a>It is certainly not worth having when it means the violation of property rights and voluntary association that is now commonplace under laws, e.g. the United State Constitution, that were supposed to protect all that.
<P>Late in 2002 Jiang Zemin turned the Chairmanship of the Communist Party over to Hu Jintao. The Presidency followed in March 2003. Zhu Rongji also resigned as Prime Minister at the same time. Chairman Hu was designated for his job by the late Deng Xiaoping and fits in rather awkwardly among Jiang's personal supporters in the Politburo. All are faced with the continuing mental gymnastics of simultaneously defending Communism and promoting Capitalism.
<P>In 2013, another generational turnover has occurred. Li Keqiang is now the Prime Minister and Xi Jinping is both Chairman of the Communist Party and President of the Republic. China is now the second largest economy in the world. <img src="images/vultures.jpg" align=right width=450>With growth in the United State hobbled by the simultaneous crony capitalism and attacks on free capital of the <a href="satan.htm#text-2">Democrats</a>, the expectation that China will become the largest economy may involve a faster timetable than is generally expected. With a new sense of power, China is threatening Japan, Vietnam, and the Philippines in territorial disputes. The Chinese Army has also been launching cyber attacks against public and private computer networks in the United States. The Left doesn't quite know what to make of this. It's good because it is being done by Communists against U.S. Imperialism; but then it <I>can</I> be done because China allows enough capitalism to be economically successful. That can't be good. Hence the conundrum.
<P>With a revival of religion in China, perhaps an ultimate irony is the transformation of Mao Tse-tung into a <a href="buddhism.htm#maha">Bodhisattva</a>. This would best be a deity, however, of principally wrathful form.
<P><a name="gung">The Republic of China and the People's Republic of China use different terms for "republic." First came <img src="images/hiero/people.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle>, which means "people country." This is by analogy with other expressions, like <img src="images/king.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle>, "king country," i.e. "kingdom," or <img src="images/emperor1.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle>, "emperor country," i.e. "empire." Kingdoms and empires are named after the sources of their sovereignty, i.e. kings and emperors. A republic, where sovereignty is in the people, thus might properly be named with reference to them. For a "people's republic," however, <img src="images/hiero/people.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/people.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle>, "people people country," might seem redundant. So we get a different expression for "republic," <img src="images/hiero/republic.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle>, where <img src="images/hiero/republic.gif" align=middle> is glossed by Mathews' Dictionary as meaning "united in purpose" -- this seems to be the slogan "gung ho" adopted by U.S. Marines in World War II. This would be a nice name for a kind of government, but it doesn't tell us much about what kind of government it is. We then get <img src="images/hiero/person.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/people.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/republic.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle> for "people's republic," where <img src="images/hiero/person.gif" align=middle> and <img src="images/hiero/people.gif" align=middle> can mean "people" either individually or together. Indeed, having avoided <img src="images/hiero/people.gif" align=middle> in "republic," we then get a kind of reduplication anyway to get a word for "people." Perhaps the notion was that <img src="images/hiero/zhong3.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/glorious.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/person.gif" align=middle> would mean "Chinese People" and then <img src="images/hiero/people.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/republic.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle> would mean "People's Republic"; but doesn't seem to be the way that the name is broken down. Be that as it may, I have used <img src="images/hiero/people.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle> in the expressions for "First," "Second," and "Third" Republics. Since "people's republic" was always used to misrepresent states that were actually dictatorships, there is no point in worrying too much about how its meaning gets expressed. The term <img src="images/hiero/republic.gif" align=middle>, which literally means "collective" or "shared" <img src="images/hiero/v-harmon.gif" align=middle>, "harmony," unfortunately could even be used to mean "totalitarian." Indeed, <img src="images/hiero/share.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/party.gif" align=middle> is "Communist Party".<br clear=left>
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<P><a name="note-1"><center><img src="images/key-c1.gif"></center>
<H3 ALIGN="center">The Ming Dynasty, Note 1</H3>
<p><center><img src="images/key-c1.gif"></center>
<P>Belittling the Ming and trumpeting "Qing Success" is just one of the strange preferences of Fairbank and Goldman's book -- although it is consistent with the "bad press" that L. Carrington Goodrich mentions about the Ming and strengthens the impression that this derives from a credulous use of Ch'ing propaganda -- or leaves the impression that the authors somehow <I>dislike the Chinese</I> and admire the Manchus more.
<P>After a uniformly dismal treatment of the Chinese Ming, which might make one wonder how the dynasty could have lasted 276 years, we get the following bizarre statement, perhaps added by Goldman in his revision of Fairbank's history:
<P><blockquote>This disparaging judgment comes out of the context of the late twentieth century, when technology and growth have created innumerable disorders in all aspects of life all over the world without disclosing as yet the principles of order that may postpone the destruction of human civilization. In time the self-contained growth of Ming China with its comparative peace and well-being may be admired by historians, who may see a sort of success where today we see failure. [<I>op.cit.</I> p.140]</blockquote>
<P>This really doesn't make things any better. Indeed, the casual reader might not know what the statement is referring to, with its coy allusion to "innumerable disorders." But this is the esoteric style of the modern academic <a href="rand.htm#modern">leftist</a>, who would rather merely evoke the farcical mythology of post-modern <a href="marx.htm">Marxism</a>, for those in the know, than frankly express it to the uninitiated.
<P>The problems with the Ming can easily be addressed in terms that would have been used by Chinese historians themselves. No sensible Chinese appreciated corruption, high and arbitrary taxes, a weak but dangerous military, constant rebellion, or foreign conquest of the country. When the army commonly provided evidence of suppressing rebels with the heads of randomly massacred civilians, we have a government whose problems are mortal. The dynasty did not end in "comparative peace and well-being." That it <I>began</I> that way, with institutions that gradually unraveled, is an explanation that we don't get in Fairbank and Goldman's treatment. Then, instead of correcting the picture in a reasonable and honest way, we get a nasty, dissimulating political dig at capitalism and modern commercial culture. This tells us nothing about the Ming, and nothing explicitly about the political arrangements Fairbank and Goldman (or perhaps just Goldman) would prefer -- since they attribute "xenophobia" to the Ming, perhaps this means they like it -- but it does leave us with the impression that they (or he) simply want to indicate their <I>bona fide</I> political correctness to fashionable colleagues. Shameful in itself, such a thing is absolutely out of place in such a book.
<P>Of course Timothy Brook gives us a more sensible view of the Ming and its problems; and I now see Fairbank and Goldman upbraided by John Keay for devoting no more than eight pages to the eight centuries of the <a href="#chou">Chou</a> Dynasty [<I>China, A History</I>, Basic Books, 2009, p.51, note 1 p.538]
<P><a href="#text-0">Return to text</a><p>
<a name="note-2"><center><img src="images/key-c1.gif"></center>
<H3 ALIGN="center">The Ming Dynasty, Note 2</H3>
<p><center><img src="images/key-c1.gif"></center>
<P><img src="images/mingship.gif" align=left>Except for the three central ones, the masts and sails depicted in the drawing of the <I>baochuan</I> are relatively small. Western sailing ships settled down to three large, composite masts in the 18th century. When ships grew larger in the 19th century, because of cross bracing for the ribs and then iron hulls, larger sets of the <a href="masts.htm">masts</a> began to be seen. The largest full-rigged ship, the <I>Preußen</I>, of five masts, transported nitrates from Chile to Germany, until it collided in the English channel with a steamship that, typically, underestimated the sailing ship's speed. Although such ships were, to say the least, <img src="images/masts.gif" align=right>energy efficient, and dependable on routes with steady winds, their day passed permanently with World War I.
<P>American coastal schooners expanded beyond five masts. The <I>Thomas W. Lawson</I>, built in 1902, had seven masts, which at one point were simply numbered from the Mizzen back to the Spanker. With the customary names for schooner masts, plus the Middlemast used in full-rigged ships and barks, we can get a set of names up to eight masts. Nine masts, however, as shown, would require at least one numbered mast, as in the <I>Lawson</I>. <img src="images/mingsp-2.gif" align=left>Considering the subordinate look of the three front masts on the <I>baochuan</I>, however, a different system of naming would probably be more appropriate. The three sets of three masts, which is a division common in Chinese systems, such as the <a href="six.htm#note-4">Nine Schools</a> or Court Rank, suggest fore, middle, and rear groups. The names that the Chinese actually used would be lost with the tradition that was extinguished when the multi-masted ships were prohibited. Adopting the Western names, among the three small masts at the bow, it is clearly not fitting that this is where the Mainmast should be. So, for a fantasy assignment, I have taken a couple of names from the aft schooner masts (Driver and Pusher) and reassigned them to the bow. The Middlemast is now precisely in the middle, <img src="images/greek/middle.gif" align=middle>, as is fitting.<br clear=left>
<P><a href="masts.htm">Masts and Sails</a><p>
<a href="#text-2">Return to text</a><p>
<a name="japan"><center><img src="images/key-g.gif"></center>
<H1 ALIGN="center">Emperors, Shoguns, & Regents of Japan</H1>
<P><center><img src="images/key-g.gif"></center>
<P><img src="history/japan-2.gif" align=left>The list of Japanese Emperors, etc., is based <img src="images/kanji-j.gif" align=right>on Andrew N. Nelson, <I>The Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary</I> [Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1987, pp. 1018-1022], <I>The Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature</I> [Earl Miner, Hiroko Odagiri, and Robert E. Morrell, Princeton University Press, 1988, pp. 119-127 & 463-475], E. Papinot, <I>Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan</I> [Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1910, 1988], and other sources I've lost track of. The genealogies are entirely from Papinot.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="japan-era"><table border bgcolor="#aaffaa" cellpadding=5 align=left></a>
<tr><th>THE JAPANESE HISTORICAL ERA</th><th>660 BC</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2>1998 AD + 660 = 2658 Annō Japoniae</td></tr>
</table>
<a href="rank.htm#note-6"><img src="images/banzai.gif" align=right border=0></a>In modern times the Japanese historical era, unlike the Chinese, has frequently been used for ordinary dating. Thus the famous <a href="history/navy.htm">naval fighter</a> aircraft of World War II, the Mitsubishi A6M, was known as the "<B>Zero</B>" for the year in which it became operational, 26<B>00</B> of the Jimmu Era (=1940 AD), the last two digits of which are zeros. The Era is now less frequently used, in part because of unpleasant associations with Japanese totalitarianism. Traditional Japanese dating, however, uses Era Names, on the pattern of the Chinese <a href="JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Japanese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true"><I>Nien-hao</I></a>. <img src="images/maps/sangoku3.gif" align=right>In Japanese, these are the <I>Nengō</I>. As with the Japanese Eras, they are given here on a separate <a href="JavaScript:popup('erajpn.htm','erajapan','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Japanese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup page</a>.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="legend"><table border bgcolor="#aaffaa" width=200 cellpadding=5 align=left></a>
<tr><th colspan=2>The Legendary Period, 660 BC-538 AD</th></tr>
<tr><td>l Jimmu</td><td rowspan=5>(660 BC) First Century AD</td></tr>
<tr><td>2 Suizei</td></tr>
<tr><td>3 Annei</td></tr>
<tr><td>4 Itoku</td></tr>
<tr><td>5 Kōshō</td></tr>
<tr><td>6 Kōan</td><td rowspan=3>Second Century</td></tr>
<tr><td>7 Kōrei</td></tr>
<tr><td>8 Kōgen</td></tr>
<tr><td>9 Kaika</td><td>Third Century</td></tr>
<tr><td>10 Sujin</td><td>219-249</td></tr>
<tr><td>11 Suinin</td><td>249-280</td></tr>
<tr><td>12 Keikō</td><td>280-316</td></tr>
<tr><td>13 Seimu</td><td>316-342</td></tr>
<tr><td>14 Chūai</td><td>343-346
<tr><td>Jingū Kōgō <img src="images/female.gif" align=middle></td><td>regent</td></tr>
<tr><td>15 Oojin</td><td>346-395</td></tr>
<tr><td>16 Nintoku</td><td>395-427</td></tr>
<tr><td>17 Richū</td><td>427-432</td></tr>
<tr><td>18 Hanzei</td><td>433-438</td></tr>
<tr><td>19 Ingyō</td><td>438-453</td></tr>
<tr><td>20 Ankō</td><td>453-456</td></tr>
<tr><td>21 Yūryaku</td><td>456-479</td></tr>
<tr><td>22 Seinei</td><td>480-484</td></tr>
<tr><td>23 Kenzō</td><td>485-487</td></tr>
<tr><td>24 Ninken</td><td>488-498</td></tr>
<tr><td>25 Buretsu</td><td>498-506</td></tr>
<tr><td>26 Keitai</td><td>507-531</td></tr>
<tr><td>27 Ankan</td><td>531-535</td></tr>
<tr><td>28 Senka</td><td>535-539</td></tr>
</table>
In pre-war Japan, publicly questioning the historicity of Jimmu or the antiquity of the Japanese Throne could land one in jail, or worse. We are not out of mythic and legendary material with some certainty until Kimmei.
<P>Japan enters history with a description in the Chinese chronicle of the <a href="#three">Wei</a> Dynasty. It is called the kingdom of <img src="images/wa-0.gif" align=middle> -- <I>Wo</I> is the modern Mandarin pronunciation, <I>Wa</I> the Japanese pronunciation of the old Chinese word (the <I>on</I> reading). This is not a flattering name, since the word can mean "small," "mean," "dwarf," or even "hunchback" -- so Japan was the "Land of the Dwarves." We also get <img src="images/hiero/japan3.gif" align=middle>, in which "slave" is added to "dwarf." Eventually a less insulting character began to be used, <img src="images/wa-2.gif" align=middle>, which means "harmony" or "peace." The Mandarin pronunciation of these two characters is now very different (the latter also turns up as <I>Ho</I> and <I>Huo</I>), but they both are still <I>Wo</I> in Cantonese. Eventually the Japanese also learned insulting references to their neighbors. <a href="perigoku.htm#korea">Korea</a> and <a href="mongol.htm">Mongolia</a> might be referred to as <img src="images/hiero/dog.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle>, "dog country."
<a name="history"><table border bgcolor="#aaffaa" cellpadding=5 align=right width=220>
<tr><th colspan=2>The Historical Period, 539-645</th></tr>
<tr><td>29 Kimmei</td><td>539-571</td></tr>
<tr><td>30 Bidatsu</td><td>572-585</td></tr>
<tr><td>31 Yōmei</td><td>585-587</td></tr>
<tr><td>32 Sushun</td><td>587-592</td></tr>
<tr><td>33 Suiko <img src="images/female.gif" align=middle></td><td>592-628</td></tr>
<tr><td>34 Jomei</td><td>629-641</td></tr>
<tr><td>35 Kōgyoku <img src="images/female.gif" align=middle></td><td>642-645</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a name="yamato">The Yamato Period, 645-711</a></th></tr>
<tr><td>36 Kōtoku</td><td>645-654</td></tr>
<tr><td>37 Saimei <img src="images/female.gif" align=middle></td><td>655-661</td></tr>
<tr><td>38 Tenji</td><td>662-671</td></tr>
<tr><td>39 Kōbun</td><td>671-672</td></tr>
<tr><td>40 Temmu</td><td>673-686</td></tr>
<tr><td>41 Jitō <img src="images/female.gif" align=middle></td><td>690-697</td></tr>
<tr><td>42 Mommu</td><td>697-707</td></tr>
<tr><td>43 Gemmei <img src="images/female.gif" align=middle></td><td>707-715</td></tr>
</table>
<P>The pleasant <I>Wa</I> is still commonly used, in Chinese and Japanese, to mean Japanese (as <img src="images/han-6.gif" align=middle> is in Chinese to mean Chinese) -- as in <img src="images/wa-4.gif" align=middle>, a Japanese 31 syllable poem. However, the older, insulting character still turns up in another term, <img src="images/wa-5.gif" align=middle>, meaning Japanese pirates. Japan itself can still be called <img src="images/wa-3.gif" align=middle>, "Great Wa," but this combination is now <I>always</I> read <B>Yamato</B>, the old <I>Japanese</I> name for Japan, derived from the area, later a province, where the Dynasty of Emperors and the Japanese State originated (hence the "Yamato Period" -- for the Eras of the Yamato Period, see the <a href="JavaScript:popup('erajpn.htm#yamato','erajapan','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Japanese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup page</a>). In some expressions in Chinese, <img src="images/hiero/japan.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle> is still used to mean "Japan." To the Japanese, the country would always also be the <img src="images/hiero/kami.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kingdom.gif" align=middle>, "land of the gods."
<P>The modern name for Japan may have originated in a (possibly apocryphal) letter sent from <B>Prince Shōtoku</B> (d.621), Regent for his aunt, the Empress Suiko, to the <a href="#sui">Sui</a> court in 607. This was addressed from the "Son of Heaven in the land where the Sun Rises," to the "Son of Heaven in the land where the Sun Sets." The expression for "sun sets," <img src="images/sunset.gif" align=middle>, may have been particularly unfortunate, since the second character can mean "die" or "drown" as well as "sunk" or "gone down." The Emperor Yang Kuang naturally found this insulting and requested that he no longer be shown letters from barbarians who did not know the proprieties of addressing the true <img src="images/emperor3.gif" align=middle>. The Chinese would never regard the Emperor of Japan as any more than the <img src="images/wa-1.gif" align=middle>, the "King of Wa." Now, however, Japan begins to see itself as the <img src="images/nippon-0.gif" align=middle>, "Sun Source." There is considerable phonetic change in this expression. "Sun" gets borrowed into Japanese as <B>nit</B>; but since a Japanese word cannot end in a "t," the vowel "i" is added, which changes the pronunciation to <I>nichi</I>. "Source" is borrowed as <B>hon</B> or <B>pon</B>. In the combination, the vowel "i" is lost, and the "t" is either assimilated to the "p" as <B>Nippon</B>, or to the "h" as <B>Nihon</B>. "Nihon" is now much more common, with "Nippon" retaining some overtones of the "bad" old, pre-War Japan. Pre-War Japan, however, was not just Japan, but "Great Japan," <B>Dai Nippon</B>; and while Japan now is, officially, just "Nihon," pre-War Japan was the <img src="images/nippon-1.gif" align=middle>, the <B>Dai Nippon Teikoku</B>, the "Empire of Great Japan."<br clear=left>
<P><img src="history/japan-04.gif" align=left>Prince Shōtoku is a historical figure, but not without legendary accumulations. He is supposed to have established Buddhism, fixed Court ranks, promulgated a law code (604), written histories, the <I>Tennō-ki</I> and <I>Koku-ki</I> (620), built multiple temples, like the <I>Hōryū-ji</I> near Nara (607), introduced the Chinese <a href="chinacal.htm">calendar</a> (604), etc.
<P>It is always possible that Shōtoku accomplished so much, but the period imposes a few uncertainties on the account. Some suspect that Shōtoku was operating through Korean advisors, not a thought ever agreeable to Japanese nationalism.
<P>To a legend that Shōtoku exchanged poetry with an image of the goddess Kannon at the <I>Hōryū-ji</I>, one scholar has remarked that the image probably was as well able to write poetry as the Prince. Nevertheless, whatever Shōtoku's role or abilities, he represents a period in which Japan actively entered history and helped itself to the heritage of Chinese civilization, just as in the <a href="#modern">Meiji</a> Era the process would be repeated with respect to the West.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="emperor"><center><img src="images/key-g.gif"></center>
<P><table bgcolor=="#aaffaa" border cellpadding=5 align=left width=210>
<tr><th><img src="history/akihito.jpg" width=200></th></tr>
<tr><th>Coronation Robes of Akihito, 1989-
2019, abdicated</th></tr>
</table>
It has now become a matter of debate whether the term "Emperor" should be applied to the traditional sovereign of Japan. Since it is not clear what else to call him, some scholars have taken to simply saying "sovereign."
<P>The argument is that the Emperor was not an emperor and Japan was not an Empire because it was a national state that did not involve conquest and, apparently, empires are matters of conquest and the rule of alien, subject peoples. Now, if we think of the <a href="romania.htm">Romans</a> or the <a href="mongol.htm">Mongols</a> as paradigmatic of empires, then perhaps there is some sense to this, as these realms did involve the conquest and subjugation of alien peoples.
<P>But if the aim of this "critical" discourse is not to impose alien concepts on Japan, as some kind of "Orientalism," then this is itself false to the situation. <B>The Japanese themselves adopted the <a href="rank.htm#china">titles</a> and ideology of the Chinese monarchy -- with the addition of the Western translations already developed for China.</B>
<P>Disputing this would seem to be denying the Japanese their own "voice" and judgment and to impose upon them an alien ideology, that of politically correct and hegemonic Western scholars, <img src="images/maps/5-el-chi.gif" align=right>who are supposedly at pains to avoid doing anything of the sort. But this is not unusual. "Multi-culturalists" usually have no real interest in other cultures, just in Marxism.
<P>China was indeed a realm of conquest, although the <a href="#ch'in">Ch'in</a>, at least, was conquering peoples who at least now are considered part of the Chinese nation, the <a href="#han">Han</a> People. Later, the attachment of the other of the "five peoples" to China would seem to involve alien, subject peoples -- peoples so subject that China is now engaged in the actual genocide of the <a href="mongol.htm#uighurs">Turkic Uighurs</a> and the <a href="perigoku.htm#tibet">Tibetans</a>. Most of <a href="mongol.htm">Mongolia</a>, meanwhile, escaped to the protection of Russia. An Empire indeed.
<P>But Chinese Imperial ideology itself was not put in those terms. Instead, the Emperor, <img src="images/emperor.gif" align=middle>, as the "Son of Heaven," <img src="images/emperor3.gif" align=middle>, <img src="images/chakra.gif" align=left>was a universal monarch, the Indian <B>Cakravartin</B>, <img src="images/greek/cakravar.gif" align=middle> -- assimilating the comparable Indian ideology -- ruling over the <img src="images/tianxia.gif" align=middle>, "Under Heaven," i.e. <B>the World</B>. The <I>authority</I> for such rule is given by the <img src="images/hiero/heaven.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/mandate.gif" align=middle>, the "<a href="confuci.htm#mandate">Mandate of Heaven</a>."
<P>Indeed, in Japanese usage, the preferred term for Emperor in Japanese became <img src="images/emperor2.gif" align=middle>, <I>Tennō</I>, "heavenly" or "divine" Emperor. Since the Japanese Emperor obviously did not excercise direct rule over the world -- any more than the Roman or Chinese Emperors did, although their realms were impressively larger -- the emphasis we get is on his divine <I>authority</I>, which in the Japanese case is not just the Mandate of Heaven but derives by descent from the Sun goddess Amaterasu Ōmikami.
<table align=right border cellpadding=10 bgcolor="#ffffaa">
<tr><td>
<a href="rank.htm#feudal">Feudal Hierarchy</a>
<br><a href="rank.htm#note-6">Monarchical Acclamations</a>
</td></tr></table>
No Chinese Emperor could boast of such descent, nor were Chinese Emperors consequently ever considered gods, <img src="images/hiero/kami.gif" align=middle>, as were the Japanese (until 1945). The proper comparison thus must be with the divine Kings of <a href="notes/oldking.htm">Egypt</a> -- about whom there is now also a strange <a href="notes/oldking.htm#divine">quibble</a> over their divinity.
<P>In the sort of fantastic pseudo-history that developed in the 19th and 20th centuries, the claim was floated in Japan that the Emperors were in the direct descent from the rulers of the Lost Continent of Mu, of which Japan was the last remaining part above water. In all these respects, "Emperor" is the appropriate title of the sovereign of Japan, whether there was a Mu or not, given the ideology of universal authority that is also found with the Roman <a href="rank.htm#feudal"><I>Imperator</I></a> and in India and China.
<P>In the curious scholarly scrimmage over what to call the "Emperor" of Japan, a good example may be found in <I>The Emergence of Japanese Kingship</I> [Stanford University Press, 1997], where Joan R. Piggot writes:
<P><blockquote>Readers will note that throughout the book I eschew the usual English translation, <I>emperor</I>, for <I>tennō</I>. Instead, I use a more literal translation for its two Chinese characters, which together can be taken to mean "heavenly sovereign." <I>Tennō</I> has been translated <I>emperor</I> in the West because of the assumption of strong parallels between Chinese and Japanese kingship: since there was a Chinese emperor, there must also have been a Japanese emperor. In fact, however, structures of paramount leadership in the two societies have taken very different forms. I also argue that the translation of <I>tennō</I> as <I>emperor</I> is problematic because the term <I>empire</I> is strong associated with a martial political formation founded on conquest -- consider the imperial states of Rome, Persia, and China. In contrast, the <I>tennō</I> of eight-century Nihon did not conquer his realm, he had no standing army save some frontier forces, an the realm remained significantly segmented rather than vertically subjugated...
<P>Those who shaped the office of the <I>tennō</I> did take as their model structures of Chinese monarchy. Indeed, I will argue that as far back as the fifth century insular elites began assimilating the sinic concept of the royal realm as "all under heaven," <I>tenka</I>. Still, historical circumstances shaping insular rulership varied dramatically from those on the continent... Terms such as <I>empire</I>, <I>emperor</I>, and <I>imperial</I> are not appropriate for the Japanese context, and I do not use them. Furthermore, in the study of Japanese kingship that follows we will remark both differences from as well as similarities to Chinese-stype monarchy. [pp.8-9]</blockquote>
<P>Piggot's terminological choice boils down to strange and irrelevant arguments. First of all, <I>tennō</I> has been translated "emperor," not just in the West, but in Japan itself, where it has been the official title, in translation, of the sovereign of Japan ever since the Japanese determined for themselves the equivalences between Japanese and European <a href="rank.htm#china">titles</a>. So if there has been some mistake about this, the Japanese continue to make it. Of what political crime is Piggot going to accuse them? And why would that not be her own political crime, for which she deserves a Maoist "struggle session" (<font size=+1>批鬥大會</font>, pīdòu dàhuì)?
<P>Similarly, the idea that "since there was a Chinese emperor, there must also have been a Japanese emperor" was also not a characteristic just of Western judgment but of the judgment of the Japanese themselves, apparently since Prince Shōtoku, regardless of the "very different forms" of Chinese and Japanese monarchy. The Japanese seemed to think that the "forms" were close enough in essentials.
<P>And this is where Piggot goes seriously wrong even in terms of method. Although she admits that "insular elites began assimilating the sinic concept of the royal realm as 'all under heaven,' <I>tenka</I>," <img src="images/tianxia.gif" align=middle>, she ignores the reasons for this, namely the <I>ideology</I> of Chinese monarchy. In fact, she seems unaware of the ideological history of the term "emperor" itself even in the West. Thus, <I>Tennō</I>, <img src="images/emperor2.gif" align=middle>, in Japanese, is based on the Chinese neologism <img src="images/emperor.gif" align=middle>, the "August God" of the <a href="#ch'in">Ch'in Dynasty</a>, where either character of the binome can be used for the whole. This means that "heavenly sovereign" is not a "more literal translation," but actually a <I>mistranslation</I> of <img src="images/hiero/august.gif" align=middle>, whose Chinese sense already carries the offending Imperial ideology.
<P>And that ideology is simple enough, implicit in "under heaven," <img src="images/tianxia.gif" align=middle>, namely <I>universal authority</I>. Piggot seems unaware of this and misrepresents historical meanings of "empire" by saying that "the term <I>empire</I> is strongly associated with a martial political formation founded on conquest -- consider the imperial states of Rome, Persia, and China." This is irrelevant since "founded on conquest" is the retrospective judgment of a historian that has nothing to do with the internal self-representation and ideology of "imperial states" like "Rome, Persia, and China." Thus, "strongly associated" is a judgment made <I>by Piggot</I>, and others, that is unrelated to the historical reasons for the use of the terms.
<P>In each case, the distinctive self-description of imperial authority is its universality, which, for instance, we see explicitly, with respect to the <a href="francia.htm#swabia2">Holy Roman Empire</a>, in the statement of a legal text of 1230, the <I>Sachsenspiegel</I> (Saxon Mirror), that the Crown of Rome makes the King of Germany (the <I>Dudesche Ryke</I>), <B><I>Keyser over alle dy Werlt</I></B> [cf. James Bryce, <I>The Holy Roman Empire</I>, 1904, Schocken Books, 1961, p.194].
<P>The German Emperors were doing no more than recycling the ideology of the actual Roman Empire, whose seat in the Middle Ages was at Constantinople. In the 12th century, <a href="romania.htm#maria">Anna Comnena</a> wrote:
<P><a name="text-16"><blockquote><font size=+1>φύσει γὰρ οὖσα δεσπότις τῶν ἄλλων ἐθνῶν ἡ βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων ἐχθρωδῶς διακείμενον ἔχει τὸ δοῦλον.
<P>For, being by nature the mistress [δεσπότις] of the other nations [ἐθνῶν], the empire [<a href="rank.htm#note-4">βασιλεία</a>] of the Romans, holds them, hostilely, in a state of slavery [<a href="poly-1b.htm#note-9">δοῦλον</a>].</font>
<P><I>Annae Comnenae, Alexias, Pars Prior, Prolegomena et Textus</I>, 14.7.2, Diether R. Reinsch and Athanasios Kambylis [Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co, Berlin, 2001, p.450].</blockquote>
<P>Comnena's Empire, of course, called "Byzantium" by <a href="decdenc1.htm#mango">hostile</a> historians, held few nations "in a state of slavery," but this certainly reflects her sense of the Empire's universal authority, not to mention what was actually its cultural dominance. Indeed, <a href="decdenc1.htm#kaldellis">Anthony Kaldellis</a> argues that the Empire had become a "national state," much as is asserted for Japan by Joan Piggot, much more so, really, than the Empire of the German Emperors, although perhaps not more than that of the Emperors of <a href="ethiopia.htm">Ethiopia</a>.
<P>The Holy Roman Emperor, in turn, was called an "emperor," not because of conquest, and not because of direct succession from Augustus Caesar, and despite a realm that was "significantly segmented rather than vertically subjugated," but because he was confered the title by the <a href="popes.htm#popes">Pope</a>, whose own conceit of universal religious authority meant that he could confer universal secular authority. Just as Voltaire joked that the Holy Roman Empire was neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire, it was a state that also does not fit Piggot's retrospective definitions of "empire." So why don't we hear from Piggot that the "Empire" of the Hohenstaufen wasn't an "Empire" any more than Japan?
<P>Also, we might note that the Roman Empire itself was not <I>created</I> by conquest but by the transformation of the Roman Republic, which had done almost all the conquests already, into a monarchy. The ideology of the Roman <I>cosmopolis</I>, <font size=+1>κοσμόπολις</font>, was provided by <a href="hist-1.htm#hellen">Stoicism</a>.
<P>Just as the Holy Roman Empire retained few of the characteristics that we might otherwise associate with "empire," except for <I>de jure</I> claims of universal authority, the Japanese adopted Imperial Chinese titles and ideology, not because their monarchy or their country had many similarities in "historical circumstances" or structure to China, but because the Japanese could not see their monarchy as being any less exalted in authority and status than that of China.
<P>Piggot's argument denies to the Japanese the very status that they claimed for themselves, reducing "Great Japan," <font size=+2>大日本</font>, <I>Dai Nippon</I>, to a "little" Japan, <font size=+2>小日本</font>, <I>Shō Nihon</I>, Chinese <I>Xiǎo Rìběn</I> -- used as an intense Chinese insult in <font size=+1>小日本鬼子</font>, <I>xiǎo Rìběn guǐzi</I>, "little Japanese devils." In this day and age of sacrosanct <a href="sports.htm">proprietary claims</a> of ethnic or cultural identity, Piggot has no business doing that. The political crime is hers, not of anyone using "Emperor" for the titular ruler of Japan. Time for another "struggle session."
<P>Actually, what we are dealing with is an <I>ahistorical</I> argument among recent <I>historians</I> about their own terminology -- often to contribute to leftist ideological <a href="british.htm#anti">attacks</a> on Western Civilization, under the gloss of "anti-colonialism" and "anti-imperialism" -- when the principle of such attacks began, not surprisingly, with <a href="russia.htm#soviet">Lenin</a>. The idea that an "empire" is a state that conquers other peoples and nations and holds them in thrall to the conquering nation has nothing to do with the concepts or ideology of any state that may or may not be identified on these terms as an "empire."
<P>The Roman paradigm is a poor example of this, because of its history, despite its actual conquests, and despite supplying the actual terms <I>imperium</I> and <I>imperator</I>. We usually find that the large states that we call or are tempted to call "empires" develop an ideology, if they do so at all, of universality, not foreign conquest as such. Indeed, as Rome shrank down to Constantinople, the association with conquest became ever more tenuous -- except, of course, for the conquest of <a href="romania.htm#bulgar-1">Bulgaria</a> in the 11th century (Roman possession from 1018 to 1186, comparable to the Turkish occupation of <a href="perifran.htm#kings">Hungary</a>, 1526-1686).
<P><a name="nara"><table border bgcolor="#aaffaa" cellpadding=5 align=left width=200>
<tr><th colspan=2>The Nara Period, 712-793</th></tr>
<tr><td>44 Genshō <img src="images/female.gif" align=middle></td><td>715-724</td></tr>
<tr><td>45 Shōmu</td><td>724-749</td></tr>
<tr><td>46 Kōken <img src="images/female.gif" align=middle></td><td>749-758</td></tr>
<tr><td>47 Junnin</td><td>758-764</td></tr>
<tr><td>48 Shōtoku <img src="images/female.gif" align=middle></td><td>764-770</td></tr>
<tr><td>49 Kōnin</td><td>770-781</td></tr>
</table>
The foundation of the city of <B>Nara</B>, <img src="images/hiero/nara.gif" align=middle>, the first permanent capital of Japan (death pollution had impelled abandonment of previous seats of government), defines the Nara Period (for the Eras of the Nara Period, see the <a href="JavaScript:popup('erajpn.htm#nara','erajapan','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Japanese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup page</a>). It was in Nara that we first get the classic "<a href="six.htm#japan">Six Schools</a>" of Japanese <a href="history.htm#buddha">Buddhism</a>. These would develop into Eight in the following Heian Period and then into Twelve in the <a href="#kamakura">Kamakura Period</a>. It was also at this time that the title of the Emperor is borrowed from <a href="#august">China</a>, a version as <img src="images/empjpn2.gif" align=middle>, the "Heavenly" (or divine) Emperor. The title <B>Mikado</B>, <img src="images/empjpn1.gif" align=middle>, "Honorable/Imperial Gate," had been used and would survive, even into Gilbert and Sullivan. This is rather like the government of Ottoman <a href="turkia.htm">Turkey</a> being called the "Sublime Porte," <img src="images/greek/babiali.gif" align=middle>, <I>Bāb-ı-Ālī</I>, or the King of <a href="notes/oldking.htm">Egypt</a> being called "<a href="notes/newking.htm#pharaoh">Pharaoh</a>," <img src="images/hiero/pharaoh.gif" align=middle>, i.e. "Great House." Indeed, there were a couple of streets of Kyōto that were called "mikado," e.g. <img src="images/greek/middle.gif" align=middle><img src="images/empjpn1.gif" align=middle>, <I>Nakamikado</I>, "Middle Imperial Gate," which led to a central gate of the Imperial Palace. Nevertheless, in characters, nothing more than the other Chinese character for emperor might be written for the word, i.e. <img src="images/empjpn.gif" align=middle>. The later military ruler, who exercised authority for the Emperors, was called the <B>Shōgun</B>, short for an expression usually translated "Barbarian Subduing Generalissimo." The Shōgun was also called the <B>Taikun</B>, "Great Ruler," which became the word "tycoon" in English.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="heian"><table border bgcolor="#aaffaa" cellpadding=5 align=left width=250>
<tr><th colspan=2>The Heian Period, 794-1186</th></tr>
<tr><td>50 Kammu</td><td>781-806</td></tr>
<tr><td>51 Heizei</td><td>806-809-824</td></tr>
<tr><td>52 Saga</td><td>809-823-842</td></tr>
<tr><td>53 Junna</td><td>823-833-840</td></tr>
<tr><td>54 Nimmyō</td><td>833-850</td></tr>
<tr><td>55 Montoku</td><td>850-858</td></tr>
<tr><td>56 Seiwa</td><td>858-876-880</td></tr>
<tr><td>57 Yōzei</td><td>877-884-949</td></tr>
<tr><td>58 Kōkō</td><td>884-887</td></tr>
<tr><td>59 Uda</td><td>887-897-937</td></tr>
<tr><td>60 Daigo</td><td>897-930</td></tr>
<tr><td>61 Suzaku</td><td>930-946-952</td></tr>
<tr><td>62 Murakami</td><td>946-967</td></tr>
<tr><td>63 Reizei</td><td>967-969-1011</td></tr>
<tr><td>64 Enyū</td><td>969-984-991</td></tr>
<tr><td>65 Kazan</td><td>984-986-1008</td></tr>
<tr><td>66 Ichijō</td><td>986-1011</td></tr>
<tr><td>67 Sanjō</td><td>1011-1016-1017</td></tr>
<tr><td>68 Go-Ichijō</td><td>1016-1036</td></tr>
<tr><td>69 Go-Suzaku</td><td>1036-1045</td></tr>
<tr><td>70 Go-Reizei</td><td>1045-1068</td></tr>
<tr><td><a name="shirakawa">71 Go-Sanjō</a></td><td>1067-1072-1073</td></tr>
<tr><td>72 <B>Shirakawa</B></td><td>1072-<B>1086</B>-1129</td></tr>
<tr><td>73 Horikawa</td><td>1086-1107</td></tr>
<tr><td>74 <B>Toba</B></td><td>1107-1123-<br><B>1129</B>-1156</td></tr>
<tr><td>75 Sutoku</td><td>1123-1141-1156</td></tr>
<tr><td>76 Konoye</td><td>1141-1155</td></tr>
<tr><td>77 <B>Go-Shirakawa</B></td><td>1156-<B>1158</B>-1179-<br><B>1180</B>-1192</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Captured by Minamoto Yoshihira, the Burning of the Sanjo Palace, Heiji War, Yoshihara defeated and killed, 1159-1160</th></tr>
<tr><td>78 Nijō</td><td>1159-1165</td></tr>
<tr><td>79 Rokujō</td><td>1166-1168-1176</td></tr>
<tr><td>80 <B>Takakura</B></td><td>1169-<B>1180</B>-1181</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Gempei War (Gen+Hei), 1180-1185, Taira (Heike) overthrown by Minamoto (Genji)</th></tr>
<tr><td>81 Antoku</a></td><td>1181-1183-1185</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Battle of Dan-no-ura,<br>
Taira Clan annhilated by Minamoto, 1185</th></tr>
</table>
The Heian Period begins with the founding of the city of <B>Kyōto</B> in 794. The city was originally called <B>Heian-kyō</B>, <img src="images/hiero/peace.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/peace2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/capital.gif" align=middle>, "Peaceful Capital." <I>Kyōto</I>, <img src="images/hiero/capital.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/metropol.gif" align=middle>, "Capital City," is the more prosaic designation (for the Eras of the Heian Period, see the <a href="JavaScript:popup('erajpn.htm#heian','erajapan','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Japanese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup page</a>). The city was laid out as a regular Chinese square and grid between the <B>Katsura River</B> on the west side and the <B>Kamo River</B> on the east. The two rivers flowed together just south of town, to be joined slightly downstream by the <B>Uji River</B> coming in from the east.
<P>Forces approaching Kyōto from the south needed to cross the Uji, often at the Uji-bashi, the Uji Bridge, in the small town of Uji itself. So "crossing the Uji" came to mean marching on Kyōto -- a bit like "crossing the Rubicon" in <a href="rome.htm">Roman</a> history. Over time, the southern and western parts of the original city were abandoned, and settlement moved north and east, so that now old parts of the city lie on both sides of the Kamo, pressing right up to the eastern hills, including Mt. Hiei. Now, of course, the modern city has grown back over all the lost ground, and more.
<P>East-west streets were numbered, starting with Ichijō, "First Street," in the north down to Kujō, "Ninth Steet," in the south -- now joined by a modern Jujō-dori, "Tenth Street." Later, Emperors and noble families of the Fujiwara were named after many of these streets, where they had residences. Many of the streets survive today, in longer or shorter stretches.
<P>Thus, one of the oldest surviving wood structures in Japan, the <B>Sanjūsangen-dō</B>, <font size=+1>三十三間堂</font>, temple, containing 1001 statues of the goddess and bodhisattva <a href="elements.htm#buddhism">Kannon</a>, is off Shichijō-dori, "Seventh Street," just east of the Kamo River (where there is now a MacDonald's right on the east bank). The temple was founded in 1164 but the characteristic long hall, the <I>Hondō</I>, was built in 1266. The first time I visited Kyōto, in 1989, my late friend, <a href="ross/burson.htm">Lynn Burson</a>, warmly recommended seeing this temple. Certainly worth it. There used to be archery contests to see how far someone could shoot an arrow under the eves of the long hall.
<P>Returning from China in 805 and bearing the doctrine of the important Chinese <I>T'ien T'ai</I> School of Buddhism -- <a href="six.htm#tendai"><B><I>Tendai</I></B></a> in Japanese -- the monk <B>Saichō</B> (767-822) <a href="yinyang.htm"><img src="images/hiei.gif" align=right border=0></a>would found a vast establishment of temples and hermitages (the "Three Pagodas and Sixteen Valleys") on the 2783 foot sacred mountain, <B><I>Mt. Hiei</I></B>, which looms over the city of Kyōto to the northeast.
<P>This is the direction of the "mountain" <a href="yinyang.htm">trigram</a> and the perilous "Demon Gate" in Chinese geomancy, which could thus be guarded by the temples. The central temple on Hiei, the <I>Enryakuji</I>, still bears an inscription that it is sited exactly north-east of the Imperial Palace in Kyōto.
<P>Tendai became the institutionally and politically dominant form of Japanese Buddhism, and most of the subsequent <a href="#kamakura">Kamakura</a> schools were essentially spinoffs from Tendai. Mt. Hiei thus parallels in status and influence the "<a href="romania.htm#mountain">Holy Mountain</a>," <I>Hágion Óros</I>, of Orthodox Christianity and the Mediaeval <a href="romania.htm#middle">Roman Empire</a>: <B>Mt. Áthōs</B> in the north of Greece. Women were once prohibited on Hiei, as they still are on Áthōs.
<P>Before long Mt. Hiei was the center of secular as well as spiritual power, when the monks formed <I>monastic armies</I> -- strange and oxymoronic as such things would seem to be. Thus, the Emperor <B>Shirakawa</B> is supposed to have said that there were three things he could not control: the fall of the dice, the flow of the Kamo River, and the armed monks of Mt. Hiei. The power of the monks was broken when <a href="#azuchi">Oda Nobunaga</a> slaughtered them and burned down Mt. Hiei in 1571.
<P>Elsewhere, I only know of monastic armies in the form of the Military Orders of the <a href="outremer.htm">Crusades</a>, such as the <a href="outremer.htm#malta">Hospitallers</a>. Although the military Orders sometimes assumed secular rule, as on Malta or in the Baltics, this was never in opposition to secular rulers on the spot -- unless we count when the pagan Duke of <a href="perifran.htm#lith">Lithuania</a>, Jagiello, converted, married the Queen of Poland, and turned Christian Poland against the <a href="outremer.htm#teutonic">Teutonic Knights</a>. This bit of Renaissance opportunism has been hijacked into modern <a href="perifran.htm#jagiello2">nationalist ideology</a>.
<P><img src="history/fujiwara.jpg" align=right width=100>In the list of Emperors, where three dates are given, the second date represents the retirement of the Emperor (or, later, the Shōgun or Regent). This came to be a device by which <a href="JavaScript:popup('jpnprime.htm','jpnprime','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=540,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Japanese Ministers';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Fujiwara ministers</a>, starting with the Regent (Sesshō) <B>Fujiwara Yoshifusa</B> (858-872), could exercise control over minor Emperors. The Fujiwaras would exercise control as Regents for minor Emperors, and then as Chancellors (Kampaku) when the Emperors formally came of age. There was also an aspect to this, however, specific to Japanese religion. If an Emperor died in office, then the purity of the Throne is defiled by <a href="newotto.htm">death pollution</a>. Retiring before death was likely to happen would prevent the threat of pollution. Indeed, it became the custom that when death found a reigning Emperor anyway, the event would be concealed, the succession confirmed, and then the death announced as that of a <I>retired</I> Emperor. One might think that the pollution would have been incurred anyway, but this does not seem to have been the attitude. Such scruples have lapsed in the <a href="#modern">Modern Period</a>.<br clear=left>
<P>Symbolic of the height of Fujiwara power is the Byōdō-in temple at Uji, south of Kyōto. The institution was found in 998 by Fujiwara Michinaga (Chancellor, 1016-1017), at first as a villa but then converted into a <a href="six.htm#japan">Pure Land</a> temple, with an image of the Buddha <a href="elements.htm#buddhist">Amida</a> enshrined within. Seen below at left is the Phoenix Hall (Hōō-dō), regarded as one of the greatest jewels of Japanese architecture, completed in 1053. The other original buildings in the temple complex were burnt down in the rebellion of the <a href="#nambokucho">Ashikagas</a> in 1336. Below at right is a copy of the Hōō-dō built at the Valley of the Temples memorial park on O'ahu in <a href="hawaii.htm">Hawai'i</a>.
<P><center><img src="images/byodoin1.jpg"><img src="images/byodoin2.jpg"></center>
<P><img src="history/japan-05.gif" align=left>As Fujiwara power declined, retired Emperors, who had become monks, began to exercise influence from their monasteries. This became the institution of the "Cloistered Emperors." Such Emperors were known by the title "<B>In</b>," hence, <a href="#shirakawa"><B>Shirakawa In</B></a> -- who himself was the first to assume authority in this way, in 1086.
<P>The names of Cloistered Emperors are given in boldface, as are the dates of their assumption of Cloistered power. Usually this is identical to the dates of their retirement, but sometimes there is a delay between retirement and the assumption of Cloistered power (e.g. <B>Toba</B>). There may also be a second retirement date.
<P><a href="#kamakura"><B>Go-Toba</B></a> was the last effective Cloistered Emperor. His second retirement was forced after his abortive attack on the Hōjō Regent <a href="#hojo"><B>Yoshitoki</B></a>, the Jōkyū War, in 1221. He was exiled for the rest of his life to the remote Oki Islands, where, among other things, he worked on forging a sword. This was to replace the sword of the Imperial Regalia that had been lost at sea, with the child Emperor (and Go-Toba's brother) <B>Antoku</B>, in the battle of Dan-no-ura. He also intended to use it to kill the Hōjōs. That never happened. Later in Japanese history, it became common for many figures, Regents and Shōguns as well as Emperors, to retire from office but sometimes to continue exercising much of their previous power.
<P><a href="JavaScript:popup('jpnprime.htm','jpnprime','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=540,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Japanese Ministers';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Fujiwara Chancellors and Imperial Regents, 858-1868</a>
<P><a href="javascript:popup('history/fujiwara.gif','fujiwara','resizable,scrollbars,width=621,height=1799')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for popup genealogy of the Fujiwara';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Genealogy of the Fujiwara</a>
<P><a name="dannoura"><hr>
<P>The Heian Period ends with the naval battle of <B>Dan-no-ura</B>, <img src="images/hiero/dan2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/zhi2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/ura.gif" align=middle> (or <img src="images/hiero/dan2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/no.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/ura.gif" align=middle> or <img src="images/hiero/dan2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/ura.gif" align=middle>), in 1185. The <B>Taira</B> (or <B>Heike</B>) Clan had dominated the Court under <B>Kiyomori</B> (1118-1181), but the <B>Minamoto</B> (or <B>Genji</B>) Clan overwhelmed them after his death. This conflict sounds a lot like the later <a href="perifran.htm#roses"><img src="history/taira.gif" align=right width=100 border=0>Wars of the Roses</a> in England, where the losing side, the House of Lancaster, was associated with the color red, just like the losing house of Taira in Japan.
<P>The battle was furiously fought by hundreds of ships in the swift tidal currents of the narrow waters of the Kanmon (<img src="images/hiero/seki.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/gate.gif" align=middle>) Straits at Shimonoseki (<img src="images/greek/low.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/seki.gif" align=middle>), only 600 meters at the narrowest point (comparable to the <a href="decdenc1.htm#bosporus">Bosporus</a> Strait above Constantinople). As the tide changed, and the waters became turbulent (as my wife and I witnessed ourselves in November 2009), Heike ships were crowded together and blocked from retreat. Minamoto archers on the shore were able to shower the Heike ships with arrows.
<P>With the day obviously lost, the battle ended with one of the most dramatic and poignant moments in world history. Kiyomori's widow, <B>Nii-no-ama</B>, with her grandson, the seven-year-old Emperor <B>Antoku</B>, decided to leap into the sea, carrying the Imperial Regalia with them, rather than be taken by their enemies. Nii-no-ama bids Antoku acknowledge the Sun goddess, Amaterasu-Ōmi-kami, to the East, and the Buddha <a href="six.htm#tendai">Amida</a> to the West, where lies his Pure Land, before they die. Other Taira women were pulled out of the water, including Antoku's mother, but not Lady Nii.<br clear=left>
<P><center><img src="images/dannoura.jpg"></center>
<P>The scene of their death is recounted in the epic <I>Heike-Monogatari</I> and hauntingly portrayed in Masaki Kobayashi's movie <I>Kwaidan</I>, <a href="newotto.htm"><img src="images/hiero/uncanny.gif" align=middle border=0><img src="images/hiero/talk.gif" align=middle border=0></a>, (1964), based on the 1904 collection (of the same name) of Japanese ghost stories by Lafcadio Hearn [<I>Kwaidan, Stories and Studies of Strange Things</I>, Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1904, 1971, 1986]. Kobayashi's set designs, (minimal) external footage, and narrative, although vivid, give no clue about the physical and geographical conditions of the battle. Later the spirits of Taira warriors were thought to haunt the Straits, and the local "Heike" crabs have shells that look like human faces as seen in Japanese theater masks -- Carl Sagan commented on this as the outcome of fishermen throwing back crabs that even faintly resembled human faces.
<P>Beyond the modern bridge over the Kanmon above is a pedestrian and bicycle tunnel under the Strait. My wife and I were unaware of its existence at the time of our visit. Indeed, I only recently became aware of it because of the "Abroad in Japan" videos at YouTube. In these videos, British expatriot Chris Broad, among many other things, bicycled most of the length of Japan and crossed under the Kanmon Strait through the tunnel.<img src="images/tunnel.jpg" align=right width=400>
<P>The photo at right is not the Japanese tunnel but the one in London that crosses under the Thames River at Greenwich. One similarity beween the two tunnels is the prohibition of actual cycling, as we see in the "no cycling" warnings in the photo. However, a difference between Japan and Britain is that Broad and his friends walked their bikes, per instruction, as did others in the Kanmon tunnel, while in London in 2019, all the bikers I saw were nevertheless riding their bikes, against instruction.
<P>As Broad notes elsewhere, the Japanese tend to obey laws like this, and wait patiently at stoplights, even in the absence of traffic, while in Britain there are no "jaywalking" laws and pedestrians can cross any street, anywhere, as long as it is safe to do so. That spirit evidently was in play in the Greenwich tunnel, despite what we might otherwise think of as the orderly and obedient nature of the British, who quietly queue up at bus stops with an all-but-Japanese appearance of order. But then, we remember British soccer fans -- where "quiet" and "orderly" are quite out the window.
<P>British crossing of the street reminds me of two things. One was <a href="flanders.htm#marl">Winston Churchill</a>, in front of a <a href="flanders.htm#vanderbilt">Vanderbilt</a> mansion, on December 13, 1931, being hit by a car as he was crossing 5th Avenue in New York City. The car was driven by Edward F. Cantasano (1905-1989), an unemployed mechanic from Yonkers. Perhaps the worse for drink, Churchill forgot to look to the left for oncoming traffic, rather than to the right, as would have been appropriate in Britain. He was admited to Lenox Hill Hospital, with lacerations and cracked ribs. Cantasano was solicitous of Churchill's condition, and Churchill later had tea with him and gave him an autographed book. The second recollection is how, in 2010, waiting patiently at a signal on Trafalgar Square, I was accosted by "<a href="ross/ross-1.htm#gladys">Gladys from Latvia</a>." She was solicitous in her own way; but we didn't even have tea.
<P><a name="shimoseki"><center><img src="images/key-g.gif"></center>
<P><img src="images/hoichi.jpg" align=left>An older name for Shimonoseki was Akamagaseki, <img src="images/hiero/red.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/ma.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/ga.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/seki.gif" align=middle>. Hearn recounts how the Amidaji Temple, <img src="images/hiero/a.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/amida.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/temple.gif" align=middle>, was built there to appease the Heike dead. The ghost story of <B>Hō-ichi the Earless</B> (Mimi-nashi-Hō-ichi) concerns the blind biwa-player Hō-ichi chanting the <I>Heike-Monogatari</I> to the spirits of the Taira -- and losing his ears in the process.
<P>Subsequently, the Amidaji was converted into a Shinto Shrine, the Akamajingū, <img src="images/hiero/red.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/ma.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/kami.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/shrine.gif" align=middle>, dedicated to Antoku (though the district is still the Amidaji-chō, <img src="images/hiero/a.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/amida.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/temple.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/cho.gif" align=middle>). Despite its status as a shrine of the first order, concerning an Emperor, the historic presence of the Taira cenotaphs (shown below, unusual for a shrine), and a structure dedicated to Hō-ichi himself, the site seems to draw minimal attention from travelers and tourists. Unless Western tourists are Japanese movie or history buffs, they probably would know nothing about it [<a href="#note-3">note</a>].
<P>As noted above, my wife and I visited Shimonoseki in 2009. We stayed at a Japanese inn, a <I>ryokan</I>, <font size=+2>旅館</font>, now listed as the <a href="https://www.shunpanro.com/">Shimonoseki Shunpanro Hotel</a>, immediately adjacent to the Akamajingū Shrine, with essentially its own entrance to the Shrine. Our experience there is recounted under my <a href="ross/recipe.htm#japan">Eating in Japan</a> page.<img src="history/genji.gif" align=right width=100>
<P>The leader of the Minamoto was <B>Yoritomo</B> (1147-1199), who became the first <I>Shōgun</I> (<I>Sei-i Taishōgun</I>, "barbarian subduing generalissimo"), founding his own military capital at <B>Kamakura</B>, after which the era is named; but it was his brother, <B>Yoshitsune</B> (1159-1189), who commanded the Minamoto forces and who destroyed the Tairas at Dan-no-ura.
<P>After Dan-no-Ura, Yoritomo and Yoshitsune soon fell out and Yoshitsune was killed. Ironically, when Yoritomo died, his wife, <B>Hōjō Masako</B>, steered her own family, descendants of the Tairas, into power. Starting with her father, <a href="#hojo"><B>Tokimasa</B></a>, Hōjō Regents governed in the name of puppet Shōguns until overthrown by Go-Daigo over a hundred years later.<br clear=left>
<P><center><img src="images/taira.jpg"></center>
<P><a name="kamakura"><img src="history/taira.gif" align=left width=100><img src="history/genji.gif" align=right width=100>The following diagram gives the genealogy of the Taira and Minamonto clans, whose great conflict, the Gempei War, culminated in the Battle of Dan-no-ura. Also given are the sources of the junior Minamoto lines that led to the <a href="#ashikaga">Ashikaga</a> and <a href="#edo">Tokugawa</a> Shōguns and the Takeda <I>Daimyo</I>. The Gempei War has been compared to the somewhat later War of the Roses in <a href="perifran.htm#england">England</a>. The color used by the Taira was red (like Lancaster), and that of the Minamoto was white (like York). The winner of the War of the Roses was neither Lancaster or York, but Tudor. Similarly, although the Minamoto apparently won the Gempei War, it was the Hōjō who ended up with the power.
<P><center><img src="history/japan-09.gif"></center>
<P><a name="takeda"><img src="history/takeda.jpg" align=right width=100>The most famous member of the Takeda clan was Shingen (or Harunobu, d.1573), the subject of Hiroshi Inagaki's movie <I>Furin Kazan</I>, <img src="images/hiero/furinkaz.gif" align=middle>, "Samurai Banners" (1969) and Akira Kurosawa's <I>Kagemusha</I> (1980).
<P>The title of Inagaki's movie refers to the distinctive banner of Shingen, which read, <img src="images/hiero/ji.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/like.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/wind.gif" align=middle>, <img src="images/hiero/xu3.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/like.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/lin.gif" align=middle>, <img src="images/hiero/qin1.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/lue.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/like.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/fire.gif" align=middle>,
<img src="images/no-1.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/dong.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/like.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/mountain.gif" align=middle>, "Swift as wind, grave (or "silent") as the forest, aggressive ("raid, plunder") as fire, immovable as a mountain." This was an abbreviation of a statement in Chapter 7 of <a href="choustat.htm#sunzi">Sun Tzu</a>, <img src="images/hiero/gu.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/qi3.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/ji.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/like.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/wind.gif" align=middle>, <img src="images/hiero/qi3.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/xu3.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/like.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/lin.gif" align=middle>, <img src="images/hiero/qin1.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/lue.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/like.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/fire.gif" align=middle>, <img src="images/no-1.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/dong.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/like.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/mountain.gif" align=middle>, "Let him be as swift as wind, grave as forest, aggressive as fire, immovable as a mountain." At least according to <I>Kagemusha</I>, Shingen named the four divisions of his army in these terms, with the infantry center "forest," <img src="images/hiero/lin.gif" align=middle>, flanked by cavalry "fire," <img src="images/hiero/fire.gif" align=middle>, and "wind," <img src="images/hiero/wind.gif" align=middle>, with Shingen himself commanding the infantry "mountain," <img src="images/hiero/mountain.gif" align=middle>, reserve.
<P><I>Kagemusha</I> is an intriguing study, of questionable historicity, about how the personality and influence of Shingen were so powerful that, after a fashion, they survived his death and wisely guided the realm through his "double," a stand-in who had been used to confuse assassins. When the truth was exposed, the power of the Takedas was broken through the actions of Shingen's foolish son, Katsuyori, who was defeated by Ieyasu and Nobunaga at the Battle of Nagashino (1575). One thing missing from the movie is the fact that Shingen had taken vows as a monk -- despite his repeated conduct of battles -- and perhaps should have appeared with a shaven head. Perhaps Kurosawa found this confusing.
<P><a name="go-toba"><table border bgcolor="#aaaaff" cellpadding=5 align=right width=220>
<tr><th colspan=2>Kamakura Shōguns</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Minamotos</th></tr>
<tr><td>1 Yoritomo</td><td>1192-1199</td></tr>
<tr><td>2 Yoriie</td><td>1201-1203-1204</td></tr>
<tr><td>3 Sanetomo</td><td>1203-1219</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Fujiwaras</th></tr>
<tr><td>4 Yoritsune</td><td>1226-1244-1256</td></tr>
<tr><td>5 Yoritsugu</td><td>1244-1252-1256</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Imperial Princes</th></tr>
<tr><td>6 Munetake</td><td>1252-1266-1274</td></tr>
<tr><td>7 Koreyasu</td><td>1266-1289-1326</td></tr>
<tr><td>8 Hisa-akira</td><td>1289-1308-1428</td></tr>
<tr><td>9 Morkuni</td><td>1308-1333</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>After Hōjōs</th></tr>
<tr><td>10 Morinaga</td><td>1333-1334-1335</td></tr>
<tr><td>11 Narinaga</td><td>1334-1338</td></tr>
</table>
<table border bgcolor="#aaffaa" cellpadding=5 align=left width=250>
<tr><th colspan=2>The Kamakura Period,<br>1186-1336</th></tr>
<tr><td>82 <B>Go-Toba</B></td><td>1184-<B>1198</B>-<br>1221-1239</td></tr>
<tr><td>83 Tsuchimikado</td><td>1199-1210-1231</td></tr>
<tr><td>84 Juntoku</td><td>1211-1221-1242</td></tr>
<tr><td>85 Chūkyō</td><td>1221-1221-1234</td></tr>
<tr><td>86 Go-Horikawa</td><td>1222-1232-1234</td></tr>
<tr><td>87 Shijō</td><td>1233-1242</td></tr>
<tr><td>88 Go-Saga</td><td>1243-1246-1272</td></tr>
<tr><td>89 Go-Fukakusa</td><td>1247-1259-1304</td></tr>
<tr><td>90 Kameyama</td><td>1260-1274-1305</td></tr>
<tr><td>91 Go-Uda</td><td>1275-1287-1324</td></tr>
<tr><td>92 Fushimi</td><td>1288-1298-1217</td></tr>
<tr><td>93 Go-Fushimi</td><td>1299-1301-1336</td></tr>
<tr><td><a name="go-daigo">94 Go-Nijō</a></td><td>1302-1308</td></tr>
<tr><td>95 Hanazono</td><td>1309-1318-1348</td></tr>
<tr><td>96 <B>Go-Daigo</B></td><td>1319-1338</td></tr>
</table>
<center><a href="javascript:popup('images/gotoba.jpg','gotoba','resizable,width=321,height=457')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for larger popup image of Gotoba';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true"><img src="images/gotoba.jpg" width=135 border></a></center>
<br>Above is an image (click on it for a larger version) of exiled Emperor <B>Go-Toba</B> forging a sword with which to kill the Hōjō Regent <B>Yoshitoki</B>. The retired Go-Toba had revolted in 1221, attempting to overthrow the Hōjōs. He failed, and was exiled to the distant islands of Oki. Go-Toba took up the craft of sword-making, not only to have a weapon with which to inflict vengeance on the Hōjōs, but because he had been the first Emperor not to possess the Sword that was part of the Imperial Regalia, since it was lost at the battle of Dan-no-Ura in 1185. Go-Toba never had the chance to use his new sword, and I do not know whether or not one of his making was subsequently used in the Imperial Regalia. The exile rather than execution of Emperors or other high nobility was common because of fears that execution could produce a <I>vengeful ghost</I>. This was only a worry with individuals who already had a powerful or <a href="numinos.htm">numinous</a> quality about them. Nobody worried about executing criminals or nobodies. This Japanese fear of vengeful ghosts has become a theme of modern horror movies, like <I>The Ring</I>. Go-Toba's failed revolt, with the subsequent more successful action of Go-Daigo, who did overthrow the Hōjō's, provided the precedent for the <a href="#modern">Meiji Restoration</a> in 1868. For Eras of the Kamakura Period, see the <a href="JavaScript:popup('erajpn.htm#kamakura','erajapan','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Japanese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup page</a>.<br clear=left>
<P><img src="history/japan-10.gif" align=right>
<a name="hojo"><table border cellpadding=5 bgcolor="#0000ff" align=left width=225>
<tr><th colspan=2>Hōjō Regents (Shikken)</th></tr>
<tr><td>1 Tokimasa</td><td>1203-1205-1215</td></tr>
<tr><td>2 Yoshitoki</td><td>1205-1224</td></tr>
<tr><td>3 Yasutoki</td><td>1224-1242</td></tr>
<tr><td>4 Tsunetoki</td><td>1242-1246</td></tr>
<tr><td>5 Tokiyori</td><td>1246-1256-1263</td></tr>
<tr><td>6 Nagatoki</td><td>1256-1264</td></tr>
<tr><td>7 Masamura</td><td>1264-1268-1273</td></tr>
<tr><td>8 Tokimune</td><td>1268-1284</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Mongol Invasions,<br>1274 & 1281</th></tr>
<tr><td>9 Sadatoki</td><td>1284-1301-1311</td></tr>
<tr><td>10 Morotoki</td><td>1301-1311</td></tr>
<tr><td>11 Takatoki</td><td>1311-1333</td></tr>
</table>
The biggest problem that the Hōjōs had to face was the Mongol invasions. The invasions were defeated, with the help of apparently divine intervention -- the <B>kami kaze</B>, <img src="images/hiero/kami.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/wind.gif" align=middle>, "divine winds," of strategically occurring, even out of season, typhoons. The struggle, however, gravely weakened the Hōjō government, with consequences that would be felt shortly.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="northemp">The "Northern Emperors" were Emperors who later, for different reasons, came to be regarded as illegitimate. They were not <I>so</I> illegitimate, however, that they do not always get listed with the "legitimate" ones, and in fact subsequent Emperors are all descended from them. The first of the Northern Emperors, <B>Kōgon</B>, was intended as the replacement when Emperor <B>Go-Daigo</B> was retired in 1331.
<table border bgcolor="#00dd00" cellpadding=5 align=left width=225>
<tr><th colspan=2>Northern Emperors</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Hōjō Pretender</th></tr>
<tr><td>1 Kōgon</td><td>1331-1333-1364</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a name="nambokucho">The Nambokuchō,<br><img src="images/hiero/south.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/north.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/dynasty.gif" align=middle>,<br> Period, 1336-1392</a></th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Ashikaga Pretenders</th></tr>
<tr><td>2 Kōmyō</td><td>1336-1348-1380</td></tr>
<tr><td>3 Sukō</td><td>1349-1352-1398</td></tr>
<tr><td>4 Go-Kōgon</td><td>1353-1371-1374</td></tr>
<tr><td>5 Go-En-yū</td><td>1372-1381-1393</td></tr>
<tr><td>6 Go-<br>Komatsu</td><td>1383-1392<br>(<a href="#muromachi">1392-1412-<br>1433</a>)</td></tr>
</table>
The problem was that Go-Daigo didn't want to retire, resisted, was arrested and exiled, but escaped from exile and raised a rebellion against the Hōjōs instead. This rebellion, or "restoration" of the Emperor, actually succeeded; and when the Hōjōs were overthrown in 1333, the Emperor Kōgon himself went into retirement. Soon enough, however, there was a falling out between Go-Daigo and his samurai supporters, the <a href="#ashikaga">Ashikagas</a>. In the subsequent war, one of Go-Daigo's principal supporters was <B>Kusunoki Masashige</B>. In 1336, Masashige was defeated by <B>Ashikaga Takauji</B> at Uji (a river regarded as forming the southern boundary of the Kyōto area) and Kyōto evacuated; but Takauji was then defeated and fled to Kyūshū. He returned with a large army, and Masashige, with Nitta Yoshisada (who captured Kamakura from the Hōjōs), was defeated at <B>Minato-gawa</B>. He committed suicide. Go-Daigo fled the capital and a rival Emperor, Kōmyō, was installed by the Ashikagas. Go-Daigo established himself at Yoshino, <img src="images/hiero/lucky.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/shino.gif" align=middle>, and a kind of <a href="popes.htm#humil">Great Schism</a> was created in Japanese history, the period of the "Northern and Southern Kingdoms," or the Nambokuchō Period. For the Eras of the Northern Emperors, see the <a href="JavaScript:popup('erajpn.htm#northemp','erajapan','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Japanese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup page</a>. Kusunoki Masashige was of some later significance. At the <a href="#modern">Meiji Restoration</a> he was revered as the type of Loyal Retainer to the Emperor, and in World War II the <I>Kamikaze</I> pilots regarded his sacrifice at Minato-gawa as the exemplar of their own deaths.<br clear=left>
<P><center><img src="history/japan-06.gif"></center>
<P><img src="history/japan-07.gif" align=right>
<P><table border bgcolor="#aaffaa" cellpadding=5 align=left width=260>
<tr><th colspan=2>The Nambokuchō,<br><img src="images/hiero/south.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/north.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/dynasty.gif" align=middle>,<br>Period, 1336-1392</th></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Southern Emperors</th></tr>
<tr><td>97 Go-Murakami</td><td>1339-1368</td></tr>
<tr><td>98 Chōkei</td><td>1369-1372</td></tr>
<tr><td>99 Go-Kameyama</td><td>1373-1392-1424</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2><a name="muromachi">The Muromachi Period, 1392-1573</a></th></tr>
<tr><td>100 Go-Komatsu</td><td>1392-1412-1433</td></tr>
<tr><td>101 Shōkō</td><td>1413-1428</td></tr>
<tr><td>102 Go-Hanazono</td><td>1429-1464-1471</td></tr>
<tr><td>103 Go-Tsuchimikado</td><td>1465-1500</td></tr>
<tr><td>104 Go-Kashiwabara</td><td>1501-1526</td></tr>
<tr><td>105 Go-Nara</td><td>1527-1557</td></tr>
<tr><td>106 Oogimachi</td><td>1558-1586-1593</td></tr>
</table>
The Southern Emperors gradually lost ground against the Ashikagas, and eventually a settlement was reached. The Ashikagas agreed that the Southern Emperors had been the legitimate ones, but the current one, <B>Go-Kameyama</B>, would retire in favor of the last of the Northern Emperors, <B>Go-Komatsu</B>, who thus entered into a legitimate reign. Subsequently, the Northern and Southern lines were supposed to alternate on the Throne, much as the descendants of Go-Saga had up to Go-Daigo. The Ashikagas, however, broke this part of the agreement, and no descendant of Go-Daigo ever became Emperor of Japan again. In our day, when there is only one male heir to the present line, a child, I would wonder if there are any descendants left of Go-Kameyama. At the end of the World War II, at least one claimant surfaced who said he was a descendant of Go-Daigo and should replace Hirohito as Emperor. However, his genealogy could not be substantiated, and apparently no verifiable records have been kept of any heirs of Go-Daigo.
<P>For the Eras of the Nambokuchō and Muromachi Periods, see the <a href="JavaScript:popup('erajpn.htm#muromachi','erajapan','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Japanese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup page</a>.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="ashikaga"><table border bgcolor="#aaaaff" cellpadding=5 align=left width=230>
<tr><th colspan=2>Ashikaga Shōguns</th></tr>
<tr><td>1 Takauji</td><td>1338-1358</td></tr>
<tr><td>2 Yoshiakira</td><td>1358-1367-1368</td></tr>
<tr><td>3 Yoshimitsu</td><td>1367-1395-1408</td></tr>
<tr><td>4 Yoshimochi</td><td>1395-1423-1428</td></tr>
<tr><td>5 Yoshikazu</td><td>1423-1425</td></tr>
<tr><td>6 Yoshinori</td><td>1428-1441</td></tr>
<tr><td>7 Yoshikatsu</td><td>1441-1443</td></tr>
<tr><td>8 Yoshimasa</td><td>1449-1474-1490</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Ōnin War, 1467-1477</th></tr>
<tr><td>9 Yoshihisa</td><td>1474-1489</td></tr>
<tr><td>10 Yoshitane</td><td>1490-1493</td></tr>
<tr><td>11 Yoshizumi</td><td>1493-1508-1511</td></tr>
<tr><td>10 Yoshitane</td><td>1508-1521-1522</td></tr>
<tr><td>12 Yoshiharu</td><td>1521-1545-1550</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Hoke-ikki or "Lotus Uprising," 1532-1536</th></tr>
<tr><td>13 Yoshiteru</td><td>1545-1565</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Tempura introduced by<br>Portuguese, 1549</th></tr>
<tr><td>14 Yoshihide</td><td>1568</td></tr>
<tr><td>15 Yoshiaki</td><td>1568-1573-1597</td></tr>
</table>
The Ashikagas got themselves made the new Shōguns but established themselves in Kyōto itself, in the Muromachi District after which the era is named, rather than in some remote place like Kamakura, perhaps the better to keep an eye on an Emperor who might not always be a willing figurehead. This may or may not have been a good idea, but it certainly did not turn out well. The Shōguns began to lose hold of the country, which lapsed into anarchy.<br clear=right><img src="history/japan-11.gif" align=right>
<P>At times they even lost control of Kyōto, which itself suffered civil strike in the <B>Ōnin War</B> (1467-1477). The city was then in the hands of members of the <a href="six.htm#nichiren">Nichiren</a> sect -- the <B>Hoke-ikki</B>, <font size=+2>法華一揆</font>, or "Lotus Uprising," from 1532 to 1536. Parts of the Heian city became deserted during this period.
<P>The principal Gate of the city, the southern <B>Rashōmon</B>, was famously abandoned and fell into ruin -- it is even said that it was no longer repaired after the reign of Enyū (969-984). Stories developed about it being haunted by demons. Nothing today marks its site but a small monument in, of all things, a playground. Now it is mainly remembered for Akira Kurosawa's movie <I>Rashomon</I> (1950), whence the name has entered international discourse to mean the difficulty or impossibility of reconstructing the truth of events from conflicting testimony.<br clear=left>
<img src="images/rashomon.gif" align=left>
<P>It turned out to be uncommonly difficult to find the <I>meaning</I> of the name <I>Rashōmon</I>. <I>Ra</I> is a character whose principal meaning seems to be "gauze" and is often used to transliterate foreign words. It can also mean "net" and, by extension, "enclose." The second character is now usually replaced by another character (meaning "live"), but the older one (still on the marker on site) was <I>jō</I> and meant "castle" or, in Chinese, "city." It took some digging by my wife, outside the ordinary dictionaries, to discover that in Chinese <I>luóchéng</I> could mean the "outer/enclosure wall of a city." <I>Luóchéngmén</I> was thus the main gate of the outer wall of a city, and it had been used that way in Nara as well as in Kyōto -- though now, evidently, the original meaning is not often remembered.
<P>Of the protective temples that flanked the <I>Rashōmon</I>, the <B>Saiji</B> ("Western Temple") and <B>Tōji</B> ("Eastern Temple"), only the Tōji remains. Hitherto remote areas of Kyōto, however, received enduring monuments from Ashikaga Shōguns, the <B>Kinkaku-ji</B> or "Golden Pavilion (Temple)" built in 1397 by <B>Yoshimutsu</B> just to the west of town (seen below), and the <B>Ginkaku-ji</B> or "Silver Pavilion (Temple)" built in 1473 by <B>Yoshimasa</B> in the hills to the east of the city. The former seems to represent the height of Ashikaga power, while the latter is a somber last gasp in its decline -- because money ran out, it was never covered in silver the way the Kinkaku-ji actually was with gold.<br clear=right>
<P><center><img src="images/goldenpv.jpg"></center>
<P><a name="nichiren">A remnant of the days of the dominance of <a href="six.htm#nichiren">Nichiren</a> Buddhism in Kyōto is, below, the Honpo-ji, originally founded by the Nichiren saint <B>Nishin</B>, the "Pot Wearer," who had supposedly been tortured by the authorities with a red hot pot placed over his head. This is in a northern quarter of the city, Tera-no-uchi, <img src="images/hiero/temple.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/no2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/inner.gif" align=middle>, where there are still several Nichiren temples and where in the old days it was said one could walk across the area and hear the <I>Daimoku</I>, the invocation of the Lotus Sutra, the whole way.<br clear=right>
<P><center><img src="images/honpoji.jpg"></center>
<P>As the Ashikaga lost control of Japan, local warlords, or just gangs, took over. This has proven a rich era for Japanese samurai movies since it was, in its way, the golden age of the samurai -- with almost constant warfare. Especially memorable is Akira Kurosawa's <I>Seven Samurai</I> (1954), about a group of unemployed samurai (<I>ronin</I>) hired to protect a village from robbers,
<a name="himeji"><a href="javascript:popup('images/maps/himeji.gif','himeji','resizable,scrollbars,width=1034,height=748')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for popup image of Himeji Castle';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true"><img src="history/himeji.jpg" border=0 align=left></a>
and Kurosawa'a <I>Yojimbo</I> (1961), about a lone, nameless <I>ronin</I> who gets the two gangs in one village to annihilate each other.
<P>This was remade by Sergio Leone as the Western, <I>A Fistful of Dollars</I> in 1967, which began the movie career of Clint Eastwood; but the story seems to be based on a much earlier book, <I>Red Harvest</I>, by <a href="existent.htm#hammett">Dashiell Hammett</a>, where Hammett's nameless "Continental Op" detective causes similar slaughter in a Montana mining town. <I>A Fistful of Dollars</I> led to a series of Westerns that seriously <a href="divebomb.htm#note-4">distorted</a> the spirit of <I>Yojimbo</I> and the original Western.
<P>The <I>Seven Samurai</I> was remade as a Western, twice, first as <I>The Magnificent Seven</I>, in 1960, and then remade, by the same name, and not was well, in 2016. A friend of mine, <a href="ross/burson.htm">Lynn Burson</a>, once taught a class at the <a href="http://www.utexas.edu/">University of Texas</a> matching up samurai movies with Westerns. I don't know if she took it all the way back to Dashiell Hammett.
<P>This era also became the golden age of castle building, though most of the surviving castles, like <B>Himeji-jō</B>, <img src="images/hiero/himeji.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/castle.gif" align=middle>, also known as the "White Heron Castle," <B>Shirasagi-jō</B>, <img src="images/hiero/white.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/heron.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/castle.gif" align=middle>, were rebuilt later to secure the pacification of the country effected in the following period. The image is of the elegant Ha-no-mon, or Third Gate, at Himeji, which was featured in Kurosawa's <I>Kagemusha</I> (1980). Click on the image for a map of the castle or <a href="javascript:popup('images/maps/himeji.gif','himeji','resizable,scrollbars,width=1034,height=748')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for popup image of Himeji Castle';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">here</a>. My visit to the castle figures in my experience of <a href="ross/recipe.htm#japan">eating in Japan</a>.<br clear=left>
<P><img src="history/japan-08.gif" align=right>
<a name="azuchi"><table border bgcolor="#aaffaa" cellpadding=5 width=250>
<tr><th colspan=2>The Azuchi-Momoyama<br>Period, 1573-1603</th></tr>
<tr><td>107 Go-Yōzei</td><td>1587-1611-1617</td></tr>
</table>
<br><B>Oda Nobunaga</B>, Lord of Owari, won the scramble of local lords for possession of Kyōto and control of the Shōgun and the Emperor. Nobunaga entered Kyōto and installed his own candidate, Yoshiaki, as
<table border cellpadding=5 bgcolor="#ffbb00" align=left width=170>
<tr><th colspan=2>Dictator</th></tr>
<tr><td>Oda<br>Nobunaga</td><td>1568-1582</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>enters Kyōto, 1568;<br>
burning of Mt. Hiei,<br>1571; Shōgun<br>deposed, 1573</th></tr>
</table>
Shōgun in 1568. Meanwhile, Japanese history had been shaken by the arrival of Europeans, at first specifically the Portuguese. In 1549 the Jesuit (St.) Francis Xavier arrived, and for some years a body of Japanese Christians became an element in Japanese politics. The Portuguese also introduced firearms, which helped Nobunaga in his triumph. Nobunaga became famous for his ferocity. Especially remembered was his burning of the temples on Mt. Hiei in 1571, which broke the secular power of the Buddhist establishment, and its monastic armies. Nobunaga then deposed the last Ashikaga Shōgun, his own creature, in 1573. He seemed on his way to personal rule of a unified Japan but didn't quite make it -- meeting assassination in 1582. For all his power, Nobunaga had never assumed one of the traditional titles or offices of rule. It is usually said that this was because he was not of the qualfying Fujiwara or Minamoto descent. However, such descent could easily have been manufactured ("discovered"), so it may be that Nobunaga actually envisioned creating a new office. For the Eras of the Azuchi-Momoyama Period, see the <a href="JavaScript:popup('erajpn.htm#azuchi','erajapan','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Japanese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup page</a>.<br clear=left>
<P><table border cellpadding=5 bgcolor="#0000ff" align=left width=240>
<tr><th colspan=2>Toyotomi Chancellors<br>(Kampaku)</th></tr>
<tr><td>1 Hideyoshi</td><td>1585-1591-1598</td></tr>
<tr><td>2 Hidetsugu</td><td>1591-1595</td></tr>
</table>
Nobunaga was succeeded by one of his generals and retainers, <B>Hideyoshi</B>, whose family name was originally Nakamura. A person of no apparent significance, Hideyoshi had enlisted in Nobunaga's service and risen to prominence. After Nobunaga's assassination, Hideyoshi avenged him and then suppressed the Oda heirs in establishing his supremacy. The only setback in this progress was defeat by <B>Tokugawa Ieyasa</B>, Lord of Mikawa. Thus we meet the third central figure of the era.
<P><img src="history/japan-14.gif" align=right>Later there was a story that illustrated the different styles of Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Ieyasu, about what each would say if a bird did not sing for him: Nobunaga would say, "Sing, or I will kill you"; Hideyoshi would say, "Sing, or I will make you sing"; and Ieyasu would say, "Sing, or I will wait for you to sing." Wait Ieyasu did, making an accomodation with Hideyoshi and henceforth supporting his rule. Hideyoshi then completed the reunification and pacification of Japan. He assumed the office of Imperial Chancellor in 1585, for which only Fujiwaras were hitherto qualified, and even assumed a new family name, Toyotomi, to go along with it, in 1586.
<P>In 1592 Hideyoshi then invaded Korea. This didn't go well, but he tried again in 1597-1598. After he died in the latter year, Ieyasu wisely withdrew Japanese forces. Hideyoshi had also turned against the Christians in 1597, inaugurating executions and persecutions that later (under Iemitsu) would drive the small remnant of Japanese Christians into the secret practice of their religion for centuries.
<P><a name="edo"><table border bgcolor="#aaffaa" cellpadding=5 width=230 align=left>
<tr><th colspan=2>The Edo, <img src="images/hiero/edo.gif" align=middle>, Period, 1603-1868</th></tr>
<tr><td>108 Go-Mi-no-o</td><td>1612-1629- 1680</td></tr>
<tr><td>109 Meishō <img src="images/female.gif" align=middle><br> [Myōshō]</td><td>1630-1643- 1696</td></tr>
<tr><td>110 Go-Kōmyō</td><td>1644-1654</td></tr>
<tr><td>111 Go-Saiin</td><td>1655-1662- 1685</td></tr>
<tr><td>112 Reigen</td><td>1663-1686- 1732</td></tr>
<tr><td>113 Higashi-yama</td><td>1687-1709</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>"orphan" <I>tsunami</I>, 26 Jan 1700</th></tr>
<tr><td>114 Nakamikado</td><td>1710-1735- 1737</td></tr>
<tr><td>115 Sakuramachi</td><td>1736-1746- 1750</td></tr>
<tr><td>116 Momozono</td><td>1746-1762</td></tr>
<tr><td>117 Go- Sakuramachi <img src="images/female.gif" align=middle></td><td>1763-1770- 1813</td></tr>
<tr><td>118 Go-Momozono</td><td>1771-1779</td></tr>
<tr><td>119 Kōkaku</td><td>1780-1816- 1840</td></tr>
<tr><td>120 Ninkō</td><td>1817-1846</td></tr>
<tr><td>121 Kōmei</td><td>1847-1867</td></tr>
</table>
At first, Ieyasu appeared to loyally support Hideyoshi's heir and successor, Hideyori (a previously adopted heir, Hidetsugu, had been executed), even after he defeated the Toyotomi forces at the great battle of <B>Sekigahara</B>, <img src="images/hiero/seki.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/ga.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/field.gif" align=middle> (or just <img src="images/hiero/seki.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/field.gif" align=middle>), in 1600. But Ieyasu then went on to get himself appointed Shōgun in 1603. Hideyori later died, with the last of his cause, when Ieyasu broke into and burned Ōsaka Castle in 1615. Ieyasu, who had by then already "retired," thus firmly established the rule of his family, which henceforth ruled from <B>Edo</B>, <img src="images/hiero/edo.gif" align=middle>, not far from where the Hōjōs had ruled at Kamakura.
<P>For the Eras of the Edo Period, see the <a href="JavaScript:popup('erajpn.htm#edo','erajapan','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Japanese Eras';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">popup page</a>.
<P><a name="tsunami"><hr>
<P>The Japanese had long known that earthquakes could be followed by tidal waves, i.e. <I>tsunami</I>, <img src="images/hiero/harbor.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/wave.gif" align=middle>. The most recent example of this now is the 9.0 earthquake of 11 March 2011, off Sendai, which was quickly followed by a <I>tsunami</I> that killed thousands of people (perhaps 20,000), sweeping away boats, cars, houses, etc. This was the largest earthquake in Japan since the Kanto quake of 1923, and press reports say it was the largest quake there in 140 years -- as well as being the 5th largest earthquake on Earth since the beginning of the 20th century. <I>Tsunami</I> waves arrived in <a href="hawaii.htm">Hawai'i</a> and the Americas, but with minimal damage.
<P>The most frightening aspect of this event may have been the damage at the Fukushima nuclear power plant, which was right on the coast of Sendai. Hit by the <I>tsunami</I>, the plant immediately began to shut down its reactors. However, the waters knocked out the plant's backup generators, which interrupted the shutdown process and endangered and damaged the reactors, allowing radiation to leak. This astonished me, since the Japanese are otherwise so aware of what needs to be done in the case of earthquakes and <I>tsunamis</I>. That the generators were not protected from rising waters seemed incredible. <img src="history/japan-12.gif" align=right>While there turned out to be little danger from the radiation leaks, the event set off an absurd international panic about nuclear reactors, leading to shut-downs from California to Germany. Since this coincided with similarly absurd campaigns against "fossil fuels," countries like Germany, and States like New York and California, compounded the danger to the reliability of their power grids. Since then, some rethinking has occurred, especially in Germany; but not in the United States, where the increasing irrationality of politics has been as much a problem as natural disasters.
<P>Unlike the Sendai experience, on 26 January 1700, a major <I>tsunami</I> wave hit Japan without any warning. This was then an "orphan" <I>tsunami</I>. Its origin was a mystery until recently. Now it appears from the geological evidence that the earthquake, perhaps more than a 9 in magnitude, was in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Tree rings have even narrowed the event down to 1700 itself. Tsunamis crossing the Pacific to hit the opposite shore are now a familiar phenomenon, as we have just seen in 2011.
<P>In international scientific discourse a tidal wave is now properly called a "tsunami," with the term borrowed from Japanese. Part of the issue is that a "tidal wave" has nothing to do with tides, while a true tide in certain conditions can generate a wave. "Tsunami," however, contains a similar malapropism. It means "port, harbor, ford, ferry, stream," <img src="images/hiero/harbor.gif" align=middle> (the range of meaning in Chinese and Japanese), and "wave," <img src="images/ships/wave.gif" align=middle>. But tsunamis have no more essential connection to harbors or ferries than they do to tides.
<P>However, the term "tidal wave" was probably based on the impression that they could come in like a tide. In 2011, we just saw in California that the small <I>tsunami</I> seemed to affect harbors the most dramatically. This is probably because, although harbors are sited to block the entrance of ordinary waves, a <I>tsunami</I> does come in anyway, as the sea itself is elevated like, indeeed, a tide. So "tidal wave" may actually be just as appropriate as "harbor wave." One wonders if there was simply some sort of politically correct urge to adopt a scientific term from another language. See the discussion <a href="titmice.htm">here</a>.
<P>There is also the circumstance, on the other hand, that Japan, with a literate culture that often suffered from the waves, then had a long tradition of records and study of the phenomena. Even in the 18th century, Edward Gibbon knew so little about tsunamis that he doubted the truth of the description of one by the Roman historian <a href="romania.htm#tsunami">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>. Thus "tsunami" may properly represent a tribute to those who were first familiar with them in their details and had already made the connection with earthquakes. With the tsunami of 1700 we have a nice match between Japanese records and modern geology.<br clear=right>
<P><a name="tokugawa"><table border bgcolor="#aaaaff" cellpadding=5 align=left width=300>
<tr><th colspan=2>Tokugawa Shōguns</th><th>Buried</th></tr>
<tr><td>1 Ieyasu</td><td>1603-1605-1616</td><td>Nikko</tr></tr>
<tr><td>2 Hidetada</td><td>1605-1623-1632</td><td>Shiba</td></tr>
<tr><td>3 Iemitsu</td><td>1623-1651</td><td>Nikko</tr></tr>
<tr><td>4 Ietsuna</td><td>1651-1680</td><td><a href="six.htm#ueno">Ueno</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>5 Tsunayoshi</td><td>1680-1709</td><td>Ueno</td></tr>
<tr><td>6 Ienobu</td><td>1709-1712</td><td>Shiba</td></tr>
<tr><td>7 Ietsugu</td><td>1712-1716</td><td>Shiba</td></tr>
<tr><td>8 Yoshimune</td><td>1716-1745-1751</td><td>Ueno</td></tr>
<tr><td>9 Ieshige</td><td>1745-1760-1761</td><td>Shiba</td></tr>
<tr><td>10 Ieharu</td><td>1760-1786</td><td>Ueno</td></tr>
<tr><td>11 Ienari</td><td>1786-1837-1841</td><td>Ueno</td></tr>
<tr><td>12 Ieyoshi</td><td>1837-1853</td><td>Shiba</td></tr>
<tr><td>13 Iesada</td><td>1853-1858</td><td>Ueno</td></tr>
<tr><td>14 Iemochi</td><td>1858-1866</td><td>Shiba</td></tr>
<tr><td>15 Yoshinobu,<br> Keiki</td><td>1866-1868-1903</td><td>Taitoku,<br>Tōkyō</td></tr>
</table>
<a name="adams">Of considerable interest in this period was the English retainer that Ieyasu came to acquire. <B>Will Adams</B> (15641620) had landed in Japan with a Dutch ship in 1600, the first ship to reach Japan from across the Pacific (which is what Christopher Columbus had originally intended to do), with Adams apparently the first Englishman to visit Japan.
<P>Adams was the pilot, or sailing master, of the ship, rendered into Japanese as <I>Anjin</I>, <img src="images/hiero/an.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/jin-3.gif" align=middle>, "needle [i.e. compass] watcher." When Ieyasu granted him the fief of Miura, <font size=+2>三浦</font>, near Yokusuka (which later became a Japanese and then, after World War II, American naval base), he became known as <font size=+2>三浦按針</font>, Miura Anjin. Adams built ships for Ieyasu, advised him on geography, navigation, gunnery, and European politics, and dealt with foreign merchants, even marrying a Japanese wife. <img src="images/anjin1.jpg" align=right width=150>The Japanese were alerted to the imperial designs of <a href="perifran.htm#lepanto">Spain</a>, and their occupation of the Philippines, and that the English and Dutch were the enemies of Spain and the Portuguese Jesuits. Unfortunately, the understanding that Christianity was used by Spain to undermine local governments contributed to the hostility and persecution of Christians in Japan.
<P>When Adams died in 1620, he was at Nagasaki and was buried there. The Christian burials in Nagasaki were later demolished, but the remains of Adams, as a historic retainer of Ieyasu, a <I>hatamoto</I>, <font size=+2>旗本</font>, were preserved and later reburied, with the marker we see at right. Recent forensic examination of the bones seems to confirm that they are Adams, but actual DNA testing will not help unless any of his relatives are identified; and they have not been. Adams' estate was divided between his Japanese family and that of his English wife, back in England.
<P>Later, his son Joseph, born in Japan, created a monument in the hills above Yokosuka, the <img src="images/hiero/an.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/jin-3.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/tsuka.gif" align=middle>, <I>Anjinzuka</I>. <img src="images/anjin2.jpg" align=left width=300>Since <img src="images/hiero/tsuka.gif" align=middle> (citation form <I>tsuka</I>) can mean "tomb," this confused me for a long time, thinking that Adams was buried there. In fact, his Japanese wife may be.
<P>A train station nearby, on the Keihin Kyūkō Line to Yokosuka, is named the "Anjinzuka," <font size=+2>安針塚駅</font>, <I>Anjinzuka-eki</I>, although it was only given that name in 1940. On maps, especially for the Yokosuka train station, one sometimes finds, as we see here, <img src="images/hiero/peace2.gif" align=middle>, "peace," instead of <img src="images/hiero/an.gif" align=middle> in these place names.
<P>Later, British occupation forces erected a small monument to Adams at Itō in Izu, where Adams had built ships, with now a sort of modernistic statue of Adams, installed in 1987, in the "Anjin Memorial Park," <font size=+2>按針メモリアルパーク</font>, at the mouth of the Itō River, <font size=+2>伊東大川</font>. Up river a little, past the bridge, is the Kawaguchi ("River Mouth") Park, <font size=+2>川口公園</font>, where there is more material about Adams and the ships he built there. The ultimate fates of Joseph, who initially inherited Adams' titles, and Joseph's sister Susanna, are unknown.
<P>Until 1923 a section of Tokyo, the "Anjin-chō," <img src="images/hiero/an.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/jin-3.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/cho.gif" align=middle>, the "pilot district," had been named after Adams, since he had a mansion there. After the great Kanto earthquake of that year, the rebuilding of Tokyo resulted in the elimination of the district. <img src="images/anjin3.jpg" align=right width=250>This bothered the locals, who took up a collection and built a small shrine to Adams, which still exists, in the old neighborhood -- not far from the famous <I>Nihombashi</I>, <font size=+2>日本橋</font> ("Japan Bridge"), in the downtown district <I>Nihombashi-Muromachi-1-chome</I>. The monument was refurbished, by local contributions again, in 1951. The street of the monument is now called the <I>Anjindori</I>, <font size=+2>按針通り</font>, although I missed seeing any street signs saying this.
<P><img src="images/anjin4.jpg" align=left width=200>This is quite close to the A1 exit of the Mitsukoshimae subway station, where the Ginza and Hanzomon Lines intersect. However, having come up the stairs from the subway, one must double back, in the direction shown by the photograph, which is South, toward the actual Nihombashi Bridge, to find the right street, on the left. The monument is on the second block in, on the left again.
<P>The story of Adams' advent in Japan was fictionalized by James Clavell in the very popular historical novel <I>Shōgun</I> (1976), later a television mini-series (1980) with Richard Chamberlain and Toshirō Mifune. The poignant reflections in the book on the wife and children he left behind in England did apply to Adams, who, although never returning home, was able to send money back to his family.<br clear=right>
<table align=right cellpadding=5 border bgcolor="#eeeeee" width=310>
<tr><th><img src="images/anjin5.jpg" width=300></th></tr>
<tr><th>The Miura Anjin Memorial, Anjin dori, Nihombashi, Tokyo, August 2023; the inscription is legible if enlarged or viewed separately.</th></tr>
</table>
<P><a href="ross/recipe.htm#japan">Eating in Japan, 2023</a>
<P><a href="javascript:popup('images/maps/tokyo.gif','tokyo','resizable,scrollbars,width=721,height=558')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for popup image of Edo Castle';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Edo Castle, Tōkyō Imperial Palace</a> -- originally built as the seat of the Tokugawas.
<P>Ieyasu and then especially his grandson <B>Iemitsu</B> created a system of rule approaching totalitarian dimensions. <img src="history/tokugawa.jpg" align=left width=100>Every person in the country and everything they did was subject to oversight and review. Every family had to register with a local Buddhist temple, and even their diversions and travel were the business of the government. The country became closed to foreigners -- even as Japanese were prohibited from going abroad -- except for one Dutch ship annually, which put in to Nagasaki.
<P>Christians were exterminated, and measures taken for years to hunt out any practicing secretly (not all were in fact found). "Samurai" changed from being a job description to being a caste. Commoners were forbidden to carry more than a single short sword for defense, while samurai were required to carry two swords and might summarily execute a commoner for insufficient deference. Firearms were forbidden and confiscated. Sumptuary laws limited the displays of wealth that commoners, like merchants, might engage in. All this was intended to freeze Japan in time, lock it away, and keep everything under the tight control of the government.
<P>The extreme forms of the persecution of Christians we see in the movie <I>Silence</I> (2016), directed by Martin Scorsese, based on a 1966 novel by Shūsaku Endō. Andrew Garfield plays a Jesuit priest, Sebastião Rodrigues, who is sent to Japan in part to investigate reports of Jesuits becoming apostates. Rodrigues is captured and is required to become an apostate himself to stop the torture of Japanese Christians -- a scene not for the faint of heart. He hears the voice of Jesus telling him he must do this, and he does, living out the rest of his life helping the Tokugawa regime track down Christians.
<table align=left cellpadding=5 border bgcolor="#aaaaff" width=310>
<tr><th><img src="images/shiba1.jpg" width=300></th></tr>
<tr><th>Zōjō-ji Temple, Shiba Park, Tokyo, rebuilt in 1974, after being destroyed by bombing in World War II; home temple for the Tokugawa burials at Shiba; Tokyo Tower in the background</th></tr>
</table>
In the novel, it is left ambiguous whether or not Rodrigues retains an inner faith; but in the movie, Scorsese has his Japanese wife secretly place a makeshift cross in the coffin at his burial, betraying their faithfulness.
<P>The Tokugawa regime did produce peace, and one result was the familiar aesthetic of the samurai, who no longer needed to wear armor and fight battles, where the bow had always been the principal military weapon. Now they would usually do no more than fight duels, in which the sword rather than the bow could be celebrated as the "soul of the samurai." The problems of the samurai and their ethos in this era is explored in many movies. The plight of unemployed samurai from the demobilized feudal armies is seen in Masaki Kobayashi's <I>Harakiri</I> (1963). The story of Miyamoto Musashi, who went from digging trenches in the mud at Sekigahara to becoming the greatest of the dueling <I>ronin</I> (and whose own <I>The Book of Five Rings</I> has been kept in print as a key to Japanese business practices), is given in heavily fictionalized form in <I>The Samurai Trilogy</I> (1955), by Hiroshi Inagaki.<br clear=right>
<P><a name="asano"><hr>
<P>Finally, the most celebrated samurai story of the Edo Period was the incident in 1703 of the revenge of 47 of his retainers for <B>Lord Asano of Akō</B>, led by <B>Ōishi Yoshio</B> (represented as a <I>kitten</I> in the popular Japanese image at right). <img src="images/ronin01.jpg" align=right>At the time, this story became a <I>kabuki</I> play, and since the introduction of cinema there have been countless movie versions. One of the best is Inagaki's 1963 <I>Chushingura</I>, <img src="images/zhong2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/minister.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/treasur2.gif" align=middle> (the "Treasure of the Loyal [<I>chū</I>] Retainers [<I>shin</I>]").
<P>Other versions of the story are often just called "The 47 Ronin" (the retainers <B>were</B> <I>ronin</I> after Asano's death). Modern visitors to Tokyo can still see the graves of Asano and the retainers at the Sengakuji, <img src="images/hiero/sen.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/gaku.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/temple.gif" align=middle>, temple (not far from the Shinagawa train station on the convenient Yamanote Line, and now just down the street from the Sengakuji station on the new Toei Asakusa subway line). The expected character of the Japanese as obedient and communal was fixed through the Tokugawa institutions, even if occasional troubles reminded people that there used to be older traditions of insurrection and disloyalty. One wonders if the reverence for the 47 still reflects a covert protest against central government as opposed to local and ancient loyalties.<br clear=left>
<table align=left cellpadding=5 border bgcolor="#aaaaff" width=360>
<tr><th><img src="images/shiba2.jpg" width=350></th></tr>
<tr><th>Guardian Deities outside the cemetery of the Zōjō-ji Temple, Shiba Park, Tokyo, Gate in background; site of Tokugawa reburials after the destruction of the Shiba mausoleum in World War II.</th></tr>
</table>
<P>Returning to the Sengakuji in 2009 after an absence of 16+ years, I found a great deal of new construction, with handsome granite approaches to the graves of Asano, and a new museum. This was on top of a level of an existing attention and tourism that, for instance, is still missing at <a href="#shimoseki">Shimonoseki</a>. There is also the interesting development that the Ronin are now generally referred to as the <I>Gishi</I>, <img src="images/yi2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/four-sch.gif" align=middle>, the "righteous gentlemen," rather than as the <I>Chūshin</I>, <img src="images/zhong2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/minister.gif" align=middle>, "loyal retainers."
<P>Thus, on a street atlas of Tokyo, the place of the Akō burials within the temple is identified as the <img src="images/hiero/ako.gif" align=middle><img src="images/yi2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/four-sch.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/grave.gif" align=middle>, the "Tombs of the Akō-Gishi" [<I>Tokyo City Atlas: A Bilingual Guide</I>, Kodansha International Ltd, 2004, map 34]. This gives a much more strongly Confucian tone to their characterization, with an unambiguous <a href="confuci.htm">Confucian virtue</a>, righteousness, and a <a href="key.htm#class">social class</a>, <img src="images/hiero/four-sch.gif" align=middle>, that would mean a scholar, not a warrior, in China. The moral problems with "loyalty," <img src="images/zhong2.gif" align=middle>, in Japan are discussed <a href="divebomb.htm">elsewhere</a>.<br clear=left>
<P><a name="modern"><table border bgcolor="#aaffaa" cellpadding=5 align=left width=250>
<tr><th colspan=2>The Modern Period,<br> 1868-present</th><th>Era</th></tr>
<tr><td>122 Mutsuhito</td><td>1866-<br>1912</td><td>Meiji<br><img src="images/hiero/ming.gif"><img src="images/hiero/govern.gif"><br>1868</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Sino-Japanese War, 1894-1895;<br>
Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905;<br>
Annexation of Korea, 1910</th></tr>
<tr><td>123 Yoshihito</td><td>1912-<br>1926</td><td>Taishō<br><img src="images/hiero/great.gif"><img src="images/hiero/upright.gif"></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>"21 Demands" on China, 1915;<br>
Washington Naval<br>Conference, 1921-1922</th></tr>
<tr><td>124 Hirohito</td><td>1926-<br>1989</td><td>Shōwa<br><img src="images/hiero/showa.gif"></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=3>Annexation of Manchuria, 1931;<br>Invasion of China, 1937;<br>World War II, 1941-1945;<br>American Occupation, 1945-1952</th></tr>
<tr><td>125 Akihito</td><td>1989-<br>2019</td><td>Heisei<br><img src="images/hiero/peace.gif"><img src="images/hiero/complete.gif"></td></tr>
<tr><td>126 Naruhito</td><td>2019-<br>present</td><td>Reiwa<br><img src="images/hiero/command.gif"><img src="images/hiero/wa.gif"></td></tr>
</table>
<img src="history/japan-13.gif" align=right>
Modern Japan began with much of the paradox and irony familiar in world history. When Commodore Perry arrived in Japan in 1853, it was with the determination to force the country open to trade and international contact. Why this was thought to be necessary, or the business of the United States, is a good question. Ninety years later, many Americans might have wondered if it had been a good idea. When the Shōgun agreed in 1854 to open trade and allow foreigners into the country, this set off a reaction against the Shogunate that had not been seen in its history. The cry became <I><B>Sonnō Jōi!</B></I>, <img src="images/hiero/sonno.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/jo-i.gif" align=middle>, "Respect the Emperor; expel the foreigners!" The Emperor Kōmei wanted the foreigners expelled, so a movement gathered to depose the Shōgun and "Restore" the rule of the Emperor. In 1868 the Emperor was restored. The Shōgun resigned, and, after some fighting (the Shōgun, as the lord of the Kantō, didn't want to surrender his lands), Edo was occupied and the foreigners, well, were <I>not</I> expelled. Kōmei had died, and the forces of Chōshū and Satsuma, with foreign arms, had, with the young emperor Mutsuhito, changed their minds. The Imperial Court moved from Kyōto to Edo, which now became <B>Tōkyō</B>, <img src="images/hiero/east.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/capital.gif" align=middle>, the "Eastern Capital." Not only were the foreigners not expelled, but, instead, the new government set out to completely overturn the traditional society and create a modern state. The samurai class was simply abolished in 1872, but die hard samurai had to be defeated with modern weapons.
<P><table align=right cellpadding=5 border bgcolor="#eeeeee" width=410>
<tr><th><img src="images/kumamoto.jpg" width=400></th></tr>
<tr><th>The Keep of Kumamoto Castle, 2009; reconstructed, 1960; damaged in earthquake, 2016; under repair, 2021</th></tr>
</table>
The "Satsuma Rebellion" of <B>Saigō Takamori</B> in 1877 has recently been the subject of a Hollywood movie, <I>The Last Samurai</I> [2003], but the movie fictionalizes events beyond recognition. Saigō led 15,000 men and tried to take the castle and government garrison at Kumamoto, hence to march on Kyōto.
<P>A long siege failed, as conscript peasant soldiers held off the confident samurai. Fighting largely destroyed the town and castle of Kumamoto. With only forty men left, wounded in battle at Shiroyama, Saigō committed suicide with the help of a retainer (Beppu Shinsuke, not an American solider). Just as hopeless and vicious folly redeemed by suicide is often celebrated in Japanese history, in 1899 Saigō earned a statue at the entrance of Ueno Park in Tōykō.
<P>In the aftermath shown in the movie, we see Tom Cruise, who had played Saigō's ahistorical American retainer, absurdly pleading with the Emperor Meiji to preserve the values of the Samurai ethos. Unfortunately, just such a preservation may be said to have led to multiple war crimes during World War II, especially in the treatment of prisoners of war, who were randomly tortured, starved, and murdered, much as the Samurai would have done to their prisoners.
<P>There had already been trouble in Satsuma, a telling incident in 1863, when the British bombarded Kagoshima, the capital of Shimazu Hisamitsu, <I>Daimyō</I> of the Satsuma Clan, in revenge for the murder of an Englishman, Charles Richardson, by Hisamitsu's retainers in Yokohama. To the British the action was a disaster, because a number of the new breech-loading guns exploded. The Japanese, however, did not know that. All they saw was the fortress getting blown to bits.
<P>The result was that the Satsuma Clan became patrons of the new Imperial Japanese Navy. This contrasts with the kind of thing that went on in China, where the first railroad, built with British money, was bought by the Chinese government simply to be torn up. Such things were apparently thought unnecessary. Trouble similar to that at Kagoshima, in the same year, occurred at Shimonoseki (near the site of the Battle of Dan-no-Ura), where the <I>Daimyō</I> of Chōshū, Mōri Motonori, ordered that foreign ships passing by be shot at.
<P>Consequently, the French bombarded Shimonoseki, and the British, French, Americans, and Dutch did so also in 1864. Unlike at Kagoshima, where the Emperor thought that the Japanese had won because no action followed the bombardment, foreign troops landed at Shimonoseki and demolished the fortifications. Mōri had to agree not to molest, and sometimes even to provision, passing ships. The Chōshū Clan subsequently became the patron of the new Japanese Army, which drew on French advice, until France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), and then on German (not, as one might think from <I>The Last Samurai</I>, American).
<P>So it turned out that, the way <a href="presiden.htm#37">Nixon</a> could go to China, Emperor Mutsuhito could put on pants and sit in a chair -- and build a modern nation.
<P>With the "Meiji Restoration," the Japanese adopted the Chinese practice of the <a href="#ming">Ming</a> and <a href="#ch'ing">Ch'ing</a> that only one Era Name is used per reign. Mutsuhito thus chose <B>Meiji</B>, <img src="images/hiero/ming.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/govern.gif" align=middle>, "Enlightened Rule," for himself. As in the recent Chinese practice, with the death each Emperor, he then became known by the Era Name, i.e. "The Meiji Emperor," rather than a new posthumous name, which in Japanese practice tended to reflect his residence (e.g. <B>Nijō</B>, the "Second Street" Emperor).
<P>Almost from the very beginning of modern Japan, its foreign policy was aggressive and expansionist. <img src="history/japan-1.gif" align=right>Not only the Japanese themselves, but the International Community, considered that Japan had come of age and become a Power with the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). While none of this, not even the annexation of Korea in 1910, was regarded as particularly predatory behavior at the time, things began to change when Japan tried to impose demands on China during World War I.
<P>This was disagreeable to Britain, of whom Japan was a proud ally, and infuriating to the United States, which, with a soft spot for all the Chinese who were expected to convert to Christianity any day, suddenly became an international powerbroker by delivering victory to the Allies. Japan backed off and for a while was on relatively good behavior, the period of "Taishō Democracy." But darker impulses were always stirring, and the Depression did much the same work in Japan that it did in Germany. The greedy capitalists and the disloyal communists should both be defeated so that the National Essence could prosper and bring the Emperor's Benevolence to all of East Asia.<br clear=left>
<P><img src="images/ships/flag-0.gif" align=left>The takeover of Manchuria in 1931 was the first major act of fascist aggression in the 1930's, though the Japanese had long stationed troops there, as the Russians had before them. The League of Nations, whose principal members already had their own colonial empires, now became queasy over the naked continuation of the old style imperialism. The United States, probably the most outraged, was no longer involved enough in international affairs to make much difference.
<P>The saddest thing about the business was that none of it was really a considered policy of the Japanese Government. Military zealots, usually on the spot, initiated actions that the Government was literally afraid to repudiate -- Prime Ministers were assassinated just for the impression of not being sufficiently hard-line (though some revisionist historians now argue that the whole business was masterminded by Emperor Hirohito himself). The only real military question was whether action should be aimed at the Soviet Union or at China.
<P>This was decided, in effect, by the failure of a coup in Tokyo on February 26, 1936, the "2/26 Incident." This was sufficiently threatening that many participants were purged and executed, unlike individuals in earlier mutinies and assassinations, who had often been treated with lenience. The 2/16 faction, in favor of a Russian war, was eliminated. China would be the target.
<P>Pretexts were duly arranged that were used to invade China in 1937. This began a war that lasted until 1945. Everything else, like the Pacific War with the United States and Britain, was just a detail coincident to the attack on China. For, as it happened, China was rather too large to be overrun by the Japanese, and Chiang Kai-shek was too stubborn, or stupid, to come to any accommodation with them. His expectation was that the Americans would eventually be drawn in, and then they would win the war. In that he turned out to be quite right.
<P><img src="images/maps/japan.gif" align=left>Japanese strategy can be observed on the map of their East Asian Empire at its height. China is in practical terms surrounded. The last route of overland supply, through Burma (the arduous "Burma Road"), was the last one cut off. The Allies were reduced to flying supplies in over "The Hump," i.e. the Himalayas. Curiously, the <a href="#war">War in China</a> has been both neglected in popular treatments and confused with remnants of Communist propaganda, promoted, understandably, by the <a href="#communist">People's Republic of China</a>, but also by Western historians who were initially sympathetic with, and/or paid by, the Communists and now who may simply not know any better -- or be as sympathic to <a href="rand.htm#modern">Communism</a> as ever.
<P>The Communist line was that Chiang didn't want supplies to fight the Japanese anyway. He needed to prepare for the post-War struggle with the Communists and so avoided combat. Now, it turns out, this was the Communist strategy, not the Nationalist. We see many pitched battles between the Japanese and the Nationalists, but none really between the Japanese and the Communists. But the supplies flown over the Hump mainly went to the American Air Force in China and also came to be diverted from the Nationalists because of Communist influence in American ranks. Even the hot nature of the Nationalist fight against the Japanese worked against them, because peasants resented being drafted into the Army, and the Communists played on that discontent -- Communist armies were always formally "volunteers," even though <I>not</I> volunteering was a political crime. At the same time, Chiang's expectation that the participation of the Americans in the War would be decisive, although correct, could not take into account the role American Communist sympathizers would have in subverting his position vis-à-vis the Communists.
<P>Attempts to call American sympathizers and Communist agents to account, conspicuous in the accusations of <a href="satan.htm#mccarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a>, were deflected into attacks on <I>him</I>, whose effect was to protect such sympathizers and agents. Why this was tolerated and aided by the <a href="presiden.htm#34">Eisenhower Administration</a>, otherwise famously anti-Communist, remains a historical puzzle of the era. None of the treacherous State Department "China Hands," who facilitated the regime whose crimes have continued ever since, ever significantly suffered for what they had done.
<P><img src="history/japan-3.gif" align=right>Meanwhile, in the War, the Japanese secured a strategic oil supply in Indonesia and protected it by conquering adjacent territories, like the Philippines. The military, however, had paid insufficient attention to boring practical questions like running the oil fields and then getting the fuel back to Japan. A convoy system, which the Allies had to use against German submarines in World War I and World War II in the Atlantic, was never used by Japan, even when American submarines were decimating and even annihilating ships carrying desperately needed strategic supplies.
<P>One gets the impression that the whole affair had not been thought out very well, and it hadn't.
<table border align=left bgcolor="#eeeeee">
<tr><td><img src="images/hirohito.jpg" align=right width=280></td></tr>
<tr><th>Hirohito,<br>the Shōwa Emperor,<br>1926-1989</th></table>
The Japanese military wanted to die in battle, not to babysit civilian tankers and cargo ships. For much the same reason, Japanese submarines never returned the favor of general warfare against Allied shipping -- they went after warships, winning some prizes (the <I>Yorktown</I>, <I>Wasp</I>, and <I>Indianapolis</I>), but more often getting sunk by screening ships.
<P>The ironically named <B>Shōwa</B>, <img src="images/hiero/showa.gif" align=middle>, "Radiant Harmony," Era brought down the world, and the Bomb, on Japan and its ambitions. China was left to the grave miscalculations of its own leaders and ostensive but treacherous Allies, and the Japanese were left to pick up the pieces of flattened, blasted cities.
<P>Astonishingly, all the impractical foolishness and haughty disdain for mere mundane details were soon traded in for an economic and commercial practicality rivaled by few. Japan had rolled with the punches and remade itself before, and it did again. Whether the <I>moral</I> lesson had really been learned was a question often asked by the Asian neighbors who had experienced the old Japanese "benevolence" first hand.
<P>But one thing remains clear from the experience of Japan: nothing but lack of imagination, determination, and capitalism has ever stopped "Third World" countries from entering the modern era and competing with European states as equals, in war and peace. Japan emerged from Tibetan isolation and xenophobia and, with no "natural resources" to speak of, save the human capital of its own people, became a Great Power in less than 40 years.
<P>In the Nineties the Japanese economy was in a Tokugawan torpor, but no one was deceived that the frenzy of Japanese life could not most unexpectedly erupt in new achievements and ambitions (even alarming ones). That the economic stagnation of the Nineties continued into the new century, has allowed Japan to be surprassed by China as the world's second largest economy, and is astonishingly now <a href="sayslaw.htm">emulated</a> in American domestic policy (to similar results), nevertheless has not prevented Samsung from greater success in a mass market (as in China) than Apple has had in distributing its own technology -- Apple neglects the low end of the market (the same mistake it originally made with the Macintosh). Thus, there are flashes of the old Japanese entrepreneurial spirit, even as it has not shaken off the dead weight of crony capitalism that has bedeviled Asian, and now American, economies.<br clear=left>
<P><center><img src="images/key-g.gif"></center>
<P>While the retirement of Emperors has been a notable feature of Japanese history, no Emperor has retired since the Meiji Restoration -- until now. On 30 April 2019, the Emperor Akihito retired, and his son Naruhito became Emperor on May 1st. An Era name was already picked, <B>Reiwa</B>, <img src="images/hiero/command.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/wa.gif" align=middle>, said to mean "Beautiful Harmony."
<P>There was some controversy about this, since the primary meaning of <img src="images/hiero/command.gif" align=middle> is "command" and some related meanings, which makes it look like <I>Reiwa</I> means "Harmony is Commanded." Indeed, we see <img src="images/hiero/command.gif" align=middle> in the Chinese expresson for "District Magistrate," <img src="ross/prov-mag.gif" align=middle>, such as <a href="ross/dee.htm">Judge Dee</a>. However, <I>Reiwa</I> was taken from a 8th century collection of poems, the <I>Man'yōshū</I>, where the issue was viewing plum blossoms, not commanding anything. The notable thing about the name may be that it was taken from Japanese rather than Chinese literature.
<P><center><img src="images/key-g.gif"></center>
<P><a href="rank.htm#note-6">Imperial Acclamations</a><p>
<a href="javascript:popup('history/fujiwara.gif','fujiwara','resizable,scrollbars,width=621,height=1799')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for popup genealogy of the Fujiwara';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Genealogy of the Fujiwara</a>
<P><a href="JavaScript:popup('jpnprime.htm','ministers','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=540,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Japanese Ministers';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Fujiwara Chancellors and Imperial Regents, 858-1868</a><p>
<a href="JavaScript:popup('jpnprime.htm#ministers','jpnprime','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=540,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Japanese Prime Ministers';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Transition Ministers, 1868-1885</a><p>
<a href="JavaScript:popup('jpnprime.htm#prime','primes','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=540,height=600')" onMouseover="window.status='Click for the popup of Japanese Prime Ministers';return true" onMouseout="window.status='';return true">Prime Ministers, 1885-present</a><p>
<a href="pearl.htm">The Pearl Harbor Strike Force</a><p>
<ul>
<a href="./history/navy.htm">Naval Aircraft Designations of Japan and the United States</a><p>
</ul>
<a href="kongo1.htm">The Battleship <I>Kongō</I></a>
<ul>
<a href="kongo.htm#navy">Japanese Battleships</a>
</ul>
<a href="dreadnot.htm#treaty">The Treaty Cruisers</a><p>
<p><a href="destroy.htm">Advanced Japanese Destroyers of World War II</a><p>
<a href="./history/guadal.htm">A Guadalcanal Chronology, 7 August 1942 - 6 March 1943</a><p>
<a href="divebomb.htm">Zen and the Art of Divebombing, or The Dark Side of the Tao</a><p>
<a href="elements.htm#gods">The Seven Lucky Gods of Japan</a><p>
<a href="#top">Sangoku Index</a><p>
<a href="history.htm#buddha">History of Philosophy, Buddhist Philosophy</a><p>
<a href="philhist.htm">Philosophy of History</a><p>
<a href="./#contents">Home Page</a><p>
<H5>Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 <a href="./ross/">Kelley L. Ross, Ph.D.</a> All <a href="./#ross">Rights</a> Reserved</H5>
<P><a name="note-3"><center><img src="images/key-8.gif"></center>
<H3 ALIGN="center">The Heian Period, Note;<br>Shrines and Temples</H3>
<P><center><img src="images/key-8.gif"></center>
<P>Before the <a href="#modern">Meiji Period</a>, there was not any kind of sharp distinction between Buddhism and Shintō in Japan. This was introduced in Meiji legislation, with the harsh requirement that structures and rites of the two religions share no facilities, as had hitherto been the practice. This went along with some official suppression of Buddhism, which was associated with the <a href="#tokugawa">Tokugawa</a> regime. These measures were subsequently relaxed, and the Japanese often do not pay much attention to whether they are in a (Buddhist) temple or (Shintō) shrine, but the formal distinction does persist.
<P>Buddhist temples and Shintō shrines can generally be recognized by the suffix on their names, with <img src="images/hiero/temple.gif" align=middle>, <B>ji/dera</B>, "temple," for the Buddhist and <img src="images/hiero/shrine2.gif" align=middle> or <img src="images/hiero/shrine.gif" align=middle>, <B>sha/ja/yashiro</B> and <B>gū/miya</B>, respectively, "shrine," for the Shintō. While the <I>on</I> or monosyllabic Chinese reading seems the most common to me, the names of some of the most famous temples in Japan have a complete <I>kun</I> or Japanese reading, such as the beautiful <B>Kiyomizu-dera</B>, <img src="images/hiero/qing.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/water2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/temple.gif" align=middle> ("Clear Water Temple"), in Kyoto. A <img src="images/hiero/kami.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/shrine.gif" align=middle>, <B>jingū</B>, is used for the most important shrines, generally associated with the Imperial House, and the word alone specifically means the shrine of the Sun Goddess at Ise. The Akamajingū is thus significant as an Imperial shrine. Lesser shines, or shrines in general, are <img src="images/hiero/kami.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/shrine2.gif" align=middle>, <B>jinja</B>. <img src="images/hiero/shrine2.gif" align=middle>, read <B>-ja</B> or <B>-sha</B>, is found as a suffix for lesser shrines; and <img src="images/hiero/shrine.gif" align=middle>, read <B>-miya</B>, may be for shrines of members of the Imperial House. <img src="images/inari-01.jpg" align=right>Some shrines are <img src="images/hiero/great.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/shrine2.gif" align=middle>, <B>taisha</B>, "great shrines," such as the <B>Fushimi Inari Taisha</B>, the shrine of the god Inari at Fushimi, just south of Kyōto (as named on the pillar on site at right). This is from a pre-war system of classifying shrines, which has survived at Fushimi. Fushimi Inari is the head of all the Inari shrines in Japan, <img src="images/inari-02.jpg" align=left>about a third of the total number of Shinto shrines. The god Inari is of indeterminate sex and is often confused with the <B>foxes</B> that are his/her symbols, representatives, or messengers, as seen at left -- a natural confusion when, in the absence of direct iconography of the god, the foxes make do. Originally a rice god, Inari has become associated with prosperity and business, which probably accounts for the god's popularity.
<P>Another intriguing character for "shrine" is <img src="images/hiero/grove.gif" align=middle>, <B>mori</B>, which in Japanese means "woods" or "grove," with the implication of the presence of <I>kami</I> -- although in Chinese the principal meaning is simply "to shut out, restrict, impede," etc. <I>Mori</I> can also be written <img src="images/hiero/kami.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/grove.gif" align=middle> and <img src="images/hiero/shrine2.gif" align=middle>. It is thus intriguing to see groves as inhabited by <I>kami</I> the same way that there were sacred trees and groves in the old <a href="scotia.htm#celtic">Celtic</a> and Germanic religions of Europe, surviving in the most un-Christian institution of the Christmas Tree. One wonders if the change in meaning of the character from Chinese to Japanese reflects the imposition of a <a href="newotto.htm">taboo</a> (Chinese <img src="images/hiero/taboo.gif" align=middle>) on the sacred groves.
<P>Other changes in meanings of characters from Chinese to Japanese are also of some interest. <img src="images/hiero/shrine.gif" align=middle> is "palace" in Chinese; but although it can already mean "temple," most of its associations are with the Imperial Court and Palace, which is the meaning that carries over into Shintō usage. <img src="images/hiero/shrine2.gif" align=middle> in Chinese means gods of the earth, and their altars. Again, one might speculate that the <I>kami</I> first appeared to be those sort of deities to early Chinese visitors to Japan. A general Chinese term for "altar," which we see in the name of the Temple of Heaven, <img src="images/hiero/heaven.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/dan2.gif" align=middle> ("Heaven Altar"), in Peking, is used less in Japan, except in the interesting expression <B>danka</B>, <img src="images/hiero/dan2.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/school1.gif" align=middle>, which are families, "temple families," dedicated for that purpose in the <a href="#edo">Edo Period</a>, that continue to support local Buddhist temples.
<P>The most general Chinese term for "temple" may be <img src="images/hiero/temple2.gif" align=middle>, as in the <img src="images/hiero/kongzi.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/temple2.gif" align=middle>, the Temple of <a href="confuci.htm">Confucius</a> found in traditional Chinese cities, such as even the modern capital of <a href="#2ndrepublic">Taiwan</a>, Taipei. This term is strongly associated with the Confucian ancestor cult, and especially the Imperial ancestor cult. In Japanese, read <B>byō</B>, it is less used and can also mean "mausoleum."
<P>In Chinese <img src="images/hiero/temple.gif" align=middle> can mean a "hall, court," a Buddhist monastery, or even a mosque. As in Japan, we see <img src="images/hiero/temple.gif" align=middle> used as a suffix, as in the name of the famous <img src="images/hiero/shaolin.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/temple.gif" align=middle>, the Buddhist Shaolin monastery where <a href="divebomb.htm">Kung-Fu</a> was supposedly developed. In combination, <img src="images/hiero/temple.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/temple2.gif" align=middle> means "temple."
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Indian, Chinese, & Japanese Emperors
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# Emperors of the *Sangoku*,
, the "Three Kingdoms,"
of India, China, & Japan
India and China are the sources of the greatest [civilizations](upan.htm#civiliz) in Eastern and Southern Asia. Their rulers saw themselves as universal monarchs, thereby matching the pretensions of the [Roman Emperors](romania.htm) in the West.
The only drawbacks to their historical priority were that India suffered a setback, when the Indus Valley Civilization collapsed (for disputed reasons), and China got started later than the Middle Eastern civilizations. By the time India recovered, it was a contemporary of [Greece](greek.htm#why), rather than [Sumeria](notes/oldking.htm#sumer), with many parallel cultural developments, like [philosophy](history.htm#east). And, curiously, China reached a philosophical stage of development in the same era, the "axial age," 800 to 400 BC.
Later, when the West, India, and China all had contact with each other, it was at first India that had the most influence on China, through the introduction of [Buddhism](buddhism.htm). Indian influence on the West, though likely through the skepticism of [Pyrrho](hist-1.htm#hellen), and possibly evident in the halos of Christian saints (borrowed from Buddhist iconography), did not extend to anything more substantial -- unless the whole world-denying character of Christianity was due, as [Schopenhauer](arthur.htm) might have thought, to Indian influence. While China then made Buddhism its own, India later endured the advent of [Islām](islam.htm), which introduced deep cultural and then violent political divisions into the Subcontinent, which persist until today. The only comparable development as disruptive in China was the application of [Marxism](marx.htm) by the Communist government that came to power in 1949, whose violence has been largely inflicted on both ethnic minorities and the majority population of Han, 漢, Chinese.
While China instituted a liberal economic vision and has outgrown India, which was larger and more developed under the [British](#britgov), it retains the political dictatorship of Communism, which now is again eating into its economic successes. India, with a successful history as a democracy, found its growth hampered by socialist expectations and regulations (the stifling "Licence Raj"), with some, but not enough, economic liberalization in the 1990's.
Recently, China has harmed itself with renewed state controls over the economy, a "one child" policy often involving forced abortions, which has led to a population shortfall, renewed police state measures which have discouraged and driven out foreign investment and foreign entrepreneurs, and, perhaps especially, political repression and terror tactics in [Hong Kong](#hongkong), which violate the 1997 treaty with Britain and alarm the whole international business community. Meanwhile, India is set to surpass China in population, which, even with imperfect economic governance, is given India a renewed advantage in growth.
Since the 19th century, if not earlier, however, emigrants from China and India have distinguished themselves with their entrepreneurial spirit and economic success, sometimes dominating economies where they then have been resented, often with violence, by the local majority. This is a valuable lesson, rarely noticed, for those who think that economic power is a function of political power, or that minorities are necessarily poor because of their powerlessness. Successful Chinese or Indians may have been hated, or ignored, but never understood, in the blizzard of Leftist [ethnic ideology](discrim.htm). Yet this was all already obvious in the Russian Revolution, when Lenin realized that the "workers" did not know how to run factories. Management by [bureaucrats](bureau.htm), on the other hand, as a solution, never worked well. Instead, it was a formula for self-interest and stagnation, as was already understood by no less than Karl Marx and now developed as [Public Choice](rent.htm) economics.
Even in the United States, the success of "Asian" immigrants, from China, Korea, Vietnam, Japan, and especially from India has contradicted Leftist ideological claims that "racism" prevents economic and educational success. Immigrants from India are now, according to the U.S. Census, the most sucessful demographic group in the country. In revenge, "Asian" students, like Jewish students in the past, have been systematically discriminated against at elite colleges and universities, in violation of anti-discrimination laws -- practices ruled illegal by the Surpreme Court in *Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard* (2023).
The response to *Fair Admissions* has often been open expressons of hatred against "Asians," who for some reason are expected to accept discrimination because they are *too* successful from "acting white," i.e. working and studying hard. At least there have been no race riots, as there were against Chinese people in the Philippines and Indonesia, although attacks on "Asian" persons, especially in New York City, have become frequent.
The Left wishes to assign such attacks to white "racism," but the majority of them are by other, especially Black, minorities. The experience of Chinese immigrant Ying Ma, growing up in Oakland with Black racism, is recounted in her book *Chinese Girl in the Ghetto* [2011]. This expodes most of the anti-American ideology currently infecting the Leftist political elite of the American [Ruling Class](ruling.htm). Democrats vote for crime, corruption, poverty, and urban decay, and that is what we all get, at least in "Blue" States and cities, as a result.
Nevertheless, Black voters mostly continue to support a party, the Democrats, fresh from a history of slavery and Segregation, who have betrayed them at very turn, especially in education. But now we get the idea that the ignorant and illiterate are simply *owed* advanced degrees, even as thieves and looters are thought to have a right to their stolen goods, while the targeted businesses disappear from cities. History attests to few examples of more irrational and self-destructive principles. It may be enough to persuade one of the reality of [Freud's](francia.htm#freud) "Death Wish."
The idea that there are "Three Kingdoms," [***Sangoku***](buddhism.htm#mappo), 三國, is a Japanese conceit, placing those peripheral islands on equal standing with the great centers of civilization, India and China. Until the 20th century, there would not have been a shadow of justification for that, except perhaps in subjective judgments about the creativity or originality of Japanese culture, which I am sure would be disputed by Koreans and Vietnamese, especially when early Japan owed a lot to Korean influence.
However, in terms of the history of Buddhism, Japan can make some claims. **Saichō** (767-822) first used the term in relation to the transmission of the T'ien T'ai School, whose doctrine he brought directly from China. At the same time, in [Korea](perigoku.htm#korea) the monarchy became fiercely anti-Buddhist, even forbidding Buddhist institutions or monks in the capital, while in contemporary Japan we see a flourishing of original [Buddhist sects](six.htm#japan).
Buddhism was only freed in Korea because of the Japanese occupation, which itself motivated many Koreans to convert in protest to Christianity. In [Vietnam](perigoku.htm#viet), the principal development in Buddhism that I am aware of may have been that the conquest of [Champa](perigoku.htm#champa) by Đại Việt in 1471 snuffed out the [Theravāda](buddhism.htm#hina) culture of the South, including that of the Mekong Delta, subsequently taken from Cambodia.
Later, after a process of self-transformation sparked by American intervention, Japan leapt to the status of a [Great Power](kongo.htm#navy) by defeating [Russia](russia.htm#romanov) in 1905. This shocked and astounded the world, especially since the Russian fleet was not just defeated, but annihilated, leading to [Teddy Roosevelt](presiden.htm#26) calling the Japanese the "Anglo-Saxons of the Orient." Many people in European colonies took heart from this, that European nations could be decisively defeated -- although the way the Koreans, Chinese, Filipinos, Burmese, and others were treated under Japanese occupation was quickly disillusioning.
The Japanese Empire, 大日本帝國, *Dai Nippon Teikoku*, then spent the next 40 years throwing its weight around, occupying Korea and invading China, ultimately taking on the United States in a disastrous bid for hegemony (1941-1945). Catastrophic defeat slowed Japan down a little, but by the 1980's, the country had vaulted to the highest per capita income in the world, with wealth and economic power that deeply frightened many, even in the United States. The ironic song, "Turning Japanese," by the Vapors [1980], began to seem prophetic.
Japan became the first and, for a long time, the only Great Power, in economic terms (as the Japanese military establishment remains low profile), not directly derived from European civilization. Even after a decade of economic stagnation in the 1990's, Japan remained the second largest economy in the world (about 40% the size of the United States, more than 1.7 times the size of Germany, and finally reviving a bit in 2004), although in per capita terms declining from 3rd in the world in 2003 to 11th in 2007 [*The Economist Pocket World in Figures*, 2007 Edition].
However, by 2010 the economy of China had surpassed Japan in absolute size, although, of course, far behind Japan in *per capita* terms. China is thus in the position that Russia was in 1914 -- underdeveloped in *per capita* comparisons but the fourth largest economy in the world (after the United States, Germany, and Britain) because of its relative development and absolute size.
The level of success of Japan, despite its relative decline, might still be thought to justify the Japanese view of themselves as having a unique, or at least special, "national essence," 國体, *Kokutai*, certainly of the first order of geopolitical importance, giving us some motivation for the inclusion of Japan in a "Sangoku" page. However, Japan has problems with an aging population and an economy that is still slowed by the drag of "zombie" companies, i.e. businesses that should have gone bankrupt but are unwisely protected. Japan has thus still not really shaken off the problems that developed in the 1990's.
At the same time, China has been aggressive against its neighbors, creating militarized islands, against international law, in the South China Sea, and tresspassing in territorial waters claimed by Japan, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Indonesia. It regularly threatens Taiwan, despite the recognition of the "People's Republic" by the United States stipulating that the reunification of China only be done peacefully. This has motivated Japan to greatly increase its military budget. The obvious threat of China is alarming most of these countries in the area.
[Philosophy of History](philhist.htm)
## *Index*
* [Introduction](#)* [Emperors of India](#india)
+ [The Nandas, c.450-c.321](#nandas)+ [The Mauryas, c.322-184 BC](#mauryas)+ [Ceylon, Kings of Lanka & Kandy](buddhism.htm#ceylon)+ [The Macedonian Kings of Bactria, 256-c.55 BC](hist-1.htm#text-10)+ [The Sakas/Parthians, 97 BC-125 AD](#saka)
- [The Saka Era, The Indian Historical Era, 79 AD](#india-era)
* [The Calendar in India](calendar.htm#india)+ [The Kushans, c.20 BC-c.260 AD](#kushan)+ [The Guptas, c.320-550 AD](#guptas)+ [Vardhanas of Thanesar, c.500-647 AD](#thanesar)+ [The Deccan, Carnatic, & Maharashtra, 543-1317 AD](#maharashtra)
- [Classical Indian Women's Dress](#dress)+ [Kārkoṭas of Kashmir, 711-810 AD](#kashmir)+ [Gurjara-Pratīhāras of Ujjain & Dantidurga, 725-1017 AD](#ujjain)+ [the Chola Kingdom, c.846-1279](#chola)+ [Maḥmūd of Ghazna, 998-1030](#ghazna)+ [Sulṭāns of Delhi, 1206-1555](#delhi)
- [Mu'izzī or Shamsī Slave Kings, 1206-1290](#slaves)- [Khaljīs, 1290-1320](#khaljis)- [Tughluqids, 1320-1414](#tughluqids)- [Sayyids, 1414-1451](#sayyids)- [Lôdīs, 1451-1526](#lodis)- [Sūrīs, 1540-1555](#suris)- [Rājās and Sulṭāns of Mysore, 1100-1949](#mysore)- [Vijayanagar, 1336-c.1660](#vijayanagar)- [Sikh Gurūs and the Khālsā, 1469-1849](#sikhs)
* [The Punjab](#punjab)+ [Moghul Emperors, 1526-1540, 1555-1858](#moghuls)
* [Moghuls and Mughals: *South Asia in World History*, by Marc Gilbert](#note)
+ [Diacritics](#diacritics)- [Maratha (Mahratta) Confederacy/Empire, 1674-1848](#maratha)- [Nawwābs of the Carnatic, at Arcot](#dupleix)- [Nawwābs of Bengal, 1704-1765](#bengal)
* [Titular Nawwābs of Bengal, to 1969](JavaScript:popup('bengal.htm','bengal','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600'))- [British Governors of Bengal and Governors-General of India, 1765-1858](#britgov)
* [Nawwābs of Oudh, 1722-1856](#oudh)* [Niẓāms of Hyderabad, 1720-1948](#hyderabad)* [British Coinage of India, 1835-1947](coins.htm#india)+ [British Emperors and Viceroys, 1876-1947 (1858-1950)](#british)
- [Index of Princely States & Protectorates of British India](british.htm#prince)- [Ceylon, British Governors](buddhism.htm#ceylon)- [Burma, British Governors](perigoku.htm#britgov)- [*Culmen Mundi*](buddhism.htm#note)- [The Himalayan Realms, Nepal, Bhutan, & Sikkim](buddhism.htm#realms)- [Prime Ministers of India](british.htm#india)- [Prime Ministers of Pakistan](british.htm#pakistan)- [Prime Ministers of Ceylon/Sri Lanka](british.htm#ceylon)
* [Emperors of China](#china)
+ [The Chinese Historical Era, 2637 BC](#china-era)
- [Eras (*Nien-hao*) of Chinese History](JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600'))+ [Shang Dynasty, 1523-1028](#shang)+ [Chou Dynasty, 1027-256](#chou)
- [Monarchical Acclamations](rank.htm#note-6)- [Chinese Feudal Hierarchy](rank.htm#china)- [Spring and Autumn Period](#sp&au)- [Warring States Period](#warring)- [States of the Eastern Chou](choustat.htm)+ [Ch'in Dynasty, 255-207 BC](#ch'in)
- [*Hero*, 英雄, *Yīngxióng*, 2002](#hero)+ [Nan Yüeh, 204-211 BC](#nanyue)+ [Former Han Dynasty, 206 BC-25 AD](#han)+ [Later Han Dynasty, 25-220 AD](#han-2)+ [The Three Kingdoms, 220-265](#three)
- [*Red Cliff*, 赤壁, 2008, *Red Cliff II*, 2009](#redcliff)+ [Northern and Southern Empires, 266-589](#north-south)
- [The Six Southern Dynasties, 266-589](#north-south)- [The Sixteen Kingdoms of the Five Barbarians, 304-439](#sixteen)
* [The Barbarians](#barbarians)- [The Five Northern Dynasties, 386-581](#fivenorth)
* [The Pilgrim Fa-hsien](#faxian)+ [Sui Dynasty, 590-618](#sui)+ [T'ang Dynasty, 618-906](#t'ang)
- [The Pilgrim Hsüan-tsang](#xuanzang)- [The Pilgrim I-ching](#yijing)- [Judge Dee (630-700)](ross/dee.htm)+ [The Five Dynasties, 907-960](#five)
- [The Ten Kingdoms, 896-979](#five)+ [Tartar Dynasties](#tartar)
- [Liao (Khitan) Dynasty, 907-1125](#liao)- [Hsi-Hsia (Tangut) State, 990-1227](#tangut)+ [Sung Dynasty, 960-1126](#sung)+ [Tartar Dynasties](#tartar2)
- [Northern Liao (Khitan) Dynasty, 1122-1123](#northliao)- [Western Liao (Qara-Khitaï) Dynasty, 1125-1218](#westliao)- [Kin/Chin (Jurchen) Dynasty, 1115-1234](#chin)+ [Southern Sung Dynasty, 1127-1279](#sung-s)+ [Yüan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1280-1368](#yuan)+ [Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644](#ming)
- [The Voyages of Admiral He, 1405-1433](#admiralhe)- [Southern Ming Dynasty, 1644-1662](#south)+ [Manchu Ch'ing Dynasty, 1644-1911](#ch'ing)
- [Foreign Encroachments](#foreign)
* [The Barbarians](#barbarian)- [Macao](newspain.htm#macao)- [Hong Kong](#hongkong)- [Kwangchouwan](francia.htm#kwangchouwan)- [Tibet](#tibet)+ [Republic of China, First Republic, 1912-1928](#republic)
- [Second Republic, 1928-present](#2ndrepublic)- [The Chinese Prom Dress](sports.htm#prom)+ [Communist China, Third Republic, 1949-present](#communist)+ [Chef Ho and the Names of Chinese Restaurants](ross/recipe.htm#chefho)+ [Categories of Chinese Characters](yinyang.htm#characters)+ [The Dialects of Chinese](yinyang.htm#dialects)
- [Examples of Dialect Differences Between Peking, Shanghai and, Canton](yinyang.htm#dialects2)- [Pronouncing Mandarin Initials](yinyang.htm#dialects3)- [Mandarin Finals and Syllables](yinyang.htm#dialects5)- [The Contrast between Classical and Modern Chinese](yinyang.htm#dialects4)+ [The Solar Terms and the Chinese Calendar](chinacal.htm)
- [The Chinese 60 Year Calendar Cycle](chinacal.htm#60)- [The Occurrence of the Solar Terms](chinacal.htm#terms)- [Groundhog Day and Chinese Astronomy](grndhog.htm)
* [Emperors, Shoguns, & Regents of Japan](#japan)
+ [The Japanese Historical Era, 660 BC](#japan-era)
- [Eras (*Nengō*) of Japanese History](JavaScript:popup('erajpn.htm','erajapan','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600'))+ [The Japanese "Emperor"](#emperor)+ [Monarchical Acclamations](rank.htm#note-6)+ [The Legendary Period, 660 BC-539 AD](#legend)+ [The Historical Period, 539-645](#history)+ [The Yamato Period, 645-711](#yamato)+ [The Nara Period, 711-793](#nara)+ [The Heian Period, 793-1186](#heian)
- [Fujiwara Chancellors and Imperial Regents, 858-1868](JavaScript:popup('jpnprime.htm','jpnprime','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=540,height=600'))- [Genealogy of the Fujiwara](javascript:popup('history/fujiwara.gif','fujiwara','resizable,scrollbars,width=621,height=1799'))- [Dan-no-Ura](#dannoura)
* [Shrines and Temples](#note-3)+ [The Kamakura Period, 1186-1336](#kamakura)
- [Hōjō Regents](#hojo)+ [The Nambokuchō Period, 1336-1392](#nambokucho)
- [Ashikaga Shōguns](#ashikaga)+ [The Muromachi Period, 1392-1573](#muromachi)+ [The Azuchi-Momoyama Period, 1573-1603](#azuchi)
- [Himeji Castle](javascript:popup('images/maps/himeji.gif','himeji','resizable,scrollbars,width=1034,height=748'))+ [The Edo Period, 1603-1868](#edo)
- [Tokugawa Shoguns, Will Adams](#adams)- [Edo Castle, Tōkyō Imperial Palace](javascript:popup('images/maps/tokyo.gif','tokyo','resizable,scrollbars,width=721,height=558'))+ [The Modern Period, 1868-present](#modern)
- [Prime Ministers, 1868-present](JavaScript:popup('jpnprime.htm#ministers','jpnprime','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=540,height=600'))
* [The Periphery of China -- Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Burma, Tibet, and Mongolia](perigoku.htm)
+ [Kings of Korea](perigoku.htm#korea)
- [Kings of Koguryo](perigoku.htm#koguryo)- [Kings of Paekche](perigoku.htm#paekche)- [Kings of Silla and Korea](perigoku.htm#silla)+ [Kings and Emperors of Vietnam](perigoku.htm#viet)
- [Kings of Champa](perigoku.htm#champa)- [Kings and Emperors of Annam and Vietnam](perigoku.htm#annam)+ [Kings of Thailand](perigoku.htm#siam)
- [Kings of Sukhothai, c.1240-1438](perigoku.htm#siam2)- [Kings of Lan Na, 1259-1774](perigoku.htm#siam3)- [Chao of Chiang Mai, 1781-1939](perigoku.htm#siam4)- [Kings of Ayudhya, 1351-1767](perigoku.htm#siam5)- [King of Thonburi, 1767-1782](perigoku.htm#siam6)- [Kings of Bangkok, Chakri Dynasty, 1782-present](perigoku.htm#siam7)+ [Kings of Laos](perigoku.htm#laos)
- [Kings of Vientiane, 1353-1778](perigoku.htm#vientiane)- [Kings of Luang Prabang, 1707-1975](perigoku.htm#luang)+ [Kings of Cambodia, 6th century AD-present](perigoku.htm#cambodia)+ [Kings of Burma](perigoku.htm#burma)
- [Kings of Arakan, 788-1784](perigoku.htm#arakan)- [Kings of Pagan, c.900-1325](perigoku.htm#pagan)- [Kings of Pinya, 1298-1364](perigoku.htm#pinya)- [Kings of Ava, 1364-1555](perigoku.htm#ava)- [Kings of Shan, 1287-1757](perigoku.htm#shan)- [Kings of Taungu, 1531-1751](perigoku.htm#taungu)- [Kings of Konbaung/Burma, 1753-1885](perigoku.htm#konbaung)- [British Governors, 1862-1948](perigoku.htm#britgov)- [Heads of State of Burma, 1948-present](perigoku.htm#burmpres)- [World War II in Burma](perigoku.htm#ww2)+ [Kings of Tibet and the Dalai Lamas](perigoku.htm#tibet)
- [First Kingdom of Tibet](perigoku.htm#tibet2)- [Mongol Regents](perigoku.htm#tibet3)- [Second Kingdom of Tibet](perigoku.htm#tibet4)- [The Dalai Lamas](perigoku.htm#tibet5)- [The Panchen Lamas](perigoku.htm#panchen)+ [The Himalayan Realms, Nepal, Bhutan, & Sikkim](buddhism.htm#realms)
- [*Culmen Mundi*](buddhism.htm#note)+ [Straits Settlements](notes/india.htm#malaya)
- [Governors of Singapore](notes/india.htm#malaya)- [Sulṭāns of Johor, 1528-present](notes/india.htm#johor)- [Singapore, Prime Ministers](notes/india.htm#prime)+ [The Mongol Khāns](mongol.htm)
- [Index](mongol.htm#top)- [The Conquests of Chingiz Khān, 1227](mongol.htm#map-1)- [The Great Khāns and the Yüan Dynasty of China](mongol.htm#great)- [The Grandsons of Chingiz Khān, 1280](mongol.htm#map-2)- [The Chaghatayid Khāns](mongol.htm#chaghaty)- [The Khāns of the Golden Horde](mongol.htm#golden)
* [The Khāns of the Blue Horde](mongol.htm#golden)* [The Khāns of the White Horde](mongol.htm#white)* [The Khāns of the Golden Horde](mongol.htm#gold)* [The Khāns of Kazan](mongol.htm#kazan)* [The Khāns of Astrakhan](mongol.htm#astrakhan)* [The Khāns of the Crimea](mongol.htm#crimea)- [The Il Khāns](mongol.htm#ilkhan)
* [The Jalāyirids, 1340-1432](mongol.htm#jalay)* [The Qara Qoyunlu, 1351-1469](mongol.htm#qaraqoy)* [The Timurids, 1370-1501](mongol.htm#timurid)* [The Aq Qoyunlu, 1396-1508](mongol.htm#aqqoy)- [Shibānid Özbegs, 1438-1599](mongol.htm#uzbek)- [Kazakhs, 1394-1748](mongol.htm#kazakh)- [Toqay Temürids, 1599-1758](mongol.htm#toqay)- [Mangıts of Bukhara, 1747-1920](mongol.htm#mangit)- [The East Turkestan Genocide](mongol.htm#uighurs)
[Philosophy of History](philhist.htm)
[Home Page](./#contents)
##### Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2018, 2020, 2023 [Kelley L. Ross, Ph.D.](./ross/) All [Rights](./#ross) Reserved
# Emperors of India
India has had less of a tradition of political unity than China or Japan. Indeed, most of the names for India ("India," "Hind," "Hindustān") are not even Indian. As Yule & Burnell say in their classic *A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases* ["*Hobson-Jobson*," Curzon Press, 1886, 1985, p. 433]:
> It is not easy, if it be possible, to find a truly native (i.e. Hindu) name for the whole country which we call India; but the *conception* certainly existed from an early date. *Bhāratavarsha* is used apparently in the Purānas with something like this conception.
*Bhāratavarṣa*, , meant the "division of the world" (*varṣa*) of the Bhāratas -- the heroes of the great [*Mahābhārata*](gita.htm#bharat) epic. An independent India in 1947 decided to officially become *Bhārat*,  (the short final "a" not being pronounced in Hindi), with the earlier word emerging as Hindi *Bhāratvarsh*. Probably India did not have a clear local name earlier because, like [China](#china), it seemed to be the principal portion of the entire world, and so simply the world itself.
In 2023, it looks like the Indian government may be actively trying to replace international uses of "India" with "Bhārat." This follows a similar effort by [Turkish](turkia.htm#republic) dictator Erdoğan to replace "Turkey" with the Turkish version of the name, i.e. "Türkiye." Such moves always reflect increasing nationalism, often in response to internal opposition or international criticism. As in [Burma](perigoku.htm#burma), the international press and diplomacy often uncritically go along with this. A milder version of it is opposition to the usage in English of an article with the name of [the Ukraine](russia.htm#the).
As essentially constituting the world, there was another early name for India, *Jambudvīpa*, , the "Island of the Jambu Tree." In Buddhist cosmology, this was the great Southern Continent in the sea around the cosmic Mt. Sumeru (or Meru), the only one inhabited with humans identical to us. Thus, despite the existence of the other continents, *Jambudvīpa* constituted our world for all practical purposes.
The only question was how much of it was taken up by India. Since the name often seems to be used interchangeably with India, there was early on not much sense that much existed beyond what we still call the "Subcontinent"; and since *Jambudvīpa* was thought to be triangular in shape, this was consistent with the form of India, which is roughly triangular. Indeed, India *was* once an island in the Mesozoic Ocean, but it moved north and collided with Asia. The use of *Jambudvīpa* for India may have declined as the size of Asia became more apparent from the reports of traders, travelers, and conquerors. Eventually, Buddhist cosmology was that *Jambudvīpa* consisted of "sixteen major countries, five hundred middle-sized countries, and a hundred thousand minor countries, as well as countless island countries scattered in the sea like 'millet grains or dust motes'." Since these numbers are vastly larger than the membership of the United Nations today, *Jambudvīpa* was ultimately conceived as larger than what we now know of the whole of Planet Earth.
In Chinese, we get various ways of referring to India. The modern form, , renders the name phonetically with characters of no particular semantic significance ("print, stamp, or seal" and "a rule, law, measure, degree"). This rendering, of course, is based on a name from Greek, Ἰνδία, or Arabic,  (*ʾal-Hind*; , *Hindī*, "Indian,"  in Devanagari), that would have been unknown in China until modern times. The older practice, however, was dedicated characters that might have a larger meaning. Thus, we get  or , in which  can be a kind of bamboo but otherwise is just used for India. Semantically stronger is , where  is primarily used for the Indian [god](gods.htm) **Brahmā** () and then for compounds involving India or Buddhism. Thus we get expressions like , "Sanskrit," , "Sanskrit writing," and , "Sanskrit characters." In Japan, India was sometimes called the *Yüehchih*, , the "Moon Tribe." This appealed because of the contrast with Japan, the , "Sun Source." The Japanese knew from Chinese histories that the *Yüehchih* were in the West, and since they were a bit vague about what was in the West, but they knew that India was also, the connection got made. They might not have known that the *Yüehchih* actually did enter India as the [Kushans](#kushan)
When a unified state has occurred in Indian history, it has had varying religious, political, and even linguistic bases: e.g. Hindu, Buddhist, Islāmic, and foreign. The rule of the Sulṭāns of Delhi and the Moghul Emperors was at once Islāmic *and* foreign, since most of them were Turkish or Afghani, and the Moghul dynasty was founded directly by incursion from Afghanistan. The *supremely* foreign unification of India, of course, was from the British, under whom India achieved its greatest unity, although that was lost upon independence to the religious division between India and Pakistan. The Moghuls and British, of course, called India by its name in their own languages (i.e. "Hindustān," ,  [with "n" written as a nasalization], or , and "India").
With a unified state in India a rare phenomenon, often under foreign influence, and with only a derivative indigenous name for the modern country as a whole, one might wonder if the term "Emperor," with its implications of unique and universal monarchy, is aptly applied to Indian rulers. However, from an early date there was a notion of such monarchy, which depended only on a conception of the world, particularly as *Jambudvīpa*, , whether India itself was clearly conceived or not, but with some actual examples, beginning with the [Mauryas](#mauryas). The universal monarch was the **Cakravartin**, , "Who Turns the Wheel of Dominion." He could also be called the "One Umbrella Sovereign," after the parasol carried to mark the location of royalty. The *Cakravartin* rules, or at least has authority, over all of *Jambudvīpa*. In Chinese, **Cakravartin** could be rendered as , "Wheel [i.e. *Cakra*] King," , "Wheel Turning King," or , "Wheel Turning Sacred King." The first Chinese Emperor who thought of his universal dominion in these Buddhist terms was Yang Chien, founder of the [Sui Dynasty](#sui).
Thus, the prophecy was that Siddhartha Gautama might have become the [Buddha](buddhism.htm) or a *Cakravartin*, a world ruler. The word was ambiguous, since the term can mean simply a sovereign, but its use is paralleled by the Latin word *Imperator*, which simply means "Commander" and grew, by usage, into a term for a unique and universal monarch. As it happened, many of the monarchs who began to claim ruler over all of India did usually use titles that were translations or importations of foreign words. Thus, the [Kushans](#kushan) used titles like *Rājatirājā*, "King of Kings," and *Mahārājā*, "Great King," which appear to be translations from older Middle Eastern titles. While the original "Great King" long retained its uniqueness, thanks to the durability of the [Persian](greek.htm#persia) monarchy, the title in India experienced a kind of grade inflation, so that eventually there were many, many *Mahārājās*. With Islām came a whole raft of new titles. One was *Sulṭān*, which originally was an Arabic title of [universal](islam.htm#manz) rule itself but had already experienced its own grade inflation. Persian titles, like *Pādeshāh*, centuries after the Achaemenids, were now borrowed rather than translated. With the [Moghuls](#moghuls), however, the names of the Emperors, more than their titles, reflected their pretensions: like Persian **Jahāngir**, "Seize (*gir*) the world (*jahān*)." The most remarkable title borrowed from the West is probably *Kaisar*, but the Latin title itself arrived with Queen [Victoria](#british), **IND IMP**, *Indiae Imperatrix*, in 1876. The last *Indiae Imperator* was King George VI, until 1947.
In addition to these complications, Indian history is also less well known and dated than that of China or Japan. Classical Indian literature displays little interest in history proper, which must be reconstructed from coins, monumental inscriptions, and foreign references. As Jan Nattier has said recently [*A Few Good Men, The Bodhisattva Path According to the Inquiry of Ugra (Ugraparipṛcchā)*, University of Hawai'i Press, 2003]:
> ...the writing of history in the strict sense does not begin in India until the 12th century, with the composition of Kalhaṇa's *Rājataraṅgiṇī*. [p.68]
Because of this, even the dating of the Mauryas and the Guptas, the best known pre-Islāmic periods, displays small uncertainties. The rulers and dates for them here are from Stanley Wolpert's *A New History of India* [Oxford University Press, 1989], the *Oxford Dynasties of the World* by John E. Morby [Oxford University Press, 1989, 2002], and Bruce R. Gordon's Regnal Chronologies. Gordon had the only full lists I'd ever seen for the Mauryas, Kushans, and Guptas until I found the *Oxford Dynasties*, which has the Mauryas and Guptas but nothing else until the Sulṭanate of [Delhi](#delhi). Besides Wolpert, another concise recent history of India is *A History of India* by Peter Robb [Palgrave, 2002]. It is becoming annoying to me that scholarly histories like these are almost always but poorly supplemented with maps and lists of rulers, let alone genealogies (where these are known). Both Wolpert and Robb devote much more space to modern India than to the ancient or mediaeval country, and this preference seems to go beyond the paucity of sources for the earlier periods.
More satisfying than Wolpert and Robb is another recent history, *A History of India* by John Keay [Harper Perennial, 2000, 2004]. Keay has an apt comment for the phenomenon just noted in the other histories:
> In contriving maximum resolution for the present, there is also a danger of losing focus on the past. A history which reserves half its narrative for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries may seem more relevant, but it can scarcely do justice to India's extraordinary antiquity. [p.xxi]
Keay thus does a better job of dealing with the eras (and their obscure events) that fall between the Mauryas, Guptas, and the Islamic states with their new, foreign traditions of historiography. One drawback of Keay's book is its total innocence of diacritics. Indeed, it is even innocent of any acknowledgement of this, which would leave the reader wondering why a word is given as "Vidisha" in one citation and "Vidisa" in another [cf. p.90]. Keay also exhibits the occasional ignorance of Indianists for the Persian and Arabic backgrounds of some words, where here I explain the difference between [Ghazna and Ghaznī](#ghazna) and between [Moghul and Mughal](#moghuls). We also find Keay carelessly referring to the capital of the Caliph [al-Walīd](islam.htm#siege-1) as Baghdad, a city that was not yet founded [p.185].
The "Saka Era," , as the Indian historical era, significantly starts rather late (79 AD) in relation to the antiquity of Indian civilization. Indeed, like Greece (c.1200-800 BC) and Britain (c.400-800 AD), India experienced a "Dark Ages" period, c.1500-800 BC, in which literacy was lost and the civilization vanished from history altogether. Such twilight periods may enhance the vividness of quasi-historical mythology like the *Iliad*, the Arthurian legends, and the [*Mahābhārata*](gita.htm#bharat). The earliest history of India is covered separately at "[The Earliest Civilizations](upan.htm#civiliz)" and "[The Spread of Indo-European and Turkish Peoples off the Steppe](upan.htm#steppe)." The affinities of Indian languages are also covered at "[Greek, Sanskrit, and Closely Related Languages](cognates.htm#sanskrit)."
Readers should treat with caution some scholarship and a great deal of the material on the internet about the Indus Valley Civilization and its relationship to Classical Indian civilization, or all of civilization. The claims have progressed to the point now where not only are all of Indian civilization and all of its languages regarded as autochthonous (with [Indo-European](cognates.htm) languages said to originate in India, and derived from Dravidian languages, rather than arriving from elsewhere and unrelated to Dravidian), but the civilization itself is said to extend back to the Pleistocene Epoch (before 10,000 BC), with any ruins or artifacts conveniently covered by rising sea levels. The urge towards inflated nationalistic claims is familiar. Particular claims about India are treated here in several places but especially in "[Strange Claims about the Greeks, and about India](notes/note-n.htm#note-20)."
| THE NANDAS, c.450?-c.321 |
| --- |
| Mahapadma Nanda | c.450?-c.362? |
| Pandhuka | c.362-? |
| Panghupati | |
| Bhutapala |
| Rashtrapala |
| Govishanaka |
| Dashasidkhaka |
| Kaivarta |
| Dhana Nanda(Argames) | ?c.321 BC |
Mahapadma Nanda became King of Magadha and created what looks like the first "Empire" in Northern India. While Indian history begins with some confidence with the Mauyras, the Nandas are now emerging into the light of history with a little more distinctness. Of special importance is the circumstance that Magadha was the venue for the life of the Buddha. The previously favored chronology for the life of the [Buddha](buddhism.htm), which had him dying around 483 BC (and so a contemporary of [Confucius](confuci.htm)) now looks to be wrong, and a much later date, around 386 BC, looks much more reasonable (making him a contemporary of [Socrates](apology.htm)). This would put the Buddha possibly within the lifetime of Mahapadma, or certainly during the tenure of one of the Nanda Kings.
The [First Buddhist Council](buddhism.htm#stages), soon after the death of the Buddha, was held at the Magadha capital, Rajagriha, and so would have been under the patronage of a Nanda King. However, traditionally it was King Bimbisara of Magadha (of the Hariyanka Dynasty) who was supposed to have sponsored the Buddha, and Bimbisara's patricide son and successor, Ajatashatru, who sponsored the First Council. The reckoning of their dates goes with the earlier traditional dating, with Bimbisara ruling c.545-493 BC. Since the reconstruction of the early Kings of Magadha is based on legendary material in the much later *Puraṇas*, it is difficult to have much confidence in them as history. And the whole structure of the dates hangs on how long before Aśoka the Buddha lived. If a short chronology is preferable, some serious rethinking will be necessary about the relationlship of Bimbisara to the Nandas, whose own chronology of course, such as it is, is speculative.
| THE MAURYAS, ,c.322-184 BC |
| --- |
| **Chandragupta**;Greek, *Sandrákottos*, | c.322-301 |
| Bindusāra | 301-269 |
| **Aśoka, Asoka** | 269-232 |
| Kunala ? | 232-225 |
| Dasharatha | 232-225 |
| Samprati | 225-215 |
| Shālishuka | 215-202 |
| Devadharma/Devavarman | 202-195 |
| Shatamdhanu/Shatadhanvan | 195-187 |
| Br.hadratha | 187-185 |
The Mauryas are the true beginning of historical India. This inception is particularly dramatic when we realize that Chandragupta seems to have actually met [Alexander the Great](hist-1.htm#great) in person. Perhaps realizing that there were no historians writing down his deeds, the greatest king of the Dynasty, **Aśoka** (*Ashoka*; *Asoka* in [Pāli](cognates.htm#sanskrit)), commemorated himself with monumental rock cut inscriptions, and especially on a series of pillars, erected around India. The most famous of the pillars is at [Sārnāth](buddhism.htm#note-2), , where the Buddha began preaching. The lion capital of the pillar at Sārnāth is now used as the official crest of the modern [Republic of India](british.htm#india), with the Wheel of the Law (*Dharmachakra*, ) on it (as at right) featured the flag of India. Indeed, Aśoka is the most famous for converting to [Buddhism](buddhism.htm) (or something, his references are to the *dharma* but are otherwise vague) and sending missionaries abroad. But his name, , "Without Sorrow," is a good Buddhist name. It was also easily translated into Chinese, as Wu-yu, . We also get the ideology of the **Cakravartin**, , the "Wheel Turning" [universal monarch](#cakra), i.e. the legitimate sovereign over all of *Jambudvīpa*, . But Aśoka was not the first Maurya to get religion late in life. Chadragupta himself is supposed to have renounced the throne, become a [Jain](karma.htm) monk, and eventually starved himself to death, in Jain fashion, in Bhadrabahu Cave in [Karnataka](#maharashtra).
Below we have a sculpted image of Aśoka from the extraordinarily well preserved Buddhist Stupa complex he built at Sanchi. He is surrounded by court women, whom we clearly see are lacking underwear, with the pudendal cleft (*rima pudendi*) not only shown, but conspicuous in a way that is contrary to human anatomy. This is a vivid example of how the Indian tradition of [dress](#dress) (and art) initially had no problem displaying female genitals. I know of no other example of this in world history. The Egyptians and the Greeks, for all their comfort with various kinds of undress and nudity, nevertheless drew the line at female genitals. Greek and Rome sculpture typically doesn't even allow space between the legs for female genitals. Otherwise, the hips and breasts of the female figures here are familiar from all later Indian art. There is also the curious feature of this image that Aśoka seems to have an oversized head, and he also seems to be positively *supported* by two of the women, as though he is weak or stumbling. Is this some evidence of illness or deformity? We have no other information or indication of such things, so it will likely remain mysterious. The sensuality of a court with only all-but-naked female attendants in evidence may not be surprising in the nation of the *Kama Sutra*, but it may now seem a little incongruous at a sacred Buddhist site.
Aśoka can be rather well dated because he sent missionaries or letters to the contemporary [Hellenistic](hist-1.htm#note-3) monarchs, Antiochus II Theos (*Antiyoka*) of the [Seleucid](hist-1.htm#text-8) Kingdom, Ptolemy II Philadelphus (*Turamaya*) of [Egypt](hist-1.htm#text-9), Antigonus II Gonatas (*Antikini*) of [Macedonia](hist-1.htm#macedon) , Magas (*Maga*) of Cyrene, and Alexander II (*Alikasudara*) of [Eprius](hist-1.htm#epirus), urging them to convert to Buddhism themselves and apparently receiving the impession, one way or another, that they had. Greek history contains no record of these efforts. There is also an attested eclipse in 249 dated with a regal year date. Aśoka's reign is used to date the life of the [Buddha](buddhism.htm), since tradition in Sri Lanka ([Ceylon](buddhism.htm#ceylon)) is that the Buddha died 218 years before Aśoka came to the throne. That would put his death in 487 BC, which is close to the generally used date. The Ceylonese chronology is now often questioned, with alternative reckonings placing the Buddha's death about a century later. John Keay's history inclines in this direction [cf. *op. cit.* p.62].
Among Aśoka's many works for Buddhism, one has come in for recent prominence. In 1898, an amateur archaeologist, William Claxton Peppe, excavated a stupa at Piprahwa on his land near Birdpore -- itself near one of Aśoka's pillars. This was in Uttar Pradesh, in the ancient lands of the Śākya Clan of the Gautama Buddha. Relics, identified as those of the Buddha on one reliquary, were recovered by Peppe.
In 1971 K.M. Srivastava excavated further at the site and discovered more relics, at a deeper layer, which findings were not formally published until 1991. The actual bones and ashes of the Peppe discovery had been donated by the British Government of India to the Buddhist King of [Siam](perigoku.htm#siam7); but the inclusions of hundreds of small jewels, including gold leaf flowers and other treasures, had been divided between the Peppe family and the Government, with the family only keeping things that were duplicates.
It is worth recalling the Buddhist belief that cremation itself produces jewels as part of the ashes of saints, including the Buddha himself. The speculation now is that the Piprahwa relics consisted of the original 1/8th share of the Buddha's relics that had been given to the Śākyas, and that Piprahwa can be identified with the site of *Kapilavastu* that had been recorded as where the Śakyas kept the relics. The lower layer of excavation was from the original burial, while the stupa excavated by William Peppe was a later work, with reburial, of Aśoka himself.
[Nepal](buddhism.htm#realms) believes that Kapilavastu is a site in that country, but nothing like the Piprahwa relics has ever been discovered anywhere else. That the stupa itself was built by Aśoka is a determination that relies on its date, since there are no inscriptions on site, except for the short text on the reliquary -- which itself is of the language and alphabet (the Brahmi) of Aśoka's age.
[Relics in Buddhism](perigoku.htm#relics)
While the Mauryas are the beginning of historical India, a great deal had already been going on (like the life of the Buddha) that in a Greek or Chinese context we would expect to be within historical time. In traditional Indian terms, such events were already covered by the "Fifth Veda," the historical Epics of the [*Mahābhārata*](gita.htm#bharat) and the *Rāmāyaṇa*. One reason for the lack of interest in history in Indian secular literature may have been the feeling that, as only eternity is significant and all other time is [cyclical and repetitive](gods.htm#note-4), the Epics thus represent everything that can possibly happen in history. There is even a saying, "Everything is in the *Mahābhārata*." Our lack of knowledge of individual Indian philosophers from this early period, even though we possess much of an undoubted early date in the [*Upaniṣads*](upan.htm#upan), may also be due to the idea that such texts, as parts of the [*Vedas*](upan.htm#veda), were actually part of eternal revelation and were not originated by their authors.
[Indian Philosophy](history.htm#india)
[Buddhist Philosophy](history.htm#buddha)
| MACEDONIAN KINGS OF BACTRIA256-c.55 BC |
| --- |
The decline of the Mauryas coincided with the rise of a neighboring Greek Kingdom in [Bactria](hist-1.htm#text-10). This was also important for the history of Buddhism, as the Kings became converts. A classic of Buddhist literature, the "Questions of Milinda," (*Milindapañha*) records the conversion of one King in particular, Menander Soter Dikaios (*Milinda*, 155-130). This is part of the history of India, but the kingdom is listed with other [Hellenistic](hist-1.htm) monarchies. It now seems like one of the oddest things in history that there was once a kingdom of Greek Buddhists in Afghanistan. There are no Greeks or Buddhists in [Afghanistan](afghan.htm) now. The Greek rulers then survive well into the period of the Sakas and Parthians, as follows.
| THE SAKAS,c.130 BC |
| --- |
| Maues | 97-58 BC |
| Vonones | |
| Spalyris |
| Spalagademes |
| Spalirises |
| Azes I | c.30 BC |
| Azilises | |
| Azes II |
| THE PARTHIANS/SUREN |
| Pakores | |
| Orthagnes |
| Gudnaphar(Gondophernes) | c.19-45 AD |
| Abdagases | |
| Sasas |
| Arsaces Theos |
| Nahapa | 119-124 AD |
The Sakas (or Shakas, ), collectively the *shakajana*, , "Shaka people," were an [Iranian](cognates.htm#sanskrit) steppe people who descended into India, much as the [Ārya](upan.htm#steppe) had earlier -- indeed, it is a pattern that would be repeated again and again until the [Moghuls](#moghuls). The Sakas spoke an Iranian language. This is classified as "South-Eastern" Iranian, which geographically locates where the Sakas ended up, but not where they began, which was on the steppe north and east of the Aral Sea. The "North-Eastern" Iranian languages, Sarmatian and Scythian (which are poorly attested), ended up in the far North-West, north of the Caspian Sea and in the Ukraine, respectively. From the Sarmatians came the Alans, whose language survives in the Caucasus as [Ossetian](armenia.htm#georgia2). Also North-Eastern Iranian was Sogdian, which remained North-East and continued to be an important Central Asian language until the [Arab conquest](islam.htm#siege-1). It has a small survivor in the [Pamirs](buddhism.htm#note), Yaghnobi. After the arrival of the Kushans, the Sakas were simply driven further into India, into Rajasthan, where they became assimilated as Hindu [Kshatriyas](caste.htm). Since Rajasthan later became famous for its warriors, this may indicate the cultural preservation of Saka nomadic fierceness.
There are no historical documents or preserved narratives from this period, and the rulers are mostly known from coins, which may have dates,
| THE SAKA ERA,THE INDIANHISTORICAL ERA | 79 AD |
| --- | --- |
| 2000 AD - 78 = 1922 Annō Sakidae |
but in eras or reckonings that often cannot be identified. Since 1957, the National Calendar of India uses the **Saka Era**, *Shakakāla*, , (78 AD = year 0), but the origin of this benchmark is itself uncertain (cf. *Explandatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac*, edited by P. Kenneth Seidelmann, University Science Books, 1992, pp.591-594). It has been thought that the Era was established by the [Kushan](#kushan) monarch Kanishka I, and may even have dated his reign, but he now appears to have ruled somewhat later. It is certainly representative of the problems with Indian history that its own historical era dates an unknown event in a period, long after the beginning of Indian history, that itself is all but innocent of dates and historical evidence.
[The Calendar in India](calendar.htm#india)
Simultaneously with the descent of Sakas into India, [Parthians](iran.htm#parthian) (Pahlavas) or Suren appear from the west, and some of them become established in India independent (or not) of the Parthian King. The Parthians spoke a "North-Western" Iranian language, though its origin was far south of the Scythians. The sources are sometimes confused about which Indian rulers are Sakas and which are Parthians, since they are never attested as which. Gudnaphar (Greek *Gondophernes*), who traditionally is supposed to have welcomed the Apostle Thomas to India, seems to have been Parthian. The legend of the mission of Thomas to India is now of renewed interest because of the discovery of the text of the Gospel of Thomas, one of the [Gnostic Gospels](pagels.htm), in Egypt in 1945.
| THE KUSHANS |
| --- |
| Kujula Kadphises | c.20 BC-c.30/64 AD |
| Wima/Welma Taktu | c.30-c.80 |
| Welma Kadphises | c.80-c.103 |
| **Kanishka I** | c.103-c.127 AD |
| Vasishka I | c.127-c.131 |
| Huvishka I | c.130-c.162 |
| Vasudeva I | c.162-c.200 |
| Kanishka II | c.200-c.220 |
| Vasishka II | c.220-c.230 |
| Kanishka III | c.230-c.240 |
| Vasudeva II | c.240-c.260 |
| Vasu | late 3rd century |
| Chhu | late 3rd century |
| Shaka | 3-4th century |
| Kipanada | 4th century |
The Kushans (, *Kuṣaṇa*), Greek Κοσσανοί, also began as an Indo-European [steppe](upan.htm#steppe) people, known to the Chinese as the **Yüehchih**, , the "Moon Tribe." They seem to have been a group who moved far east on the steppe very early, speaking a language with many archaic features.
The [Hsiung-nu](#huns), , probably the later Huns, drove the Yuèzhi back into the Tarim Basin (170 BC). These were the "Lesser" Yüeh-chih, . Some continued on into Transoxania, where they become the "Greater" Yüeh-chih, ). They dominated these areas c.100 BC-300 AD. The language of the Lesser Yüeh-chih is attested in Buddhist texts in two dialects of Tocharian (A and B).
The Greater Yüeh-chih, as the Kushans, followed other steppe people down into India. Some small uncertainty perisisted over the identification of the Yüeh-chih with the Kushans and the writers of Tocharian, but the debate over Tocharian seems to have been resolved with a [positive identification](cognates.htm#note-2). The recent discovery of well-preserved, European-looking mummies along the Silk Road serves to affirm the European and so [Indo-European](cognates.htm#sanskrit) *bona fides* of the still illiterate (from a period long before Tocharian) local culture. Unfortunately, the Tocharian texts do not include historical works, which might have removed uncertainties and added an invaluable framework for understanding the area.
Although the dates are still very uncertain, historical information in India is rather better than for the preceding period. Of special importance is King **Kanishka**, under whom the Fourth Great [Buddhist Council](buddhism.htm#stages) is supposed to have been held, as the Third was under Aśoka. Kanishka is said to have been converted to Buddhism by the playwright Ashvaghosha. The earliest actual images of Buddhas and Boddhisattvas date from his reign. Also of interest are the Kushan royal titles, *Maharaja Rajatiraja Devaputra Kushāṇa*. *Rajatiraja*, "King of Kings," is very familiar from Middle Eastern history, since monarchs from the [Assyrians](greek.htm#assyria) to the Parthians had used it. *Maharaja*, "Great King," is very familiar from later India but at this early date betrays its Middle Eastern inspiration, since it was originally used by the [Persian](greek.htm#persia) Kings. *Devaputra*, "Son of God," sounds like the Kushans claiming some sort of Christ-like status, which is always possible, but it may actually just be an Sanskrit version of a title of the Chinese Emperor, "Son of Heaven."
The [Roman](romania.htm#flavian) trading posts in Kushan India bespeak a great deal of trade and contact, about which we get the occasional notice in Greek and Roman writers, but which do not become a source of any extensive knowledge of India or its history recorded by either. Something else overlooked by Classical historians nevertheless turns up in Chinese history. That is, a Roman Embassy made its way by way of India by sea to the China of the [Later Han Dynasty](#han-2). It is recorded that in the year 166 AD (in the time of King Vasudeva I) an embassy arrived in Lo-Yang from a ruler of , "Great Ch'in," named Andun, which looks like a rendering of *Antoninus*. The year 166 was in the early days of Marcus Aurelius (Antoninus). Since we know, besides the presence of Romans in India, that there were well traveled sea routes to China (see the voyage of Fa-hsien below), this Roman Embassy easily passes the test of credibility. It is a shame that such a project, like the letters written by Aśoka to Hellenistic monarchs, escaped the notice of Greek and Roman historians.
While the imperial maps here until 1701 are based on Stanley Wolpert's *A New History of India* [Oxford University Press, 1989], the map for the Kushans is based on the *The Anchor Atlas of World History*, Volume I [1974, Hermann Kinder, Werner Hilgemann, Ernest A. Menze, and Harald and Ruth Bukor, p.42], which now has been reissued in identical form as *The Penguin Atlas of World History*, Volume I [Penguin Books, 1978, 2003].
The rule of the Guptas was one of the classic ages of Indian history, for whose culture we have a rather full description by the Chinese [Buddhist](buddhism.htm#maha) pilgrim **Fa-hsien** (**Fǎxiǎn**, d.c.422), who was in India between 399 and 414 (see map below), in the time of **Chandra Gupta II**. This was the last time that the North of India would be united by a culturally indigenous power. The Guptas patronized the Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain religions equally. Consequently, they now become celebrated, like Aśoka and Akbar, as examplifying a modern [liberal](freestat.htm) ideal of tolerance and enlightenment. This is anachronistic but not inappropriate as long as we realize the limitations of such an identification. The Indian monarchs, however relatively enlightened, were autocrats, and thus comparable less to liberal democracy than to "Enlightened Despots" like Frederick the Great of [Prussia](germany.htm#prussia2). Thus, their magnanimous patronage of religions certainly did not extend to the toleration of political opposition.
| THE GUPTAS, ,c.320-551 AD |
| --- |
| Gupta | 275-300 |
| Ghaṭotkaca | 300-320 |
| Chandra Gupta I | 320-335 |
| Samudra Gupta | 335-370 |
| Rama Gupta ? | 370-375 |
| **Chandra Gupta II** | 375-415 |
| Kumāra Gupta I | 415-455 |
| Skanda Gupta | 455-467 |
| Kumāra Gupta II | 467-477 |
| Budha Gupta | 477-496 |
| Chandra Gupta III ? | 496-500 |
| Vainya Gupta | 500-515 |
| Narasimha Gupta | 510-530 |
| Kumāra Gupta III | 530-540 |
| Vishṇu Gupta | 540-551 |
While the name of Chandragupta, the founder of the [Mauryas](#mauryas), is usually given as one word, the
"Gupta,"  ("guarded, protected"), element in names of the Gupta dynasty is usually, but not always, written as a separate word. The *Oxford Dynasties* writes them together. Classical Sanskrit, of course, like Greek and Latin, ordinarily did not separate words at all.
One of the unique monuments of the Gupta dynasty is the **Iron Pillar of Delhi**, seen at right. This is a solid piece of wrought iron more than 22 feet tall. Delhi may not have been its original location, but exactly where that would have been and when or why the pillar was brought to Delhi is a matter of conjecture. The pillar is dedicated to [Vishnu](gods.htm), but any other Hindu structures around it were demolished by the Sulṭāns of [Delhi](#delhi), who built the nearby Qutub Minar tower and the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque. Dating the pillar is also a matter of some uncertainty, since its inscription merely mentions a King named "Chandra." This is generally taken to mean Chandra Gupta II, reinforced by the evidence of the style and language of the pillar, in comparison to known art of the Guptas, like the coins of Chandra Gupta II. It is also sometimes said that the pillar was erected to *commemorate* Chandra Gupta by his successor Kumāra Gupta I. The Pillar, however, is such an extraordinary artifact that some people reject the mundane historical explanations and prefer that the object is much, much older, or even the work of extra-terrestrials. The Pillar does testify, however, to the sophistication of Indian iron work, of which there is much other evidence. The steel of the famous Damascus steel swords of the Middle Ages was actually manufactured and exported from India, with techniques that had been used for centuries. The Pillar, although not itself steel, does exhibit the technique that leaves it appearing to be a single piece of iron -- forge welding, where hot iron is hammered and fused together. This is the technique that produced the bars of steel that were exported.
The pilgrimage of [**Fa-hsien**](#faxian) is noteworthy for many things, but one feature in particular evident from the map is that the entire homeward leg of the journey was by sea. This reminds us of the sea routes that had been busy since the Greeks and extended all the way from Egypt to China. We have frustratingly little in the way of historical documents about this business, but when we do get an account, as with Fa-hsien, we realize how routine the communication was (with understandable hazards and misadventures).
---
Towards the end of the period, the Guptas began to experience inroads from the [Huns](#huns) (Huna), the next steppe people, whose appearance in Europe (it is supposed that these are the same people), of course, pressured German tribes to move into the [Roman Empire](romania.htm#third). By 500, Huns controlled the Punjab and in short order extended their rule down the Ganges. They don't seem to have founded any sort of durable state and eventually suffered defeats. The Huns were the last non-Islamic steppe people to invade India.
| Vardhanas of Thanesar |
| --- |
| Naravardhana? | c. 500-? |
| Rajyavardhana I? | |
| Pushyabhūti | |
| Adityasena Vardhana | c.555-580 |
| Prabhakaravardhana | c.580-c.605 |
| nephew of Mahāsenagupta |
| Rajyavardhana (II) | c.605-606 |
| **Harsha Vardhana** | 606-647 |
The following period might very well be called the **Warring States Period** of India, on analogy with that of [China](#warring).
| The Later Guptas, ofMagadha, c.550-700 AD |
| --- |
| **Kumāragupta** | c.550-560 |
| Dāmodaragupta | c.560-562 |
| Mahāsenagupta | c.562-601 |
| vassals of Kālachuris,595/6-c.601 |
| **Mādhavagupta** | c.601-655 |
| Ādityasena | c.655-680 |
| Devagupta | c.680-700 |
| overthrown by Yashovarmanof Kanauj, 725-730 |
Unlike China, however, it would be brought to an end only by foreign invasion and conquest. In the political fragmentation of the era, we still have some Guptas, the "Later Guptas," but these are evidently former vassals, not relatives, of the Imperial Guptas, in Magadha on the lower Ganges. They are players, but not dominant ones.
**Harsha Vardhana**, from Thanesar, north of Delhi, was one ruler who for a while united most of the North of India again, and, as luck would have it, we have the account of [**Hsüan-tsang**](#xuanzang) (Xuanzang, 600-664), another Chinese [Buddhist](buddhism.htm#maha) pilgrim, who went to India between 629 and 645, during his time. In his *A History of China* [Basic Books, 2009], John Keay says, "Indeed, most of what is known of Harsha and his empire, and of India in the seventh century, derives from Xuanzang's *Record of the Western Regions*" [p.241]. There is a remarkable sequel to this:
> In the mid-nineteenth century, armed with a French translation of Xuanzang's itinerary (the first to appear in any European language), Alexander Cunningham, a Scots general in British India, devoted his retirement to rediscovering the long-forgotten sites associated with the Buddha's life and early Buddhism; from this exercise there grew the Archaeological Survey of India, whose responsibilities now probably exceed those of any other heritage body and of which Cunningham was both founder and director. [*ibid.*, p.241]
Thus, the ancient Chinese pilgrim allows the modern British general to initiate the modern archaeology of Indian Buddhism, and then that of all India.
Hsüan-tsang's account follows a story we have from the other direction, that of a Greek sailor, **Cosmas Indicopleustes**, Κοσμᾶς ὁ Ἰνδικοπλεύστης, who visited India, Ceylon, and even Axumite [Ethiopia](ethiopia.htm) some time before 550 AD, during the reign of the Roman Emperor [Justinian](romania.htm#justin). Unfortunately, Cosmas was a bit of a crackpot who seemed just as concerned with proving, despite widely accepted evidence (recounted in detail by Aristotle), that the Earth was flat rather than spherical. Thus, we can imagine that Cosmas, whose book was the *Christian Topography*, was hostile to a round earth for much the same (religious) reasons that contemporary [anti-Darwinians](design.htm) are hostile to Evolution.
Harsha enjoyed a long reign but, when he attempted to expand south into the Deccan, he was defeated by **Pulakeshin II** of Vātāpi (or Badami). Subsequently, we get dynasties whose power occasionally spans the country, but none are able to secure hegemony for long.
Indian Buddhism, although patronized by Harsha, already seemed to be in decline to Hsüan-tsang, and some important Buddhist sites were already neglected or abandoned. John Keay cites the Pala Dynasty of Bengal (8th-9th centuries AD) as the "last major Indian dynasty to espouse Buddhism" [*India, op.cit.* pp.192-193]. Indeed, I think the contemporary development of [Tantrism](buddhism.htm#vajra) was obscuring the differences between Hinduism and Buddhism -- Keay agrees with this [p.194, in a comment marred by the rationalism he attributes to the pure original Buddhism of the Buddha]. It was also during this period that we begin to get identifiable individual Indian philosophers, like **Shankara** (c.780-820), from whom we have a classic formulation of the doctrine of the [Vedanta](six.htm) School. With the period of the Classical Empires over, it is striking that only now do individuals appear in the light of history in Indian philosophy. There is speculation that Shankara already represents a reaction to the arrival of Islām on the borders of India.
| the Deccan,the Carnatic, & Maharashtra |
| --- |
| Chālukyas of Vātāpi |
| Pulakeshin I | c.543-566 |
| Kīrtivarman I | c.567-597 |
| Mangalesha | c.597-609 |
| **Pulakeshin II** | c.609-642 |
| overthrows Kālachuris, c.620; killed in battle by Narasimha Varman I of Pallava, 642; interregnum, 642-655; [Arab](islam.htm#siege-1) attacks, 644 |
| Vikramāditya I | 654/5-681 |
| Arab attacks, 677 |
| **Vinayāditya** | c.680-696 |
| defeats Later Gupta Devagupta, 695 |
| Vijayāditya | c.696-733/4 |
| **Vikramāditya II** | c.733-744/5 |
| defeat and explusion of Arabs from India, 737 |
| Kirtivarman II | 744/5-753 |
| Rāṣṭrakūṭasof Ellora & Malkhed |
| **Dantidurga** | c.735-744 |
| **Krishna I** | c.755-772 |
| **Dhruva Dhārāvarsha** | c.780-793 |
| defeats Gangetic powers but abandons North |
| **Govinda III** | c.793-814 |
| occupies North again, height of Rāṣṭrakūṭa power |
| Amoghavarsha | c.814-880 |
| Krishna II | c.878-914 |
| Indra III | c.914-928 |
| Amoghavarsha II | c.928-929 |
| Govinda IV | c.930-935 |
| Amoghavarsha III | c.936-939 |
| Krishna III | c.939-967 |
| Khoṭṭiga | c.967-972 |
| Karkka II (Amoghhavarsha IV) | c.972-973 |
| Chālukyasof Kalyāṇī |
| **Taila II Ahavamalla** | 973-997 |
| Satyasraya Irivabedanga | 997-1008 |
| invasions of [Mahmud of Ghaza](#ghazna), 1001-1024 |
| Vikramaditya I | 1008-1014 |
| Ayyana | 1014-1015 |
| Jayasimha | 1015-1042 |
| Somesvara I | 1042-1068 |
| Somesvara II | 1068-1076 |
| Vikramaditya II | 1076-1127 |
| Somesvara III | 1127-1138 |
| Jagadekamalla | 1138-1151 |
| Tailapa | 1151-1156 |
| Kālachuris |
| Bijjala | 1156-1168 |
| Somesvara | 1168-1177 |
| Sankama | 1177-1180 |
| Ahavamalla | 1180-1183 |
| Singhana | 1183-1184 |
| Chālukyas |
| Somesvara IV | 1184-1200 |
| Yādavas |
| Singhana | 1200-1247 |
| Krishna | 1247-1261 |
| Mahadeva | 1261-1271 |
| Amana | 1271 |
| Ramachandra | 1271-1311 |
| Sankaradeva | 1311-1313 |
| Harapaladeva | 1313-1317 |
| To Delhi, 1317-1336;then [Vijayanagar](#vijayanagar), 1336 |
Initial invasions by the Arab [Omayyad Caliphs](islam.htm#siege-1), starting in 644, were repulsed by 737, after episodes of the Arabs slaughtering local populations or deporting them as slaves. Curiously, these Muslims were at first called "[Greeks](greek.htm#note-000)," i.e. *Yavana*, . This is rather like the way the Chinese called the Portuguese "[Hui](confuci.htm#note-1)," , i.e. Muslims, when they first arrived in China.
The following period, then, is the calm before the full force of Islām burst on the country with the invasions of [Maḥmūd of Ghazna](#ghazna), from 1001 to 1024. While Shankara's views were later criticized as too influenced by Buddhism, they are more faithful to the [Upanishads](upan.htm#upan) than the theism of the critics, who themselves seem increasingly influenced by the monotheism of Islām.
The period of the Arab invasions of India (644-737) corresponded to the residence of an important Chinese pilgrim in India, [**I-ching**](#yijing) (635-713), from 673 to 687. While previously pilgrims, and Indian missionaries, had traversed Central Asia for at least one leg of their journey, I-ching went entirely by sea. We also might notice that his travels in India did not extend to the Western part of the country, as had those of previous pilgrims. We therefore might harbor the suspicion that he avoided an area where warfare that attended the invasions was raging. This is at least a portent of the later Islamic Conquest, which will help eliminate Buddhism from India. Also, I-ching spends several years at a Buddhist center in Indonesia, whose Buddhism, still flourishing, will also be eliminated by the advent of Islām there.
---
Later there appears to be a decisive influence from Islām on Indian dress. While in Classical India women are typically shown bare breasted, as at left, the rigors of the Middle Eastern nudity taboo came into full force in modern India, at least for women. I am not aware just when this transition occurs. John Keay cites several references from the 13th to the 15th century on the nudity of the Indians, including a Russian traveler, Athanasius Nikitin, who around 1470 described Indians going about all but naked, with "their breasts bare" [*op.cit.* p.277]. By the 19th century Krishna's lover Radha is shown in a full shoulder to floor woven dress or *sari*. Someone could easily chronicle the transition by cataloguing such sculpture and portraiture.
While it is not difficult to find bare [breasts](notes/breast.htm) in Classical Indian art, after a while one begins to notice something rather more shocking. Female figures appear wearing little more than a belt around their hips, with the *labia majora* and pudendal cleft (*rima pudendi*) plainly visible. While this is now mainly preserved in the figures of goddesses and spirits, such as the *yakshini* spirit at right, who may represent hightened sexuality, it also appears among the women of the Court of [Aśoka](#mauryas), and so for a while seems to have been acceptable in ordinary costume. The name of the semi-divine Sītā, the wife of the Avatar [Rāma](gods.htm), of the epic *Rāmayāna*, , actually has the basic meaning "furrow." This is explained by the story of her miraculous birth from the furrow of a plowed field, but it is not hard to see it as a reference to the actual *rima pudendi*. Metaphors of sexual intercourse as plowing, and of female genitals as furrows, are common in all agricultural societies.
This minimal dress varies with other representations where the narrow band of a loincloth (a *dhoti*) may extend down to the feet, front and back, both on goddesses and others, without our having any clue on the reason for this variation. When the vulva is shown, there does not seem to be any effort to portray pubic hair, which actually would be comparable to the Egyptian practice, which survives even in the modern Middle East, of shaving pubic hair.
This exposure of female genitals seems to me very unusual in world history. Even in cultures that today tolerate little or no dress, the female genitals usually seem to be the first thing covered, or the last thing uncovered, sometimes with folk beliefs that unwary males looking directly at the vulva might be blinded. Egyptian hieroglyphics, which when dealing with sexual organs at first seem [quite explicit](notes/note-o.htm), nevertheless appear to shy away from representing the structures of the vulva.
In Western art, female nudes became common from the Mediaeval period on, and Modern art contains female nudes in abundance, often as Neo-Classical references to Greek and Roman nudes. Nowever, the *rima pudendi* is all but never visible in the whole expanse of this art. Nor is there ever the sort of "thigh gap" at the top of the legs that would render the *labia* and *rima* more conspicuous. There is something about all these structures that has made Western artists, from the Greeks on, very nervous.
We know that the Romans, at least, were aware of the explicitness of Indian art because a statue of the goddess Lakshmi was found at [Pompeii](italia.htm#pompeii), in what is actually called "the House of the Indian Statuette," between 1930 and 1935, and held at the Museo Archeologico Nazionale de Napoli. The description of the statue is that it is "naked," but we know from our other examples that it is not, as this was reckoned in India. This Lakshmi is wearing as much as the women of Aśoka's Court, even if that mostly consists of jewelry.
As far as I know, this is a unique object. Portraying the *rima pudendi* obviously did not catch on in Greek or Roman art, and if there were other such imports from India around, they must have been destroyed in the Christian moralization of artworks. But we also might note in this example of sculpture that the placing of the *vulva* is more exaggerated and unnatural than in the other examples here: the *rima pudendi* is really not going to be evident, from the front, in natural anatomy; and all Indian art, but especially this statue, takes increasing liberties to make it explicit. Japanese [*manga*](notes/breast.htm#note-3) figures, amid their various bodily exaggerations, do not misplace the *vulva* like this, even as it is generally present.
Equally curious is the treatment of Indian dress in history and scholarship on India. For instance, the *Indian Art* volume of the "Oxford History of Art" [Partha Mitter, 2001] has only a single large image of a Classical figure with both breasts and vulva bare [p.18], but the breasts are actually *broken off* and the genital area is photographed in shadow, with the pudendal cleft invisible. Since the caption speaks of the "'full-moon' face" of the figure, where the head is simply *missing* from the sculpture shown, I am left with the impression that the example was not chosen with particular care that it illustrate the attributes, like "rounded breasts," that are described. And it is as close as we get in the whole book to the level of exposure that is evident in so much of the early art. Otherwise, although we do see occasional comment about the bare torsos of Classical Indian dress, I have never seen actual discussion of the bare female pudenda. This all would seem to make people uneasy.
A clue about an intermediate stage in the evolution of female dress in India may be in the [*Mahābhārata*](gita.htm#bharat). When Duḥshāsana tries to humiliate Draupadī by pulling off her [clothes](miracles.htm#clothes), we might wonder exactly what is going to be exposed. In terms of the modern *sārī*, it will not be her breasts; for these are covered by a separate garment, the bodice or *choli*, which may not antedate the 10th century AD. Duḥshāsana is clearly pulling off a long piece of cloth, the *sārī* proper, which is miraculously extended to protect Draupadī's modesty. This is what would cover her genitals and buttocks, which in modern India, or even China and Europe, would be considered something to be concealed. If the *Mahābhārata* was completed by about 300 AD, then we might imagine that the custom of female genital exposure must have largely disappeared by the time of the [Guptas](#guptas).
However, we get perhaps a contrary, but ambiguous, indication from the sculpture at left, from the Rani ki Vav step well at Patan in Gujarat. This dates from the 11th century. The goddesses in the well wear the ancient belt, and all that seems to cover the pudenda is a long tassle, one of several around the belt. In the figure shown, although not on the others, the belt seems merely rope-like, and it has come down, perhaps pulled by the monkey. We get the faintest hint of the *rima pudendi* here; and one wonders, at this late date, if there is a sense of naughty humor in this, like the dog pulling down the girl's bathing suit in the old Coppertone tanning lotion ads. If so, it may mean that the old level of exposure is no longer quite acceptable -- but still not positively banned. This is the era, indeed, when Islām is beginning to make its inroads. The monkey still represents a bit more erotic fun than Islām will tolerate.
---
My source for the list of the rulers from the fall of the Guptas (551) to the dominance of the Sulṭanate of Delhi (1211), beginning with the line of the Chālukyas, was originally from Bruce R. Gordon's Regnal Chronologies. I took details of the period from Stanley Wolpert's *A New History of India* [Oxford, 2000, pp.95-103]. There was clearly uncertainty about the dates, since Wolpert has **Krishna I Rāṣṭrakūṭa**, patron of the remarkable Kailasanatha temple to Shiva, reigning 756-775, while Gordon has 768-783. This is, of course, not too surprising, given the problems with Indian historiography. Later, however, I found a much more thorough treatment of the period in Ronald M. Davidson's *Indian Esoteric Buddhism, A Social History of the Tantric Movement* [Columbia University Press, 2002], which has an extensive summary of the whole period [pp.25-62], with maps and lists of many of the rulers. Here we find Krishna I with the dates c.755-772, in much closer agreement with Wolpert, but still, of course, residual uncertainties. John Keay's *A History of India* [Harper Perennial, 2000, 2004] covers the period with similar thoroughness.
| Kārkoṭasof Kashmir |
| --- |
| **Candrāpīḍa** | c.711-720 |
| asks for alliancewith [China](#t'ang), 713 |
| Tārāpīḍa | c.720-725 |
| **LalitādityaMuktāpīḍa** | c.725-756 |
| overthrows Yashovarman of Kanauj, 733; secures Ganges Valley, 747; dies in Tarim Basin |
| Kuvalayāpīḍa | ? |
| Vajrāditya | ? |
| Prthivyāpīḍa | ? |
| Samgrāmāpīḍa | ? |
| JayāpīḍaVinayādirya | c.779-810 |
**Pulakeshin II** ruled from the **Deccan Plateau**, which now emerges as a force that often intrudes into the North of India. Wolpert [p.101] introduces the subject by mentioning the territory of **Mahārāshtra** ("Great country"). We are left with the implication that the Chālukya Dynasty, which ruled the area, was of Maharashtran origin. However, Wolpert also mentions that the Chālukya capital was Badami (Davidson says Vātāpi), "just south of the River Krishna" (Kistna). This is not in the modern state of Mahārāshtra, but in **Karnātaka**. These modern states are drawn with linguistic boundaries. The [language](upan.htm) of Maharashtra is Marathi, while that of Karnataka is Kannada (or Kanarese). As it happens, the inscriptions of the Vātāpi Chālukyas are in Kannada, and a correspondent drew my attention to the problem that it would be a confusion to associate them with Maharashtra or the [Marathas](#maratha). On the other hand, as Davidson notes, the meaning of expressions like "Maharashtra" was previously rather vague had more to do with geography than with language. Wolpert was continuing to reflect that circumstance. John Keay, however, provides a citation that removes doubt in the matter: Hsüan-tsang met Pulakeshin II and refers to him as the ruler of "Mo-ho-la-ch'a," i.e. Mahārāshtra [p.168].
| The Gurjara-Pratīhārasof Ujjain & Dantidurga |
| --- |
| **Nāgabhaṭa I** | c.725-760 |
| helps defeat Arabs, 725 |
| Devarāja | c.750-? |
| Vatsarāja | ?-c.790 |
| **Nāgabhaṭa II** | c.790-833 |
| occupies Kanauj and middle Ganges, 815 |
| Rāmabhadra | c.833-836 |
| **Mihira Bhoja** | c.836-885 |
| Mahendrapāla I | c.890-910 |
| Mahīpāla | c.910-? |
| Bhoja II | ?-914 |
| Vināyakapāla I | c.930-945 |
| Mahendrapāla II | c.945-950 |
| Vināyakapāla II | c.950-959 |
| Vijayapāla | c.960-1018 |
| invasions of [Mahmud of Ghaza](ghazna), 1001-1024 |
| Rājyapāla | c.1018-1019 |
| Trilocanapāla | c.1019-1017 |
| Mahendrapāla III | ? |
More importantly, the history of India in this period is not the national history of linguistic communities. It is *dynastic history*, and dynasties like the Chālukya were much more interested in territory, anywhere, than in national origins, homelands, or languages. Thus, Chālukyas ruled elsewhere, without much regard for the local language, with branches of the dynasty in what is now Andhra Pradesh (Telugu speakers) and Gujarat (Gujarati). When the Vātāpi Chālukyas were overthrown by their vassals, the Rāṣṭrakūṭas of Ellora, this was a dynasty definitely seated in a Marathi speaking area of Maharashtra, though they subsequently moved their capital to Malkhed, virtually at the border between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The Rāṣṭrakūṭas were in time displaced by a branch of the Chālukyas again, who in turn fell to the Kālachuris, a dynasty from a region in modern Madhya Pradesh that now speaks Hindi. Thus, the language of their domain was not nearly as important to all these rulers as the possession of dominion.
As the Chālukyas moved, they could also take a geographical name with them. The British rendering of "Karnataka" was as the "Carnatic" (much like the word in Hindi, where a short final "a" would not be pronounced). The name "Carnatic" migrated south and south-east, with the movements of the Chālukya dynasts. On the Bay of Bengal, the Eastern Chālukyas became established, and we also find the name "Carnatic" applied there. That eastern "Carnatic" then also came to be associated with the large [Vijayanagara](#vijayanagar) realm, which straddled the modern states of Karnataka, Tamil Nādu (the language is Tamil), and Andhra Pradesh. Thus, on old maps of India, the name "Carnatic" can sometimes be found adjacent to the west coast, and on others along the south-eastern coast. The name disappeared altogether for a while between Maharashtra to the north and the later state of [Mysore](#mysore) to the south. The modern Indian state of Karantaka was originally itself called "Mysore," but this was changed in 1973 to "Karnātaka" to reflect its linguistic character.
Pulakeshin II declared himself "Lord of the Eastern and Western Waters." Although the Chālukyas never united the north or dominated the country like the Guptas or Harsha, they would appear there, and I have focused on them and their successors as the best sequence to span the period down to the Sulṭāns of Delhi. There were many other states of similar size and power during this era, several often called "Empires." Now I include lists for Kashmir and for the Gurjara-Pratīhāras, whose realm centered on Ujjain in the western part of the modern Madhya Pradesh. All of these states contended at one time or another for the Ganges Valley and thus were candidates for achieving a North Indian hegemony. Their successes proved only temporary, often because of rebellions in their rear.
The Chālukya dynasty suffered a severe reverse when Pulakeshin II was killed in battle by Narasimha Varman I of Pallava, and Vātāpi occupied. After reestablishing themselves, they most importantly planted cadet lines in the East and in Gujarat, which would eventually provide for the restoration of the dynasty.
| Chola Kingdom |
| --- |
| Vijayalaya | c. 846-c. 871 |
| Asitya I | c. 871-907 |
| Parantaka | 907-947 |
| Rajaditya I | 947-949 |
| Gandaraditya | 949-956 |
| Arinjaya | 956 |
| Parantaka II | 956 |
| Aditya II | 956-969 |
| Madhurantaka Uttama | 969-985 |
| **Rajaraja I Deva the Great** | 985-1012 |
| Conquest of [Ceylon](buddhism.htm#chola), 993 |
| **Rajendra I Choladeva** | 1012-1044 |
| Rajadhiraja I | 1044-1052 |
| Rajendra II Deva | 1052-1060 |
| Ramamahendra | 1060-1063 |
| Virarajendra | 1063-1067 |
| Adhirajendra | 1067-1070 |
| Rajendra III | 1070-1122 |
| Diplomatic mission to China, 1077 |
| Vikrama Chola | 1122-1135 |
| Kulottunga II Chola | 1135-1150 |
| Rajraja II | 1150-1173 |
| Rajadhiraja II | 1173-1179 |
| Kulottunga III | 1179-1218 |
| Rajaraja III | 1218-1246 |
| Rajendra IV | 1246-1279 |
| Overthrown by [Delhi](#delhi), 1279 |
The Rāṣṭrakūṭas appeared in force in the Ganges Valley more than once, but they were never able to retain a grip on the region. The restoration of the Chālukyas was followed by their overthrow in turn by the Kālachuris and then the Yādavas. This merry-go-ground of power in the center of India did no good with the new Islamic powers of the [Ghaznawids](#ghazna) and [Ghūrids](islam.htm#ghur) just over the horizon, forcing their way into India. There would be no unity of force such as repelled the Arabs in 737.
---
One of the "Empires" of the period was the Kingdom of **Chola**. As it happens, this is a realm in origin and history with a decidedly linguistic basis, in the Tamil language of modern Tamil Nādu. The Chola Kings cultivated Tamil literature and are remembered as heroic patrons of Tamil power, learning, and religion. Chola is in the competition as an "Empire" because of it spread north, briefly all the way to the mouths of the Ganges, and, most strikingly, by its projection beyond the sea, initiated by King **Rajaraja I Deva**, whose name has the decidedly Imperial ring of "King of Kings, god." With grave portent for future history, the first such projection of Chola power was into [Ceylon](buddhism.htm#chola). Tamils had settled in Ceylon and briefly ruled there already, and even the Chola occupation was relatively short lived, but it all contributed to a durable Tamil ethnic presence that, in the modern day, exploded into a vicious and protracted civil war, whose appalling course and sobering lessons are examined [elsewhere](british.htm#ceylon).
Of dramatic course and great portent in its own way is the other projection of Chola power, which was across the sea of the Bay of Bengal, through isolated land such as the Andaman Islands, all the way to Sumatra, Malaya, and the trade route of the Straits between those Indonesian islands. It is hard to know how much of the area was actually occupied and ruled. Some maps (optimisticly or nationalisticly) show a Chola domain over entire islands like Sumatra and over the entire peninsula of Malaya. Other maps (more realistically) show a Chola presence along the coastlines. In whichever form, this is the first example we know of an incursion that will be significantly mirrored in later history. Four hundred years after the Chola presence, the [Chinese](#ming) would arrive in the Straits from the opposite direction and initiate what was probably much the same kind of process, finally arriving themselves at Ceylon and the coast of Tamil Nādu. As we will see below, this did not last long. Not long after the Chinese left, however, the [Portuguese](newspain.htm) arrived from across the Indian Ocean, themselves occupied [Ceylon](buddhism.htm#portugal) and areas on the mainland of India, and then followed in the wake of the Chola voyagers into Indonesia. This produces occupations of considerable extent and duration, though mostly consumated by the [Dutch](lorraine.htm#netherlands) and the [British](british.htm) who replaced the Portuguese. The Chola "Empire" thus pioneers the colonial history of Indonesia -- though the hiatus between the Chola presence and the arrival of the Chinese will see a heavy [Islamicization](islam.htm#malacca), by influence of trade alone, of the area.
Chola was finally broken up by the Sulṭanate of [Delhi](#delhi), which, however, was unable to retain a dominant position in the south. Thus, the small kingdom of Madura became the successor state at the southern tip of India, while the larger kingdom of [Vijayanagar](#vijayanagar) came to dominate much of the South, including the old metropolis Chola, Gangaikondacolapuram.
The map shows the aggressive powers of the 11th century in India. In the South, Chola looks on its way to making the Bay of Bengal into a Cholan lake, but apparently it never does have much success on the coast of Burma, where [Pagan](perigoku.htm#burma) has grown into a powerful kingdom with its own brilliant civilization. The darker green in the image shows the conquests of Rajendra I, the son of Rajaraja I.
Otherwise, what we see is the domain of the conqueror [**Maḥmūd of Ghazna**](islam.htm#ghazna). He began raiding into India in the year 1001 (enough to warm the heart of any [ordinalist](century.htm)). Eventually he established a presence in the Punjab, but he also continued raiding deeper into India, usually with the aim of plunder, to be sure, but practiced with particular relish in the sacking of Hindu and Jain temples. This allowed for the particuarly Islamic diversion of smashing idols -- where in most Islamic conquests, in Christian and Persian lands, there had actually been few to smash.
This set a poor precedent in the area, since in recent years the savage vandals of the Tālibān regime in [Afghanistan](afghan.htm) determined to smash all the Buddhist art in the Kabul Museum and that present around the country on cliff-face sculpture, including two great cliff carved Buddhas in [Bamian province](hist-1.htm#text-10), 175 and 120 feet tall. Subsequently, Jihadist forces have destroyed monuments in [Palmyra](romania.htm#palmyra), in Syria, and even Muslim tombs and libraries in [Mali](islam.htm#mali). These atrocities and vandalism, along with human carnage, certainly represent the worst of [Islamic Fascism](afghan.htm#fascism). Given the fury of his own attacks, Maḥmud's treatment of the Hindu population was actually more conciliatory than one might expect, and it laid the groundwork, once the smashing was finished, for durable Islamic regimes in India.
A curious linguistic issue arises when we deal with Maḥmud. The name of the city of Ghazna,  (Unicode غَزْنَى), is written in the Arabic alphabet with the letter "y" at the end. Ordinarily, this would indicate the long vowel "ī"; but sometimes in Arabic, and originally in this case, the "y" is pronounced as the vowel "a." This is called *alif maqṣura* and occurs in some very common words in Arabic. Thus, sources that one might expect to be intimate with Arabic, like *The New Islamic Dynasties*,
| Rājās of Mysore |
| --- |
| Ballala I | 1100-1110 |
| Vishnuvardhana | 1110-1152 |
| Narasimha I | 1152-1173 |
| Ballala II | 1173-1220 |
| Narasimha II | 1220-1238 |
| Somesvara | 1233-1267 |
| Narasimha III | 1254-1292 |
| Ballala III | 1291-1342 |
| [Vijayanagara](#vijayanagar) rule after 1336 |
| Virupaksha Ballala IV | 1342-1346 |
| Vacant, 1346-1399 |
| Wadiyar, Wodeyar Dynasty |
| Yadu Raya | 1399-1423 |
| Hiriya Bettada Chamaraja I | 1423-1459 |
| Timmaraja I | 1459-1478 |
| Hiriya Chamaraja II | 1478-1513 |
| Hiriya Bettada Chamaraja III | 1513-1553 |
| Timmaraja II | 1553-1572 |
| Vijayanagara broken up by Moghuls, 1565 |
| Bola Chamaraja IV | 1572-1576 |
| Bettada Devaraja | 1576-1578 |
| Raja Wadiyar | 1578-1617 |
| Chamaraja V | 1617-1637 |
| Immadi Raja | 1637-1638 |
| effective independence, 1637 |
| Kanthirava Narasaraja I | 1638-1659 |
| Kempa Devaraja | 1659-1673 |
| Chikkadevaraja | 1673-1704 |
| Kanthirava Narasaraja II | 1704-1714 |
| Krishnaraja I | 1714-1732 |
| Chamaraja VI | 1732-1734 |
| Krishnaraja II | 1734-1766 |
| Muslim Ḥaydarids |
| Ḥaydar 'Alī Khān Bahādur | 1762-1782 |
| First Anglo-Mysore War, 1766-1769; Second Anglo-Mysore War, 1780-1784 |
| Wodeyar figureheads for Ḥaydarids |
| Nanjaraja | 1766-1770 |
| Bettada Chamaraja VII | 1770-1776 |
| Khasa Chamaraja VIII | 1776-1796 |
| **Tīpū Sulṭān** | 1782-1799 |
| Third Anglo-Mysore War, 1789-1792; Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, 1798-1799 |
| restoration of the Wodeyars |
| Krishnaraja III | 1799-1831,d.1868 |
| British rule, 1831-1881 |
| Chamaraja IX | regency,1868-1881 |
| 1881-1894 |
| Krishnaraja IV | 1894-1940 |
| Jayachama- rajendra Bahadur | 1940-1949 |
| Annexation to India, 1947 |
by Clifford Edmund Bosworth [Edinburgh University Press, 1996], use "**Ghazna**."
In Arabic, where "y" indicates the long vowel "ī," we get two dots under the letter. However, in Persian, the dots are not used (and vowels rarely indicated), the word is written , and, consequently, *alif maqṣura* tends to end up getting read in the more obvious way, as a long "ī."
Eventually this happened with Ghazna, which today is locally pronounced "**Ghaznī**," which would have been written  (Unicode غَزْنِي) in Arabic. Thus, sources, including modern news sources, whose focus is more on India and less on Islam or on Arabic,
| SULṬĀNS OF DELHI (DILHÎ) |
| --- |
| Muʿizzī or Shamsī Slave Kings |
| ʾAybak Quṭb ad-Dīn | Commander in India for the [Ghūrids](islam.htm#ghur), 1192-1206 |
| Malik in Lahore,1206-1210 |
| destroys Buddhist library and monastery at Nalanda, 1193/4 |
| ʾĀrām Shāh | 1210-1211 |
| ʾIltutmish Shams ad-Dīn | Sulṭān in Delhi,1211-1236 |
| Fīrūz Shāh I | 1236 |
| Raḍiyya Begum | Sulṭāna,1236-1240 |
| Bahrām Shāh | 1240-1242 |
| Mas'ūd Shāh | 1242-1246 |
| Maḥmud Shāh I | 1246-1266 |
| Balban ʾUlugh Khān | viceroysince 1246 |
| 1266-1287 |
| Kay Qubādh | 1287-1290 |
| Kayūmarth | 1290 |
| Khaljīs |
| Fīrūz Shāh ʾII Khaljī | 1290-1296 |
| ʾIbrāhīm Shāh IQadır Khān | 1296 |
| Muḥammad Shāh IʿAlī Garshāsp | 1296-1316 |
| ʿUmar Shāh | 1316 |
| Mubārak Shāh | 1316-1320 |
| Khusraw Khān Barwārī | 1320 |
| Tughluqids |
| Tughluq Shāh I | 1320-1325 |
| Muḥammad Shāh II | 1325-1351 |
| Fīrūz Shāh III | 1351-1388 |
| Tughluq Shāh II | 1388-1389 |
| ʾAbū Bakr Shāh | 1389-1391 |
| Muḥammad Shāh III | 1389-1394 |
| Sikandar Shāh I | 1394 |
| Maḥmūd Shāh II | 1394-1395,1401-1412 |
| Nuṣrat Shāh | 1395-1399 |
| [Tamerlane](mongol.htm#timurid) sacks Delhi, 1398 |
| Dawlat Khān Lôdī | 1412-1414 |
| Sayyids |
| Khiḍr Khān | 1414-1421 |
| Mubārak Shāh II | 1421-1434 |
| Muḥammad Shāh IV | 1434-1443 |
| ʿĀlam Shāh | 1443-1451 |
| Lôdīs |
| Bahlūl | 1451-1489 |
| Sikandar IINiẓām Khān | 1489-1517 |
| ʾIbrāhīm II | 1517-1526 |
| [Moghul](#moghuls) Rule, 1526-1540 |
| Sūrīs |
| Shīr Shāh Sūr | 1540-1545 |
| ʾIslām Shāh Sūr | 1545-1554 |
| Muḥammad V Mubāriz Khān | 1554 |
| ʾIbrāhīm III Khān | 1554-1555 |
| ʾAḥmad KhānSikandar Shāh III | 1555 |
tend to project the modern, Persian pronunciation back on the figure who therefore typically gets called "Maḥmud of Ghaznī." It is instructive to know why this variation occurs.
---
While, Islām came to India in great measure in the person of Maḥmūd of Ghazna, this progressed to permanent occupation under his successors, the [**Ghūrids**](islam.htm#ghur). Their viceroys in India, originally from slave troops like the [Mamlūks](islam.htm#mamluk) in Egypt, drifted into independence at the beginning of the 13th century. These "Slave Kings" thus founded the Sulṭānate of Delhi. This began an Islāmic domination of India, especially the North of India and the Ganges Valley, that lasted until the advent of the British.
The consequences of the Islāmic conquest of India can hardly be underestimated. Up to a quarter of all Indians ended up converting to Islām. [Buddhism](buddhism.htm#vajra) disappeared. Some of the greatest monuments of Indian architecture, like the Taj Mahal, really reflect Persian and Central Asian civilization rather than Indian. Indian Moslems became accustomed, as was their right under Islāmic Law, to be ruled by a Moslem power. In practical terms, that meant that they did not want to be ruled by Hindus, when and if India should become independent. Today, the separation of Pakistan and Bangladesh from the Republic of India, with ongoing strife between them, and the occasional riot between Hindus and Moslems in India itself, are all the result of this.
---
**Mysore** (Mahisur, Maysūr, Mahishūru, Mysuru) began as a dependancy of the rulers of the [Deccan](#maharashtra) to the North. In 1100, in the days of the Chālukyas of Kalyāṇī, Mysore became independent under the dynasty that had been in place since the 6th or 7th century. However, after the passage of the Sulṭāns of Delhi, Mysore then became a dependency of the Vijayanagara kingdom that was established in 1336. The Wodeyar Dynasty was a cadet line of Vijayanagara. The subordination of Mysore was broken up after Vijayanagara was defeated by the Moghuls in 1565. Moghul rule, such as it was, seems to have ebbed and flowed in presence and affectiveness. The domination by Aurangzeb was certainly a brief one, after which Mysore was independent.
Mysore lost its traditional Hindu rule and became a center of conflict when its own general, Ḥaydar Alī, who had defeated the [Marathans](#maratha), seized power in his own right. The Rājās were retained as figureheads until deposed in 1796 by Ḥaydar's son, the celebrated **Tīpū**. The rule of these Muslim warriors quickly led to repeated conflict with the British. Ḥaydar Alī became an active ally of the French in the War of American Independence, 1778-1783 (the Second Anglo-Mysore War, 1780-1784), but his invasion of Madras, with some French troops, was defeated. However, after his death (1782), **Tīpū** crushed a British force of 2000, killing 500 and taking the rest prisoner. This made him the "Tiger of Mysore." Tīpū amused himself with a six-foot long mechanical figure of a tiger gnawing at the throat of an Englishman and snarling at the turn of a crank.
Continuing with the enemies of his enemy, Tīpū entered into relations with [Revolutionary France](francia.htm#revolution), whose rationalists, deists, and atheists curiously found a kindred spirit in a fanatical and tyrannical Muslim -- a dynamic we may see today in the affinity of the [Left](rand.htm#modern) for [Islamic Fascism](afghan.htm#fascism). When Napoleon landed in [Egypt](turkia.htm#egypt) in 1798, it looked like help might be on the way; but there really wasn't much that the French Republic could do for "Citizen Tipu." The British whittled away at Tīpū's realm until he was killed in 1799. The Wodeyar Rājās were restored, doubtless with some relief to Hindus who had undergone forced conversion and circumcision by Tīpū.
---
The first map below is based on Stanley Wolpert [*op.cit.*]; but the following map, and those of Harsha and of Chola above, are based on maps in *The Harper Atlas of World History* [Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Editor, Jacques Bertin, Cartographer, Harper & Row, New York, 1986, p.117]. In assembly information for the maps on this page, this is the only source I have that shows Chola or the Sulṭānate at its high water mark.
On the map of India in 1236, the Sulṭānate of Delhi has completed its conquest of the North of India, all the way down the Ganges to the Bay of Bengal. Although the fortunes of the state will vary, this area will generally be preserved until the coming of the Moghuls.
On the map for 1335, we see the Sulṭānate of Delhi astride the whole Sub-Continent. This is the largest Indian state in a long time, if not the largest ever. But it will not last long.
The following map below, for 1350, indicates the kingdoms in the South that are the result of the earlier states (like Maharashtra and Chola) being broken up by Delhi, which, then unable to remain dominant in the area, was driven out.
We also see the routes travelled by [**Zhèng Hé**](#admiralhe), the Chinese admiral who led seven great voyages of exploration, trade, and military intervention during the early days of the [Ming Dynasty](#ming), from 1405 to 1433. The military intervention became less a factor the further West we get. It was intense in Indonesia, where considerable battles were fought and kings were made -- or sent back to China for execution. A Chinese base was established and fortified at [Malacca](islam.htm#malacca). In [Ceylon](buddhism.htm#ceylon), we still get some intervention, with King Vira Alakeshvara of Raigama (1397-1411) captured and sent back to China. But the Emperor apologized for this, and returned the King to Ceylon (though not, apparently, to his throne). Further West, trade and embassies seem to have been the rule. All this stopped abruptly in 1433, as China withdrew from foreign contact. When the Portuguese arrived in 1498, the Chinese were long gone.
| Vijayanagar |
| --- |
| SANGAMA |
| Harihara I | 1336-1356 |
| Bukka I | 1356-1377 |
| Harihara II | 1377-1404 |
| Virupaksha I | 1404-1405 |
| Bukka II | 1405-1406 |
| Devaraya I | 1406-1422 |
| Rama-chandra | 1422-1430 |
| Vira Vijaya IBukka Raya | 1422-1424 |
| Devaraya II | 1424-1446 |
| Vijaya II | 1446-1447 |
| Mallikarjuna | 1446-1465 |
| Virupaksha II | 1465-1485 |
| Praudha Raya | 1485 |
| SALUVA |
| Narasimha-devaraya | 1485-1490 |
| Thimma Bhupala | 1490-1491 |
| Immadi Narasimha | 1491-1505 |
| TULUVA |
| Vira Narasimha | 1505-1509 |
| Krishna-devaraya | 1509-1529/30 |
| Achyota-devaraya | 1529/30-1542 |
| Venkata | 1542 |
| Sadashi-varaya | 1542-1565 |
| disrupted by Moghuls, 1565 |
| ARAVIDU |
| Tirumala Devaraya | 1565-1572 |
| Sriranga I Devaraya | 1572-1586 |
| Venkatapati I Devaraya | 1586-1614 |
| Sriranga II Raya | 1614 |
| vacant |
| Rama-devaraya | 1617-1632 |
| Venkatapati Raya | 1632-1642 |
| Sriranga III Raya | 1642-1646 |
| Venkatapati II Raya | 1646-c.1660 |
The kingdom of Vijayanagar, based in the area of Kannada speakers again (stretching East in Telugu speaking country), originates in revolt against the Sulṭānate of Delhi, which only briefly dominated the South, but nevertheless broke up the older powers in the area. Vijayanagar reestablishes local independence. It will continue dominant until the arrival of the Moghuls. We do not, however, see a simple conquest any cleaner than what Delhi had managed to accomplish in the same area. In 1565, Akbar defeated and disrupted the power of the state, but the result was not Moghul occupation. Instead, a cadet line of Vijayanagar at [Mysore](#mysore) begins to overshadow its parent state, as recounted above and shown on the maps below. By the time Aurangzeb returned to briefly conquer the area, Vijayanagar had faded away. In 1646 the capital itself was seized by the Sulṭāns of Bijapur and Golkonda. The last king, Venkatapati II, was thus himself an exile in some small fragment of the former kingdom.
---
Sikhism, from Pāli *sikkha* (Sanskrit ), "follower, pupil, disciple," was a new religion, founded in the days of the Sulṭānate of Delhi, that attempted to reconcile and replace Hinduism and ʾIslām. Although there are some 18 million Sikhs today, this never made much of a dent in the numbers of Hindus or Moslems, and long earned the Sikhs little but hostility from both.
| Sikh Gurūs |
| --- |
| 1 | Nānak | 1469-1539 |
| 2 | Aṅgad | 1539-1552 |
| 3 | Amar Dās | 1552-1574 |
| 4 | Rām Dās Soḍhi | 1574-1581 |
| 5 | Arjun Mal | 1581-1606 |
| 6 | Hargobind | 1606-1644 |
| 7 | Har Rāi | 1644-1661 |
| 8 | Hari Krishen | 1661-1664 |
| 9 | Tegh Bahādur | 1664-1675 |
| 10 | Gobind Rāi Singh | 1675-1708 |
| Khālsā, 1699 |
| Bandā Singh Bahādur | 1708-1716 |
| Moghul campaign of extermination, 1716-1733 |
| Nawab Kapur Singh | Nawwāb, 1733-1753 |
| recognized by Moghuls, 1733; attack on [Nādir Shāh](iran.htm#afsharid), 1739; Sikh Confederacy, 1745; 11 *Misls*, 1748; Khālsā Rāj, Punjab, 1761 |
| Ranjīt Singh | Mahārāja, 1801-1839 |
| Sikh column attacked by [Wahhābīs](islam.htm#saudi), "Hindustani fanatics," who are massacred, 1827; Sikhs defeated by Wahhābīs, 1828; Peshawar occupied by Wahhābīs, Pathans massacre Wahhābīs, 1830; Sikhs annhilhate Wahhābīs, Battle of Balakot, 1831 |
| Kharak Singh | 1839-1840 |
| Nao Nehal Singh | 1840 |
| Chand Kaur | 1840-1841 |
| Sher Singh | 1841-1843 |
| Duleep Singh | 1843-1849,d. 1893 |
| First Sikh War, 1845-1846;
Second Sikh War, 1848-1849;
annexed by British, 1849 |
| Victor Duleep Singh | Heir of Punjab, 1893-1918 |
| Frederick Duleep Singh | 1918-1926 |
After the Fifth Gurū ("Teacher") was executed by the Moghuls, the Sixth rejected Moghul authority and was forced to flee to the mountains. When the Ninth Gurū was later again executed by the Moghuls, the Tenth, Gobind Rāi, took things a step further by transforming the community into an army, the Khālsā, "Pure." Every Sikh male became a , *Singh*, "Lion," and every Sikh female a , *Kaur*, "Princess," which we still see as the surnames of modern Sikhs. The succession of Gurūs was then ended.
Actually, I am curious about , which is said to mean "princess" in both Punjabi and Hindi. But the word of that spelling in the *Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary* [edited by R.S. McGregor, Oxford, 1993] only has the meaning "a mouthful (of food)" [p.219]. This is glossed as possibly being a Dravidian word, and indeed it does not occur in my Sanskrit lexicon [*Practical Sanskrit Dictionary*, by Arthur Anthony MacDonnell, Oxford, 1929, 1971, p.75]. I am surprised that there is this obscurity about it.
At first this transformation did not seem to improve things much. Gobind Singh and his temporal successor, Bandā Singh Bahādur, both died violent deaths, and the community fragmented. But with the decline of Moghul power, opportunity knocked. The Khālsā was soon again unified and installed in Lahore, under Ranjīt Singh, who became Mahārāja of the Punjab. Henceforth the Sikhs, although never more than a minority, were the greatest military power in northern India. The death of Ranjīt, however, led to a chaotic succession and conflict among his heirs. Two sharp wars with the British led to the annexation of the Punjab, after which Sikh warlike ambitions could be directed through membership in the British Indian Army, where the Sikhs stood out with their characteristic turbans and beards.
In the Punjab, we have a major crossroads of history. The name, "Five Rivers," we find in [Persian](iran.htm#persian),  (i.e.  "five," and , "water, river"). The "u" in the English name probably is the result of the "a" being a reduced vowel, as "schwa" [ə], in Hindi-Urdu, . Just what rivers these are is a matter of some small uncertainty. In Sanskrit, the area was the "Seven Rivers," ; and there are enough rivers, indeed, that these could be multiplied. However, the general idea is that the **Indus**, Ἰνδός, , and its five *major* tributaries constitute the Punjab.
The tributaries considered for this are (1) the Jhelum, (2) the Chenab, (3) the Ravi, (4) the Beas, and (5) the Sutlej. If the Indus itself is counted as one of the "Five," then the Sutlej might be dropped. This seems a little odd, since the Beas is a tributary of the Sutlej, which is a lot longer, flowing into the Indus. The answer may be that the road to the Ganges, such as followed by Alexander the Great, reaches the Beas before the Sutlej. All of these rivers have different names in multiple languages. What are shown on the map are the names, of course, in English, in Greek, and in both [Hindi and Urdu](upan.htm#hindi) (in the Arabic alphabet).
A curious case is the Beas (or Bëas, or Bias) River, whose name in Hindu or Urdu I had some difficulty finding. Wikipedia didn't have either on its "Beas" page.
What is shown on the map is Sanskrit, , and Arabic, . The Arabic I only had a clue from "Hobson-Jobson," *A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases*, by Henry Yule & A.C. Burnell [1886, 1985, Curzon Press, 1995, p.742]. Yule & Burnell quote al-Birūnī using "Biah" [c.1020] and, apparently, [Tamerlane](mongol.htm#timurid) using "Biyāh" [c.1400], which I have used to produce the likely rendering, albeit speculative, in Arabic.
An actual Hindi name I could only find on pages in Hindi about the Beas, fortunately with the name in the title and first line, which did not prevent my ignorance of Hindi from interfering with the identification. Thus, the basic Hindi name seems to be . A variant of this is , where we have a "v" instead of a "b." As it happens, this is often what we see in Sanksrit for a "b" in Hindi, and with a "v" this word looks like the name of the author of the [*Mahābhārata*](gita.htm#bharat). Thus, we seem to find a tradition that the river was actually named after him.
The Greek names of the rivers are discussed in the relation to the campaign here of [Alexander the Great](hist-1.htm#punjab), with relevant sites in purple. The cities in red are either ancient (Harappa) or modern (Delhi, Lahore, and Amritsar).
In modern India a movement began for Sikh independence from India, with the Indian Punjab becoming *Khālistān*. Led by Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindrānwale, this led to a catastrophic showdown in 1984 when the Golden Temple in Armitsar, the fortified center of the Sikh Faith, was stormed by the Indian Army, and Bhindrānwale killed. When Prime Minister Indria Gandhi was assassinated later the same year by Sikh bodyguards, few doubted that this was an act of revenge. Sikh nationalism continues to trouble India, although the historic Sikh kingdom lies equally in Pakistan.
| MOGHUL EMPERORS |
| --- |
| Great Moghuls |
| **Bābur**, | 1498-1500,1500-1501in [Transoxania](mongol.htm#timurid) |
| 1526-1530 |
| **Humāyūn**, | 1530-1540,
1555-1556 |
| **ʾAkbar I**, | 1556-1605 |
| **Jahāngīr**, | 1605-1627 |
| Dāwar Bakhsh | 1627-1628 |
| **Shāh Jahān I, ,Khusraw**, | 1628-1657,d. 1666 |
| **ʾAurangzeb/ʾAwrangzīb,,ʿĀlamgīr I**, | 1658-1707 |
| Shāh ʿĀlam I, ,Bahādur, | 1707-1712 |
| Jahāndār Muʿizz ad-Dīn | 1712-1713 |
| Farrukh-siyar | 1713-1719 |
| Shams ad-DīnRāfiʿ ad-Darajāt | 1719 |
| Shāh Jahān IIRāfiʿ ad-Dawla | 1719 |
| Nīkū-siyar Muḥammad | 1719 |
| Muḥammad Shāh, , Nāṣir ad-Dīn, | 1719-1748 |
| Looting of Delhi by [Nādir Shāh](iran.htm#afsharid), 1739 |
| Aḥmad Bahādur Shāh I | 1748-1754 |
| ʿAzīz ad-Dīn ʿĀlamgīr II | 1754-1759 |
| Shāh Jahān III | 1759 |
| Shāh ʿĀlam II | 1759-1788,1788-1806 |
| *Diwani* of Bengal granted to [East India Company](#diwan), 1765; [Marathans](#maratha) eject [Afghans](afghan.htm) from Delhi, 1770 |
| Bīdār-bakht | 1788 |
| Muʿīn ad-Dīn ʾAkbar II | 1806-1837 |
| Moghul authority replaced by Britain, 1827; English replaces Persian, 1828; Suttee illegal, 1829; suppression of Thugee launched, 1836 |
| **Sirāj ad-DīnBahādur Shāh II**, | 1837-1858,d.1862 |
| Great Sepoy Mutiny, 1857-1858;
[British](#british) Rule, 1858-1947 |
***Moghul***, , is Persian (مُغُول, *Mughūl* in Arabic) for "Mongol" -- although the Moghuls were rather more Turkish than Mongol. An alternative pronunciation in Persian is *Moghol*, which, with a different final vowel, would give a Hindi-Urdu pronunciation of ***Mughal*** -- written  in Urdu (مُغَل),  in Hindi (मुग़ल).
There the /gh/ is ordinarily pronounced as a /g/, but otherwise meaning the Arabo-Persian fricative /γ/ (indicated by the diacritic underdot in Devanāgarī), not the proper voiced aspirate stop /gh/ of [Sanskrit](cognates.htm#sanskrit).
The Hindi-Urdu name *Mughal* now tends to be used by historians, on the principle that it is an "endonym," the name used by the people to whom it refers. However, although *Mughal* is used in Modern India and Pakistan, it was *not* used by the people to whom it refers. On the other hand, it is the *English* word "Mogul," which we find in dictionary entries and is used for Hollywood movie executives, that looks to be based directly on the Persian. Its use was standardized in the 18th century.
Many names were used for the Mongols, long before the advent of the Moghuls in India. In Marco Polo we see *Mungul*. In the 14th century there is *Moccol* in Portuguese and even Μουγουλίος, *Mougoulíos*, in Greek. Portuguese is still using *Mogor* in the 18th century.
[Persian](iran.htm#persian) was the Court language of the Moghuls themselves. "Mughal" would have been strange to them. Although Arabic and Persian have variant writings that seem to have have included this, the short "u" would have been pronounced "o" in proper Persian. The dominant language today, [Hindi-Urdu](upan.htm#note-0) or Hindustani, was simply the language that ended up adopted as the language of the Moghul army -- as it remained the language of command in the British Indian Army, which meant British officers had to learn to speak it, as did Indian recruits, like Punjabis, whose first language was something else. Thus, when William Slim, later the victorious commander in [Burma](perigoku.htm#ww2), found himself about to be discharged from the British Army after World War I, he continued his career by moving to the Indian Army and, of course, learning Hindi.
Hindi has gone on, in turn, to be the principal language of India, although it is used as a first language mainly in the North. Hindi is also the national language of India, along with English. The original idea to replace English with Hindi has been stopped by States where Hindi is not an official language. The defining text of Indian law is still the one in English, and deliberations of the Indian Supreme Court are in English.
Some States, like Maharashtra, have neither Hindi nor English as official languages, which has resulted in phenomena such as official replacement of English "Bombay" with Marathi "Mumbai" as the name of that city. This reflects Indian politics, not anti-colonialism. Marathi is the *only* official language of Maharashtra, despite a reported 38 other languages spoken there. The replacement of "Bombay" with "Mumbai" even in English is the result of politically correct [confusion](romania.htm#note-14), i.e. asinine "virtue signaling," about place names.
As a center of the Indian movie industry, Bombay continues to be called "Bollywood," and its movies are mostly filmed in Hindi. A South Indian movie industry, with movies shot in Tamil or Telugu, has come to be called "Tollywood." One of its movies, the marvelous two part *Bāhubali* [2017], became an international sensation, in Tamil, Telugu, and Hindi versions; but the internationally available DVD is only the film dubbed in Hindi. The name, , "Strong Arm," is, of course, Sanskrit (बाहुबलि) -- the equivalent name in European history, used for [Baldwin I of Flanders](flanders.htm) and [William de Hauteville](italia.htm#hauteville), would be *Bras de Fer*, "Iron Arm."
We should reflect that the current preference among academics for *Mughal* is in part the result of a modern ideological preference for a "national" language, along with the [political principle](romania.htm#eskimo) that we should use the name for a people that they use for themselves, the purported "endonym," in their own language. This is something that the Moghuls would have found alien and perplexing, both in principle and in result. They certainly weren't speaking Hindi-Urdu. It thus verges on the anachronistic and may seem biased in a distractive, deceptive, and [politically correct](moral-2.htm) way. It is not a practice and does not reflect an attitude that is proper to a historian. And, ironically, this means that calling a Hollywood studio executive a "Mogul" may reflect a pronunciation that is more faithful to the Moghuls than the current "best practice" of historians -- the expression "Bollywood Mogul" might be the nicest taunt to the [language police](language.htm). We find similar political quibbles over the transcription of [Greek](romania.htm#latinized) [[note](#note)].
---
Pretensions to universal rule, which figure in Indian mythology, in Persian imperial tradition, and in the titles of earlier Indian rulers,
| |
| --- |
| [Feudal Hierarchy](rank.htm#feudal)
[Monarchical Acclamations](rank.htm#note-6) |
are reflected in many of the actual names of Moghul emperors. "ʾAkbar" in Arabic,  (أَكْبَر), is "Greatest." "Jahāngir,"  (جَهَانْگِير), in Persian means to "seize" (*gir*) the "world" (*jahān*). "Shāh Jahān" is also Persian for "World King." "ʿĀlamgir" and "Shah ʿĀlam" both simply substitute the Arabic word for "world," *ʿālam*, for the Persian word. As the Moghul state decays in the 18th century, of course, these names and pretentions become increasingly farcical.
Almost from the first, Moghul policy was to tolerate and win the cooperation of Hindus, especially the warriors of Rajasthan. With **ʾAkbar**, this approached a policy of positive toleration and religious syncretism, which earned Akbar the disfavor of Moslem clerics but, like Aśoka, the esteem of modern liberal opinion. Akbar even toyed with the idea of a universal syncretistic religion, to be called the *Din-e Allāh*, the "Religion of God." This was rather like what the [Sikhs](#sikhs) originally tried to do. But while Hinduism was open, more or less, to various kinds of syncretism (like adopting the Buddha as an Avatar of [Vishnu](gods.htm)), Islām certainly was not.
The maps of Moghul India begin to feature European colonial possessions. [Portugal](newspain.htm) is first, and for a good while they have the scene to themselves. Goa is the center of the operation, which then would extend all the way to China and Japan. **St. Francis Xavier** (d.1552) entered [Japan](#muromachi) and learned Japanese, and his reportedly incorrupt body is now still enshrined at Goa. Although nearly lost among the billion people of India, a fair number of Catholics survive from Portuguese missionary activity, often with Portuguese names, like D'Souza. Famous Portuguese missionaries in China, like [Matteo Ricci](chinacal.htm#jesuits) (d.1610), also passed through Goa. The Kingdom of Kandy in [Ceylon](buddhism.htm#ceylon) came to be in a rebellion against the Portuguese (1590) and then would survive in the mountains all through the Dutch tenure on the island, until the British took over (1815).
Until this point the maps of Imperial domains in India are based on Stanley Wolpert's *A New History of India* [Oxford University Press, 1989]. Now, however, they are largely based on the *The Anchor Atlas of World History*, Volume I [1974, Hermann Kinder, Werner Hilgemann, Ernest A. Menze, and Harald and Ruth Bukor] and Volume II [1978], and the *Historical Atlas of the World* [Barnes & Noble, 1972].
Even the most basic elements of Moghul policy were reversed by the fanatical **ʾAwrangzīb** (or **ʾAurangzeb**), who briefly brought the Empire to its greatest extent but whose measures against Hindus and Sikhs (the execution of the ninth Sikh Gurū) fatally weakened the state. Non-Moslems no longer had any reason to support the Moghuls, and in short order the Empire was only a shell of its former strength and vigor, with the Persians sacking Delhi itself (1739), under the Emperor, Muḥammad Shāh, who had otherwise done somewhat well at maintaining things.
A century after ʾAkbar, with the death of ʾAurangzeb, as the Moghul Empire totters at maximum extent a moment before fatally shrinking, things are getting a bit crowded, with Britain, the Dutch, the French, and even the [Danes](perifran.htm#scancolon) piling on. One of the earliest British toeholds was Bombay, which was actually a gift from Portugal in the dowry of Catherine of Braganza when she married [Charles II](perifran.htm#protect) of England in 1664. In 1701, it looks like the Dutch have the strongest hold, but as the 18th century progressed, and the Moghul domain crumbled, France and Britain would become the principal rivals for hegemony.
Henceforth, the shell of Moghul authority would stand just until a new conquering power would appear. After a surge of French influence under their brilliant governor Joseph Dupleix (d.1763), that turned out to be the British, who, however, only gradually conceived the notion of actually replacing nominal Moghul authority with an explicit British Dominion in India. Although the last Moghul was deposed in 1858, after the Great Mutiny, the full process was not complete until Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of Indian in 1876. The British Rāj would then last exactly 71 more years -- testimony to the rapidity of modern events after the 332 years of the Moghuls.
How durable the British heritage will be is a good question. The form of government in India, which has in general remained democratic, is far more British than that of other former British possessions. And English, with its own distinctive Indian accent and vocabulary, remains the only official language of the country that does not provoke communal conflict. To many, the experience of British rule is a bitter memory, but it is only Hindus who may maintain the same kind of animus against the Moghuls. The removal of British monuments -- I've notice a statue of Edward VII transported to Toronto -- then dangerously suggests the removal of Moghul or Muslim monuments, which is now not unheard of.
The genealogy of the Moghuls is entirely from *The New Islamic Dynasties*, by Clifford Edmund Bosworth [Edinburgh University Press, 1996]. Some brief reigns given by Bosworth, which are so ephemeral as not to figure in most lists of the Moghuls, including the table above, are marked as "disputed." Otherwise, the title, *Pādishāh*, , "Emperor," and an imperial crown are given.
The most memorable monument of the Moghuls is the *Tāj Mahal*, , , "Crown Palace." Shāh Jahān built this mausoleum in tribute to his favorite wife, Mumtāz-i-Mahal, , "Select of the Palace" (in Persian, this would be pronounced Momtāz-e-Mahal -- *mumtāz* is Arabic [root **myz**] and can mean "distinguished," "exquisite," "select," "excellent," etc.), the mother of Aurangzeb. Shāh Jahān lies there now with her, but his reign did not end well. He became ill and his sons then fell out among themselves, until Aurangzeb, the last of the Great Moghuls, gained control -- and imprisoned Shāh Jahān for the rest of his life.
One might say that Aurangzeb ruled with such force that the Empire shattered in his hands. For a good while, as the realm broke up, the Throne was passed between brothers and cousins. Some stability was achieved when it no longer made much difference.
The last, aging Moghul, Bahādur Shāh II, threw his lot with the Mutineers and was deposed by the British. He was then exiled in Rangoon for the rest of his life. The image is of his arrest -- the old man with the white beard -- after he fled Delhi ahead of the British. Three sons are with him, Moghul, Khizr Sulṭan, and Abu Bakr. A British officer, Captain William Hodson, summarily executed -- i.e. murdered -- all or two of these -- some accounts place the execution of Abu Bakr a month later. This may have been to prevent their ever becoming a focus of resistance; but in the long run, of course, it made them martyrs, not to mention being a despicable way to treat defeated royalty. Bahādur Shāh was still the nominal sovereign of India, and none of his family owed the British any loyalty; and other sons nevertheless survived. But it is clear from world history, the victors only tend to be magnaminous when they don't still feel treatened by those they defeat. Thus, the Romans spitefully pursued [Hannibal](hist-1.htm#carthage2), but the British public celebrated the defeated Cetshwayo, King of the [Zulus](british.htm#zulu). The murdered and then surviving Moghul sons may represent the intensity, and then fading, of British fears, respectively.
Maratha (Mahratta) Confederacy/Empire || Chattrapatis, Kings |
| Sivaji I the Great | 1674-1680 |
| Shambhuji I | 1680-1689 |
| Rajaram I | 1689-1700 |
defeat and occupation by the Moghuls, 1700 || Tara Bai | regent,1700-1708 |
| Chattrapatis, Kings | Peshwas, Ministers |
| Shahu I | 1708-1749 | Balaji Vishvanath | 1713-1720 |
| Baji Rao I | 1720-1740 |
| Balaji Baji Rao | 1740-1761 |
| Ramaraja II | 1749-1777 | Madhava Rao Ballal | 1761-1772 |
| defeated by [Afghans](afghan.htm),battle of Panipat, 1761,occupation of Delhi, 1770 |
| Narayan Rao | 1772-1773 |
| Raghunath Rao | 1773-1774 |
| Madhava Rao Narayan | 1774-1796 |
| Shahu II | 1777-1808 | Chimnaji Appa | 1796 |
| Baji Rao II | 1796-1818 |
| Pratap Singh | 1808-1839 |
| Shahji Raja | 1839-1848 |
The gravest, indeed the fatal, blow to the Moghul imperium was the disaffection of warlike Hindu people like the Rajputs and the Marathis. The Marathans were already in revolt under Sivaji I the Great, and Aurangzeb was only able to put them down with difficulty. Shambhuji I was tortured and killed in 1689. After furious resistance and battles, Aurangzeb could claim victory; but after his death and the release from captivity of Shahu I, Marathan power recovered quickly and a large part of central India was lost to the Moghuls forever. Although the Marathan domain is often called an "Empire," we also see it called merely a "Confederacy." This may indicate some difficulties in holding the domain together, which ultimately rendered it less powerful than its extent might indicate. We also get the curious circumstance that Shahu I began to leave the responsibilities of government to his minister, Balaji Vishvanath. The line of ministers, the Peshwas, come to exercise the rule of the Marathan domain, which is sometimes then said to simply be the realm "of the Peshwas." In three wars between 1776 and 1818, the British defeated the Marathans and annexed a good part of their territory.
| Nawwābs of theCarnatic, at Arcot |
| --- |
| Zū-l-Fiqār ʿAli Khan | c.1690-1703 |
| Dāʾūd Khān | 1703-1710 |
| Muhammad Saʿādat-Allah Khan I | 1710-1732 |
| Dost ʿAli Khan | 1732-1740 |
| Safdar ʿAli Khan | 1740-1742 |
| Saʿādat-Allah Khan II | 1742-1744 |
| ʾAnwar ud-Din Muhammad | 1744-1749 |
| defeated by the French, 1744; defeated by the French & killed, 1749 |
| Chanda Sahib | 1749-1752 |
| installed by the French under Dupleix, 1749; defeated by the British, surrendered, executed, 1752 |
| Wala Jah Muhammad 'Ali | 1749-1795 |
| installed & supported by the British |
| ʿUmdut ul-Umara | 1795-1801 |
| ʿAzim ud-Dawlah | 1801-1819 |
| ʿAzim Jah | 1819-1825 |
| Annexed to British India, 1825 |
With the Marathans astride the sub-continent in 1756, we are just past the moment of the maximum influence of the French, who had greatly extended their possessons and influence under **Joseph François Dupleix** (d.1763). Dupleix engineered French candidates into the offices of Nawwāb of the [Carnatic](#carnatic), the coast around the French city of Pondichéry (and threatening to the British city of Madras), and of *Ṣūbadār* of [Hyderabad](#hyderabad). When Dupleix defeated the Nawwāb Anwar ud-Din's army of 8000-10,000 men with only 450 French troops in 1744, this opened the eyes of Europeans to the relative weakness of Indian military strength and, subsequently, the ease with which the politics of Indian states could be maniplated or dominated.
Both the Nawwāb Anwar ud-Din of the Carnatic and the *Ṣūbadār* Nāṣir Jang of Hyderabad were killed in battle with the French allied to pretenders to their positions. French forces were sent with Muẓaffar Jang to support his government in Hyderabad. However, in 1752 their candidate for the Carnatic, Chanda Sahib, was defeated in battle, surrendered, and then was executed by the British candidate, Muhammad 'Ali, who would then rule under British protection for many years.
By 1756, Dupleix had been recalled (in 1754), and his policies repudiated. His job, after all, was to make money, not to make war on the English or take over Indian states. He had done this with some justification during the [War of the Austrian Succession](francia.htm#maria) (1740-1748) but his aggressive actions had continued after the Peace. This was a problem, and, indeed, the adventure in Hyderabad never did make any money for the French.
In retrospect, Dupleix's recall looks ill considered, as the Seven Years War (1756-1763) was about to begin; the local French forces *would* need to make war on the English; and France would need as strong a position as possible to do that. She wasn't going to have it, and the British would be just as victorious in the war in India as in the Americas. But that is in hindsight. Back in France in 1754, it would not have been appreciated that Dupleix had created a whole new dynamic in Indian history. Formerly, Moghul authority continued to external appearances and Europeans approached local officials deferentially with nothing but trade privileges in mind. Now, with some exceptions and setbacks, the European traders could make and unmake local authorities at will. This was at first discovered and exploited by the French, but the British would prove far better and more successful at the game.
| Nawwābs of Bengal, 1704-1765 |
| --- |
| Murshid Qulī Khān ʿAlāʾ ad-Dawla | 1704-1725 |
| Shujāʿ Khān Shujāʾ ad-Dawla | 1725-1739 |
| Sarfarāz Khān ʿAlāʾ ad-Dawla | 1739-1740 |
| ʿAlīwirdī Khān Hāshim ad-Dawla | 1740-1756 |
| Mīrzā Maḥmūd Sirāj ad-Dawla | 1756-1757 |
| Defeated & dethroned by Robert Clive,
Battle of Plassey, 1757 |
| Mīr Jaʿfar Muḥammad KhānHāshim ad-Dawla | 1757-17601763-1765 |
| Mīr Qāsim ʿAlī | 1760-1763 |
| Najm ud-Dawlah | 1765-1766 |
| Saif ud-Dawlah | 1766-1770 |
| British East India Company Rule, 1765-1858, **Presidency of Calcutta**;Nawwābs continue as [pensioners](JavaScript:popup('bengal.htm','bengal','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')) |
| Robert Clive | Governor,1755-1760,1764-1767 |
| Henry Vansittart | 1760-1764 |
| First Anglo-Mysore War, 1766-1769 |
| Henry Verelst | 1767-1769 |
| John Cartier | 1769-1772 |
Originally the Moghul governors of Bengal, the decline of Moghul power resulted in effective independence for the Nawwābs. The clash with British power, however, spelled the end of independence and the beginning of British India. Clive became the effective founder of the British Empire in India, and the Battle of Plassey, 1757, where Clive defeated and dethroned the Nawwāb of Bengal, Sirāj ad-Dawla, was one of the supreme moments of British Imperial history.
In 1765, Clive obtained from the Moghul Emperor [Shāh 'Ālam II](#moghuls), who was a fugitive in British care, a grant of the *Diwani*, or revenue responsiblity for the province of Bengal. This made the British East India Company, as the Diwan of Bengal, part of the consitutional order of the Moghul Empire, and it is often considered the beginning of British Rule, the "Rāj," , in India. However, Clive had no intention of replacing the Nawwābs, and the Company intended to leave local officials in place to collect the actual revenues of Bengal. This was consistent with Clive's previous policy of supporting local rule, when he installed Mīr Qāsim as Nawwāb in 1760. Mīr Qāsim was a competent ruler, but, after Clive left, he was essentially doubled-crossed by the enemies of both himself and Clive, manueuvered into a war, and then driven from Bengal. The incompetent Mīr Ja'far was restored, evidently with the intention of employing him only as a puppet. Clive, on his return, could not undo this *coup*, but he did try to retain the Nawwāb as a real factor in the governance of Bengal, with the East India Company as *Dīwān*.
The Nawwāb at least remained so *in name* until 1880, when Mansur Ali Khan, the last Nawwāb of Bengal, was deposed. His son, however, Hassan Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur, succeeded with the title Nawwāb of Murshidabad.
The [titular line of Nawwābs](JavaScript:popup('bengal.htm','bengal','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')) actually continued until 1969, when the main line died out and the succession was left in dispute.
Bengal became one of the three "Presidencies" through which direct British rule in India was effected (with different arrangements for the [Princely States](british.htm#prince), which remained nominally under local rule). The others were Bombay and Madras. However, Bengal was also the seat of general British authority; and when the Governor of Bengal became the actual Governor-General of India, his seat continued to be in Calcutta. The capital of India was not moved to Delhi until rather late in British rule, in 1912. New Delhi became the capital in 1931.
The British conquest of India was the first that progressed *up* rather than *down* the Ganges. Previous invasions had all come from Central Asia over the [Hindu Kush](buddhism.htm#note) and the Khyber Pass. This had happened so often, beginning with the Arya in the 2nd millennium BC, that is rather difficult to say just how many such invasions were there. The British, however, like all the European powers, had come by sea. Where the Persians or the [Afghans](afghan.htm), most recently, would head straight for Delhi, the British were coming up all the way from Calcutta. They wouldn't get to Delhi until 1803.
The situation in India in 1780 was with the British poised for conquest. At that point, wars had already been fought with Mysore and with the Marathans. More would come. The Punjab, in the distance, would be a project for some years later. Meanwhile, The French would shortly be down to four cities, which they would surrender to the newly independent India in 1947. The Portuguese, from their former hegemony, were reduced to three possessions, which they would retain until forcibly taken by India in 1961. The two Danish cities were sold to Britain in 1845. The British were unwilling to pay for the Danish Nicobar Islands, but then, after the Danes had left in 1837, they complained about piracy there. The Danes returned 1845-1848. After Denmark renounced sovereignty in 1868, the British occupied the islands.
British Governors-General of India || Warren Hastings | Governor-General1772-1785 |
| First Anglo-Maratha War, 1776-1782; Second Anglo-Mysore War, 1780-1784 |
| John MacPherson | 1785-1786 |
| Lord Cornwallis | 1786-1793& 1805 |
| Third Anglo-Mysore War, 1789-1792 |
| Sir John Shore | 1793-1798 |
| Lord Mornington | 1798-1805 |
| Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, 17981799; Second Anglo-Maratha War, 1803-1805 |
| Sir G. Barlow | 1805-1807 |
| Lord Minto | 1807-1813 |
| Lord Moira(Lord Hastings) | 1813-1823 |
| Gurkha War, 1814-1816; Third Anglo-Maratha War, 1817-1818 |
| Lord Amherst | 1823-1828 |
| First Burmese War, 1824-1826; Moghul authority replaced by Britain, 1827 |
| Lord Bentinick | 1828-1835 |
| English replaces Persian, 1828; Suttee illegal, 1829; name of Moghul Emperor removed from coinage, 1835 |
| Lord Metcalfe | 1835-1836 |
| Lord Auckland | 1836-1842 |
| suppression of Thugee launched, 1836; famine, 1837; First Afghan War, 1839-1842 |
| Earl of Ellenborough | 1842-1844 |
| Lord Hardinge | 1844-1848 |
| First Sikh War, 1845-1846 |
| Earl of Dalhousie | 1848-1856 |
| Second Sikh War, 1848-1849; Punjab annexed, 1849; Second Burmese War, 1852; Oudh annexed, 1856 |
| Lord Canning 1856-1858 | |
| Viceroy,1858-1862 |
| Great Sepoy Mutiny, 1857-1858;
[Crown](#british) Rule, 1858-1947; General Cotton's campaign against Wahhābīs, "Hindustani fanatics," 1858 |
The next step in the evolution of British government in India occurred in 1772, when Warren Hastings, as the first British Governor General of India, moved to take over in all its details the functions of the *Diwani*, the revenue collection, of Bengal. At the same time, the British also informally took over the *Nizamat*, the criminal and police administration of Bengal, including the courts, leaving the Nawwāb with no remaining public duties. He was, however, left unmolested with his pension at the capital of Murshidabad. The *Nizamat* was not *formally* assumed by the Company until 1793.
Hastings thus inaugurates *de facto* direct Birtish rule over India, even if it is still really only the East India Company, and even if the fiction of Moghul sovereignty is retained for a while. British rule is often called "**the Raj**," from the Sanskrit and Hindi-Urdu word for "King." This is written  in Urdu and  in Hindi. There is no reason not to call the regime of the Moghuls or Guptas "the Raj" also, but the term seems to be restricted to the British dominion.
The very odd thing about this period is the ambiguity about just who owned British possessions in India and who the real sovereign authority was. The British constitutional authority in Bengal under Hastings was still based on authorizations from the Moghul Emperors. Some fiction of Moghul sovereignty was maintained at least until 1827 -- although the Moghul Emperor himself had been living under British rule since 1803. In 1813, when the charter of the East India Company was renewed, the British Parliament did formally assert the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Company's territories in India. This unilateral declaration, although recognized after 1815 by other European powers, was less obviously asserted in India itself. Lord Hastings did not meet with the Emperor Akbar II in 1814 because the Emperor expected to receive the Governor-General as a vassal rather than an equal. It would then be in Akbar's reign that most of the remaining signs of Moghul sovereignty would be stripped away. The Moghul court language, Persian, was replaced by English in 1828. Originally British Indian coins simply said "East India Company." In 1835, the face of the King of England (William IV) began appearing on East India Company coins. The ambiguities were not all settled until 1858, when the Last Moghul, Bahādur Shāh II, was deposed (he had sided with the Mutineers), the East India Company was abolished, and the Governor-General became the Viceroy, the sovereign agent for Queen Victoria. Nevertheless, another ambiguity continued, which is what *kind* of entity India was, simply a "Crown Colony" or something else? This was cleared up in 1876, when Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India, meaning that India itself was an Empire, as it was presumed to be under the Moghuls. Thus, the slow process was completed by which the British Sovereign replaced the Moghul.
---
The slow progress of claims to sovereignty may indicate the ambivalent nature of the British presence in India. They really were there just to make some money; and the very idea that the British would **rule** in India like Aśoka or Akbar was something that was both foreign and repugnant to a great deal of British public opinion.
The [Whigs](conserv.htm) and their successors, the Liberals, were never happy about British "imperialism." In this era an interesting example of the controversy was the impeachment (1787) and prosecution (1788-1795) of Warren Hastings, the first formal Governor-General of India, after his return home. This was led by [Edmund Burke](nature.htm) and other Whig leaders, charging that Hastings had been a corrupt tyrant exploiting and victimizing the people of India.
While many would now think of the whole British sojourn in India as of that nature, and there is no doubt that in the 1770's and '80's there was a bit of a Wild West feel to many who wanted to make their fortune in the country, Hastings himself actually seems to have been relatively conscientious and benevolent. The fury of Burke's attacks and the extraordinary length of the trial may have helped generate positive sympathy for Hastings -- the cartoon shows him literally attacked by, from left to right, Burke, Lord North, and another Whig leader, Charles James Fox. He was acquited. The whole business, however, exposes such uncertainties as can never have troubled the likes of Mahmud of Ghazna or Bābur the Great Moghul.
---
Two remarkable undertakings in this period were the suppression of [Suttee](caste.htm#note-1) and of Thugee. Suttee was the burning of widows on the pyres of their husbands. This was supposed to be voluntary, as an act of devotion, as Sīitā did for her husband Rāma in the Epic , but it mainly became an act of murder, by which the husband's family could rid themselves of an unwanted daughter-in-law. Now I hear the claim that it was only done to protect widows from rape by British soldiers -- although the burning of widows was observed among the Hindus of Java by the Chinese in the fleet of [Admiral He](#admiralhe) in 1407, and the murder of daughters-in-law and widows is not unheard of in recent India. The Thugs were devotees of the [goddess Kali](gods.htm), who murdered and then robbed in her name (the practice of Thugee). Since the Thugs were a secret society, exposing and arresting them was a more difficult and protracted process. That these practices were worthy of suppression provides an interesting subject for arguments about cultural [relativism](relative.htm). At the time they did raise fears that the British intended to replace native religion with Christianity, which helped provoke the Great Mutiny.
| Nawwābs & Kings of Oudh(Awadh), 1722-1856 |
| Saʿādat Khān Burhān al-Mulk | 1722-1739 |
| ʾAbū Manṣūr KhānṢafdār Jang | 1739-1754 |
| Ḥaydar Shujāʿ ad-Dawla | 1754-1775 |
| ʾĀṣaf ad-Dawla | 1775-1797 |
| Wazīr ʿAlī | 1797-1798,d. 1817 |
| deposed by British |
| Saʿādat ʿAlī Khān | 1798-1814 |
| Ḥaydar I Ghāzī ad-Dīn | 1814-1827;King, 1819 |
| Ḥaydar II Sulaymān Jāh | 1827-1837 |
| Muḥammad ʿAlī Muʿīn ad-Dīn | 1837-1842 |
| ʾAmjad ʿAlī Thurayyā Jāh | 1842-1847 |
| Wājid ʿAlī | 1847-1856;d. 1887 |
| Deposed by British, Oudh annexed to British India, 1856; Great Sepoy Mutiny, 1857-1858 |
| Barjīs Qadır | 1857, during the Mutiny |
| [British](#british) Rule, 1858-1947 |
Oudh was a Moghul province that drifted into independence. The growth of British influence after 1764 led to a treaty in 1801 that required "sound government." British judgment that there wasn't such government became the pretext for deposing the king and imposing direct British rule in 1856. This and other resentments over British rule in India helped spark the **Great Mutiny** of British Sepoy (i.e. Indian) troups in 1857-1858 -- "sepoy" is the Ango-Indian rendering of *sipāhī* in Persian, which simply meant "soldier." Oudh was a center of the rebellion. The British were besieged in **Cawnpore** and **Lucknow**. The siege of Cawnpore ended in a massacre of the whole British garrison, women and children included -- to which the British retaliated with their own massacre later. The siege of Lucknow ended better. One relief force simply joined the besieged, then another rescued the garrison but abandoned the city. Finally the city was retaken in 1858.
The political center of the Mutiny was perhaps in Delhi, where rebels rushed to solicit the legitimacy of the aging Moghul Bahādur Shāh II. With some reluctant, Bahādur, in principle still the sovereign and suzerain of British India (although reduced to being the "King of Delhi" in British treatment), went along with the rebellion. However, the now restored Emperor could provide little leadership, and the Mutineers themselves could never effectively organize either their forces or their goals for the rebellion. Delhi was recaptured, in part thanks to loyal Punjabi troops -- the Sikhs had little respect for the Bengalis who constituted the bulk of the rebels but curiously admired the British who had so recently defeated them. Bahādur was now deposed and exiled, but his sons were (disgracefully?) executed. This all led to a transformation of British rule in India, with the **East India Company** being disbanded and the [Royal Government](#british) taking responsibility for the country.
Although most rebels (or, unfortunately, suspected rebels) were simply hanged, convicted Mutineers were sometimes "blown from the guns," i.e. strapped to the mouth of a cannon that was then fired, tearing the body of the condemned apart. I long thought that this appalling practice was invented on the spot out of a spirit of savage, Imperial(ist) vengeance on the part of the British. However, such a form of execution had always been used in the British Indian Army, and it was actually inherited from the Moghuls.
This reveals another ambivalence about British rule in India. On the one hand, the British were themselves appalled by many traditional practices in the country, where Moghul courts often inflicted the death penalty, for instance, in the form of impalement. One English officer asked, "How much longer are we to be outraged by the sight of writhing humanity on stakes?" [Sir Penderel Moon, *The British Conquest and Dominion of India*, Duckworth, Indiana University Press, 1989, pp.155-156]. On the other hand, it would be some time before it was believed proper simply to impose European sensibilities on the country and reform the government and judiciary on 18th century Enlightenment or 19th century [Liberal](freestat.htm) principles.
Thus, even when the East India Company began to take over the courts of Bengal, Islamic law continued for some time to be applied, as under the Moghuls. Although the imposition of British values offends [cultural relativism](relative.htm) and now seems a salient and offensive characteristic of British rule in India, most objections to the Raj even now tend to revolve around features of the regime inherited from the Moghuls. The very idea of foreign conquest and rule being wrong, for instance, by which the whole British presence in India can be condemned, is itself a supremely Liberal judgment, unrelated to any value from traditional India. Nothing would have been so traditional as for Queen Victoria to have proclaimed herself, not the Empress, but the *Chakravartin* -- certainly apt for a ruler who possessed a realm upon which the [Sun Never Set](british.htm). Thus, it is shocking to think of Mutineers being "blown from the guns," but who are we to ethnocentrically criticize traditional Indian practices? *[irony]*
| Niẓāms of Hyderabad,(Haydarābād) 1720-1948 |
| --- |
| Chin Qılıch Khān
Niẓām al-Mulk | 1720-1748 |
| Nāṣir Jang | 1748-1750 |
| overthrown by the French, under [Dupleix](#dupleix), killed in battle, 1750 |
| Muẓaffar Jang | 1751-1752 |
| installed by the French,under Dupleix |
| Ṣalābat Jang | 1752-1762 |
| installed by the French,under Dupleix |
| Niẓām ʿAlī Khān | 1762-1803 |
| Sikandar Jāh | 1803-1829 |
| Farkhanda ʿAlī Khān
Nāṣir ad-Dawla | 1829-1857 |
| Mīr Maḥbūb ʿAli I ʾAfḍal ad-Dawla | 1857-1869 |
| Mīr Maḥbūb ʿAli II | 1869-1911 |
| Mīr ʿUthmān ʿAlī Khān Bahādur Fatḥ Jang | 1911-1948,d.1967 |
| Annexation by[Dominion](#dominion) of India, 1948 |
Hyderabad, originally most of the Deccan plateau, was another Moghul province (under a *ṣūbadār*) that drifted into independence. Despite the collapse of Moghul power, becoming surrounded by the British, and becoming allies of the British against states like Mysore, the Niẓāms still listed the Moghul Emperors on their coins all the way until the end of the line in 1858. British sovereignty was not acknowledged until 1926. Although Hyderabad was relatively improverished compared to the surrounding British territories, the last Niẓām eventually accumulated enough wealth to be considered the richest man in the world -- he was called that by *Time* magazine in 1937. His throne did not outlive British rule by long. When India was partitioned, the Moslem Niẓām toyed with independence, going with Pakistan, or some kind of loose relationship with India. Since Hyaderabad was landlocked and surrounded by India, and was overwhelmingly Hindu, the new Dominion of India, ironically with [King George VI](#dominion) of England still as official Head of State, already fighting with Pakistan over Kashmir, soon invaded and attached Hyderabad to India by force. The Niẓām himself, however, lived out a respected and active life in India.
Oudh and Hyderabad are distinguished by color on the map below. A striking microcosm of the effect of British rule was the difference between the economic development of Hyderabad and that of the adjacent coast, under direct British rule. Although these encompassed the same [Telugu](upan.htm) speaking Hindu people and were included in the same state of Andhra Pradesh on independence, the greater economic development of the British area resulted in complaints from Hyderabadis that they were being taken over, exploited, etc. by migrants from the coast. The result was political moves to create preferential policies for the natives of Hyderabad. That the "exploited" colonial area is more economically developed than the area left to traditional rule is something that should not be surprising, but it is if all one has done is read [Leninist](marx.htm) economics. See Thomas Sowell's *Preferential Policies, An International Perspective*, "Andhra Pradesh" [William Morrow & Co., 1990, pp.65-69]. Hyderabad is an important case to demonstrate that economic development can vary with history even where race, language, (traditional) culture, and religion are otherwise identical. The tensions between the old inland Hyderabad and the coastal area have now resulted in an actual partition. As of 2 June 2014 the previous area of Andhra Pradesh is formally divided between the States of Andhra Pradesh, on the coast, and Telangana, inland. The city of Hyderabad, within Telangana, will be shared by both States as a common capital for ten years. This extraordinary development will clearly make it easier for Telangana to pass laws discriminating against people from Andhra Pradesh. Again, this case demonstrates how history can produce differences in human capital despite the identity of other features, especially [race](racism.htm), language, religion, and hostile [discrimination](discrim.htm), that other people might see as explanatory of economic differences. The people of coastal Andhra Pradesh *benefited* so much for British liberalism (i.e. "imperialism") that it has created a conflict, among an ethnically identical group, that has presisted from the era of Indian independence to the present [2014], which now amounts to 67 years, long enough for a couple whole new generations to have grown up. This persistence is itself noteworthy, something we should recollect in the face of more violent, tragic, vicious, and durable conflicts, as in [Sri Lanka](british.htm#ceylon).
The map shows the growth of British India from 1805 to the time of the Mutiny in 1858. At first, direct British rule already extends from Bengal all the way up the Ganges to Delhi (where a shadow of Moghul sovereignty persists) and down the East coast to Ceylon. By 1858, extensive areas have been added, notably the Punjab and into Burma. Oudh is also a recent acquisition, distinguished for its importance in the Mutiny. The yellow areas contain [Princely States](british.htm#prince) that are British dependents by treaty. Most would remain so until the end of British rule, a reluctance for further annexations having overcome the British after the Mutiny. However, on the eve of Indian Independence, the Princes would be rather bluntly informed that their territories were indeed going to be annexed, either to India or Pakistan. Their existence had become an anachronism. Such government was all that existed in the 18th century, but the British, by leaving them in place, had inadvertently managed to preserve them as living fossils into a very different age. Some people began to think that the British kept them in place just to make fun of them. Fossils or not, their actions were not always without contemporary consequences. The choice of the Hindu ruler of the majority Muslim Kashmir to go with India led to wars, tensions, and terrorism that persist until today.
| [BRITISH](perifran.htm#hanover)EMPERORSOF INDIA | Viceroys & Governors-General of India |
| --- | --- |
| Victoria | Queen,1858-1901 | Lord Elgin | 1862-1863 |
| Lord Lawrence | 1863-1869 |
| General Chamberlain's campaign against [Wahhābīs](islam.htm#saudi) and "Hindustani Fanatics," Battle of Ambeyla Pass, 1863-1864; trials of Wahhābīs, 1864 & 1865; Duar War, with [Bhutan](buddhism.htm#realms), 1864-1865; famine in Orissa, 1865-1866 |
| Lord Mayo | 1869-1872 |
| Trials of Wahhābīs, 1870 & 1871; Assassinated, Andaman Islands |
| Lord Northbrook | 1872-1876 |
| Famine in Bengal & Bihar, 1874 |
| Empress,1876-1901 | Lord Lytton | 1876-1880 |
| Famine, 1876-1878; Second Afghan War, 1878-1881 |
| Lord Rippon | 1880-1884 |
| Lord Dufferin | 1884-1888 |
| Government agrees not to use the term "Wahhābī," 1885 |
| Lord Landsdowne | 1888-1894 |
| Third Burmese War, 1885 |
| Lord Elgin | 1894-1899 |
| Famine, 1896-1898; Siege of Malakand, 1897 |
| Lord Curzon | 1899-1905 |
| Edward (VII) | 1901-1910 |
| Famine, 1899-1900 |
| Lord Minto | 1905-1910 |
| George (V) | 1910-1936 | Lord Hardinge | 1910-1916 |
| Capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi, 1912, to New Delhi, 1931 |
| Lord Chelmsford | 1916-1921 |
| Third Afghan War, 1919 |
| Lord Reading | 1921-1926 |
| Lord Irwin(Lord Halifax) | 1926-1931 |
| Lord Willingdon | 1931-1936 |
In explicitly assuming the sovereignty of India, Queen Victoria assured her new Subjects that their religions would be respected. The British had been shaken, however, and units of the Indian Army, for instance, were never again trusted with artillery. There is also a continuing ambivalence, if not ambiguity, in British Rule. Victoria became the "Queen-Empress," giving the impression that being Queen of England was the moral equivalent, and more like the superior, of being Empress of India. The formula of "King-Emperor" subsequently used by the monarchs also has an unfortunate echo in the *Königlich-Kaiserlich* style of [Austria-Hungary](francia.htm#orient-A), which became a byword for **absurdity** in German politics. It seemed no less absurd when the King of [Italy](francia.htm#modern) became another "King-Emperor" after Mussolini's conquest of [Ethiopia](ethiopia.htm) in 1936. As I have [elsewhere](british.htm) compared the British Empire to something more like the Holy Roman Empire, this all adds to the ridiculous overtones of the business, even while the use of the double title must always have unnecessarily reminded Indians of the foreign and often condescending nature of the British government.
Among the events of his period, I have noted the occasions when famines occurred in India. British measures during such famines I have discussed elsewhere in relation to the [Irish Potato Famine](perifran.htm#famine).
The list of British Viceroys was originally compiled from *The British Conquest and Dominion of India*, Sir Penderel Moon [Duckworth, Indiana University Press, 1989]. **Lord Reading** was actually Jewish, probably the highest ranking Jew in the history of the British Empire, where the Viceroy of India, always raised to the Peerage for his office, held the highest Office of State next to the Throne itself.
When India became independent in 1947, it legally became a British **Dominion**, which means that the King of England was still the formal Head of State. **Lord Mountbatten**, the last Viceroy, was asked by **Jawaharlal Nehru**, the new Prime Minister, to stay on as Governor-General of the Dominion. There was then only one Indian Governor-General before the country was declared a Republic in 1950. The first Governor-General of Pakistan, which similarly became a Dominion, was the Moslem nationalist leader, **Mohammad Ali Jinnah**. Jinnah died of cancer in 1948, and there were several Pakistani Governors-General before the country became a Republic in 1956.
What the British heritage in India tends to stand for is something democratic, unifying, fair, and evenhanded -- a plus for India and a tribute to the British. One accusation against British evenhandedness was what seemed their preference for Muslims, which may have led to unnecessary haste in deciding to partition the country. However, it has always been the policy of every imperial power to use the services of minorities who dislike or fear the prospect of government by the majority communities. When minorities are subsequently oppressed, expelled, or massacred afterways, the majority community tends to justify the matter as retribution for cooperation with the occupiers. However, if the minorities had been oppressed *before* the arrival of the imperial power, this rationalization rings a little hollow.
In India, Islam *arrived* with the imperial power of Ghazna, the Ghurids, and the Moghuls, and Muslims had *never* lived under a Hindu majority government. For reasons both rational and irrational, the movement arose to avoid this. Whether or not the British, who certainly included Islamophiles like [Sir Richard Burton](ross/fencing.htm#burton), favored Muslims (though others, like Colonel James Tod, admired the warlike Hindu Rajputs, cf. *Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan*, 1829, 1832), we are now familiar enough with the cultural dynamic of Islām to see that very little favor indeed, if any, was necessary to produce the nationalism of Mohammad Ali Jinnah. Even if the British had granted independence to India in 1919 or 1930, before Jinnah's movement began, it is not difficult to see a certainty of the emergence of something much like it, whose consequence would have been civil war rather than Partition -- the terrible things that often happened during the Partition, with many incidents of mutual massacre (though sometimes these were stopped by the remarkable influence of [Gandhi](gandhi.htm)), give us some clue what a proper civil war could have been like. It seems unlikely that even the subsequent wars between Indian and Pakistan have been as sanguinary as the massacres during the Partition. Of course, the partition that Muslims favored in India as the minority, they rejected as the solution for [Palestine](outremer.htm#israel), where they were the majority.
On the map we see the final form of British India, with [Burma](perigoku.htm#burma) thrown in for good measure. The special North West Frontier Province and the imposition of direct British rule along the southern border of [Afghanistan](afghan.htm) both bespeak increasing British concern about the advance of the [Russians](russia.htm#romanov) in Central Asia. The espionage and diplomatic maneuvering associated with Russian actions and intentions were often called the "Great Game." In retrospect, not much seems to have come of it all; but at the time, Russia, actually with the largest economy in the world, seemed more powerful and aggressive than it looks now. We forget that Russia was at the time conquering Central Asia, and the British remembered well the hard fight of the Crimean War (1853-1856). The principle consequence of the Russian approach was British intervention in Afghanistan, either to attach the kingdom to the Empire, or at least preserve it as a buffer state. The First Afghan War (1839-1842) was a famous catastrophy, with, after intitial successes, the entire British force wiped out in retreat from Kabul. The Second Afghan War (1878-1881) at least accomplished the task of rendering Afghanistan under British protection as a buffer against the Russians, just as the Russians actually were arriving in the mountains to the north. The most famous casualty of this war is the fictional John H. Watson, M.D., whose wound and small income led to him to find a roommate in the person of one [Sherlock Holmes](foundatn.htm#holmes). The rest is, after a fashion, history. The practical end of the Great Game may have come in 1905, when the Wakhan salient was attached to Afghanistan to separate India from Russia. It still gives Afghanistan a small border with China. The Third Afghan War (1919), led to full formal Afghan independence in 1921. The Russians eventually arrived after all in 1979 but in the end probably wished that they had not bothered, with the Soviet Union itself collapsing shortly after the Russian occupation ended in 1989. Now, however, after Afghanistan began harboring [Islamist terrorists](afghan.htm#fascism), an American and NATO military presence (2001) has mainly succeeded in chasing the radicals and their allies into the mountains within the Pakistani border. This region, shown as annexed by the British in 1890 and 1893, is a primitive tribal area that was never very much under British control. The Pakistanis have not done markedly better with the place, which is still protected by the fearsome terrain, the resolute anarchy of the inhabitants, and now by the political problem of Islamist and pro-terrorist sentiment within Pakistan itself, which makes a sustained crackdown unpopular. *La plus ça change...*
| BRITISHEMPERORS& KINGS | Viceroys & Governors-General of India |
| --- | --- |
| Edward (VIII) | 1936 | Lord Linlithgow | 1936-1943 |
| George (VI) | Emperor,1936-1947 |
| Lord Wavell | 1943-1947 |
| Famine, 1943 |
| Lord Mountbatten | 1947 |
| King;
India1947-1950,Pakistan1947-1952 | Governor-Generalof [India](british.htm#india),1947-1948 | Mohammad AliJinnah | Governor-Generalof [Pakistan](british.htm#pakistan),1947-1948 |
| Chakravarti,Rajagopalachari | Governor-Generalof India,1948-1950 | KhwajaNazimuddin | Governor-Generalof Pakistan,1948-1951 |
| India becomesa Republic, 1950 |
| Elizabeth (II) | Queen,
Pakistan,1952-1956 | | Ghulam Mohammad | Governor-Generalof Pakistan,1951-1955 |
| Iskander Mirza | Governor-Generalof Pakistan,1955-1956 |
| Pakistan becomesa Republic, 1956 |
Although many Indians preserve an ideological or nationalistic animus towards the British (which they may or may not have, for instance, towards the Moghuls), believing that the British exploited India and inhibited its development -- for instance I find an equestrian statue of Edward VII in Toronto that had been relocated from an apparently unwelcoming Delhi (shouldn't the Tāj Mahal be deported to Bābur's Farghāna?) -- there is the striking circumstance that, while on independence in 1947 the Indian economy was twice the size of that of China, that advantage was lost by 1990, and the Chinese economy by 2003 was more than twice the size of India's. Thus, it seems to be that the British *promoted* Indian development more than otherwise and that the socialist and autarkic policies instituted by Nehru, and later his daughter Indira Gandhi, have done more damage than can ever be blamed on the British (unless it be on the influence of British socialists). Fortunately, these policies began to be reversed in the 1990's and great improvement has occurred, as discussed [elsewhere](british.htm#india). Today, an [American](presiden.htm) calling a customer service number for an American company may well find themselves speaking to somebody in India. Some resent this, but it is really rather marvelous and would seem to bespeak a handsome kinship between two different subjects of the former British Imperium. Americans are otherwise familiar with the entrepreneurial talent of Indian immigrants to the United States, where they are disproportionately successful in a number of areas of business, including hotels and motels, of all things. In 1982 I was personally bewildered when my car broke down in Artesia, [New Mexico](newspain.htm#newmexico), to find a motel run by people from India. The industry of Indians is beyond doubt, all they needed was the sympathy and cooperation of their own government.
[
[Index of Princely States & Protectorates of British India](british.htm#prince)
[The Calendar in India](calendar.htm#india)
[British Coinage of India, 1835-1947](coins.htm#india)
[The Caste System and the Stages of Life in Hinduism](caste.htm)
[Prime Ministers of India](british.htm#india)
[Prime Ministers of Pakistan](british.htm#pakistan)
[The Sun Never Set on the British Empire](british.htm)
[World War II in Burma](perigoku.htm#ww2)
[The Kings of England, Scotland, & Ireland](perifran.htm#england)
[British Coins before the Florin, Compared to French Coins of the *Ancien Régime*](coins.htm)
[The Bank of England](coins.htm#bank)
[Sangoku Index](#top)
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##### Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 [Kelley L. Ross, Ph.D.](./ross/) All [Rights](./#ross) Reserved
### Emperors of India, Note;Moghuls and Mughals: *South Asia in World History*,by Marc Gilbert, Oxford, 2017
χείλη ἀλλοτρίων ἐν τούτοις βαρυνθήσεται,
λόγοι δὲ φρονίμων ἐν ζυγῷ σταθήσονται.
Labia inprudentium stulta narrabunt,
verba autem prudentium statera ponderabuntur.
The lips of strangers weigh down/weary others,
But the words of the wise will stand in the balance.
**Ecclesiasticus**, Septuagint, Σοφία Σειράχ 21:25;
Vulgate, Liber Iesu Filii Sirach, 21:28; cf. [wisdom](wisdom.htm).
For an example of the promotion of the use of "Mughal," , for the Moghuls, let's look at the recent *South Asia in World History*, by Marc Jason Gilbert:
> Though Timurs descendants called themselves Chatagai, or Timurids, Europeans, following the Persian word for Mongol (Mughal), came to call them Mughals. [Oxford University Press, 2017, p.62]
The problems here are that (1) "Mughal" is not now, and apparently has not been for some time, at least, the Persian word for "Mongol" -- and never with the initial "u" vowel -- it is in the Modern language of Hindi, or Urdu; (2) "Europeans," overwhelmingly, until recently, did not call the Mongols or Moghuls "Mughals," and (3) the descendants of [Chagatai](mongol.htm#chaghaty) and [Tamerlane](mongol.htm#timurid) would not have literally called themselvies "Timurids," since this contains a Greek [patronymic](greek.htm#note-22) ending that is only used in European languages. The Persian patronymic suffix , *zadeh*, was available for this purpose even in Turkish or Hindi; but I have not seen it used for the Timurids. We also might note (4) that the title of the book itself reflects a kind of political decision, since the ground covered therein is pretty much what previous books called "India" -- such as the book by Gilbert's own teacher, Stanley Wolpert (1927-2019), in his own *A New History of India* [Oxford, 2008]. The existence of Pakistan and Bangladesh now means that historic India is no longer India.
At the same time, we can imagine that the history of [Ceylon](buddhism.htm#ceylon) would count as "South Asia" but not "India"; but then (5) Gilbert devotes no more than *one paragraph* to pre-modern Ceylon, anachronistically called "[Sri Lanka](british.htm#ceylon)" [p.49] -- a name that was adopted, by the way, as part of an ethnic nationalist campaign of disenfranchisement and even terror by the majority Sinhalese against the minority Tamil population of Ceylon.
Has Gilbert, after a fashion, endorsed, we could say, discrimination and murder against the Tamils? This is probably not what politically correct language practices are supposed to accomplish, and Gilbert probably would be alarmed if the connection of the name to Sinhalese nationalism and terror were pointed out to him. But he should know about it already; and he at least owes us an acknowledgement that perhaps he uses "Sri Lanka" because it has, whatever its origin or overtones, become the standard international usage. Nevertheless, the politically correct [principle](romania.htm#note-14) that a place must be called by the name used by its own inhabitants, the "endonym," cannot be coherently applied to a place like Ceylon where one local group, the Sinhalese, uses a name as a weapon against another, the Tamils.
Another example of such anachronism also involves Pakistan. We find Chris Naunton saying, about [Alexander the Great](hist-1.htm#great), that "the Roman author Aelian wrote that when the emperor was in Pakistan..." [*Searching for the Lost Tombs of Egypt*, Thames & Hudson, 2018, p.208]. We have a twofer here, since the title "emperor" (Latin *imperator*) didn't exist yet and certainly couldn't have been used by Alexander. Also, Alexander cannot have visited "Pakistan" without a time machine, since the country didn't exist before 1947. Nor can Aelian have referred to a place called "Pakistan." But we know why this happens.
The politically correct scholar does not want to offend Pakistanis by giving them the (correct) idea that their country has always been part of geographical India. However, Gilbert has run the danger of offending Tamils by using "[Sri Lanka](buddhism.htm#ceylon)." They call the island *Ilaṅkai*; and the Tamils, as Hindus, know that "Lanka" is the place of demons in the Sanskrit epic, the *Rāmāyaṇa*.
Thus, ironically, Gilbert's history of India avoids much of the historical vocabulary of its subject, and actually falsifies the usage of the word "Mughal" for the Moghuls -- where he says that this word is Persian, altough it is and *is supposed to be*, on political principle, Hindi or Urdu -- although "came to call them" is slippery, since it could make the statement true even if the usage only began ten minutes ago.
What Europeans called the Moghuls is extensively listed by the *Oxford English Dictionary* (the "OED") and by what is commonly called "Hobson-Jobson," which is *A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases*, by Henry Yule & A.C. Burnell [1886, 1985, Curzon Press, 1995]. As noted [above](#moghuls), in English, "Mogul" seems to have become standard by the 18th century; and entries in English dictionaries, like Hobson-Jobson, the OED, Random House, Websters, etc., are under "Mogul." Thus, for at least a couple centuries, what "Europeans" called the Moghuls, at least in English, was "Moguls." Noted above are some words in Portuguese for the Mongols and Moghuls, and Hobson-Jobson even gives us the term "Mogores" in Latin [from 1536].
A revealing case for usage may be editions of the extraordinary memoir of the Moghul Emperor Bābur, the *Bāburnāma* (see discussion of the word *nāma* [here](iran.htm#note-0)). Hobson-Jobson quotes the English translation of 1826, the *Memoirs of Zehir-ed-Din Muhammed Baber, Emperor of Hindustan*, translated by John Leyden and William Erskine [Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green; London; annotated and revised by Sir Lucas King, Oxford, 1921]. The translation, finished by Erskine using the Persian translation of the original Turkic text, uses "Moghul" for the Mongols.
Subsequent translations include *Memoirs of Babar, Emperor of India, First of the Great Moghuls*, edited by F.G. Talbot [Arthur L. Humphreys, London, 1909], and a facsimile of the Hyderabad Turkic manuscript of the memoir, *The Bábur-náma, Being the Autobiography of the Emperor Babar, the Founder of the Moghul Dynasty in India, Written in Chaghatay Turkish*, edited by Annette Susannah Beveridge [E.J.W. Gibb Memorial Series, Lucas, London, 1905; reissue, 1971]. Each of these editions, stretching from 1826 to 1921, uses the word "Moghul," in the first instance as we see in the quoted text, in the latter as included in the titles of the books. Since standard English usage in these periods was "Mogul," it looks like each of these books uses "Moghul" because that was standard Persian, , either in the manuscripts, or at the time of the translations. Thus, *pace* Gilbert, these "Europeans" were not using "Mughal."
When it comes to Arabic and Persian, it would be nice to know what variants existed, and when, of Persian and Arabic names. Both Hobson-Jobson and the OED are under the impression that , vocalized Moγol or Moγal in Persian (or Muγul or Muγal in Arabic), were common readings in those languages. Indeed, the word in Hindi-Urdu we can expect began as a variant of the Persian word, although read with Arabic "u" for Persian "o." We see the "Mughal" variant in just one citation in Hobson-Jobson, which is of the *Āin-i-Akbarī*, by Abul Fazl ʿAllami, from around 1590 (one volume translated and published by H. Blochmann in 1873, and continued in two more volumes by Col. H.S. Jarret from 1891-1894). We also see a citation, in Spanish, from 1404, before the Moghuls, as such, even existed, of "Mugalia," applied to the "empire of Samarkand" [p.570-571]. These imply that variants existed early. We do not get the form of "Mughal" used in any of the citations under the Hobson-Jobson entry "MOGUL, THE GREAT" [pp.571-573].
So, one can well say that "Mughal" was *a* Persian word (with the Arabic vowel), but not *the* Persian (or Arabic) word, for Mongol. And it was certainly not a word much used by Europeans, let alone the British. So Gilbert has gotten this all wrong; and he has not acknowledged the fact of the ahistorical use of a Hind-Urdu word, where the motivation is simply opaque and political.
So why would a historian ignore or falsify all this history? As I have said above, the preference for *Mughal* has nothing to do with the history of usage in any language. It signifies a political decision, applying the clumsy politically correct ideology that words must be used from the "indigenous" language of the area, even if there was no such word at the time and modern words must be applied anachronistically. Here the contemporary "indigenous" language is Hindi-Urdu, disregarding the history that the Moghuls spoke Persian, not Hindi, and with the potential for embarrassments like "Sri Lanka," which are artifacts of racist or fascist political programs (as later in the use of "Myanmar" for "[Burma](perigoku.htm#burmpres)," a change made by military dictators, but accepted internationally by diplomats, scholars, and the press).
With Gilbert, he not only uses the modern politically correct word, "Mughal," but he explains it in such a manner as to give the impression that it was *always* used this way. This is a "commissar vanishes" level of political manipulation. It constitutes misconduct for a historian, although familiar from totalitarian regimes, where inconvenient history "disappears." All alternative forms of the word have vanished in favor of "Mughal," for the same sort of [reason](upan.htm#hindi) that the names "Bombay" and "Calcutta" have vanished or are vanishing.
The judgment is that the words in the indigenous language ought to be used because anything else is colonialist, imperialistic, or insulting, even when this isn't even true, while the actual history of usage, and the reasons for it, is deleted. Indeed, in the quotation above, we don't know why "Europeans" would be using a Persian word for the Moghuls, since Gilbert has skipped the part where the Moghuls used that language themselves.
This "commissar vanishes" approach to the history becomes another shocking clue of the politicized and totalitarian creep in modern universities, and not just in the United States - with the added irony that it is really patronizing to the "natives" who supposedly are being respected by the practice -- although they may be amused at the mispronunciations that result (which as such then constitute "microaggressions").
This is why in English, French, and German everyone has stopped using "Rome" and "Rom" and now say "Roma," as in the local languages for more than 2000 years, Latin and Italian. Oh, thats not right. Never mind.
[Confusion about Place Names](romania.htm#note-14)
[Confusion about Ethnic Names](romania.htm#eskimo)
## *Diacritics*
A somewhat different issue comes up in one of the recent translations of the *Bāburnāma*, namely *The Baburnama, Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor*, translated by Wheeler M. Thackston. [The Modern Library, 2002]. Here we, of course, find "Mughal," but we also have a curious practice explained in the Preface:
> In this translation, diacritical marks, meaningless to those who do not know Persian and superfluous for those who do, have been dispensed with in spelling. Only the umlaut for Turkish words has been retained... [p.xxvii]
Of course, the Persian words in Thackston's book are almost entirely **the proper names of people and places, things with which even readers fluent in Persian may be unfamiliar**. One might have memorized an entire Persian dictionary without learning a single one of them. This is why a "gazeteer," with place names, or a biographical dictionary, with proper names, is different from a standard dictionary. Thus, there is nothing "superfluous" about supplying the diacritics, and in fact it is the speaker of Persian, or at least those familiar with Persian and Arabic pronunciation, who would appreciate them. I am sometimes [defeated](afghan.htm#note) trying to figure out what an "Arabic" word, supplied without diacritics, is in actual Arabic. The ambiguities are too great. So what Thackston says is absurd.
When we find a ridiculous explanation like this, the suspicion is warranted that the true reason for the practice is something that the scholar does not want to candidly admit. And there are various reasons floating around why people don't want to bother with diacritics for Middle Eastern or Indian languages. One is that it is just trouble, although one might think that it would be less trouble now, in the age of digital fonts, than it used to be, when 18th, 19th, and 20th century scholars, limited by lead type faces, nevertheless tried to faithfully represent the spelling and pronunciation of such languages (when the phonology may not always have been understood, and the conventions of phonetic representation primitive). Such scholars, however, now might be condemned as "Orientalists" who (they are falsely accused) have colonialist and imperialist hostility towards their subjects.
[Richard Burton](ross/fencing.htm#burton) expresses considerations similar to Thackston:
> Moreover the devices perplex the simple and teach nothing to the learned. Either the reader knows Arabic, in which case Greek letters, italics and "upper case," diacritical points and similar typgraphic oddities are, as a rule with some exceptions, unnecessary; or he does not know Arabic, when none of these expedients will be of the least use to him. [*The Book of The Thousand Nights and a Night*, Volumes I & II, The Heritage Press, 1934, 1962, p.xii]
Burton overlooks the same problem as Thackston, that even knowledge of Arabic does not mean familiarity with all the proper names of places and persons that figure in the text, which, in the case of the [*Thousand and One Nights*](islam.htm#thousand), may be names that do not occur anywhere else. Burton compounds the problem with transcriptions that reflect his understanding of pronunciation rather than Arabic spelling, an approach that complicates identifying the Arabic word even for the "learned." And there are peculiarities of the era, such as Burton using an acute accent for long vowels. Even this he calls "an eyesore to the reader and a distress to the printer" [p.xiii].
Burton's use of an acute accent for long vowels is curious. The only language I am aware of that actually does this is [Hungarian](perifran.htm#bohemia). For its two vowels with umlauts, **ö** and **ü**, Hungarian even has unique *double acute* accents, **ő** and **ű**, to show when they are long. Otherwise, acute accents used with the Latin alphabet never indicate or imply long vowels, the way the circumflex, which in origin only occurred on long vowels in [Greek](archon.htm#pronounce), can. Otherwise, we see accents used in Modern European languages to indicate vowel quality or stress, and not the *tone* for which they were created in Greek -- except for [Lithuanian](perifran.htm#lith), which preserves tone accent, indicated by grave, acute, and circumflex accents, although the circumflex is commonly written as a tilde. The grave accent is used with short vowels, the others with long. Accents to indicate tone have now been adopted to write languages like [Chinese](yinyang.htm#dialects2) and [Vietnamese](perigoku.htm#vietese), which are tonal.
Nevertheless, apart from Burton we have already seen the acute accent used in the name of *The Bábur-náma, Being the Autobiography of the Emperor Babar, the Founder of the Moghul Dynasty in India*. Also, the [Baháʾí Faith](calendar.htm#bahai) still uses the accent to indicate long vowels in its transcriptions from Arabic. Why should this be? My guess is that macrons, to indicate long vowels, were little used or available in 19th century type fonts. Acute accents, used in French and other European languages, like, well, Hungarian, were. If Burton and others wished to avoid "distress to the printer," they might choose a diacritic more readily available.
The other reason for dumbing down the text is that an apparatus of diacritics is "elitist." The irony of this is perhaps in its coming from persons who are among one of the most comfortable, complacent, smug, and privileged elites that has ever existed. To these people, the *hoi polloi* (οἱ πολλοί) do not need to be exposed to the arcana of historical accuracy. **Let's keep the arcana fully arcane.** Of course, this *reinforces and exemplifies* rather than suppresses or avoids elitism, even while its practitioners congratulate themselves on their political enlightenment. This is typical. Meanwhile, Wikipedia pioneers (unevenly) giving every name in every language and alphabet that has used it. The names that Thackston gives without diacritics often can be found there with diacritics, pronunciation guide, and written in the Arabic alphabet. Those pages are by anonymous scholars, but they are far more conscientious, helpful, and informative than Wheeler M. Thackston.
Wiser may be the application of this practice without explanation. Thus, Gilbert's book also dispenses with diacritics, but without any explanation or pronunciation guide. But there are mistakes, where some diacritics sneak in. Thus, the Arabic names "Maḥmud" and "ʾAḥmad" both feature an "emphatic h," , which is conventionally transcribed with an underdot (see an audio file for this in relation to the pronunciation of [Egyptian](egypt.htm)). On page 55 of his book, where Gilbert is discussing [Maḥmūd of Ghazna](#ghazna), we get "Mahmud" without the underdot and "Aḥmad" with it. One wonders if Gilbert had supplied the diacritics and then the editors took them out, carelessly.
We find another version of Thackston's rationalization, like Burton's, in the Penguin translation of the *Thousand and One Nights*:
> Here it has been decided not to enter in most cases the diacritical markings that distinguish matching consonsants as well as long and short vowels. For Arabists these are unnecessary and for the general reader they may be thought to add confusion rather than clarity. [*The Arabian Nights, Tales of 1001 Nights*, translated by Malcolm C. Lyons, with Ursula Lyons, Introduced and Annotated by Robert Irwin, Penguin Classics, 2008, p.xxi]
The "Note on Translation" in this book does not identify its author as the translators or as the annotator. In either case, it exhibits the same paradoxes as in the Preface of Wheeler M. Thackston. There is a range of education between the "Arabists" on the one hand and the "general reader" on the other, many of whom might like to know the accurate form of the names in Arabic. Indeed, as with Thackston and Burton, "Arabists" themselves are not going to know the Arabic spelling of all the place and personal names in the *Arabian Nights*. Indeed, as I have noted, many are imaginary and do not occur elsewhere. Nor does the presence of an underdot on some letters, I suspect, add any real "confusion" for the "general reader." This edition, however, while forgetting underdots and macrons, does supply diacritics for non-initial glottal stops (as with the Caliph al-Maʾmun) and for the Arabic letter *ʿayn*, whose significance will indeed be meaningless to readers who do not know some Arabic. I provide explanations for these sounds [here](islam.htm#letters).
While Thackston's book seems to be a fully scholarly work, and Gilbert's is scholarly but for a general or student audience, the logical culmination to the whole thing may be in Philip Mansel's *Constantinople, City of the World's Desire, 1453-1924* [John Murray, London, 1995]. Mansel is an independent scholar and journalist. His impressive bibliography lists works in many languages, including Turkish; but one might wonder about this from the evidence of the text. He uses no diacritics for Turkish, and also provides no pronunciation guide. Thus, the reader innocent of Turkish will not know that "c" is pronounced "j," or that "ç," which is now reduced also to "c," is pronounced "ch." Unlike Thackston, he doesn't even use the umlauts of Modern Turkish orthography. As with the personal and place names in Thackston, even the Turkish speaker will be clueless about the pronunciation of many such words in Mansel -- with the added complication that the phonology of [Ottoman Turkish](turkia.htm#turkish) was somewhat richer than the subsequent language, with many Ottoman words eliminated by "language reform," and Mansel's book is entirely about the Ottoman period. Who is helped by this? How can it ever be considered sound scholarship, even in a popular work? Both the scholar and the curious and conscientious general reader is left adrift.
[Return to Text](#text)
# Emperors of China
In the table below right, the "short count" Chinese historical era is what used to be given in the *Astronomical Almanac* [U.S. Government Printing Office, various annual editions]. The "long count" is from the list of Dynasties in *Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary* [Harvard, 1972, p.1165].
Like the era of the City of Rome (A.U.C., *ab urbe condita*, *annō urbis conditae*), the Chinese historical era really has not been used for dating. Citing the era as the Chinese "year" seems to be a very recent phenomenon. Indeed, the *Astronomical Almanac*
| THE CHINESE HISTORICAL ERA, long count | 2852 BC |
| --- | --- |
| 2021 AD + 2852 = 4873 Annō Sinarum |
| THE CHINESE HISTORICAL ERA, short count | 2637 BC |
| 2021 AD + 2637 = 4658 Annō Sinarum |
| The Legendary Period, Age of the Five Rulers | 647 years |
| Hsia, , Dynasty | long,2205-1766 |
| short,1962-1523 |
ceased giving any Chinese year in its 2010 edition, perhaps recognizing that there is no history of its use.
In the absence of a continuous Era, the Chinese reckoned time in terms of the 60 Year Calendar Cycle and then in the years of individual Eras, the *Nien-hao*, 年號, *Niánhào*. Details about the Chinese calendar are provided through the links in the list below. The inception of Era names is discussed [below](#eras).
The traditional Chinese dates for the Emperors are usually for the first full year of the reign, which is also the first year of the appropriate Era. This can be a little confusing, and sources on Chinese history do not always seem consistent (or we run afoul of when the Chinese calendar year starts -- or I have gotten confused!). The convention is even applied to the Chinese Republic, which is often said to have begun in 1912, even though the [Ch'ing](#ch'ing) Dynasty was overthrown in 1911 -- although in this case the Republic was actually not *formally* proclaimed until January 1, 1912; so the history was arranged to match the chronology.
| |
| --- |
| * [The Chinese 60 Year Calendar Cycle](chinacal.htm#60)* [Eras (*Nien-hao*) of Chinese History](JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600'))* [The Solar Terms and the Chinese Calendar](chinacal.htm)
+ [The Occurrence of the Solar Terms](notes/note-p.htm)* [Groundhog Day and Chinese Astronomy](grndhog.htm)
|
(But then the Emperor did not abdicate until March 1912.)
The convention also makes it possible that Emperors who do not *survive* beyond their initial calendar year may not even be counted, which is the case, creating some confusion, with a couple of the [Mongols](#yuan). Other Emperors are not listed in Chinese sources as unworthy for other reasons, often dismissed as a *Shàodì*, 少帝, "insignificant emperor."
In *Mathews'*, only the first year of a reign is ordinarily given. Here, for the [Ming](#ming) and [Ch'ing](#ch'ing) Dynasties, this year corresponds to the first Era given with the reign. All other Era names, from the Han up to and including the Yüan, are given on a [popup page](JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')) -- or it may be opened in the [current window](erachin.htm).
The [Thought Police](moral-2.htm) are hereby informed that the color yellow is used for the tables and maps for China,
| |
| --- |
| |
not because China is the [racial](racism.htm) "Yellow Peril," but because the color yellow is associated with the [element](elements.htm#china) **earth** (*t'u*, at left) in Chinese philosophy.
Indeed, Chinese civilization began in the northern valley and plain of the , "Yellow River" (Hwang Ho), which actually is yellow from the **loess** (*löß*) brought down from the Tibetan plateau. The Huang He floodplain is thus literally "yellow earth," , and the Chinese theory of the elements has apparently taken cognizance of this.
The element earth also implies the direction "center" -- with China itself, the "Middle Kingdom" (*Chung-kuo*, ) at the center. Thus, China can even be called , "Middle Earth." At least from the Ming Dynasty, yellow tiles were reserved for use on the roofs of Imperial palaces, and so the color came to mean the Emperor himself.
China can also be called the , "Middle Glorious," with  used for "Chinese" in many expressions (almost interchangeably with  and ), e.g.  or  for "Chinese People," or  for "Chinese labor (abroad)," or , "Chinese language." We also get , "Glorious and Extensive," as a name for China, where the latter character is the name of the Hsia Dynasty but also simply the character for "summer," which we see in the [Solar Terms](chinacal.htm).
However,  as a name for China could also be used just to mean "civilized," like China, and thus could be applied to India, although , or even , is now remembered as the name for [Bactria](hist-1.htm#text-10). It is not clear how many Chinese of former times would have been aware that Bactria and India were different places, especially considering that they are "in the West," adjacent, and at the end of the Silk Road. The [Kushans](#kushan) occupied both Bactria and Northern India and thus, as the *Yüeh-chih*, were sometimes identified as such with the latter.
While the "Middle Kingdom" or "Middle Earth" give China a central place in the world, another locution, , "Under Heaven," can mean both China and the entire World -- *all* under heaven. Since the title , "Emperor," when introduced in the [Ch'in](#ch'in), signified uniqueness, supremacy, and universal monarchy, "Emperor," Latin *Imperator*, is a suitable translation in relation to Roman ideology of universal monarchy over the **Cosmopolis**, the world state. To all the countries [around China](perigoku.htm), as to Imperial Princes, the Emperors bestowed no more than the title , "King." This was not graciously received in courts, like [Japan](#japan), where the Monarch was regarded as the equal of the , "Son of Heaven."
Several characters are used to mean "dynasty." With the [Northern and Southern](#north-south) Dynasties we see  (which, with a different pronunciation, otherwise means "morning," as in the name of the Japanese [destroyer](destroy.htm) *Asagiri*, , "Morning Mist"). With the [Five Dynasties](#five), however, we see . Indeed, the first entry for "dynasty" in a modern Chinese dictionary is  [*Concise English-Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary*, A.P. Cowie, A. Evison, The Commercial Press, Oxford University Press, Beijing, Hong Kong, 1986, p.134]. With the names of dynasties, however, one often sees  ("record, annals"), as in , "Ming Dynasty" (cf. *Mathew's*, character 430, p.57, and in Appendix A, with the tables of dynasties, pp.1165-1175).
Wade-Giles writings are intially used here, consistent with the older sources. But [Pinyin](yinyang.htm#dialects3) versions are now generally given, especially for the dynasties, and also exclusively with images of characters. HTML codes used to be very deficient for Pinyin tones. However, Unicode can take care of that, and I think I have fixed up all the examples. Superscript numbers for tones are no longer needed. In fact, there are Unicodes for all the Chinese characters I have looked for; and such characters are now being extensively added to the images (with Pinyin) previously used. One virtue of the Unicode character is that they can be copied and pasted into search engines, which will turn up pages on the Internet about them.
Note that Wade-Giles "ho" and "he" can both be found for Pinyin "he" -- as other writings sometimes reflect older Mandarin pronunciations (e.g. "Peking" itself).
While newer sources use Pinyin exclusively, I think this is improper. As a denial of history, it is like teaching Chinese with only the "simplified" characters. Simplified characters themselves are not given here because they are (1) ugly, (2) ahistorical, (3) not used in older sources, and (4) not used in Taiwan or by many or most overseas Chinese communities (though, I understand, this is changing). It may be too late to stop the simplified character bandwagon, but the attempt should be made -- and oddly enough, traditional characters can often be found in the People's Republic.
While the idea was that simplified characters would make literacy easier, it actually makes larger literacy more difficult when traditional characters must be learned anyway to read older books, historical inscriptions, overseas Chinese, or Japanese *kambun* (), i.e. written Chinese from Japanese writers who didn't actually speak Chinese (a similar phenomenon was formerly found in [Korea](perigoku.htm#korea) and [Vietnam](perigoku.htm#viet)).
A break with the past was certainly one motivation for the simplification -- though Mao Tse-tung (Zedong) then published his own poetry in traditional characters! Curiously, *The Pinyin Chinese-English Dictionary* [Editor-in-chief Wu Jingrong, The Commercial Press, Beijing, Hong Kong, & John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1979, 1985], which gives the simplified character for  in the text [p.266] and in the Chinese Foreword [p.2], nevertheless has the traditional character on the front of the book and on the title page. Indeed, newer dictionaries in Pinyin do a better job of giving the traditional characters along with the simplified ones. And when an edition was prepared of the 24 Standard Dynastic Histories, the *Ershisishi* [241 volumes, Zhonghua, 1962-1975], at the personal direction of Chairman Mao, it was all in traditional, "complex" characters.
The maps are based on L. Carrington Goodrich, *A Short History of the Chinese People* [Harper Torchbooks, The University Library, 1963], *The Anchor Atlas of World History*, Volume I [Hermann Kinder,
Werner Hilgemann, Ernest A. Menze, and Harald and Ruth Bukor, 1974], Michael Prawdin, *The Mongol Empire, its Rise and Legacy* [Free Press, 1961], *The [London] Times Concise Atlas of World History*, edited by Geoffrey Barraclough [Times Books Ltd, Hammond Inc., 1988], *The Cambridge History of Ancient China, from the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C.* edited by Michael Loewe & Edward L. Shaughnessy [Cambridge U. Press, 1999], and a few other sources I've lost track of. Paludan's *Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors*, although an excellent book in every other way, is suspiciously deficient in maps, with a glaring mistake on one that is given -- the absence of the trans-Amur Maritime Province, later lost to Russia, on the map of the Ch'ing Empire [p.11]. There seem to be considerable uncertainties, or at least disagreements, about the boundaries in many periods, even well documented ones, like the T'ang and Ming.
The list of Chinese Emperors here was originally as given in *Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary* [Harvard University Press, 1972, pp. 1165-1175]. Now most of the names and dates and information are from, *A Short History of the Chinese People* by L. Carrington Goodrich [Harper Torchbooks, 1943, 1963], *The Horizon History of China* by C.P. Fitzgerald [American Heritage Publishing, 1969], *The Chinese Calendar and the Julian Day Number*, a pamphlet by [O.L. Harvey](numbers.htm) [1977, based on *Chronological Tables of Chinese History* by Tung Tso-pin, Hong Kong University Press, 1960], *The Glory and Fall of the Ming Dynasty* by Albert Chan [U. of Oklahoma Press, 1982], *The Southern Ming, 1644-1662* by Lynn A. Struve [Yale University Pres, 1984], *A History of Chinese Civilization* by Jacques Gernet [translated by J.R. Foster, Cambridge University Press, 1972, 1982, 1990], the *Records of the Grand Historian* by Sīmǎ Qián [3 volumes, *Qin*, *Han I*, & *Han II*, Columbia University Press, 1993], the *Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors* by Ann Paludan [Thames & Hudson, London, 1998], *The Cambridge History of Ancient China, from the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C.* edited by Michael Loewe & Edward L. Shaughnessy [Cambridge U. Press, 1999], *A Concise History of China* by J.A.G. Roberts [Harvard University Press, 1999], *Chinese History, A Manual* by Endymion Wilkinson [Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series, 52, Harvard U. Press, 2000], the *Oxford Dynasties of the World* by John E. Morby [Oxford University Press, 1989, 2002, pp.215-221], *Historical Records of the Five Dynasties*, by Ouyang Xiu [translated by Richard L. Davis, Columbia U. Press, 2004], *China, A New History* by John King Fairbank & Merle Goldman [Belknap Press of Harvard U. Press, 2006], The *Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten*, or *Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History*, on CD-ROM [Yamato Shobō, 2006], *A History of China*, by John Keay [Basic Books, 2009], *The Troubled Empire, China in the Yüan and Ming Dynasties*, by Timothy Brook [Belknap Press, Harvard, 2010], and some other books and websites that are referenced at various points below.
| Shang, , Dynasty,
1523-1028 (1766-1122) |
| --- |
| Shang-chia | |
| Pao-yi |
| Pao-ping |
| Pao-ting |
| Shih-jen |
| Shih-kuei |
| Ta-yi |
| Wai-ping |
| Chung-jên |
| Ch'êng-t'ang? |
| T'ai-chia |
| Wu-ting |
| T'ai-kêng |
| Hsiao-chia |
| Yung-chi |
| T'ai-wu |
| Chung-ting |
| Wai-jên |
| Tsien-chia |
| Tsu-yi |
| Tsu-hsin |
| Ch'iang-chia |
| Tsu-ting |
| Nan-kêng |
| Hu-chia |
| P'an-kêng | Dynasticnamechanged to |
| Hsiao-hsin |
| Hsiao-yi |
| Wu-ting | ?-1189 |
| Tsu-kêng | 1188-1178 |
| Tsu-chia | 1177-1158 |
| Lin-hsin | 1157-1149 |
| K'ang-ting | 1148-1132 |
| Wu-yi | 1131-1117 |
| Wên-wu-ting | 1116-1106 |
| Ti-yi | 1105-1087 |
| Ti-hsin | 1086-1045 |
The Shang, a splendid Bronze Age [civilization](upan.htm#civiliz), is the true beginning of Chinese history, emerging just as India was falling into its own Dark Ages period (1500-800 BC). The system of writing we see developing in the Shang already displays most of the characteristics of Chinese [characters](yinyang.htm#characters) and was destined to be the only ancient system of ideographic writing to survive into modern usage, both in China and Japan. However, Shang writing is known mainly from oracle bones. There is no surviving literature, documents, or monumental inscriptions from the period. Data like the list of Shang kings or the excavation of Shang royal tombs thus leaves us pretty much in the dark about historical events, though this is not much different from what is often the case with contemporary Egypt or Mesopotamia. The sophistication of Shang culture, on the other hand, may be inspected directly in the magnificent bronzes that are featured in many of the world's museums.
The beginning of Chinese civilization in the North, in the Huang He (or Hwang Ho) valley, means that, among many things, the Chinese diet was not at first what we would expect. **Rice** only grows further South, where there is much greater rain. The Huang He valley is semi-arid. Even today it is **wheat** that is grown there. Of course, wheat was used for another characteristic Chinese food: **Noodles** -- which Marco Polo is supposed to have brought back to Italy. Actually, it looks like noodles had already arrived by way of the Arabs; and there is no evidence, for instance, that the Romans ever ate noodles or knew about them (no plate of [spaghetti](ross/recipe.htm#spago) for [Augustus](romania.htm#julio)). The characteristic staple food of the Mediterranean world was **bread**, something the Chinese did not make. Recently [2005], an ancient bowl of noodles made from [millet](elements.htm#china) was discovered in China and dated about 2000 BC, antedating even the Shang Dynasty.
The contrast between the dry North and the wet South is summed up in a traditional expression, , "South [by] boat; north [by] horse." The dry Huang He plain, so suitable for horses, contrasts not only with the wet Yangtze Valley, but with the mountains and gorges through which the Yangtze flows (and is now extensively dammed). This terrain was one reason the [Mongols](#yuan) had much more difficulty conquering the South than the North.
Used alone, the characters  and  can mean, not just "river," but, respectively, the Huang He and the Yangtze rivers specifically. The former usage is now unusual but the latter is common. Thus, the Huang He is, indeed, the , "Yellow River"; but even the Yangtze is commonly expanded into a binome, , "Long River." "Yangtze" itself is from a local name, , which was generalized, perhaps just by foreigners, for the whole river. This, however, may have been based on a 13th century poem that used the expression .
Chinese characters in the Shang were still pictographic in form. At right are some examples of common modern characters with their Shang antecedents. The pronunciation, of course, is [modern](yinyang.htm#dialects3). There is little and poor evidence about the pronunciation of Chinese at this early period. Chinese at this point may not even have had **tones**. There are no tones in related languages, like Tibetan, but there are tones in unrelated regional languages, like Vietnamese. Chinese may have picked up tones as part of a Southeast Asian *Sprachbund*, where, as in the [Balkans](turkia.htm#romania), unrelated or distantly related languages borrow features from each other. There is also the accepted view that tones developed from morphological features that have now disappeared. There is no reason, however, why influence may not have accompanied such a development. There is also the problem that the inclusion of Chinese in the same language family as Tibetan and Burmese is based on relatively narrow evidence.
| |
| --- |
| * [Categories of Chinese Characters](yinyang.htm#characters)* [The Dialects of Chinese](yinyang.htm#dialects)* [Examples of Dialect Differences Between Peking, Shanghai and, Canton](yinyang.htm#dialects2)* [Pronouncing Mandarin Initials](yinyang.htm#dialects3)* [Mandarin Finals and Syllables](yinyang.htm#dialects5)* [The Contrast between Classical and Modern Chinese](yinyang.htm#dialects4)
|
Previously, I had not given dates for reigns in the Shang dynasty, because of the uncertainties of early Chinese chronology. However, I have now filled in those given in *The Cambridge History of Ancient China* [edited by Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy, 1999, p.25]. I have left the dates of the Dynasty itself the same, however, to indicate the traditional level of uncertainty. I have kept the Chinese convention of ending a reign a calendar year before the beginning of the next reign, both to indicate that this is the convention and because the uncertainties of the dates make the point moot.
The genealogy of the Shang, from the *Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten* (*Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History*) and the *Cambridge History of Ancient China*, may be examined on a [popup image](JavaScript:popup('history/shang.gif','shang','resizable,scrollbars,width=260,height=1460')). Different lists of early Shang rulers are to be seen. In *Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary*, the dynasty begins with a Ch'eng-t'ang immediately before T'ai-chia. However, the *Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten* does not give a Ch'eng-t'ang at all and begins the dynasty two generations before T'ai-chia, with Ta-yi. The *Cambridge History* starts *six generations* before Ta-yi with Shang-chia. The *Nihon Kodaishi* and the *Cambridge History* differ in their construction of the early genealogy. I have tried to indicate where the differences occur. Usually these are in which generation a king belongs. The *Cambridge History* sometimes has a different element in a name -- I have put their version in parentheses. Where the *Nihon Kodaishi* has **T'ai**, , the *Cambridge History* usually has **Ta**,  -- the characters differ by a small stroke and can actually mean almost the same thing. Like the *Cambridge History*, the *Nihon Kodaishi* does not give dates for rulers before Wu-ting, but it does give the beginning of the dynasty at 1600, as the *Cambridge History* does at 1570. The numbering on the crowns is that of the *Nihon Kodaishi*.
| Chou, , Dynasty1027-256 (1122-256) |
| --- |
| Western Chou, 1027-771 |
| Wen Wang | 1099/56-1049 |
| Wu Wang | 1049/45-1042 |
| Chou Kung | 1042-1036 |
| Chêng Wang | 1042/35-1005/03 |
| K'ang Wang | 1005/03-977/75 |
| Chao Wang | 977/75-956 |
| Mu Wang | 956-917/15 |
| Kung Wang | 917/15-899/97 |
| Ih Wang | 899/97-872? |
| Hsiao Wang | 872?-865 |
| I Wang | 865-857/53 |
| Li Wang | 857/53-842/28 |
| Kung Ho | 841-827/25 |
| 841, first solid datein Chinese chronology |
| Hsüan Wang | 827/25-781 |
| Yu Wang | 781-771 |
| Eastern Chou, ,771-256;
Middle Chou, 771-473 |
| P'ing Wang | 770-719 |
| Spring and Autumn, ,Period, 722-481 |
| Huan Wang | 719-696 |
| Hsiang Wang | 696-681 |
| Hsi Wang | 681-676 |
| Hui Wang | 676-651 |
| Hsiang Wang | 651-618 |
| Ch'ing Wang | 618-612 |
| K'uang Wang | 612-606 |
| Ting Wang | 606-585 |
| Chien Wang | 585-571 |
| Ling Wang | 571-544 |
| Ching Wang | 544-520 |
| Tao Wang | 520 |
| Ching Wang | 519-475 |
| Warring States, ,Period, 481-221 |
| Yüan Wang | 475-468 |
| Late Chou, 473-256 |
| Chêng-ting Wang | 468-441 |
| K'ao Wang | 440-425 |
| Wei-lieh Wang | 425-401 |
| An Wang | 401-375 |
| Lieh Wang | 375-368 |
| Hsien Wang | 368-320 |
| Shên-ching Wang | 320-314 |
| Nan Wang | 314-256 |
Over the long history of the Chou Dynasty (commonly pronounced "Joe" in English), China went from a period even more obscure than the Shang to a flourishing, fully documented historical civilization.
The changes were so drastic that the dynasty is typically divided into three parts, though there are different versions of exactly how to do this. The Early Chou presents us with the least satisfactory material, since things seem to have rather declined after the fall of the Shang.
Of much greater interest is what happens when the central authority of the state actually collapses, which moves us into the Middle Chou or the Spring and Autumn Period. The country breaks up into small domains, which separately become vigorous and expansive, and the Chou kings are reduced to ruling a small county on the Huang He River. We finally get into a period with secure historical dating.
The name of the Spring and Autumn Period itself is derived from the *Spring and Autumn Annals*, , one of the Chinese [classics](confuci.htm#classics), which was a chronicle of the state of Lu, the birthplace of Confucius. The origin of the name may be that "Spring and Autumn" was used to simply mean "year," and so by extension an annal or chronicle.
The origin of the phrase, however, is now obscured by its being the name of the book itself. One of the works later interpreted as a commentary on the *Spring and Autumn Annals*, the *Tso Chuan*, , actually contains more information than the *Annals* itself. Indeed, the *Tso Chuan* really isn't a commentary but originally an independent narrative history, the first in Chinese literature, covering the same period.
Suddenly we have the beginning of Chinese literature, history, and philosophy, curiously at about the same time as the beginnings of [Greek](greek.htm) and [Indian](upan.htm#upan) philosophy also. The following links deal with matters in Chinese philosophy.
| |
| --- |
| * [Chinese Philosophy](history.htm#china)* [The "Six Schools" of China](six.htm#china)* [The Chinese Elements and Associations](elements.htm#china)* [The Chinese Colors](elements.htm#colors)* [Confucius [*K'ung-fu-tzu* or *Kongfuzi*]](confuci.htm)* [Key Passages in the *Analects* of Confucius](confuciu.htm)* [The Six Relationships and the Mandate of Heaven](confuci.htm#six)* [The Confucian Chinese Classics](confuci.htm#classics)* [The Chinese Virtues](key.htm#virtues)* [Yin & Yáng and the *I Ching*](yinyang.htm)* [Comments on the *Tao Te Ching*](taote.htm)
|
Although Confucius hoped to end the warfare between the small states of his time, things actually got worse after he died. The following time thus is often called the "Warring States" period.
As time went on, however, one of the Warring States began to win, and to conquer the others. This was the state of Ch'in (Qin), which lay in Shensi (Shaanxi) Province, in the great bend of the Huang He river. In 256, the ruler of Ch'in, Chao-Hsiang, dethroned the last Chou king. Although the Warring States period was not over, the Chou Dynasty was. All of the rulers of the States of the [Spring and Autumn Period](choustat.htm#sp&au) and the [Warring States Period](choustat.htm#warring) may be examined in a separate page. A new window will open with these links, and it should be maximized because the tables are large.
A ruler in the Chou Dynasty was a . Once the country had broken up, but the King retained some kind of precedence, the rulers of the successor states are usually known by the title [*kung* in Wade-Giles]. Thus, we find Confucius visiting "Duke Ching of Ch'i" [[Analects](confuciu.htm) 12:11].
| [six kingdoms](choustat.htm#warring) |
| --- |
| Ch'i | Ch'u | Han | Wei | Chao | Yen |
| | | | | | |
In the table of the Ch'in Dynasty following, we can see the title of the ruler changing from "Duke" to "King" in the year 324. Some rulers (Tsin/Jin, Yen/Yan, and the later Han, Wei, and Chao) originally used , before upgrading to "Duke". Indeed, as shown in the genealogy of Ch'in below, we see that, before the Spring and Autumn Period, the ruler of Ch'in began as a Marquis also. One state, Ch'u, had used *Wàng* from an early date; but by the Late Warring States Period all of the states had adopted that title. "Duke" and "Marquis" were the first of the feudal "Five Ranks," .  All the ranks can be examined under the Chinese [elements](elements.htm#china) and under [Feudal Hierarchy](rank.htm#china).
Previously, I had not given dates for reigns before 841, because of the uncertainties of early Chinese chronology. However, I have now filled them in from *The Cambridge History of Ancient China* [edited by Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy, 1999, p.25]. Beginning with Hsüan Wang, the dates then seem to match what I was already using. I have left the dates of the Dynasty itself the same, however, to indicate the traditional level of uncertainty. Also, I have eliminated the Chinese convention of ending a reign a calendar year before the beginning of the next reign.
The genealogy of the Chou, from the *Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten* (*Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History*), may be examined on a [popup image](JavaScript:popup('history/zhou.gif','zhou','resizable,scrollbars,width=260,height=2440')), though the names and dates are from the *Cambridge History*.
[States of the Eastern Chou](choustat.htm)
| Ch'in, , Dynasty256-207 BC |
| --- |
| Hsiao KungYing Hsiao | 361-337 |
| Hui-wen Kung | 337-324 |
| Wang,324-310 |
| Wu Wang | 310-306 |
| Dowager Hsüan,Mi Bazi, Mi Yue | Dowager Queen& Regent,307-271, d.265 |
| Chao-hsiang Wang | during Chou,306-256 |
| 256-250 |
| Hsiao-wên Wang | 250, 3 days |
| Chuang-hsiang Wang | 250-247 |
| Wang Chêng,(changes his name to)Shih-huang-ti/**Shǐhuángdì** | 247-221 |
| Emperor,221-210 |
| End of Warring States Period, 221; burning books, 213 |
| Erh-shih-huang-tiYing Huhai | 210-207 |
| Ch'in WangTzu-Ying | 207 |
The ruler who accomplished the unification of China may not even have been of the Ch'in royal house. While **Wang Chêng**,  (or **Ch'in Wang Chêng**, ), was the son of Chao-chi, the wife of Chuang-hsiang Wang, she may have already been pregnant, previously having been the concubine of another man (Lü Pu-wei). This is like the story of the Empress Eudocia Ingerina, who was the mistress of the Roman Emperor Michael III and was probably already pregnant when she married Basil I, the founder of the [Macedonian](romania.htm#macedon) Dynasty. The story about Wang Chêng, however, looks a bit more like a later Han slander against the Ch'in First Emperor. These relationships can be examined in the genealogy given below. Earlier rulers of Ch'in are given both in the genealogy and with the [States of the Eastern Chou](choustat.htm).
There is an obscurity in the chronology here. Sources often say that Chao-hsiang Wang died in 251, but the historian Szu-ma Ch'ien [司馬遷, Sīmǎ Qián], who is about the only real source for the chronology, says that Hsiao-wên Wang, 孝文王, Xiàowénwáng, only reigned for 3 days in what would have been 250. There is no evidence of a hiatus, so the "251" may be an artifact of the Chinese habit of dating new things to the following year (i.e. 250 follows 251). Indeed, Ulrich Theobald rationalizes all the dates as falling in 251, which is probably as reasonable as anything. Meanwhile, *Mathews'* dictionary places Hsiao-wên Wang in 250, with a gloss that this was 3 days, while dating the following King, Chuang-hsiang Wang, 莊襄王, Zhuāngxiāngwáng, to 249. This is what confuses things. If Hsiao-wên Wang died in 251, then the reign of Chuang-hsiang Wang should have been dated from 250.
Many Chinese histories and king lists, like the *Oxford Dynasties of the World*, are sparing or skip entirely dates in the Ch'in Dynasty before Shih-huang-ti. So I have just tried to apply the most obvious interpretation to Szu-ma Ch'ien and have dated the death of Chao-hsiang Wang to 250. As it happens, *The Cambridge History of Ancient China* [edited by Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy, 1999] follows the Chinese practice, ends the reign of Chao-hsiang Wang in 251, gives Hsiao-wên Wang 250, and then begins the reign of Chuang-hsing Wang in 249. It thus looks like Hsiao-wên Wang's three days unites all the reigns in 250.
Whatever his origins, Wang Chêng conquered most of the other Warring States and by 221 brought the country together for the first time since the Early Chou. And a much larger and more sophisticated country it now was, too. Although one might say that he was a combination, for Chinese history, of [Alexander the Great](hist-1.htm#great) and [Julius Caesar](rome.htm#caesar), nevertheless he was not a great general himself, just the ruler. One of the first things he decided to do was come up with a more appropriate title. Previously, Chinese rulers had been styled , or "king" (*ō* in [Japanese](#japan), *wang* in [Korean](perigoku.htm#korea), *vương* in [Vietnamese](perigoku.htm#viet)). This was not going to be good enough. So Wang Chêng made up a new title, , the "August God," or, as we would say, the **Emperor**. Later, either one of these characters could be used individually to mean "emperor," as the latter became a suffix for the names of many [Han](#han) Emperors. The whole expression would become *kōtei* in Japanese (*hwangje* in Korean), but much more commonly in Japanese only the first character was used (*kō* or *ō*), suffixed to "heaven," , as *Tennō* in Japanese, "heavenly" or "divine" Emperor. This distinction is even preserved in [Vietnamese](perigoku.htm#vietese), where *hoàng-đế* is "emperor" but *thiên-hoàng* is "Emperor of Japan." The Emperor could also simply be the "Son of Heaven," , *tenshi* in Japanese, *thiên-tử* in Vietnamese. We also see , the "Emperor Above."
Along with the title of Emperor, we come to find a characteristic and suitable expression of good wishes, namely the cheer . This means "Ten Thousand Years," i.e. the length of the reign that we hope for. In Japanese this is pronounced *banzai*, which became familiar as a battle cry in World War II. Such a cheer seems a little more economical and more generally suitable than would "God Save the Queen" in Britain. A comparable expression, , "Life, Prosperity, Health," was used in [Ancient Egypt](notes/newking.htm#pharaoh).
The new "Emperor" of China then decided that he would simply be known as the "**First Emperor**," and that all rulers after him would continue the sequence, "Second Emperor," etc. This made him  (*Shih-huang-ti*), which he is still usually called. After the "Second Emperor," however, nobody bothered with the numbering. *Wàng* came to be used for foreign rulers and Imperial Princes. Thus, the "Prince of Fu" who resisted the Manchus as the first Emperor of the [Southern Ming](#south), was really *Fu Wang*, "King of Fu." The rulers of [Japan](#nara) didn't like being called *wàng*, but it stuck for places like [Siam/Thailand](perigoku.htm#siam) or [Korea](perigoku.htm#korea).
Shih-huang-ti's name is now variously rendered. First, we get the name of the dynasty prefixed: Qín Shǐhuángdì, . Next, we get the same expression with "Emperor" abbreviated: Qín Shǐhuáng, or Qín Shǐ Huáng, . This is now common, usually without the tones written -- Qin Shi Huang. For some reason, I find this annoying.
The genealogy of Ch'in here is based on that in *The First Emperor of China*, by Jonathan Clements [Sutton Publishing, 2006, pp.170-172]. This begins in the Early Chou, with the first Marquis of Ch'in, and continues through all the Dukes and Kings of the [Eastern Chou](choustat.htm).
Although I have seen no such detail given anywhere else, Clements unfortunately does not discuss the style of Chinese dating and does not address the specific issue of the short, peculiar reign of Hsiao-wên Wang -- which he dates to 451, beginning the next reign in 450. He does actually appear to attribute months, not days, to the reign, with the "three days" confined to the time after the *coronation* at the New Year (of 450?). I do not know if this is an interpretation or is clearly asserted by some source.
Clements does mention, which I have not seen elsewhere, that the family name of the house of Ch'in was *Ying*. He also addresses the question of the legitimacy of Wang Cheng, but curiously only as an aside in an appendix, "The First Emperor on Screen" [pp.177-180]. If Lü Pu-wei were the father, Clements says that the queen would have needed to "carry the First Emperor in her womb for eleven months" [p.177]. That would settle the question, but we really do not get the matter argued in an explicit manner.
While Clements gives the earliest rulers of Ch'in the title of , according to Burton Watson [*The Tso Chuan, Selections from China's Oldest Narrative History*, Columbia U. Press, 1989], this would have been no more than a *posthumous* rank. The ruler of Ch'in at the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period was still no more than a . However, Watson does not chronicle the stages by which the rulers certainly increased their rank, which reached  in 324. This matter is discussed with the [States of the Eastern Chou](choustat.htm).
Until the Ming, Chinese Emperors are usually known by posthumous names, which frequently describe something characteristic of the Emperor or his reign. Until the [T'ang](#t'ang), these names are "memorial titles" (*shih*), most frequently ending in *ti* , "Emperor." Starting with the T'ang, the posthumous names are "temple names" (*miao hao*), and the final character is most commonly *tsu* , "Founder," or *tsung* , "Ancestor." "Founder" is used at the beginning of the Dynasty, or after an event like a *re*founding during it. The last Emperor in a Dynasty (or before another kind of hiatus) gets a memorial rather than a temple name, since, at the end, he is not an ancestor.
Personal names, which are not used after ascending the Throne (a reigning Emperor is simply the "Present Emperor," 當今皇上, Dāngjīn Huángshàng), are given for many of the following Emperors. They are identifiable because they begin with the family name of the Dynasty, e.g. Liu for the Han (both of them), Yang for the Sui, Li for the T'ang, and Chu for the Ming. The [Mongols](#yuan) and [Manchus](#ch'ing) did not use Chinese family names -- and with both of them we get two "Founders" because Chinese historians officially began the dynasties only when they considered them the legitimate rulers of China.
With the [Ming](#ming2), Emperors start being known by the name they chose themselves for their Era (*nien-hao*). Earlier there usually were several Eras per reign, so this was not a convenient device, but the Ming Emperors stuck to one, a practice maintained by the Ch'ing and adopted by the [Japanese](#modern) in 1868. The Founder of the Ming, Chu Yüan-chang, thus was given the temple name T'ai Tsu ("Great Founder," 太祖, Tàizǔ), but instead is usually known as the "Hung-wu [Vast Military Power] Emperor," 洪武帝, Hóngwǔ dì. Similarly, Hirohito is now the "Shōwa Emperor [Tennō]," 昭和天皇.
Shih-huang-ti had a ferocious and ruthless disposition that found the advice of the [Legalist](six.htm#china) philosopher Li Szu, 李斯, Lǐ Sī, agreeable. In 213, on Li Szu's urging, Shih-huang-ti outlawed all other schools of thought and began to burn their books. This may be why more is not know about the "Hundred Schools" reputed to have existed under the Chou Dynasty. Scholars who resisted the order were executed: 346 (or more) are supposed to have actually been buried alive. The fall of the Ch'in Dynasty soon thereafter was later seen as proof of the working of the [Mandate of Heaven](confuci.htm#six). Mao Tse-tung is reported as saying in 1958:
| |
| --- |
| What's so unusual about Emperor Shih Huang of the Chin Dynasty? He had buried alive 460 scholars only, but we have buried alive 46,000 scholars....We are 100 times ahead of Emperor Shih of the Chin Dynasty in repression of counter-revolutionary scholars. |
Mao is often compared, not surprisingly, to Shih-huang-ti. Elsewhere, the Emperor's ruthlessness was evident in his construction of the Great Wall of China, which is supposed to have cost many lives per mile. A wall in the North, however, was reasonable when nothing but desert and nomads lay beyond. In the South, he sent an army, which for the first time extended the county down to the South China Sea. It would take some years before the enclosed coastal mountains were settled and pacified by the Chinese. If these things were more good than bad for China, Shih-huang-ti also set in motion some real reforms, like a simplification of the writing system and the end of feudal tenure in farmland.
While Mao is gone, his political heirs still favor positive portrayals of Shih-huang-ti. We see this in a recent movie, *Hero*, 英雄, *Yīngxióng*, by director Zhang Yimou. This was released in China in 2002, and DVD's of it were soon available elsewhere. The movie was not released to theaters in the United States until 2004. It was said to be "presented by" director Quentin Tarantino, with the hope perhaps that Tarantino's well known enthusiasm for martial arts movies would help draw in audiences. They needn't have worried, since the movie opened in the number one position.
The story is about how assassins attempting to kill Shih-huang-ti become converted to his cause. Although the King of Ch'in himself says that many people think of him as a tyrant, we do not yet see the degree to which his ruthlessness later went. Instead, we are given to understand that, whatever he does, it is simply for the sake of unifying the country and bringing peace. The key element in the conversion of the assassins are the two characters . These are not actually shown in the film, simply read by the lead assassin.
In the Chinese DVD, which did have English subtitles, it is literally translated "under heaven," and means the world or, the practical equivalent, China. This represents the unifying program of Ch'in. However, the subtitles of the film as released in the United States rather awkwardly translate it as "our land," which may indeed be a suitable translation but does have a very different feel to it. We lose the Chinese sense of the universality of its civilization, or of the universal sovereignty of the Emperor. Probably this was not thought suitable for foreign audiences.
An expression does exist in Chinese for "our land," namely , but this is not what is used in the movie.
The idea for the movie came from a real assassination attempt against Shih-huang-ti. This was by a retainer of the State of [Yen](chousta3.htm) (*Yan*), Jīng Kē 荊軻, in 227 BC. Jīng Kē concealed a poisoned dagger in a scroll to be presented to the King of Ch'in, and the attack was very nearly successful. Shih-huang-ti was able to fend off the assassin until he was able to draw his own sword, and the guards then arrived.
In the image from a Han Dynasty tomb at right, the King has moved behind a pillar and the assassin is at right, having finally and esperately thrown the dagger, which has hit the pillar. Needless to say, Jīng Kē did not decide that 天下 was enough to justify the victory of Shih-Huang-ti. He was killed by the guards, and the King's revenge against Yen seems to have been brutal. But then, it might have been brutal anyway.[](elements.htm#colors)
Otherwise, the movie is stylish and colorful and well worth watching for the visuals alone. All of the set-piece duels and other scenes are color coded: Black, red, yellow, green, blue, white. These are the colors of the Chinese [elements](elements.htm#china); and, indeed, in the "black" duel we see rain and water everywhere. Otherwise, the associations are not obvious. I see no fire in the red sequences; and during the yellow duel, the participants are still wearing red, while yellow is provided by falling yellow leaves. While this is visually very rich, what that would have to do with the element earth, whose color is yellow, I could not say. I don't think that the director or cinematographer was very systematic about it all.
Much of the enduring interest in Shih-huang-ti is because of his tomb. This is not far from the modern city of Sian (Xian), which was the capital of China, Ch'ang-An, in several periods. The mound of the tomb has never been excavated. It was robbed after the Dynasty fell, but it was described by historians, with a sarcophagus surrounded by a pool of mercury and other marvels. But a surprise came in the 1970's, when a farmer digging a well near the mound found the first figure in what became an entire army of terracotta soldiers, buried in orderly rows to defend the tomb. These amazing figures appear to be individual portraits, and they show the grooming and appearance of Chinese military men of the 3rd century BC. In the Shang Dynasty, such men had themselves been buried with the kings. Now, even the ruthless First Emperor made do with copies.
Shih-huang-ti is a good example of the ruler who the [Taoists](taote.htm) said is successful from fear. When he died, his success could not endure.
| Kingdom of Nan-Yüeh, , 204-111 BC; Chieu, Triệu, Dynasty of [Vietnam](perigoku.htm#viet) |
| --- |
| Chao T'o, Wu Wang | 204-137 |
| Emperor, 183-179 |
| Chao Mo | 137-122 |
| Chao Ying-ch'i | 122-115 |
| Chao Hsing | 115-112 |
| Chao Chien-te | 112-111 |
| Han conquest, 112-111 |
A plot at the court, masterminded by the eunuch Chao Kao (but with the agreement of Li Szu), faked a message to the Crown Prince Fu-su, ordering him to kill himself, which he did. A weak younger brother was made the "Second Emperor," but he was the tool of the manipulators, who did not know how to actually govern the country, which began to slip into rebellion. Meanwhile, Chao Kao had managed to execute any other potential leaders of the house of Ch'in. It was a former peasant, Liu Pang, who soon took the capital and founded a new dynasty.
The fall of Ch'in cut lose areas in the South that had themselves only been recently attached to the State. The Chinese commander of the area, Chao T'o, styled himself King of Nan-Yüeh (南越, Nányuè), with a capital at P'an-yü, 番禺, Pānyú, the modern Canton. The Kingdom drifted in and out of amicable relations with the Han -- for a while Chao T'o styled himself an Emperor -- until it was reduced by force in 112-111. Subsequently, "Yüeh" continued to be used for southern Kingdoms, and the [Cantonese](yinyang.htm#dialects2) language is still called "Yüeh," but with a different character,  ( in Cantonese). In Cantonese, Nan-Yüeh will be . Since the Kingdom included a good bit of northern [Vietnam](perigoku.htm#viet), the episode also figures as part of the early history of that country. Indeed, "Vietnam," , is "Yüeh-nan" in the Vietnamese reading of Chinese.
| (Former orWestern)Han, ,
Dynasty,207 BC-25 AD |
| --- |
| Kao TsuLiu Pang | 207- 195 |
| Hsiung-nu rout the Chinese, 209 & 200; Treaty, 198 |
| Hui TiLiu Ying | 195- 188 |
| Empress Lü 吕后, Lǚ Hòu, Lü Chih | regent188- 180 |
| Shao TiLiu Kung | 188- 184 |
| Shao TiLiu Hung | 184- 180 |
| Wên TiLiu Heng | 180- 157 |
| Ching TiLiu Ch'i | 157- 141 |
| **Wu Ti**Liu Ch'e | 141- 87 |
| Chang Ch'ien explores Central Asia, 139-126; occupation of Sinkiang, 115-105; forays to Ferghana, 104, 102 |
| Chao TiLiu Fu-ling | 87-74 |
| Hsüan TiLiu Ping-i | 74-48 |
| Yüan TiLiu Shih | 48-33 |
| Hsiung-nu pursued & defeated in Central Asia, [Roman](rome.htm) Soldiers(!?), escaped from [Parthians](iran.htm#parthian)(?), captured from Hsiung-nu, 36 BC |
| Ch'eng TiLiu Ao | 33-7 |
| Ai TiLiu Hsin | 7-1 BC |
| P'ing TiLiu Chi-tzu | 1 BC-6 AD |
| Ju-tzuLiu Ying | 6-9 |
| Hsin, , Dynasty |
| Chia Huang-ti,Wáng Mǎng,王莽 | 9-23 |
| Huai-yangWangLiu Hsüan | 23-25,d.26 |
The importance of the Han Dynasty should be evident in the circumstance that this is what the Chinese have called themselves ever since, , the "Han People." The Chinese language is the  (*kango* in Japanese), "Han speech"; and Chinese characters are called the  (***Kanji*** in Japanese, *Hanja* in Korean), the "Han letters." The expression  can mean "Chinese writing," or "literature of the Han Dynasty," or the "Han Emperor Wên Ti."
In Japanese, however, where this is pronounced *Kambun*, it usually means Chinese as written by Japanese writers, who usually did not speak Chinese. We see the combination of the second characters *wén* and *zì* in  (*moji* or *monji* in Japanese), which can mean "characters, script, writing." (Be warned that there is a simplified character, 汉, now used for "Hàn" in China.)
Nevertheless, the actual family name of the rulers of the Han Dynasty was **Liú**, 劉, and this would continue through the [Later Han](#han-2), the [Minor Han](#three), and the [Posterior Han](#five).
The genealogy of the Former Han is from the *Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten* (*Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History*) supplemented with information from the *Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors* by Ann Paludan [Thames & Hudson, London, 1998]. Paludan, unfortunately, renders the name of the Empress Lü as "Lu."
The Han was barely established before being badly defeated by a steppe people from the North, the **Hsiung-nu** (*Xiōngnú*), . Speculation has long centered on them as being the "Huns" who later invaded [Europe](romania.htm#theodos) and [India](#guptas).
One of the principal objections to the identification of the Hsiung-nu with the Huns is that there is too great a chronological gap between the original references to them in China, during the Han, and with their arrival in Europe, in the 5th century.
The implication of the criticism is that the Hsiung-nu disappear in China and then pop up in Europe centuries later, as though they just vanished in the meantime. However, as will be evident below, a Hsiung-nu presence in China continues into the 5th century also. I wonder if the critics are aware of that. Elements of the group could have ventured upon the Steppe towards Europe at any convenient time.
With the death of the founding Emperor Kao Tsu, the **Empress Lü, 吕后, Lǚ Hòu**, comes to dominate the next fifteen years of Chinese history. She killed dynastic rivals to her own family and even one of her own grandsons in her pursuit of her interests. However, both her grandsons were rendered so insignificant by her power that they were not even given postumous names and are often not even listed as Chinese Emperors. Thus, they are known as the "former insigificant Emperor," 前少帝, Qián Shàodì, and the "later insigificant Emperor," 後少帝, Hòu Shàodì.
Never would the hate of Lü be so terrible, however, as that vented on the Consort Ch'i, 戚姬, Qī Jī, whose son was a rival to her own in becoming the next Emperor. What Lü did to Consort Ch'i is like nothing so much as the mutilations we see in the *Dexter* books by Jeff Lindsay -- the books, that is, not the *Dexter* TV shows (2006-2013), which were considerably toned down. It is the stuff of nightmares. But it was all for naught. The Lü family was massacred and Hòu Shàodì deposed and then killed. The son of **Consort Po, 薄姬, Bó Jī**, became Emperor, and the ancestor of all subsequent Han Emperors.
The greatest Emperor of the Former Han Dynasty was probably **Wu Ti, 武帝, Wǔdì**. This posthumous name means "Martial Emperor," because of the success of Chinese arms in breaking the Hsiung-nu and in the occupation of the Tarim Basin; but the cultural heritage of his long reign was far more durable. The establishment of [Confucianism](confuci.htm) as the official moral and political ideology of the state was due to the advice of Wu Ti's minister **Kung-sun Hung**, 公孫弘, Gōngsūn Hóng (200-121 BC). In 136 official experts in each of the [Five Classics](confuci.htm#classics) were appointed at court, and in 124 they took on fifty students. By 50 BC this palace school had 3000 students, and by 1 AD graduates staffed the bureaucracy.
Also at Wu Ti's court was the historian **Szu-ma Ch'ien** (司馬遷, Sīmǎ Qián, 145-86 BC), the "Grand Historian." Szu-ma angered the Emperor by defending a general who had been captured by the Hsiung-nu. His punishment was castration. Ordinarily, this humiliation (which also, to the horror of the Chinese, involved an element of dismemberment) would have led to suicide, but the historian lived with his shame in order to finish the first great Chinese history, the *Shih Chi*, , "Historical Records," which covers all Chinese history up to the Ch'in and early Han Dynasties. This established the standard and the form for subsequent official Chinese dynastic histories -- not narrative history as familiar from Greek and Roman historians, but something more like an encyclopedia, with a chronicle, monographs on various subjects, and biographies. It had been started by Szu-ma's father, Szu-ma Tan (d.110) and was completed in 91 BC.
There would be twenty-four classic histories written in the Chinese tradition. Thus, these would simply be called the **二十四史, Èrshísì Shǐ, the *Twenty-Four Histories***. The history of Szu-ma Ch'ien is the first history, and can be identified with as Roman numeral, as "**(I) 史記, Shǐjì**." I will identify subsequent histories with Roman numerals.
When the government of the Republic of China fled to Taiwan in 1949, it took along all the records that had been kept about the Manchu Ch'ing Dynasty. Eventually, in the 1970's, a standard dynastic history was produced from these records; but, of course, this is not recognized by Communist China or, even among Western scholars, reckoned in the sequence, as the 25th Dynastic History.
The prelude to Wu Ti's pentration of Central Asia was the mission of **Chang Ch'ien** (張騫, Zhāng Qiān, d.*c.*114 BC). He was originally sent out, around 139, to make contact with the [Yüeh-chih](#kushan), whom the Chinese knew had been fighting the Hsiung-nu. Chang's mission got off to a bad start, since he was immediately captured by the Hsiung-nu and held for ten years. After escaping, he continued on his way, perhaps completely forgotten by Wu Ti. But Chang returned in 126, full of information about the strange places and things he had seen, including the remarkable coins that were used in the West (many of which were probably those from [Greek Bactria](hist-1.htm#text-10)):
> Each coin, he reports, 'bore the face of the king [and] when the king died, the currency was immediately changed and new coins issued with the face of his successor'. Such a practice had never been known in China; since it could be construed as ennobling commerce and demeaning the sovereign by association with it, nor would it be. [John Keay, *A History of China*, Basic Book, 2009, p.137]
The face of Chinese coins would never bear more than an inscription of the Era name and the equivalent of "legal tender."
Beginning with the reign of Wên Ti, auspicious names begin to be given to periods of time. These become the Era names (*nien-hao, niánhào*, 年號). Until the Ming, each reign consists of one and sometimes several Eras. The present definition of the Chinese [New Year](chinacal.htm), as the second New Moon after the Winter Solstice, dates from the inception of the *T'ai-ch'u* Era in 104 BC, in the reign of Wu Ti. The Eras of the Former Han Dynasty can be examined on a [popup page](JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm#han','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')). By Chinese reckoning, the reign of each Emperor begins in its first full calendar year. Thus, **P'ing Ti** (平帝, Píngdì), the "Peaceful Emperor," who comes to the throne in 1 BC, is reckoned to reign properly from 1 AD. Since this also marks the start of the life of the [Christian](why.htm#why) "Prince of Peace," it makes for a nice coincidence with the name of the Chinese Emperor.
| Later (Eastern) Han, , Dynasty, 25-220 AD |
| --- |
| Kuang-wu TiLiu Hsiu | 25-57 |
| Ming TiLiu Yang | 57-75 |
| Chang TiLiu Ta | 75-88 |
| Ho TiLiu Chao | 88- 106 |
| Embassy sent to [Rome](romania.htm#flavian), detained by [Parthians](iran.htm#parthian), 97; pulp paper making, 105 |
| Shang TiLiu Lung | 106 |
| An TiLiu Yü | 106- 125 |
| Shao TiLiu Yi | 125 |
| Shun TiLiu Pao | 125- 144 |
| Ch'ung TiLiu Ping | 144- 145 |
| Chih TiLiu Tsuan | 145- 146 |
| Huan TiLiu Chih | 146- 168 |
| Embassy arrives from Rome(?), 166 |
| Ling TiLiu Hung | 168- 189 |
| Shao Ti,Shun TiLiu Shun | 189,d.190 |
| Deposed & killed by warlord Tung Cho (董卓, Dǒng Zhuó) |
| Hsien TiLiu Hsieh | 189- 220,d.234 |
| Tung Cho destroys Lo-Yang, moves court to Chang-An, 190; assassinated, 192; Emperor escapes, returns to Lo-Yang, 195; Ts'ao Ts'ao (曹操, Cáo Cāo) occupies Capital, dominates Reign, 196 |
The Later Han is often called the "Eastern" Han because the capital was moved down the Huang He valley, back to where the capital of the Chou had been. This location was actually more easily supplied than the area of Ch'ang-An. Since the previous dynasty is often called the "Former" Han, it seems like the new one should be the "Latter" rather than the "Later" Han, but the usage is established. The "Former Han" is the *Ch'ien Han*, where  is "formerly, before, in front of." The Former Han can also simply be called the "Han." "Later" is a translation from Chinese , "afterward, behind, to follow." Actually, looking at those, "former" and "latter" might be the best translations. They are also seen rendered as "early" and "posterior," respectively, with the names of other dynasties.
The change of dynasty was mainly because of rebellion against the "dictator" Wáng Mǎng, 王莽, at the end of the Former Han. The Throne was successfully seized by a distant Han cousin, who retained the Dynastic name. As shown in the genealogies above and below, the last Emperor of the Former Han, the rulers of the Later Han, and the subsequent [Minor Han](#three) (or Shu Han) all traced descent from Ching Ti of the Former Han. Eventually, the Later Han Emperors for a time returned to the Tarim Basin, conquered Hainan, Tonkin, and Annam, and even moved north of the Great Wall into Mongolia.
One of the notable inventions of the Later Han dynasty was paper. The process of pulp paper making is ascribed to the eunuch Ts'ai Lun (蔡倫, Cài Lún, d.121 AD), who is supposed to have introduced it in the year 105. As a substitute for silk or bamboo strips, this made for a medium that was inexpensive and could be mass produced. Wood pulp could be mixed with shredded rags and other debris to make for papers of different qualities and durability. Later, in the [T'ang Dynasty](#t'ang), Chinese artisans familiar with the process are supposed to have been captured by the Arabs at the Battle of Talas in 751. From them the process passed to Caliphal [Baghdad](islam.htm#paper2) and then to [Romania](romania.htm#amor).
The second great dynastic history is produced during the Later Han Dynasty. This is simply the , "Han History," or *Ch'ien Han Shu*, 前漢書, Qián Hàn shū "Early/Former Han History." I will number it **(II) 漢書, Hàn shū**, in the sequence of great histories.
Like Szu-ma Ch'ien before him, the compiler of the *History of the Former Han Dynasty*, **Pan Ku** (班固, Bān Gù, 32 AD-92), ran afoul of the Emperor, in this case actually dying in prison. Nevertheless, this confirmed the tradition of the history of each dynasty being written under the following one. But Pan Ku was imprisoned and died before finishing the history, which leads to an extraordinary thing about it.
Pan Ku's sister, **Pan Chao**, , finished the project. This probably makes her the first woman historian, beating out by a thousand years the woman who otherwise could claim that priority, [Anna Comnena](romania.htm#maria) (10831153).
The Emperors of two short reigns, in 125 and 189, are called . This is discussed [below](#feiandshao) with regard to the Emperors of the Three Kingdoms, where it took me a while to figure it out. This simply means that the reigns were short and insigificant, in these cases involving children. However, we have already seen two "Shao" Emperors in the Former Han. One might think that their combined reign of eight years (188-184, 184-180) would make them significant figures; but they had no independence of action apart from their grandmother, the Dowager Empress Lü, and Chinese history judged them insignificant.
In the Later Han, the way the succession here starts jumping between distant cousins reflects the rivalry between Court factions, particuarly the eunuchs and the Court women, usually meaning the Empress Dowager -- such as the Empress Ho ("He" in Pinyin), who was able to install her son as Emperor, until he was deposed and poisoned, as was she, by the warlord Tung Cho (董卓, Dǒng Zhuó, d.192). This conflict finally resulted in the massacre of the hated palace eunuchs in 189, leading to the dominance of warlords, like Tung Cho and Ts'ao Ts'ao.
---
The *History of the Later Han Dynasty* records that in the year 166 an embassy arrived in Lo-Yang from a ruler of , "Great Ch'in," named *Andun*. This had come up from [Vietnam](perigoku.htm#viet) after, apparently, travelling by sea from the West. *Andun* looks like it might be "Antoninus," which could mean either Antoninus Pius or Marcus Aurelius, both of whom used the name. Thus, "Great Ch'in" is usually taken to mean [**Rome**](romania.htm#flavian), and the embassy was sent to explore ways to redirect the silk trade around the route, the Silk Road through Central Asia, dominated by the [Parthians](iran.htm#parthian). This is something that would indeed concern the Romans. If so, nothing came of it. The possibility of any communication between the great contemporary Empires of Rome and the Han is tantalizing. By the [T'ang](#t'ang), regular communication would be established and maintained. The last contact would be in the [Ming](#ming).
There had been a previous Chinese attempt to establish some communication overland with "Great Ch'in" [John Keay, *A History of China*, Basic Book, 2009, p.173], because it was already understood that this was the source of the gold that paid for all the Chinese silk that was going West. This effort was an embassy of 97 AD, sent by **Pan Ch'ao** (班超, Bān Chāo, 32102 AD), another member of the  family, brother of Pan Ku and Pan Chao and "Protector General of the Western Regions," i.e. Sinkiang, and led by **Kan Ying** (甘英, Gān Yīng;, *c.*90's AD). The project was frustrated by the Parthians, who detained the embassy and persuaded Pan Ch'ao that for various reasons (distance, plague) it was impractical to continue to the West. Kan Ying seems to have reached either the Persian Gulf or the Black Sea, and was discouraged from crossing by the Parthians. Since the Persian Gulf doesn't *need* to be crossed on a route to Rome, this suggests that the obstacle was more like the Black Sea, or even the Caspian, unless Kan Ying is being deceived about the geography altogether.
Since we know that the Romans had knowledge of and trade with India and [Ceylon](buddhism.htm#ceylon), and that Chinese pilgrims like Fa-hsien went by sea from India to China (399-414), it is not at all impossible or unlikely that some Romans, in the days of the [Kushans](#kushan) in India, could have done what the dynastic history says. The *History* was actually written in [Anterior Sung Dynasty](#north-south) (420-479), and the Chinese were still aware that the Parthians (and by then the [Sassanids](iran.htm#shahs)) were frustrating attempts at direct trade with "Great Ch'in." Also, if the Romans went by sea, then obviously they would not have encountered the interference of the Parthians on route such as foiled the mission of Kan Ying. In fact, the account of Kan Ying says that the Parthians had previously prevented Roman enjoys from getting through overland to China.
The Eras of the Later Han Dynasty can be examined on a [popup page](JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm#han-2','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')). The genealogy of the Later Han is from the *Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten* (*Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History*) supplemented with information from the *Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors* by Ann Paludan [Thames & Hudson, London, 1998].
| The Three Kingdoms, , 220-266 |
| --- |
| Minor Han, ,Dynasty, 221-263 | Wei, , Dynasty, 220-266 | Wu, , Dynasty, 222-280 |
| Chao-lieh TiLiu Pei | King of Shu/Han-chung,219-221;Emperor,221-223 | Wen TiTs'ao P'i [Cao Pi] | Emperor, 220-226 | Wu Ta TiSun Ch'üan | King of Wu,222-229;Emperor,229-252 |
| Hou ChuLiu Shan | 223-263,d.271 | Ming TiTs'ao Jui | 226-239 |
| Shao Ti, Fei Ti,Ch'i WangTs'ao Fang | 239-254,d.274 | Fei TiSun Liang | 252-258 |
| Shao Ti,Kao Kuei Hsiang KungTs'ao Mao | 254-260 | Ching TiSun Hsiu | 258-264 |
| conquest by Wei, 263 | Yüan TiTs'ao Huan | 260-266,d.302 | Mo TiSun Hao | 264-280,d.281 |
| overthrown by [Chin](#north-south), 266 | conquest by Chin, 280 |
The period of the "Three Kingdoms" is a brief interlude before things settle down for a while in the dynamic of the following period. It may be remembered now with special attention because of a literary source, *The Romance of the Three Kingdoms*,  (from the [Ming](#ming) Dynasty). The expression  can mean a "historical novel/romance," but literally it reads "practice righteousness," which suits its often moralizing approach. Although occasionally fictionalized, the novel covers the entire period from the fall of the Later Han to the succession of the Western Chin with largely historical detail. It became a very influential treatment of the history, and of history in general.
---
In 2008 director John Woo released the first of two epic movies, *Red Cliff*, followed by *Red Cliff II* [2009], based on the Battle of Red Cliff, , in the year 208.
This was a critical event in the formation of the Three Kingdoms. With the last Han Emperor reduced to a figurehead, the Prime Minister, Ts'ao Ts'ao [曹操, Cáo Cāo], attempted to crush the southern forces of Liu Pei [劉備, Liú Bèi] and Sun Ch'üan [孫權, Sūn Quán].
Where the Han River flows into the Yangtze, Ts'ao Ts'ao's fleet and army were broken, with the consequence that Liu Pei and Sun Ch'üan would be able to establish their independent domains of the Minor Han and Wu. When Ts'ao Ts'ao's son Ts'ao P'i deposes the last Han Emperor in 220, Liu Pei and Sun Ch'üan declare independence. Traditionally, Wei was counted as the "legitimate" successor to the Han, but in the *Three Kingdoms* the sympathy and regard is all for Liu Pei.
Much of the success of Liu Pei was due to the Taoist recluse, the , "mountain and forest hermit," Chu-ke Liang (諸葛 亮, Zhūgě Liàng), known as K'ung-ming (孔明, Kǒngmíng). Liu Pei travels three times to find and petition K'ung-ming before obtaining his services. The Taoist then serves the Dynasty with superior administrative, diplomatic, strategic, and tactical abilities.
Before the Battle of Red Cliff, K'ung-ming even performs an elaborate rite to *call the wind* that will be against Ts'ao Ta'ao's fleet and will make for the Southern victory -- like a similar phenomenon, with the tide, that occurred naturally for the Minamoto at [Dan-no-Ura](#dannoura). In the movie, he is merely able to *predict* the wind. This is consistent with his presentation in the movie, where we don't learn anything of his background, his recruitment, his powers, or anything about what would distinguish a Taoist recluse.
But the magical powers of Taoist adepts are firmly enshrined in [Taoist](six.htm#tao) tradition. Thus, in the *Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio* by Pú Sōnglíng, 蒲松齡 (1640-1715) [Penguin, 2006], we find a reference that "the great wizard and strategist Zhuge Liang had once served the Pretender Liu Bei in the time of the Three Kingdoms" ["King of the Nine Mountains," p.232], and several stories in that collection feature the magical powers of Taoist hermits or mendicants, including their returning from the [dead](soul.htm#note-2).
While the prevalent political ideas of classical China are Confucian, we often see that there is a suspicion that the Taoists may know more about the way things work, in politics, war, and even in terms of magical powers to control nature. Except for the story of *The Haunted Monastery* [1961], we find Taoists, unlike Buddhists, generally presented positively in [Judge Dee](./ross/dee.htm). Perhaps John Woo thought that a Western audience, or any properly modern audience, should not be confronted with the use of Taoist magic, or even an actual Taoist, in a historical epic.
[On Hollywood](ross/hollywod.htm)
[Reviews](review.htm)
---
A 1986 movie, *A Great Wall*, about a Chinese-American family who go to visit their relatives back in China, after the beginning of liberalization, contains a striking scene where the families attend a performance by an old woman who *sings*, with instrumental accompaniment, an episode from *The Romance of the Three Kingdoms*. The poet and official K'ung Jung (孔融, *Kǒng Róng*) recommends to Ts'ao Ts'ao the poet and scholar Mí Héng, 禰衡, for an office at Court.
Now, I would swear that when I originally saw the movie, at the time of its release, in a theater in Los Angeles, the old woman went on to recount the famous episode where Mí Héng strips naked at a banquet in order to protest Ts'ao Ts'ao's growing usurpation and tyranny. The 2002 version of the DVD, however, does not contain that development.
I don't know how I could be mistaken, since I remembered the episode for many years, without even realizing it was from the period of the Three Kingdoms, as a fine example of a Conscientious Minister, , remonstrating about wrongful government. Surely there was not some *other* Chinese movie that related this event! The movie as now available says nothing about what Mi Heng did.
I have no doubt that the DVD version was censored by the [Chinese Government](#communist), which objects to the whole Confucian ideal of officials remonstrating with the Throne. Despite the project of putting "Confucius Institutes" in American universities, the Communists do not believe in Confucian principles of government, or of anything. The destruction of freedoms in [Hong Kong](#hongkong) in 2020, although following years later, reflects a perfectly consistent attitude and policy of the Communist police state.
Even the original version of the movie, however, was not as sharp as the text of the *Romance*:
> "How dare you commit such an outrage [i.e. stripping]," Cao cried, "in the hallowed hall of the imperial court?" "To abuse one's lord," Mi Heng shot back, "to deceive the sovereign, is what I call an 'outrage,' Let everyone see that I have kept the form my parents gave me free of blemish." "If you are so pure," Cao demanded, "who is corrupt?" Mi Heng responded, "That you cannot distinguish between the able and the incompetent shows that your eyes are corrupt. Your failure to chant the *Odes* and the *Documents* [i.e. early [Confucian Classics](confuci.htm#classics)] shows that your mouth is corrupt. Your rejection of loyal advice shows that your ears are corrupt. Your ignorance of past and present shows that your whole being is corrupt. Your conflicts with the lords of the realm show that your stomach is corrupt. Your dream of usurpation shows that your mind is corrupt..." [*Three Kingdoms*, Volume I, Foreign Languages Press, Beijing, 1995, 2007, p.391]
Ts'ao Ts'ao prudently endured Mi Heng's insults but sent him off to the provinces hoping that another official would be offended and execute him. This is what happened.
Other records do not have Mi Heng denouncing Ts'ao Ts'ao at the banquet, but just being briefly naked while changing clothes, as requested, although he did end up getting excuted in the provinces. Such records are generally more favorable to Ts'ao Ts'ao, but it is not clear why the *Romance* should otherwise have marked him as a villain. There is a Chinese saying, the equivalent of "speak of the devil," 説曹操, 曹操 到, *Shuō Cáo Cāo, Cáo Cāo dào*, "Speak of Cáo Cāo, and Cáo Cāo arrives."
The Minor Han is supposed to derive from the Former Han Dynasty. "Shu Han" actually means the "Han of Szechwan." The character  does not mean "minor." I have always been intrigued that the Shu Han is shown by L. Carrington Goodrich (*A Short History of the Chinese People*, Harper Torchbooks, 1959, 1963, p.59) occupying an area of Yunnan that had only been partially occupied by the Han, is missing from many maps of the T'ang, and was only properly settled by Chinese with veterans at the beginning of the Ming. J.A.G. Roberts, in *A Concise History of China* [Harvard, 1999], more reasonably identifies the area as Szechwan [Sichuan, north of the Yangtze], but then doesn't provide a map of the period (the maps he does provide jump directly from Confucius to the T'ang). Ann Paludan (*Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors*, Thames & Hudson, 1998) provides a nice map of the Three Kingdoms [p.64], though, mysteriously, none of the Sui or T'ang, showing somewhat less, thought still substantial, territory south of the Yangtze.
After repulsing Ts'ao Ts'ao, Liu Pei moved to occupy Szechwan. The territory he held in Hupei was then taken by Wu. *The Romance of the Three Kingdoms* does recount extensive campaigns in Yunnan by the now familiar K'ung-ming, so perhaps it is these campaigns, with the subjugation of the "Man" people, that account for its inclusion in the maps of the Shu Han. There is an explicit denial, however, of Chinese occupation or colonization. Yunnan thus has a vassal status that could easily lapse.
The Shu Han kingdom is later absorbed by the Wei (Ts'ao Ts'ao's grandson overthrowing Liu Pei's son). The Wei is replaced in a coup by the founder of the [Western Tsin](#north-south) [or Chin, 西晋, Pinyin *Xī Jìn*], Sima Yan, a general of Wei, in 266. He conquers Wu in 280, reunifying the country. This doesn't last, as civil war breaks out in 290. The Hsiung-nu, , sacked the capital of Luoyang in 311.
There is a curious inconsistency in the Emperors of the Wei between Paludan and the *Oxford Dynasties of the World* [p.215-216]. Paludan drops Fei Ti, , from the list and attributes his reign years to "Shao Ti," . A "Kao Kuei Hsiang Kung" [Gao Gui Xiang Gong] is then inserted between Shao Ti and Yüan Ti, with Shao Ti's regal years. "Kao Kuei Hsiang Kung" is, of course, a peculiar name, without the "Ti" element, which should mean that, in some sense, he was not judged legitimate ("Kung," , as we [know](rank.htm#china), is "Duke"). But Paludan, who discusses the era as the *Dynasties* does not, does not address this question.
In the list of *Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary* [p.1168], however, Shao Ti ***is*** Kao Kuei Hsiang Kung. Fei Ti is noted as deposed, and the *Oxford Dynasties* glosses him as both adopted and deposed. At the [Chinaknowledge](http://www.chinaknowledge.de/index.html) website, Ulrich Theobald matches Paludan, with Shao Ti identified as Ch'i Wang, which is how *Mathews'* identified Fei Ti.
What appears to be the case is that, as "Fei Ti," , simply *means* the "overthrown Emperor," and "Shao Ti," , simply means the "minor Emperor" (in the sense of either young or insignificant). Thus, more than one Emperor in a dynasty, even successors, might be "Fei" or "Shao" or both -- see the [Former Han](#han). So I suspect "Shao" has been used for both Emperors in question. "Mo Ti," , means the "last Emperor," usually for the end of a dynasty -- see the [Ch'ing](#ch'ing) for the *very* last Emperor.
The Eras of the Minor Han and Wei Dynasties can be examined on a [popup page](JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm#three','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')). The genealogy of the Three Kingdoms is from the *Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten* (*Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History*) supplemented with information from the *Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors* by Ann Paludan [Thames & Hudson, London, 1998]. The genealogical descent of the Shu Han from the Han is that recounted in the *Romance of the Three Kingdoms* [*Three Kingdoms*, Volume I, Foreign Languages Press, Beijing, 1995, 2007]. The combined genealogy of Former Han, Later Han, and Shu Han can be inspected in a [popup image](JavaScript:popup('history/han-all.gif','allhan','resizable,scrollbars,width=805,height=1233')).
| The Northern and Southern Empires, , 266-589 |
| The Six Southern Dynasties, |
| 1. Western Chin/Tsin, , Dynasty, 266-316 |
| Wu TiSsu-ma Yen/Sima Yan | 266-290 |
| Hui TiSsu-ma Chung | 290-307 |
| Huai TiSsu-ma Ch'ih | 307-313, d.318 |
| siege of Loyang, 309-311;captured by Hsiung-nuof the Early Chao, 313 |
| Min TiSsu-ma Yeh | 313-316,d.318 |
| moved court to Ch'ang-an, 313;captured by Hsiung-nuof the Early Chao, 316;excecuted with Huai Ti, 318 |
| 2. Eastern Chin/Tsin, , Dynasty, 317-420 |
| Yüan TiSsu-ma Jui | 317-323 |
| Ming TiSsu-ma Shao | 323-325 |
| Ch'êng TiSsu-ma Yen | 325-342 |
| K'ang TiSsu-ma Yüeh | 342-344 |
| Mu TiSsu-ma Tan | 344-361 |
| Ai TiSsu-ma P'i | 361-365 |
| Fei Ti, Hai-hsi TiSsu-ma I | 365-372 |
| Chien-wên TiSsu-ma Yü | 372 |
| Hsiao-wu TiSsu-ma Yao | 372-396 |
| An TiSsu-ma Te-tsung | 396-419 |
| Kung TiSsu-ma Te-wen | 419-420 |
| 3. Anterior Sung, , Dynasty, 420-479 |
| Wu TiLiu Yü | 420-422 |
| Fei Ti, Shao Ti,Ying-yang WangLiu I-fu | 422-424 |
| Wen TiLiu I-lung | 424-453 |
| Hsiao-wu TiLiu Chün | 453-464 |
| Ch'ian Fei TiLiu Ye | 464-466 |
| Ming TiLiu Yü | 466-472 |
| Hou Fei Ti,Ts'ang-wu WangLiu Yeh | 472-477 |
| Shun TiLiu Chün | 477-479 |
| 4. Southern Ch'i, , Dynasty, 479-502 |
| Kao TiHsiao Tao-ch'eng | 479-482 |
| Wu TiHsiao Tse | 482-493 |
| Yü-lin WangHsiao Chao-yeh | 493-494 |
| Hai-ling WangHsiao Chao-wen | 494 |
| Ming TiHsiao Luan | 494-498 |
| Tung Hun HoHsiao Pao-chüan | 498-501 |
| Ho TiHsiao Pao-jung | 501-502 |
| 5. (Southern) Liang, , Dynasty, 502-557 |
| Wu TiHsiao Yan | 502-549 |
| Chien-wên TiHsiao Kan | 549-551 |
| Yü-chang WangHsiao Tung | 551,d.552 |
| Yüan TiHsiao I | 552-555 |
| Wu-ling WangHsiao Chi | 555 (552?) |
| Ching TiHsiao Fang-chih | 555-557,d.558 |
| 5a. Later Liang, , Dynasty, 555-587 |
| Yi TiHsiao Ch'a | 555-562 |
| Ming TiHsiao K'uei | 562-585 |
| Ts'ungHsiao Ts'ung | 585-587 |
| 6. Southern Ch'ên, , Dynasty, 557-589 |
| Wu TiCh'en Pa-hsien | 557-559 |
| Wên TiCh'en Ch'ien | 559-566 |
| Fei Ti, Lin-hai WangCh'en Po-tsung | 566-568,d.570 |
| Hsüan TiCh'en Hsü | 569-582 |
| Hou ChuCh'en Shu-pao | 582-589,d.604 |
| Falls to [Sui](#sui), 589 |
For a while, Imperial China looked like it would suffer the same fate as the [Roman Empire](romania.htm#third). After the Fall of the Han, the brief interlude of the Three Kingdoms, and the even briefer reunification under the Western Tsin [Jìn], the country split into North and South, with the North overrun by Barbarians. However, the major difference was that no geographical barriers, like the Mediterranean Sea, would obstruct reunification, as it did for Rome, and no massive external invasion, like the advent of [Islām](islam.htm#umar), would inhibit the process.
| the Sixteen Kingdoms of the Five Barbarians, |
| --- |
| 1. Early Chao, , (Northern Han) Dynasty, 304-329 (Hsiung-nu), Shansi, Hopei, & Shensi |
| Kao TsungLiu Yuan | 304-309 (311?) |
| Liu Ho | 309 |
| Chao-wu TiLiu Ts'ung | 310-317 |
| Sack of Loyang, 311; captures last two Chin Emperors, 313, 316; ends Western Chin, 316 |
| Yin Ti, Shao-chuLiu Ts'an | 317 |
| Ch'in WangLiu Yao | 318-329 |
| fell to Later Chao |
| 2. Later Chao, , Dynasty, 319-352 (Chieh) |
| Kao TsuShih Le | 319-333 |
| Hai-yang WangShih Hong | 333-334 |
| T'ai TsuShih Hu | 334-349 |
| Ch'iao WangShih Shih | 349 |
| P'eng-ch'ung WangShih Tsun | 349 |
| I-yang WangShih Chien | 349-350 |
| Hsin-hsing WangShih Chih | 350-351 |
| Jan Min | 350-352 |
| fell to Early Yen |
| 3. Ch'eng-Han, , Dynasty, 304-347 (Ti), Szechwan |
| Shih TsuLi T'e | 302-303 |
| Chin-wen WangLi Liu | 303 |
| T'ai TsungLi Hsiung | 303-334 |
| Ai TiLi Pan | 334 |
| You Ti, Fei TiLi Ch'i | 334-337,deposed |
| Chung TsungLi Shou | 338-343 |
| Hou TiLi Shih | 343-347 |
| fell to Eastern Chin |
| 4. Early Liang, , Dynasty, 313-376 (Chinese), Kansu |
| Wu Wang, T'ai TsungChang Kui | 301-314 |
| T'ai TsungChang Shih | 314-320 |
| Ch'eng WangChang Mao | 320-324 |
| Wen WangChang Chün | 324-346 |
| Ming WangChang Ch'ung-hua | 346-353 |
| Ai KungChang Yao | 353 |
| Wei WangChang Tsuo | 353-355 |
| Ch'ung WangChang Hsüan-ching | 355-363 |
| Tao KungChang Tien-Hsi | 363-376 |
| fell to Early Ch'in |
| 5. Later Liang,, Dynasty, 386-403 (Ti) |
| T'ai TsuLü Kuang | 386-399 |
| Yin WangLü Shao | 399 |
| Ling TiLü Tsuan | 399-401 |
| Hou-chuChien-k'ang KungLü Lung | 401-403 |
| fell to Later Ch'in |
| 6. Southern Liang, , Dynasty, 397-404, 408-414(Hsien-pei) |
| Lieh TsuT'u-fa Wu-ku | 397-399 |
| K'ang WangT'u-fa Li-lu-ku | 399-402 |
| Ching WangT'u-fa Ju-t'an-li | 402-414 |
| fell to Western Ch'in |
| 7. Western Liang, , Dynasty, 401/5-421 (Chinese) |
| T'ai TsuLi Kao | 400-417 |
| Hou-chu,Liang KungLi Hsin | 417-420 |
| Kuan-chün HouLi Hsün | 420-421 |
| fell to Northern Liang |
| 8. Northern Liang, , Dynasty, 397-439 (Hsiung-nu) |
| Chien-k'ang KungTuan Yeh | 397-400 |
| T'ai Tsu,Wu-hsüan WangChü-ch'ü Meng-hsün | 401-432 |
| Ai WangChü-ch'ü Mu-chien | 433-439 |
| [Chü-ch'ü Wu-hui] | 443 |
| [Chü-ch'ü An-chou] | 444-460 |
| fell to Northern Wei |
| 9. Early Yen, , Dynasty, 349-370 (Hsien-pei), Shansi & Hopei |
| P'u-kuei | 281-283 |
| Shan | 283-285 |
| Wu-hsüan TiMu-jung Hui | 285-333 |
| T'ai TsuMu-jung Huang | 333-348 |
| Lieh TsuMu-jung Chün | 348-360 |
| Yu TiMu-jung Wei | 360-370 |
| fell to Early Ch'in |
| 10. Later Yen, , Dynasty, 384-408 (Hsien-pei) |
| Shih TsuMu-jung Ch'ui | 384-396 |
| Lieh TsungMu-jung Pao | 396-397 |
| K'ai-feng KungMu-jung Hsiang | 397 |
| Chao WangMu-jung Lin | 397 |
| Chung TsungMu-jung Sheng | 398-401 |
| Chao-wen TiMu-jung Hsi | 401-407 |
| Hui-i TiKao Yün | 407-408 |
| fell to Northern Yen |
| 11. Southern Yen, , Dynasty, 398-410 (Hsien-pei) |
| Shih TsuMu-jung Te | 398-405 |
| Pei-hai WangMu-jung Chao | 405-410 |
| fell to Eastern Chin |
| 12. Northern Yen, , Dynasty, 409-436 (Chinese) |
| T'ai TsuFeng Pa | 408-430 |
| Chao-ch'eng TiFeng Hong | 430-436 |
| fell to Northern Wei |
| 13. Early Ch'in, , Dynasty, 351-394 (Ti), Shensi [Shaanxi] |
| T'ai TsuFu Hong | 349-350 |
| Kao TsuFu Chien | 350-354 |
| Chao Li WangFu Sheng | 354-357 |
| Shih TsuFu Chien | 357-385 |
| Ai P'ing TiFu P'i | 385-386 |
| T'ai TsungFu Teng | 386-394 |
| Mo-chuFu Ch'ung | 394 |
| fell to Later or Western Ch'in |
| 14. Later Ch'in, , Dynasty, 384-417 (Ch'iang) |
| Shih TsuYao I-chung | |
| Wei Wu WangYao Hsiang |
| T'ai TsuYao Ch'ang | 383-393 |
| Kao TsuYao Hsing | 393-415 |
| Hou-chuYao Hong | 415-417 |
| fell to Eastern Chin |
| 15. Western Ch'in, , Dynasty, 385-390, 409-431 (Hsien-pei) |
| Lieh TsuCh'i-fu Kuo-jen | 385-387 |
| Kao TsuCh'i-fu Ch'ien-kuei | 387-411 |
| T'ai TsuCh'i-fu Chih-p'an | 411-427 |
| Ho-chuCh'i-fu Mu-mo | 427-431 |
| fell to Hsia |
| 16. Hsia, , Dynasty407-431 (Hsiung-nu), Shensi |
| Shih TsuHo-lien Po-po | 407-425 |
| Fei-chu, Ch'in WangHo-lien Ch'ang | 425-428 |
| Hou-chu,P'ing-k'ang WangHo-lien Ting | 428-431 |
| fell to Northern Wei |
Chinese historians regarded the Southern Dynasties as the legitimate succession of the Chinese Throne, which is why, even though Yang Chien came to a unified Northern Throne in 581, the period is reckoned to extend down to 589 and the Sui begun in 590.
All sources tend to neglect listing the rulers of the Northern Dynasties and Kingdoms, or even many of the Northern Dynasties and Kingdoms themselves. The latter neglect tends to follow a division, between the less Chinese, more ephemeral, and so less noteworthy "Sixteen Kingdoms," and the "Five Northern Dynasties" which unify the North, last longer, become much more Sinified, and lead, by way of the Northern Chou, to the reunification of the country.
The Eras of the Six Southern Dynasties can be examined on a [popup page](JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm#north-south','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')).
The genealogies of the Six Southern Dynasties, the Sixteen Kingdoms, and the Five Northern Dynasties can all be examined on a very large [90.0K] [popup image](JavaScript:popup('history/northsou.gif','northsougeneal','resizable,scrollbars,width=1597,height=2030')) [use a default gray background for best effect]. Or it can be loaded into the [current window](history/northsou.gif).
Or the three groups of genealogies can be examined in individual popups: The [Six Southern Dynasties](JavaScript:popup('history/sixsouth.gif','sixsouth','resizable,scrollbars,width=450,height=2030')), the [Sixteen Kingdoms](JavaScript:popup('history/sixteen.gif','sixteen','resizable,scrollbars,width=1288,height=901')), and the [Five Northern Dynasties](JavaScript:popup('history/fivenort.gif','fivenorth','resizable,scrollbars,width=843,height=1120')). These genealogies are entirely from the *Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten* (*Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History*), though the names and dates may be from other sources.
It will be noticed that there are *two* Later Liang dynasties -- pronounced the same but not using the same character -- one with the Six Dynasties (, #5a), but not one of them, and another among the Sixteen Kingdoms (, #5). The former, while not an official part of the Six Dynasties or the Northern Kingdoms or Dynasties, was simply a survival of the official Liang Dynasty (#5), after it had been displaced by the Southern Ch'ên (#6). As such, it is often ignored or anomalously placed with the Sixteen Kingdoms.
The "Anterior" Sung is actually called the  Sung, i.e. the Sung of the Liu family, which otherwise is the family of Han Dynasties -- though not, as it happens, of the Ch'eng Han, whose surname is Li (like the T'ang Dynasty). The character  means "final," as though this was the very last Han dynasty. It wasn't, and the character is not otherwise used.
It is under the Western Chin (266-316) that the tradition of dynastic histories was continued, with the *Record of the Three Kingdoms*, *San Kuo Chih*, **(III) 三國志, Sānguózhì**, by **Ch'en Shou, 陳夀, Chén Shòu**, in 289.
Under the Anterior Sung Dynasty (420-479) we get the publication, in 445, of the important and classic *History of the Later Han Dynasty*, the , **(IV) 後漢書, Hòu Hàn shū**, by Fan Yeh, 范曄, Fà Yè (398-455),
This completes what are then called the "Early Four Histories," 前四史, Qiánsì Shǐ, encompassing the Ch'in, the Han dynasties, and the Three Kingdoms. The production of these is a little out of sequence, since the Later Han came before the Three Kingdoms.
Under the (Southern) Liang (502-557) two dynastic histories were completed: The *History of the [Anterior] Sung*, *Sung Shu*, **(V) 宋書, Sòng Shū**, by Shen Yüeh, 沈約, Shěn Yuē (441513), in 488; and the *History of the Southern Ch'i*, *Nan Ch'i Shu*, **(VI) 南齊書, Nán Qíshū**, by Hsiao Tzu-hsien, 蕭子顯, Xiāo Zǐxiǎn (489537), in 537. The date the first hsitory, however, is evidently itself under the Southern Ch'i.
Under the Northern Ch'i (557-589) one history was completed, the *History of the [Northern & Eastern] Wei*, *Wei Shu*, **(VII) 魏書, Wèi Shū**, in 554, by Wei Shou, 魏收, Wèi Shōu (506572).
| the Five Northern Dynasties, |
| --- |
| 1. Northern Wei, , Dynasty, 386-534 (Hsien-pei) |
| Tao Wu Ti, T'ai TsuT'o-pa Kuei | 386-409 |
| Ming Yüan TiT'o-pa Ssu | 409-423 |
| T'ai-wu TiT'o-pa T'ao | 423-452 |
| Nan-an WangT'o-pa Yü | 452 |
| Wên Ch'êng TiT'o-pa Chün | 452-465 |
| Hsien Wên TiT'o-pa Hong | 465-471,d.476 |
| Hsiao Wên TiYüan Hong | 471-499 |
| Hsüan Wu TiYüan K'o | 499-515 |
| Hsiao Ming TiYüan Hsü | 515-528 |
| Hsiao Chuang TiYüan Tzu-yu | 528-530,d.531 |
| Tung-hai WangYüan Yeh | 530 |
| Fei Ti, Chieh Min TiKuang-ling WangYüan Kung | 530-531,d.532 |
| Hou-fei Ti, An-ting WangYüan Lang | 531-532 |
| Hsiao Wu TiYüan Hsiu | 532-535 |
| 2. Eastern Wei, , Dynasty, 534-550 (Hsien-pei) |
| Hsiao Ching TiYüan Shan-chien | 534-550,d.552 |
| 3. Western Wei, , Dynasty, 535-556 (Hsien-pei) |
| Wên TiYüan Pao-chü | 535-551 |
| Fei TiYüan Ch'in | 551-554 |
| Kung TiYüan K'uo | 554-557 |
| 4. Northern Ch'i, , Dynasty, 550-577 |
| Wên Hsüan TiKao Yang | 550-559 |
| Fei TiKao Yin | 559-560,d.561 |
| Hsiao Chao TiKao Yen | 560-561 |
| Wu Ch'êng TiKao Chan | 561-565,d.569 |
| Hou-chuKao Wei | 565-577 |
| An-te WangKao Yen-tsung | 577 |
| Yu-chuKao Heng | 577 |
| 5. Northern Chou, , Dynasty, 557-581 (Hsien-pei) |
| Hsiao Min TiYü-wên Chüeh | 557 |
| Ming Ti, Shih TsungYü-wên Yü | 557-560 |
| Wu Ti, Kao TsuYü-wên Yung | 560-578 |
| Abolishes Buddhismand Taoism, 574 |
| Hsüan TiYü-wên Yün | 578-579,d.580 |
| Ching TiYü-wên Ch'an | 579-581 |
| Overthrown by [Yang Chien](#sui), 581 |
While something like the Sixteen Kingdoms sounds like an obscure period, like the [Dark Ages](germania.htm) in Europe, this is only an impression, not because of lack of records, as in the European Dark Ages. There was a history, the *Shíliùguó Chūnqiū*, 十六國春秋, or the *[Spring and Autumn Annals](confuci.htm#classics) of the Sixteen Kingdoms*, by Ts'ui Hong [Cui Hong]. Unfortunately, the original of this was lost, though, as with many Greek and Roman histories, elements of it were preserved in later writers.
Indeed, the history of the period ends up being covered by no less than eight of the standard dynastic histories. The Six Southern Dynasties are featured in the *(XIII) Jinshu* (*History of Tsin/Jin*), *(V) Songshu* (*History of the Anterior Sung*), *(VI) Nan Qishu* (*History of the Southern Ch'i*), *(VIII) Liangshu* (*History of the Liang*), and *(IX) Chenshu* (*History of the Ch'en*).
The Five Northern Dynasties are featured in the *(VII) Weishu* (*History of Wei*), *(X) Bei Qishu* (*History of Northern Ch'i*), and *(XI) Zhoushu* (*History of Chou*).
Since there were only 24 standard dynastic histories finished before the end of Imperial China in 1912, this group counts for exactly a third of the whole corpus. However, there is more. Two more histories of the period, the *Southern Dynasties*, **(XIV) 南史, Nánshǐ**, and the *Northern Dynasties*, **(XV) 北史, Běishǐ**, were added by T'ang historians. So this came to 10 out of the 24 histories. Eight of these were completed in the T'ang Dynasty and consequently were called the "Eight Histories of the T'ang Dynasty," 唐初八史, Táng Chū Bā Shǐ.
---
The Sixteen Kingdoms are of the "Five Barbarians," , i.e. five barbarian peoples. In the tables, these are color coded.
These were (1) the **Hsiung-nu**, , shown in gray. Gray is also reserved for the Mongols, and for any non-Chinese dynasty whose ethnic character is unknown, at least to me. Also, the barbarian states on the maps are in gray.
(2) the **Chieh**, , or , in dark red; (3) the **Hsien-pei** [or Hsien-pi], , in olive green; (4) the **Ch'iang**, , in purple; and (5) the **Ti**, , or , in brown.
The Ch'iang and the Ti, like the later [Hsi-Hsia](#tartar) kingdom, were early groups of [Tibetan](perigoku.htm#tibet) or Tangut peoples, all speaking languages ultimately related to Chinese in the Sino-Tibetan language family. The other groups were all speaking Altaic languages, closely related to Turkish, Mongolian, and Manchu.
The [Indo-European](cognates.htm#sanskrit) speaking **Yüeh-chih**, , are long gone, appearing as the Kushans in Central Asia and [India](#kushan), after they were defeated and driven away by the Hsiung-nu in 170 BC (in the early days of the [Han](#han) Dynasty). As noted [above](#huns), a reasonable speculation holds that the Hsiung-nu are none other than the Huns, whose linguistic ([Altaic](turkia.htm#altaic)) affinity was probably with Mongolian, though some sources say Turkish. The Hsien-pei, in turn, appear to have been Turkish. However, it may be that all the languages are rather close to proto-Altaic and the Mongolian and Turkic groups have not definitely separated yet. A few of the Northern Dynasties were evidently Chinese, but all became increasingly Sinified both in culture and, through intermarriage, ethnically. The general terms for barbarians in different directions are discussed [below](#barbarian).
One thing that fragmented and weakened government made possible was basic cultural innovation. [Buddhism](buddhism.htm) took a while to catch on in China. [Confucians](confuci.htm) would really *never* accept a teaching that advised people to abandon their families and become dependants on society, as Buddhist monks and nuns did. Buddhism had arrived during the Later Han, not always attracting negative official notice, but basic Confucian hostility was only overcome by the weakening of central authority with the now fragmented nature of the country, especially under the barbarian Northern dynasties, where undiscriminating "barbarian" tastes perhaps didn't know any better. It was from the Northern Wei that the fabulous Buddhist cave shrines began to be carved and painted at **Dūnhuáng, 敦煌**, on the Silk Road in western Kansu [Gānsù, 甘肃]. There was also a change in Buddhism itself: [Mahāyāna](buddhism.htm#maha) Buddhism had become less hostile to the world than earlier forms, and this was altogether more agreeable to the Chinese.
| Unclassified Dynasties |
| --- |
| 1. Western Yen, , (= Later Han?) Dynasty,384-394 (Hsien-pei), Shansi & Hopei |
| Mu-jung Hong | 384-385 |
| Wei TiMu-jung Ch'ung | 385-386 |
| Mu-jung I | 386 |
| Mu-jung Yao | 386 |
| Mu-jung Chung | 386 |
| Mu-jung Yung | 386-394 |
| fell to Later Yen |
| 2. Tai, , Dynasty, 315-376 (Hsien-pei), Shensi |
| T'o-pa I-lu | 315-338 |
| T'o-pa Shih-i-chien | 338-376 |
| fell to Early Ch'in |
| 3. Former Ch'iu-ch'ih,, Dynasty, 296-371 (Ti), Kansu |
| Yang Mao-sou | 296-317 |
| Yang Nan-ti | 317-334 |
| Yang I | 334-337 |
| Yang Ch'u | 337-355 |
| Yang Kuo | 355-356 |
| Yang Chün | 356-360 |
| Yang Shih | 360-370 |
| Yang Ts'uan | 370-371 |
| fell to Early Ch'in |
| 4. Later Ch'iu-ch'ih,, Dynasty, 385-443 (Ti) |
| Wu WangYang Ting | 385-394 |
| Hui-wen WangYang Sheng | 394-425 |
| Hsiao-chao WangYang Hsüan | 425-429 |
| Yang Pao-tsung | 429 |
| Yang Nan-tang | 429-441 |
| Yang Pao-ch'ih | 441-443 |
| fell to Northern Wei |
| 5. Wu-tu, , Dynasty, 447-477 |
| Yang Wen-te | 443-454 |
| Yang Yüan-te | 454-466 |
| Yang Seng | 466-473 |
| fell to Northern Wei |
| 6.Wu-hsing, , Dynasty, 478-530 |
| Yang Wen-hong | 478-480 |
| Yang Chi-shih | 480-503 |
| Yang Shao-hsien | 503-? |
| Yang Pi-hsieh | ?-530 |
| fell to Northern Wei |
The popularity of Buddhism ushered in the great era of missionaries and pilgrims. Buddhist missionaries arrived to spread the *dharma*. One of these was **Kumārajīva** (344-413), the great translator of the *Lotus Sutra*, who arrived in China in 401. Another was the semi-mythical **Bodhidharma** (died *circa* 528), who founded the [Ch'an (Zen) School](divebomb.htm) of Buddhism, which combined Buddhism with Chinese ideas from Taoism.
This missionary effort was reciprocated by Chinese pilgrims who travelled to India, like **Fa-hsien** (**法顯, Fǎxiǎn**, d.*c.*422), whose route, overland going (on the **Silk Road**), by sea returning, is shown below. This is recounted in his *Records of Buddhist Kingdoms*, , which includes a remarkable account of the [Gupta](#guptas) Court and contemporary India. The purpose of the pilgrims was usually not just to visit holy sites but to learn Sanskrit and fetch back texts to translate into Chinese.
Hunting down the details of this period has been a challenge. The print histories I have seen are woefully deficient in chronological apparatus, with few lists of rulers and often lacking even lists of dynasties, especially of the Sixteen Kingdoms and Five Northern Dynasties. The rulers of the Five Northern Dynasties are from the *Oxford Dynasties of the World*, by John E. Morby [Oxford University Press, 1989, 2002, pp.217-218]. L. Carrington Goodrich [*A Short History of the Chinese People*, Harper Torchbooks, 1943, 1963] had the first detail of the Sixteen Kingdoms that I had seen. Otherwise, I have had to resort of other kinds of resources.
The *Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten* (*Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History*) actually gives *genealogies* for all the Dynasties and Kingdoms but, being all in *kanji*, requires (for me) a slow effort of decipherment. On line, Wikipedia has good treatments, and some other websites give complete lists of rulers. I now find the most complete treatment of the Sixteen Kingdoms, however, at the [Chinaknowledge](http://www.chinaknowledge.de/index.html) website of Ulrich Theobald. He includes all the forms of the names of the rulers, with characters and era names. This is pretty definitive.
Theobald strictly uses Pinyin readings, which are sometimes jumbled together with Wade-Giles at some sites, sometimes even in the same names. Here, of course, I try to give Wade-Giles first with some Pinyin alternatives, but the process of imposing uniformity in these tables is not yet complete. There are some minor differences in dates for the Sixteen Kingdoms between Goodrich and Jacques Gernet [*A History of Chinese Civilization*, translated by J.R. Foster, Cambridge University Press, 1972, 1982, 1990]. There are *systematic* differences in dates between the *Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten* and other sources, probably explicable in terms of the practice of dating a reign from the first full year. The *Daijiten* dates, reflecting that practice, are given here.
Some *unclassifed dynasties* occur in different sources -- i.e. they are not in the traditional roster of the Six Southern Dynasties, the Sixteen Kingdoms, or the Five Northern Dynasties. Goodrich mentions and the *Daijiten* lists the Southern "Later Liang" discussed and listed above. Goodrich also mentions a "Western Yen," and some websites list a "Later Han" and a "Tai." The "Western Yen" and the "Later Han" suspiciously both have the same starting and finishing dates, so I have taken the liberty of equating them. Theobald gives full information on the Western Yen, Tai [Dai], and several others, of which I had added the Former and Later Ch'iu-ch'ih [Qiuchi], the Wu-tu, and Wu-hsing.
I have never seen a map of the arrangement or history of the kingdoms, north or south, in this period. Theobald does give some geographical designations, which I have added to the names of the dynasties. Dynasties with the same names (e.g. Chao, Liang, Yen) follow in the same geographical areas. Note that **Shansi** is now written as **Shanxi**, and **Shensi** as **Shaanxi**. The former means Western Mountain (), the latter Western Mountain Passes (). Shensi is in the great bend of the Huang He river, west of Shansi. This was the homeland of [Ch'in](#ch'in) and the seat of the Former Han, as it would be of the T'ang, at Ch'ang-an (modern Sian or Xian). A while ago a correspondent objected that there is no word "Sh**aa**nxi" in Chinese. That is true, but using the two a's is the convention adopted in China itself to distinguish between the two provinces, which otherwise, in the absence of written tones, would have identical names.
| Sui, , Dynasty,589-618 |
| Wên TiYang Chien | Northern Empire,581-604 |
| Southern Empire,589-604 |
| Yang TiYang Kuang | 604-617,d.618 |
| Kung TiYang Yu | 617-618,d.619 |
| Yüeh Wang,Kung TiYang T'ung | 618-619 |
**Yang Chien** was rather like the Chinese [Justinian](romania.htm#justin), with some important exceptions: (1) He began in the Barbarian North (as a general of the Northern Chou, grandfather and regent for the [Chou](#northchou) Emperor Ching Ti, whom he deposed in 581) and conquered the Chinese South; and (2) he completely restored the Empire. Justinian's work began from the remaining Empire and was incomplete. If [Charlemagne](francia.htm#caroling) had reunited the entire Roman Empire, the effect would have similar to what we see in China.
Yang Chien was raised a [Buddhist](religion.htm#buddha); and on assuming the Northern Throne in 581, he announced that his rule, promoting the "ten Buddhist virtues," would be like that of a *Cakravartin*, , the universal monarch of [Indian](#india) ideology, translated into Chinese as the , "Wheel Turning Sacred King." There could be no more striking a testimony to the legitimization of Buddhism as a Chinese religion. However, Confucians *never* liked Buddhism very much, and it was certainly not forgotten that Buddhism was a foreign introduction. There was latent hostility towards it, though no anti-Buddhist measures would ever go so far as they subsequently would in [Korea](perigoku.htm#korea).
Besides reuniting the country, the Sui is particularly famous for the building of the Grand Canal. This took essentially the entire duration of the Dynasty, and aroused great resentment from the severity of the forced labor. More than 3,000,000 workers were impressed, and those evading service were executed. The project was pursued by the Emperor Yang Kuang, who also provoked opposition with disastrous attempts to conquer Korea. Then, when rebellions broke out, he did little to suppress them and was eventually killed by the captain of his own guard. Meanwhile, the T'ang had become established at Ch'ang-an. The last person on the list, the Prince (*Wang*) of Yüeh, is often not included among the Emperors. The T'ang had already deposed the dynasty.
In 607, [Prince Shōtoku](#history) supposedly wrote a letter for his aunt, the Empress Suiko, to the Sui Emperor Yang Ti. He referred to Japan as the land where the "Sun Rises,"  (Nippon, Nihon), and to China as the land where the "Sun Sets,"  (Nichibotsu). To the Chinese, however, there could be only one Emperor, , and Son of Heaven, . The ruler of Japan was simply the "King of Wa," , i.e. of the "land of dwarves." Yang Ti was furious at the pretention of there being another Emperor, and of China, the "Middle Kingdom," , being reduced to the place where the "sun sets" (which can also mean "dies" or "drowns"). Yang Ti informed his officials that he was not again to be shown a letter from barbarians who did not know how to address the Emperor of China. Nevertheless, this contact did initiate a period of exchanges between China and Japan.
The Eras of the Sui Dynasty can be examined on a [popup page](JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm#sui','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')). The genealogy of the Sui is from the *Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten* (*Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History*), with some help from the [Chinaknowledge](http://www.chinaknowledge.de/index.html) website of Ulrich Theobald.
| T'ang, , Dynasty,618-907 |
| --- |
| Kao TsuLi Yüan | 618-626 |
| T'ai Tsung**Li Shih-min** | 626-649 |
| Embassy arrives from [Constantinople](romania.htm#heracli), 643; [Nestorian](hist-1.htm#christ) missionaries arrive in Ch'ang-an, 635; Conquest of Tarim Basin, 645 |
| Kao TsungLi Chih | 649-683 |
| Legendary life of Ti Jen-chieh (狄仁杰, Dí Rénjiè) [Judge Dee](./ross/dee.htm), 630-700; Transoxania occupied, 659-665; Korea occupied, 668-676 |
| Chung TsungLi Che | 6 weeks, 684,705-710 |
| Wu Hou,"**Empress Wu**," (**Chou, , Dynasty**) | Empress, 655; regent, 684-690; sole Rule, 690-705,deposed,d.705 |
| Jui TsungLi Tan | 684-690,710-712,regent,712-713,d.716 |
| Hsüan Tsung, **Ming Huang**Li Lungchi | 712-756 |
| appeal for alliance from [Kashmir](#kashmir), 713; Battle of Talas, [Arabs](islam.htm#talas) defeat Chinese, under Kao Hsien-chih, but advance no further into Central Asia, [paper](islam.htm#paper) makers captured, 751; An Lu-shan Rebelion, 755-763 |
| Su TsungLi Yü | 756-762 |
| Tai TsungLi Yü | 762-779 |
| Loss of Tarim Basin to Tibetans, Ch'ang-An occupied by Tibetans, 763 |
| Tê TsungLi Shih | 779-805 |
| Nestorian Table, 782;Battle of T'ing-chou,Kansu lost to Tibetans, 791 |
| Shun TsungLi Sung | 805 |
| Hsien TsungLi Ch'un | 805-820 |
| Mu TsungLi Heng | 820-824 |
| Ching TsungLi Chan | 824-827 |
| Wen TsungLi Ang | 827-840 |
| Wu TsungLi Yen | 840-846 |
| Persecution of Buddhism, 845 |
| Hsüan TsungLi Ch'en | 846-859 |
| Yi TsungLi Wen | 859-873 |
| Hsi TsungLi Yen | 873-888 |
| Canton captured by pirates, population slaughtered, including 120,000 Middle Easterners, 878; Chinese ports closed to foreigners, 878; rebel Huang Ch'ao seizes Ch'ang-an, 881 |
| Chao TsungLi Chieh | 888-904 |
| Chao-hsüan Ti, Ai TiLi Chu | 904-907,d.908 |
The T'ang may very well have been the greatest Chinese dynasty. None other, for a time, so dominated its surroundings or so influenced its neighbors. [Japanese](#japan) civilization, for instance, basically came into existence under T'ang (and Korean) influence. Similarly, the mountainous coastal regions of the South of China were first integrated into the state. A remaining artifact of this is that in [Cantonese](yinyang.htm#dialects2), the Chinese people are not the "Han People," , but the "T'ang People," , or , as pronounced in Cantonese itself.
The Founder of the dynasty was more or less a figurehead for his great son, Li Shih-min, the real creator of the T'ang state, and the mastermind of rebellion against the Sui while only 16 years old. This, at least, is what Li Shih-min later said, and some scepticism is now expressed about it. Nevertheless, while Emperor himself, remembered as T'ai Tsung, with the realm well established, Li Shih-min created the system of [civil service examinations](confuci.htm#note-8) in the [Classics](confuci.htm#classics) that would choose China's bureaucrats for nearly the next 1300 years.
The family name of the T'ang Emperors was , or "Lee," as Americanized Chinese used to write it. This made it look like an American name, one held, for instance, by the Confederate General Robert E. Lee. In World War II, Admiral Willis Augustus Lee had made it a joke, after a posting to China, that he was actually Chinese -- he was in fact related to Robert E. Lee himself. This was less a joke when that was used to help identify him, as "Ching Lee," on the battleship [*Washington*](dreadnot.htm#wwii) at the Naval Battle of [Guadalcanal](history/guadal.htm), where the *Washington* sank the Japanese battleship [*Kirishima*](kongo1.htm). This was a decisive moment in World War II. Meanwhile,  was also a surname in [Vietnam](perigoku.htm#viet) and in [Korea](perigoku.htm#korea) -- where, as , "Lee," or "Rhee" (also read , "Yee"), it is the most common surname.
Buddhism, which became entrenched during the period of the Northern and Southern Empires, was finally accepted (probably with ill grace by Confucian officials) as a properly Chinese religion (the third of the "[Three Ways](confuci.htm#text-1)") during the Sui and T'ang. Chinese pilgrims, like **Hsüan-tsang** (**玄奘, Xuánzàng**, d.664), continued to brave the Silk Road and the Pamirs to travel to India, visiting the Court of [Harsha Vardhana](#thanesar), to learn Sanskrit and bring back Buddhist texts. The story of Hsüan-tsang, who travelled in the days of the T'ai Tsung Emperor, was later embellished and expanded into a popular Ming Dynasty novel, the *Journey to the West*,  ("Record of the Western Journey"). Few historical details are left in this story, but miraculous events and memorable characters, especially the Immortal Monkey King, made it a perennial favorite in China, with an increasing audience in the West. A recent movie, *The Forbidden Kingdom* [Lionsgate, 2008], extracts the Monkey King with some other elements from the *Journey to the West* and constructs an unrelated story around him.
According to the *Old History of the Tang Dynasty* [*Jiu Tangshu*], an embassy arrived at the Court of the Emperor T'ai Tsung in the year 643. This was from , which apparently is now the Chinese version of "Constantinople," perhaps derived from "City" in the accusative, Πολίν -- a Mandarin syllable, of course, could not have ended in an "s." This would have been in the time of [Constans II](romania.htm#heracli). Unlike the earlier record of contact in the time of the Antonines, in the Later Han Dynasty, this came overland and initiated regular trading relations. Roman *solidi* became prized in China, even to the point of imitation coins being produced.
In 635 there is a report that [Nestorian](hist-1.htm#christ) Christian missionaries arrived in Ch'ang-an. At first such a one of these seems to have been called a , i.e. a "follower" of  -- Zoroastrianism! This confusion is perhaps understandable. The character  was used for "the god of the Zoroastrians," but then it had also been applied to the god of the Manicheans. Another religion coming down the Silk Road from Central Asia, with a similar God, perhaps was just another version of the same thing. A more detailed discussion of this can be found with the treatment of [Zoroastrianism](iran.htm#zoroaster) under the Sassanids.
We may suspect, however, that the missionaries had already been in China for a while. This is because around the year 550 a couple of them arrived at the Court of the Emperor [Justinian](romania.htm#justin) bearing silk worm larvae. More than just a questionable report, this resulted in the undoubted establishment of [sericulture](romania.htm#silk) in the Roman Empire, eliminating what had been the principal client of the trade at the Western end of the Silk Road. In the troubled times of the Northern and Southern Empires, we can imagine both that the presence of the missionaries escaped general notice and that they had opportunties to leave with the larvae, whose export was prohibited by the Chinese and whose very existence was a Secret to the West. Overall, however, this seems to have had little effect on the health of the Chinese silk industry.
Where Fa-hsien had journeyed to India by land and sea, and Hsüan-tsang had gone entirely by land, **I-ching** (**義淨, Yìjìng**, d.713), heading to the Buddhist center at Nālandā (where he would stay 11 years), went entirely by sea. This involved interesting interludes in Indonesia, at Palembang in the kingdom of Srivijaya, on Sumatra. On the way out, he stayed there to study Sanskrit, also learning [Malay](islam.htm#malacca) -- although this would not yet be the language influenced by Islam and Arabic. On the way back to China, in possession of some 400 Buddhist texts, not only did he linger in Palembang to work on his translations, but he briefly returned to Canton (Guangzhou) from there to fetch back ink and paper. So his stay in Indonesia ended up involving several years. On his return to China, he was received and welcomed by the Empress Wu, who was a patron of Buddhism.
One of T'ai Tsung's own concubines seduced his weak son on his succession and, as the "Empress Wu," **武后, Wǔ Hòu**, dominated the next 45 years of Chinese history. Consort of Kao Tsung, mother of Chung Tsung and Jui Tsung, effectively the sole ruler from 684 to 705, and ruler in her own name from 690, she was the only woman to thus rule China in all of Chinese history. Her career was very similar to that of the Empress [Irene](romania.htm#irene), who was the first Roman Empress to rule in her own name, and the only one to seriously exercise power on her own initiative. Thus, like Irene, the Empress Wu had a relatively weak willed husband; and, when he died, she first dethroned one son, then acted as regent for another, dethroned him, and then assumed the throne in her own right. While Irene had her son blinded, an injury from which he died, and ruled only briefly in her own right, Wu did not harm her sons and then ruled for fifteen years (when each followed her). Both Wu and Irene ruled rather well, but were then deposed, without being killed. At that point Wu herself may have just been too old to resist. Subsequently, misogynistic Confucians portrayed Wu as consumed with bloody and immoral appetites. Irene's reign gave Pope [Leo III](popes.htm#leo) justification for crowning [Charlemagne](francia.htm#caroling) Roman Emperor, since neither believed that a woman could be a legitimate Roman ruler. Irene, however, would be fondly remembered for ending the first phase of Iconclasm and restoring the Icons.
The Empress Wu's grandson Hsüan Tsung was the last great figure of the dynasty, also known as **明皇, Míng Huáng**, or the "Bright [or brilliant] Emperor." Charming stories are associated with Hsüan Tsung, for instance that he released butterflies onto an assembly of concubines and candidates and would take to bed the woman upon whom they settled. If this was his practice, he stopped it under the (reportedly) unhealthy influence of the concubine Yang Kuei-fei (**楊貴妃, Yáng Guìfēi**) -- one of the "[Four Great Beauties](key.htm#beauties)" of Chinese history.
In the rebellion of An Lu-shan (755-763), when the Court fled Ch'ang-An, the palace guards blamed Yang Kuei-fei and demanded that the Emperor allow her to be executed, which he did (756). Hsüan Tsung's long reign thus ended troubled by this rebellion, which substantially impaired the strength of the state for the rest of the history of the dynasty. Nevertheless, important innovations continued to occur. Books began to be printed in the 9th century, porcelain became common, and tea began to be made regularly, not just used as a medicine. The wine drinking of Judge Dee's day gave way to the more sober potable.
Judge Ti (Dí, Dee; 630-700) became a hero of later Chinese detective fiction. Such stories always featured a District Magistrate as the protagonist; and since the Magistrate was also the Police Chief, Prosecutor, and Judge in his District, this allowed for dimensions of crime fiction that now in Western fiction would usually belong to separate genres. Judge Ti was brought into modern fiction by the Dutch diplomat and linguist Robert van Gulik (1910-1967). Van Gulik first translated a Chinese story, the ***Dígōng Àn*, 狄公案** ("Judge Ti Cases"), as the *Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee* in 1949. He hoped this would spark a revival of such stories in Chinese and Japanese; but when it didn't, he began writing a series of such stories himself. This is examined in more detail [elsewhere](ross/dee.htm). The culture of van Gulik's Dee stories, and the costumes he illustrated in his own drawings, were more of Ming times than of T'ang, however, since van Gulik was more familiar with that.
In the decline of the T'ang, [Tibet](perigoku.htm#tibet) becomes a major factor. It was the Tibetans who drove the T'ang out of the Tarim Basin (763) and then even took Kansu (791). This collapse even included an brief occupation of Ch'ang-An itself by the Tibetans (763). Tibetans remained in Kansu, later founding the durable Tangut or [Hsi-Hsia](#tangut) state, which survived until the Mongol conquest. The irony of these Tibetan successes is now considerable, in light of recent events. Some might think of present Chinese claims and policies in Tibet as little more than a long delayed revenge for the Tibetan humiliation of the T'ang.
The Eras of the T'ang Dynasty can be examined on a [popup page](JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm#tang','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')). The genealogy of the T'ang is entirely from the *Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten* (*Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History*).
In the T'ang Dynasty the process of producing the dynastic histories started becoming a matter of a team at the Historiographic Bureau, with an editor, rather than individual efforts, though some were produced in that way. Eight histories were produced during the T'ang, a third of the whole corpus. These were then called the "Eight Histories of the T'ang Dynasty," 唐初八史, Táng Chū Bā Shǐ. This is no less than a third of all of the 24 dynastic histories.
In 636 five histories were finished. The *History of the [Southern] Liang*, **(VIII) 梁書, Liángshū**, and the *History of the [Southern] Ch'en*, **(IX) 陳書, Chénshū**, were by Yao Ch'a and Yao Szu-lien. The *History of the Northern Ch'i*, **(X) 北齊書, Běi Qíshū**, was by Li Te-lin and Li Po-yao. The *History of the [Northern] Chou*, **(XI) 周書, Zhōushū**, and the *History of the Sui*, **(XII) 隋書, Suíshū**, were produced by the Bureau, edited by Ling-hu Te-fen and Wei Cheng, respectively.
In 646 the Bureau produced the *History of the [Western & Eastern] Chin*, **(XIII) 晉書, Jìnshū**, edited by **Fan Hsüan-ling**. Finally, in 659, we get the *History of the Southern Dynasties*, **(XIV) 南史, Nánshǐ**, and the *History of the Northern Dynasties*, **(XV) 北史, Běishǐ**, by Li Yen-shou.
Note that all of these histories, VIII-XV deal with the previous period of the [Northern and Southern Empires](#north-south), accept for the **(XII) 隋書, Suíshū**, which deals with the subsequent [Sui Dynasty](#sui). Histories V-VII, also about the Northern and Southern Empires, were themselves completed during that period. As noted above, no less than 10 of the dynastic histories are about the Northern and Southern Empires.
| The Five Dynasties, , 907-960 |
| --- |
| 1. Posterior Liang, , Dynasty, 907-923 |
| T'ai Tau, T'ai TsuChu Wen | 907-912 |
| Ying WangChu Yu-kuei | 912-913 |
| Mo TiChu Yu-chen | 913-923 |
| 2. Posterior T'ang, , Dynasty, 923-937 (Turkish) |
| Chuang TsungLi Ts'un-hsü | 923-926 |
| Ming TsungLi Tan | 926-933 |
| Min TiLi Ts'ung-hou | 933-934 |
| Fei TiLi Ts'ung-k'e | 934-937 |
| 3. Posterior Chin/Tsin, , Dynasty, 937-947 (Turkish) |
| Kao TsuShih Ching-t'ang | 937-942 |
| Ch'u TiShih Ch'ung-kuei | 942-947,d.964 |
| 4. Posterior Han, , Dynasty, 947-951 (Turkish) |
| Kao TsuLiu Chih-yüan | 947-948 |
| Yin TiLiu Ch'eng-yu | 948-951 |
| 5. Posterior Chou, , Dynasty, 951-960 |
| T'ai TsuKuo Wei | 951-954 |
| Shih TsungCh'ai Juong | 954-959 |
| Shih TsungCh'ai Tsung-Hsün | 959-960,d.973 |
| The Ten Kingdoms, , 896-979 |
| --- |
| 1. Min, , Dynasty, 896-944, Fukien [Fujian] |
| Wang Ch'ao | 896-897 |
| T'ai TsuWang Shen-chih | 897-925 |
| Sze TsungWang Yen-han | 925-926 |
| Hui TsungWang Lin | 926-935 |
| K'ang TsungWang Ch'ang | 935-939 |
| Ching TsungWang Hsi | 939-944 |
| Tien-te TiWang Yen-cheng | 943-944 |
| fell to Southern T'ang |
| 2. Ch'u, , Dynasty, 896-951, Hunan |
| Ch'u Wu-mu WangMa Yin | 896-930 |
| Heng-yang WangMa Hsi-sheng | 930-932 |
| Ch'u Wen-chao WangMa Hsi-fan | 932-947 |
| Fei WangMa Hsi-kuang | 947-950 |
| Ch'u Kung-hsiao WangMa Hsi-o | 950-951 |
| Ch'u WangMa Hsi-ch'ung | 951,d.962 |
| fell to Southern T'ang |
| 3. Former Shu, , Dynasty, 907-925, Szechwan |
| Kao TsuWang Chien | 907-918 |
| Hou-chuWang Yen | 918-925 |
| fell to Posterior T'ang |
| 4. Later Shu, , Dynasty, 930-965 |
| Kao TsuMeng Chih-hsiang | 930-934 |
| Hou ChuMeng Ch'ang | 934-965 |
| fell to [Sung](#sung) |
| 5. Wu, , (Huai-nan) Dynasty, 902-937, Kiangsi [Jiangxi] |
| Tai TsuYang Hsing-mi | 902-905 |
| Lieh TsuYang Wu | 905-908 |
| Kao TsuYang Wei | 908-920 |
| Jui TiYang P'u | 920-937 |
| fell to Southern T'ang |
| 6. Southern T'ang, , Dynasty, 937-975, Kiangsi [Jiangxi] |
| Lieh TsuLi Sheng | 937-943 |
| Yüan TsungLi Ching | 943-961 |
| Hou Chu, Wu WangLi Yü | 961-975 |
| fell to [Sung](#sung) |
| 7. Wu-Yüeh, , Dynasty, 907-978, Chekiang [Zhejiang] |
| Wu-su WangCh'ien Liu | 907-932 |
| Wen-mu WangCh'ien Yüan-kuang | 932-941 |
| Chung-hsien WangCh'ien Hong-tso | 941-947 |
| Chung-hsün WangCh'ien Hong-tsung | 947-948 |
| Chung-i WangCh'ien Hong-ch'u | 948-978 |
| fell to [Sung](#sung) |
| 8. Southern Han, , Dynasty, 909-971, Kwantung [Guandong] |
| Jang Huang Ti,Lieh TsungLiu Yin | 909-911 |
| Kao TsuLiu Yen | 911-942 |
| Defeated by [Vietnamese](perigoku.htm#ngo), 938 |
| Shang TiLiu Fen | 942-943 |
| Chung TsungLiu Ch'eng | 943-958 |
| Hou-chuLiu Chi-hsing, Ch'ang | 958-971 |
| fell to [Sung](#sung) |
| 9. Ching-nan, , (Nan-P'ing [Nanping]) Dynasty, 907-963, Hupei [Hubei] |
| Wu-hsin WangKao Chi-hsing | 907-928 |
| Wen-hsien WangKao Kung-hui | 928-948 |
| Chen-i WangKao Pao-jung | 948-960 |
| Ssu-chungKao Pau-hsü | 960-962 |
| Kao Chi-ch'ung | 962-963 |
| fell to [Sung](#sung) |
| 10. Northern Han, , Dynasty, 951-979, Shansi [Shanxi] |
| Shih TsuLiu Min, Ch'ung | 951-954 |
| Jui TsungLiu Ch'eng-chün | 954-968 |
| Fei Ti, Shao-chuLiu Chi-en | 968 |
| Ying-wu TiLiu Chi-yüan | 968-979 |
| fell to [Sung](#sung) |
In this period China again breaks into Southern and Northern halves, but there are significant differances in comparison to the earlier period of the [Northern and Southern Empires](#north-south). Now it is the Five Dynasties, in the North and not entirely Chinese, that are regarded as the legitimate succession of the Chinese Throne. In the South were the mainly Chinese "Ten Kingdoms," whose rulers do not seem to be given in the common lists of Emperors.
The priority apparently goes to the North as constituting the more unified part of the country. As at the end of the Northern and Southern Empires, a coup against the last Northern Dynasty ushered in reunification, under the Sung. One of the greatest differences, however, is just in the time scale. The Five Dynasties only last 53 years, while the Northern and Southern Empires endured 323 long years -- it is more like the period of the [Three Kingdoms](#three), at 46 years, that is comparable in scale to the Five Dynasties.
The Eras of the Five Dynasties can be examined on a [popup page](JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm#five','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')). The genealogies of the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms can all be examined on a large [popup image](JavaScript:popup('history/5dynasty.gif','5dynasties','resizable,scrollbars,width=897,height=1098')). Or it can be loaded into the [current window](history/5dynasty.gif). These genealogies are entirely from the *Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten* (*Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History*), though the names and dates may be from other sources.
In this transition period some basic Chinese customs of later history are supposed to have originated. Previously people sat on floor mats, as the Japanese continued to do, but now chairs came into common use. Also, the bizarre and disturbing custom of binding the feet of women began, an affectation, as with the long fingernails of the Mandarin bureaucrats, to display one's freedom from physical labor. Unfortunately, a long fingernail seems merely ridiculous, and can easily be cut off in need, but ruined feet cannot be remade without extensive modern reconstructive surgery. Interestingly, when the [Manchurians](#ch'ing) came to power, footbinding was prohibited among their own people; but the tyranny of fashion, or the desire to assimilate to the Chinese, meant that the prohibition eroded in practice.
One peculiarity of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms is that, when listed, we often see six dynasties and nine kingdoms. This is because the Northern Han (like the Later Liang of the [Six Dynasties](#north-south)) actually derives from the Posterior Han Dynasty. As the Posterior Han (4th of the Five Dynasties) was replaced in 951, the Northern Han began as one of the Ten Kingdoms. To indicate this connection, it is always tempting to list them together. This not done here. While the rest of the Ten Kingdoms are in the *South*, the origin of the Northern Han is evident in its situation in the North, in Shansi province.
One dynastic history was produced during the Five Dynasties, this was the *Old History of the T'ang*, **(XVI) 舊唐書, Jiù Tángshū**, produced by the Historiographic Bureau in 945, during the Posterior Chin (937-947), edited by Liu Hsü, 劉昫, Liú Xū. The Chin was a Sinified Turkish dynasty; but it would not be the only dynasty not of Chinese origin to produce one of the 24 histories. The Mongol Yüan Dynasty produced three.
| Tartar Dynasties |
| --- |
| Liao, , (Khitan, ) Dynasty,907-1125 |
| T'ai TsuYeh-lü A-pao-chi | 907-926 |
| T'ai TsungYeh-lü Te-kuang | 927-947 |
| Shih TsungYeh-lü Ju-an | 947-951 |
| Mu TsungYeh-lü Ching | 951-969 |
| Ching TsungYeh-lü Hsien | 969-982 |
| Shêng TsungYeh-lü Lung-hsü | 982-1031 |
| Hsing TsungYeh-lü Tsung-chen | 1031-1055 |
| Tao TsungYeh-lü Hong-chi | 1055-1101 |
| T'ien-tso TiYeh-lü Yen-hsi | 1101-1125,d.1128 |
| displaced by the [Kin/Chin](#chin);relocated to Sinkiangas [Western Liao](#westliao) |
| The Hsi-Hsia, (Tangut, ) Dynasty,990-(1032)-1227 |
| Li I-chao | 933-935 |
| Li I-hsing | 935-967 |
| Li Chi-jui | 968-978 |
| Li Chi-Chun | 978-979 |
| Li Chi-feng | 980-1004 |
| Li Chi-Ch'ien | 982-1004 |
| Li Te-ming | 1004-1032 |
| Ching TsungLi Yüan-hao | 1032-1048,Emperor,1038 |
| I TsungLi Liang-tzu | 1048-1068 |
| Hui TsungLi Ping-Ch'iang | 1068-1086 |
| Ch'ung TsungLi Ch'ien-shun | 1086-1139 |
| Jen TsungLi Jen-Hsiao | 1139-1194 |
| Huan TsungLi Ch'un-yu | 1194-1206 |
| Mongol vassal, 1206-1227 |
| Hsiang TsungLi An-Ch'üan | 1206-1211 |
| Shen TsungLi Tsun-hsu | 1211-1223 |
| Hsien TsungLi Te-wang | 1223-1226 |
| Li Hsien, Mo Ti | 1226-1227 |
| conquered by Mongols,1226-1227 |
While the division into North and South evokes the earlier one, a significant difference is that the country really had broken into *three* parts. North of the Five Dynasties were the Tartar Dynasties of Liao and Hsi-Hsia [Xixia]. These survived the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and even survived the Sung. The [Western Liao](#westliao) (derived from the Liao) and Hsi-Hsia only met their end at the hand of the [Mongols](#yuan). The "Tartar" territory thus was long alienated from Chinese rule and would not return until the [Ming](#ming).
The genealogy of the Liao, from the *Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten* (*Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History*), may be examined on a [popup image](JavaScript:popup('history/liao.gif','liao','resizable,scrollbars,width=220,height=620')). I had not found a genealogy of the Hsi-Hsia, which was not regarded as Chinese enough to rate a dynastic history. Now however, Jan van den Burg has sent me a genealogy from a [French website](http://web.genealogies.free.fr/), which can be examined in another [popup image](JavaScript:popup('history/xixia.gif','xixia','resizable,scrollbars,width=345,height=614')). This information reports the surname of the Hsi-Hsia Dynasty as Chao (*Zhao*) rather than Li. [Ulrich Theobald](http://www.chinaknowledge.de/index.html), however, does have the surname Li.
"Tartar" is a European rendering of Persian *Tātār*. The extra "r" seems to have crept in from Greek/Latin *Tartarus*, the deepest region of Hades, i.e. Hell. This reflects the judgment that the Tartars were like demons from Hell, which is more or less what the Chinese and ultimately other objects of Mongol conquest would have thought themselves. The "Tartar" dynasties here and the later ones [below](#tartar2) were not in the same league as the Mongols, and were ultimately Mongol victims, but were regarded as no less alien by the Chinese. With the Mongols, all the groups appear to be speakers of Altaic languages, except the Hsi-Hsia, who, as noted above, were Tanguts, closely akin to the Tibetans. "Tatar" remains as the name of a [Turkic](upan.htm#steppe) language spoken across Central Asia and in the area of the former Mongol [Khanate of Kazan](mongol.htm#kazan) in Russia.
The Khitans and the Hsi-Hsia both wrote their languages using Chinese characters, as shown at left. This is revealing of the degree to which they part of the Chinese cultural sphere, in contrast to the Uighur alphabets later used by the Mongols and Manchurians.
Information about the Ten Kingdoms is often minimal in print histories of China, and it is possible to read a fair amount of material and actually be unaware of them. As with the [Sixteen Kingdoms](#sixteen), I have needed to resort to sources like the *Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten* (*Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History*) and to various websites. The *Daijiten* gives genealogies for all the Kingdoms but, being all in *kanji*, requires (for me) a slow effort of decipherment. The dates given by the *Daijiten* are, as in the section above, preferred. Some details were supplied from Wikipedia articles. But the most complete treatment of the Ten Kingdoms, as noted for other periods, appears to be at the [Chinaknowledge](http://www.chinaknowledge.de/index.html) website of Ulrich Theobald. He includes all the forms of the names of the rulers, with characters and era names. The treatment looks definitive.
Some small maps of this period are given in the *Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors* by Ann Paludan, but only the Five Dynasties are actually identified on them. Paludan's maps, however, appear to be based on, or related to (her edition antedates it), those in the *Historical Records of the Five Dynasties*, by Ouyang Xiu [or Ou-yang Hsiu, translated by Richard L. Davis, Columbia University Press, 2004], which identifies all the states. This is actually one of the standard [dynastic histories](#ouyang) of Chinese literature, the *Wudai Shiji* or *Xin Wudaishi* (*New Five Dynasty History*). Theobald also supplies some geographical information on the Kingdoms, given with the names of the dynasties. Here above/right is displayed a version of the first map, of the Posterior Liang Dynasty and contemporaries, in the *Historical Records*. Note that Ch'i, Chin, and Yen are not among the Ten Kingdoms. Maps for the rest of the period can be examined on popups for the [Posterior T'ang](JavaScript:popup('images/maps/china-8b.gif','posttang','resizable,scrollbars,width=245,height=295')), the [Posterior Chin and Han](JavaScript:popup('images/maps/china-8c.gif','postchin','resizable,scrollbars,width=245,height=295')), and the [Posterior Chou](JavaScript:popup('images/maps/china-8d.gif','postchou','resizable,scrollbars,width=245,height=295')).
| (Northern) Sung, , Dynasty, 960-1127 |
| T'ai TsuChao K'uang-yin | 960-976 |
| T'ai TsungChao Kuan-i | 976-997 |
| Chên TsungChao Te-ch'ang | 997-1022 |
| Jên TsungChao Chen | 1022-1063 |
| Observation of Crab Nebula Supernova, 1054 |
| Ying TsungChao Shu | 1063-1067 |
| Shên TsungChao Hsü | 1067-1085 |
| Chê TsungChao Hsü | 1085-1100 |
| Hui TsungChao Chi | 1100-1126 |
| Ch'in TsungChao Huan | 1126-1127 |
| displaced bythe [Chin/Kin](#chin), 1127 |
The Sung restored the unity of China, but it would never have the power or empire of the T'ang. "[Tartar](#tartar)" states, the Hsi Hsia and Liao, hemmed it in from the north, foreshadowing the era of barbarian domination that would overwhelm the Huang He valley under the Jurchen and then all of China under the Mongols. Nevertheless, the Sung would be remembered along with the T'ang as the classic period of Chinese civilization, so that Chu Yüan-chang, founder of the [Ming](#ming), would promise the restoration of "the T'ang and the Sung."
Of great interest during the Sung was the observation of a supernova in the constellation Taurus. Unlike Western astronomers at the time, the Chinese did not believe that the heavens were unchanging, and they were always on the lookout for what they called "guest stars," 客星, kèxīng, i.e. novas (*novae*, *nova stella* in Latin, "new star") and supernovas. It would not be understood until modern astronomy that these were exploding stars. The guest star of 1054 was an extraordinarily bright and enduring supernova. A supernova can shine for a while with light equivalent to the whole rest of the galaxy. The remnant of the explosion today is the Crab Nebula, with an active Pulsar, or Neutron Star, at its center.
The Eras of the Sung Dynasty can be examined on a [popup page](JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm#sung','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')). The genealogy of the Sung is entirely from the *Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten* (*Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History*). Both the Sung proper (or Northern Sung) and the Southern Sung are included in the same diagram. It is especially noteworthy how the first Emperor of the Southern Sung was actually the *brother* of the last Emperor of the Northern Sung. But the succession then passed to a very distant (sixth) cousin (once removed). The succession subsequently made an even larger leap to another collateral line.
During the Sung three dynastic histories were produced. In 974 the Historiographic Bureau published the *Old History of the Five Dynasties*, **(XVII) 舊五代史, Jiù Wǔdàishǐ**, edited by Hsüeh Chü-cheng, 薛居正, Xuē Jūzhèng.
In 1053, Ou-yang Hsiu, 歐陽脩, Ōuyáng Xiū, published, as noted [above](#ouyang2), the *Historical Records of the Five Dynasties*, **(XVIII) 五代史記, Wǔdài Shǐjì**, or the *New History of the Five Dynasties*, **(XVIII) 新 五代史, Xīn Wǔdài Shǐ**. This was the last dynastic history by an individual historian.
Finally, in 1060 we get the *New History of the T'ang*, **(XIX) 新唐書, Xīn Tángshū**, by Ou-yang Hsiu and Sung Ch'i, 宋祁, Sòng Qí.
| Southern Sung, , Dynasty, 1127-1279 |
| Kao TsungChao Kou | 1127-1162,d.1187 |
| Navy of 11 squadrons, 3,000 men, 1130 AD; invading Kin/Chin defeated by land and sea, first gunpowder bombs launched by catapult, 1161 |
| Hsiao TsungChao Po-tsung | 1162-1189,d.1194 |
| Navy of 15 squadrons, 21,000 men, 1174 AD |
| Kuang TsungChao Tun | 1189-1194,d.1200 |
| Ning TsungChao K'uo | 1194-1224 |
| Li TsungChao Yü-chü | 1224-1264 |
| Navy of 20 squadrons, 600 ship, 52,000 men, 1237 AD |
| Tu TsungChao Meng-ch'i | 1264-1274 |
| Kung TsungChao Hsien | 1274-1276,d.1323 |
| Mongols control Yangtze valley, 1175; take capital, Emperor captured, 1276 |
| Tuan TsungChao Shi | 1276-1278 |
| Ping TiChao Ping | 1278-1279 |
| conquered by Mongols,
1267-1279 |
The Southern Sung is inevitably remembered mainly as the victim of Mongol conquest. It is noteworthy, however, that the Sung gave the Mongols the hardest time of any of their ultimate conquests. The final campaign by Qubilai Khān took twelve long years, when most people were lucky if they could resist the Mongols for twelve weeks. One explanation of this is that the Mongols were definitely out of their preferred element.
| Tartar Dynasties |
| --- |
| Northern Liao, , (Khitan, ) Dynasty, 1122-1123 |
| Hsüan TsungYeh-lü Ch'un | 1122-1123 |
| Hsiao-te | 1122 |
| Liang WangYeh-lü Wali | 1123 |
| Western Liao, , Dynasty (Qara-Khitaï, "Black Cathay"), 1125-(1141)-1218 |
| Te TsungJohn Yeh-lü [Yeliuy] Dashi | 1124-1144 |
| defeat of [Seljuks](islam.htm#manz), [Khwārazm](islam.htm#khwarazm),and [Qarakhānids](islam.htm#qara), occupationof Transoxania, 1141 |
| Kan-T'ien-Hou Tabuyan, T'a-Pu-Yen | 1144-1151 |
| Jen TsungElias Yeh-lü I-lieh | 1151-1163 |
| Ch'eng-T'ien-Hou Yeh-lü Pusuwan | 1163-1178 |
| Mo TiGeorge Yeh-lü Chi-lu-ku | 1177-1211,1213 |
| David Küchülüg | 1211-1218,d.1229 |
| conquered by Mongols,1217-1218 |
| Kin/Chin, , Dynasty (Jurchen/Nü-chên, ), 1115-1234 |
| T'ai TsuWan-yen A-ku-ta | 1115-1123 |
| T'ai TsungWan-yen Sheng | 1123-1135 |
| Hsi TsungWan-yen Tan | 1135-1150 |
| Hai-ling WangWan-yen Liang | 1150-1161 |
| Shih TsungWan-yen Yung | 1161-1189 |
| Chang TsungWan-yen Ching | 1189-1208 |
| Wei-shao WangWan-yen Yung-chi | 1208-1213 |
| Hsüan TsungWan-yen Hsün | 1213-1224 |
| Ai TsungWan-yen Shou-hsü | 1224-1234 |
| Mo TiWan-yen Ch'eng-lin | 1234 |
| conquered by Mongols,1230-1234 |
The saying in China is that "in the north, you go by horse; in the south, you go by boat,"  [south [by] boat; north [by] horse]. The Mongols undoubtedly were more comfortable with horses than with boats. The southern terrain posed a challenge that the Mongols could not meet with their accustomed cavalry tactics. The Sung state was also more formidably organized than many opponents of the Mongols. The Sung had resources unavailable to the Russians or the Khawarizm Shāhs. But the wages of resistance to the Mongols was, of course, death. On one account, Qubilai Khān, in the course of his conquest and rule over China, killed "more than 18,470,000 Chinese" (R.J. Rummel, *Death by Government*, Transaction Publishers, 1995, p. 51). This would put him in the same league, at least, as Adolph Hitler.
The Mongols did need to build a fleet to defeat the Sung, even as the Sung had learned early on that their position in the South meant that they would be more involved with maritime matters. This lead to the cultivation of their navy, which stood them in good stead against their enemies, even as they developed new weapons, using gunpowder to create bombs (with shrapnel) that could be thrown by catapults. It also led to the easing of [Confucian](six.htm#text-1) attitudes against trade. The founding Emperor, Kao Tsung, is supposed to have said, "Profits from maritime commerce are very great. If properly managed, they can amount to millions [of strings of cash]. Is this not better than taxing the people?" [Louise Levathes, *When China Ruled the Seas*, Oxford, 1994, p.41]. Indeed. When the Ming later moved their capital to the North, the Northern and Confucian disparagement of trade reemerged.
The Eras of the Southern Sung Dynasty can be examined on a [popup page](JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm#sung-s','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')).
---
Readily available histories of China never seem to give any of the actual "Tartar" dynasty rulers, despite their importance in this era. The rulers of the Liao and the Kin/Chin Dynasties are from the *Oxford Dynasties of the World*, by John E. Morby [Oxford University Press, 1989, 2002, p.219]. Here the [Hsi-Hsia](#tangut) rulers were originally taken from [Ah Xiang's](http://www.uglychinese.org/xixia.htm) Xi Xia page and Bruce R. Gordon's Regnal Chronologies. I also discovered a list of the Qara-Khitaï (Western Liao) rulers at Gordon. The names are fascinating for their combination of Christian, Chinese, and Turkic elements. The Christian elements are due to the effect of the [Nestorian](hist-1.htm#christ) missionaries who converted many in Central Asia in this period. Because of this, the [Syriac](trees.htm#semitic) alphabet ended up being adopted for many Central Asian languages, including Uighur, Mongolian, and Manchu, although written vertically, like Chinese, rather than right to left. The first name given by Gordon antedates the beginning of the Qara-Khitaï state, which is interesting since the Western Liao was simply the relocation of the Liao. Since the Liao was breaking up under Jurchen attack, my suspicion is that John Yeliuy [or Yeh-lü] Dashi begins as a bit of a rebel, or refugee. Morby's comment on this would have been nice, but the *Oxford Dynasties* is innocent of narrative. The closest we get is a note that "Chinese dates for Western Liao (here omitted) are unreliable" [p.221]. OK. Now I have added some information to this from the very detailed "Kara-Khitan Khanate" page at [Answers.com](http://www.answers.com/topic/kara-khitan-khanate), which evidently mirrors a similar page at Wikipedia. The most complete treatment of the Western Liao, however, appears to be at the [Chinaknowledge](http://www.chinaknowledge.de/index.html) website of Ulrich Theobald. He includes all the forms of the names of the rulers, Christian names included, with characters and era names. This is pretty definitive. Theobald also includes the ephemeral "Northern Liao," which I have not seen otherwise noted. John Yeliuy Dashi was apparently not the only Khitan leader looking to refound the state. In Chinese terms, however, the Northern and Western Liao were never Chinese enough to be considered part of Chinese history; and there never was a formal dynastic history of them (or of the Hsi-Hsia) as there was of the Liao and the Kin/Jin. What I would wonder is if the Western Liao continued using the Chinese script of the Khitans, or if they adopted the alphabetic writing of the Uighurs, who would have been the predominating ethnic group in their domain, largely the modern Sinkiang. Meanwhile, the Jurchen were writing with Chinese characters, like their Khitan predecessors. The genealogy of the Kin/Chin, from the *Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten* (*Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History*), may be examined on a [popup image](JavaScript:popup('history/chin.gif','chin','resizable,scrollbars,width=310,height=460')). I had not found the genealogy of the Northern or Western Liao; but now Jan van den Burg has found a couple of sources for the Western Liao, although they do not agree in all particulars, including the dates. What seems to be the most likely version can be examined in a [popup image](JavaScript:popup('history/liaowest.gif','westliao','resizable,scrollbars,width=295,height=336')). My guess is that the three persons in the Northern Liao represent father, mother, and son, with the latter, the "Prince of Liang," perhaps never properly ruling. It seems to be uncertain when Hsüan Tsung died (1122 or 1123).
| Yüan, (Mongol, ),Dynasty, 1280-1368 |
| TemüjinChingiz Khān**T'ai Tsu** | 1206-1227 |
| [Western Liao](#westliao) conquered,1217-1218;The [Hsi-Hsia](#tangut) State conquered,1226-1227 |
| Ögedei Khān**T'ai Tsung** | 1229-1241 |
| [Kin/Chin Dynasty](#chin) conquered,1230-1234 |
| Töregene Khātūn, regent | 1241-1246 |
| Güyük Khān**Ting Tsung** | 1246-1248 |
| Oghul Ghaymish,regent | 1248-1251 |
| Möngke Khān**Hsien Tsung** | 1251-1259 |
| Yünnan conquered, 1253/54;
Annam invaded, 1257-1258;
Southern Sung invaded,
1257-1259 |
| Qubilai Khān**Shih Tsu** | 1260-1294 |
| 1280 |
| Southern Sung conquered,
1267-1279;
[Japan](#kamakura) invaded, 1274, 1281 |
| Temür Öljeytü Khān**Ch'êng Tsung** | 1294-1307 |
| 1295 |
| Qayshan GülükHai-Shan**Wu Tsung** | 1307-1311 |
| 1308 |
| AyurparibhadraAyurbarwada**Jên Tsung** | 1311-1320 |
| 1312 |
| Beginning of Little Ice Age, heavy rain for five years in Europe, famine, 1315-1320 |
| Suddhipala Gege'enShidebala**Ying Tsung** | 1320-1323 |
| 1321 |
| Yesün-Temür**Tai-ting Ti** | 1323-1328 |
| 1324 |
| ArigabaAragibag**T'ien-shun Ti** | 1328 |
| Jijaghatu Toq-Temür**Wen Tsung** | 1328-13291329-1332 |
| 1330 |
| Qoshila Qutuqtu**Ming Tsung** | 1329 |
| 1329 |
| Rinchenpal, IrinjibalIrinchibal**Ning Tsung** | 1332-1333,53 days |
| Toghan-Temür**Hui Tsung, Shun Ti** | 1333-1370 |
| 1333 |
| Mongols expelled fromChina, 1368 |
| Northern Yüan, , Dynasty |
| AyushiridaraBiliktü Qaghan**Chao Tsung** | 1370-1379 |
| Togus-TemürUsaqal Qaghan | 1379-1389 |
| line continues in [Mongolia](mongol.htm#northyuan) until[Manchurian](#ch'ing) Conquest, 1696 |
Although it is understandable that the Mongols chose an auspicious name, Yüan [Yuán], "Beginning," rather than a traditional Chinese regional name for their Dynasty, this creates a precedent that lasts for the rest of Chinese Imperial history -- though certainly the [Ch'ing](#ch'ing) [Qing] as foreigners also were in a similar situation. This character was formerly seen for the monetary unit of the [People's Republic of China](#communist), replacing the traditional character for "dollar," which meant "round" and was applied to the Spanish silver dollars that were brought to Manila every year from [Mexico](newspain.htm) and distributed across East Asia. Now, however, an actual simplified version of the original character has come to be used, as shown. A silver coinage had never existed in China, and the Spanish dollars established a monetary standard all over the Orient. Thus, the [Japanese](#modern) ¥en was also originally a silver dollar, long debased. In Japan now a special simplified character is used for the yen, and, as it happens, the "y" in the old Romanization never was pronounced.
While Mongol occupation and rule is an important chapter in the history of China, the Mongol domain, which extended all the way to Hungary and Egypt, is a much larger topic, covered separately under the "**[The Mongol Khāns](mongol.htm)**."
| |
| --- |
| * [Index](mongol.htm#top)* [The Conquests of Chingiz Khān, 1227](mongol.htm#map-1)* [The Great Khāns and the Yüan Dynasty of China](mongol.htm#great)* [The Grandsons of Chingiz Khān, 1280](mongol.htm#map-2)* [The Chaghatayid Khāns](mongol.htm#chaghaty)* [The Il Khāns](mongol.htm#ilkhan)
+ [The Jalāyirids, 1340-1432](mongol.htm#jalay)+ [The Qara Qoyunlu, 1351-1469](mongol.htm#qaraqoy)+ [The Timurids, 1370-1500](mongol.htm#timurid)+ [The Aq Qoyunlu, 1396-1508](mongol.htm#aqqoy)* [The Khāns of the Golden Horde](mongol.htm#golden)
+ [The Khāns of the Blue Horde](mongol.htm#golden)+ [The Khāns of the White Horde](mongol.htm#white)+ [The Khāns of the Golden Horde](mongol.htm#gold)+ [The Khāns of Kazan](mongol.htm#kazan)+ [The Khāns of Astrakhan](mongol.htm#astrakhan)+ [The Khāns of the Crimea](mongol.htm#crimea)* [Shibānid Özbegs, 1438-1599](mongol.htm#uzbek)* [Kazakhs, 1394-1748](mongol.htm#kazakh)* [Toqay Temürids, 1599-1758](mongol.htm#toqay)* [Mangıts of Bukhara, 1747-1920](mongol.htm#mangit)
|
There may be some question about just how bad Mongol rule was in China. Apart from R.J. Rummel's figures, like that [above](#text-1), we have accounts like this:
| |
| --- |
| For a time it appeared as if the conquest would destroy Chinese culture and even the nation itself... Cities were annihilated, and tens of thousands of homeless refugees fled to the mountains, where they starved or survived as vast hordes of wandering mendicants. Great areas of land went out of cultivation... [C.P. Fitzgerald, *The Horizon History of China*, American Heritage Publishing, 1969, p.244]
The great scholar families... Many of them had probably been almost wiped out in the conquest... Famous double surnames of great antiquity, such as Ssu-ma and Ssu-tu, Shang-kuan and Ou-yang, were borne by many great men of the Sung dynasty. But after the Mongol period no more is heard of these ancient families except for some branches surviving in the far south, in Kuangtung, which in T'ang times had been a place of exile for disgraced officials, and in Sung times the last stronghold of Southern Sung power. [*ibid.*, p.249] |
On the other hand, other accounts, e.g. L. Carrington Goodrich, *A Short History of the Chinese People* [Harper Torchbooks, 1943, 1963] or
Ann Paludan, *Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors* [Thames & Hudson, London, 1998], don't describe anything in the way of population loss. Each account, however, gives some hint of the Mongol ferocity familiar from their other campaigns.
Paludan mentions the loss of over 100,000 Chinese in the very last, three week long battle of the Mongol conquest of the Southern Sung, off Kwantung in 1279 [p.147], and the proposal by Bayan, chancellor of Toghan-Temür, to exterminate "all Chinese with the five most popular names, some 90 per cent of the population!" [p.157].
There was always a faction among the Mongols that wanted a steppe culture imposed on China, with the extermination of agriculture, and population, that that would entail. Paludan mentions that the amount of land under cultivation *tripled* just between 1371 and 1379, in the early years of the Ming, and that "in 1395 alone, 41,000 resevoirs were rebuilt or restored" [pp.161-162]. This would imply some neglect or abandonment under the Yüan. Goodrich mentions how Qubilai Khān, emulating Shih-huang-ti, tried to suppress Taoism, ordering (1258 & 1281) that all of its books (with some exceptions) be burned [*op.cit.*, pp.183-184].
I had some problems with reconciling the Mongolian dates and names [*The Mongols*, David Morgan, Basil Blackwell, 1986, and *The New Islamic Dynasties*, Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Edinburgh University Press, 1996, which do not give Chinese names] with the Chinese list of Yüan emperors [*Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary*, Harvard University Press, 1972, p. 1175, which does not give the Mongolian names]. This is now cleared up by Ann Paludan's *Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors*.
Two Emperors did not reign long enough to be acknowledged by Chinese historians. Also, Chinese sources list Ming Tsung *before* Wen Tsung (or Wen Ti, in Mathews') because only the second reign of the latter is counted. The list is confirmed by the *Oxford Dynasties of the World*, by John E. Morby [Oxford University Press, 1989, 2002, p.220], which also gives Chinese names for the Khāns before Qubilai. The Eras of the Yüan Dynasty can be examined on a [popup page](JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm#yuan','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')).
During the Yüan three dynastic histories were produced, the 元末三史, Yuánmòsānshǐ. In 1344 the Historiographic Bureau published the *History of the [Tartar] Liao*, **(XX) 遼史, Liáoshǐ**, and the *History of the [Tartar] Chin*, **(XXI) 金史, Jīnshǐ**. In 1345 the *History of the [Northern & Southern] Sung*, **(XXII) 宋史, Sòngshǐ**. All the histories were edited by T'o-t'o, 脫脫, Tuōtuō (1314-1356) -- from a Mongolian name, Toqtogha or Toqtoa,  -- a Mongol with a Confucian education. T'o-t'o was also a gifted general, who was successfully suppressing rebellions against the Yüan. However, he was removed in a palace intrigue, exiled, poisoned, and replaced with less able commanders, who ultimately could not save the regime.
The Míng was the first Chinese dynasty not to be named after a local ancient kingdom (Ch'in, Han, T'ang, etc.). This was because the Founder, **Chu Yüan-chang, 朱元璋, Zhū Yuánzhāng**, was of humble origin, not nobility that would have identified with such a locality. Like the Mongol Yüan ("Beginning"), the name is instead chosen to be auspicious, "Bright."
The Founder of the Han had originally been of low station also, a peasant, but he had already styled himself "King of Han" (*Han Wang*) before definitively claiming the Ch'in Emperorship.
Perhaps because of his origins, the Ming Founder was suspicious of the Scholars and sought to balance their influence in the Court with a competing Military institution of comparable depth and prestige. This wise provision, a kind of system of checks and balances, ultimately failed, as Emperors fell under the influence of the Scholars, and then even of the Palace Eunuchs, and neglected the Military. When the Manchus then seized power, some Chinese generals actually went over to them, expecting better status and attention. It was the same Chinese general, Wu San-kuei, 吳三桂, Wú Sānguì (1612-1678), who allowed Manchu forces through the Great Wall in 1644 and then personally executed the last of the [Southern Ming](#south) Emperors in 1662. This was the ultimate payoff of the ancient Confucian denigration of the military.
L. Carrington Goodrich begins his chapter on the Ming Dynasty by saying, "The Ming has had a bad press" [*A Short History of the Chinese People*, Harper Torchbooks, Harper & Row, 1943, 1959, 1963, p.189]. This problem seems to have begun with historians taking later Ch'ing propaganda too seriously. A very different perspective on the Ming is now available from Timothy Brook, in *The Troubled Empire, China in the Yüan and Ming Dynasties* [Belknap Press, Harvard, 2010].
While many explanations of the Fall of the Ming involve minute descriptions of the brutality and corruption of the Ming regime, explained in part as the heritage of the Mongols, Brook avoids indulgence in this sort of thing -- which suspiciously sounds like the moralistic non-explanations for the [Fall of Rome](decdenc1.htm), something that obviously goes back to the Roman historian [Livy](rome.htm#cincinnatus). Indeed, it would not be foreign to the traditional moralizing of Chinese [historiography](confuci.htm#six) itself. But Brook takes very seriously Chinese reports that match the [climate research](crichton.htm) of our own day.
Both the Yüan and the Ming suffered from the effects of the **Little Ice Age**. This period of anomalous cooling has been identified as stretching from 1550 to 1850, with a particularly cold period beginning about 1650, near the end of the Ming. However, the cooling after the Mediaeval Warm Period began a bit earlier. In Europe there was heavy rain for five years, with crop failure and famine, from 1315 to 1320. We know that the last vinyard in Mediaeval [England](perifran.htm#roses), for a time known for its wines and threatening to French vintners, closed in 1469 -- right before the Ming began rebuilding the Great Wall in 1474.
Brook cites a cold period in China from 1261 to 1393, with drought from 1262 to 1306 and 1352 to 1374 [p.269]. This may have helped finish off the Yüan, which fell in 1368. What certainly helped finish off the Ming was severe cold from 1629 to 1643 with severe drought from 1637 to 1643. This not only meant starvation, with a death rate, according to Chinese sources (it may be exaggerated), of 70% to 90% in places, but also epidemics, which may have been the Bugonic Plague (to effect London in 1665) or smallpox, or both. Brook says, "When 1644 arrived, 80 percent of counties [i.e. what he calls the districts, , of a [magistrate](ross/dee.htm)] had stopped fowarding any taxes at all. The central treasury was empty" [p.252].
We are not surprised then to learn that there was no defense of Peking when the rebel Li Tzu-ch'eng, 李自成, Lǐ Zìchéng, arrives in 1644. Although the **Maunder Minimum**, 1645-1715, a period of few sunspots and lower solar energy, follows the fall of the Ming, the number of sunspots had been declining since around 1600 and the cold and the drought of the 1629-1643 period may reflect this development.
| Ming, ,"Bright" Dynasty,1368-1644 | Era |
| --- | --- |
| T'ai Tsu
Chu Yüan-chang | 1368-1398 | 1368 Hung-wu |
| Writes letter to Emperor [John V Palaeologus](romania.htm#john5) (1341-1376, 1379-1391) of announcing new Dynasty, last contact with Constantinople; Conquest of Mongol controlled Yunnan, including slaughter of 60,000 Miao and Yao tribesmen, 1381-1382 |
| Hui TiChu Yün-wen | 1398-1402 | 1399 Chien-wên |
| Ch'eng TsuChu Ti | 1402-1424 | 1403 Yung-Lo |
| moves capital from Nanking(Nan-ching/Nanjing) to Peking(Pei-ching/Beijing); [Tibet](perigoku.htm#tibet) refuses tribute, 1413 |
| Jen TsungChu Kao-chih | 1424-1425 | 1425 Hung-hsi |
| Hsüan TsungChu Chan-chi | 1425-1435 | 1426 Hsüan-tê |
| Ying TsungChu Ch'i-chen | 1435-1449 | 1436 Chêng-T'ung |
| captured by[Mongols](mongol.htm##northyuan) atT'u-mu, 1449 |
| 1457-1464 | 1457 T'ien-shun |
| T'ai Tsung, orChing TiChu Ch'i-yü | 1449-1457 | 1450 Ching-t'ai |
| Hsien TsungChu Chien-shen | 1464-1487 | 1465 Ch'eng-hua |
| Reconstruction of Great Wall started, 1474 |
| Hsiao TsungChu Yü-t'ang | 1487-1505 | 1488 Hung-chih |
| Wu TsungChu Hou-chao | 1505-1521 | 1506 Chêng-tê |
| Portuguese arrive, 1514,Tomé Pires at Canton, 1517 |
| Shih TsungChu Hou-ts'ung | 1521-1567 | 1522 Chia-tsing |
| Portuguese expelled, 1522; some Portuguese & their firearms captured, 1523; foreign trade shut down, 1525; Portuguese at [Macao](newspain.htm#macao), 1553-1554, Amoy, 1544; Japanese pirates, , besiege Nanking, 1555; Army ejects pirates from Fukien (Fujian), 1560-1563 |
| Mu TsungChu Tsai-hou | 1567-1572 | 1567 Lung-ch'ing |
| foreign trade reopened, 1567 |
| Shên TsungChu I-chün | 1572-1620 | 1573 Wan-Li |
| Alessandro Valignano foundsJesuit Mission, 1577; [Matteo Ricci](chinacal.htm#jesuits) reaches Peking, 1598, received at Court, 1601 (dies in 1610); war in [Burma](perigoku.htm#burma), 1599-1600; Japanese invasion, war in [Korea](perigoku.htm#korea), 1593-1598; Jesuits charged with correction of [calendar](chinacal.htm), 1611; Emperor becomes recluse, refuses to attend Court, 1600-1620 |
| Kuang TsungChu Ch'ang-le | 1620 | 1620 T'ai-ch'ang |
| Hsi TsungChu Yü-chiao | 1620-1627 | 1621 T'ien-ch'i |
| [Nurhachi](#nurhachi) invades Liao-tung, 1618; Chinese defeated at Sar-hu, 1619, driven behind Great Wall, 1622; Mao Wen-lung invades Manchuria, 1624, defeats Manchus, 1626 |
| Szu TsungChu Yü-chien | 1627-1644 | 1628 Ch'ung-chên |
| Mao Wen-lung executed, Jesuits charged with correction of calendar, 1629; foreign trade closed, 1638; Rebellion of Li Tzu-ch'eng, 1640, occupies Peking, Emperor commits suicide, 1644; Wu San-kuei allows in Manchurians, Manchu occupation, 1644 |
While climate is a previously overlooked factor in Chinese history, other characteristics of Chinese government would ultimately effect the Ch'ing as well as the Ming. One indication of Chu Yüan-chang's attitude about the Scholars concerns the conduct of the great [Civil Service Examinations](confuci.htm#note-8), which had been suspended under the Mongols. In 1370, the Emperor reinstituted the examinations. In 1371, 75% of the degrees from the national examination had gone to candidates from the South of China.
This displeased the Emperor, who believed, with many traditionalists, that Northerners were morally more worthy -- from the area where Chinese civilization had begun -- and possibly, given the Emperor's suspicions, more trustworthy. The examinations were thus suspended until 1385, but then the geographical division of those who passed did not change. At a special Palace examination in 1397, all of the 52 candidates who passed were Southerners. Borrowing from the Josef Stalin school of bureaucracy, the Emperor had two of the examiners executed, *pour encourager les autres*. In a subsequent retesting, all the successful candidates were Northerners.
By 1425 it was decided that places in the national examinations would be reserved by region, with 35% for the North, 55% for the South, and 10% for some places in the middle [cf. Brook, *op.cit.*, pp.36-37].
This extraordinary provision was imposed on a nation that to us may seem to be uniform in race, language, and religion. But clearly there were cultural differences, and not merely of an economic character. The moral aspect of these now apparently figured in the Emperor's judgment, who imposed a system of discriminatory preferential policies or "affirmative action" for Northerners. The more general meaning of such policies, which are now all the rage among the American [ruling class](ruling.htm), which promotes ethnic and racial quotas, and rejects merit and programs for gifted students (smearing them as "white supremacy," even though it is "Asian" students who then suffer the most discrimination), I have considered [elsewhere](discrim.htm).
At right is a portrait of Chu Yüan-chang, the Hung-wu Emperor. It is important to keep this image in mind, because one often sees an ugly Ch'ing caricature of the Emperor, even presented as a genuine and unproblematic portrait in otherwise respected history books (e.g. *China, A New History* by John King Fairbank & Merle Goldman, Harvard, 1992, 2006, plate 12). Historians have no business insensibly promoting Manchu propaganda against the Chinese dynasty they overthrew [[note](#note-1)].
For the first time in Chinese history, the Míng Emperors employed only one Era name for their reigns. It thus becomes convenient to refer to the Emperors by the Era, e.g. the "Yung-Lo Emperor." This practice continued in the [following](#ch'ing) Dynasty, but was not adopted in Japan until the [Meiji Restoration](#modern). The necessity or convenience of this device may not be obvious, but it should be noted that the personal names (e.g. Chu Yüan-chang) of the Emperors were properly no longer used once they came to the Throne, and that the names they are otherwise known by (e.g. T'ai Tsu) are posthumous. If a reigning Emperor is not simply to be called the "Current Emperor" (which is proper), he can at least be unambiguously identified by the Era.
The first capital of the Ming at is at **Nanking** on the Yangtze. The name means "Southern Capital," . I don't think this was a name initially used, since its meaning mainly serves to contrast it with the capital subsequently founded by the Yung-Lo Emperor much further north, which then became the "Northern Capital," , **Peking** (note that this spelling is not a mistake but simply reflects, in both syllables, an older pronunciation of [Mandarin](yinyang.htm#dialects5)).
This was the site of one of the Mongol capitals of China, Khanbaliq in Mongolian or **Ta-tu**, , in Chinese, "Great Capital," occupied by [Qubilai Khān](#yuan) in 1264. In 1272 it was renamed from what it had been as the capital of the [Kin/Chin Dynasty](#chin), , "Middle Capital." I had previously confused this with Shang-tu, , in Inner Mongolia about 171 miles north of Peking. The latter was kept as a Mongol summer capital and is remembered by Coleridge as "Xanadu." Dà-dū had at first been renamed **Peip'ing**, , "Northern Peace," by the Ming, before the capital was moved there -- a name that would be restored by the [Nationalists](#2ndrepublic) in 1928.
The location of Peking was clearly part of a forward strategic plan for the defense of the border. Unfortunately, in the absence of a genuine forward defense, i.e. attacks into Mongolia, it created a very shallow defensive backup and exposed the capital to sudden raids, for which the Ming were to pay dear. Nevertheless, the Peking (or Beijing) of today retains the landmarks of the Ming city, especially the Imperial Palace of the Forbidden City. The formal entrance to the Palace, the southern gate, the "Gate of Heavenly Peace," , gives its name to **Tiananmen Square**, immortalized by the tragic events of 1989.
---
Two early Míng Emperors, starting with the Yung-Lo Emperor, sent Admiral , Zhèng Hé (or Chêng Ho in Wade-Giles, 鄭和), a Moslem eunuch -- he was enslaved and castrated as a prisoner of war in the conquest of Yunnan in 1382 -- on seven great naval expeditions into the Indian Ocean between 1405 and 1433.
| Yung-Lo Era,1402-1424 |
| --- |
| 1 | 1405-1407 | 317 ships |
| 2 | 1407-1409 | 249 ships |
| 3 | 1409-1411 | 48 ships |
| 4 | 1413-1415 | 63 ships |
| 5 | 1417-1419 | ? |
| 6 | 1421-1422 | 41 ships |
| Hsüan-Tê Era,1425-1435 |
| 7 | 1431-1433 | 100 ships |
Chinese sources report that the largest ships, the *baochuan* or "treasure ships," were 440 feet long. However, most of the records of the expeditions were destroyed (in 1477), and the reported dimensions are unrealistic (e.g. a beam of 180 feet, which sounds more like a bathtub than a sailing ship).
Bruce Swanson says that a modern surviving Chinese junk of five masts, the *Jiangsu trader*, was 170 feet long. He does not think the Ming ships were any larger; but since *baochuan* were reported to have up to nine masts, if this is accurate and the number of masts was proportional to the length, we might extrapolate ships of 306 feet in length [*Eighth Voyage of the Dragon*, Naval Institute Press, 1982, p. 33] [[note](#note-2)].
These dimensions are comparable to the length of some 19th century clipper ships: The *Great Republic* of 1853, the largest ship of its time, was 325 feet long. Although this is larger, by half again, than Swanson wants to allow, there now have been some archaeological discoveries of ship fittings that seem consistent with the larger sizes, as with the rudder below.
Admiral He established a base at [Malacca](islam.htm#malacca), where the local Sulṭān became a tributary of China and even sailed to China to pay homage to the Emperor. A Chinese cantonment protected, stored, and shipped goods from China and those obtained on the expeditions. On nearby Sumatra, a Chinese governor was installed at Palembang after a Chinese pirate was defeated, captured, and sent back to China for execution.
In northern Sumatra, at Semudera, troops were put ashore to interfere in local politics (as Europeans would do later), installing one king and sending a rival back to China, where he was executed. A king in [Ceylon](buddhism.htm#ceylon) was defeated and sent to China, but then the Emperor returned him to his kingdom (thought he evidently was unable to recover his throne). Some of Zhèng Hé's detachments went into the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and even down the coast of Africa, perhaps as far as Zanzibar.
The triumph of the xenophobic faction of the Scholars at Court, who, of course, were also undermining the Army, meant that the expeditions were terminated. It became a capital offense to build a ship with more than two masts, Chinese were prohibited from trading abroad, and when a request was submitted in 1477 to examine Zhèng Hé's logs, they were "lost" by a vice president of the Ministry of War. The Minister himself expressed astonishment, "How is it possible for official documents in the archives to be lost?" [Louise Levathes, *When China Ruled the Seas*, Oxford, 1994, p.179].
The records appear to have been deliberately destroyed -- a very shocking expedient given Chinese conscientiousness about history: We know details of the expeditions from an account by Ma Huan, who sailed with Zhèng Hé on three voyages, from other accounts, and from inscriptions actually left by Zhèng Hé at different places. As in Roman history, the epigraphic evidence, sometimes neglected and sometimes only recently discovered, can add substantially to historical knowledge.
China withdrew into itself at the very time when the sea-lanes of the world were about to open to cosmopolitan traffic. There were times when foreign trade was reopened, but then also when it was shut down again. The ambivlance of the regime is palpable. Part of the problem was a misconception. It was believed that trade promoted piracy. When prohibitions of trade promoted smuggling, with increased piracy, the lesson of experience began to sink in. Chinese traders could be found in the Indian Ocean; but Chinese warships, never again.
Vasco da Gama arrived in India in 1498, just 65 years after Admiral He had left. It is even said that on the coast of Africa, where the Portuguese put in, some old people actually remembered the Chinese. The Portuguese then found little to resist them at sea, when the Chinese probably had had superior technology and much larger forces. Having simply abdicated the contest, China would shortly fall behind and never catch up.
Curiously, Zhèng Hé came to be celebrated in a later Ming novel, a play, and then in a cult of his own person, maintained largely by Chinese settlers in the Southeast Asian places where he had visited. It survives until today, generally under the form of one of his titles, , Sanbao, the "Three Treasure" or "Jewel." This also happens to be a [Buddhist](buddhism.htm) term, for the "Treasures" of the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha; but then Zhèng Hé himself was a Muslim, which makes his apotheosis all the more remarkable. Another cult associated with the Admiral and his expeditions was that of the goddess , Tianfei (or Tien-fei), the "Heavenly Consort." More commonly known as , Mazu (or Ma-tsu), she is a goddess of the sea, fishermen, and sailors, although originally a mortal woman, thought to have lived from 960 to 987. After her death, miracles and visions associated with her resulted in deification, much as such things result in the recognition of Christians saints. Zhèng Hé, a Muslim again, nevertheless erected tablets honoring Tianfei.
The innovations of European civilization were dramatically demonstrated when the Portuguese arrived in China in 1514 and were received at Canton in 1517. Although the Chinese had invented gunpowder and cannon, the Portuguese brought the first hand-held firearms. These were then named . This interesting expression could mean "Portuguese" or later "Spanish," but it also looks like a combination of , the familiar "[Frank](francia.htm)" of Middle Eastern and Indian languages (although it would literally mean "Buddhist gentleman"), , *ferengi* in Hindī, with , which can mean "machine." Firearms as the "machines of the Franks" would be appropriate. The Portuguese presented cannon at Court in 1522, right before, for the time being, they were expelled.
Before long, some in the Chinese government became interested in the weapons. At the time of attacks by Japanese pirates, the fearsome , such as the siege of Nanking in 1555, General Yü Ta-yu urged that Chinese ships be equipped with cannon. He said, "In sea battle, there is no trick; the side that has more ships defeats the side that has fewer, the side that has more guns defeats the side that has less" [Keay, *A History of China*, Basic Book, 2009, p.429]. From 1568 to 1582, General Ch'i Chi-kuang experimented with artillery along the Great Wall. In 1622 and 1629, **Hsü Kuang-ch'i**, Vice-Minister of War, received permission to hire Portuguese to manufacture and use guns for the army. An illustration of the defense of Liao-yang in Liao-tung in the 1620's, as the Manchus are attacking, shows cannon outside the walls [Keay, *ibid.*].
Thus, more modern weapons were for a time helpful against the Manchus, but it was also often stated that native Chinese were not very good dealing with the new technology. More important, Hsü's use of the Portuguese was a matter of intense controversy at Court. Since he was himself by then a convert to Christianity, the xenophobes were happy to accuse him of being loyal to the Franks, rather than to China, and of preparing for a Portuguese takeover. In the long run, of course, one might say that Europeans would be the greater threat to China. However, at the time, the Manchus were the clear and present danger, a danger that became more pressing when Hsü's arguments failed and the advantage of the help of the Portuguse was inconsistently employed.
How valuable this advantage could have been we see when the [Manchu](#nurhachi) Khan Nurhachi was wounded by cannon fire at the Battle of Ning-yüan in 1626 and then died. This was during a period, 1623-1629, when the Ming Court had itself had canceled the offical use of the Portuguese. The Ming General at Ning-yüan, Mao Wen-lung, a bit of a loose cannon himself (he was executed in 1629), apparently used the Portuguese on his own authority. Thus, Timothy Brook says, "attempts to borrow European technology and expertise were always compromised and had little cumulative impact on the Ming's defensive posture" [*op.cit.*, p.224] -- very different from the way in which the Portuguese enabled [Ethiopia](ethiopia.htm) to repulse attacks from Islām in 1543. It would be the Ch'ing, not the Ming, that became the "gunpowder empire."
Given the general xenophobia of Confucianism, the conflict about the adoption of Portuguese technology is not surprising, but something else is all but astonishing. The Jesuit Mission in China, begun in 1577, had worked its way into the Court by 1601. **Matteo Ricci** (15521610), an accomplished student of [Christopher Clavius](easter.htm), and soon impressively fluent and learned in Chinese, obtained a permanent berth for the Jesuits, destined to last centuries, by demonstrating the greater accuracy of Western astronomy and calendrical methods. The reaction against this was sometimes fierce and temporarily effective; but in the end, the Jesuits were repeatedly charged, even under the Manchus, with governing the [calendar](chinacal.htm). If the earlier Ming had only been so open to its *own* successes, the history of China might have been much different.
Despite all the ways in which the Scholars and their Confucianism hampered the economic development of China, we sometimes find that administrators could be open-minded and flexible on economic issues. It is thus surprising to follow how the government experimented in dealing with **famine**, which afflicted parts of China, at least, with some regularity -- especially in this time of the Little Ice Age. As it was the duty of the government to "Manage the world, aid the people," , the Government always felt responsibility for dealing with famines. Yet there was a saying in China, "There are no good policies for famine relief" [Timothy Brook, *op.cit.*, p.122]. This is because of the hard experience of unintended and perverse consequences that were encountered over time. Distributing money for relief meant that corrupt local officials would be tempted to steal it. Distributing grain meant that prices could be driven down and local produce would be shipped away to where there were higher prices. Consequently:
> The idea that the commercial economy does a better job of redistributing grain than does the state became a key element in the administrative reform that Qiu Jun (1420-1495) laid before the Hongzhi emperor in 1487. In the same vein, Lin Xiyuan (ca. 1480-ca. 1560), who undertook to reformulate famine policies in the sixteenth century, argued against the expectation that the state should provide relief. [*ibid.* p.125]
After centuries of experience, the Chinese were still trying to get it right, and even relying on the market and the detested merchants began too look like a good idea.
| Southern Ming,,Dynasty, 1644-1662 |
| --- | Era |
| Fu Wang,Prince of FuChu Yu-sung | 1644-1645, d.1646 | 1644 Hung-kuang |
| Emperor also regarded as last of Ming; captured by Manchus, 1645; executed, 1646 |
| T'ang WangChu Yü-chien | 1645-1646 | 1645 Lung-wu |
| Emperor captured by Manchus, executed, 1646 |
| T'ang WangChu Yü-yüeh | 1646-1647 | 1646 Shao-wa |
| Emperor captured by Kuei Wang, suicide, 1647 |
| Kuei Wang,Yung-ming WangChu Yü-lang,Ch'ang-ying | 1646-1661,d.1662 | 1646 Yung-li |
| Emperor captured in Burma, 1661; executed by General Wu San-kuei, who had let the Manchus in through the Great Wall, 1662 |
Indeed, a modern commercial economy, with cheap transport and without subsistence agriculture, has long banished famine from the developed countries. It is then instructive to compare Chinese efforts with the difficulties, practical and conceptual, that the British encountered in dealing with [famines](perifran.htm#famine) in Ireland and India.
Despite these exceptions to their xenophobia and anti-commercial instincts, the triumph and dominance of the Scholars (exactly the power that modern [academics](public.htm) would like to have) not only stifled the innovative spirit of the Chinese to explore and create but opened China to foreign conquest. This then exposed China again, although under the [Ch'ing](#ch'ing), to new foreign encroachment, as European creativity and power waxed in the 18th and 19th centuries. The cultural readiness of the Chinese people to compete on modern terms was later demonstrated time and again as overseas Chinese communities often came to dominate the economy of places where they started with nothing and were often disliked -- the Philippines, [Malaya](notes/india.htm#malaya), Indonesia, [Thailand](perigoku.htm#siam), [Vietnam](perigoku.htm#viet), etc. In China itself, the first chance for the Chinese to really prosper in a free economy was, ironically, in the British Crown Colony of [Hong Kong](#hongkong).
Note that while the Southern Ming Emperors draw from the ranks of Imperial Princes, and are commonly thus identified (e.g. the "Prince of Fu"), their actual title in Chinese protocol was  (e.g. *Fu Wang*). In the West, this is comparable to the Heir of the [Holy Roman Empire](francia.htm#saxon) being styled the "King of the Romans." That tradition was continued by [Napoleon](francia.htm#bonaparte), who crowned his son, Napoleon II, "King of Rome." The Emperor of China was thus literally a "King of Kings," and Imperial Princes were put on a level of equality with the rulers of foreign countries like [Korea](perigoku.htm#korea) or [Siam](perigoku.htm#siam).
The genealogy of the Ming is derived from the *Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten* (*Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History*), with relevant additions from *The Southern Ming, 1644-1662* by Lynn A. Struve [Yale University Pres, 1984].
One dynastic history was produced by the Historiographic Bureau during the Ming, the *History of the Yüan*, **(XXIII) 元史, Yuánshǐ**, in 1370, edited by Sung Lien, 宋濂, Sòng Lián (13101381). It is regarded as perhaps the least satisfactory of the dynastic histories, but then the Chinese had no particular reason to expend effort on a fair or detailed treatment of the Mongol conquerors.
| Manchu, ,Ch'ing, , "Clear"Dynasty, (1616, 1636)-1644-(1662)-1911 | Era |
| --- | --- |
| T'ai TsuAisin Giorro Nurhachi | 1616-1626 | 1616 T'ien-ming |
| Invades Liao-tung, 1618; Chinese defeated at Sar-hu, 1619, driven behind Great Wall, 1622; Mao Wen-lung invades Manchuria, 1624; Nurhachi mortally wounded, Battle of Ning-yüan, 1626 |
| T'ai TsungAisin Giorro Aberhai | 1626-1643 | 1627 T'ien-ts'ung |
| 1636 Ch'ung-te |
| Proclamation of Ch'ing Dynasty, 1636 |
| Shih TsuAisin Giorro Fu-lin | 1643-1661 | 1644 Shun-Chih |
| Chinese General Wu San-kuei allows Manchurians through Great Wall, Peking occupied, End of Ming proclaimed, 1644 |
| Shêng TsuAisin Giorro Hsüan-ye | 1661-1722 | 1662 K'ang-Hsi |
| Shih TsungAisin Giorro Yin-chen | 1722-1735 | 1723 Yung-chêng |
| Christianity prohibited, but Jesuits retained at Court, 1724 |
| Kao TsungAisin Giorro Hong-li | 1735-1796 | 1736 Ch'ien-Lung |
| Jên TsungAisin Giorro Yung-yen | 1796-1820 | 1796 Chia-ch'ing |
| Hsüan TsungAisin Giorro Min-ning | 1820-1850 | 1821 Tao-kuang |
| Wen TsungAisin Giorro I-chu | 1850-1861 | 1851 Hsien-fêng |
| Taiping Rebellion, 1853-1864 |
| Mu TsungAisin Giorro Tsai-ch'un | 1861-1875 | 1862T'ung-chih |
| Tz'u Hsi [Cixi]
the EmpressDowager | regent,1861-1873,1875-1889,1898-1908 |
| Tê TsungAisin Giorro Tsai-t'ien | 1875-1908 | 1875 Kuang-hsü |
| Boxer Rebellion, 1900-1901 |
| Mò TiAisin GiorroP'u-i[Puyi] | 1908-1911 | 1909 Hsüan-t'ung |
| Emperor of [Japanese](#modern)controlled "Manchukuo,", 1934-1945,d.1967 |
The Manchurian conquest of China was a deeply humiliating experience for the Chinese. The Manchus, indeed, made things harder for themselves, as foreign rulers, with their decree that Chinese men would have to adopt Manchu costume, including the infamous "queue," where the front of the head is shaved and the hair in back grown out and braided into a long pig-tail. This was the style of the Manchus themselves and so, at least, was not used to specifically mark the Chinese. Manchu costume replaced the deep sleeves that had always been used as pockets in Chinese dress with tight tailored cuffs, as in modern Western shirts. Even the Mongols had imposed no requirements of grooming and dress so personal and intimate on the Chinese. It provoked violent Chinese popular resistance and helped the "Southern Ming" princes rally forces against the Manchus for almost two decades. Subsequently, the queue could only be avoided by taking a Buddhist tonsure. The Manchus gave up trying to determine whether this was done sincerely, and Chinese could be buried in Ming costume.
The Manchus themselves spoke an [Altaic](turkia.htm#altaic) language from the **Tungusic** group. They wrote their language with a variety of the [Syriac](trees.htm#semitic) alphabet that had been brought by [Nestorian](hist-1.htm#christ) missionaries into Central Asia. It was written from top to bottom, like Chinese, rather than from right to left like Syriac. The Manchus continued to use their language and alphabet until the end of the Dynasty -- the reverse of their coins featured the name of the mint in Manchu -- but the survival of their language, and their ethnic identity, was already all but swamped under the Han Chinese.
Some Chinese histories do not begin the list of Ch'ing rulers until the fall of the Southern Ming in 1662 -- hence two successive Emperors are named "Tsu," "Founder." This usually means the founder of the Dynasty, although we also see it in a dynasty *refounded*, as the [Ming](#ming2) was by its third Emperor. Nurhachi, , the founder of the Dynasty back in Manchuria in 1616 is also a "Tsu."
Like the Mongols, the Manchus practiced the [Vajrayāna](buddhism.htm#vajra) form of Buddhism. The desire of the Manchus to be accepted as proper Confucian rulers, however, was otherwise intense. Even before incursion into China proper, they chose (1636) a name for the dynasty following the Ming precedent: **Ch'ing**, , means "Clear." The deliberate implication was that, as Ming, "Bright," implies Fire, , Ch'ing implies Water, , which "overcomes" fire in the "mutually overcoming" [cycle](elements.htm#note-3) of the Chinese [elements](elements.htm#china).
The genealogy of the Ch'ing is entirely from the *Nihon Kodaishi Daijiten* (*Dictionary of Ancient Japanese History*).
One dynastic history was produced by the Historiographic Bureau during the Ch'ing, the *History of the Ming*, **(XXIV) 明史, Míngshǐ** in 1739, edited by Chang T'ing-yü, 張廷玉, Zhāng Tíngyù. This is the source of a great deal of the Manchu propaganda that has sucked in various uncritical historians in their treatment of the Ming, as noted.
While the Ch'ing was experienced bitterly as a foreign conquest of China, later it would be regarded as entirely Chinese in terms of the encroachment of European Powers and Japan on the territory and sovereignty of China. The oppressive Ch'ing Imperium, which even denied the Chinese their traditional *sleeves*, thus becomes the victim, ironically, of "imperialism."
The rhetoric about this can be rather heated. Histories may say that China was "dismembered" or even "crucified" by the Powers. It hardly went that far. Indeed, there were areas detached by foreign states, the large ones mainly by [Russia](russia.htm#romanov) and Japan -- the Russian ones still in Russia's hands -- otherwise cities. Then there were Treaty Ports, cities opened to trade with particular or perhaps many foreign states, spheres of influence, and concessions. The "unequal treaties" governed such cessions and concessions, which also included extraterritoriality for foreign citizens, i.e. Chinese laws and courts did not apply to them.
The latter was a provision that European powers usually claimed against all traditional governments (e.g. [Turkey](turkia.htm) and [Japan](#japan)), for the very sensible reason that their judicial procedure used torture and then inflicted cruel punishments that might include living dismemberment, as was the [practice](valley/dilemmas.htm#10) in China. In several cities, but most famously in Shanghai, there was an "International Settlement" that mainly operated under its own laws. Even the United States, although promoting a "hands off" policy towards China, nevertheless contributed gunboats to keep the peace and protect foreigners. The 1966 movie *The Sand Pebbles* commemorates the confused and thankless nature of such missions.
The "unequal treaties" all began because China simply wasn't interested in any dealings, let alone actual trade, with foreigners, except under the forms, or at least the fictions, of tribute and subordination that had been traditional. This was already beginning to change in treaties with the Russians, but the British, beginning in 1793, absolutely refused even the fiction of tribute or subordination.
The Portuguese had had a foot in the door since the 16th century, and their own settlement at [Macao](newspain.htm#macao). They weren't particularly troubled by the way the Chinese wanted to understand the whole business. Even the failure of the British mission in 1793 didn't make too much difference in the way trade, and smuggling, continued to function.
The flash point turned out to be the importation of opium --  or , which could also mean tobacco, or , "great" opium. The practice of smoking opium had actually originated in China, and a for while the government was relatively complacent about it. As alarm grew about the opium trade, arguments were actually made, as today, for and against legalization.
Legalization lost; and in 1839 a Special Commissioner for Frontier Defense, Lin Tse-Hsü, 林則徐, Lín Zéxú, was sent to Canton to deal with the matter. The result was War with the British East India Company, the Opium War (1840-1842). To the astonishment of the Chinese, their war junks and forts were blown to bits by a military technology that had advanced beyond their comprehension.
According to John Keay [*A History of China*, Basic Books, 2009], part of the problem in this conflict was a mistranslation. He says that in Commissioner Lin's letters the character  was wrongly rendered as "barbarian" rather than "foreigner," which was insulting to the British.
> The equation of *yi* with 'barbarian' seems to have originated with a Pomeranian missionary who was serving the British as a translator at the time; it is not evident in earlier works, such as Macartney's [the envoy in 1793] or Ricci's journals. A small mistake perhaps, it surfaced in the run-up to the Opium War and gained a wide and notorius currency. The Chinese insisted that *yi* had always signified merely those non-Chinese peoples who were 'easterners' (the British frequented the east coast) -- just as *man* did those who were 'southerners', *rong* 'northerners' [*sic*] and *di* 'westerners' [*sic*]. They were directional, not objectionable terms. But the British declined to find *yi* as other than highly insulting...
>
> It fouled Anglo-Chinese relations; it permeated racial stereotyping; and it corrupted -- and still does -- most non-Chinese writing on the entire course of China's history. [pp.461-462]
>
>
This is a curious argument. Mr. Keay ought to be aware that the Greek term *bárbaroi*, βάρβαροι (singular βάρβαρος), itself originally just meant "not Greek, foreign" [Liddell and Scott's *An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon*, Oxford, 1889, 1964, p.146]. Is it a "mistranslation" to say that *bárbaroi* is "barbarians," rather than "non-Greeks"? Not really, since it is their word; and the connotations, perhaps negative or "objectionable" that we have of "barbarians" originated with the Greeks and the Romans using the word for peoples that they considered culturally inferior.
The Chinese did have a large vocabulary for peoples who were non-Chinese. We have  for eastern barbarians,  for western barbarians,  for northern barbarians, and  for southern barbarians (Keay has switched the words for "northern" and "western"). This fits into the directional associations of [Five Element Theory](elements.htm#china). We find other expressions for barbarians in general. As the character used with the "Five Barbarians" [above](#barbarians),  is already familiar. The expression , "outside person," we see as the Japanese ***gaijin***, but it already has that meaning in Chinese -- "outsider; an alien" [*Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary*, Harvard, 1972, p.1036]. The Chinese used these in exactly the same way that the Greeks used βάρβαροι, since the Chinese regarded most of the peoples around them as culturally inferior to themselves -- as indeed and in fact they were. As it happens, the Greeks may have had more respect for the older civilizations they knew about, Egypt and Babylon, than the Chinese did for the originally entirely illiterate people surrounding China.
Mathews' dictionary has no difficulty using "barbarians" with all the traditional characters. Perhaps Keay thinks that this has "corrupted -- and still does -- most non-Chinese writing on the entire course of China's history." However, it is often difficult to avoid the traditional translations for the traditional characters. In the *ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary*, by John DeFrancis [Hawai'i, 2003], which reflects modern, indeed contemporary, usage,  can mean "'barbarian' tribes, esp. in the east ***yídí***" [p.1134] -- , "tribes in the east and north" [p.1138]. Despite its use in the previous expression,  alone is only defined as a "Surname" [p.186] -- in fact the surname of no less than [Judge Dee](ross/dee.htm).  is "barbaric, fierce ***yemán***" and "southern 'barbarians'" [p.595] --  is "uncivilized; savage" and "barbarous; cruel" [p.1131].  is defined as "weapons; military affairs ***róngdí***," where, however,  then means "non-Chinese peoples of the north and west" [p.776]. Finally, , is defined as "foreign" or "non-Han peoples in the northwest" [p.374], and  as "the Northern tribes" [p.404]. Thus, its use for the northern "Five Barbarians" influences the sense of direction.
In this dictionary we see "barbarians" used where it is with scare quotes, sometimes replaced with "tribes," which doesn't imply much civilization, and finally just with "non-Chinese peoples." So it looks like DeFrancis and/or Chinese usage is moving in the direction that Keay indicates. But we cannot ignore the *context* in "the entire course of China's history" that Keay invokes. The Chinese had no greater regard, and no reason to have any, than the Greeks or the Romans did for their neighbors. We really don't have a vocabulary to distinguish between proper "barbarians" and something like "equally civilized non-Chinese neighbors." I don't believe that Keay can honestly maintain that the Chinese had ever made that distinction -- unless we find it with Buddhists speaking of remote India (and no Confucian would have a reason to make even that exception). At the same time, it was not *necessary* to translate  as "barbarians" rather than "foreigners"; but even now it is not difficult to imagine that the Chinese had good reasons to regard the British as no less barbarous than the Greeks would have the invading Achaemenid [Persians](greek.htm#persia). They each represented something outlandish, threatening, and oppressive -- and the Persians weren't even trying to maintain the opium trade. On the other hand, when the Chinese used the expression  (洋鬼子, *yángguǐzǐ*), or 鬼佬, *guǐlǎo*, "foreign devil," there is no doubt how they felt about the foreigners.
| British Hong Kong |
| --- |
| Charles Elliot | administrator,1841 |
| Sir Henry Eldred Curwen Pottinger | 1841-1843, Governor,1843-1844 |
| Alexander Robert Johnston | agent,1841-1843 |
| Sir John Francis Davis | 1844-1848 |
| William Staveley | acting,1848 |
| Sir Samuel George Bonham | 1848-1854 |
| William Jervois | agent,1852-1853 |
| Sir John Bowring | 1854-1859 |
| William Caine | acting,1859 |
| Sir Hercules George Robert Robinson | 1859-1865 |
| William T. Mercer | acting,1865-1866 |
| Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell | 1866-1872 |
| Henry Wase Whitflield | acting,1872 |
| Sir Arthur Edward Kennedy | 1872-1877 |
| John Gardiner Austin | agent,1874, 1875, 1877 |
| Sir John Pope Hennessy | 1877-1882 |
| Malcolm Struan Tonnochy | acting,1882 |
| Sir William Henry Marsh | acting,1882-1883 |
| Sir George Ferguson Bowen | 1883-1885 |
| Sir William Henry Marsh | acting,1885-1887 |
| William Gordon Cameron | acting,1887 |
| Sir George William Des Voeux | 1887-1891 |
| George Digby Barker | acting,1891 |
| Sir William Robinson | 1891-1898 |
| Wilsone Black | acting,1898 |
| Sir Henry Arthur Blake | 1898-1903 |
| Francis Henry May | acting,1903-1904 |
| Sir Matthew Nathan | 1904-1907 |
| Sir Francis Henry May | acting,1907 |
| Sir Frederick John Dealtry Lugard | 1907-1912 |
| Claud Severn | acting,1912 |
| Sir Francis Henry | 1912-1918 |
| Claud Severn | acting,1918-1919 |
| Sir Reginald Edward Stubbs | 1919-1925 |
| Claud Severn | acting,1925 |
| Sir Cecil Clementi | 1925-1930 |
| Wilfrid Thomas Southorn | acting,1930 |
| Sir William Peel | 1930-1935 |
| Sir Wilfrid Thomas Southorn | acting,1935 |
| Norman Lockhart Smith | acting,1935 |
| Sir Wilfrid Thomas Southorn | acting,1935 |
| Sir Andrew Caldecott | 1935-1937 |
| Norman Lockhart Smith | acting,1937 |
| Sir Geoffrey Alexander Stafford Northcote | 1937-1941 |
| Norman Lockhart Smith | agent,1940 |
| Edward Felix Norton | agent,1940-1941 |
| Norman Lockhart Smith | acting,1941 |
| Sir Mark Aitchinson Young | 1941-1947,prisoner,1941-1945 |
| Japanese Occupation, ,25 December 1941 - 16 August 1945 |
| Takashi Sakai & Masaichi Niimi | military,1941-1942 |
| Rensuke Isogai | 1942-1944 |
| Hisaichi Tanaka | 1945 |
| Franklin Charles Gimson | provisional,1945 |
| Sir Cecil Harcourt | military,1945-1946 |
| David Mercer MacDougall | acting,1947 |
| Sir Alexander William Grantham | 1947-1957 |
| David Edgeworth Beresford | acting,1957-1958 |
| Sir Robert Brown Black | 1958-1964 |
| Edmund Brinsley Teesdale | acting,1964 |
| Sir David Clive Crosbie Trench | 1964-1971 |
| Sir Hugh Selby Norman-Walker | acting,1971-1971 |
| Sir Murray MacLehose | 1971-1982 |
| Sir Philip Haddon-Cave | acting,1982 |
| Sir Edward Youde | 1982-1986 |
| Sir David Akers-Jones | acting,1986-1987 |
| Sir David Wilson | 1987-1992 |
| Christopher "Chris" Patten | 1992-1997 |
| Chinese Hong Kong |
| Tung Chee-hwa | 1997-2005 |
| Sir Donald Tsang | 2005-2012 |
| Leung (C.Y.) Chun-ying | 2012-2017 |
| Carrie Lam | 2017-present |
The Peace of Nanking (1842) ceded Hong Kong (with the Mandarin pronunciation: , "Fragrant Harbor") and opened five ports to trade. There followed a series of incidents, wars, and treaties. The Second Opium (or Lorca) War (1856-1858/60) led to the Treaty of Tientsin, followed by the occupation of Peking and the Treaty of Peking (1860). This created the international embassy area in Peking that would be famously besieged during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900. The Convention of Chih-fu (1876) opened four more treaty ports, the Convention of Chungking (1890) opened Chungking, and the Franco-Chinese commercial convention (1886/87, after the Sino-French War, 1883-1885) opened three more cities in the south to France.
Meanwhile, the Powers sometimes helped prop up Ch'ing rule. The Taiping Rebellion (1853-1864) stood a good chance of overthrowing the Ch'ing altogether. With partially Christian inspiration, that might have resulted in a very different China. However, it was eventually put down with the help of Charles "Chinese" Gordan, who later died at Khartoum. Residual Chinese claims over Tonkin ([Vietnam](perigoku.htm#viet)) and [Burma](perigoku.htm#burma) were ceded to France (1885) and Britain (1886) respectively. Japan, beginning her predatory ways, went to war with China (Sino-Japanese War, 1894-95). Winning a naval battle and successful on land, the Peace of Shimonoseki ceded to Japan Taiwan, the Pescadores, and the Liaotung Peninsula, and recognized the independence of [Korea](perigoku.htm#korea). This was too much for some of the Powers. The "Triple Intervention" of France, Russia, and Germany forced Japan to retrocede the Liaotung to China. However, Russia then soon moved into the void. In 1897, Darien (Dalian) and Port Arthur () were occupied in the Liaotung, Korea was made a Russian protectorate, and work was begun on the Chinese Eastern Railroad, which cut across Manchuria from the Siberian Railroad to Vladivostok.
The same year, the murder of German missionaries led to the German occupation of Tsingtao (Ch'ing-tao, Qingdao). In 1898, Tsingtao and the neighboring Kiaochow (Chiao-chou) were leased to Germany for 99 years, as was Weihai (or Weihai Wei, Port Edward, until 1930) and the new Territories of Hong Kong (previously enlarged in 1860 by Kowloon) to Britain, and [Kwangchouwan](francia.htm#kwangchouwan) (Kuang-chow-wan, Guangzhouwan, modern Chankiang or Zhanjiang) to France. As Germans will do, they built a brewery in Tsingtao, which is still the name of a Chinese beer.
The name Weihai, , is often found with a third element, i.e. as "Weihaiwei," where  means "military station." This bespeaks a long history. Weihai was established as a [Ming](#ming) naval base against Japanese pirates, , in 1398. In 1406 a two mile wall was built around it. In the 1880's the Chinese built a modern naval base there, corresponding to one on the northern side of the Pohai (Bohai) Strait, . In 1898 Weihai was leased to Britain, technically for the duration of the Russian lease on Port Arthur, and it became the British Port Edward. Port Arthur had been named by a British Navy officer, William C. Arthur, when he surveyed it in 1860. The British, however, had no real need for Weihai, and it had no commercial advantages, so it was returned to China in 1930. Port Arthur, of course, fell to Japan (1905), with whom it stayed, as Ryojun, until 1945.
All these encroachments and compromises of Chinese sovereignty and territory led to a popular uprising in the Boxer Rebellion (1900-1901, , the Boxers = "Fist Rebels"). Chinese "Boxing" was what is now more commonly known as "Kung Fu" (, "ability; work; service"). Its mystical powers were expected to provide some advantage against Western technology. The success of the Rebellion even drew the imprudent support of the Empress Dowager. Christians were massacred, and the foreign embassies in Peking were surrounded, cut off (in the days before radio), and besieged. The world wondered while an expedition of Eight Powers was organized to relieve the embassies. The Emperor of [Germany](francia.htm#second), Wilhelm II, memorably told his forces to behave like the Huns of Attila. Japanese forces, hitherto better disciplined, took this to heart as well. The embassies were relieved and China further humiliated.
The grudge nursed by Japan against Russia exploded in 1904. After a war (the Russo-Japanese, 1904-05) that often looked like a dress-rehearsal for World War I, Japan retrieved its conquests of 1895, obtained part of the Manchurian railroad system, and forced Russian troops out of Manchuria. World War I itself enabled Japan to occupy German possessions in China. In 1915 China was bullied into ceding these to Japan (confirmed in the Treaty of Versailles, which China refused to sign), but in the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 they were returned to China. Later, Japanese conquest of Manchuria (1931) and invasion of China (1937) followed. The Japanese occupation of most foreign possessions in China during World War II led to their return to China after the war, except for Hong Kong and Macao, which were only returned in 1997 and 1999, respectively.
In retrospect, the Opium War evokes special horror, in the way it implies the destruction of Chinese society through drug addiction. This was certainly the belief of the Chinese government. We are left with a picture of the East India Company, and the British Government itself, as drug pushers, shoving opium down the throats of the helpless Chinese (as literally in the contemporary cartoon). However, there is a curious anomaly in this view. Whenever Chinese went overseas to work, they took opium habits with them, but these never seemed to render such immigrants lazy or demoralized. Instead, Chinese labor took over or created economies almost everywhere it went, in Malaya, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, and California. Indeed, Chinese laborers were attacked in California, not for being lazy dopers, but for being too hard working, Spartan, and competitive. Living in California and Nevada at the time of the Gold Rush, Mark Twain observed of the Chinese:
| |
| --- |
| They are quiet, peaceable, tractable, free from drunkenness, and they are as industrious as the day is long. A disorderly Chinaman is rare, and a lazy one does not exist. [*Roughing It*] |
Also, the opium that the British sold in China was grown in India. Why do we never hear of opium addiction being a problem in India? Did the East India Company forbid its sale or use there? I doubt that the Company could exercise that kind of control, regardless of its policies, if the demand existed. And overseas Indians often lived in places (Singapore) were there were Chinese emigrants actively using opium. Somehow it never caught on. Meanwhile, Indians in India were certainly using marijuana, , *bhāng*, something that is today of limited legality but of widespread use. I have never seen this cited as a social problem in India, although the situation is ripe for blame to be placed on it if an explanation is needed for lack of Indian economic progress. But I think it is all too well understood that India's economic problems are the fault of the *licence rāj* and the Government, not drug use.
That raises the important question whether debilitating opium addictions were the **effect** rather than the **cause** of demoralization back in China. It seems undeniable that they were the **effect** and that China's problems originated with the anti-commercial attitudes of the [Confucian](confuci.htm) Chinese Government. Chinese hopelessness was not the effect of opium, but of bad government. Today, drug use is harshly punished in a place like Singapore, but Singapore exists as a Chinese city because of Chinese immigrants who grew in wealth under a British regime that didn't (originally) bother with drug laws -- and one still sees *opium offerings* in Chinese temples in Southeast Asia, whose source must be a trade that is officially ignored at some level, in countries that often have the *death penalty* for drug crimes. The truth seems to be that drug (or alcohol) addiction as a social pathology may result from personal problems or cultural problems, but it does not just happen because drugs (or alcohol) are available. Morally, it is not clear how judicial punishments for people are superior to the *natural* harm that follows from what are judged to be [imprudent](poly-1b.htm) behaviors. If the punishment in fact harms people more than the imprudence, a grotesque injustice has been effected.
At right we have been seeing the governors of British Hong Kong. This small colony ends up representing one of the most important lessons of history. Devastated by the Japanese, the British did little to rebuild the city after World War II. While in Britain itself industries were being nationalized by the Labourites, the British National Health Service was created, and restrictions were placed on the import and export of capital, nothing of the sort was done in Hong Kong. The city remained the last stronghold in the world of pure *laissez-faire* capitalism, with no labor law, minimum wage, social security, or working hours legislation. A good [Marxist](marx.htm) would expect nothing but misery and degradation. However, by the time Hong Kong was returned to China in 1997, the *per capita* GDP of Hong Kong had surpassed that of Britain herself. As of 2003, this was $23,930 for Hong Kong and $23,680 for Britain. More importantly however, adjusted for cost of living ("purchasing power parity"), Hong Kong enjoyed 75.0% of American GDP, while Britain only had 69.1%. Thus, under a British rule of benign neglect (as many would see it), Hong Kong became one of the richest places on earth. This without "natural resources" and burdened by millions of refugees (from Communist China and Vietnam) on almost no land. No wonder Communist China undertook to leave the economic system unchanged for ***fifty years*** in the treaty that returned the city to China. By then, China itself should be entirely capitalist. And Hong Kong did return to China, on a sad 30 June 1997, in heavy rain, with Prince Charles overseeing one of Britain's last Imperial acts. Hong Kong is still usually credited as having the greatest economic freedom in the world (followed by Singapore, New Zealand, and then a tie of the United States, the Netherlands, Ireland, Estonia, and Luxembourg). Thus, after 200 years, it looks like [Say's Law](sayslaw.htm) was right after all.
Unfotunately, in 2020, the PRC has betrayed its treaty with Britain and has effectively cancelled the civil liberties of residents of Hong Kong. This was seen coming, and constant demonstrations for more than a year had shown Beijing what the people of Hong Kong thought of communist domination. Made no difference. The Chinese are now arresting all the leaders of the demonstrations, if they have not already fled. Britain has offered residency to refugees from Hong Kong -- if China lets them leave. It is a sad, grim, and horrifying business. Communist China is no longer becoming more capitalist, even as it has not given an inch to democratic or civil liberty reforms. Instead, to the genocide against Tibet is now added concentration camps, slave labor, and genocide against the Muslim Uyghurs of Sinkiang. Oddly, Muslim countries, and Muslim political leaders in the United States, so sensitive to "[Islamophobia](islam.htm#phobia)," have been quite silent about the Chinese treatment of their Muslim brethren. An excellent lesson in hypocrisy there.
The list of Governors of Hong Kong is from a page at the [World Statesmen](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/China_Foreign_colonies.html) site.
[The Sun Never Set on the British Empire](british.htm)
Despite the foreign origin of the Ch'ing, it is noteworthy that subsequent Chinese governments, both Nationalist and Communist, regarded all Manchurian conquests as "intrinsic" parts of China.
Thus [**Tibet**](perigoku.htm#tibet), which had been conquered by both Mongols and Manchus, and was independent after the fall of the Ch'ing in 1911, is claimed as an "intrinsic" part of China even though it had never actually been ruled by *Chinese* until the Communist invasion of 1950. The Tibetan language is related to Chinese, but culturally Tibet is a sub-Indian rather than a sub-Chinese civilization.
Although the Tibetans were promised internal autonomy by the Chinese, they soon were subjected to the inevitable oppression, vandalism, and massacres of [Communist](rand.htm#essential) government. Since there never were very many Tibetans in their poor, Alpine country, this kind of treatment plus Chinese colonization began to produce a genocidal effect. The International Community, once energized about "de-colonization," and formerly alert to every police beating in South Africa, has shown little stomach for consistently confronting the Chinese over Tibet.
On the other hand, the **Dalai Lama**, who fled into exile in 1959, has proven to be an appealing, eloquent, and respected spokesman for his country, attracting attention by many, including the Nobel Peace Prize committee and Hollywood devotees who now have produced sympathetic movies about Tibet and its plight (e.g. *Seven Years in Tibet* and *Kundun*). We can only hope that international pressure will increase and rescue a unique nation preserving an ancient heritage.
Although Western, usually American, defenders of Tibet are sometimes belabored with charges of hypocrisy, because of the treatment of the Indian tribes in American history, so that Americans are in no moral position to belabor the Chinese over the treatment of Tibet, it remains true that *nowhere in the world* have traditional *tribal* peoples, who were at neolithic or even paleolithic levels of development at their time of contact with the advanced civilizations (Eastern or Western), *not* been incorporated into larger modern states. There are often complaints about the status and treatment of tribal peoples in many places, from the United States to Brazil to the Sudan, but there is no special level of criticism about such peoples, of which there are many, in China. Tibet, however, was, for all its poverty and isolation, an organized state far beyond the tribal level. Like Ethiopia or Afghanistan, Tibet was the sort of state that, in the era of "decolonization," would be expected to become independent, regardless of its backward features. But the Chinese Empire and Chinese colonization survive, with no more justification than the precedent of the Manchurian Empire.
[International Campaign for Tibet](http://www.savetibet.org/)
[Government of Tibet in Exile](http://www.tibet.com/)
| Presidents of theRepublic of China |
| --- |
| First Republic |
| Sun Yat-sen[Sun Zhongshan] | ProvisionalPresident,1911; President,1912 |
| Government in Peking |
| Yüan Shih-k'ai | 1912-1916 |
| Li Yüan-hung[Li Yuanghong] | 1916-1917,1922-1923 |
| Feng Kuo-chang[Feng Guozhang] | 1917-1918 |
| Hsü Shih-ch'ang | 1918-1922 |
| Chou Tzuch'i | acting, 1922 |
| Chang Shaotseng | acting, 1923 |
| Kao Lingwei | acting, 1923 |
| Ts'ao K'un | 1923-1924 |
| Huang Fu | acting, 1924 |
| Tuan Ch'i-jui[Duan Qirui] | provisional,1924-1926 |
| Hu Weite | acting, 1926 |
| Yen Huich'ing | 1926 |
| Tu Hsikuei | acting, 1926 |
| Ku Weichün | acting,1926-1927 |
| Chang Tsolin[Zhang Zuolin],the "Old Marshal" | 1927-1928 |
| Chang assassinated byJapanese, Northern Governmentabolished, 1928 |
The beginning of Republican China was a very flawed business. When a rebellion broke out on 10 October (10/10) 1911, Sun Yat-sen, who headed the "Revolutionary Alliance" [Tongmenghui] since 1905, returned from exile and was invited to become the Provisional President. However, the Army commander in Peking, Yüan Shih-k'ai [Yuan Shikai], who was made the Imperial Prime Minister in November 1911, refused to depose the Emperor unless *he* was made President. Sun Yat-sen agreed to a compromise. Sun Yat-sen became the first official President of China on 1 January 1912. The Emperor Pu Yi, truly the "Last Emperor," , got around to abdicating on 12 February. Sun then resigned on 10 March, and Yüan Shih-k'ai became President. It was not long before Yüan entertained plans of establishing himself as Emperor. He briefly declared himself Emperor between December 1915 and March 1916. This was not popular; he retracted the declaration, and then soon died anyway. In July 1917, a Warlord (Chang Hsün, Zhang Xun) tried to restore the Emperor (who was allowed to live in the Forbidden City until 1924). The Republican Government was reestablished, but late in the same year Sun Yat-sen began forming rival governments in the South. Some semblance of a Constitutional order was maintained, but the Central Government quickly lost authority over most of the rest of the country; and Peking itself became
| Kuomintang, Government, Canton |
| --- |
| Sun Yat-sen | Generalissimoor President,1917-1918,1921-1922,1923-1925 |
| Hu Han-min | acting, 1925 |
| Chairman of the National Government, Canton |
| Wang Ching-wei [Wang Jingwei] | 1925-1926,1927 |
| collaborationistgovernmentwith [Japan](#modern), 1938-1944 |
| Chairman of the National Government, Nanking, 1926 |
| Tan Yankai | 1926-1927,1927-1928 |
| Communists expelled from Kuomintang, 1927; end of Government in Peking, 1928 |
| Second Republic |
| Chiang Kai-shek [Jiang Jieshi] | 1928-1931,1943-1948 |
| Lin Sen | 1931-1943 |
| Communist "Long March," 1934-1935 |
| Presidents of the Republic of China, Nanking |
| Chiang Kai-shek | 1948-1949,1950-1975 |
| Li Tsung-jen | 1949-1950 |
| Government moves to Taiwan, 1949 |
| Yen Chia-kan | 1975-1978 |
| Chiang Ching-kuo | 1978-1988 |
| Lee Teng-hui | 1988-2000 |
| Chen Shui-bian | 2000-2008 |
| Ma Ying-jeou | 2008-2016 |
| Tsai Ing-wen | 2016-present |
a pawn of the Warlords who now came to dominate China -- for control of Peking, this mainly meant Chang Tsolin [Zhang Zuolin], the "Old Marshal," Warlord of Manchuria. Foreign governments, however, continued to recognize the titular government in Peking, and the foreign run customs service remitted its revenues there. Nevertheless, even assembling a list of the nominal Presidents has been a challenge, and for a long time I did not have complete information. I then found a website with a full list of Heads of the Peking Government, but it is now off-line.
[Pinyin](yinyang.htm#dialects3) versions of these names are becoming common, although they bespeak sources and historiography that are now influenced by Chinese Communist scholarship and ideology. The names of both Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek traditionally were given in the form of their own Southern Language, [Cantonese](yinyang.htm#dialects). It is rare to see Wade-Giles versions of their names in Mandarin, but it is now becoming typical to see Pinyin versions of their names in Mandarin, even though nothing of the sort occurs in contemporary records or older histories. Here I give the names in the old ways, with Mandarin equivalents in Pinyin for the more important ones.
During the days of the Peking government, two dynastic histories were produced. In 1920 we get the *New History of the Yüan* [*Xin Yuanshi*], an individual history by **K'e Shao-min**. In 1927 the Historiographic Bureau produced the *Draft History of the
Ch'ing* [*Qingshigao*], edited by **Chao Erh-hsün**. [Ou-yang Hsiu](#ouyang) is usually considered the last individual historian because the history of K'e Shao-min is often not counted among the "24 Histories" [*Erh-shih-szu-shih* or *Ershisishi*] as these stood at the end of the Ch'ing. Many of the records of the Bureau were removed to Taiwan in 1949, where another history of the Ch'ing was produced in the 1970's. But this tends to be ignored in [PRC](#communist) influenced historiography.
Meanwhile, as noted, Sun Yat-sen labored to set up a counter-government in the South. After a couple of false starts, he succeeded in 1923. Although Sun died in 1925, his movement had become established, and civil war was the result. Leading the Northern Expedition that occupied Nanking [Pinyin *Nanjing*] in 1926 and eventually overthrew the Peking Government in 1928, Chiang Kai-shek [*Jiang Jieshi*] emerged as the leader of the Kuomintang (KMT, now GMD, ) Party. Nanking received foreign recognition as the Government of China. Peking, "Northern Capital," , was renamed Peip'ing, "Northern Peace" , which had been its name in the early [Ming](#ming). These events are nicely recounted by Barbara Tuchman in *Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-1945* [1970, Macmillan Company, 1971, Bantam Books, 1972] -- General Joseph Stilwell, who was the American commander in the China Theater in World War II, and military liaison with Chiang, was already in China as an attaché in the 1920's.
As with the Government in Peking, it has been rather difficult determining the titular Heads of Government in Nanking. One problem was that there was not formally a President of China until after a Constitution was written in 1947. In the meantime, a Chairman was the Head of Government or State under various formulae. I was able to reference a website where this is detailed, but it is now off-line. But Chiang was the one certainly in control, and during World War II he was commonly known as "Generalissimo," a title he shared with Josef Stalin. In the early days, the Kuomingtang was advised by the Soviets, starting with the Comintern agent Maring in 1921 and then with Mikhail Borodin starting in 1923. At the time the Northern Expedition began in 1926, the Nationalist Army had 150,000 Russian advisers. The Communists were told by Moscow to participate in the Kuomingtang Party and government. Soon this went bad, and the Communists were expelled from the Kuomingtang in 1927. Chiang became increasingly anti-Communist, regarding them as a greater threat than the Japanese -- he said that the Japanese were a "disease of the skin," while the Communists were a "disease of the heart." The Northern Expedition entered Peking only after Chang Tsolin, more concerned about the Japanese, was killed when the Japanese blew up his train. His son, Chang Hsüeh-liang [Zhang Xueliang], the "Young Marshall," threw in his lot with the Nationalists. By the 1930's Chiang's inspiration became increasingly that of the Fascist movements in [Italy](francia.htm#italministers), [Germany](francia.htm#third), [Spain](perifran.htm#spainpms), etc. In 1931 a group of officers formed the "Blue Shirts," like the Fascist Black Shirts of Italy or Brown Shirts of Germany, to promote dictatorship and other Fascist ideological ends. This soon became more and more the face of the Kuomintang regime, and Chiang was effective enough at mass murder that R.J. Rummel classifies him as the fourth greatest "[megamurderer](potter.htm#note-2)" of the 20th century, with a total of 10,214,000 deaths [*Death by Government*, Transaction Publishers, 1994, p.8].
After Chiang drove the Communists from the South, which led to their "Long March" of 1934-1935, 5000 miles to Yenan [Yan'an] in Shensi [Shaanxi], and the Japanese occupied Manchuria in 1931, the "Young Marshall" was set to tracking the Communists down. When Chiang visited him in Sian [Xian] in 1936, however, Chang held him prisoner until he agreed to a truce with the Communists and cooperation against the Japanese. Chiang agreed, and a "United Front" was made with the Communists in 1937 -- just in time for war with Japan to begin at the Marco Polo Bridge on 7 July 1937. The "Young Marshall" paid for this deed with imprisonment by Chiang for the rest of his life.
Ultimately, there wasn't a great deal the Chinese could do against the Japanese, although for awhile they received a great deal of aid from the Russians, who wanted the Japanese occupied enough with China that they would be less inclined to attack Russia. Some Americans learned first hand about Japanese air power when Claire Chennault led American volunteers in P-40's, the "Flying Tigers," against them. Unfortunately, the actual United States military didn't much like Chennault and didn't much believe his information, at the time. After Shanghai and Nanking fell -- with the epic "Rape of Nanking" witnessed by foreign diplomats, including an German businessman, and Nazi Party member, John Rabe -- the Kuomintang government retreated upriver to Chungking [Chongqing], where it spent the rest of the Pacific War.
What happened next has long been a matter of myth and disinformation. Joseph Stilwell didn't like Chiang, didn't like Chennault, didn't like Franklin Roosevelt, and didn't like the British. He nevertheless was deceived, along with the rest of us, by the narrative about the War established by Mao Tse-tung at Yenan. In those terms, the Communists were busy fighting the Japanese, while the Nationalists did nothing, or even collaborated with the Japanese, while they also hoarded supplies to be used fighting the Communists after the War. In fact, now it appears that the Communists were the ones following this strategy, arranging truces with the Japanese and marshalling their forces for the civil war they knew was ahead. That many were left with a very different impression, then and now, was the result of this line being promoted by the American sympathizers in the Army mission to Yenan and in the United States Foreign Service. It is still uncritically repeated by Barbara Tuchman in her *Stilwell and the American Experience in China*. This tangle is partially the result of domestic American politics, where the [Democrats](satan.htm#text-2) did not want to admit, and largely still do not want to admit, that the Roosevelt Administration was heavily infiltrated by Communists and Soviet agents (cf. *Stalin's Secret Agents, the Subversion of Roosevelt's Government*, by M. Stanton Evans and Herbert Romerstein, Threshold Editions, 2012). The debate at the time about "Who lost China?" and over possible Communists in the State Department long after the War, still serves to obscure the history and to support now ancient Communist propaganda -- and to be used today by radicals to discredit [anti-Communism](rand.htm#essential) in continuing attacks on capitalism that even [now](antiam.htm) gravely damage the health of the Nation.
One can read a great deal about China in World War II and see little or nothing about the accomplishments of the Nationalist Army. By September 1939, the Japanese were attacking the important city of Changsha in Hunan Province. The Chinese defeated them. The Japanese attacked Changsha again in September 1941, and the Chinese defeated them again. And the Japanese attacked Changsha again in May 1943, and the Chinese defeated them again. This is actually an extraordinary record, and it showed what the Nationalists could do with the right support. But when the Japanese attacked again, in June 1944, Chiang's army was no longer ready. The occurrence of these battles is actually *mentioned* by Tuchman:
> In China the thrust of the Japanese offensive was strong: Changsha which had three times withstood attack in the past fell without a fight on June 18. [Bantam, 1972, p.580]
Yet Tuchman had previously not recounted the story of these three earlier battles, and her failure to do so already gives her readers the propaganda impression that Stilwell himself was given and promoted, that the Nationalists were not fighting the Japanese. Also, considering that the Chinese Tenth Army in Heng-yang, south of Changsha, held out against the Japanese for more than six weeks, saying that Changsha "fell without a fight" also gives a false impression of the campaign. Because of the success of this propaganda line, still repeated by Tuchman thirty years after its Maoist inception, American supplies by 1944 were not going to the Nationalist Army. Stilwell was directing much of the supply to the Chinese units that he was training and commanding himself in Burma. This was not a bad idea, since *real* supply to China needed to get to China over the Burma Road, which Stilwell then helped liberate and open to traffic. The famous supply flights "over the Hump" of the Himalayas meanwhile mostly went to supporting Chennault's airbases. Even Roosevelt decided that Chiang wasn't needed to win the War. But Chennault was a real worry to the Japanese. American B-29 bombers began flying from Chinese bases and bombing Japan itself. So the Japanese decided that a serious effort was called for to eliminate the bases.
> General Hsueh Yueh, the Cantonese commander whose forces had successfully defended Changsha three times already, was bitterly disappointed. His armies had seen no American supplies, yet were still expected to defend [Chennault's] Fourteenth Air Force. As even Theodore White, that most bitter critic of the Nationalists wrote: 'Hsueh defended the city as he always had, with the same tactics and the same units, but his units were three years older, their weapons were three years more worn, the soldiers three years hungrier than when they had last seen glory.' [Antony Beevor, *The Second World War*, Little, Brown and Company, 2012, p.562]
Japanese successes then served to reinforce the idea that aid to Chiang and the Nationalists was not worth it.
The *conspiracy*, for that is what it was, to undermine the Nationalists continued in full force after the War. Even in the face of Soviet betrayal in Europe, United States aid to Chiang, in money and materiel, was *withheld* from July 1946 to May 1947, because of a report by visiting Secretary of State George Marshall, wherein he was advised by Communist sympathizing "experts." Even when American aid was resumed, its timely delivery was continually and unaccountably delayed. Getting to the bottom of the matter became, as noted, a highly partisan political issue in the United State, from that time to the present. Even when President [Eisenhower](presiden.htm#34) was elected, investigations were terminated because (1) retrospectively they were no longer judged necessary, and (2) Eisenhower himself did not want to embarrass old mentors like Marshall.
The result is that it is still common to see it denied that Foreign Service figures like John Stewart Service (1909-1999) were Communist agents or sympathizers. As it happened, in Chungking Service roomed with Chi Chao-ting, a Communist agent who had infiltrated the Kuomintang, and Solomon Adler, a Treasury official who, in league with Soviet Agent and Assistant Treasury Secretary in Washington, Harry Dexter White, was engaged in sabotaging a $200 million loan of gold to the Nationalist government to help stabilize its currency. Both Chi and Adler revealed their true colors by later *defecting* to the PRC, but Service, who was arrested by the FBI in 1945, never had the honesty to admit what he had been doing.
The prosecution of Service was quashed, as we now know from recently released FBI files, by a high level cover-up and conspiracy to obstruct justice [cf. Evans and Romerstein, pp.215-221], orchestrated by Soviet agents like White House assistant Lauchlin Currie. Although Service would be publicly exposed by Senator Joseph McCarthy, and J. Edgar Hoover knew everything that had been going on, the Eisenhower Administration, for its own obscure reasons -- part of which may actually have been that Hoover and Eisenhower did not want the Soviets to know how much they actually knew -- [silenced McCarthy](satan.htm#note-1) and allowed Service to continue with a quiet but harmless career.
This did not serve the future well, since McCarthy, abandoned as expendable, now has become the Prince of Darkness who represents all the evil, not just of anti-Communism, but of *America itself* to the modern [anti-American](antiam.htm) apologists and partisans of communism, which includes much of American [education](public.htm), higher and lower. This has allowed the revival of long discredited socialist, Marxist, and totalitarian ideas in American politics -- decades after their serious influence was finally destroyed by the admission of [Nikita Khrushchev](russia.htm#soviet) in 1956 of the crimes of Joe Stalin, a man who, unlike Joe McCarthy, murdered millions (but whose face is proudly displayed, for instance, in modern [Venezuela](newspain.htm#granada), beloved of American "progressives").
Chiang formally became President of China in 1948. By then, the days of the Nationalists on the Mainland were numbered. The Communists defeated them utterly in 1949. The Nationalist Government fled to Taiwan, taking most of the records of the Empire and the Republic, and the contents of the National Museum, with it. In 1950, as the Communists attacked in Korea and Mao occupied [Tibet](perigoku.htm#tibet), the United States undertook to defend Taiwan from Communist invasion.
Still styling itself the **Republic of China** (**ROC**), the Government on Taiwan has grown into a democracy, with an economy counted as one of the "Four Tigers" of East Asia ([South Korea](perigoku.htm#korea), Hong Kong, and [Singapore](notes/india.htm#prime) being the others) and notions about repudiating its claims to the Mainland and going its own way. Recently electing a pro-independence President, Taiwan has been harshly threatened by the Communists -- who in March 2005 passed a law authorizing force if Taiwan declares independence. The agreement that the United States made to recognize the People's Republic, however, precludes resolution of this issue by force, and Communist military demonstrations have been met with American counter-demonstrations. When democracy comes to the People's Republic, reunification may happen easily. But there are no signs that the Communists are anywhere near giving up power, despite the *de facto* abandonment of Communist economics.
| Communist China -- People's Republic of China -- PRC |
| --- |
| Third Republic |
| Prime Minister | Communist Party | President |
| **Mao Zedong,Mao Tse-tung** | Chairman,1935-1976 |
| Zhou Enlai,Chou En-lai | 1949-1976 | 1949-1959 |
| Liu Shaoqi | 1959-1968 |
| Dong Biwu | 1968-1975 |
| Zhu De | 1975-1976 |
| 1976-1980 | Hua Guofeng | 1976-1981 | Song Qingling | 1976-1978 |
| Zhao Ziyang | 1980-1987 | Hu Yaobang | 1981-1982 | Ye Jianying | 1978-1983 |
| General Secretary,1982-1987 | Li Xiannian | 1983-1988 |
| Li Peng | 1987-1998 | Zhao Ziyang | 1987-1989 | Yang Shangkun | 1988-1993 |
| 1989-2002 | Jiang Zemin | 1993-2003 |
| Zhu Rongji | 1998-2003 | 2002-2012 | Hu Jintao |
| Wen Jiabao | 2003-2013 | 2003-2013 |
| **Li Keqiang** | 2013-present | 2012-present | **Xi Jinping** | 2013-present |
**Mao Tse-tung** (Zedong) didn't want China to end up like Stalinist Russia. This did not mean he disapproved of dictatorship, [mass murder](potter.htm#note-2), or torture. He simply didn't want the country ruled by a bunch of bureaucrats. So his ultimate inspiration was the "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution" (1966-1976), in which mass political action would produce the sort of stateless utopia predicted by Marx. What it actually produced was chaos, not to mention widespread vandalism, torture, murders, etc.
Like Stalin's purges in 1938, the Communist Party itself came in for attack. The disgraced and humiliated **Deng Xiaoping** (d.1997) never forgot it. With the death of Mao and the defeat of the "Gang of Four" political radicals, Deng, although never holding any of the highest posts in the state (above), became the guiding force behind market reforms. But he was never prepared to allow political liberalization and is generally credited with the decision to crush the demonstrations in Tiananmen Square in 1989. This left China still where it is today, with the Communist Party firmly in place and in charge, but with an economy growing rapidly from *de facto* capitalist innovations, whose frank acknowledgement as such would void the whole purpose of the existence of the Communist Party.
Yet the process continues. Farmland is in the hands of private leaseholders, although the *de jure* possession of Maoist communes. State industries, whose output is so worthless that some of it is simply warehoused and forgotten, are being steadily retired -- probably more quickly than in Russia, where the workers protest losing their (largely worthless) state incomes. Just the paradox of our time, where real *laissez-faire* capitalism flourishes under Communist government, in Hong Kong, while the voters in the democracies keep voting for bigger government handouts and ever more intrusive regulations and paternalism. Perhaps Deng was right about democracy. [](javascript:popup('images/basle.gif','basle','resizable,width=452,height=514'))It is certainly not worth having when it means the violation of property rights and voluntary association that is now commonplace under laws, e.g. the United State Constitution, that were supposed to protect all that.
Late in 2002 Jiang Zemin turned the Chairmanship of the Communist Party over to Hu Jintao. The Presidency followed in March 2003. Zhu Rongji also resigned as Prime Minister at the same time. Chairman Hu was designated for his job by the late Deng Xiaoping and fits in rather awkwardly among Jiang's personal supporters in the Politburo. All are faced with the continuing mental gymnastics of simultaneously defending Communism and promoting Capitalism.
In 2013, another generational turnover has occurred. Li Keqiang is now the Prime Minister and Xi Jinping is both Chairman of the Communist Party and President of the Republic. China is now the second largest economy in the world. With growth in the United State hobbled by the simultaneous crony capitalism and attacks on free capital of the [Democrats](satan.htm#text-2), the expectation that China will become the largest economy may involve a faster timetable than is generally expected. With a new sense of power, China is threatening Japan, Vietnam, and the Philippines in territorial disputes. The Chinese Army has also been launching cyber attacks against public and private computer networks in the United States. The Left doesn't quite know what to make of this. It's good because it is being done by Communists against U.S. Imperialism; but then it *can* be done because China allows enough capitalism to be economically successful. That can't be good. Hence the conundrum.
With a revival of religion in China, perhaps an ultimate irony is the transformation of Mao Tse-tung into a [Bodhisattva](buddhism.htm#maha). This would best be a deity, however, of principally wrathful form.
The Republic of China and the People's Republic of China use different terms for "republic." First came , which means "people country." This is by analogy with other expressions, like , "king country," i.e. "kingdom," or , "emperor country," i.e. "empire." Kingdoms and empires are named after the sources of their sovereignty, i.e. kings and emperors. A republic, where sovereignty is in the people, thus might properly be named with reference to them. For a "people's republic," however, , "people people country," might seem redundant. So we get a different expression for "republic," , where  is glossed by Mathews' Dictionary as meaning "united in purpose" -- this seems to be the slogan "gung ho" adopted by U.S. Marines in World War II. This would be a nice name for a kind of government, but it doesn't tell us much about what kind of government it is. We then get  for "people's republic," where  and  can mean "people" either individually or together. Indeed, having avoided  in "republic," we then get a kind of reduplication anyway to get a word for "people." Perhaps the notion was that  would mean "Chinese People" and then  would mean "People's Republic"; but doesn't seem to be the way that the name is broken down. Be that as it may, I have used  in the expressions for "First," "Second," and "Third" Republics. Since "people's republic" was always used to misrepresent states that were actually dictatorships, there is no point in worrying too much about how its meaning gets expressed. The term , which literally means "collective" or "shared" , "harmony," unfortunately could even be used to mean "totalitarian." Indeed,  is "Communist Party".
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[Philosophy of History](philhist.htm)
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##### Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 [Kelley L. Ross, Ph.D.](./ross/) All [Rights](./#ross) Reserved
### The Ming Dynasty, Note 1
Belittling the Ming and trumpeting "Qing Success" is just one of the strange preferences of Fairbank and Goldman's book -- although it is consistent with the "bad press" that L. Carrington Goodrich mentions about the Ming and strengthens the impression that this derives from a credulous use of Ch'ing propaganda -- or leaves the impression that the authors somehow *dislike the Chinese* and admire the Manchus more.
After a uniformly dismal treatment of the Chinese Ming, which might make one wonder how the dynasty could have lasted 276 years, we get the following bizarre statement, perhaps added by Goldman in his revision of Fairbank's history:
> This disparaging judgment comes out of the context of the late twentieth century, when technology and growth have created innumerable disorders in all aspects of life all over the world without disclosing as yet the principles of order that may postpone the destruction of human civilization. In time the self-contained growth of Ming China with its comparative peace and well-being may be admired by historians, who may see a sort of success where today we see failure. [*op.cit.* p.140]
This really doesn't make things any better. Indeed, the casual reader might not know what the statement is referring to, with its coy allusion to "innumerable disorders." But this is the esoteric style of the modern academic [leftist](rand.htm#modern), who would rather merely evoke the farcical mythology of post-modern [Marxism](marx.htm), for those in the know, than frankly express it to the uninitiated.
The problems with the Ming can easily be addressed in terms that would have been used by Chinese historians themselves. No sensible Chinese appreciated corruption, high and arbitrary taxes, a weak but dangerous military, constant rebellion, or foreign conquest of the country. When the army commonly provided evidence of suppressing rebels with the heads of randomly massacred civilians, we have a government whose problems are mortal. The dynasty did not end in "comparative peace and well-being." That it *began* that way, with institutions that gradually unraveled, is an explanation that we don't get in Fairbank and Goldman's treatment. Then, instead of correcting the picture in a reasonable and honest way, we get a nasty, dissimulating political dig at capitalism and modern commercial culture. This tells us nothing about the Ming, and nothing explicitly about the political arrangements Fairbank and Goldman (or perhaps just Goldman) would prefer -- since they attribute "xenophobia" to the Ming, perhaps this means they like it -- but it does leave us with the impression that they (or he) simply want to indicate their *bona fide* political correctness to fashionable colleagues. Shameful in itself, such a thing is absolutely out of place in such a book.
Of course Timothy Brook gives us a more sensible view of the Ming and its problems; and I now see Fairbank and Goldman upbraided by John Keay for devoting no more than eight pages to the eight centuries of the [Chou](#chou) Dynasty [*China, A History*, Basic Books, 2009, p.51, note 1 p.538]
[Return to text](#text-0)
### The Ming Dynasty, Note 2
Except for the three central ones, the masts and sails depicted in the drawing of the *baochuan* are relatively small. Western sailing ships settled down to three large, composite masts in the 18th century. When ships grew larger in the 19th century, because of cross bracing for the ribs and then iron hulls, larger sets of the [masts](masts.htm) began to be seen. The largest full-rigged ship, the *Preußen*, of five masts, transported nitrates from Chile to Germany, until it collided in the English channel with a steamship that, typically, underestimated the sailing ship's speed. Although such ships were, to say the least, energy efficient, and dependable on routes with steady winds, their day passed permanently with World War I.
American coastal schooners expanded beyond five masts. The *Thomas W. Lawson*, built in 1902, had seven masts, which at one point were simply numbered from the Mizzen back to the Spanker. With the customary names for schooner masts, plus the Middlemast used in full-rigged ships and barks, we can get a set of names up to eight masts. Nine masts, however, as shown, would require at least one numbered mast, as in the *Lawson*. Considering the subordinate look of the three front masts on the *baochuan*, however, a different system of naming would probably be more appropriate. The three sets of three masts, which is a division common in Chinese systems, such as the [Nine Schools](six.htm#note-4) or Court Rank, suggest fore, middle, and rear groups. The names that the Chinese actually used would be lost with the tradition that was extinguished when the multi-masted ships were prohibited. Adopting the Western names, among the three small masts at the bow, it is clearly not fitting that this is where the Mainmast should be. So, for a fantasy assignment, I have taken a couple of names from the aft schooner masts (Driver and Pusher) and reassigned them to the bow. The Middlemast is now precisely in the middle, , as is fitting.
[Masts and Sails](masts.htm)
[Return to text](#text-2)
# Emperors, Shoguns, & Regents of Japan
The list of Japanese Emperors, etc., is based on Andrew N. Nelson, *The Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary* [Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1987, pp. 1018-1022], *The Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature* [Earl Miner, Hiroko Odagiri, and Robert E. Morrell, Princeton University Press, 1988, pp. 119-127 & 463-475], E. Papinot, *Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan* [Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1910, 1988], and other sources I've lost track of. The genealogies are entirely from Papinot.
| THE JAPANESE HISTORICAL ERA | 660 BC |
| 1998 AD + 660 = 2658 Annō Japoniae |
[](rank.htm#note-6)In modern times the Japanese historical era, unlike the Chinese, has frequently been used for ordinary dating. Thus the famous [naval fighter](history/navy.htm) aircraft of World War II, the Mitsubishi A6M, was known as the "**Zero**" for the year in which it became operational, 26**00** of the Jimmu Era (=1940 AD), the last two digits of which are zeros. The Era is now less frequently used, in part because of unpleasant associations with Japanese totalitarianism. Traditional Japanese dating, however, uses Era Names, on the pattern of the Chinese [*Nien-hao*](JavaScript:popup('erachin.htm','erachina','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')). In Japanese, these are the *Nengō*. As with the Japanese Eras, they are given here on a separate [popup page](JavaScript:popup('erajpn.htm','erajapan','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')).
| The Legendary Period, 660 BC-538 AD |
| l Jimmu | (660 BC) First Century AD |
| 2 Suizei |
| 3 Annei |
| 4 Itoku |
| 5 Kōshō |
| 6 Kōan | Second Century |
| 7 Kōrei |
| 8 Kōgen |
| 9 Kaika | Third Century |
| 10 Sujin | 219-249 |
| 11 Suinin | 249-280 |
| 12 Keikō | 280-316 |
| 13 Seimu | 316-342 |
| 14 Chūai | 343-346
| Jingū Kōgō | regent |
| 15 Oojin | 346-395 |
| 16 Nintoku | 395-427 |
| 17 Richū | 427-432 |
| 18 Hanzei | 433-438 |
| 19 Ingyō | 438-453 |
| 20 Ankō | 453-456 |
| 21 Yūryaku | 456-479 |
| 22 Seinei | 480-484 |
| 23 Kenzō | 485-487 |
| 24 Ninken | 488-498 |
| 25 Buretsu | 498-506 |
| 26 Keitai | 507-531 |
| 27 Ankan | 531-535 |
| 28 Senka | 535-539 |
In pre-war Japan, publicly questioning the historicity of Jimmu or the antiquity of the Japanese Throne could land one in jail, or worse. We are not out of mythic and legendary material with some certainty until Kimmei.
Japan enters history with a description in the Chinese chronicle of the [Wei](#three) Dynasty. It is called the kingdom of -- *Wo* is the modern Mandarin pronunciation, *Wa* the Japanese pronunciation of the old Chinese word (the *on* reading). This is not a flattering name, since the word can mean "small," "mean," "dwarf," or even "hunchback" -- so Japan was the "Land of the Dwarves." We also get , in which "slave" is added to "dwarf." Eventually a less insulting character began to be used, , which means "harmony" or "peace." The Mandarin pronunciation of these two characters is now very different (the latter also turns up as *Ho* and *Huo*), but they both are still *Wo* in Cantonese. Eventually the Japanese also learned insulting references to their neighbors. [Korea](perigoku.htm#korea) and [Mongolia](mongol.htm) might be referred to as , "dog country."
| The Historical Period, 539-645 |
| --- |
| 29 Kimmei | 539-571 |
| 30 Bidatsu | 572-585 |
| 31 Yōmei | 585-587 |
| 32 Sushun | 587-592 |
| 33 Suiko | 592-628 |
| 34 Jomei | 629-641 |
| 35 Kōgyoku | 642-645 |
| The Yamato Period, 645-711 |
| 36 Kōtoku | 645-654 |
| 37 Saimei | 655-661 |
| 38 Tenji | 662-671 |
| 39 Kōbun | 671-672 |
| 40 Temmu | 673-686 |
| 41 Jitō | 690-697 |
| 42 Mommu | 697-707 |
| 43 Gemmei | 707-715 |
The pleasant *Wa* is still commonly used, in Chinese and Japanese, to mean Japanese (as is in Chinese to mean Chinese) -- as in , a Japanese 31 syllable poem. However, the older, insulting character still turns up in another term, , meaning Japanese pirates. Japan itself can still be called , "Great Wa," but this combination is now *always* read **Yamato**, the old *Japanese* name for Japan, derived from the area, later a province, where the Dynasty of Emperors and the Japanese State originated (hence the "Yamato Period" -- for the Eras of the Yamato Period, see the [popup page](JavaScript:popup('erajpn.htm#yamato','erajapan','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600'))). In some expressions in Chinese, is still used to mean "Japan." To the Japanese, the country would always also be the , "land of the gods."
The modern name for Japan may have originated in a (possibly apocryphal) letter sent from **Prince Shōtoku** (d.621), Regent for his aunt, the Empress Suiko, to the [Sui](#sui) court in 607. This was addressed from the "Son of Heaven in the land where the Sun Rises," to the "Son of Heaven in the land where the Sun Sets." The expression for "sun sets," , may have been particularly unfortunate, since the second character can mean "die" or "drown" as well as "sunk" or "gone down." The Emperor Yang Kuang naturally found this insulting and requested that he no longer be shown letters from barbarians who did not know the proprieties of addressing the true . The Chinese would never regard the Emperor of Japan as any more than the , the "King of Wa." Now, however, Japan begins to see itself as the , "Sun Source." There is considerable phonetic change in this expression. "Sun" gets borrowed into Japanese as **nit**; but since a Japanese word cannot end in a "t," the vowel "i" is added, which changes the pronunciation to *nichi*. "Source" is borrowed as **hon** or **pon**. In the combination, the vowel "i" is lost, and the "t" is either assimilated to the "p" as **Nippon**, or to the "h" as **Nihon**. "Nihon" is now much more common, with "Nippon" retaining some overtones of the "bad" old, pre-War Japan. Pre-War Japan, however, was not just Japan, but "Great Japan," **Dai Nippon**; and while Japan now is, officially, just "Nihon," pre-War Japan was the , the **Dai Nippon Teikoku**, the "Empire of Great Japan."
Prince Shōtoku is a historical figure, but not without legendary accumulations. He is supposed to have established Buddhism, fixed Court ranks, promulgated a law code (604), written histories, the *Tennō-ki* and *Koku-ki* (620), built multiple temples, like the *Hōryū-ji* near Nara (607), introduced the Chinese [calendar](chinacal.htm) (604), etc.
It is always possible that Shōtoku accomplished so much, but the period imposes a few uncertainties on the account. Some suspect that Shōtoku was operating through Korean advisors, not a thought ever agreeable to Japanese nationalism.
To a legend that Shōtoku exchanged poetry with an image of the goddess Kannon at the *Hōryū-ji*, one scholar has remarked that the image probably was as well able to write poetry as the Prince. Nevertheless, whatever Shōtoku's role or abilities, he represents a period in which Japan actively entered history and helped itself to the heritage of Chinese civilization, just as in the [Meiji](#modern) Era the process would be repeated with respect to the West.
| |
| --- |
| Coronation Robes of Akihito, 1989-
2019, abdicated |
It has now become a matter of debate whether the term "Emperor" should be applied to the traditional sovereign of Japan. Since it is not clear what else to call him, some scholars have taken to simply saying "sovereign."
The argument is that the Emperor was not an emperor and Japan was not an Empire because it was a national state that did not involve conquest and, apparently, empires are matters of conquest and the rule of alien, subject peoples. Now, if we think of the [Romans](romania.htm) or the [Mongols](mongol.htm) as paradigmatic of empires, then perhaps there is some sense to this, as these realms did involve the conquest and subjugation of alien peoples.
But if the aim of this "critical" discourse is not to impose alien concepts on Japan, as some kind of "Orientalism," then this is itself false to the situation. **The Japanese themselves adopted the [titles](rank.htm#china) and ideology of the Chinese monarchy -- with the addition of the Western translations already developed for China.**
Disputing this would seem to be denying the Japanese their own "voice" and judgment and to impose upon them an alien ideology, that of politically correct and hegemonic Western scholars, who are supposedly at pains to avoid doing anything of the sort. But this is not unusual. "Multi-culturalists" usually have no real interest in other cultures, just in Marxism.
China was indeed a realm of conquest, although the [Ch'in](#ch'in), at least, was conquering peoples who at least now are considered part of the Chinese nation, the [Han](#han) People. Later, the attachment of the other of the "five peoples" to China would seem to involve alien, subject peoples -- peoples so subject that China is now engaged in the actual genocide of the [Turkic Uighurs](mongol.htm#uighurs) and the [Tibetans](perigoku.htm#tibet). Most of [Mongolia](mongol.htm), meanwhile, escaped to the protection of Russia. An Empire indeed.
But Chinese Imperial ideology itself was not put in those terms. Instead, the Emperor, , as the "Son of Heaven," , was a universal monarch, the Indian **Cakravartin**, -- assimilating the comparable Indian ideology -- ruling over the , "Under Heaven," i.e. **the World**. The *authority* for such rule is given by the , the "[Mandate of Heaven](confuci.htm#mandate)."
Indeed, in Japanese usage, the preferred term for Emperor in Japanese became , *Tennō*, "heavenly" or "divine" Emperor. Since the Japanese Emperor obviously did not excercise direct rule over the world -- any more than the Roman or Chinese Emperors did, although their realms were impressively larger -- the emphasis we get is on his divine *authority*, which in the Japanese case is not just the Mandate of Heaven but derives by descent from the Sun goddess Amaterasu Ōmikami.
| |
| --- |
| [Feudal Hierarchy](rank.htm#feudal)
[Monarchical Acclamations](rank.htm#note-6) |
No Chinese Emperor could boast of such descent, nor were Chinese Emperors consequently ever considered gods, , as were the Japanese (until 1945). The proper comparison thus must be with the divine Kings of [Egypt](notes/oldking.htm) -- about whom there is now also a strange [quibble](notes/oldking.htm#divine) over their divinity.
In the sort of fantastic pseudo-history that developed in the 19th and 20th centuries, the claim was floated in Japan that the Emperors were in the direct descent from the rulers of the Lost Continent of Mu, of which Japan was the last remaining part above water. In all these respects, "Emperor" is the appropriate title of the sovereign of Japan, whether there was a Mu or not, given the ideology of universal authority that is also found with the Roman [*Imperator*](rank.htm#feudal) and in India and China.
In the curious scholarly scrimmage over what to call the "Emperor" of Japan, a good example may be found in *The Emergence of Japanese Kingship* [Stanford University Press, 1997], where Joan R. Piggot writes:
Readers will note that throughout the book I eschew the usual English translation, *emperor*, for *tennō*. Instead, I use a more literal translation for its two Chinese characters, which together can be taken to mean "heavenly sovereign." *Tennō* has been translated *emperor* in the West because of the assumption of strong parallels between Chinese and Japanese kingship: since there was a Chinese emperor, there must also have been a Japanese emperor. In fact, however, structures of paramount leadership in the two societies have taken very different forms. I also argue that the translation of *tennō* as *emperor* is problematic because the term *empire* is strong associated with a martial political formation founded on conquest -- consider the imperial states of Rome, Persia, and China. In contrast, the *tennō* of eight-century Nihon did not conquer his realm, he had no standing army save some frontier forces, an the realm remained significantly segmented rather than vertically subjugated...
Those who shaped the office of the *tennō* did take as their model structures of Chinese monarchy. Indeed, I will argue that as far back as the fifth century insular elites began assimilating the sinic concept of the royal realm as "all under heaven," *tenka*. Still, historical circumstances shaping insular rulership varied dramatically from those on the continent... Terms such as *empire*, *emperor*, and *imperial* are not appropriate for the Japanese context, and I do not use them. Furthermore, in the study of Japanese kingship that follows we will remark both differences from as well as similarities to Chinese-stype monarchy. [pp.8-9]
Piggot's terminological choice boils down to strange and irrelevant arguments. First of all, *tennō* has been translated "emperor," not just in the West, but in Japan itself, where it has been the official title, in translation, of the sovereign of Japan ever since the Japanese determined for themselves the equivalences between Japanese and European [titles](rank.htm#china). So if there has been some mistake about this, the Japanese continue to make it. Of what political crime is Piggot going to accuse them? And why would that not be her own political crime, for which she deserves a Maoist "struggle session" (批鬥大會, pīdòu dàhuì)?
Similarly, the idea that "since there was a Chinese emperor, there must also have been a Japanese emperor" was also not a characteristic just of Western judgment but of the judgment of the Japanese themselves, apparently since Prince Shōtoku, regardless of the "very different forms" of Chinese and Japanese monarchy. The Japanese seemed to think that the "forms" were close enough in essentials.
And this is where Piggot goes seriously wrong even in terms of method. Although she admits that "insular elites began assimilating the sinic concept of the royal realm as 'all under heaven,' *tenka*," , she ignores the reasons for this, namely the *ideology* of Chinese monarchy. In fact, she seems unaware of the ideological history of the term "emperor" itself even in the West. Thus, *Tennō*, , in Japanese, is based on the Chinese neologism , the "August God" of the [Ch'in Dynasty](#ch'in), where either character of the binome can be used for the whole. This means that "heavenly sovereign" is not a "more literal translation," but actually a *mistranslation* of , whose Chinese sense already carries the offending Imperial ideology.
And that ideology is simple enough, implicit in "under heaven," , namely *universal authority*. Piggot seems unaware of this and misrepresents historical meanings of "empire" by saying that "the term *empire* is strongly associated with a martial political formation founded on conquest -- consider the imperial states of Rome, Persia, and China." This is irrelevant since "founded on conquest" is the retrospective judgment of a historian that has nothing to do with the internal self-representation and ideology of "imperial states" like "Rome, Persia, and China." Thus, "strongly associated" is a judgment made *by Piggot*, and others, that is unrelated to the historical reasons for the use of the terms.
In each case, the distinctive self-description of imperial authority is its universality, which, for instance, we see explicitly, with respect to the [Holy Roman Empire](francia.htm#swabia2), in the statement of a legal text of 1230, the *Sachsenspiegel* (Saxon Mirror), that the Crown of Rome makes the King of Germany (the *Dudesche Ryke*), ***Keyser over alle dy Werlt*** [cf. James Bryce, *The Holy Roman Empire*, 1904, Schocken Books, 1961, p.194].
The German Emperors were doing no more than recycling the ideology of the actual Roman Empire, whose seat in the Middle Ages was at Constantinople. In the 12th century, [Anna Comnena](romania.htm#maria) wrote:
φύσει γὰρ οὖσα δεσπότις τῶν ἄλλων ἐθνῶν ἡ βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων ἐχθρωδῶς διακείμενον ἔχει τὸ δοῦλον.
For, being by nature the mistress [δεσπότις] of the other nations [ἐθνῶν], the empire [[βασιλεία](rank.htm#note-4)] of the Romans, holds them, hostilely, in a state of slavery [[δοῦλον](poly-1b.htm#note-9)].
*Annae Comnenae, Alexias, Pars Prior, Prolegomena et Textus*, 14.7.2, Diether R. Reinsch and Athanasios Kambylis [Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co, Berlin, 2001, p.450].
Comnena's Empire, of course, called "Byzantium" by [hostile](decdenc1.htm#mango) historians, held few nations "in a state of slavery," but this certainly reflects her sense of the Empire's universal authority, not to mention what was actually its cultural dominance. Indeed, [Anthony Kaldellis](decdenc1.htm#kaldellis) argues that the Empire had become a "national state," much as is asserted for Japan by Joan Piggot, much more so, really, than the Empire of the German Emperors, although perhaps not more than that of the Emperors of [Ethiopia](ethiopia.htm).
The Holy Roman Emperor, in turn, was called an "emperor," not because of conquest, and not because of direct succession from Augustus Caesar, and despite a realm that was "significantly segmented rather than vertically subjugated," but because he was confered the title by the [Pope](popes.htm#popes), whose own conceit of universal religious authority meant that he could confer universal secular authority. Just as Voltaire joked that the Holy Roman Empire was neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire, it was a state that also does not fit Piggot's retrospective definitions of "empire." So why don't we hear from Piggot that the "Empire" of the Hohenstaufen wasn't an "Empire" any more than Japan?
Also, we might note that the Roman Empire itself was not *created* by conquest but by the transformation of the Roman Republic, which had done almost all the conquests already, into a monarchy. The ideology of the Roman *cosmopolis*, κοσμόπολις, was provided by [Stoicism](hist-1.htm#hellen).
Just as the Holy Roman Empire retained few of the characteristics that we might otherwise associate with "empire," except for *de jure* claims of universal authority, the Japanese adopted Imperial Chinese titles and ideology, not because their monarchy or their country had many similarities in "historical circumstances" or structure to China, but because the Japanese could not see their monarchy as being any less exalted in authority and status than that of China.
Piggot's argument denies to the Japanese the very status that they claimed for themselves, reducing "Great Japan," 大日本, *Dai Nippon*, to a "little" Japan, 小日本, *Shō Nihon*, Chinese *Xiǎo Rìběn* -- used as an intense Chinese insult in 小日本鬼子, *xiǎo Rìběn guǐzi*, "little Japanese devils." In this day and age of sacrosanct [proprietary claims](sports.htm) of ethnic or cultural identity, Piggot has no business doing that. The political crime is hers, not of anyone using "Emperor" for the titular ruler of Japan. Time for another "struggle session."
Actually, what we are dealing with is an *ahistorical* argument among recent *historians* about their own terminology -- often to contribute to leftist ideological [attacks](british.htm#anti) on Western Civilization, under the gloss of "anti-colonialism" and "anti-imperialism" -- when the principle of such attacks began, not surprisingly, with [Lenin](russia.htm#soviet). The idea that an "empire" is a state that conquers other peoples and nations and holds them in thrall to the conquering nation has nothing to do with the concepts or ideology of any state that may or may not be identified on these terms as an "empire."
The Roman paradigm is a poor example of this, because of its history, despite its actual conquests, and despite supplying the actual terms *imperium* and *imperator*. We usually find that the large states that we call or are tempted to call "empires" develop an ideology, if they do so at all, of universality, not foreign conquest as such. Indeed, as Rome shrank down to Constantinople, the association with conquest became ever more tenuous -- except, of course, for the conquest of [Bulgaria](romania.htm#bulgar-1) in the 11th century (Roman possession from 1018 to 1186, comparable to the Turkish occupation of [Hungary](perifran.htm#kings), 1526-1686).
| The Nara Period, 712-793 |
| --- |
| 44 Genshō | 715-724 |
| 45 Shōmu | 724-749 |
| 46 Kōken | 749-758 |
| 47 Junnin | 758-764 |
| 48 Shōtoku | 764-770 |
| 49 Kōnin | 770-781 |
The foundation of the city of **Nara**, , the first permanent capital of Japan (death pollution had impelled abandonment of previous seats of government), defines the Nara Period (for the Eras of the Nara Period, see the [popup page](JavaScript:popup('erajpn.htm#nara','erajapan','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600'))). It was in Nara that we first get the classic "[Six Schools](six.htm#japan)" of Japanese [Buddhism](history.htm#buddha). These would develop into Eight in the following Heian Period and then into Twelve in the [Kamakura Period](#kamakura). It was also at this time that the title of the Emperor is borrowed from [China](#august), a version as , the "Heavenly" (or divine) Emperor. The title **Mikado**, , "Honorable/Imperial Gate," had been used and would survive, even into Gilbert and Sullivan. This is rather like the government of Ottoman [Turkey](turkia.htm) being called the "Sublime Porte," , *Bāb-ı-Ālī*, or the King of [Egypt](notes/oldking.htm) being called "[Pharaoh](notes/newking.htm#pharaoh)," , i.e. "Great House." Indeed, there were a couple of streets of Kyōto that were called "mikado," e.g. , *Nakamikado*, "Middle Imperial Gate," which led to a central gate of the Imperial Palace. Nevertheless, in characters, nothing more than the other Chinese character for emperor might be written for the word, i.e. . The later military ruler, who exercised authority for the Emperors, was called the **Shōgun**, short for an expression usually translated "Barbarian Subduing Generalissimo." The Shōgun was also called the **Taikun**, "Great Ruler," which became the word "tycoon" in English.
| The Heian Period, 794-1186 |
| --- |
| 50 Kammu | 781-806 |
| 51 Heizei | 806-809-824 |
| 52 Saga | 809-823-842 |
| 53 Junna | 823-833-840 |
| 54 Nimmyō | 833-850 |
| 55 Montoku | 850-858 |
| 56 Seiwa | 858-876-880 |
| 57 Yōzei | 877-884-949 |
| 58 Kōkō | 884-887 |
| 59 Uda | 887-897-937 |
| 60 Daigo | 897-930 |
| 61 Suzaku | 930-946-952 |
| 62 Murakami | 946-967 |
| 63 Reizei | 967-969-1011 |
| 64 Enyū | 969-984-991 |
| 65 Kazan | 984-986-1008 |
| 66 Ichijō | 986-1011 |
| 67 Sanjō | 1011-1016-1017 |
| 68 Go-Ichijō | 1016-1036 |
| 69 Go-Suzaku | 1036-1045 |
| 70 Go-Reizei | 1045-1068 |
| 71 Go-Sanjō | 1067-1072-1073 |
| 72 **Shirakawa** | 1072-**1086**-1129 |
| 73 Horikawa | 1086-1107 |
| 74 **Toba** | 1107-1123-**1129**-1156 |
| 75 Sutoku | 1123-1141-1156 |
| 76 Konoye | 1141-1155 |
| 77 **Go-Shirakawa** | 1156-**1158**-1179-**1180**-1192 |
| Captured by Minamoto Yoshihira, the Burning of the Sanjo Palace, Heiji War, Yoshihara defeated and killed, 1159-1160 |
| 78 Nijō | 1159-1165 |
| 79 Rokujō | 1166-1168-1176 |
| 80 **Takakura** | 1169-**1180**-1181 |
| Gempei War (Gen+Hei), 1180-1185, Taira (Heike) overthrown by Minamoto (Genji) |
| 81 Antoku | | 1181-1183-1185 |
| Battle of Dan-no-ura,
Taira Clan annhilated by Minamoto, 1185 |
The Heian Period begins with the founding of the city of **Kyōto** in 794. The city was originally called **Heian-kyō**, , "Peaceful Capital." *Kyōto*, , "Capital City," is the more prosaic designation (for the Eras of the Heian Period, see the [popup page](JavaScript:popup('erajpn.htm#heian','erajapan','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600'))). The city was laid out as a regular Chinese square and grid between the **Katsura River** on the west side and the **Kamo River** on the east. The two rivers flowed together just south of town, to be joined slightly downstream by the **Uji River** coming in from the east.
Forces approaching Kyōto from the south needed to cross the Uji, often at the Uji-bashi, the Uji Bridge, in the small town of Uji itself. So "crossing the Uji" came to mean marching on Kyōto -- a bit like "crossing the Rubicon" in [Roman](rome.htm) history. Over time, the southern and western parts of the original city were abandoned, and settlement moved north and east, so that now old parts of the city lie on both sides of the Kamo, pressing right up to the eastern hills, including Mt. Hiei. Now, of course, the modern city has grown back over all the lost ground, and more.
East-west streets were numbered, starting with Ichijō, "First Street," in the north down to Kujō, "Ninth Steet," in the south -- now joined by a modern Jujō-dori, "Tenth Street." Later, Emperors and noble families of the Fujiwara were named after many of these streets, where they had residences. Many of the streets survive today, in longer or shorter stretches.
Thus, one of the oldest surviving wood structures in Japan, the **Sanjūsangen-dō**, 三十三間堂, temple, containing 1001 statues of the goddess and bodhisattva [Kannon](elements.htm#buddhism), is off Shichijō-dori, "Seventh Street," just east of the Kamo River (where there is now a MacDonald's right on the east bank). The temple was founded in 1164 but the characteristic long hall, the *Hondō*, was built in 1266. The first time I visited Kyōto, in 1989, my late friend, [Lynn Burson](ross/burson.htm), warmly recommended seeing this temple. Certainly worth it. There used to be archery contests to see how far someone could shoot an arrow under the eves of the long hall.
Returning from China in 805 and bearing the doctrine of the important Chinese *T'ien T'ai* School of Buddhism -- [***Tendai***](six.htm#tendai) in Japanese -- the monk **Saichō** (767-822) [](yinyang.htm)would found a vast establishment of temples and hermitages (the "Three Pagodas and Sixteen Valleys") on the 2783 foot sacred mountain, ***Mt. Hiei***, which looms over the city of Kyōto to the northeast.
This is the direction of the "mountain" [trigram](yinyang.htm) and the perilous "Demon Gate" in Chinese geomancy, which could thus be guarded by the temples. The central temple on Hiei, the *Enryakuji*, still bears an inscription that it is sited exactly north-east of the Imperial Palace in Kyōto.
Tendai became the institutionally and politically dominant form of Japanese Buddhism, and most of the subsequent [Kamakura](#kamakura) schools were essentially spinoffs from Tendai. Mt. Hiei thus parallels in status and influence the "[Holy Mountain](romania.htm#mountain)," *Hágion Óros*, of Orthodox Christianity and the Mediaeval [Roman Empire](romania.htm#middle): **Mt. Áthōs** in the north of Greece. Women were once prohibited on Hiei, as they still are on Áthōs.
Before long Mt. Hiei was the center of secular as well as spiritual power, when the monks formed *monastic armies* -- strange and oxymoronic as such things would seem to be. Thus, the Emperor **Shirakawa** is supposed to have said that there were three things he could not control: the fall of the dice, the flow of the Kamo River, and the armed monks of Mt. Hiei. The power of the monks was broken when [Oda Nobunaga](#azuchi) slaughtered them and burned down Mt. Hiei in 1571.
Elsewhere, I only know of monastic armies in the form of the Military Orders of the [Crusades](outremer.htm), such as the [Hospitallers](outremer.htm#malta). Although the military Orders sometimes assumed secular rule, as on Malta or in the Baltics, this was never in opposition to secular rulers on the spot -- unless we count when the pagan Duke of [Lithuania](perifran.htm#lith), Jagiello, converted, married the Queen of Poland, and turned Christian Poland against the [Teutonic Knights](outremer.htm#teutonic). This bit of Renaissance opportunism has been hijacked into modern [nationalist ideology](perifran.htm#jagiello2).
In the list of Emperors, where three dates are given, the second date represents the retirement of the Emperor (or, later, the Shōgun or Regent). This came to be a device by which [Fujiwara ministers](JavaScript:popup('jpnprime.htm','jpnprime','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=540,height=600')), starting with the Regent (Sesshō) **Fujiwara Yoshifusa** (858-872), could exercise control over minor Emperors. The Fujiwaras would exercise control as Regents for minor Emperors, and then as Chancellors (Kampaku) when the Emperors formally came of age. There was also an aspect to this, however, specific to Japanese religion. If an Emperor died in office, then the purity of the Throne is defiled by [death pollution](newotto.htm). Retiring before death was likely to happen would prevent the threat of pollution. Indeed, it became the custom that when death found a reigning Emperor anyway, the event would be concealed, the succession confirmed, and then the death announced as that of a *retired* Emperor. One might think that the pollution would have been incurred anyway, but this does not seem to have been the attitude. Such scruples have lapsed in the [Modern Period](#modern).
Symbolic of the height of Fujiwara power is the Byōdō-in temple at Uji, south of Kyōto. The institution was found in 998 by Fujiwara Michinaga (Chancellor, 1016-1017), at first as a villa but then converted into a [Pure Land](six.htm#japan) temple, with an image of the Buddha [Amida](elements.htm#buddhist) enshrined within. Seen below at left is the Phoenix Hall (Hōō-dō), regarded as one of the greatest jewels of Japanese architecture, completed in 1053. The other original buildings in the temple complex were burnt down in the rebellion of the [Ashikagas](#nambokucho) in 1336. Below at right is a copy of the Hōō-dō built at the Valley of the Temples memorial park on O'ahu in [Hawai'i](hawaii.htm).
As Fujiwara power declined, retired Emperors, who had become monks, began to exercise influence from their monasteries. This became the institution of the "Cloistered Emperors." Such Emperors were known by the title "**In**," hence, [**Shirakawa In**](#shirakawa) -- who himself was the first to assume authority in this way, in 1086.
The names of Cloistered Emperors are given in boldface, as are the dates of their assumption of Cloistered power. Usually this is identical to the dates of their retirement, but sometimes there is a delay between retirement and the assumption of Cloistered power (e.g. **Toba**). There may also be a second retirement date.
[**Go-Toba**](#kamakura) was the last effective Cloistered Emperor. His second retirement was forced after his abortive attack on the Hōjō Regent [**Yoshitoki**](#hojo), the Jōkyū War, in 1221. He was exiled for the rest of his life to the remote Oki Islands, where, among other things, he worked on forging a sword. This was to replace the sword of the Imperial Regalia that had been lost at sea, with the child Emperor (and Go-Toba's brother) **Antoku**, in the battle of Dan-no-ura. He also intended to use it to kill the Hōjōs. That never happened. Later in Japanese history, it became common for many figures, Regents and Shōguns as well as Emperors, to retire from office but sometimes to continue exercising much of their previous power.
[Fujiwara Chancellors and Imperial Regents, 858-1868](JavaScript:popup('jpnprime.htm','jpnprime','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=540,height=600'))
[Genealogy of the Fujiwara](javascript:popup('history/fujiwara.gif','fujiwara','resizable,scrollbars,width=621,height=1799'))
---
The Heian Period ends with the naval battle of **Dan-no-ura**,  (or  or ), in 1185. The **Taira** (or **Heike**) Clan had dominated the Court under **Kiyomori** (1118-1181), but the **Minamoto** (or **Genji**) Clan overwhelmed them after his death. This conflict sounds a lot like the later [Wars of the Roses](perifran.htm#roses) in England, where the losing side, the House of Lancaster, was associated with the color red, just like the losing house of Taira in Japan.
The battle was furiously fought by hundreds of ships in the swift tidal currents of the narrow waters of the Kanmon () Straits at Shimonoseki (), only 600 meters at the narrowest point (comparable to the [Bosporus](decdenc1.htm#bosporus) Strait above Constantinople). As the tide changed, and the waters became turbulent (as my wife and I witnessed ourselves in November 2009), Heike ships were crowded together and blocked from retreat. Minamoto archers on the shore were able to shower the Heike ships with arrows.
With the day obviously lost, the battle ended with one of the most dramatic and poignant moments in world history. Kiyomori's widow, **Nii-no-ama**, with her grandson, the seven-year-old Emperor **Antoku**, decided to leap into the sea, carrying the Imperial Regalia with them, rather than be taken by their enemies. Nii-no-ama bids Antoku acknowledge the Sun goddess, Amaterasu-Ōmi-kami, to the East, and the Buddha [Amida](six.htm#tendai) to the West, where lies his Pure Land, before they die. Other Taira women were pulled out of the water, including Antoku's mother, but not Lady Nii.
The scene of their death is recounted in the epic *Heike-Monogatari* and hauntingly portrayed in Masaki Kobayashi's movie *Kwaidan*, [](newotto.htm), (1964), based on the 1904 collection (of the same name) of Japanese ghost stories by Lafcadio Hearn [*Kwaidan, Stories and Studies of Strange Things*, Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1904, 1971, 1986]. Kobayashi's set designs, (minimal) external footage, and narrative, although vivid, give no clue about the physical and geographical conditions of the battle. Later the spirits of Taira warriors were thought to haunt the Straits, and the local "Heike" crabs have shells that look like human faces as seen in Japanese theater masks -- Carl Sagan commented on this as the outcome of fishermen throwing back crabs that even faintly resembled human faces.
Beyond the modern bridge over the Kanmon above is a pedestrian and bicycle tunnel under the Strait. My wife and I were unaware of its existence at the time of our visit. Indeed, I only recently became aware of it because of the "Abroad in Japan" videos at YouTube. In these videos, British expatriot Chris Broad, among many other things, bicycled most of the length of Japan and crossed under the Kanmon Strait through the tunnel.
The photo at right is not the Japanese tunnel but the one in London that crosses under the Thames River at Greenwich. One similarity beween the two tunnels is the prohibition of actual cycling, as we see in the "no cycling" warnings in the photo. However, a difference between Japan and Britain is that Broad and his friends walked their bikes, per instruction, as did others in the Kanmon tunnel, while in London in 2019, all the bikers I saw were nevertheless riding their bikes, against instruction.
As Broad notes elsewhere, the Japanese tend to obey laws like this, and wait patiently at stoplights, even in the absence of traffic, while in Britain there are no "jaywalking" laws and pedestrians can cross any street, anywhere, as long as it is safe to do so. That spirit evidently was in play in the Greenwich tunnel, despite what we might otherwise think of as the orderly and obedient nature of the British, who quietly queue up at bus stops with an all-but-Japanese appearance of order. But then, we remember British soccer fans -- where "quiet" and "orderly" are quite out the window.
British crossing of the street reminds me of two things. One was [Winston Churchill](flanders.htm#marl), in front of a [Vanderbilt](flanders.htm#vanderbilt) mansion, on December 13, 1931, being hit by a car as he was crossing 5th Avenue in New York City. The car was driven by Edward F. Cantasano (1905-1989), an unemployed mechanic from Yonkers. Perhaps the worse for drink, Churchill forgot to look to the left for oncoming traffic, rather than to the right, as would have been appropriate in Britain. He was admited to Lenox Hill Hospital, with lacerations and cracked ribs. Cantasano was solicitous of Churchill's condition, and Churchill later had tea with him and gave him an autographed book. The second recollection is how, in 2010, waiting patiently at a signal on Trafalgar Square, I was accosted by "[Gladys from Latvia](ross/ross-1.htm#gladys)." She was solicitous in her own way; but we didn't even have tea.
An older name for Shimonoseki was Akamagaseki, . Hearn recounts how the Amidaji Temple, , was built there to appease the Heike dead. The ghost story of **Hō-ichi the Earless** (Mimi-nashi-Hō-ichi) concerns the blind biwa-player Hō-ichi chanting the *Heike-Monogatari* to the spirits of the Taira -- and losing his ears in the process.
Subsequently, the Amidaji was converted into a Shinto Shrine, the Akamajingū, , dedicated to Antoku (though the district is still the Amidaji-chō, ). Despite its status as a shrine of the first order, concerning an Emperor, the historic presence of the Taira cenotaphs (shown below, unusual for a shrine), and a structure dedicated to Hō-ichi himself, the site seems to draw minimal attention from travelers and tourists. Unless Western tourists are Japanese movie or history buffs, they probably would know nothing about it [[note](#note-3)].
As noted above, my wife and I visited Shimonoseki in 2009. We stayed at a Japanese inn, a *ryokan*, 旅館, now listed as the [Shimonoseki Shunpanro Hotel](https://www.shunpanro.com/), immediately adjacent to the Akamajingū Shrine, with essentially its own entrance to the Shrine. Our experience there is recounted under my [Eating in Japan](ross/recipe.htm#japan) page.
The leader of the Minamoto was **Yoritomo** (1147-1199), who became the first *Shōgun* (*Sei-i Taishōgun*, "barbarian subduing generalissimo"), founding his own military capital at **Kamakura**, after which the era is named; but it was his brother, **Yoshitsune** (1159-1189), who commanded the Minamoto forces and who destroyed the Tairas at Dan-no-ura.
After Dan-no-Ura, Yoritomo and Yoshitsune soon fell out and Yoshitsune was killed. Ironically, when Yoritomo died, his wife, **Hōjō Masako**, steered her own family, descendants of the Tairas, into power. Starting with her father, [**Tokimasa**](#hojo), Hōjō Regents governed in the name of puppet Shōguns until overthrown by Go-Daigo over a hundred years later.
The following diagram gives the genealogy of the Taira and Minamonto clans, whose great conflict, the Gempei War, culminated in the Battle of Dan-no-ura. Also given are the sources of the junior Minamoto lines that led to the [Ashikaga](#ashikaga) and [Tokugawa](#edo) Shōguns and the Takeda *Daimyo*. The Gempei War has been compared to the somewhat later War of the Roses in [England](perifran.htm#england). The color used by the Taira was red (like Lancaster), and that of the Minamoto was white (like York). The winner of the War of the Roses was neither Lancaster or York, but Tudor. Similarly, although the Minamoto apparently won the Gempei War, it was the Hōjō who ended up with the power.
The most famous member of the Takeda clan was Shingen (or Harunobu, d.1573), the subject of Hiroshi Inagaki's movie *Furin Kazan*, , "Samurai Banners" (1969) and Akira Kurosawa's *Kagemusha* (1980).
The title of Inagaki's movie refers to the distinctive banner of Shingen, which read, , , ,
, "Swift as wind, grave (or "silent") as the forest, aggressive ("raid, plunder") as fire, immovable as a mountain." This was an abbreviation of a statement in Chapter 7 of [Sun Tzu](choustat.htm#sunzi), , , , , "Let him be as swift as wind, grave as forest, aggressive as fire, immovable as a mountain." At least according to *Kagemusha*, Shingen named the four divisions of his army in these terms, with the infantry center "forest," , flanked by cavalry "fire," , and "wind," , with Shingen himself commanding the infantry "mountain," , reserve.
*Kagemusha* is an intriguing study, of questionable historicity, about how the personality and influence of Shingen were so powerful that, after a fashion, they survived his death and wisely guided the realm through his "double," a stand-in who had been used to confuse assassins. When the truth was exposed, the power of the Takedas was broken through the actions of Shingen's foolish son, Katsuyori, who was defeated by Ieyasu and Nobunaga at the Battle of Nagashino (1575). One thing missing from the movie is the fact that Shingen had taken vows as a monk -- despite his repeated conduct of battles -- and perhaps should have appeared with a shaven head. Perhaps Kurosawa found this confusing.
| Kamakura Shōguns |
| --- |
| Minamotos |
| 1 Yoritomo | 1192-1199 |
| 2 Yoriie | 1201-1203-1204 |
| 3 Sanetomo | 1203-1219 |
| Fujiwaras |
| 4 Yoritsune | 1226-1244-1256 |
| 5 Yoritsugu | 1244-1252-1256 |
| Imperial Princes |
| 6 Munetake | 1252-1266-1274 |
| 7 Koreyasu | 1266-1289-1326 |
| 8 Hisa-akira | 1289-1308-1428 |
| 9 Morkuni | 1308-1333 |
| After Hōjōs |
| 10 Morinaga | 1333-1334-1335 |
| 11 Narinaga | 1334-1338 |
| The Kamakura Period,1186-1336 |
| --- |
| 82 **Go-Toba** | 1184-**1198**-1221-1239 |
| 83 Tsuchimikado | 1199-1210-1231 |
| 84 Juntoku | 1211-1221-1242 |
| 85 Chūkyō | 1221-1221-1234 |
| 86 Go-Horikawa | 1222-1232-1234 |
| 87 Shijō | 1233-1242 |
| 88 Go-Saga | 1243-1246-1272 |
| 89 Go-Fukakusa | 1247-1259-1304 |
| 90 Kameyama | 1260-1274-1305 |
| 91 Go-Uda | 1275-1287-1324 |
| 92 Fushimi | 1288-1298-1217 |
| 93 Go-Fushimi | 1299-1301-1336 |
| 94 Go-Nijō | 1302-1308 |
| 95 Hanazono | 1309-1318-1348 |
| 96 **Go-Daigo** | 1319-1338 |
[](javascript:popup('images/gotoba.jpg','gotoba','resizable,width=321,height=457'))
Above is an image (click on it for a larger version) of exiled Emperor **Go-Toba** forging a sword with which to kill the Hōjō Regent **Yoshitoki**. The retired Go-Toba had revolted in 1221, attempting to overthrow the Hōjōs. He failed, and was exiled to the distant islands of Oki. Go-Toba took up the craft of sword-making, not only to have a weapon with which to inflict vengeance on the Hōjōs, but because he had been the first Emperor not to possess the Sword that was part of the Imperial Regalia, since it was lost at the battle of Dan-no-Ura in 1185. Go-Toba never had the chance to use his new sword, and I do not know whether or not one of his making was subsequently used in the Imperial Regalia. The exile rather than execution of Emperors or other high nobility was common because of fears that execution could produce a *vengeful ghost*. This was only a worry with individuals who already had a powerful or [numinous](numinos.htm) quality about them. Nobody worried about executing criminals or nobodies. This Japanese fear of vengeful ghosts has become a theme of modern horror movies, like *The Ring*. Go-Toba's failed revolt, with the subsequent more successful action of Go-Daigo, who did overthrow the Hōjō's, provided the precedent for the [Meiji Restoration](#modern) in 1868. For Eras of the Kamakura Period, see the [popup page](JavaScript:popup('erajpn.htm#kamakura','erajapan','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')).
| Hōjō Regents (Shikken) |
| --- |
| 1 Tokimasa | 1203-1205-1215 |
| 2 Yoshitoki | 1205-1224 |
| 3 Yasutoki | 1224-1242 |
| 4 Tsunetoki | 1242-1246 |
| 5 Tokiyori | 1246-1256-1263 |
| 6 Nagatoki | 1256-1264 |
| 7 Masamura | 1264-1268-1273 |
| 8 Tokimune | 1268-1284 |
| Mongol Invasions,1274 & 1281 |
| 9 Sadatoki | 1284-1301-1311 |
| 10 Morotoki | 1301-1311 |
| 11 Takatoki | 1311-1333 |
The biggest problem that the Hōjōs had to face was the Mongol invasions. The invasions were defeated, with the help of apparently divine intervention -- the **kami kaze**, , "divine winds," of strategically occurring, even out of season, typhoons. The struggle, however, gravely weakened the Hōjō government, with consequences that would be felt shortly.
The "Northern Emperors" were Emperors who later, for different reasons, came to be regarded as illegitimate. They were not *so* illegitimate, however, that they do not always get listed with the "legitimate" ones, and in fact subsequent Emperors are all descended from them. The first of the Northern Emperors, **Kōgon**, was intended as the replacement when Emperor **Go-Daigo** was retired in 1331.
| Northern Emperors |
| --- |
| Hōjō Pretender |
| 1 Kōgon | 1331-1333-1364 |
| The Nambokuchō,, Period, 1336-1392 |
| Ashikaga Pretenders |
| 2 Kōmyō | 1336-1348-1380 |
| 3 Sukō | 1349-1352-1398 |
| 4 Go-Kōgon | 1353-1371-1374 |
| 5 Go-En-yū | 1372-1381-1393 |
| 6 Go-Komatsu | 1383-1392([1392-1412-1433](#muromachi)) |
The problem was that Go-Daigo didn't want to retire, resisted, was arrested and exiled, but escaped from exile and raised a rebellion against the Hōjōs instead. This rebellion, or "restoration" of the Emperor, actually succeeded; and when the Hōjōs were overthrown in 1333, the Emperor Kōgon himself went into retirement. Soon enough, however, there was a falling out between Go-Daigo and his samurai supporters, the [Ashikagas](#ashikaga). In the subsequent war, one of Go-Daigo's principal supporters was **Kusunoki Masashige**. In 1336, Masashige was defeated by **Ashikaga Takauji** at Uji (a river regarded as forming the southern boundary of the Kyōto area) and Kyōto evacuated; but Takauji was then defeated and fled to Kyūshū. He returned with a large army, and Masashige, with Nitta Yoshisada (who captured Kamakura from the Hōjōs), was defeated at **Minato-gawa**. He committed suicide. Go-Daigo fled the capital and a rival Emperor, Kōmyō, was installed by the Ashikagas. Go-Daigo established himself at Yoshino, , and a kind of [Great Schism](popes.htm#humil) was created in Japanese history, the period of the "Northern and Southern Kingdoms," or the Nambokuchō Period. For the Eras of the Northern Emperors, see the [popup page](JavaScript:popup('erajpn.htm#northemp','erajapan','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')). Kusunoki Masashige was of some later significance. At the [Meiji Restoration](#modern) he was revered as the type of Loyal Retainer to the Emperor, and in World War II the *Kamikaze* pilots regarded his sacrifice at Minato-gawa as the exemplar of their own deaths.
| The Nambokuchō,,Period, 1336-1392 |
| --- |
| Southern Emperors |
| 97 Go-Murakami | 1339-1368 |
| 98 Chōkei | 1369-1372 |
| 99 Go-Kameyama | 1373-1392-1424 |
| The Muromachi Period, 1392-1573 |
| 100 Go-Komatsu | 1392-1412-1433 |
| 101 Shōkō | 1413-1428 |
| 102 Go-Hanazono | 1429-1464-1471 |
| 103 Go-Tsuchimikado | 1465-1500 |
| 104 Go-Kashiwabara | 1501-1526 |
| 105 Go-Nara | 1527-1557 |
| 106 Oogimachi | 1558-1586-1593 |
The Southern Emperors gradually lost ground against the Ashikagas, and eventually a settlement was reached. The Ashikagas agreed that the Southern Emperors had been the legitimate ones, but the current one, **Go-Kameyama**, would retire in favor of the last of the Northern Emperors, **Go-Komatsu**, who thus entered into a legitimate reign. Subsequently, the Northern and Southern lines were supposed to alternate on the Throne, much as the descendants of Go-Saga had up to Go-Daigo. The Ashikagas, however, broke this part of the agreement, and no descendant of Go-Daigo ever became Emperor of Japan again. In our day, when there is only one male heir to the present line, a child, I would wonder if there are any descendants left of Go-Kameyama. At the end of the World War II, at least one claimant surfaced who said he was a descendant of Go-Daigo and should replace Hirohito as Emperor. However, his genealogy could not be substantiated, and apparently no verifiable records have been kept of any heirs of Go-Daigo.
For the Eras of the Nambokuchō and Muromachi Periods, see the [popup page](JavaScript:popup('erajpn.htm#muromachi','erajapan','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')).
| Ashikaga Shōguns |
| --- |
| 1 Takauji | 1338-1358 |
| 2 Yoshiakira | 1358-1367-1368 |
| 3 Yoshimitsu | 1367-1395-1408 |
| 4 Yoshimochi | 1395-1423-1428 |
| 5 Yoshikazu | 1423-1425 |
| 6 Yoshinori | 1428-1441 |
| 7 Yoshikatsu | 1441-1443 |
| 8 Yoshimasa | 1449-1474-1490 |
| Ōnin War, 1467-1477 |
| 9 Yoshihisa | 1474-1489 |
| 10 Yoshitane | 1490-1493 |
| 11 Yoshizumi | 1493-1508-1511 |
| 10 Yoshitane | 1508-1521-1522 |
| 12 Yoshiharu | 1521-1545-1550 |
| Hoke-ikki or "Lotus Uprising," 1532-1536 |
| 13 Yoshiteru | 1545-1565 |
| Tempura introduced byPortuguese, 1549 |
| 14 Yoshihide | 1568 |
| 15 Yoshiaki | 1568-1573-1597 |
The Ashikagas got themselves made the new Shōguns but established themselves in Kyōto itself, in the Muromachi District after which the era is named, rather than in some remote place like Kamakura, perhaps the better to keep an eye on an Emperor who might not always be a willing figurehead. This may or may not have been a good idea, but it certainly did not turn out well. The Shōguns began to lose hold of the country, which lapsed into anarchy.
At times they even lost control of Kyōto, which itself suffered civil strike in the **Ōnin War** (1467-1477). The city was then in the hands of members of the [Nichiren](six.htm#nichiren) sect -- the **Hoke-ikki**, 法華一揆, or "Lotus Uprising," from 1532 to 1536. Parts of the Heian city became deserted during this period.
The principal Gate of the city, the southern **Rashōmon**, was famously abandoned and fell into ruin -- it is even said that it was no longer repaired after the reign of Enyū (969-984). Stories developed about it being haunted by demons. Nothing today marks its site but a small monument in, of all things, a playground. Now it is mainly remembered for Akira Kurosawa's movie *Rashomon* (1950), whence the name has entered international discourse to mean the difficulty or impossibility of reconstructing the truth of events from conflicting testimony.
It turned out to be uncommonly difficult to find the *meaning* of the name *Rashōmon*. *Ra* is a character whose principal meaning seems to be "gauze" and is often used to transliterate foreign words. It can also mean "net" and, by extension, "enclose." The second character is now usually replaced by another character (meaning "live"), but the older one (still on the marker on site) was *jō* and meant "castle" or, in Chinese, "city." It took some digging by my wife, outside the ordinary dictionaries, to discover that in Chinese *luóchéng* could mean the "outer/enclosure wall of a city." *Luóchéngmén* was thus the main gate of the outer wall of a city, and it had been used that way in Nara as well as in Kyōto -- though now, evidently, the original meaning is not often remembered.
Of the protective temples that flanked the *Rashōmon*, the **Saiji** ("Western Temple") and **Tōji** ("Eastern Temple"), only the Tōji remains. Hitherto remote areas of Kyōto, however, received enduring monuments from Ashikaga Shōguns, the **Kinkaku-ji** or "Golden Pavilion (Temple)" built in 1397 by **Yoshimutsu** just to the west of town (seen below), and the **Ginkaku-ji** or "Silver Pavilion (Temple)" built in 1473 by **Yoshimasa** in the hills to the east of the city. The former seems to represent the height of Ashikaga power, while the latter is a somber last gasp in its decline -- because money ran out, it was never covered in silver the way the Kinkaku-ji actually was with gold.
A remnant of the days of the dominance of [Nichiren](six.htm#nichiren) Buddhism in Kyōto is, below, the Honpo-ji, originally founded by the Nichiren saint **Nishin**, the "Pot Wearer," who had supposedly been tortured by the authorities with a red hot pot placed over his head. This is in a northern quarter of the city, Tera-no-uchi, , where there are still several Nichiren temples and where in the old days it was said one could walk across the area and hear the *Daimoku*, the invocation of the Lotus Sutra, the whole way.
As the Ashikaga lost control of Japan, local warlords, or just gangs, took over. This has proven a rich era for Japanese samurai movies since it was, in its way, the golden age of the samurai -- with almost constant warfare. Especially memorable is Akira Kurosawa's *Seven Samurai* (1954), about a group of unemployed samurai (*ronin*) hired to protect a village from robbers,
[](javascript:popup('images/maps/himeji.gif','himeji','resizable,scrollbars,width=1034,height=748'))
and Kurosawa'a *Yojimbo* (1961), about a lone, nameless *ronin* who gets the two gangs in one village to annihilate each other.
This was remade by Sergio Leone as the Western, *A Fistful of Dollars* in 1967, which began the movie career of Clint Eastwood; but the story seems to be based on a much earlier book, *Red Harvest*, by [Dashiell Hammett](existent.htm#hammett), where Hammett's nameless "Continental Op" detective causes similar slaughter in a Montana mining town. *A Fistful of Dollars* led to a series of Westerns that seriously [distorted](divebomb.htm#note-4) the spirit of *Yojimbo* and the original Western.
The *Seven Samurai* was remade as a Western, twice, first as *The Magnificent Seven*, in 1960, and then remade, by the same name, and not was well, in 2016. A friend of mine, [Lynn Burson](ross/burson.htm), once taught a class at the [University of Texas](http://www.utexas.edu/) matching up samurai movies with Westerns. I don't know if she took it all the way back to Dashiell Hammett.
This era also became the golden age of castle building, though most of the surviving castles, like **Himeji-jō**, , also known as the "White Heron Castle," **Shirasagi-jō**, , were rebuilt later to secure the pacification of the country effected in the following period. The image is of the elegant Ha-no-mon, or Third Gate, at Himeji, which was featured in Kurosawa's *Kagemusha* (1980). Click on the image for a map of the castle or [here](javascript:popup('images/maps/himeji.gif','himeji','resizable,scrollbars,width=1034,height=748')). My visit to the castle figures in my experience of [eating in Japan](ross/recipe.htm#japan).
| The Azuchi-MomoyamaPeriod, 1573-1603 |
| --- |
| 107 Go-Yōzei | 1587-1611-1617 |
**Oda Nobunaga**, Lord of Owari, won the scramble of local lords for possession of Kyōto and control of the Shōgun and the Emperor. Nobunaga entered Kyōto and installed his own candidate, Yoshiaki, as
| Dictator |
| --- |
| OdaNobunaga | 1568-1582 |
| enters Kyōto, 1568;
burning of Mt. Hiei,1571; Shōgundeposed, 1573 |
Shōgun in 1568. Meanwhile, Japanese history had been shaken by the arrival of Europeans, at first specifically the Portuguese. In 1549 the Jesuit (St.) Francis Xavier arrived, and for some years a body of Japanese Christians became an element in Japanese politics. The Portuguese also introduced firearms, which helped Nobunaga in his triumph. Nobunaga became famous for his ferocity. Especially remembered was his burning of the temples on Mt. Hiei in 1571, which broke the secular power of the Buddhist establishment, and its monastic armies. Nobunaga then deposed the last Ashikaga Shōgun, his own creature, in 1573. He seemed on his way to personal rule of a unified Japan but didn't quite make it -- meeting assassination in 1582. For all his power, Nobunaga had never assumed one of the traditional titles or offices of rule. It is usually said that this was because he was not of the qualfying Fujiwara or Minamoto descent. However, such descent could easily have been manufactured ("discovered"), so it may be that Nobunaga actually envisioned creating a new office. For the Eras of the Azuchi-Momoyama Period, see the [popup page](JavaScript:popup('erajpn.htm#azuchi','erajapan','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')).
| Toyotomi Chancellors(Kampaku) |
| --- |
| 1 Hideyoshi | 1585-1591-1598 |
| 2 Hidetsugu | 1591-1595 |
Nobunaga was succeeded by one of his generals and retainers, **Hideyoshi**, whose family name was originally Nakamura. A person of no apparent significance, Hideyoshi had enlisted in Nobunaga's service and risen to prominence. After Nobunaga's assassination, Hideyoshi avenged him and then suppressed the Oda heirs in establishing his supremacy. The only setback in this progress was defeat by **Tokugawa Ieyasa**, Lord of Mikawa. Thus we meet the third central figure of the era.
Later there was a story that illustrated the different styles of Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Ieyasu, about what each would say if a bird did not sing for him: Nobunaga would say, "Sing, or I will kill you"; Hideyoshi would say, "Sing, or I will make you sing"; and Ieyasu would say, "Sing, or I will wait for you to sing." Wait Ieyasu did, making an accomodation with Hideyoshi and henceforth supporting his rule. Hideyoshi then completed the reunification and pacification of Japan. He assumed the office of Imperial Chancellor in 1585, for which only Fujiwaras were hitherto qualified, and even assumed a new family name, Toyotomi, to go along with it, in 1586.
In 1592 Hideyoshi then invaded Korea. This didn't go well, but he tried again in 1597-1598. After he died in the latter year, Ieyasu wisely withdrew Japanese forces. Hideyoshi had also turned against the Christians in 1597, inaugurating executions and persecutions that later (under Iemitsu) would drive the small remnant of Japanese Christians into the secret practice of their religion for centuries.
| The Edo, , Period, 1603-1868 |
| --- |
| 108 Go-Mi-no-o | 1612-1629- 1680 |
| 109 Meishō [Myōshō] | 1630-1643- 1696 |
| 110 Go-Kōmyō | 1644-1654 |
| 111 Go-Saiin | 1655-1662- 1685 |
| 112 Reigen | 1663-1686- 1732 |
| 113 Higashi-yama | 1687-1709 |
| "orphan" *tsunami*, 26 Jan 1700 |
| 114 Nakamikado | 1710-1735- 1737 |
| 115 Sakuramachi | 1736-1746- 1750 |
| 116 Momozono | 1746-1762 |
| 117 Go- Sakuramachi | 1763-1770- 1813 |
| 118 Go-Momozono | 1771-1779 |
| 119 Kōkaku | 1780-1816- 1840 |
| 120 Ninkō | 1817-1846 |
| 121 Kōmei | 1847-1867 |
At first, Ieyasu appeared to loyally support Hideyoshi's heir and successor, Hideyori (a previously adopted heir, Hidetsugu, had been executed), even after he defeated the Toyotomi forces at the great battle of **Sekigahara**,  (or just ), in 1600. But Ieyasu then went on to get himself appointed Shōgun in 1603. Hideyori later died, with the last of his cause, when Ieyasu broke into and burned Ōsaka Castle in 1615. Ieyasu, who had by then already "retired," thus firmly established the rule of his family, which henceforth ruled from **Edo**, , not far from where the Hōjōs had ruled at Kamakura.
For the Eras of the Edo Period, see the [popup page](JavaScript:popup('erajpn.htm#edo','erajapan','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=425,height=600')).
---
The Japanese had long known that earthquakes could be followed by tidal waves, i.e. *tsunami*, . The most recent example of this now is the 9.0 earthquake of 11 March 2011, off Sendai, which was quickly followed by a *tsunami* that killed thousands of people (perhaps 20,000), sweeping away boats, cars, houses, etc. This was the largest earthquake in Japan since the Kanto quake of 1923, and press reports say it was the largest quake there in 140 years -- as well as being the 5th largest earthquake on Earth since the beginning of the 20th century. *Tsunami* waves arrived in [Hawai'i](hawaii.htm) and the Americas, but with minimal damage.
The most frightening aspect of this event may have been the damage at the Fukushima nuclear power plant, which was right on the coast of Sendai. Hit by the *tsunami*, the plant immediately began to shut down its reactors. However, the waters knocked out the plant's backup generators, which interrupted the shutdown process and endangered and damaged the reactors, allowing radiation to leak. This astonished me, since the Japanese are otherwise so aware of what needs to be done in the case of earthquakes and *tsunamis*. That the generators were not protected from rising waters seemed incredible. While there turned out to be little danger from the radiation leaks, the event set off an absurd international panic about nuclear reactors, leading to shut-downs from California to Germany. Since this coincided with similarly absurd campaigns against "fossil fuels," countries like Germany, and States like New York and California, compounded the danger to the reliability of their power grids. Since then, some rethinking has occurred, especially in Germany; but not in the United States, where the increasing irrationality of politics has been as much a problem as natural disasters.
Unlike the Sendai experience, on 26 January 1700, a major *tsunami* wave hit Japan without any warning. This was then an "orphan" *tsunami*. Its origin was a mystery until recently. Now it appears from the geological evidence that the earthquake, perhaps more than a 9 in magnitude, was in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Tree rings have even narrowed the event down to 1700 itself. Tsunamis crossing the Pacific to hit the opposite shore are now a familiar phenomenon, as we have just seen in 2011.
In international scientific discourse a tidal wave is now properly called a "tsunami," with the term borrowed from Japanese. Part of the issue is that a "tidal wave" has nothing to do with tides, while a true tide in certain conditions can generate a wave. "Tsunami," however, contains a similar malapropism. It means "port, harbor, ford, ferry, stream,"  (the range of meaning in Chinese and Japanese), and "wave," . But tsunamis have no more essential connection to harbors or ferries than they do to tides.
However, the term "tidal wave" was probably based on the impression that they could come in like a tide. In 2011, we just saw in California that the small *tsunami* seemed to affect harbors the most dramatically. This is probably because, although harbors are sited to block the entrance of ordinary waves, a *tsunami* does come in anyway, as the sea itself is elevated like, indeeed, a tide. So "tidal wave" may actually be just as appropriate as "harbor wave." One wonders if there was simply some sort of politically correct urge to adopt a scientific term from another language. See the discussion [here](titmice.htm).
There is also the circumstance, on the other hand, that Japan, with a literate culture that often suffered from the waves, then had a long tradition of records and study of the phenomena. Even in the 18th century, Edward Gibbon knew so little about tsunamis that he doubted the truth of the description of one by the Roman historian [Ammianus Marcellinus](romania.htm#tsunami). Thus "tsunami" may properly represent a tribute to those who were first familiar with them in their details and had already made the connection with earthquakes. With the tsunami of 1700 we have a nice match between Japanese records and modern geology.
| Tokugawa Shōguns | Buried |
| --- | --- |
| 1 Ieyasu | 1603-1605-1616 | Nikko |
| 2 Hidetada | 1605-1623-1632 | Shiba |
| 3 Iemitsu | 1623-1651 | Nikko |
| 4 Ietsuna | 1651-1680 | [Ueno](six.htm#ueno) |
| 5 Tsunayoshi | 1680-1709 | Ueno |
| 6 Ienobu | 1709-1712 | Shiba |
| 7 Ietsugu | 1712-1716 | Shiba |
| 8 Yoshimune | 1716-1745-1751 | Ueno |
| 9 Ieshige | 1745-1760-1761 | Shiba |
| 10 Ieharu | 1760-1786 | Ueno |
| 11 Ienari | 1786-1837-1841 | Ueno |
| 12 Ieyoshi | 1837-1853 | Shiba |
| 13 Iesada | 1853-1858 | Ueno |
| 14 Iemochi | 1858-1866 | Shiba |
| 15 Yoshinobu, Keiki | 1866-1868-1903 | Taitoku,Tōkyō |
Of considerable interest in this period was the English retainer that Ieyasu came to acquire. **Will Adams** (15641620) had landed in Japan with a Dutch ship in 1600, the first ship to reach Japan from across the Pacific (which is what Christopher Columbus had originally intended to do), with Adams apparently the first Englishman to visit Japan.
Adams was the pilot, or sailing master, of the ship, rendered into Japanese as *Anjin*, , "needle [i.e. compass] watcher." When Ieyasu granted him the fief of Miura, 三浦, near Yokusuka (which later became a Japanese and then, after World War II, American naval base), he became known as 三浦按針, Miura Anjin. Adams built ships for Ieyasu, advised him on geography, navigation, gunnery, and European politics, and dealt with foreign merchants, even marrying a Japanese wife. The Japanese were alerted to the imperial designs of [Spain](perifran.htm#lepanto), and their occupation of the Philippines, and that the English and Dutch were the enemies of Spain and the Portuguese Jesuits. Unfortunately, the understanding that Christianity was used by Spain to undermine local governments contributed to the hostility and persecution of Christians in Japan.
When Adams died in 1620, he was at Nagasaki and was buried there. The Christian burials in Nagasaki were later demolished, but the remains of Adams, as a historic retainer of Ieyasu, a *hatamoto*, 旗本, were preserved and later reburied, with the marker we see at right. Recent forensic examination of the bones seems to confirm that they are Adams, but actual DNA testing will not help unless any of his relatives are identified; and they have not been. Adams' estate was divided between his Japanese family and that of his English wife, back in England.
Later, his son Joseph, born in Japan, created a monument in the hills above Yokosuka, the , *Anjinzuka*. Since  (citation form *tsuka*) can mean "tomb," this confused me for a long time, thinking that Adams was buried there. In fact, his Japanese wife may be.
A train station nearby, on the Keihin Kyūkō Line to Yokosuka, is named the "Anjinzuka," 安針塚駅, *Anjinzuka-eki*, although it was only given that name in 1940. On maps, especially for the Yokosuka train station, one sometimes finds, as we see here, , "peace," instead of  in these place names.
Later, British occupation forces erected a small monument to Adams at Itō in Izu, where Adams had built ships, with now a sort of modernistic statue of Adams, installed in 1987, in the "Anjin Memorial Park," 按針メモリアルパーク, at the mouth of the Itō River, 伊東大川. Up river a little, past the bridge, is the Kawaguchi ("River Mouth") Park, 川口公園, where there is more material about Adams and the ships he built there. The ultimate fates of Joseph, who initially inherited Adams' titles, and Joseph's sister Susanna, are unknown.
Until 1923 a section of Tokyo, the "Anjin-chō," , the "pilot district," had been named after Adams, since he had a mansion there. After the great Kanto earthquake of that year, the rebuilding of Tokyo resulted in the elimination of the district. This bothered the locals, who took up a collection and built a small shrine to Adams, which still exists, in the old neighborhood -- not far from the famous *Nihombashi*, 日本橋 ("Japan Bridge"), in the downtown district *Nihombashi-Muromachi-1-chome*. The monument was refurbished, by local contributions again, in 1951. The street of the monument is now called the *Anjindori*, 按針通り, although I missed seeing any street signs saying this.
This is quite close to the A1 exit of the Mitsukoshimae subway station, where the Ginza and Hanzomon Lines intersect. However, having come up the stairs from the subway, one must double back, in the direction shown by the photograph, which is South, toward the actual Nihombashi Bridge, to find the right street, on the left. The monument is on the second block in, on the left again.
The story of Adams' advent in Japan was fictionalized by James Clavell in the very popular historical novel *Shōgun* (1976), later a television mini-series (1980) with Richard Chamberlain and Toshirō Mifune. The poignant reflections in the book on the wife and children he left behind in England did apply to Adams, who, although never returning home, was able to send money back to his family.
| |
| --- |
| The Miura Anjin Memorial, Anjin dori, Nihombashi, Tokyo, August 2023; the inscription is legible if enlarged or viewed separately. |
[Eating in Japan, 2023](ross/recipe.htm#japan)
[Edo Castle, Tōkyō Imperial Palace](javascript:popup('images/maps/tokyo.gif','tokyo','resizable,scrollbars,width=721,height=558')) -- originally built as the seat of the Tokugawas.
Ieyasu and then especially his grandson **Iemitsu** created a system of rule approaching totalitarian dimensions. Every person in the country and everything they did was subject to oversight and review. Every family had to register with a local Buddhist temple, and even their diversions and travel were the business of the government. The country became closed to foreigners -- even as Japanese were prohibited from going abroad -- except for one Dutch ship annually, which put in to Nagasaki.
Christians were exterminated, and measures taken for years to hunt out any practicing secretly (not all were in fact found). "Samurai" changed from being a job description to being a caste. Commoners were forbidden to carry more than a single short sword for defense, while samurai were required to carry two swords and might summarily execute a commoner for insufficient deference. Firearms were forbidden and confiscated. Sumptuary laws limited the displays of wealth that commoners, like merchants, might engage in. All this was intended to freeze Japan in time, lock it away, and keep everything under the tight control of the government.
The extreme forms of the persecution of Christians we see in the movie *Silence* (2016), directed by Martin Scorsese, based on a 1966 novel by Shūsaku Endō. Andrew Garfield plays a Jesuit priest, Sebastião Rodrigues, who is sent to Japan in part to investigate reports of Jesuits becoming apostates. Rodrigues is captured and is required to become an apostate himself to stop the torture of Japanese Christians -- a scene not for the faint of heart. He hears the voice of Jesus telling him he must do this, and he does, living out the rest of his life helping the Tokugawa regime track down Christians.
| |
| --- |
| Zōjō-ji Temple, Shiba Park, Tokyo, rebuilt in 1974, after being destroyed by bombing in World War II; home temple for the Tokugawa burials at Shiba; Tokyo Tower in the background |
In the novel, it is left ambiguous whether or not Rodrigues retains an inner faith; but in the movie, Scorsese has his Japanese wife secretly place a makeshift cross in the coffin at his burial, betraying their faithfulness.
The Tokugawa regime did produce peace, and one result was the familiar aesthetic of the samurai, who no longer needed to wear armor and fight battles, where the bow had always been the principal military weapon. Now they would usually do no more than fight duels, in which the sword rather than the bow could be celebrated as the "soul of the samurai." The problems of the samurai and their ethos in this era is explored in many movies. The plight of unemployed samurai from the demobilized feudal armies is seen in Masaki Kobayashi's *Harakiri* (1963). The story of Miyamoto Musashi, who went from digging trenches in the mud at Sekigahara to becoming the greatest of the dueling *ronin* (and whose own *The Book of Five Rings* has been kept in print as a key to Japanese business practices), is given in heavily fictionalized form in *The Samurai Trilogy* (1955), by Hiroshi Inagaki.
---
Finally, the most celebrated samurai story of the Edo Period was the incident in 1703 of the revenge of 47 of his retainers for **Lord Asano of Akō**, led by **Ōishi Yoshio** (represented as a *kitten* in the popular Japanese image at right). At the time, this story became a *kabuki* play, and since the introduction of cinema there have been countless movie versions. One of the best is Inagaki's 1963 *Chushingura*,  (the "Treasure of the Loyal [*chū*] Retainers [*shin*]").
Other versions of the story are often just called "The 47 Ronin" (the retainers **were** *ronin* after Asano's death). Modern visitors to Tokyo can still see the graves of Asano and the retainers at the Sengakuji, , temple (not far from the Shinagawa train station on the convenient Yamanote Line, and now just down the street from the Sengakuji station on the new Toei Asakusa subway line). The expected character of the Japanese as obedient and communal was fixed through the Tokugawa institutions, even if occasional troubles reminded people that there used to be older traditions of insurrection and disloyalty. One wonders if the reverence for the 47 still reflects a covert protest against central government as opposed to local and ancient loyalties.
| |
| --- |
| Guardian Deities outside the cemetery of the Zōjō-ji Temple, Shiba Park, Tokyo, Gate in background; site of Tokugawa reburials after the destruction of the Shiba mausoleum in World War II. |
Returning to the Sengakuji in 2009 after an absence of 16+ years, I found a great deal of new construction, with handsome granite approaches to the graves of Asano, and a new museum. This was on top of a level of an existing attention and tourism that, for instance, is still missing at [Shimonoseki](#shimoseki). There is also the interesting development that the Ronin are now generally referred to as the *Gishi*, , the "righteous gentlemen," rather than as the *Chūshin*, , "loyal retainers."
Thus, on a street atlas of Tokyo, the place of the Akō burials within the temple is identified as the , the "Tombs of the Akō-Gishi" [*Tokyo City Atlas: A Bilingual Guide*, Kodansha International Ltd, 2004, map 34]. This gives a much more strongly Confucian tone to their characterization, with an unambiguous [Confucian virtue](confuci.htm), righteousness, and a [social class](key.htm#class), , that would mean a scholar, not a warrior, in China. The moral problems with "loyalty," , in Japan are discussed [elsewhere](divebomb.htm).
| The Modern Period, 1868-present | Era |
| --- | --- |
| 122 Mutsuhito | 1866-1912 | Meiji1868 |
| Sino-Japanese War, 1894-1895;
Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905;
Annexation of Korea, 1910 |
| 123 Yoshihito | 1912-1926 | Taishō |
| "21 Demands" on China, 1915;
Washington NavalConference, 1921-1922 |
| 124 Hirohito | 1926-1989 | Shōwa |
| Annexation of Manchuria, 1931;Invasion of China, 1937;World War II, 1941-1945;American Occupation, 1945-1952 |
| 125 Akihito | 1989-2019 | Heisei |
| 126 Naruhito | 2019-present | Reiwa |
Modern Japan began with much of the paradox and irony familiar in world history. When Commodore Perry arrived in Japan in 1853, it was with the determination to force the country open to trade and international contact. Why this was thought to be necessary, or the business of the United States, is a good question. Ninety years later, many Americans might have wondered if it had been a good idea. When the Shōgun agreed in 1854 to open trade and allow foreigners into the country, this set off a reaction against the Shogunate that had not been seen in its history. The cry became ***Sonnō Jōi!***, , "Respect the Emperor; expel the foreigners!" The Emperor Kōmei wanted the foreigners expelled, so a movement gathered to depose the Shōgun and "Restore" the rule of the Emperor. In 1868 the Emperor was restored. The Shōgun resigned, and, after some fighting (the Shōgun, as the lord of the Kantō, didn't want to surrender his lands), Edo was occupied and the foreigners, well, were *not* expelled. Kōmei had died, and the forces of Chōshū and Satsuma, with foreign arms, had, with the young emperor Mutsuhito, changed their minds. The Imperial Court moved from Kyōto to Edo, which now became **Tōkyō**, , the "Eastern Capital." Not only were the foreigners not expelled, but, instead, the new government set out to completely overturn the traditional society and create a modern state. The samurai class was simply abolished in 1872, but die hard samurai had to be defeated with modern weapons.
| |
| --- |
| The Keep of Kumamoto Castle, 2009; reconstructed, 1960; damaged in earthquake, 2016; under repair, 2021 |
The "Satsuma Rebellion" of **Saigō Takamori** in 1877 has recently been the subject of a Hollywood movie, *The Last Samurai* [2003], but the movie fictionalizes events beyond recognition. Saigō led 15,000 men and tried to take the castle and government garrison at Kumamoto, hence to march on Kyōto.
A long siege failed, as conscript peasant soldiers held off the confident samurai. Fighting largely destroyed the town and castle of Kumamoto. With only forty men left, wounded in battle at Shiroyama, Saigō committed suicide with the help of a retainer (Beppu Shinsuke, not an American solider). Just as hopeless and vicious folly redeemed by suicide is often celebrated in Japanese history, in 1899 Saigō earned a statue at the entrance of Ueno Park in Tōykō.
In the aftermath shown in the movie, we see Tom Cruise, who had played Saigō's ahistorical American retainer, absurdly pleading with the Emperor Meiji to preserve the values of the Samurai ethos. Unfortunately, just such a preservation may be said to have led to multiple war crimes during World War II, especially in the treatment of prisoners of war, who were randomly tortured, starved, and murdered, much as the Samurai would have done to their prisoners.
There had already been trouble in Satsuma, a telling incident in 1863, when the British bombarded Kagoshima, the capital of Shimazu Hisamitsu, *Daimyō* of the Satsuma Clan, in revenge for the murder of an Englishman, Charles Richardson, by Hisamitsu's retainers in Yokohama. To the British the action was a disaster, because a number of the new breech-loading guns exploded. The Japanese, however, did not know that. All they saw was the fortress getting blown to bits.
The result was that the Satsuma Clan became patrons of the new Imperial Japanese Navy. This contrasts with the kind of thing that went on in China, where the first railroad, built with British money, was bought by the Chinese government simply to be torn up. Such things were apparently thought unnecessary. Trouble similar to that at Kagoshima, in the same year, occurred at Shimonoseki (near the site of the Battle of Dan-no-Ura), where the *Daimyō* of Chōshū, Mōri Motonori, ordered that foreign ships passing by be shot at.
Consequently, the French bombarded Shimonoseki, and the British, French, Americans, and Dutch did so also in 1864. Unlike at Kagoshima, where the Emperor thought that the Japanese had won because no action followed the bombardment, foreign troops landed at Shimonoseki and demolished the fortifications. Mōri had to agree not to molest, and sometimes even to provision, passing ships. The Chōshū Clan subsequently became the patron of the new Japanese Army, which drew on French advice, until France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), and then on German (not, as one might think from *The Last Samurai*, American).
So it turned out that, the way [Nixon](presiden.htm#37) could go to China, Emperor Mutsuhito could put on pants and sit in a chair -- and build a modern nation.
With the "Meiji Restoration," the Japanese adopted the Chinese practice of the [Ming](#ming) and [Ch'ing](#ch'ing) that only one Era Name is used per reign. Mutsuhito thus chose **Meiji**, , "Enlightened Rule," for himself. As in the recent Chinese practice, with the death each Emperor, he then became known by the Era Name, i.e. "The Meiji Emperor," rather than a new posthumous name, which in Japanese practice tended to reflect his residence (e.g. **Nijō**, the "Second Street" Emperor).
Almost from the very beginning of modern Japan, its foreign policy was aggressive and expansionist. Not only the Japanese themselves, but the International Community, considered that Japan had come of age and become a Power with the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). While none of this, not even the annexation of Korea in 1910, was regarded as particularly predatory behavior at the time, things began to change when Japan tried to impose demands on China during World War I.
This was disagreeable to Britain, of whom Japan was a proud ally, and infuriating to the United States, which, with a soft spot for all the Chinese who were expected to convert to Christianity any day, suddenly became an international powerbroker by delivering victory to the Allies. Japan backed off and for a while was on relatively good behavior, the period of "Taishō Democracy." But darker impulses were always stirring, and the Depression did much the same work in Japan that it did in Germany. The greedy capitalists and the disloyal communists should both be defeated so that the National Essence could prosper and bring the Emperor's Benevolence to all of East Asia.
The takeover of Manchuria in 1931 was the first major act of fascist aggression in the 1930's, though the Japanese had long stationed troops there, as the Russians had before them. The League of Nations, whose principal members already had their own colonial empires, now became queasy over the naked continuation of the old style imperialism. The United States, probably the most outraged, was no longer involved enough in international affairs to make much difference.
The saddest thing about the business was that none of it was really a considered policy of the Japanese Government. Military zealots, usually on the spot, initiated actions that the Government was literally afraid to repudiate -- Prime Ministers were assassinated just for the impression of not being sufficiently hard-line (though some revisionist historians now argue that the whole business was masterminded by Emperor Hirohito himself). The only real military question was whether action should be aimed at the Soviet Union or at China.
This was decided, in effect, by the failure of a coup in Tokyo on February 26, 1936, the "2/26 Incident." This was sufficiently threatening that many participants were purged and executed, unlike individuals in earlier mutinies and assassinations, who had often been treated with lenience. The 2/16 faction, in favor of a Russian war, was eliminated. China would be the target.
Pretexts were duly arranged that were used to invade China in 1937. This began a war that lasted until 1945. Everything else, like the Pacific War with the United States and Britain, was just a detail coincident to the attack on China. For, as it happened, China was rather too large to be overrun by the Japanese, and Chiang Kai-shek was too stubborn, or stupid, to come to any accommodation with them. His expectation was that the Americans would eventually be drawn in, and then they would win the war. In that he turned out to be quite right.
Japanese strategy can be observed on the map of their East Asian Empire at its height. China is in practical terms surrounded. The last route of overland supply, through Burma (the arduous "Burma Road"), was the last one cut off. The Allies were reduced to flying supplies in over "The Hump," i.e. the Himalayas. Curiously, the [War in China](#war) has been both neglected in popular treatments and confused with remnants of Communist propaganda, promoted, understandably, by the [People's Republic of China](#communist), but also by Western historians who were initially sympathetic with, and/or paid by, the Communists and now who may simply not know any better -- or be as sympathic to [Communism](rand.htm#modern) as ever.
The Communist line was that Chiang didn't want supplies to fight the Japanese anyway. He needed to prepare for the post-War struggle with the Communists and so avoided combat. Now, it turns out, this was the Communist strategy, not the Nationalist. We see many pitched battles between the Japanese and the Nationalists, but none really between the Japanese and the Communists. But the supplies flown over the Hump mainly went to the American Air Force in China and also came to be diverted from the Nationalists because of Communist influence in American ranks. Even the hot nature of the Nationalist fight against the Japanese worked against them, because peasants resented being drafted into the Army, and the Communists played on that discontent -- Communist armies were always formally "volunteers," even though *not* volunteering was a political crime. At the same time, Chiang's expectation that the participation of the Americans in the War would be decisive, although correct, could not take into account the role American Communist sympathizers would have in subverting his position vis-à-vis the Communists.
Attempts to call American sympathizers and Communist agents to account, conspicuous in the accusations of [Joseph McCarthy](satan.htm#mccarthy), were deflected into attacks on *him*, whose effect was to protect such sympathizers and agents. Why this was tolerated and aided by the [Eisenhower Administration](presiden.htm#34), otherwise famously anti-Communist, remains a historical puzzle of the era. None of the treacherous State Department "China Hands," who facilitated the regime whose crimes have continued ever since, ever significantly suffered for what they had done.
Meanwhile, in the War, the Japanese secured a strategic oil supply in Indonesia and protected it by conquering adjacent territories, like the Philippines. The military, however, had paid insufficient attention to boring practical questions like running the oil fields and then getting the fuel back to Japan. A convoy system, which the Allies had to use against German submarines in World War I and World War II in the Atlantic, was never used by Japan, even when American submarines were decimating and even annihilating ships carrying desperately needed strategic supplies.
One gets the impression that the whole affair had not been thought out very well, and it hadn't.
| |
| --- |
| |
| Hirohito,the Shōwa Emperor,1926-1989 |
The Japanese military wanted to die in battle, not to babysit civilian tankers and cargo ships. For much the same reason, Japanese submarines never returned the favor of general warfare against Allied shipping -- they went after warships, winning some prizes (the *Yorktown*, *Wasp*, and *Indianapolis*), but more often getting sunk by screening ships.
The ironically named **Shōwa**, , "Radiant Harmony," Era brought down the world, and the Bomb, on Japan and its ambitions. China was left to the grave miscalculations of its own leaders and ostensive but treacherous Allies, and the Japanese were left to pick up the pieces of flattened, blasted cities.
Astonishingly, all the impractical foolishness and haughty disdain for mere mundane details were soon traded in for an economic and commercial practicality rivaled by few. Japan had rolled with the punches and remade itself before, and it did again. Whether the *moral* lesson had really been learned was a question often asked by the Asian neighbors who had experienced the old Japanese "benevolence" first hand.
But one thing remains clear from the experience of Japan: nothing but lack of imagination, determination, and capitalism has ever stopped "Third World" countries from entering the modern era and competing with European states as equals, in war and peace. Japan emerged from Tibetan isolation and xenophobia and, with no "natural resources" to speak of, save the human capital of its own people, became a Great Power in less than 40 years.
In the Nineties the Japanese economy was in a Tokugawan torpor, but no one was deceived that the frenzy of Japanese life could not most unexpectedly erupt in new achievements and ambitions (even alarming ones). That the economic stagnation of the Nineties continued into the new century, has allowed Japan to be surprassed by China as the world's second largest economy, and is astonishingly now [emulated](sayslaw.htm) in American domestic policy (to similar results), nevertheless has not prevented Samsung from greater success in a mass market (as in China) than Apple has had in distributing its own technology -- Apple neglects the low end of the market (the same mistake it originally made with the Macintosh). Thus, there are flashes of the old Japanese entrepreneurial spirit, even as it has not shaken off the dead weight of crony capitalism that has bedeviled Asian, and now American, economies.
While the retirement of Emperors has been a notable feature of Japanese history, no Emperor has retired since the Meiji Restoration -- until now. On 30 April 2019, the Emperor Akihito retired, and his son Naruhito became Emperor on May 1st. An Era name was already picked, **Reiwa**, , said to mean "Beautiful Harmony."
There was some controversy about this, since the primary meaning of  is "command" and some related meanings, which makes it look like *Reiwa* means "Harmony is Commanded." Indeed, we see  in the Chinese expresson for "District Magistrate," , such as [Judge Dee](ross/dee.htm). However, *Reiwa* was taken from a 8th century collection of poems, the *Man'yōshū*, where the issue was viewing plum blossoms, not commanding anything. The notable thing about the name may be that it was taken from Japanese rather than Chinese literature.
[Imperial Acclamations](rank.htm#note-6)
[Genealogy of the Fujiwara](javascript:popup('history/fujiwara.gif','fujiwara','resizable,scrollbars,width=621,height=1799'))
[Fujiwara Chancellors and Imperial Regents, 858-1868](JavaScript:popup('jpnprime.htm','ministers','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=540,height=600'))
[Transition Ministers, 1868-1885](JavaScript:popup('jpnprime.htm#ministers','jpnprime','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=540,height=600'))
[Prime Ministers, 1885-present](JavaScript:popup('jpnprime.htm#prime','primes','resizable,scrollbars,menubar,location,width=540,height=600'))
[The Pearl Harbor Strike Force](pearl.htm)
[Naval Aircraft Designations of Japan and the United States](./history/navy.htm)
[The Battleship *Kongō*](kongo1.htm)
[Japanese Battleships](kongo.htm#navy)
[The Treaty Cruisers](dreadnot.htm#treaty)
[Advanced Japanese Destroyers of World War II](destroy.htm)
[A Guadalcanal Chronology, 7 August 1942 - 6 March 1943](./history/guadal.htm)
[Zen and the Art of Divebombing, or The Dark Side of the Tao](divebomb.htm)
[The Seven Lucky Gods of Japan](elements.htm#gods)
[Sangoku Index](#top)
[History of Philosophy, Buddhist Philosophy](history.htm#buddha)
[Philosophy of History](philhist.htm)
[Home Page](./#contents)
##### Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 [Kelley L. Ross, Ph.D.](./ross/) All [Rights](./#ross) Reserved
### The Heian Period, Note;Shrines and Temples
Before the [Meiji Period](#modern), there was not any kind of sharp distinction between Buddhism and Shintō in Japan. This was introduced in Meiji legislation, with the harsh requirement that structures and rites of the two religions share no facilities, as had hitherto been the practice. This went along with some official suppression of Buddhism, which was associated with the [Tokugawa](#tokugawa) regime. These measures were subsequently relaxed, and the Japanese often do not pay much attention to whether they are in a (Buddhist) temple or (Shintō) shrine, but the formal distinction does persist.
Buddhist temples and Shintō shrines can generally be recognized by the suffix on their names, with , **ji/dera**, "temple," for the Buddhist and  or , **sha/ja/yashiro** and **gū/miya**, respectively, "shrine," for the Shintō. While the *on* or monosyllabic Chinese reading seems the most common to me, the names of some of the most famous temples in Japan have a complete *kun* or Japanese reading, such as the beautiful **Kiyomizu-dera**,  ("Clear Water Temple"), in Kyoto. A , **jingū**, is used for the most important shrines, generally associated with the Imperial House, and the word alone specifically means the shrine of the Sun Goddess at Ise. The Akamajingū is thus significant as an Imperial shrine. Lesser shines, or shrines in general, are , **jinja**. , read **-ja** or **-sha**, is found as a suffix for lesser shrines; and , read **-miya**, may be for shrines of members of the Imperial House. Some shrines are , **taisha**, "great shrines," such as the **Fushimi Inari Taisha**, the shrine of the god Inari at Fushimi, just south of Kyōto (as named on the pillar on site at right). This is from a pre-war system of classifying shrines, which has survived at Fushimi. Fushimi Inari is the head of all the Inari shrines in Japan, about a third of the total number of Shinto shrines. The god Inari is of indeterminate sex and is often confused with the **foxes** that are his/her symbols, representatives, or messengers, as seen at left -- a natural confusion when, in the absence of direct iconography of the god, the foxes make do. Originally a rice god, Inari has become associated with prosperity and business, which probably accounts for the god's popularity.
Another intriguing character for "shrine" is , **mori**, which in Japanese means "woods" or "grove," with the implication of the presence of *kami* -- although in Chinese the principal meaning is simply "to shut out, restrict, impede," etc. *Mori* can also be written  and . It is thus intriguing to see groves as inhabited by *kami* the same way that there were sacred trees and groves in the old [Celtic](scotia.htm#celtic) and Germanic religions of Europe, surviving in the most un-Christian institution of the Christmas Tree. One wonders if the change in meaning of the character from Chinese to Japanese reflects the imposition of a [taboo](newotto.htm) (Chinese ) on the sacred groves.
Other changes in meanings of characters from Chinese to Japanese are also of some interest.  is "palace" in Chinese; but although it can already mean "temple," most of its associations are with the Imperial Court and Palace, which is the meaning that carries over into Shintō usage.  in Chinese means gods of the earth, and their altars. Again, one might speculate that the *kami* first appeared to be those sort of deities to early Chinese visitors to Japan. A general Chinese term for "altar," which we see in the name of the Temple of Heaven,  ("Heaven Altar"), in Peking, is used less in Japan, except in the interesting expression **danka**, , which are families, "temple families," dedicated for that purpose in the [Edo Period](#edo), that continue to support local Buddhist temples.
The most general Chinese term for "temple" may be , as in the , the Temple of [Confucius](confuci.htm) found in traditional Chinese cities, such as even the modern capital of [Taiwan](#2ndrepublic), Taipei. This term is strongly associated with the Confucian ancestor cult, and especially the Imperial ancestor cult. In Japanese, read **byō**, it is less used and can also mean "mausoleum."
In Chinese  can mean a "hall, court," a Buddhist monastery, or even a mosque. As in Japan, we see  used as a suffix, as in the name of the famous , the Buddhist Shaolin monastery where [Kung-Fu](divebomb.htm) was supposedly developed. In combination,  means "temple."
[Return to Text](#shimoseki)](british.htm)
| https://friesian.com/sangoku.htm |
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<center>
<h1>Launch 98</h1>
<h3>June 28, 1998
<br>
Cupertino, CA
</h3>
</center>
<br>
<p>
SVLUG's very own Rocket Scientist, Ian Kluft, launches a rocket using two
Windows '98 beta CDs (cut in half) as the four fins. Here, before the first
launch, he explains how the nosecone and parachute are supposed to deploy.
<br>
<p>
<img src="rckt12.jpg">
<p>
<p>
The chute is packed and the rocket is ready to go!
<p>
<img src="rckt15.jpg">
<p>
<p>
The rocket is inspected by the range safety officer. Would the inclusion of
Win98 make the rocket considered unsafe to fly? We cross our fingers... the
rocket passes inspection.
<p>
<img src="rckt25.jpg">
<p>
<p>
Many of the onlookers were wearing such tasteful attire as you see here.
<p>
<img src="rckt17.jpg">
<p>
<p>
<hr>
<p>
<p>
Meanwhile, another Win98 rocket appeared unexpectedly. Patrick brought the
"Internet Exploder 98" to test. Will it measure up to the Penguin standard?
<p>
<img src="rckt29.jpg">
<p>
<p>
The Internet Exploder 98 carries a special passenger which some readers
may recognize... yes, it's Bill the Borg!
<p>
<img src="rckt32.jpg">
<img src="rckt33.jpg">
<p>
<p>
<hr>
Click <a href="rckt2.html">here</a> to see the outcome of the launches.
</body>
</html>
|
# Launch 98
### June 28, 1998
Cupertino, CA
SVLUG's very own Rocket Scientist, Ian Kluft, launches a rocket using two
Windows '98 beta CDs (cut in half) as the four fins. Here, before the first
launch, he explains how the nosecone and parachute are supposed to deploy.
The chute is packed and the rocket is ready to go!
The rocket is inspected by the range safety officer. Would the inclusion of
Win98 make the rocket considered unsafe to fly? We cross our fingers... the
rocket passes inspection.
Many of the onlookers were wearing such tasteful attire as you see here.
---
Meanwhile, another Win98 rocket appeared unexpectedly. Patrick brought the
"Internet Exploder 98" to test. Will it measure up to the Penguin standard?
The Internet Exploder 98 carries a special passenger which some readers
may recognize... yes, it's Bill the Borg!
---
Click [here](rckt2.html) to see the outcome of the launches.
| http://linuxmafia.com/launch98/ |
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<b>NOTE:</b> I gave a <a href="https://defensivecomputingchecklist.com/HOPEconference.php">presentation</a>
on Defensive Computing at the <a href="https://hope.net">HOPE conference</a> (July 2022) that was based on my
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On my <a href="https://DefensiveComputingChecklist.com">Defensive Computing Checklist</a> site don't miss the
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and maybe avoid the <a href="https://michaelhorowitz.com/ThinkpadChromebook.php">Lenovo Thinkpad C13 Chromebook</a>
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is a list, both of things to be aware of, and specific defensive steps that we can take in response to the computer threats of 2019.
New page on <a href="eero.php">Eero routers</a>
Re-boot your router?<br />The VPNFilter malware/botnet, can be <i>paused</i> by power cycling an infected router.<br />
However, vulnerable routers can be re-infected and you can <b>not</b> tell if your router has been hacked.<br />For full details on VPNFilter, see the
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I spoke about Router Security at the <a href="https://conferences.oreilly.com/security/sec-ny">O'Reilly Security Conference</a> in
New York City on <a href="https://conferences.oreilly.com/security/sec-ny/public/schedule/grid/public/2017-11-01">Nov. 1, 2017</a>. See
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<p style="margin-top:0px;">This site focuses on the security of routers. This includes both configuration changes to make a router more secure, and, picking a router that is more secure out of the box. If you are interested in faster WiFi, there is one page on <a href="extending.wifi.range.php">extending the range of a Wi-Fi network</a>. </p>
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<tr><td style="text-align:center; padding:0px; background-color:#e5e5e5;" colspan="2"> Sections of this page</td></tr>
<tr><td> Why Router Security</td></tr>
<tr><td> <a href="#StartHere">Secure Router Configuration - <b>the SHORT list</b></a> </td></tr>
<tr><td> <a href="#FullList">Secure Router Configuration - <b>the FULL list</b></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <a href="#FinalSteps">Final Steps</a> </td></tr>
<tr><td> <a href="#AddThoughts">Some Additional Thoughts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <a href="#OngoingCare">Ongoing Care and Feeding and Defense</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <a href="#HackedRouter">Hacked Router?</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <a href="#PickingRouter">Picking a Secure Router</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <a href="#ConfPresentations">Conference Presentations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <a href="#SafeHere">You Are Safe Here</a></td></tr>
</table>
<p>To be clear, this site is about ROUTER security, not ROUTING security. There is nothing here about <a
href="https://www.manrs.org/">MANRS</a> (Mutually Agreed Norms for <i>Routing</i> Security).</p>
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<h3>Why Router Security</h3>
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<p> Why devote an entire site to router security?</p>
<p>I used to be like you. That is, I would buy a router, it would work fine and I would ignore it for years. However, after some huge <a href="bugs.php">router flaws</a>,
affecting millions of routers, caught my attention, I started following
the topic more closely. As a <a href="https://michaelhorowitz.com">Defensive Computing</a> guy, I eventually realized that I needed to upgrade my own router security and get more up to speed on the topic. After all, if a router gets infected with malware, or re-configured in a malicious way, most people would never know. There is no anti-virus software for routers.</p>
<p>I am not alone in pointing out the <a href="othersgripeonrouters.php">sad state of router software/firmware</a>.</p>
<p>Router security may be a dull and boring topic, but it's important. For proof, see <a
href="whatcangowrong.php">what can happen if your router gets hacked</a>.</p>
<p>For the latest on routers, see the <a href="RouterNews.php">Routers in the news</a> page. </p>
<p>Non-techies can start at the <a href="introduction.php">Introduction to Routers</a> page, which discusses what a router is conceptually, then describes the hardware and the many ways to communicate with a router. There is also a page on <a href="AccessPoints.php">Access Points</a> and
an overview of <a href="extending.wifi.range.php">Extending the Range of a WiFi network</a>.</p>
<p>This site has NO ADS. If you see ads, either your browser, computer or router is infected with adware. It also does not use Google Analytics or <i>any</i> third party analytics. In fact, it doesn't use any third part scripts/software of any kind. The search feature uses DuckDuckGo, but does not load any scripts.</p>
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<h3 id="StartHere">Secure Router Configuration - the SHORT list <a
style="font-weight:normal; font-size:70%;"; href="#TopOfPage">top</a></h3>
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<p>This relatively short list of configuration tweaks can greatly increase the security of any router.</p>
<ol style="line-height:200%;">
<li>Change the password used to access the router. Anything but the default <i>should</i> be OK, but don't use a word in the dictionary. <a href="passwords.php">More...</a></li>
<li>If your Wi-Fi network(s) is using the default password, change it, even if it appears to be random. A Wi-Fi password should be at least 16 characters long. <a href="wifi.passwords.php">More...</a></li>
<li>If you are using a default WiFi network name (SSID) change it. When choosing network names, don't identify yourself. <a href="SSID.php">More...</a></li>
<li>Wi-Fi encryption should be WPA2 (with AES, not TKIP) or WPA3 or both. <a href="wpa2wpa3wpaenterprise.php">More...</a></li>
<li>Turn off WPS <a href="wps.php">More...</a></li>
<li>Turn off UPnP </li><!-- If your router also supports NAT-PMP, turn that off too. This protects both yourself and the rest of the Internet.-->
<li>Use a password protected Guest Network whenever possible, not just for guests but for IoT devices too.</li>
<li>If the router has a web interface, Remote Administration is probably off, but since this is <i>so</i> very dangerous, take the time to verify that it is disabled. If the router is administered with a mobile app and a cloud service, disabling remote access to the router is unchartered territory. Lotsa luck.</li>
<li>Port forwarding is an opened door (technically an open TCP/IP port). Poke around the router configuration to make sure there is no port forwarding going on. There is a small chance that something on your network needs a port to be forwarded, but every forwarded port is a security risk. </li>
<li>For years, turning off IPv6 (IP version 6) was on the long list below, but as of August 2021, I think it belongs here on the short list too. Very very few people need it and in 2021 it was disclosed that there is a <a href="https://www.tomsguide.com/news/home-gateway-geolocation-bh21">possible security issue</a> with it. If the router can not disable IPv6, the <a
href="https://media.defense.gov/2023/Feb/22/2003165170/-1/-1/0/CSI_BEST_PRACTICES_FOR_SECURING_YOUR_HOME_NETWORK.PDF">NSA recommended</a> (Feb. 2023) to
"ensure your router supports IPv6 firewall capabilities."</li>
<li>Periodically check for new firmware. At some point you will go a year or two, or more, without any updates. That's when it is time for a new router.</li>
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<li>The <a href="testrouter.php">Test Your Router</a> page describes many ways to test for open TCP/IP ports. An open port is like an open door.
There may be too many tests there for non-technical people. At the least check with <a href="https://www.grc.com/shieldsup">Shields UP!</a>. First click the gray Proceed button, then do the common ports test, then the All Service Ports test and finally click the big orange button for the UPnP Exposure Test. With a mobile app and a cloud based system, none of this matters (probably).</li>
-->
</ol>
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<h3 id="FullList">Secure Router Configuration - the FULL list <a
style="font-weight:normal; font-size:70%;"; href="#TopOfPage">top</a></h3>
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<p>For the techies amongst us, the list below is as comprehensive as I can make it. Perhaps a spy agency would be the only one to implement everything on the list. Pick and chose, and implement as many as you can.</p>
<ol style="line-height:220%;">
<li>If the router is new, see my suggestions for setting up a <a href="newrouter.php">new router</a>. Basic plan: make the most obvious few changes with the router off-line, go online behind another router to get the latest firmware, then make the rest of the changes.</li>
<li>Change the password used to access the router (this is not a WiFi password). Don't use a word in the dictionary. Two words and a number should be fine (7coldapples). For more, see my <a href="passwords.php">router password</a> advice. This is often the hardest step as it requires knowing how to access the router.</li>
<li>If the router lets you change the userid used to logon to the router, change it</li>
<li>If any of your Wi-Fi networks (a router can create more than one) use a default SSID (network name) then change it. Do not pick a name that makes it obvious that the network belongs to you. <a href="SSID.php">More...</a> </li>
<li>For Wi-Fi encryption, use <a href="wpa2wpa3wpaenterprise.php">WPA2 with AES or WPA3</a>. If there is a choice to use TKIP or AES, opt for AES. There may also be an option to use both TKIP and AES - just use AES. Wi-Fi encryption will improve with WPA3 but WPA2 with AES is perfectly secure as long the password is long (next topic). If you see a reference to PSK that refers to the most common flavor of WPA2, which has a single password for the network. WPA2 Enterprise is the other flavor and it supports multiple users of a single network each with their own password.</li>
<li><a href="wifi.passwords.php">Wi-Fi passwords</a>: Never use the default Wi-Fi password, even if it is long and random. Always change it/them. WPA2 passwords have to be long enough to fend off brute force attacks. This will not be an issue with WPA3. My best guess is that 16 characters should be sufficient, but the German government recommends 20. And, you really should not use a password anyone has ever used before.</li>
<li>Check for new firmware. There are no standards here, every router has a different procedure. With most routers this will be an ongoing manual check, however, some are <a href="resources.php#SelfUpdatingRouters">able to update themselves</a>. Be aware of the risk; if something goes wrong you may lose Internet access. Best to do it at a time when your ISP has offices that are open, so the box can be exchanged, if necessary. For more, see the <a href="firmware.updates.php">firmware updates</a> page. Many routers no longer get firmware/software updates. If the last update for yours was a couple years ago, it is time for a new router.</li>
<li>Turn off <a href="wps.php">WPS</a></li>
<li>Turn off UPnP.<br/>
UPnP is a protocol that lets devices on a LAN punch holes in the firewall of the router. This exposes these devices to the Internet at large where, if they are vulnerable, they can be hacked. Technically, UPnP enables port forwarding without the router owner even knowing what port forwarding is. You are safer with UPnP disabled. To see if your router is doing any Port Forwarding, you can login to the router. No forwarding of ports is the safe, secure state. That said, there is a chance that disabling UPnP will break some network communication used by a device on your network, most likely an IoT device. This is why it is enabled by default on all consumer routers - to cut down on tech support calls. <br />
But this is only half the story.<br/>We also need to worry about UPnP on the WAN/Internet side of the router. UPnP was <i>intended</i> to only work on the LAN side of a router, but some routers are so miserably mis-configured that they expose UPnP on the WAN/Internet side too. This is a <i>huge</i>, mistake, akin to a surgeon amputating the wrong leg. Fortunately, there is an online test, from Steve Gibson, that checks the public side of a router for the existence of UPnP exposed to the Internet. On the first page, of his <a
href="https://www.grc.com/x/ne.dll?bh0bkyd2">ShieldsUP!</a> service, click on the gray Proceed button. On the next page, click on the yellow/orange button for GRC's Instant UPnP Exposure Test. As of June 2018, Gibson had found 54,000 routers exposing UPnP. For more, read about hacks via UPnP: <a
href="https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hacker-streaming-pewdiepie-videos-on-exposed-chromecast-devices/">Hacker Streaming PewDiePie Videos on Exposed Chromecast Devices </a> (Jan. 2019) and for techies: <a href="https://www.tenable.com/blog/do-you-know-where-your-upnp-is">Do You Know Where Your UPnP Is?</a> (Oct. 2016). </li>
<li><b>Guest networks</b> (SSIDs) are your best friend. Use them not only for visitors but also for IoT devices. Guest networks should be password protected. Guest networks are usually, but not always, isolated from the main network. Review all the configuration options your router offers for the Guest network to insure they are isolated. The <a href="checklist.php">Security Checklist page</a> has a list of options you might find.</li>
<li><b>Network Isolation/segmentation:</b> Guest networks are merely an appetizer, using VLANs for isolating groups of devices on the network is the main course. The idea is to prevent a single hacked device from causing grief for other devices on your network. How many groups (VLANs) to create is a matter of opinion. In February 2023, the US National Security Agency issued <a href="https://media.defense.gov/2023/Feb/22/2003165170/-1/-1/0/CSI_BEST_PRACTICES_FOR_SECURING_YOUR_HOME_NETWORK.PDF">Best Practices for Securing Your Home
Network</a> which said <i>"At a minimum, your wireless network should be segmented between your primary Wi-Fi, guest Wi-Fi, and IoT network. This segmentation keeps
less secure devices from directly communicating with your more secure devices."</i> Their focus on wireless was a mistake, the VLAN concept applies equally to Ethernet-connected devices. They also don't go far enough, as they don't address the issue of whether devices in a VLAN can see each other. See the <a href="vlan.php">VLAN</a> page for more. Much more.</li>
<li>In the beginning, routers were administered via a web interface and a computer in your home/office. Now, many routers offer Remote Administration via a cloud service and a smartphone app. Management via a mobile app can be especially dangerous as it is likely to work from anywhere. Test this when away from home or by connecting your mobile device to the 4G/LTE network of your cellphone provider. If an app on your phone can get into the router remotely (when not connected to a Wi-Fi network from the router), then you are trusting every employee of the router vendor not to spy on you. Disable this if you can. This is a big issue to me, so much so, that I might replace a router if remote cloud/app access can not be disabled. My preferred router vendor, Peplink, has a cloud-based admin system called InControl2, however it can be easily disabled and the router can be completely administered locally. </li>
<li>If the router has a web interface, turn off Remote Administration (aka Remote Management, Remote GUI or Web Access from WAN). It is normally OFF by default, but take the time to verify this.
If you need Remote Administration, there are a number of ways to make it more secure, such as using HTTPS on a non-standard port and limiting the source IP address. The <a href="checklist.php">Security Checklist</a> page has more on this. </li>
<li>Turning off features you are not using reduces your attack surface. Among the features that should probably be disabled are SNMP, NAT-PMP, IPv6, Telnet access to the router and Application Layer Gateways (ALG). A longer list is on the <a href="turnoff.php">Turn off</a> page. </li>
<li>Change the LAN side IP address of the router. Even better, change the entire LAN side subnet. See the page on <a href="ipaddresses.php">IP Addresses</a> for more. This helps prevent many router attacks. And, while you are at it, set up <a href="dhcp.php">DHCP</a> to allow for some static IP addresses.</li>
<!--
Change the DNS servers that your router gives out to attached devices. ISP assigned DNS servers are usually the default, and worst, option. Why bother? To use a company that specializes in DNS, to get some extra security and to have easy to remember DNS IP addresses. Two suggested DNS servers are 9.9.9.9 (from Quad 9, backed up by 149.112.112.112) and 1.1.1.1 (from Cloudflare backed up by 1.0.0.1). I also like OpenDNS at 208.67.222.222 and 208.67.220.220. After configuring your preferred DNS servers, test that they are <a href="https://www.routersecurity.org/testdns.php">actually being used</a>.-->
<li><b>Chose a DNS provider:</b> DNS is a security issue, but not for the router itself. Instead, it applies to the devices that connect to the router. If you are not familiar with DNS, the <a
href="https://www.routersecurity.org/testdns.php">Test Your DNS Servers</a> page starts with an introduction. By default, your router and your devices will use a DNS service from your ISP. This is the worst possible choice. There are many DNS providers to choose from, both free and paid. I have some suggestions on the <a
href="https://routersecurity.org/DNS.providers.php">DNS Providers</a> page. DNS providers offer assorted services: privacy, malware blocking, porn blocking, ad blocking and/or tracker blocking.</li>
<li><b>Chose a DNS protocol:</b> While all routers support the old, insecure flavor of DNS, some routers also support the new, encrypted version. Old DNS does not use encryption, making it very easy for an ISP to spy on your activity. Both of the two newer methods of communication (DoH and DoT) use encryption and thus prevent the ISP from seeing DNS requests and responses. Old DNS is specified with IP v4 addresses (normally two of them). New DNS is typically specified with a server name. All of the DNS providers on the <a
href="https://routersecurity.org/DNS.providers.php">DNS Providers</a> page support both DoH and DoT. On Peplink routers running firmware 8.2 secure DNS is configured on the Network tab -> WAN -> DNS over HTTPS. Built into the router is support for Cloudflare, Quad9, Google DNS and OpenDNS. The Custom URL option can be used for NextDNS. </li>
<li>If a Wi-Fi network is using WPA2 and the router offers an option for protecting management frames, turn it on. WPA3 requires this option to always be enabled so a Wi-Fi network using WPA3 will probably not have an option for protecting management frames.</li>
<li>Write down the critical information on a piece of paper and tape it to the router, face down. Include the Wi-Fi network names (SSIDs) and passwords, the router userid/password and the IP address of the router.</li>
<li>For routers with a web interface, lock down access to the router from the LAN side. The <a href="checklist.php">Security Checklist</a> page offers a dozen possible options (see the Local Administration topic) such as changing the port number(s) and limiting access by IP or MAC address. For routers that use a mobile app for administration, think about locking down access to the mobile app (this may require signing out).</li>
<li>Turn off Ping reply. Sadly, different routers use different terminology for this. To test it, have someone ping your public IP address from outside your network. Steve Gibson's <a
href="https://www.grc.com/x/ne.dll?bh0bkyd2">ShieldsUP!</a> service also tests this.</li>
<li>Turn off wireless networks when not in use. Some routers let you schedule this, others have a physical Wi-Fi on/off button, others have a mobile app. In the worst case, you have to login in to the router web interface to disable the Wi-Fi. In that case, a browser bookmark can ease the pain.</li>
<li>Test if your router supports <a href="hnap.php">HNAP</a>. If so, it should be replaced.</li>
<li>Your <a href="modems.php">modem</a> is a computer too. Your router may be able to block access to the modem from all devices on the LAN. I blogged about this. See <a
href="https://www.computerworld.com/article/2880475/talk-to-your-modem.html">part 1</a> and <a
href="https://www.computerworld.com/article/2887243/using-a-router-to-block-a-modem.html">part 2</a>. </li>
<li>If your router supports outgoing firewall rules, block the ports used by Windows file sharing. You may also want to prevent any network printers from making any outbound connections. This way if a printer gets hacked, it can't phone home.</li>
<li>If the router can send email when certain errors occur, configure this feature.</li>
<li>Try to prevent your router from spying on you. If you own a Netgear router, be aware that <a
href="https://www.ispreview.co.uk/index.php/2017/05/new-netgear-router-firmware-snoops-network-internet-link.html">they added "analytics"</a> with firmware updates released in April 2017. If you don't want Netgear watching your network, you need to login to the router and disable these analytics. For more on this, see the <a href="bugs.php">Bugs</a> page for July 2017. Likewise, Asus and other routers include anti-malware software that may also be watching you. For more on Asus and their partnership with Trend Micro see the Bugs page from May 2017 and look for "Privacy issues with Trend Micro software in Asus routers" Trend Micro software is in other routers too and other anti-virus companies are also partnering with router vendors.</li>
<li>The <a href="testrouter.php">Test Your Router</a> page has many ways to kick the tires on your router. One thing to look for is open ports. At Steve Gibson's <a
href="https://www.grc.com/shieldsup">ShieldsUP!</a> site (click the gray Proceed button), start with the Common Ports test and pay special attention to the SSH (22) and Telnet (23) ports as these services are frequently abused by bad guys. The only good status for any port is Stealth (assuming remote administration is disabled). Next, do the All Service Ports test and finally, do the Instant UPnP Exposure Test (orange button).</li>
<li>Test your router with my <a href="shodan.php">Shodan Query My Router</a> page. It generates a Shodan query, a Censys.io query and nine other queries of your public IP address. If your router has been doing bad things, hopefully one of the queried sites will have detected it.</li>
<li>The router tests mentioned above are only a partial solution. For the most thorough test, connect the WAN port of a router to be tested (inside router) to a LAN port on another router (outside router). Then, from a computer connected to the outside router, <b>scan the WAN side of the inside router</b> using NMAP looking for open ports. This lets you test all 65,535 TCP ports and all 65,535 UDP ports. There should be no open ports. Remote administration will require an open port but it should, normally, be disabled. </li>
<li>Speaking of <b>nmap</b>, it is also useful to run it on the LAN side of the router. There should be one port open for local administration, assuming the router has a web interface. The hard part will be getting the router manufacturer to explain any other open ports. One reason I like Peplink is that getting an answer to this sort of thing is easy. When someone found port 8183 <a
href="https://forum.peplink.com/t/nmap-scan-proremote/16526/1">open on the LAN side</a> the company explained why. In 2019, I <a
href="https://www.michaelhorowitz.com/Netgear.router.UPnP.bug.reporting.php">blogged about</a> a Netgear router that was still somewhat operational for UPnP, even when UPnP was disabled. The smoking gun was two open LAN side ports. <span style="font-size:80%;">(added Sept 8, 2020)</span></li>
<li><b>MAC Address Filtering:</b> A MAC address is a unique identifier assigned to every network interface. A router typically has three, one for the WAN/Internet port, one for LAN side Ethernet and another for Wi-Fi. A laptop computer will have one MAC address for Wi-Fi and, if it has an Ethernet port, a different MAC address for Ethernet. This option can be used to limit the devices that can connect to a Wi-Fi network (or maybe all Wi-Fi networks depending on the router). You can either set up an INCLUDE list of allowed MAC addresses or an EXCLUDE list of banned ones. The bookkeeping involved in maintaining these lists can be a pain in the neck. Perhaps the most interesting aspect of this is how much it tells you about someone making a recommendation. People who do not understand the technology recommend using it, unaware of a flaw. People with an intimate understanding of how it works, say not to use it because of the flaw. MAC addresses are always broadcast unencrypted, so a bad guy can see the allowed ones and copy them. Should you use it? It depends. While the security is far from perfect, it should block unsophisticated attackers, even if they know the Wi-Fi password. And, if you only have a small number of Wi-Fi devices, then the bookkeeping is not that bad. But, it can be hard to learn the MAC address of a Wi-Fi device, especially an IoT device or one using an operating system that creates random private MAC addresses. The world changes. <span style="font-size:80%;">(added April 26, 2021)</span></li>
<li>Someone who <b>works from home</b> should have an their own network that is isolated from all the other devices in their home. I wrote about this in a September 2020 blog, <a
href="https://www.michaelhorowitz.com/second.router.for.wfh.php">A second router can make working from home much more secure</a>. Because this network will have a very small number of connected devices, there are router options that, normally rejected for a larger network, now make sense. Specifically: disable DHCP, enable MAC address filtering, do not broadcast the SSID, use only 5GHz Wi-Fi and lower the Wi-Fi radio signal strength. None of these features is a perfect barrier to entry, but since no one does this, bad guys without good technical skills should be tripped up. And, use Ethernet whenever possible (many printers support Ethernet and USB/Ethernet adapters are cheap). This makes the most sense when using two routers or a main router that supports VLANs. These options are not a good fit when there is only one consumer/ISP-supplied router.</li>
<li>Many routers let you change the <b>WAN MAC address</b>. If you can, do so. This only applies when you have a stand-alone router, it should not be done on a combination modem/router device. A MAC address is 6 bytes long, the first 3 bytes identify the company that made the hardware. Making a router from company A appear to be manufactured by company B may offer some defense against a malicious ISP. Valid MAC Addresses can be found <a href="https://www.macvendorlookup.com/browse">here</a>. It would be great if we could change the WiFi MAC address(s), but I have not seen that option on any router. This is what the feature looks like on a router made by <a href="pix/Asus.wan.mac.address.webp">Asus</a>, <a href="pix/tplink.wan.mac.address.webp">TP-Link</a>, <a
href="pix/linksys.wan.mac.address.webp">Linksys</a> and <a href="pix/peplink.wan.mac.address.webp">Peplink</a>. <span style="font-size:80%;">(added April 16, 2021)</span></li>
<li>Your router may not be the only device creating a wireless network. Many HP printers (and probably other vendors too, but I tend to see this from HP)
create their own Wi-Fi network using a feature called Wi-Fi Direct that lets wireless devices connect to the printer directly without going through the router. The security of Wi-Fi Direct is poor, so you should <i>either</i> connect a printer to your network -or- use Wi-Fi Direct. Do not use both. Suggestion <a
href="https://community.metageek.com/t/hp-printers-broadcasting-their-own-wi-fi-network/225">courtesy of</a> Ryan Woodings, the founder of MetaGeek.
<span style="font-size:80%;">(added March 19, 2020)</span></li>
<li>Routers that have a web interface are best administered with a clean web browser session. That is, start up a browser, work with the router, then logoff the router and shut down the browser.
Need proof that this is good advice? Here is <a
href="https://alexandrevvo.medium.com/cve-2020-29138-improper-access-control-in-the-sagemcom-router-model-f-st-3486-running-net-4-109-0-797968e8adc8">one example</a> (from Nov. 2020) and <a href="https://kb.netgear.com/000064712/Security-Advisory-for-Multiple-Security-Vulnerabilities-on-BR200-and-BR500-PSV-2021-0286">another example</a> (from May 2022).
Better yet, use private browsing mode when working with the router. Even better, use a browser that has no (or very few) extensions or plug-ins installed.</li>
<li>Bad neighbors can not target a Wi-Fi network that they do not see. To weaken the Wi-Fi signal that leaks out of your home, turn down the transmission power of the router.
There are some other roadblocks that, while not foolproof, are nonetheless a barrier to be overcome. Details are on the <a href="bad.neighbors.php">Bad Neighbors</a> page.
<span style="font-size:80%;">(added September 2019)</span></li>
<li>Eat your vegetables :-)</li>
</ol>
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<h3 id="FinalSteps">Final Steps <a style="font-weight:normal; font-size:70%;"; href="#TopOfPage">top</a></h3>
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<p>When you are all done making configuration changes to a router, it is a good idea to back up the current settings. This way, should you ever have to reset the router, you can easily import/restore the last backed up state. Many routers can export the current settings to a file. With my favorite router, the <a href="pepwavesurfsoho.php">Pepwave Surf SOHO</a>, settings are backed up with System -> Configuration and <a
href="pix/pepwave.config.saving.png">click the Download button</a>. The <a href="MeshRouters.php">mesh routers</a> that I have used can not export the current configuration settings to a file. If that's the case for you, consider taking pictures of the configuration screens.</p>
<p>One reason you might have to re-install the current configuration settings is if someone resets the router. All routers come with a pinhole reset. Someone malicious, who can physically touch the router, may simply reset the router to factory defaults as a way to get around the security. A business may try to physically restrict access to the router, but at home, this is probably not viable. To offer the best Wi-Fi performance a router needs to be out in the open which leaves it vulnerable to being reset. </p>
<p>Old school, techie-oriented routers have a ton of features. After making the changes above, its probably best to live with the router a while before changing some of the more obscure settings. Once you have a performance baseline, then consider enabling features like the detection and prevention of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks or SYN Flood attacks. Peplink, for example, offers <a href="pix/Peplink.IntrusionDetection.jpg">Intrusion Detection and DoS Prevention</a> that protects against 9 types of attacks (With firmware 8.2 this option is at: Network tab -> Firewall Access Rules).
<!-- https://forum.peplink.com/t/intrusion-detection-and-dos-protection-feature/35840/2 not much of a performance hit - testing in 2021 -->
DrayTek routers offer protection from <a href="pix/DrayTeck.defensive.options.jpg">over 15 types of attacks</a>.</p>
<p>If you do not use a VPN then you can turn off the VPN pass-through options.</p>
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<h3 id="AddThoughts">Some Additional Thoughts <a style="font-weight:normal; font-size:70%;"; href="#TopOfPage">top</a></h3>
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<p>I also have write-ups on <a href="synology.php">Synology</a> routers, <a href="pcwrt.php">pcWRT</a>, <a href="GoogleOnHubRouters.php">Google Wifi</a> mesh routers,
<a href="eero.php">Eero</a>, the <a href="TurrisOmnia.php">Turris Omnia</a> router, <a href="applerouters.php">Apple routers</a>.
These are mostly, but not exclusively, focused on security.</p>
<p>The term "modem" is often mis-used. See exactly what a <a href="modems.php">modem</a> is.</p>
<p>The best possible over-the-air encryption is offered by <b>Enterprise</b> versions of WPA2/WPA3 instead of the more popular Personal versions. For more on this, see the <a
href="wpa2wpa3wpaenterprise.php">WPA2 WPA3 encryption</a> page.</p>
<p>In August 2021, I blogged about <a href="https://www.michaelhorowitz.com/hiding.on.a.wifi.network.php">Hiding on a Wi-Fi network</a>. This was about hiding your computer from other devices on the LAN. This is mostly an issue when connected to a public Wi-Fi network, but it is also an issue with dedicated IoT networks at home.</p>
<p>In March 2022, I added the black sheep of pages to this site. Rather than focus on security, it offers an overview of <a href="extending.wifi.range.php">Extending the Range of a WiFi network</a>.</p>
<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -->
<h3 id="OngoingCare">Ongoing Care and Feeding and Defense <a style="font-weight:normal; font-size:70%;"; href="#TopOfPage">top</a></h3>
<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -->
<ol>
<li>If the router does not self-update, then check for new firmware every month or two. If the router does <a href="firmware.selfupdating.php">self-update</a>, check, every now and then, that the self-updating system is actually working. More about <a href="firmware.updates.php">firmware updates</a>.<br /><br /></li>
<li>Register the router with the hardware manufacturer on the <i>chance</i> that they notify you of firmware updates. Netgear, for example, has a security newsletter that announces bug fixes. In December 2021, Google sent owners of their OnHub routers a note about their being discontinued and a coupon for large discount on a new router. <br /><br /></li>
<li>At some point there will be no more firmware updates. When this is officially publicized it is called called End-Of-Life (EOL). Some router vendors have a list of their EOL devices, some do not. But, regardless of the official status, when the latest firmware is more than two years old, it is time to replace the router.<br /><br /></li>
<li>As per the topic below on Hacked Routers, it would be a good thing to re-boot a router, every now and then. Here is an example, from June 2022, of router malware that is removed by a re-boot: <a href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/06/a-wide-range-of-routers-are-under-attack-by-new-unusually-sophisticated-malware">A wide range of routers are under attack by new, unusually sophisticated malware</a>. How often to re-boot? In February 2023, the NSA <a
href="https://www.nsa.gov/Press-Room/Press-Releases-Statements/Press-Release-View/Article/3304674/nsa-releases-best-practices-for-securing-your-home-network/">said</a>:
<i>"At a minimum, you should schedule weekly reboots of your routing device, smartphones, and computers."</i><br /><br /></li>
<li>Every router can display a list of attached devices. It is good to check this every now and then to insure that you know what every device is. Better routers will let you assign names to each device (Susans iPad, Bobs laptop, Georges iPhone). You may want to assign every device a name that begins with "**" for example. That way you can easily scan the list of devices (some households have quite a few Internet-using devices) for names that do not start with your favorite string of characters. Be aware that the list of devices may not include
<i>all</i> devices connected to the router. Read the fine print. It may only be those that are active at the moment or only those using DHCP. Some mobile apps for routers show you information about devices that have recently been on your network, even if they are not currently using it. FYI: If you have more than one SSID (you should) a good router will show you which SSID each wireless device is connected to. The Surf SOHO does this.<br /><br /></li>
<li>A common attack against routers is to change the DNS servers. You need to know what the DNS servers should be (discussed above). Many websites report <a href="testdns.php">the currently used DNS servers</a>. Pick one or two and get in the habit of checking that your DNS servers have not changed. Consider making one of these sites your web browser home page to insure that you check it periodically. This has gotten more complicated with the introduction of Secure DNS settings in web browsers.<br /><br /></li>
<!-- Yes, it is possible for a computer to be manually configured with DNS servers of its own and ignore the ones in the router. This would be a good thing to do on a laptop that you travel with and use on public Wi-Fi networks. It can insure you use known, trusted DNS servers. On the other hand, Peplink routers can force all attached devices to use the DNS servers in the router, even when the clients are configured to use other DNS servers. So, its complicated. -->
<li>If the router has any logging facilities, check the logs every now and then.<br /><br /></li>
<li>Electricity: If either a <a href="modems.php">modem</a> or router is damaged by an electric surge, then you lose Internet access, perhaps for quite a while. It is best to connect each device to either a Surge Protector or a UPS. If shopping for a UPS, get an on-line or line-interactive model. These will boost the power when its a bit low and trim it when its a bit high. This is in addition to being a big battery for when the power fails. Any UPS should also provide surge protection. A good place to start when shopping for a UPS is the <a
href="https://www.tripplite.com/smartpro-lcd-120v-1300va-720w-line-interactive-ups-avr-tower-lcd-usb-8-outlets~SMART1300LCDT">Tripp Lite SmartPro 1300VA</a> which sells for about $150. Specs: LCD 120V 720W Line-Interactive UPS, AVR, Tower, LCD, USB, 8 Outlets.</li>
</ol>
<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -->
<h3 id="HackedRouter">Hacked Router? <span style="font-weight:normal; font-size:70%;";>(Added March 1, 2022)
<a href="#TopOfPage">top</a></span></h3>
<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -->
<p>By and large, it can be hard to impossible to tell if a router has been hacked. That said, you can look for this: <ol>
<li>If the router offers a display of CPU usage (some do, some do not) then high CPU usage when there is little activity might indicate cryptomining or some other type of infection. Both Asus and Peplink show current CPU usage but neither has a history of CPU usage so you can't see a pattern.<br /><br /></li>
<li>High bandwidth usage may indicate the router is part of a botnet. Then again, if the bandwidth is directly attributable to the router (rather than a connected device) who knows if it will even show up in bandwidth reports?<br /><br /></li>
<li>DNS changes </li> </ol>
<p>So, what to do? </p> <ol>
<li>Some malware infections can not survive a re-boot, so ... re-boot every now and then. Just for good luck. Better yet, power the router off, wait a minute, then power it on.
<br /><br /></li>
<li>Routers have dozens of configuration options and no automated way to notify you if anything changes. Note that <a href="pcwrt.php">pcWRT</a> is an exception, it actually can email you about changes. To defend against malicious changes to the configuration, have a backup of the current settings (many routers can do this). If you suspect anything, then restore the settings backup, change the router password and maybe change the Wi-Fi password(s). Then, make a new backup of the current settings.<br /><br /></li>
<li>I have seen suggestions to factory reset the router. This only makes sense if you do not have a backup of the system settings. Here again, change the router password and maybe the Wi-Fi password(s) after the reset. I would not expect a factory reset to modify the firmware itself (firmware is the operating system of the router), just the configuration settings.
<br /><br /></li>
<li>The worst type of infection modifies the firmware. To clear out infected firmware, download new firmware from the website of the hardware manufacturer, while connected to a different router.</li> </ol>
<p>The last point brings an interesting question. If the router is already running the latest available firmware, can you install the current firmware over itself? Some routers do not let you install older firmware, but the issue of re-installing the same firmware has never come up as far as I know. Peplink shines in this area. Their routers have two installed copies of the firmware and there is no restriction on what each copy can be.</p>
<!-- ------------------------------------------------- -->
<h3 id="PickingRouter">Picking a Secure Router <a style="font-weight:normal; font-size:70%;"; href="#TopOfPage">top</a></h3>
<!-- ------------------------------------------------- -->
<p>This topic has been moved to <a href="SecureRouters.php">its own page</a>.
In brief: The least secure routers are from an ISP. A small step up are <a href="consumerrouters.php">consumer routers</a>, but I would avoid them too.
I recommend Peplink routers. I used to recommend the $200 US <a href="pepwavesurfsoho.php">Pepwave Surf SOHO</a> router, but production stopped some time around October 2022 and as of October 2023 it is no longer available. The next cheapest Peplink router is the Balance 20x for $450 US (as of October 2023). Peplink has said that they expect a replacement for the Surf SOHO to be released in either November or December 2023. </p>
<!-- -------------------------------------------------------- -->
<h3 id="ConfPresentations">Conference Presentations <a style="font-weight:normal; font-size:70%;"; href="#TopOfPage">top</a></h3>
<!-- -------------------------------------------------------- -->
<p>I spoke on Securing a Home Router at the <a href="https://x.hope.net/">HOPE conference</a> in <b>July 2014</b>. This website grew out of that presentation.
A PDF of the presentation is available <a href="https://app.box.com/s/qk0ncah3jl5vk5pxojjt">at box.net</a>,
video is <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83Nf1xCbK84">available</a> on YouTube,
audio is available <a href="https://x.hope.net/schedule.html#securingah">at x.hope.net</a>.
An <a href="https://www.tomsguide.com/us/home-router-security,news-19245.html">article about the talk</a> appeared in Toms Guide.</p>
<!-- dead link https://x.hope.net/schedule.html#securingah -->
<p>I spoke again about Router Security, at the <a href="https://conferences.oreilly.com/security/sec-ny">O'Reilly Security Conference</a> on
<b>Nov. 1st, 2017</b>. The talk was <i>very</i> different from the first one. See <a
href="https://app.box.com/s/c3q01pfmjs49xbogfzvgs4bd140smzd7">a PDF of the slides</a> or <a
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VmH2lunZMZ4">watch the video</a> on YouTube.</p>
<!-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wagCC2H5HVU old link to video, but YouTube account was terminated -->
<p>For other Router Security opinions, I maintain a <a href="OtherRouterSecurityAdvice.php">list of articles</a>. Many stink, the good ones are noted in bold.</p>
<!-- -------------------------------------------------------- -->
<h3 id="SafeHere">You Are Safe Here <a style="font-weight:normal; font-size:70%;"; href="#TopOfPage">top</a></h3>
<!-- -------------------------------------------------------- -->
<p>This site is as clean as clean gets. There are no ads. There are no trackers. It does not set any cookies. None of the links here are affiliate links, I do not
profit from this site in any way. No need to believe me. You can test for setting cookies at <a href="https://cookieserve.com/">cookieserve.com</a>.
You can also test at <a href="https://themarkup.org/blacklight/">Blacklight</a> a website privacy inspector from The Markup. Just <a
href="https://themarkup.org/blacklight?url=routersecurity.org">click here</a> to run a live Blacklight test of this site. If you see any ads here, something (your
computer, browser or router) has been hacked.</p>
<!-- With a TP-LINK Archer C8, go to the Advanced
tab, click on System Tools, then on Backup and Restore, then <a href="pix/TP.LINK.archer.c8.config.bkup.png">the Backup button</a> -->
<!-- Sept. 2017: Will <a href="att.php">AT&T ever say anything</a> about the HUGE security flaws in their gateway devices? -->
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| *Router Security* | | Website by [Michael Horowitz](https://www.michaelhorowitz.com) |
[Home](index.php)
[Site Index](rsoSiteIndex.php "All the pages on this site")
[Bugs](bugs.php "Router Bugs Flaws Hacks and Vulnerabilities")
[News](RouterNews.php "Routers in the news")
[Security Checklist](checklist.php "A checklist of router security features")
[Tests](testrouter.php "Test Your Router")
[DNS](testdns.php "What DNS Servers are you using right now?")
[Resources](resources.php "Assorted Router Resources")
[Stats](stats.php "Website Stats")
Search
[Popular Pages](javascript:void(0);)
**NOTE:** I gave a [presentation](https://defensivecomputingchecklist.com/HOPEconference.php)
on Defensive Computing at the [HOPE conference](https://hope.net) (July 2022) that was based on my
[Defensive Computing Checklist](https://DefensiveComputingChecklist.com) website.
This site focuses on the security of routers. This includes both configuration changes to make a router more secure, and, picking a router that is more secure out of the box. If you are interested in faster WiFi, there is one page on [extending the range of a Wi-Fi network](extending.wifi.range.php).
| |
| --- |
| Sections of this page |
| Why Router Security |
| [Secure Router Configuration - **the SHORT list**](#StartHere) |
| [Secure Router Configuration - **the FULL list**](#FullList) |
| [Final Steps](#FinalSteps) |
| [Some Additional Thoughts](#AddThoughts) |
| [Ongoing Care and Feeding and Defense](#OngoingCare) |
| [Hacked Router?](#HackedRouter) |
| [Picking a Secure Router](#PickingRouter) |
| [Conference Presentations](#ConfPresentations) |
| [You Are Safe Here](#SafeHere) |
To be clear, this site is about ROUTER security, not ROUTING security. There is nothing here about [MANRS](https://www.manrs.org/) (Mutually Agreed Norms for *Routing* Security).
See the [recent updates](javascript:AddRecentUpdates();) to this site.
### Why Router Security
Why devote an entire site to router security?
I used to be like you. That is, I would buy a router, it would work fine and I would ignore it for years. However, after some huge [router flaws](bugs.php),
affecting millions of routers, caught my attention, I started following
the topic more closely. As a [Defensive Computing](https://michaelhorowitz.com) guy, I eventually realized that I needed to upgrade my own router security and get more up to speed on the topic. After all, if a router gets infected with malware, or re-configured in a malicious way, most people would never know. There is no anti-virus software for routers.
I am not alone in pointing out the [sad state of router software/firmware](othersgripeonrouters.php).
Router security may be a dull and boring topic, but it's important. For proof, see [what can happen if your router gets hacked](whatcangowrong.php).
For the latest on routers, see the [Routers in the news](RouterNews.php) page.
Non-techies can start at the [Introduction to Routers](introduction.php) page, which discusses what a router is conceptually, then describes the hardware and the many ways to communicate with a router. There is also a page on [Access Points](AccessPoints.php) and
an overview of [Extending the Range of a WiFi network](extending.wifi.range.php).
This site has NO ADS. If you see ads, either your browser, computer or router is infected with adware. It also does not use Google Analytics or *any* third party analytics. In fact, it doesn't use any third part scripts/software of any kind. The search feature uses DuckDuckGo, but does not load any scripts.
### Secure Router Configuration - the SHORT list [top](#TopOfPage)
This relatively short list of configuration tweaks can greatly increase the security of any router.
1. Change the password used to access the router. Anything but the default *should* be OK, but don't use a word in the dictionary. [More...](passwords.php)
2. If your Wi-Fi network(s) is using the default password, change it, even if it appears to be random. A Wi-Fi password should be at least 16 characters long. [More...](wifi.passwords.php)
3. If you are using a default WiFi network name (SSID) change it. When choosing network names, don't identify yourself. [More...](SSID.php)
4. Wi-Fi encryption should be WPA2 (with AES, not TKIP) or WPA3 or both. [More...](wpa2wpa3wpaenterprise.php)
5. Turn off WPS [More...](wps.php)
6. Turn off UPnP
8. Use a password protected Guest Network whenever possible, not just for guests but for IoT devices too.
9. If the router has a web interface, Remote Administration is probably off, but since this is *so* very dangerous, take the time to verify that it is disabled. If the router is administered with a mobile app and a cloud service, disabling remote access to the router is unchartered territory. Lotsa luck.
10. Port forwarding is an opened door (technically an open TCP/IP port). Poke around the router configuration to make sure there is no port forwarding going on. There is a small chance that something on your network needs a port to be forwarded, but every forwarded port is a security risk.
11. For years, turning off IPv6 (IP version 6) was on the long list below, but as of August 2021, I think it belongs here on the short list too. Very very few people need it and in 2021 it was disclosed that there is a [possible security issue](https://www.tomsguide.com/news/home-gateway-geolocation-bh21) with it. If the router can not disable IPv6, the [NSA recommended](https://media.defense.gov/2023/Feb/22/2003165170/-1/-1/0/CSI_BEST_PRACTICES_FOR_SECURING_YOUR_HOME_NETWORK.PDF) (Feb. 2023) to
"ensure your router supports IPv6 firewall capabilities."
12. Periodically check for new firmware. At some point you will go a year or two, or more, without any updates. That's when it is time for a new router.
### Secure Router Configuration - the FULL list [top](#TopOfPage)
For the techies amongst us, the list below is as comprehensive as I can make it. Perhaps a spy agency would be the only one to implement everything on the list. Pick and chose, and implement as many as you can.
1. If the router is new, see my suggestions for setting up a [new router](newrouter.php). Basic plan: make the most obvious few changes with the router off-line, go online behind another router to get the latest firmware, then make the rest of the changes.
2. Change the password used to access the router (this is not a WiFi password). Don't use a word in the dictionary. Two words and a number should be fine (7coldapples). For more, see my [router password](passwords.php) advice. This is often the hardest step as it requires knowing how to access the router.
3. If the router lets you change the userid used to logon to the router, change it
4. If any of your Wi-Fi networks (a router can create more than one) use a default SSID (network name) then change it. Do not pick a name that makes it obvious that the network belongs to you. [More...](SSID.php)
5. For Wi-Fi encryption, use [WPA2 with AES or WPA3](wpa2wpa3wpaenterprise.php). If there is a choice to use TKIP or AES, opt for AES. There may also be an option to use both TKIP and AES - just use AES. Wi-Fi encryption will improve with WPA3 but WPA2 with AES is perfectly secure as long the password is long (next topic). If you see a reference to PSK that refers to the most common flavor of WPA2, which has a single password for the network. WPA2 Enterprise is the other flavor and it supports multiple users of a single network each with their own password.
6. [Wi-Fi passwords](wifi.passwords.php): Never use the default Wi-Fi password, even if it is long and random. Always change it/them. WPA2 passwords have to be long enough to fend off brute force attacks. This will not be an issue with WPA3. My best guess is that 16 characters should be sufficient, but the German government recommends 20. And, you really should not use a password anyone has ever used before.
7. Check for new firmware. There are no standards here, every router has a different procedure. With most routers this will be an ongoing manual check, however, some are [able to update themselves](resources.php#SelfUpdatingRouters). Be aware of the risk; if something goes wrong you may lose Internet access. Best to do it at a time when your ISP has offices that are open, so the box can be exchanged, if necessary. For more, see the [firmware updates](firmware.updates.php) page. Many routers no longer get firmware/software updates. If the last update for yours was a couple years ago, it is time for a new router.
8. Turn off [WPS](wps.php)
9. Turn off UPnP.
10. **Guest networks** (SSIDs) are your best friend. Use them not only for visitors but also for IoT devices. Guest networks should be password protected. Guest networks are usually, but not always, isolated from the main network. Review all the configuration options your router offers for the Guest network to insure they are isolated. The [Security Checklist page](checklist.php) has a list of options you might find.
11. **Network Isolation/segmentation:** Guest networks are merely an appetizer, using VLANs for isolating groups of devices on the network is the main course. The idea is to prevent a single hacked device from causing grief for other devices on your network. How many groups (VLANs) to create is a matter of opinion. In February 2023, the US National Security Agency issued [Best Practices for Securing Your Home
Network](https://media.defense.gov/2023/Feb/22/2003165170/-1/-1/0/CSI_BEST_PRACTICES_FOR_SECURING_YOUR_HOME_NETWORK.PDF) which said *"At a minimum, your wireless network should be segmented between your primary Wi-Fi, guest Wi-Fi, and IoT network. This segmentation keeps
less secure devices from directly communicating with your more secure devices."* Their focus on wireless was a mistake, the VLAN concept applies equally to Ethernet-connected devices. They also don't go far enough, as they don't address the issue of whether devices in a VLAN can see each other. See the [VLAN](vlan.php) page for more. Much more.
12. In the beginning, routers were administered via a web interface and a computer in your home/office. Now, many routers offer Remote Administration via a cloud service and a smartphone app. Management via a mobile app can be especially dangerous as it is likely to work from anywhere. Test this when away from home or by connecting your mobile device to the 4G/LTE network of your cellphone provider. If an app on your phone can get into the router remotely (when not connected to a Wi-Fi network from the router), then you are trusting every employee of the router vendor not to spy on you. Disable this if you can. This is a big issue to me, so much so, that I might replace a router if remote cloud/app access can not be disabled. My preferred router vendor, Peplink, has a cloud-based admin system called InControl2, however it can be easily disabled and the router can be completely administered locally.
13. If the router has a web interface, turn off Remote Administration (aka Remote Management, Remote GUI or Web Access from WAN). It is normally OFF by default, but take the time to verify this.
If you need Remote Administration, there are a number of ways to make it more secure, such as using HTTPS on a non-standard port and limiting the source IP address. The [Security Checklist](checklist.php) page has more on this.
14. Turning off features you are not using reduces your attack surface. Among the features that should probably be disabled are SNMP, NAT-PMP, IPv6, Telnet access to the router and Application Layer Gateways (ALG). A longer list is on the [Turn off](turnoff.php) page.
15. Change the LAN side IP address of the router. Even better, change the entire LAN side subnet. See the page on [IP Addresses](ipaddresses.php) for more. This helps prevent many router attacks. And, while you are at it, set up [DHCP](dhcp.php) to allow for some static IP addresses.
17. **Chose a DNS provider:** DNS is a security issue, but not for the router itself. Instead, it applies to the devices that connect to the router. If you are not familiar with DNS, the [Test Your DNS Servers](https://www.routersecurity.org/testdns.php) page starts with an introduction. By default, your router and your devices will use a DNS service from your ISP. This is the worst possible choice. There are many DNS providers to choose from, both free and paid. I have some suggestions on the [DNS Providers](https://routersecurity.org/DNS.providers.php) page. DNS providers offer assorted services: privacy, malware blocking, porn blocking, ad blocking and/or tracker blocking.
18. **Chose a DNS protocol:** While all routers support the old, insecure flavor of DNS, some routers also support the new, encrypted version. Old DNS does not use encryption, making it very easy for an ISP to spy on your activity. Both of the two newer methods of communication (DoH and DoT) use encryption and thus prevent the ISP from seeing DNS requests and responses. Old DNS is specified with IP v4 addresses (normally two of them). New DNS is typically specified with a server name. All of the DNS providers on the [DNS Providers](https://routersecurity.org/DNS.providers.php) page support both DoH and DoT. On Peplink routers running firmware 8.2 secure DNS is configured on the Network tab -> WAN -> DNS over HTTPS. Built into the router is support for Cloudflare, Quad9, Google DNS and OpenDNS. The Custom URL option can be used for NextDNS.
19. If a Wi-Fi network is using WPA2 and the router offers an option for protecting management frames, turn it on. WPA3 requires this option to always be enabled so a Wi-Fi network using WPA3 will probably not have an option for protecting management frames.
20. Write down the critical information on a piece of paper and tape it to the router, face down. Include the Wi-Fi network names (SSIDs) and passwords, the router userid/password and the IP address of the router.
21. For routers with a web interface, lock down access to the router from the LAN side. The [Security Checklist](checklist.php) page offers a dozen possible options (see the Local Administration topic) such as changing the port number(s) and limiting access by IP or MAC address. For routers that use a mobile app for administration, think about locking down access to the mobile app (this may require signing out).
22. Turn off Ping reply. Sadly, different routers use different terminology for this. To test it, have someone ping your public IP address from outside your network. Steve Gibson's [ShieldsUP!](https://www.grc.com/x/ne.dll?bh0bkyd2) service also tests this.
23. Turn off wireless networks when not in use. Some routers let you schedule this, others have a physical Wi-Fi on/off button, others have a mobile app. In the worst case, you have to login in to the router web interface to disable the Wi-Fi. In that case, a browser bookmark can ease the pain.
24. Test if your router supports [HNAP](hnap.php). If so, it should be replaced.
25. Your [modem](modems.php) is a computer too. Your router may be able to block access to the modem from all devices on the LAN. I blogged about this. See [part 1](https://www.computerworld.com/article/2880475/talk-to-your-modem.html) and [part 2](https://www.computerworld.com/article/2887243/using-a-router-to-block-a-modem.html).
26. If your router supports outgoing firewall rules, block the ports used by Windows file sharing. You may also want to prevent any network printers from making any outbound connections. This way if a printer gets hacked, it can't phone home.
27. If the router can send email when certain errors occur, configure this feature.
28. Try to prevent your router from spying on you. If you own a Netgear router, be aware that [they added "analytics"](https://www.ispreview.co.uk/index.php/2017/05/new-netgear-router-firmware-snoops-network-internet-link.html) with firmware updates released in April 2017. If you don't want Netgear watching your network, you need to login to the router and disable these analytics. For more on this, see the [Bugs](bugs.php) page for July 2017. Likewise, Asus and other routers include anti-malware software that may also be watching you. For more on Asus and their partnership with Trend Micro see the Bugs page from May 2017 and look for "Privacy issues with Trend Micro software in Asus routers" Trend Micro software is in other routers too and other anti-virus companies are also partnering with router vendors.
29. The [Test Your Router](testrouter.php) page has many ways to kick the tires on your router. One thing to look for is open ports. At Steve Gibson's [ShieldsUP!](https://www.grc.com/shieldsup) site (click the gray Proceed button), start with the Common Ports test and pay special attention to the SSH (22) and Telnet (23) ports as these services are frequently abused by bad guys. The only good status for any port is Stealth (assuming remote administration is disabled). Next, do the All Service Ports test and finally, do the Instant UPnP Exposure Test (orange button).
30. Test your router with my [Shodan Query My Router](shodan.php) page. It generates a Shodan query, a Censys.io query and nine other queries of your public IP address. If your router has been doing bad things, hopefully one of the queried sites will have detected it.
31. The router tests mentioned above are only a partial solution. For the most thorough test, connect the WAN port of a router to be tested (inside router) to a LAN port on another router (outside router). Then, from a computer connected to the outside router, **scan the WAN side of the inside router** using NMAP looking for open ports. This lets you test all 65,535 TCP ports and all 65,535 UDP ports. There should be no open ports. Remote administration will require an open port but it should, normally, be disabled.
32. Speaking of **nmap**, it is also useful to run it on the LAN side of the router. There should be one port open for local administration, assuming the router has a web interface. The hard part will be getting the router manufacturer to explain any other open ports. One reason I like Peplink is that getting an answer to this sort of thing is easy. When someone found port 8183 [open on the LAN side](https://forum.peplink.com/t/nmap-scan-proremote/16526/1) the company explained why. In 2019, I [blogged about](https://www.michaelhorowitz.com/Netgear.router.UPnP.bug.reporting.php) a Netgear router that was still somewhat operational for UPnP, even when UPnP was disabled. The smoking gun was two open LAN side ports. (added Sept 8, 2020)
33. **MAC Address Filtering:** A MAC address is a unique identifier assigned to every network interface. A router typically has three, one for the WAN/Internet port, one for LAN side Ethernet and another for Wi-Fi. A laptop computer will have one MAC address for Wi-Fi and, if it has an Ethernet port, a different MAC address for Ethernet. This option can be used to limit the devices that can connect to a Wi-Fi network (or maybe all Wi-Fi networks depending on the router). You can either set up an INCLUDE list of allowed MAC addresses or an EXCLUDE list of banned ones. The bookkeeping involved in maintaining these lists can be a pain in the neck. Perhaps the most interesting aspect of this is how much it tells you about someone making a recommendation. People who do not understand the technology recommend using it, unaware of a flaw. People with an intimate understanding of how it works, say not to use it because of the flaw. MAC addresses are always broadcast unencrypted, so a bad guy can see the allowed ones and copy them. Should you use it? It depends. While the security is far from perfect, it should block unsophisticated attackers, even if they know the Wi-Fi password. And, if you only have a small number of Wi-Fi devices, then the bookkeeping is not that bad. But, it can be hard to learn the MAC address of a Wi-Fi device, especially an IoT device or one using an operating system that creates random private MAC addresses. The world changes. (added April 26, 2021)
34. Someone who **works from home** should have an their own network that is isolated from all the other devices in their home. I wrote about this in a September 2020 blog, [A second router can make working from home much more secure](https://www.michaelhorowitz.com/second.router.for.wfh.php). Because this network will have a very small number of connected devices, there are router options that, normally rejected for a larger network, now make sense. Specifically: disable DHCP, enable MAC address filtering, do not broadcast the SSID, use only 5GHz Wi-Fi and lower the Wi-Fi radio signal strength. None of these features is a perfect barrier to entry, but since no one does this, bad guys without good technical skills should be tripped up. And, use Ethernet whenever possible (many printers support Ethernet and USB/Ethernet adapters are cheap). This makes the most sense when using two routers or a main router that supports VLANs. These options are not a good fit when there is only one consumer/ISP-supplied router.
35. Many routers let you change the **WAN MAC address**. If you can, do so. This only applies when you have a stand-alone router, it should not be done on a combination modem/router device. A MAC address is 6 bytes long, the first 3 bytes identify the company that made the hardware. Making a router from company A appear to be manufactured by company B may offer some defense against a malicious ISP. Valid MAC Addresses can be found [here](https://www.macvendorlookup.com/browse). It would be great if we could change the WiFi MAC address(s), but I have not seen that option on any router. This is what the feature looks like on a router made by [Asus](pix/Asus.wan.mac.address.webp), [TP-Link](pix/tplink.wan.mac.address.webp), [Linksys](pix/linksys.wan.mac.address.webp) and [Peplink](pix/peplink.wan.mac.address.webp). (added April 16, 2021)
36. Your router may not be the only device creating a wireless network. Many HP printers (and probably other vendors too, but I tend to see this from HP)
create their own Wi-Fi network using a feature called Wi-Fi Direct that lets wireless devices connect to the printer directly without going through the router. The security of Wi-Fi Direct is poor, so you should *either* connect a printer to your network -or- use Wi-Fi Direct. Do not use both. Suggestion [courtesy of](https://community.metageek.com/t/hp-printers-broadcasting-their-own-wi-fi-network/225) Ryan Woodings, the founder of MetaGeek.
(added March 19, 2020)
37. Routers that have a web interface are best administered with a clean web browser session. That is, start up a browser, work with the router, then logoff the router and shut down the browser.
Need proof that this is good advice? Here is [one example](https://alexandrevvo.medium.com/cve-2020-29138-improper-access-control-in-the-sagemcom-router-model-f-st-3486-running-net-4-109-0-797968e8adc8) (from Nov. 2020) and [another example](https://kb.netgear.com/000064712/Security-Advisory-for-Multiple-Security-Vulnerabilities-on-BR200-and-BR500-PSV-2021-0286) (from May 2022).
Better yet, use private browsing mode when working with the router. Even better, use a browser that has no (or very few) extensions or plug-ins installed.
38. Bad neighbors can not target a Wi-Fi network that they do not see. To weaken the Wi-Fi signal that leaks out of your home, turn down the transmission power of the router.
There are some other roadblocks that, while not foolproof, are nonetheless a barrier to be overcome. Details are on the [Bad Neighbors](bad.neighbors.php) page.
(added September 2019)
39. Eat your vegetables :-)
### Final Steps [top](#TopOfPage)
When you are all done making configuration changes to a router, it is a good idea to back up the current settings. This way, should you ever have to reset the router, you can easily import/restore the last backed up state. Many routers can export the current settings to a file. With my favorite router, the [Pepwave Surf SOHO](pepwavesurfsoho.php), settings are backed up with System -> Configuration and [click the Download button](pix/pepwave.config.saving.png). The [mesh routers](MeshRouters.php) that I have used can not export the current configuration settings to a file. If that's the case for you, consider taking pictures of the configuration screens.
One reason you might have to re-install the current configuration settings is if someone resets the router. All routers come with a pinhole reset. Someone malicious, who can physically touch the router, may simply reset the router to factory defaults as a way to get around the security. A business may try to physically restrict access to the router, but at home, this is probably not viable. To offer the best Wi-Fi performance a router needs to be out in the open which leaves it vulnerable to being reset.
Old school, techie-oriented routers have a ton of features. After making the changes above, its probably best to live with the router a while before changing some of the more obscure settings. Once you have a performance baseline, then consider enabling features like the detection and prevention of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks or SYN Flood attacks. Peplink, for example, offers [Intrusion Detection and DoS Prevention](pix/Peplink.IntrusionDetection.jpg) that protects against 9 types of attacks (With firmware 8.2 this option is at: Network tab -> Firewall Access Rules).
DrayTek routers offer protection from [over 15 types of attacks](pix/DrayTeck.defensive.options.jpg).
If you do not use a VPN then you can turn off the VPN pass-through options.
### Some Additional Thoughts [top](#TopOfPage)
I also have write-ups on [Synology](synology.php) routers, [pcWRT](pcwrt.php), [Google Wifi](GoogleOnHubRouters.php) mesh routers,
[Eero](eero.php), the [Turris Omnia](TurrisOmnia.php) router, [Apple routers](applerouters.php).
These are mostly, but not exclusively, focused on security.
The term "modem" is often mis-used. See exactly what a [modem](modems.php) is.
The best possible over-the-air encryption is offered by **Enterprise** versions of WPA2/WPA3 instead of the more popular Personal versions. For more on this, see the [WPA2 WPA3 encryption](wpa2wpa3wpaenterprise.php) page.
In August 2021, I blogged about [Hiding on a Wi-Fi network](https://www.michaelhorowitz.com/hiding.on.a.wifi.network.php). This was about hiding your computer from other devices on the LAN. This is mostly an issue when connected to a public Wi-Fi network, but it is also an issue with dedicated IoT networks at home.
In March 2022, I added the black sheep of pages to this site. Rather than focus on security, it offers an overview of [Extending the Range of a WiFi network](extending.wifi.range.php).
### Ongoing Care and Feeding and Defense [top](#TopOfPage)
1. If the router does not self-update, then check for new firmware every month or two. If the router does [self-update](firmware.selfupdating.php), check, every now and then, that the self-updating system is actually working. More about [firmware updates](firmware.updates.php).
2. Register the router with the hardware manufacturer on the *chance* that they notify you of firmware updates. Netgear, for example, has a security newsletter that announces bug fixes. In December 2021, Google sent owners of their OnHub routers a note about their being discontinued and a coupon for large discount on a new router.
3. At some point there will be no more firmware updates. When this is officially publicized it is called called End-Of-Life (EOL). Some router vendors have a list of their EOL devices, some do not. But, regardless of the official status, when the latest firmware is more than two years old, it is time to replace the router.
4. As per the topic below on Hacked Routers, it would be a good thing to re-boot a router, every now and then. Here is an example, from June 2022, of router malware that is removed by a re-boot: [A wide range of routers are under attack by new, unusually sophisticated malware](https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/06/a-wide-range-of-routers-are-under-attack-by-new-unusually-sophisticated-malware). How often to re-boot? In February 2023, the NSA [said](https://www.nsa.gov/Press-Room/Press-Releases-Statements/Press-Release-View/Article/3304674/nsa-releases-best-practices-for-securing-your-home-network/):
*"At a minimum, you should schedule weekly reboots of your routing device, smartphones, and computers."*
5. Every router can display a list of attached devices. It is good to check this every now and then to insure that you know what every device is. Better routers will let you assign names to each device (Susans iPad, Bobs laptop, Georges iPhone). You may want to assign every device a name that begins with "\*\*" for example. That way you can easily scan the list of devices (some households have quite a few Internet-using devices) for names that do not start with your favorite string of characters. Be aware that the list of devices may not include
*all* devices connected to the router. Read the fine print. It may only be those that are active at the moment or only those using DHCP. Some mobile apps for routers show you information about devices that have recently been on your network, even if they are not currently using it. FYI: If you have more than one SSID (you should) a good router will show you which SSID each wireless device is connected to. The Surf SOHO does this.
6. A common attack against routers is to change the DNS servers. You need to know what the DNS servers should be (discussed above). Many websites report [the currently used DNS servers](testdns.php). Pick one or two and get in the habit of checking that your DNS servers have not changed. Consider making one of these sites your web browser home page to insure that you check it periodically. This has gotten more complicated with the introduction of Secure DNS settings in web browsers.
8. If the router has any logging facilities, check the logs every now and then.
9. Electricity: If either a [modem](modems.php) or router is damaged by an electric surge, then you lose Internet access, perhaps for quite a while. It is best to connect each device to either a Surge Protector or a UPS. If shopping for a UPS, get an on-line or line-interactive model. These will boost the power when its a bit low and trim it when its a bit high. This is in addition to being a big battery for when the power fails. Any UPS should also provide surge protection. A good place to start when shopping for a UPS is the [Tripp Lite SmartPro 1300VA](https://www.tripplite.com/smartpro-lcd-120v-1300va-720w-line-interactive-ups-avr-tower-lcd-usb-8-outlets~SMART1300LCDT) which sells for about $150. Specs: LCD 120V 720W Line-Interactive UPS, AVR, Tower, LCD, USB, 8 Outlets.
### Hacked Router? (Added March 1, 2022)
[top](#TopOfPage)
By and large, it can be hard to impossible to tell if a router has been hacked. That said, you can look for this: 1. If the router offers a display of CPU usage (some do, some do not) then high CPU usage when there is little activity might indicate cryptomining or some other type of infection. Both Asus and Peplink show current CPU usage but neither has a history of CPU usage so you can't see a pattern.
2. High bandwidth usage may indicate the router is part of a botnet. Then again, if the bandwidth is directly attributable to the router (rather than a connected device) who knows if it will even show up in bandwidth reports?
3. DNS changes
So, what to do?
1. Some malware infections can not survive a re-boot, so ... re-boot every now and then. Just for good luck. Better yet, power the router off, wait a minute, then power it on.
2. Routers have dozens of configuration options and no automated way to notify you if anything changes. Note that [pcWRT](pcwrt.php) is an exception, it actually can email you about changes. To defend against malicious changes to the configuration, have a backup of the current settings (many routers can do this). If you suspect anything, then restore the settings backup, change the router password and maybe change the Wi-Fi password(s). Then, make a new backup of the current settings.
3. I have seen suggestions to factory reset the router. This only makes sense if you do not have a backup of the system settings. Here again, change the router password and maybe the Wi-Fi password(s) after the reset. I would not expect a factory reset to modify the firmware itself (firmware is the operating system of the router), just the configuration settings.
4. The worst type of infection modifies the firmware. To clear out infected firmware, download new firmware from the website of the hardware manufacturer, while connected to a different router.
The last point brings an interesting question. If the router is already running the latest available firmware, can you install the current firmware over itself? Some routers do not let you install older firmware, but the issue of re-installing the same firmware has never come up as far as I know. Peplink shines in this area. Their routers have two installed copies of the firmware and there is no restriction on what each copy can be.
### Picking a Secure Router [top](#TopOfPage)
This topic has been moved to [its own page](SecureRouters.php).
In brief: The least secure routers are from an ISP. A small step up are [consumer routers](consumerrouters.php), but I would avoid them too.
I recommend Peplink routers. I used to recommend the $200 US [Pepwave Surf SOHO](pepwavesurfsoho.php) router, but production stopped some time around October 2022 and as of October 2023 it is no longer available. The next cheapest Peplink router is the Balance 20x for $450 US (as of October 2023). Peplink has said that they expect a replacement for the Surf SOHO to be released in either November or December 2023.
### Conference Presentations [top](#TopOfPage)
I spoke on Securing a Home Router at the [HOPE conference](https://x.hope.net/) in **July 2014**. This website grew out of that presentation.
A PDF of the presentation is available [at box.net](https://app.box.com/s/qk0ncah3jl5vk5pxojjt),
video is [available](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83Nf1xCbK84) on YouTube,
audio is available [at x.hope.net](https://x.hope.net/schedule.html#securingah).
An [article about the talk](https://www.tomsguide.com/us/home-router-security,news-19245.html) appeared in Toms Guide.
I spoke again about Router Security, at the [O'Reilly Security Conference](https://conferences.oreilly.com/security/sec-ny) on
**Nov. 1st, 2017**. The talk was *very* different from the first one. See [a PDF of the slides](https://app.box.com/s/c3q01pfmjs49xbogfzvgs4bd140smzd7) or [watch the video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VmH2lunZMZ4) on YouTube.
For other Router Security opinions, I maintain a [list of articles](OtherRouterSecurityAdvice.php). Many stink, the good ones are noted in bold.
### You Are Safe Here [top](#TopOfPage)
This site is as clean as clean gets. There are no ads. There are no trackers. It does not set any cookies. None of the links here are affiliate links, I do not
profit from this site in any way. No need to believe me. You can test for setting cookies at [cookieserve.com](https://cookieserve.com/).
You can also test at [Blacklight](https://themarkup.org/blacklight/) a website privacy inspector from The Markup. Just [click here](https://themarkup.org/blacklight?url=routersecurity.org) to run a live Blacklight test of this site. If you see any ads here, something (your
computer, browser or router) has been hacked.
[Top](#topofpage "Go to the top of the page")
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The Fond-U-Like Fondue Website
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# The Fond-U-Like Website
This site gives a comprehensive guide to the making of fondue meals in traditional and experimental styles. [The Fond-U-Like Website](Home.htm)
| https://fondulike.tramwayinfo.com/ |
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<td width="69%" style='width:69.0%;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:36.0pt;
font-family:"Comic Sans MS";color:red'>GT-Four Homepage </span></b></p>
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<p align=center style='text-align:center'><a href="pics/Gtfour%20race1.JPG"><span
style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><img border=0 width=260
height=154 id="_x0000_i1026" src="pics/gt4race1.jpg"></span></a>
<a href="pics/IMG_2578a.JPG"><span style='text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'><img border=0 width=278 height=150 id="_x0000_i1027"
src="pics/IMG_2578as.JPG"></span></a> <a
href="alfapics/alfa75.jpg"><span style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><img border=0 width=299 height=200 id="_x0000_i1028"
src="alfapics/alfa75s.jpg"></span></a></p>
<p>Welcome to my Toyota Celica GT-Four (and now Alfa I guess) homepage. I
bought my 1987 Toyota Celica GT-Four in July 1996 and I was the first <st1:country-region
w:st="on">New Zealand</st1:country-region> owner (after it was imported used
from <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>).
It is one of the early production models (manufactured during 1986 and 1987)
which was never exported rom the Japanese market.</p>
<p>The car only had 76000kms on it when I bought it and I added over 95000 kms
in the time I owned it. I believe the ST165 is an excellant basis for
modification, however since I bought my ST205 I did very little to
it. If I was to keep it it would've had a ST205 drivetrain fitted a long
time ago. I already had a 1996 SW20 3S-GTE engine (same as ST205) being
prepped for it when I bought the ST205.</p>
<p>The 1987 GT-Four has now been replaced with another GT-Four, a New
Zealand new 1994 ST205 GT-Four Group A (shown above before the previous owner
smashed it up). This was bought damaged and has now been rebuilt to new
condition, complete with a mildly worked engine. Suspension
modifications have now been completed and I am in the process of fitting an
Autronic SM2 standalone ECU. This car was one of just five Group A models
imported into <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Zealand</st1:place></st1:country-region>
in 1994. 17" Mille Miglia M11<sup>2</sup> wheels have now been
imported from the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">US</st1:place></st1:country-region>
as no decent five spoke wheels were available here. These have now been
fitted with Yokohama A539 tyres. </p>
<p>I have now also bought a tatty cheap 1988 Alfa Romeo 75 2.0 Twin Spark as a
commuter vehicle and as a racetrack toy. The plan was to keep spending to
a minimum, however that's a plan that's not exactly working out!
Bilsteins have been imported and fitted along with lowering springs and
urethane bushings throughout the rear of the car. 15" alloys and
Dunlop FM901 tyres have also been fitted. New balljoints were needed and
finally it handles well, it was diabolical before. The exhaust has
been replaced, however Pitstop Manukau did a pisspoor job and I need to
have it redone. The engine has now had a big end bearing failure so the engine
is have a complete rebuild... sigh...</p>
<p><img border=0 width=14 height=14 id="_x0000_i1029" src="bul_anim.gif"><a
href="Technical.htm">Technical Information.</a> </p>
<p><img border=0 width=14 height=14 id="_x0000_i1030" src="bul_anim.gif"><a
href="For%20Sale.htm">Parts For Sale.</a> </p>
<p><img border=0 width=14 height=14 id="_x0000_i1031" src="bul_anim.gif">My
1988 Alfa Romeo 75 2.0 Twin Spark</p>
<p> <img border=0 width=10 height=10 id="_x0000_i1032"
src="bul_anim.gif"><a href="alfa75.htm">Photos and description.</a>
</p>
<p> <img border=0 width=10 height=10 id="_x0000_i1033"
src="bul_anim.gif"><a href="alfa75%20engine.htm">Engine Photos</a>
<img border=0 width=31 height=12 id="_x0000_i1034" src=new.gif><br>
<br>
<img border=0 width=14 height=14 id="_x0000_i1035" src="bul_anim.gif">My 1994
Toyota Celica GT-Four Group A </p>
<p> <img border=0 width=10 height=10 id="_x0000_i1036"
src="bul_anim.gif"><a href="photos2.htm">Completed ST205 photos.</a>
</p>
<p> <img border=0 width=10 height=10 id="_x0000_i1037"
src="bul_anim.gif"><a href="mynewcar.htm">ST205 rebuild details.</a> </p>
<p> <img border=0 width=10 height=10 id="_x0000_i1038"
src="bul_anim.gif"><a href="my%20modifications%20st205.htm">My modifications to
my ST205.</a> </p>
<p> <img border=0 width=10 height=10 id="_x0000_i1039"
src="bul_anim.gif"><a href="dyno.htm">Results of first dyno run. </a></p>
<p><img border=0 width=14 height=14 id="_x0000_i1040" src="bul_anim.gif">My
1987 Toyota Celica GT-Four (now sold)</p>
<p> <img border=0 width=10 height=10 id="_x0000_i1041"
src="bul_anim.gif"><a href="my%20modifications.htm">My modifications to my
ST165.</a></p>
<p> <img border=0 width=10 height=10 id="_x0000_i1042"
src="bul_anim.gif"><a href="photos.htm">Photos.</a> </p>
<p><img border=0 width=14 height=14 id="_x0000_i1043" src="bul_anim.gif"><a
href="models.htm">GT-Four models.</a> <br>
<br>
<img border=0 width=14 height=14 id="_x0000_i1044" src="bul_anim.gif"><a
href="history.htm">History of New Zealand ST205 Group A models.</a>
</p>
<p><img border=0 width=14 height=14 id="_x0000_i1045" src="bul_anim.gif"><a
href="success.htm">GT-Four Rally Success.</a> </p>
<p><img border=0 width=14 height=14 id="_x0000_i1046" src="bul_anim.gif"><a
href="photosNZrally.htm">Rally of New Zealand Photos</a> (warning,
big pictures!) </p>
<p><img border=0 width=14 height=14 id="_x0000_i1047" src="bul_anim.gif"><a
href="links.htm">Links.</a></p>
<p><img border=0 width=14 height=14 id="_x0000_i1048" src="bul_anim.gif"><a
href="Old%20cars.htm">My old cars.</a></p>
<p><img border=0 width=14 height=14 id="_x0000_i1049" src="bul_anim.gif"><a
href="articles.htm">Articles.</a> </p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><img border=0 width=742 height=5
id="_x0000_i1050" src=red-bar.gif></p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'>All design by Richard Doig �
1999-2007</p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><img border=0 width=32 height=32
id="_x0000_i1051" src="pics/sendmail.gif"></p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'>rd at orcon.co.nz</p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'>All enquiries, comments or insults
welcome...</p>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><img border=0 width=742 height=5
id="_x0000_i1052" src=red-bar.gif></p>
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<p align=center style='text-align:center'>Page last updated: <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" s-type="EDITED" s-format="%d %B %Y" startspan -->06 March 2005<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" i-checksum="27304" endspan --></p>
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background:black;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='color:silver'>This <a
href="http://gtfour.orcon.net.nz">Celica GT-4 Site</a> site is owned by <br>
<a href="mailto:rdweb%20at%20orcon.co.nz">Richard Doig</a>.<br>
Want to join the <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Toyota</st1:place></st1:City>
Celica GT-4 WebRing? <a href="http://www.turbocelica.com/join.html">Click
here!</a> </span></b></p>
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New Zealand GT-Four Webpage
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| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | **GT-Four Homepage** | |
[](pics/Gtfour%20race1.JPG)
[](pics/IMG_2578a.JPG) [](alfapics/alfa75.jpg)
Welcome to my Toyota Celica GT-Four (and now Alfa I guess) homepage. I
bought my 1987 Toyota Celica GT-Four in July 1996 and I was the first New Zealand owner (after it was imported used
from Japan).
It is one of the early production models (manufactured during 1986 and 1987)
which was never exported rom the Japanese market.
The car only had 76000kms on it when I bought it and I added over 95000 kms
in the time I owned it. I believe the ST165 is an excellant basis for
modification, however since I bought my ST205 I did very little to
it. If I was to keep it it would've had a ST205 drivetrain fitted a long
time ago. I already had a 1996 SW20 3S-GTE engine (same as ST205) being
prepped for it when I bought the ST205.
The 1987 GT-Four has now been replaced with another GT-Four, a New
Zealand new 1994 ST205 GT-Four Group A (shown above before the previous owner
smashed it up). This was bought damaged and has now been rebuilt to new
condition, complete with a mildly worked engine. Suspension
modifications have now been completed and I am in the process of fitting an
Autronic SM2 standalone ECU. This car was one of just five Group A models
imported into New Zealand
in 1994. 17" Mille Miglia M112 wheels have now been
imported from the US
as no decent five spoke wheels were available here. These have now been
fitted with Yokohama A539 tyres.
I have now also bought a tatty cheap 1988 Alfa Romeo 75 2.0 Twin Spark as a
commuter vehicle and as a racetrack toy. The plan was to keep spending to
a minimum, however that's a plan that's not exactly working out!
Bilsteins have been imported and fitted along with lowering springs and
urethane bushings throughout the rear of the car. 15" alloys and
Dunlop FM901 tyres have also been fitted. New balljoints were needed and
finally it handles well, it was diabolical before. The exhaust has
been replaced, however Pitstop Manukau did a pisspoor job and I need to
have it redone. The engine has now had a big end bearing failure so the engine
is have a complete rebuild... sigh...
[Technical Information.](Technical.htm)
[Parts For Sale.](For%20Sale.htm)
My
1988 Alfa Romeo 75 2.0 Twin Spark
[Photos and description.](alfa75.htm)
[Engine Photos](alfa75%20engine.htm)
My 1994
Toyota Celica GT-Four Group A
[Completed ST205 photos.](photos2.htm)
[ST205 rebuild details.](mynewcar.htm)
[My modifications to
my ST205.](my%20modifications%20st205.htm)
[Results of first dyno run.](dyno.htm)
My
1987 Toyota Celica GT-Four (now sold)
[My modifications to my
ST165.](my%20modifications.htm)
[Photos.](photos.htm)
[GT-Four models.](models.htm)
[History of New Zealand ST205 Group A models.](history.htm)
[GT-Four Rally Success.](success.htm)
[Rally of New Zealand Photos](photosNZrally.htm) (warning,
big pictures!)
[Links.](links.htm)
[My old cars.](Old%20cars.htm)
[Articles.](articles.htm)
All design by Richard Doig �
1999-2007
rd at orcon.co.nz
All enquiries, comments or insults
welcome...
| | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Page last updated: 06 March 2005 | | |
| |
| --- |
| **This [Celica GT-4 Site](http://gtfour.orcon.net.nz) site is owned by
[Richard Doig](mailto:rdweb%20at%20orcon.co.nz).
Want to join the Toyota
Celica GT-4 WebRing? [Click
here!](http://www.turbocelica.com/join.html)** |
| **[[Skip
Prev](http://www.webring.org/cgi-bin/webring?ring=gt4&id=7&sprev)] [[Prev](http://www.webring.org/cgi-bin/webring?ring=gt4&id=7&prev)]
[[Next](http://www.webring.org/cgi-bin/webring?ring=gt4&id=7&next)]
[[Skip
Next](http://www.webring.org/cgi-bin/webring?ring=gt4&id=7&skip)] [[Random](http://www.webring.org/cgi-bin/webring?random&ring=gt4)]
[[Next
5](http://www.webring.org/cgi-bin/webring?ring=gt4&id=7&next5)] [[List
Sites](http://www.webring.org/cgi-bin/webring?ring=gt4&list)]** |
| http://gtfour.supras.org.nz/default.htm |
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<body background="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/peace.gif"
text="#000000">
<center>
<h1>Older, lower quality, sound clips of Radio First Termer</h1>
</center>
<hr>
<ul>
<h3>WAV Files <font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" face="Comic Sans MS"><strong><font
face="Times New Roman">(Large Files - Please Allow Player To Load
- Time Will Vary Depending On Your Individual Connection Speed)</font></strong></font></h3>
<b><li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft000.wav">RFT000.WAV
(769344 bytes) Sign-on message</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft001.wav">RFT001.WAV
(569323 bytes) Introduction to the evening's program</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft002.wav">RFT002.WAV
(184381 bytes) Sayings from the latrine walls #1</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft003.wav">RFT003.WAV
(747183 bytes) The Official Dave Rabbit Sweatshirt Advertisment</a>
<dd>Click <a href="/jwsnyder/rft/odrsweatshirt.html">here</a> for
another description of the Official Dave Rabbit Sweatshirt.
</dd>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft004.wav">RFT004.WAV
(367638 bytes) "We're going to let this one roll on through..."</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft005.wav">RFT005.WAV
(92652 bytes) "Lifers are like flies..."</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft006.wav">RFT006.WAV
(181480 bytes) Mama Told Me Not To Come #1</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft007.wav">RFT007.WAV
(141356 bytes) Mama Told Me Not To Come #2</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft008.wav">RFT008.WAV
(632128 bytes) A special note for the patrons of the Castle Club</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft009.wav">RFT009.WAV
(82036 bytes) "Here's a Dave Rabbit Philosophy..."</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft010.wav">RFT010.WAV
(102994 bytes) A plea from the sanitation department</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft011.wav">RFT011.WAV
(1057597 bytes) The Weather Report with Capt. Ivan Pansy</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft012.wav">RFT012.WAV
(894040 bytes) The news from Saigon and Phan Rang</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft013.wav">RFT013.WAV
(256044 bytes) Sayings from the latrine walls #2</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft014.wav">RFT014.WAV
(696364 bytes) What's playing at the local theatres</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft015.wav">RFT015.WAV
(208940 bytes) A dedication to the U.S. Army</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft016.wav">RFT016.WAV
(236266 bytes) Sayings from the latrine walls #3</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft017.wav">RFT017.WAV
(613628 bytes) Sayings from the latrine walls #4</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft018.wav">RFT018.WAV
(949991 bytes) The Swap Shop of the air</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft019.wav">RFT019.WAV
(370855 bytes) Intro to Steppenwolf's "The Pusher"</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft020.wav">RFT020.WAV
(379737 bytes) Improvisation during "The Pusher"</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft021.wav">RFT021.WAV
(99864 bytes) Dave's lament over the length of a particular song</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft022.wav">RFT022.WAV
(291184 bytes) "Speed kills...Slow down..."</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft023.wav">RFT023.WAV
(1011520 bytes) A little special of Radio First Termer</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft024.wav">RFT024.WAV
(176936 bytes) Sayings
from the latrine walls #5</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft025.wav">RFT025.WAV
(825760 bytes) End of the first half of the program</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft026.wav">RFT026.WAV
(404676 bytes) Off to the Funny Farm / S.T.O.P.</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft027.wav">RFT027.WAV
(1791712 bytes) Dave's comments on the length of the end of S.T.O.P.</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft028.wav">RFT028.WAV
(144760 bytes) Another Dave Rabbit philosophy</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft029.wav">RFT029.WAV
(802132 bytes) The Hitchhiker Commercial</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft030.wav">RFT030.WAV
(644350 bytes) What's New at the BX</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft031.wav">RFT031.WAV
(303636 bytes) A dedication to the WAFS squadron</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft032.wav">RFT032.WAV
(242792 bytes) A dedication to the Lifers who swing at night</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft033.wav">RFT033.WAV
(620476 bytes) Mission Impossible Advertisement</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft034.wav">RFT034.WAV
(239786 bytes) Don't Step on the Grass Sam</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft035.wav">RFT035.WAV
(64320 bytes) Dave sings along with Don't Step on the Grass Sam</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft036.wav">RFT036.WAV
(315004 bytes) Drug Raid and comment</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft037.wav">RFT037.WAV
(2750126 bytes) Documentary: First Short Time In Country</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft038.wav">RFT038.WAV
(1554108 bytes) The latest news</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft039.wav">RFT039.WAV
(74232 bytes) What they are really saying is...</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft040.wav">RFT040.WAV
(738304 bytes) What's new at the local library</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft041.wav">RFT041.WAV
(238638 bytes) Tonight's Cafeteria Special</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft042.wav">RFT042.WAV
(1949408 bytes) Aircraft Emergency Landing Procedures at March AFB in
California</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft043.wav">RFT043.WAV
(168224 bytes) A dedication to the new troops in Vietnam</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft044.wav">RFT044.WAV
(600686 bytes) How to get a picture of Dave and his ex-girlfriend</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft045.wav">RFT045.WAV
(465520 bytes) What the base commander thinks of Dave</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft046.wav">RFT046.WAV
(1187648 bytes) The end of another broadcast of Radio First Termer</a>
</li>
</b>
</ul>
These WAV files are monaural and sampled at 11025 Hz.
<hr>
<ul>
<h3>SUN/NExT au Files <font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"
face="Comic Sans MS"><strong><font face="Times New Roman">(Large Files
- Please Allow Player To Load - Time Will Vary Depending On Your
Individual Connection Speed)</font></strong></font></h3>
<b><li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft000.au">RFT000.AU
(559437 bytes) Sign-on message</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft001.au">RFT001.AU
(414453 bytes) Introduction to the evening's program</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft002.au">RFT002.AU
(134221 bytes) Sayings from the latrine walls #1</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft003.au">RFT003.AU
(543932 bytes) The Official Dave Rabbit Sweatshirt Advertisment</a>
<dd>Click <a href="/jwsnyder/rft/odrsweatshirt.html">here</a> for
another description of the Official Dave Rabbit Sweatshirt.
</dd>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft004.au">RFT004.AU
(267629 bytes) "We're going to let this one roll on through..."</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft005.au">RFT005.AU
(67444 bytes) "Lifers are like flies..."</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft006.au">RFT006.AU
(132109 bytes) Mama Told Me Not To Come #1</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft007.au">RFT007.AU
(102900 bytes) Mama Told Me Not To Come #2</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft008.au">RFT008.AU
(460174 bytes) A special note for the patrons of the Castle Club</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft009.au">RFT009.AU
(59716 bytes) "Here's a Dave Rabbit Philosophy..."</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft010.au">RFT010.AU
(74668 bytes) A plea from the sanitation department</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft011.au">RFT011.AU
(769909 bytes) The Weather Report with Capt. Ivan Pansy</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft012.au">RFT012.AU
(650842 bytes) The news from Saigon and Phan Rang</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft013.au">RFT013.AU
(186390 bytes) Sayings from the latrine walls #2</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft014.au">RFT014.AU
(506937 bytes) What's playing at the local theatres</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft015.au">RFT015.AU
(152100 bytes) A dedication to the U.S. Army</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft016.au">RFT016.AU
(171993 bytes) Sayings from the latrine walls #3</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft017.au">RFT017.AU
(446706 bytes) Sayings from the latrine walls #4</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft018.au">RFT018.AU
(691573 bytes) The Swap Shop of the air</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft019.au">RFT019.AU
(269971 bytes) Intro to Steppenwolf's "The Pusher"</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft020.au">RFT020.AU
(276437 bytes) Improvisation during "The Pusher"</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft021.au">RFT021.AU
(72610 bytes) Dave's lament over the length of a particular song</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft022.au">RFT022.AU
(211888 bytes) "Speed kills...Slow down..."</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft023.au">RFT023.AU
(736281 bytes) A little special of Radio First Termer</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft024.au">RFT024.AU
(128594 bytes) Sayings
from the latrine walls #5</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft025.au">RFT025.AU
(600467 bytes) End of the first half of the program</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft026.au">RFT026.AU
(294224 bytes) Off to the Funny Farm / S.T.O.P.</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft027.au">RFT027.AU
(1302978 bytes) Dave's comments on the length of the end of S.T.O.P.</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft028.au">RFT028.AU
(105194 bytes) Another Dave Rabbit philosophy</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft029.au">RFT029.AU
(583283 bytes) The Hitchhiker Commercial</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft030.au">RFT030.AU
(468532 bytes) What's New at the BX</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft031.au">RFT031.AU
(220740 bytes) A dedication to the WAFS squadron</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft032.au">RFT032.AU
(176490 bytes) A dedication to the Lifers who swing at night</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft033.au">RFT033.AU
(451169 bytes) Mission Impossible Advertisement</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft034.au">RFT034.AU
(174304 bytes) Don't Step on the Grass Sam</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft035.au">RFT035.AU
(46692 bytes) Dave sings along with Don't Step on the Grass Sam</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft036.au">RFT036.AU
(229008 bytes) Drug Raid and comment</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft037.au">RFT037.AU
(2000006 bytes) Documentary: First Short Time In Country</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft038.au">RFT038.AU
(1130175 bytes) The latest news</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft039.au">RFT039.AU
(53901 bytes) What they are really saying is...</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft040.au">RFT040.AU
(536862 bytes) What's new at the local library</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft041.au">RFT041.AU
(173469 bytes) Tonight's Cafeteria Special</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft042.au">RFT042.AU
(1417665 bytes) Aircraft Emergency Landing Procedures at March AFB in
California</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft043.au">RFT043.AU
(122259 bytes) A dedication to the new troops in Vietnam</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft044.au">RFT044.AU
(436777 bytes) How to get a picture of Dave and his ex-girlfriend</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft045.au">RFT045.AU
(338474 bytes) What the base commander thinks of Dave</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft046.au">RFT046.AU
(863658 bytes) The end of another broadcast of Radio First Termer</a>
</li>
</b>
</ul>
These AU files are monaural and sampled at 8000 Hz.
<p></p>
<hr>
<h3>RealAudio</h3>
<b>Click <a href="http://www.ocean.ic.net/rafiles/rft/rft.html">here</a>
for RealAudio versions of the foregoing files, courtesy of <a
href="http://www.ocean.ic.net/">www.ocean.ic.net</a>.</b>
<hr><a href="http://www.radiofirsttermer.com.vn/"><img
src="/jwsnyder/genpics/docsleft.gif">Back to the Radio First Termer
Home Page</a>
</body>
</html>
|
# Older, lower quality, sound clips of Radio First Termer
---
### WAV Files **(Large Files - Please Allow Player To Load
- Time Will Vary Depending On Your Individual Connection Speed)**
*** [RFT000.WAV
(769344 bytes) Sign-on message](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft000.wav)
* [RFT001.WAV
(569323 bytes) Introduction to the evening's program](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft001.wav)
* [RFT002.WAV
(184381 bytes) Sayings from the latrine walls #1](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft002.wav)
* [RFT003.WAV
(747183 bytes) The Official Dave Rabbit Sweatshirt Advertisment](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft003.wav)
Click [here](/jwsnyder/rft/odrsweatshirt.html) for
another description of the Official Dave Rabbit Sweatshirt.
* [RFT004.WAV
(367638 bytes) "We're going to let this one roll on through..."](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft004.wav)
* [RFT005.WAV
(92652 bytes) "Lifers are like flies..."](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft005.wav)
* [RFT006.WAV
(181480 bytes) Mama Told Me Not To Come #1](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft006.wav)
* [RFT007.WAV
(141356 bytes) Mama Told Me Not To Come #2](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft007.wav)
* [RFT008.WAV
(632128 bytes) A special note for the patrons of the Castle Club](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft008.wav)
* [RFT009.WAV
(82036 bytes) "Here's a Dave Rabbit Philosophy..."](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft009.wav)
* [RFT010.WAV
(102994 bytes) A plea from the sanitation department](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft010.wav)
* [RFT011.WAV
(1057597 bytes) The Weather Report with Capt. Ivan Pansy](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft011.wav)
* [RFT012.WAV
(894040 bytes) The news from Saigon and Phan Rang](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft012.wav)
* [RFT013.WAV
(256044 bytes) Sayings from the latrine walls #2](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft013.wav)
* [RFT014.WAV
(696364 bytes) What's playing at the local theatres](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft014.wav)
* [RFT015.WAV
(208940 bytes) A dedication to the U.S. Army](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft015.wav)
* [RFT016.WAV
(236266 bytes) Sayings from the latrine walls #3](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft016.wav)
* [RFT017.WAV
(613628 bytes) Sayings from the latrine walls #4](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft017.wav)
* [RFT018.WAV
(949991 bytes) The Swap Shop of the air](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft018.wav)
* [RFT019.WAV
(370855 bytes) Intro to Steppenwolf's "The Pusher"](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft019.wav)
* [RFT020.WAV
(379737 bytes) Improvisation during "The Pusher"](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft020.wav)
* [RFT021.WAV
(99864 bytes) Dave's lament over the length of a particular song](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft021.wav)
* [RFT022.WAV
(291184 bytes) "Speed kills...Slow down..."](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft022.wav)
* [RFT023.WAV
(1011520 bytes) A little special of Radio First Termer](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft023.wav)
* [RFT024.WAV
(176936 bytes) Sayings
from the latrine walls #5](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft024.wav)
* [RFT025.WAV
(825760 bytes) End of the first half of the program](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft025.wav)
* [RFT026.WAV
(404676 bytes) Off to the Funny Farm / S.T.O.P.](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft026.wav)
* [RFT027.WAV
(1791712 bytes) Dave's comments on the length of the end of S.T.O.P.](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft027.wav)
* [RFT028.WAV
(144760 bytes) Another Dave Rabbit philosophy](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft028.wav)
* [RFT029.WAV
(802132 bytes) The Hitchhiker Commercial](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft029.wav)
* [RFT030.WAV
(644350 bytes) What's New at the BX](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft030.wav)
* [RFT031.WAV
(303636 bytes) A dedication to the WAFS squadron](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft031.wav)
* [RFT032.WAV
(242792 bytes) A dedication to the Lifers who swing at night](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft032.wav)
* [RFT033.WAV
(620476 bytes) Mission Impossible Advertisement](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft033.wav)
* [RFT034.WAV
(239786 bytes) Don't Step on the Grass Sam](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft034.wav)
* [RFT035.WAV
(64320 bytes) Dave sings along with Don't Step on the Grass Sam](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft035.wav)
* [RFT036.WAV
(315004 bytes) Drug Raid and comment](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft036.wav)
* [RFT037.WAV
(2750126 bytes) Documentary: First Short Time In Country](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft037.wav)
* [RFT038.WAV
(1554108 bytes) The latest news](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft038.wav)
* [RFT039.WAV
(74232 bytes) What they are really saying is...](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft039.wav)
* [RFT040.WAV
(738304 bytes) What's new at the local library](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft040.wav)
* [RFT041.WAV
(238638 bytes) Tonight's Cafeteria Special](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft041.wav)
* [RFT042.WAV
(1949408 bytes) Aircraft Emergency Landing Procedures at March AFB in
California](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft042.wav)
* [RFT043.WAV
(168224 bytes) A dedication to the new troops in Vietnam](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft043.wav)
* [RFT044.WAV
(600686 bytes) How to get a picture of Dave and his ex-girlfriend](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft044.wav)
* [RFT045.WAV
(465520 bytes) What the base commander thinks of Dave](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft045.wav)
* [RFT046.WAV
(1187648 bytes) The end of another broadcast of Radio First Termer](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft046.wav)**
These WAV files are monaural and sampled at 11025 Hz.
---
### SUN/NExT au Files **(Large Files
- Please Allow Player To Load - Time Will Vary Depending On Your
Individual Connection Speed)**
*** [RFT000.AU
(559437 bytes) Sign-on message](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft000.au)
* [RFT001.AU
(414453 bytes) Introduction to the evening's program](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft001.au)
* [RFT002.AU
(134221 bytes) Sayings from the latrine walls #1](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft002.au)
* [RFT003.AU
(543932 bytes) The Official Dave Rabbit Sweatshirt Advertisment](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft003.au)
Click [here](/jwsnyder/rft/odrsweatshirt.html) for
another description of the Official Dave Rabbit Sweatshirt.
* [RFT004.AU
(267629 bytes) "We're going to let this one roll on through..."](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft004.au)
* [RFT005.AU
(67444 bytes) "Lifers are like flies..."](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft005.au)
* [RFT006.AU
(132109 bytes) Mama Told Me Not To Come #1](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft006.au)
* [RFT007.AU
(102900 bytes) Mama Told Me Not To Come #2](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft007.au)
* [RFT008.AU
(460174 bytes) A special note for the patrons of the Castle Club](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft008.au)
* [RFT009.AU
(59716 bytes) "Here's a Dave Rabbit Philosophy..."](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft009.au)
* [RFT010.AU
(74668 bytes) A plea from the sanitation department](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft010.au)
* [RFT011.AU
(769909 bytes) The Weather Report with Capt. Ivan Pansy](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft011.au)
* [RFT012.AU
(650842 bytes) The news from Saigon and Phan Rang](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft012.au)
* [RFT013.AU
(186390 bytes) Sayings from the latrine walls #2](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft013.au)
* [RFT014.AU
(506937 bytes) What's playing at the local theatres](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft014.au)
* [RFT015.AU
(152100 bytes) A dedication to the U.S. Army](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft015.au)
* [RFT016.AU
(171993 bytes) Sayings from the latrine walls #3](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft016.au)
* [RFT017.AU
(446706 bytes) Sayings from the latrine walls #4](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft017.au)
* [RFT018.AU
(691573 bytes) The Swap Shop of the air](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft018.au)
* [RFT019.AU
(269971 bytes) Intro to Steppenwolf's "The Pusher"](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft019.au)
* [RFT020.AU
(276437 bytes) Improvisation during "The Pusher"](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft020.au)
* [RFT021.AU
(72610 bytes) Dave's lament over the length of a particular song](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft021.au)
* [RFT022.AU
(211888 bytes) "Speed kills...Slow down..."](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft022.au)
* [RFT023.AU
(736281 bytes) A little special of Radio First Termer](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft023.au)
* [RFT024.AU
(128594 bytes) Sayings
from the latrine walls #5](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft024.au)
* [RFT025.AU
(600467 bytes) End of the first half of the program](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft025.au)
* [RFT026.AU
(294224 bytes) Off to the Funny Farm / S.T.O.P.](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft026.au)
* [RFT027.AU
(1302978 bytes) Dave's comments on the length of the end of S.T.O.P.](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft027.au)
* [RFT028.AU
(105194 bytes) Another Dave Rabbit philosophy](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft028.au)
* [RFT029.AU
(583283 bytes) The Hitchhiker Commercial](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft029.au)
* [RFT030.AU
(468532 bytes) What's New at the BX](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft030.au)
* [RFT031.AU
(220740 bytes) A dedication to the WAFS squadron](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft031.au)
* [RFT032.AU
(176490 bytes) A dedication to the Lifers who swing at night](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft032.au)
* [RFT033.AU
(451169 bytes) Mission Impossible Advertisement](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft033.au)
* [RFT034.AU
(174304 bytes) Don't Step on the Grass Sam](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft034.au)
* [RFT035.AU
(46692 bytes) Dave sings along with Don't Step on the Grass Sam](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft035.au)
* [RFT036.AU
(229008 bytes) Drug Raid and comment](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft036.au)
* [RFT037.AU
(2000006 bytes) Documentary: First Short Time In Country](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft037.au)
* [RFT038.AU
(1130175 bytes) The latest news](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft038.au)
* [RFT039.AU
(53901 bytes) What they are really saying is...](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft039.au)
* [RFT040.AU
(536862 bytes) What's new at the local library](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft040.au)
* [RFT041.AU
(173469 bytes) Tonight's Cafeteria Special](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft041.au)
* [RFT042.AU
(1417665 bytes) Aircraft Emergency Landing Procedures at March AFB in
California](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft042.au)
* [RFT043.AU
(122259 bytes) A dedication to the new troops in Vietnam](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft043.au)
* [RFT044.AU
(436777 bytes) How to get a picture of Dave and his ex-girlfriend](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft044.au)
* [RFT045.AU
(338474 bytes) What the base commander thinks of Dave](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft045.au)
* [RFT046.AU
(863658 bytes) The end of another broadcast of Radio First Termer](http://sunsite.unc.edu/jwsnyder/rft/rft046.au)**
These AU files are monaural and sampled at 8000 Hz.
---
### RealAudio
**Click [here](http://www.ocean.ic.net/rafiles/rft/rft.html)
for RealAudio versions of the foregoing files, courtesy of [www.ocean.ic.net](http://www.ocean.ic.net/).**
---
[Back to the Radio First Termer
Home Page](http://www.radiofirsttermer.com.vn/)
| http://www.ibiblio.org/jwsnyder/rft/rftoldwavs.html |
<head><title>Not Acceptable!</title></head><body><h1>Not Acceptable!</h1><p>An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server. This error was generated by Mod_Security.</p></body></html> | Not Acceptable!# Not Acceptable!
An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server. This error was generated by Mod\_Security.
| https://www.highparktoronto.com/ |
<html>
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<meta name="description" content="Tobacco exhibit based on materials from NCSU Libraries collections. The exhibit focusses on the history of tobacco, the tobacco industry, tobacco and culture, entomology and botany related to tobacco, life on a tobacco farm, and tobacco literature.">
<meta name="author" content="Caroline Weaver">
<meta name="keywords" content="tobacco, history, agricultural , agriculture, North Carolina, literature, industry, culture, entomology, botany, farm life">
<title>Bright Leaves: Tobacco Materials in the Collections of NCSU Libraries</title>
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<p align="center"><img src="images/header.jpg" width="1575" height="184"></p>
<table width="85%" border="0">
<tr>
<td width="29%"><a href="sld002.htm"><img src="images/sign.jpg" width="84" height="106" align="top" hspace="50" border="0"></a></td>
<td width="27%"><a href="thistory.html"><img src="images/signhis.jpg" width="75" height="106" align="top" hspace="50" border="0"></a></td>
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<div align="center"><b><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="5"><a href="sld002.htm">Introduction</a></font></b></div>
</td>
<td height="80" width="27%" valign="top">
<div align="center"><b><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="5"><a href="thistory.html">History</a></font></b></div>
</td>
<td height="80" width="22%" valign="top">
<p align="center"><b><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="5"><a href="tecon.html">Business
and Industry</a></font></b></p>
</td>
<td height="80" width="22%" valign="top">
<div align="center"><b><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="5"><a href="tculture.html">Culture</a></font></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="25%"><a href="tentom.html"><img src="images/signento.jpg" width="149" height="106" align="left" border="0"></a></td>
<td width="25%"><a href="tfarm.html"><img src="images/signfarm.jpg" width="165" height="106" align="left" border="0"></a></td>
<td width="25%"><a href="tliterature.html"><img src="images/signlit.jpg" width="76" height="106" align="left" hspace="50" border="0"></a></td>
<td width="25%"><a href="credits.html"><img src="images/signcred.jpg" width="78" height="106" align="left" hspace="50" border="0"></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="25%" height="79" valign="top">
<div align="center"><b><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="5"><a href="tentom.html">Entomology
and Botany</a></font></b></div>
</td>
<td width="25%" height="79" valign="top">
<div align="center"><b><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="5"><a href="tfarm.html">Farm
Life</a></font></b></div>
</td>
<td width="25%" height="79" valign="top">
<div align="center"><b><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="5"><a href="tliterature.html">Literature</a></font></b></div>
</td>
<td width="25%" height="79" valign="top">
<div align="center"><b><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="5"><a href="credits.html">Credits</a></font>
</b></div>
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Bright Leaves: Tobacco Materials in the Collections of NCSU Libraries
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| **[Introduction](sld002.htm)** | **[History](thistory.html)** | **[Business
and Industry](tecon.html)** | **[Culture](tculture.html)** |
| | | | |
| **[Entomology
and Botany](tentom.html)** | **[Farm
Life](tfarm.html)** | **[Literature](tliterature.html)** | **[Credits](credits.html)** |
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<P><CENTER><FONT COLOR="#ce0000" style="width: 95%; font-size: 28px; margin-left: 5px; font-family: verdana,sans-serif;">In
Harmony with Neighboring INSECTS and SPIDERS</FONT></CENTER></P>
<P><BR>
</P>
<P><CENTER><FONT COLOR="#ce0000" style="width: 95%; font-size: 20px; margin-left: 5px; font-family: verdana,sans-serif;">Message
from nature in Japan</FONT></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><TABLE WIDTH="890" HEIGHT="121" BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING=
"0">
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="36%" ROWSPAN="2"><P><CENTER><IMG SRC="spider.gif" WIDTH="105" HEIGHT="40" ALIGN="BOTTOM"
NATURALSIZEFLAG="0" ALT="picture01"></CENTER></TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="2"><P><CENTER><IMG SRC="Resource/image1.gif" WIDTH="85" HEIGHT="29" ALIGN=
"BOTTOM" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALT="banner"></CENTER></TD>
<TD WIDTH="35%" ROWSPAN="2"><I><FONT COLOR="#ce0000">For Japanese page, </FONT><A HREF="MMZ.htm">Click
here</A></I><BR>
<I><FONT COLOR="#ce0000">Since Aug. 13, 1998<BR>
Updated on Oct. 6, 2020</FONT></I></TD></TR>
<TR></TR>
</TABLE>
</CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="bugslovi.htm">How important bugs are in Japan's culture.</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="princess.htm">The Little Princess Who Loved Insects
: A Twelfth-Century Tale from Japan.</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="rmsummer.htm">Summer in the Japanese countryside - Reminiscences
of Summer.</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="spfight.htm">Not A Cockfight But A Spider-Fight : Kajiki.</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="baguio.htm">Baguio Children's Spider Fighting Contest</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="spfight4.htm">Spider '<I>Sumo</I>' Fighting in Kumamoto
and Kainan.</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="sticks.htm">An analysis on the ways of using slender
sticks on spider fighting.</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="jumpspfight.htm">Japanese fighting jumping spider.</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="websevol.htm">Why do the spiders have come to make the
webs?</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="zukax.htm">Common Spiders in Japan - Some info and pictures.</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="web_e.htm">The Photographs of Spiders' Webs - Networks
of silk.</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="biting.htm">The biting behavior of the orb web spider,
<I>Nephila clavata</I>.</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="SPIDER.htm">A list of spiders in and around Mt.Shigi-san,
in western Nara Prefecture.(in Japanese, with English Summary)</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="drwgsong.htm">The Drawing Song of Spiders.</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="gallery.htm">The SATOYAMA Gallery : The four seasons
in the Japanese countryside.</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="firewrks.htm">The wildflowers, <I>Oni-tabirako</I>,
look like fireworks.</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="sushi.htm"><I>Funa-zushi</I> in Lake Biwa.</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="lbshanoi.htm">A Large Blue Spider in Hanoi.</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="nasca_0.htm">Figure of a Spider in Nasca : the symbol
of fertility.</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="fungi_0.htm">Entomophagous fungi of Tibet : where no
arthropod is safe!</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="costarica_0.htm">A Resplendent Quetzal : The symbol
of freedom.</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="sabah_0.htm">Sounds of the rainforest of Borneo.</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="nwguinea_0.htm">My Holidays in Papua (Irian Jaya).</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="paradaise.htm">Gary Snyder's anthology, "Turtle
Island".</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="forestnp.htm">Forest Newspaper - a collection of stories
about wild life in Russia.</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><TABLE WIDTH="750" BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0">
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="58%" HEIGHT="58"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="42%"><IMG SRC="Resource/image25.gif" WIDTH="62" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="LEFT" NATURALSIZEFLAG=
"3" ALT="picture02" BORDER="0" HSPACE="5"><A HREF="bhspider.htm">Black house
spiders</A><BR>
<I>Badumna insignis</I></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="58"><IMG SRC="Resource/image71.gif" WIDTH="58" HEIGHT="64" ALIGN="LEFT" NATURALSIZEFLAG=
"0" ALT="picture03" BORDER="0" HSPACE="5"><A HREF="acockroa.htm">A cockroach
appeared from a bean-jam pancake</A><BR>
<I>Periplaneta australasiae</I></TD>
<TD><IMG SRC="Resource/image28.gif" WIDTH="62" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="LEFT" NATURALSIZEFLAG=
"3" ALT="picture04" BORDER="0" HSPACE="5"><A HREF="cyclosa.htm">A camouflaged
orb web spider</A><BR>
<I>Cyclosa omonaga</I></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="58"><IMG SRC="Resource/image21.gif" WIDTH="90" HEIGHT="84" ALIGN="LEFT" NATURALSIZEFLAG=
"3" ALT="picture05" BORDER="0" HSPACE="5"><A HREF="beeflies.htm">Bee flies
- They are spring insects</A><BR>
<I>Bombylius major</I></TD>
<TD><IMG SRC="Resource/image26.gif" WIDTH="62" HEIGHT="49" ALIGN="LEFT" NATURALSIZEFLAG=
"0" ALT="picture06" BORDER="0" HSPACE="5"> <A HREF="avantgds.htm">Avant-gard
spiders</A><BR>
<I>Cyclosa octotuberculata</I></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="58"><IMG SRC="Resource/image53.gif" WIDTH="70" HEIGHT="66" ALIGN="LEFT" NATURALSIZEFLAG=
"0" ALT="picture07" BORDER="0" HSPACE="5"> <A HREF="tbeetles.htm">Tiger
beetles</A><BR>
<I>Cicidela japonica</I></TD>
<TD><IMG SRC="Resource/image2.gif" WIDTH="61" HEIGHT="55" ALIGN="LEFT" NATURALSIZEFLAG=
"0" ALT="picture08" BORDER="0" HSPACE="5"><A HREF="alpinesp.htm">Alpine
spiders</A><BR>
<I>Pardosa paramushirensis</I></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="58"><IMG SRC="Resource/image206.gif" WIDTH="95" HEIGHT="63" NATURALSIZEFLAG=
"0" ALIGN="LEFT" BORDER="0" ALT="Picture12" HSPACE="5"><A HREF="bflyhigh.htm">Butterflies
in high altitudes</A><BR>
<I>Aglais urticae</I></TD>
<TD><IMG SRC="Resource/image27.gif" WIDTH="62" HEIGHT="49" ALIGN="LEFT" NATURALSIZEFLAG=
"3" ALT="picture09" BORDER="0" HSPACE="5"> <A HREF="silverpt.htm">Silver-plated
spiders</A><BR>
<I>Cyclosa argenteoalba</I></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="58"><A HREF="mothwint.htm"><IMG SRC="Resource/image184.gif" WIDTH="91" HEIGHT=
"59" NATURALSIZEFLAG="0" ALIGN="LEFT" ALT="picture13" BORDER="0" HSPACE="5">Moths
in winter</A> <BR>
<I>Erannis obliquaria</I></TD>
<TD><IMG SRC="Resource/image52.gif" WIDTH="72" HEIGHT="56" NATURALSIZEFLAG=
"0" ALIGN="LEFT" ALT="picture10" BORDER="0" HSPACE="5"><A HREF="kabukisp.htm">KABUKI
costume spiders</A><BR>
<I>Synaema globsum</I></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="58"></TD>
<TD><IMG SRC="Resource/image175.gif" WIDTH="57" HEIGHT="52" ALIGN="LEFT" NATURALSIZEFLAG=
"3" ALT="picture11" BORDER="0" HSPACE="5"> <A HREF="bolassp.htm">The bolas
spiders in Japan</A><BR>
<I>Ordgarius sexspinosus</I></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="58"></TD>
<TD><IMG SRC="tarant_s.gif" WIDTH="57" HEIGHT="70" ALIGN="MIDDLE" ALT="picture14"
BORDER="0" HSPACE="5" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"><A HREF="tarant.htm">The new form
of terrorism</A></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="58"></TD>
<TD><IMG SRC="Resource/image250.gif" WIDTH="57" HEIGHT="57" ALIGN="LEFT" NATURALSIZEFLAG=
"3" ALT="picture15" BORDER="0" HSPACE="5"><I><FONT COLOR="#ce0000">New </FONT></I><A
HREF="scorpionsp.htm">The Scorpion-tailed Spider</A><BR>
<I>Arachnura logio</I></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
</CENTER></P>
<P></P>
<P><CENTER><HR WIDTH="40%" NOSHADE COLOR="#8b8b8b"></CENTER></P>
<P></P>
<P><CENTER><FONT COLOR="#ce0000">Note to the Reader</FONT></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><FONT COLOR="#ce0000">JAPANESE NAMES appear in the traditional
Japanese manner, family name followed by given name.</FONT></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><HR WIDTH="40%" NOSHADE COLOR="#8b8b8b"></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="nh_link.htm">Links of Natural History</A></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><TABLE WIDTH="78" BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0"
HEIGHT="29">
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="100%" BGCOLOR="#666666" HEIGHT="22"><P><CENTER><B><I><FONT COLOR="#fffff0" SIZE=-1>NO NUKES</FONT></I></B></CENTER></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
</CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><HR WIDTH="40%" NOSHADE COLOR="#8b8b8b"></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><I><FONT COLOR="#ce0000">This Page is presented by SEKINE Mikio
from Nara, the UNESCO World Heritage site.</FONT></I></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><FONT COLOR="#ce0000">E-mail: </FONT><A HREF="mailto:sekine+at+natureoz.net">sekine+at+natureoz.net</A><FONT
COLOR="#ce0000"> (please replace "+at+" with "@")</FONT></CENTER>
</BODY>
</HTML>
|
In Harmony with Neighboring INSECTS and SPIDERS
<!--P{line-height:118%}-->
In
Harmony with Neighboring INSECTS and SPIDERS
Message
from nature in Japan
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| picture01 | banner | *For Japanese page, [Click
here](MMZ.htm)*
*Since Aug. 13, 1998
Updated on Oct. 6, 2020* |
|
[How important bugs are in Japan's culture.](bugslovi.htm)
[The Little Princess Who Loved Insects
: A Twelfth-Century Tale from Japan.](princess.htm)
[Summer in the Japanese countryside - Reminiscences
of Summer.](rmsummer.htm)
[Not A Cockfight But A Spider-Fight : Kajiki.](spfight.htm)
[Baguio Children's Spider Fighting Contest](baguio.htm)
[Spider '*Sumo*' Fighting in Kumamoto
and Kainan.](spfight4.htm)
[An analysis on the ways of using slender
sticks on spider fighting.](sticks.htm)
[Japanese fighting jumping spider.](jumpspfight.htm)
[Why do the spiders have come to make the
webs?](websevol.htm)
[Common Spiders in Japan - Some info and pictures.](zukax.htm)
[The Photographs of Spiders' Webs - Networks
of silk.](web_e.htm)
[The biting behavior of the orb web spider,
*Nephila clavata*.](biting.htm)
[A list of spiders in and around Mt.Shigi-san,
in western Nara Prefecture.(in Japanese, with English Summary)](SPIDER.htm)
[The Drawing Song of Spiders.](drwgsong.htm)
[The SATOYAMA Gallery : The four seasons
in the Japanese countryside.](gallery.htm)
[The wildflowers, *Oni-tabirako*,
look like fireworks.](firewrks.htm)
[*Funa-zushi* in Lake Biwa.](sushi.htm)
[A Large Blue Spider in Hanoi.](lbshanoi.htm)
[Figure of a Spider in Nasca : the symbol
of fertility.](nasca_0.htm)
[Entomophagous fungi of Tibet : where no
arthropod is safe!](fungi_0.htm)
[A Resplendent Quetzal : The symbol
of freedom.](costarica_0.htm)
[Sounds of the rainforest of Borneo.](sabah_0.htm)
[My Holidays in Papua (Irian Jaya).](nwguinea_0.htm)
[Gary Snyder's anthology, "Turtle
Island".](paradaise.htm)
[Forest Newspaper - a collection of stories
about wild life in Russia.](forestnp.htm)
| | |
| --- | --- |
| | picture02[Black house
spiders](bhspider.htm)
*Badumna insignis* |
| picture03[A cockroach
appeared from a bean-jam pancake](acockroa.htm)
*Periplaneta australasiae* | picture04[A camouflaged
orb web spider](cyclosa.htm)
*Cyclosa omonaga* |
| picture05[Bee flies
- They are spring insects](beeflies.htm)
*Bombylius major* | picture06 [Avant-gard
spiders](avantgds.htm)
*Cyclosa octotuberculata* |
| picture07 [Tiger
beetles](tbeetles.htm)
*Cicidela japonica* | picture08[Alpine
spiders](alpinesp.htm)
*Pardosa paramushirensis* |
| Picture12[Butterflies
in high altitudes](bflyhigh.htm)
*Aglais urticae* | picture09 [Silver-plated
spiders](silverpt.htm)
*Cyclosa argenteoalba* |
| [picture13Moths
in winter](mothwint.htm)
*Erannis obliquaria* | picture10[KABUKI
costume spiders](kabukisp.htm)
*Synaema globsum* |
| | picture11 [The bolas
spiders in Japan](bolassp.htm)
*Ordgarius sexspinosus* |
| | picture14[The new form
of terrorism](tarant.htm) |
| | picture15*New* [The Scorpion-tailed Spider](scorpionsp.htm)
*Arachnura logio* |
---
Note to the Reader
JAPANESE NAMES appear in the traditional
Japanese manner, family name followed by given name.
---
[Links of Natural History](nh_link.htm)
| |
| --- |
| ***NO NUKES*** |
---
*This Page is presented by SEKINE Mikio
from Nara, the UNESCO World Heritage site.*
E-mail: [sekine+at+natureoz.net](mailto:sekine+at+natureoz.net) (please replace "+at+" with "@")
| http://www.natureoz.net/harmony.htm |
<html><head><title>Why Nerds are Unpopular</title><!-- <META NAME="ROBOTS" CONTENT="NOODP"> -->
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</head><body bgcolor="#ffffff" background="https://s.turbifycdn.com/aah/paulgraham/essays-4.gif" text="#000000" link="#000099" vlink="#464646"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr valign="top"><td><map name=1717c64a02ebc187><area shape=rect coords="0,0,67,21" href="index.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,21,67,42" href="articles.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,42,67,63" href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0596006624"><area shape=rect coords="0,63,67,84" href="books.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,84,67,105" href="http://ycombinator.com"><area shape=rect coords="0,105,67,126" href="arc.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,126,67,147" href="bel.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,147,67,168" href="lisp.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,168,67,189" href="antispam.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,189,67,210" href="kedrosky.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,210,67,231" href="faq.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,231,67,252" href="raq.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,252,67,273" href="quo.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,273,67,294" href="rss.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,294,67,315" href="bio.html"><area shape=rect coords="0,315,67,336" href="https://twitter.com/paulg"><area shape=rect coords="0,336,67,357" href="https://mas.to/@paulg"></map><img src="https://s.turbifycdn.com/aah/paulgraham/essays-5.gif" width="69" height="357" usemap=#1717c64a02ebc187 border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" ismap /></td><td><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="1" width="26" border="0" /></td><td><a href="index.html"><img src="https://s.turbifycdn.com/aah/paulgraham/essays-6.gif" width="410" height="45" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" /></a><br /><br /><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="435"><tr valign="top"><td width="435"><a href="https://s.turbifycdn.com/aah/paulgraham/why-nerds-are-unpopular-11.gif"><img src="https://s.turbifycdn.com/aah/paulgraham/why-nerds-are-unpopular-12.gif" width="410" height="69" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" /></a><br /><br /><img src="https://s.turbifycdn.com/aah/paulgraham/why-nerds-are-unpopular-13.gif" width="209" height="18" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" alt="Why Nerds are Unpopular" /><br /><br /><font size="2" face="verdana">February 2003<br /><br />When we were in junior high school, my friend Rich and I made a map
of the school lunch tables according to popularity. This was easy
to do, because kids only ate lunch with others of about the same
popularity. We graded them from A to E. A tables were full of
football players and cheerleaders and so on. E tables contained the
kids with mild cases of Down's Syndrome, what in the language of
the time we called "retards."<br /><br />We sat at a D table, as low as you could get without looking
physically different. We were not being especially candid to grade
ourselves as D. It would have taken a deliberate lie to say otherwise.
Everyone in the school knew exactly how popular everyone else was,
including us.<br /><br />My stock gradually rose during high school. Puberty finally arrived;
I became a decent soccer player; I started a scandalous underground
newspaper. So I've seen a good part of the popularity landscape.<br /><br />I know a lot of people who were nerds in school, and they all tell
the same story: there is a strong correlation between being smart
and being a nerd, and an even stronger inverse correlation between
being a nerd and being popular. Being smart seems to <i>make</i> you
unpopular.<br /><br />Why? To someone in school now, that may seem an odd question to
ask. The mere fact is so overwhelming that it may seem strange to
imagine that it could be any other way. But it could. Being smart
doesn't make you an outcast in elementary school. Nor does it harm
you in the real world. Nor, as far as I can tell, is the problem
so bad in most other countries. But in a typical American secondary
school, being smart is likely to make your life difficult. Why?<br /><br /><br /><br />
The key to this mystery is to rephrase the question slightly. Why
don't smart kids make themselves popular? If they're so smart, why
don't they figure out how popularity works and beat the system,
just as they do for standardized tests?<br /><br />One argument says that this would be impossible, that the smart
kids are unpopular because the other kids envy them for being smart,
and nothing they could do could make them popular. I wish. If the
other kids in junior high school envied me, they did a great job
of concealing it. And in any case, if being smart were really an
enviable quality, the girls would have broken ranks. The guys that
guys envy, girls like.<br /><br />In the schools I went to, being smart just didn't matter much. Kids
didn't admire it or despise it. All other things being equal, they
would have preferred to be on the smart side of average rather than the
dumb side, but intelligence counted far less than, say, physical
appearance, charisma, or athletic ability.<br /><br />So if intelligence in itself is not a factor in popularity, why are
smart kids so consistently unpopular? The answer, I think, is that
they don't really want to be popular.<br /><br />If someone had told me that at the time, I would have laughed at
him. Being unpopular in school makes kids miserable, some of them
so miserable that they commit suicide. Telling me that I didn't
want to be popular would have seemed like telling someone dying of
thirst in a desert that he didn't want a glass of water. Of course
I wanted to be popular.<br /><br />But in fact I didn't, not enough. There was something else I wanted
more: to be smart. Not simply to do well in school, though that
counted for something, but to design beautiful rockets, or to write
well, or to understand how to program computers. In general, to
make great things.<br /><br />At the time I never tried to separate my wants and weigh them
against one another. If I had, I would have seen that being smart
was more important. If someone had offered me the chance to be
the most popular kid in school, but only at the price of being of
average intelligence (humor me here), I wouldn't have taken it.<br /><br />Much as they suffer from their unpopularity, I don't think many
nerds would. To them the thought of average intelligence is unbearable.
But most kids would take that deal. For half of them, it would be
a step up. Even for someone in the eightieth percentile (assuming,
as everyone seemed to then, that intelligence is a scalar), who
wouldn't drop thirty points in exchange for being loved and admired
by everyone?<br /><br />And that, I think, is the root of the problem. Nerds serve two
masters. They want to be popular, certainly, but they want even
more to be smart. And popularity is not something you can do in
your spare time, not in the fiercely competitive environment of an
American secondary school.<br /><br /><br /><br />
Alberti, arguably the archetype of the Renaissance Man, writes that
"no art, however minor, demands less than total dedication if you
want to excel in it."
I wonder if anyone in the world works harder
at anything than American school kids work at popularity. Navy SEALs
and neurosurgery residents seem slackers by comparison. They
occasionally take vacations; some even have hobbies. An American
teenager may work at being popular every waking hour, 365 days a
year.<br /><br />I don't mean to suggest they do this consciously. Some of them truly
are little Machiavellis, but what I really mean here is that teenagers
are always on duty as conformists.<br /><br />For example, teenage kids pay a great deal of attention to clothes.
They don't consciously dress to be popular. They dress to look good.
But to who? To the other kids. Other kids' opinions become their
definition of right, not just for clothes, but for almost everything
they do, right down to the way they walk. And so every effort they
make to do things "right" is also, consciously or not, an effort
to be more popular.<br /><br />Nerds don't realize this. They don't realize that it takes work to
be popular. In general, people outside some very demanding field
don't realize the extent to which success depends on constant (though
often unconscious) effort. For example, most people seem to consider
the ability to draw as some kind of innate quality, like being tall.
In fact, most people who "can draw" like drawing, and have spent
many hours doing it; that's why they're good at it. Likewise, popular
isn't just something you are or you aren't, but something you make
yourself.<br /><br />The main reason nerds are unpopular is that they have other things
to think about. Their attention is drawn to books or the natural
world, not fashions and parties. They're like someone trying to
play soccer while balancing a glass of water on his head. Other
players who can focus their whole attention on the game beat them
effortlessly, and wonder why they seem so incapable.<br /><br />Even if nerds cared as much as other kids about popularity, being
popular would be more work for them. The popular kids learned to
be popular, and to want to be popular, the same way the nerds learned
to be smart, and to want to be smart: from their parents. While the
nerds were being trained to get the right answers, the popular kids
were being trained to please.<br /><br /><br /><br />
So far I've been finessing the relationship between smart and nerd,
using them as if they were interchangeable. In fact it's only the
context that makes them so. A nerd is someone who isn't socially
adept enough. But "enough" depends on where you are. In a typical
American school, standards for coolness are so high (or at least,
so specific) that you don't have to be especially awkward to look
awkward by comparison.<br /><br />Few smart kids can spare the attention that popularity requires.
Unless they also happen to be good-looking, natural athletes, or
siblings of popular kids, they'll tend to become nerds. And that's
why smart people's lives are worst between, say, the ages of eleven
and seventeen. Life at that age revolves far more around popularity
than before or after.<br /><br />Before that, kids' lives are dominated by their parents, not by
other kids. Kids do care what their peers think in elementary school,
but this isn't their whole life, as it later becomes.<br /><br />Around the age of eleven, though, kids seem to start treating their
family as a day job. They create a new world among themselves, and
standing in this world is what matters, not standing in their family.
Indeed, being in trouble in their family can win them points in the
world they care about.<br /><br />The problem is, the world these kids create for themselves is at
first a very crude one. If you leave a bunch of eleven-year-olds
to their own devices, what you get is <i>Lord of the Flies.</i> Like
a lot of American kids, I read this book in school. Presumably it
was not a coincidence. Presumably someone wanted to point out to
us that we were savages, and that we had made ourselves a cruel and
stupid world. This was too subtle for me. While the book seemed
entirely believable, I didn't get the additional message. I wish
they had just told us outright that we were savages and our world
was stupid.<br /><br /><br /><br />
Nerds would find their unpopularity more bearable if it merely
caused them to be ignored. Unfortunately, to be unpopular in school
is to be actively persecuted.<br /><br />Why? Once again, anyone currently in school might think this a
strange question to ask. How could things be any other way? But
they could be. Adults don't normally persecute nerds. Why do teenage
kids do it?<br /><br />Partly because teenagers are still half children, and many
children are just intrinsically cruel. Some torture nerds for the
same reason they pull the legs off spiders. Before you develop a
conscience, torture is amusing.<br /><br />Another reason kids persecute nerds is to make themselves feel
better. When you tread water, you lift yourself up by pushing water
down. Likewise, in any social hierarchy, people unsure of their own
position will try to emphasize it by maltreating those they think
rank below. I've read that this is why poor whites in the United
States are the group most hostile to blacks.<br /><br />But I think the main reason other kids persecute nerds is that it's
part of the mechanism of popularity. Popularity is only partially
about individual attractiveness. It's much more about alliances.
To become more popular, you need to be constantly doing things that
bring you close to other popular people, and nothing brings people
closer than a common enemy.<br /><br />Like a politician who wants to distract voters from bad times at
home, you can create an enemy if there isn't a real one. By singling
out and persecuting a nerd, a group of kids from higher in the
hierarchy create bonds between themselves. Attacking an outsider
makes them all insiders. This is why the worst cases of bullying
happen with groups. Ask any nerd: you get much worse treatment from
a group of kids than from any individual bully, however sadistic.<br /><br />If it's any consolation to the nerds, it's nothing personal. The
group of kids who band together to pick on you are doing the same
thing, and for the same reason, as a bunch of guys who get together
to go hunting. They don't actually hate you. They just need something
to chase.<br /><br />Because they're at the bottom of the scale, nerds are a safe target
for the entire school. If I remember correctly, the most popular
kids don't persecute nerds; they don't need to stoop to such things.
Most of the persecution comes from kids lower down, the nervous
middle classes.<br /><br />The trouble is, there are a lot of them. The distribution of
popularity is not a pyramid, but tapers at the bottom like a pear.
The least popular group is quite small. (I believe we were the only
D table in our cafeteria map.) So there are more people who want
to pick on nerds than there are nerds.<br /><br />As well as gaining points by distancing oneself from unpopular kids,
one loses points by being close to them. A woman I know says that
in high school she liked nerds, but was afraid to be seen talking
to them because the other girls would make fun of her. Unpopularity
is a communicable disease; kids too nice to pick on nerds will still
ostracize them in self-defense.<br /><br />It's no wonder, then, that smart kids tend to be unhappy in middle
school and high school. Their other interests leave them little
attention to spare for popularity, and since popularity resembles
a zero-sum game, this in turn makes them targets for the whole
school. And the strange thing is, this nightmare scenario happens
without any conscious malice, merely because of the shape of the
situation.<br /><br /><br /><br />
For me the worst stretch was junior high, when kid culture was new
and harsh, and the specialization that would later gradually separate
the smarter kids had barely begun. Nearly everyone I've talked to
agrees: the nadir is somewhere between eleven and fourteen.<br /><br />In our school it was eighth grade, which was ages twelve and thirteen
for me. There was a brief sensation that year when one of our
teachers overheard a group of girls waiting for the school bus, and
was so shocked that the next day she devoted the whole class to an
eloquent plea not to be so cruel to one another.<br /><br />It didn't have any noticeable effect. What struck me at the time
was that she was surprised. You mean she doesn't know the kind of
things they say to one another? You mean this isn't normal?<br /><br />It's important to realize that, no, the adults don't know what the
kids are doing to one another. They know, in the abstract, that
kids are monstrously cruel to one another, just as we know in the
abstract that people get tortured in poorer countries. But, like
us, they don't like to dwell on this depressing fact, and they don't
see evidence of specific abuses unless they go looking for it.<br /><br />Public school teachers are in much the same position as prison
wardens. Wardens' main concern is to keep the prisoners on the
premises. They also need to keep them fed, and as far as possible
prevent them from killing one another. Beyond that, they want to
have as little to do with the prisoners as possible, so they leave
them to create whatever social organization they want. From what
I've read, the society that the prisoners create is warped, savage,
and pervasive, and it is no fun to be at the bottom of it.<br /><br />In outline, it was the same at the schools I went to. The most
important thing was to stay on the premises. While there, the
authorities fed you, prevented overt violence, and made some effort
to teach you something. But beyond that they didn't want to have
too much to do with the kids. Like prison wardens, the teachers
mostly left us to ourselves. And, like prisoners, the culture we
created was barbaric.<br /><br /><br /><br />
Why is the real world more hospitable to nerds? It might seem that
the answer is simply that it's populated by adults, who are too
mature to pick on one another. But I don't think this is true.
Adults in prison certainly pick on one another. And so, apparently,
do society wives; in some parts of Manhattan, life for women sounds
like a continuation of high school, with all the same petty intrigues.<br /><br />I think the important thing about the real world is not that it's
populated by adults, but that it's very large, and the things you
do have real effects. That's what school, prison, and ladies-who-lunch
all lack. The inhabitants of all those worlds are trapped in little
bubbles where nothing they do can have more than a local effect.
Naturally these societies degenerate into savagery. They have no
function for their form to follow.<br /><br />When the things you do have real effects, it's no longer enough
just to be pleasing. It starts to be important to get the right
answers, and that's where nerds show to advantage. Bill Gates will
of course come to mind. Though notoriously lacking in social skills,
he gets the right answers, at least as measured in revenue.<br /><br />The other thing that's different about the real world is that it's
much larger. In a large enough pool, even the smallest minorities
can achieve a critical mass if they clump together. Out in the real
world, nerds collect in certain places and form their own societies
where intelligence is the most important thing. Sometimes the current
even starts to flow in the other direction: sometimes, particularly
in university math and science departments, nerds deliberately
exaggerate their awkwardness in order to seem smarter. John Nash
so admired Norbert Wiener that he adopted his habit of touching the
wall as he walked down a corridor.<br /><br /><br /><br />
As a thirteen-year-old kid, I didn't have much more experience of
the world than what I saw immediately around me. The warped little
world we lived in was, I thought, <i>the world.</i> The world seemed cruel
and boring, and I'm not sure which was worse.<br /><br />Because I didn't fit into this world, I thought that something must
be wrong with me. I didn't realize that the reason we nerds didn't
fit in was that in some ways
we were a step ahead. We were already thinking about
the kind of things that matter in the real world, instead of spending
all our time playing an exacting but mostly pointless game like the
others.<br /><br />We were a bit like an adult would be if he were thrust back into
middle school. He wouldn't know the right clothes to wear, the right
music to like, the right slang to use. He'd seem to the kids a
complete alien. The thing is, he'd know enough not to care what
they thought. We had no such confidence.<br /><br />A lot of people seem to think it's good for smart kids to be thrown
together with "normal" kids at this stage of their lives. Perhaps.
But in at least some cases the reason the nerds don't fit in really
is that everyone else is crazy. I remember sitting in the audience
at a "pep rally" at my high school, watching as the cheerleaders
threw an effigy of an opposing player into the audience to be torn
to pieces. I felt like an explorer witnessing some bizarre tribal
ritual.<br /><br /><br /><br />
If I could go back and give my thirteen year old self some advice,
the main thing I'd tell him would be to stick his head up and look
around. I didn't really grasp it at the time, but the whole world
we lived in was as fake as a Twinkie. Not just school, but the
entire town. Why do people move to suburbia? To have kids! So no
wonder it seemed boring and sterile. The whole place was a giant
nursery, an artificial town created explicitly for the purpose of
breeding children.<br /><br />Where I grew up, it felt as if there was nowhere to go, and nothing
to do. This was no accident. Suburbs are deliberately designed to
exclude the outside world, because it contains things that could
endanger children.<br /><br />And as for the schools, they were just holding pens within this
fake world. Officially the purpose of schools is to teach kids. In
fact their primary purpose is to keep kids locked up in one
place for a big chunk of the day so adults can get things done. And
I have no problem with this: in a specialized industrial society,
it would be a disaster to have kids running around loose.<br /><br />What bothers me is not that the kids are kept in prisons, but that
(a) they aren't told about it, and (b) the prisons are run mostly
by the inmates. Kids are sent off to spend six years memorizing
meaningless facts in a world ruled by a caste of giants who run
after an oblong brown ball, as if this were the most natural thing
in the world. And if they balk at this surreal cocktail, they're
called misfits.<br /><br /><br /><br />
Life in this twisted world is stressful for the kids. And not just
for the nerds. Like any war, it's damaging even to the winners.<br /><br />Adults can't avoid seeing that teenage kids are tormented. So why
don't they do something about it? Because they blame it on puberty.
The reason kids are so unhappy, adults tell themselves, is that
monstrous new chemicals, <i>hormones</i>, are now coursing through their
bloodstream and messing up everything. There's nothing wrong with
the system; it's just inevitable that kids will be miserable at
that age.<br /><br />This idea is so pervasive that even the kids believe it, which
probably doesn't help. Someone who thinks his feet naturally hurt
is not going to stop to consider the possibility that he is wearing
the wrong size shoes.<br /><br />I'm suspicious of this theory that thirteen-year-old kids are
intrinsically messed up. If it's physiological, it should be
universal. Are Mongol nomads all nihilists at thirteen? I've read
a lot of history, and I have not seen a single reference
to this supposedly universal fact before the twentieth century.
Teenage apprentices in the Renaissance seem to have been cheerful
and eager. They got in fights and played tricks on one another of
course (Michelangelo had his nose broken by a bully), but they
weren't crazy.<br /><br />As far as I can tell, the concept of the hormone-crazed teenager
is coeval with suburbia. I don't think this is a coincidence. I
think teenagers are driven crazy by the life they're made to lead.
Teenage apprentices in the Renaissance were working dogs. Teenagers
now are neurotic lapdogs. Their craziness is the craziness of the
idle everywhere.<br /><br /><br /><br />
When I was in school, suicide was a constant topic among the smarter
kids. No one I knew did it, but several planned to, and
some may have tried. Mostly this was just a pose. Like other
teenagers, we loved the dramatic, and suicide seemed very dramatic.
But partly it was because our lives were at times genuinely miserable.<br /><br />Bullying was only part of the problem. Another problem, and possibly
an even worse one, was that we never had anything real to work on.
Humans like to work; in most of the world, your work is your identity.
And all the work we did was
<a href="essay.html">pointless</a>, or seemed so at the time.<br /><br />At best it was practice for real work we might do far in the future,
so far that we didn't even know at the time what we were practicing
for. More often it was just an arbitrary series of hoops to jump
through, words without content designed mainly for testability.
(The three main causes of the Civil War were....
Test: List the three main causes of the Civil War.)<br /><br />And there was no way to opt out. The adults had agreed among
themselves that this was to be the route to college. The only way
to escape this empty life was to submit to it.<br /><br /><br /><br />
Teenage kids used to have a more active role in society. In
pre-industrial times, they were all apprentices of one sort or
another, whether in shops or on farms or even on warships. They
weren't left to create their own societies. They were junior members
of adult societies.<br /><br />Teenagers seem to have respected adults more then, because
the adults were the visible experts in the skills they were trying
to learn. Now most kids have little idea what their parents do in
their distant offices, and see no connection (indeed, there is
precious little) between schoolwork and the work they'll do as
adults.<br /><br />And if teenagers respected adults more, adults also had more use
for teenagers. After a couple years' training, an apprentice could
be a real help. Even the newest apprentice could be made to carry
messages or sweep the workshop.<br /><br />Now adults have no immediate use for teenagers. They would be in
the way in an office. So they drop them off at school on their way
to work, much as they might drop the dog off at a kennel if they
were going away for the weekend.<br /><br />What happened? We're up against a hard one here. The cause of this
problem is the same as the cause of so many present ills: specialization.
As jobs become more specialized, we have to train longer for them.
Kids in pre-industrial times started working at about 14 at
the latest; kids on farms, where most people lived, began far
earlier. Now kids who go to college don't start working full-time
till 21 or 22. With some degrees, like MDs and PhDs, you may not
finish your training till 30.<br /><br />Teenagers now are useless, except as cheap labor in industries like
fast food, which evolved to exploit precisely this fact. In almost
any other kind of work, they'd be a net loss. But they're also too
young to be left unsupervised. Someone has to watch over them, and
the most efficient way to do this is to collect them together in
one place. Then a few adults can watch all of them.<br /><br />If you stop there, what you're describing is literally a prison,
albeit a part-time one. The problem is, many schools practically
do stop there. The stated purpose of schools is to educate the kids.
But there is no external pressure to do this well. And so most
schools do such a bad job of teaching that the kids don't really
take it seriously-- not even the smart kids. Much of the time we
were all, students and teachers both, just going through the motions.<br /><br />In my high school French class we were supposed to read Hugo's <i>Les
Miserables.</i> I don't think any of us knew French well enough to make
our way through this enormous book. Like the rest of the class, I
just skimmed the Cliff's Notes. When we were given a test on the
book, I noticed that the questions sounded odd. They were full of
long words that our teacher wouldn't have used. Where had these
questions come from? From the Cliff's Notes, it turned out. The
teacher was using them too. We were all just pretending.<br /><br />There are certainly great public school teachers. The energy and
imagination of my fourth grade teacher, Mr. Mihalko, made that
year something his students still talk about, thirty years later.
But teachers like him were individuals swimming
upstream. They couldn't fix the system.<br /><br /><br /><br />
In almost any group of people you'll find hierarchy.
When groups of adults form in the real world, it's generally for
some common purpose, and the leaders end up being those who are best
at it. The problem with most schools is, they have no purpose.
But hierarchy there must be.
And so the kids make one out of nothing.<br /><br />We have a phrase to describe what happens when rankings have to be
created without any meaningful criteria. We say that the situation
<i>degenerates into a popularity contest.</i> And that's exactly what
happens in most American schools.
Instead of depending on some real test, one's rank
depends mostly on one's ability to increase one's rank. It's
like the court of Louis XIV. There is no external opponent, so the
kids become one another's opponents.<br /><br />When there is some real external test of skill, it isn't painful
to be at the bottom of the hierarchy. A rookie on a football team
doesn't resent the skill of the veteran; he hopes to be like him
one day and is happy to have the chance to learn from him.
The veteran may in turn feel a sense of
<i>noblesse oblige</i>.
And most importantly, their status depends on how well they
do against opponents, not on whether they can push the other down.<br /><br />Court hierarchies are another thing entirely. This type of society
debases anyone who enters it. There is neither admiration at the
bottom, nor <i>noblesse oblige</i> at the top. It's kill or be killed.<br /><br />This is the sort of society that gets created
in American
secondary schools. And it happens because these schools have no
real purpose beyond keeping the kids all in one place for a certain
number of hours each day. What I didn't realize at the time, and
in fact didn't realize till very recently, is that the twin horrors
of school life, the cruelty and the boredom, both have the same
cause.<br /><br /><br /><br />
The mediocrity of American public schools has worse consequences
than just making kids unhappy for six years. It breeds a rebelliousness
that actively drives kids away from the things they're supposed to
be learning.<br /><br />Like many nerds, probably, it was years after high school before I
could bring myself to read anything we'd been assigned then.
And I lost more than books. I mistrusted words like "character" and
"integrity" because they had been so debased by adults. As they
were used then, these words all seemed to mean the same thing:
obedience. The kids who got praised for these qualities tended to
be at best dull-witted prize bulls, and at worst facile schmoozers.
If that was what character and integrity were, I wanted no part of
them.<br /><br />The word I most misunderstood was "tact." As used by adults, it
seemed to mean keeping your mouth shut.
I assumed it was derived from the same root as
"tacit" and "taciturn," and that it literally meant being quiet. I
vowed that I would never be tactful; they were never going to shut
me up. In fact, it's derived from the same root as "tactile," and
what it means is to have a deft touch. Tactful is the opposite of
clumsy. I don't think I learned this until college.<br /><br /><br /><br />Nerds aren't the only losers in the popularity rat race. Nerds are
unpopular because they're distracted. There are other kids who
deliberately opt out because they're so disgusted with the whole
process.<br /><br />Teenage kids, even rebels, don't like to be alone, so when kids opt
out of the system, they tend to do it as a group. At the schools I
went to, the focus of rebellion was drug use, specifically marijuana.
The kids in this tribe wore black concert t-shirts and were called
"freaks."<br /><br />Freaks and nerds were allies, and there was a good deal of overlap
between them. Freaks were on the whole smarter than other kids,
though never studying (or at least never appearing to) was an
important tribal value. I was more in the nerd camp, but I was
friends with a lot of freaks.<br /><br />They used drugs, at least at first, for the social bonds they
created. It was something to do together, and because the drugs
were illegal, it was a shared badge of rebellion.<br /><br />I'm not claiming that bad schools are the whole reason kids get
into trouble with drugs. After a while, drugs have their own momentum.
No doubt some of the freaks ultimately used drugs to escape from
other problems-- trouble at home, for example. But, in my school
at least, the reason most kids <i>started</i> using drugs was rebellion.
Fourteen-year-olds didn't start smoking pot because they'd heard
it would help them forget their problems. They started because they
wanted to join a different tribe.<br /><br />Misrule breeds rebellion; this is not a new idea. And yet the
authorities still for the most part act as if drugs were themselves
the cause of the problem.<br /><br /><br /><br />
The real problem is the emptiness of school life. We won't see
solutions till adults realize that. The adults who
may realize it first are the ones who were themselves nerds in
school. Do you want your kids to be as unhappy in eighth grade as
you were? I wouldn't. Well, then, is there anything we can do to
fix things? Almost certainly. There is nothing inevitable about the
current system. It has come about mostly by default.<br /><br />Adults, though, are busy. Showing up for school plays is one thing.
Taking on the educational bureaucracy is another. Perhaps a few
will have the energy to try to change things. I suspect the hardest
part is realizing that you can.<br /><br />Nerds still in school should not hold their breath. Maybe one day
a heavily armed force of adults will show up in helicopters to
rescue you, but they probably won't be coming this month. Any
immediate improvement in nerds' lives is probably going to have to
come from the nerds themselves.<br /><br />Merely understanding the situation they're in should make it less
painful. Nerds aren't losers. They're just playing a different game,
and a game much closer to the one played in the real world. Adults
know this. It's hard to find successful adults now who don't claim
to have been nerds in high school.<br /><br />It's important for nerds to realize, too, that school is not life.
School is a strange, artificial thing, half sterile and half feral.
It's all-encompassing, like life, but it isn't the real thing. It's
only temporary, and if you look, you can see beyond it even while
you're still in it.<br /><br />If life seems awful to kids, it's neither because hormones are
turning you all into monsters (as your parents believe), nor because
life actually is awful (as you believe). It's because the adults,
who no longer have any economic use for you, have abandoned you to
spend years cooped up together with nothing real to do. <i>Any</i> society
of that type is awful to live in.
You don't have
to look any further to explain why teenage kids are unhappy.<br /><br />I've said some harsh things in this essay, but really the thesis
is an optimistic one-- that several problems we take for granted
are in fact not insoluble after all. Teenage kids are not inherently
unhappy monsters. That should be encouraging news to kids and adults
both.<br /><br /><br /><br />
<b>Thanks</b> to Sarah Harlin, Trevor Blackwell, Robert Morris,
Eric Raymond, and Jackie Weicker for reading drafts of this essay,
and Maria Daniels for scanning photos.<br /><br /><br clear="all" /></font></td></tr></table><br /><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="435"><tr><td><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="5" width="1" border="0" /></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td width="6"><center><img src="https://s.turbifycdn.com/aah/paulgraham/serious-2.gif" width="6" height="14" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" /></center></td><td width="8"><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="1" width="8" border="0" /></td><td width="196"><font size="2" face="verdana"><a href="renerds.html">Re: Why Nerds are Unpopular</a><br /><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="2" width="1" border="0" /><br /></font></td><td><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="1" width="8" border="0" /></td><td width="6"><center><img src="https://s.turbifycdn.com/aah/paulgraham/serious-2.gif" width="6" height="14" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" /></center></td><td width="8"><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="1" width="8" border="0" /></td><td width="196"><font size="2" face="verdana"><a href="gateway.html">Gateway High School, 1981</a><br /><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="2" width="1" border="0" /><br /></font></td></tr><tr><td><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="5" width="1" border="0" /></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td width="6"><center><img src="https://s.turbifycdn.com/aah/paulgraham/serious-2.gif" width="6" height="14" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" /></center></td><td width="8"><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="1" width="8" border="0" /></td><td width="196"><font size="2" face="verdana"><a href="http://www.blog.net/nerds-jp.htm">Japanese Translation</a><br /><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="2" width="1" border="0" /><br /></font></td><td><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="1" width="8" border="0" /></td><td width="6"><center><img src="https://s.turbifycdn.com/aah/paulgraham/serious-2.gif" width="6" height="14" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" /></center></td><td width="8"><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="1" width="8" border="0" /></td><td width="196"><font size="2" face="verdana"><a href="http://www.kobal2.free.fr/ws_whynerds.php">French Translation</a><br /><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="2" width="1" border="0" /><br /></font></td></tr><tr><td><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="5" width="1" border="0" /></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td width="6"><center><img src="https://s.turbifycdn.com/aah/paulgraham/serious-2.gif" width="6" height="14" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" /></center></td><td width="8"><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="1" width="8" border="0" /></td><td width="196"><font size="2" face="verdana"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1561632155">My War With Brian</a><br /><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="2" width="1" border="0" /><br /></font></td><td><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="1" width="8" border="0" /></td><td width="6"><center><img src="https://s.turbifycdn.com/aah/paulgraham/serious-2.gif" width="6" height="14" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" /></center></td><td width="8"><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="1" width="8" border="0" /></td><td width="196"><font size="2" face="verdana"><a href="http://armandfrasco.typepad.com/armandele/">Buttons</a><br /><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="2" width="1" border="0" /><br /></font></td></tr><tr><td><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="5" width="1" border="0" /></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td width="6"><center><img src="https://s.turbifycdn.com/aah/paulgraham/serious-2.gif" width="6" height="14" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" /></center></td><td width="8"><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="1" width="8" border="0" /></td><td width="196"><font size="2" face="verdana"><a href="http://sirfraj.blogspot.com/2009/03/por-que-nerds-nao-sao-populares.html">Portuguese Translation</a><br /><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="2" width="1" border="0" /><br /></font></td><td><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="1" width="8" border="0" /></td><td width="6"><center><img src="https://s.turbifycdn.com/aah/paulgraham/serious-2.gif" width="6" height="14" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" /></center></td><td width="8"><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="1" width="8" border="0" /></td><td width="196"><font size="2" face="verdana"><a href="http://historiasecretadelsistemaeducativo.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/8/3/2383384/nerds.html">Spanish Translation</a><br /><img src="https://sep.turbifycdn.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif" height="2" width="1" border="0" /><br /></font></td></tr></table><br /><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="435"><tr><td><font size="2" face="verdana"><br><br><hr></font></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></body>
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| Why Nerds are Unpopular
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| Why Nerds are UnpopularFebruary 2003When we were in junior high school, my friend Rich and I made a map
of the school lunch tables according to popularity. This was easy
to do, because kids only ate lunch with others of about the same
popularity. We graded them from A to E. A tables were full of
football players and cheerleaders and so on. E tables contained the
kids with mild cases of Down's Syndrome, what in the language of
the time we called "retards."We sat at a D table, as low as you could get without looking
physically different. We were not being especially candid to grade
ourselves as D. It would have taken a deliberate lie to say otherwise.
Everyone in the school knew exactly how popular everyone else was,
including us.My stock gradually rose during high school. Puberty finally arrived;
I became a decent soccer player; I started a scandalous underground
newspaper. So I've seen a good part of the popularity landscape.I know a lot of people who were nerds in school, and they all tell
the same story: there is a strong correlation between being smart
and being a nerd, and an even stronger inverse correlation between
being a nerd and being popular. Being smart seems to *make* you
unpopular.Why? To someone in school now, that may seem an odd question to
ask. The mere fact is so overwhelming that it may seem strange to
imagine that it could be any other way. But it could. Being smart
doesn't make you an outcast in elementary school. Nor does it harm
you in the real world. Nor, as far as I can tell, is the problem
so bad in most other countries. But in a typical American secondary
school, being smart is likely to make your life difficult. Why?
The key to this mystery is to rephrase the question slightly. Why
don't smart kids make themselves popular? If they're so smart, why
don't they figure out how popularity works and beat the system,
just as they do for standardized tests?One argument says that this would be impossible, that the smart
kids are unpopular because the other kids envy them for being smart,
and nothing they could do could make them popular. I wish. If the
other kids in junior high school envied me, they did a great job
of concealing it. And in any case, if being smart were really an
enviable quality, the girls would have broken ranks. The guys that
guys envy, girls like.In the schools I went to, being smart just didn't matter much. Kids
didn't admire it or despise it. All other things being equal, they
would have preferred to be on the smart side of average rather than the
dumb side, but intelligence counted far less than, say, physical
appearance, charisma, or athletic ability.So if intelligence in itself is not a factor in popularity, why are
smart kids so consistently unpopular? The answer, I think, is that
they don't really want to be popular.If someone had told me that at the time, I would have laughed at
him. Being unpopular in school makes kids miserable, some of them
so miserable that they commit suicide. Telling me that I didn't
want to be popular would have seemed like telling someone dying of
thirst in a desert that he didn't want a glass of water. Of course
I wanted to be popular.But in fact I didn't, not enough. There was something else I wanted
more: to be smart. Not simply to do well in school, though that
counted for something, but to design beautiful rockets, or to write
well, or to understand how to program computers. In general, to
make great things.At the time I never tried to separate my wants and weigh them
against one another. If I had, I would have seen that being smart
was more important. If someone had offered me the chance to be
the most popular kid in school, but only at the price of being of
average intelligence (humor me here), I wouldn't have taken it.Much as they suffer from their unpopularity, I don't think many
nerds would. To them the thought of average intelligence is unbearable.
But most kids would take that deal. For half of them, it would be
a step up. Even for someone in the eightieth percentile (assuming,
as everyone seemed to then, that intelligence is a scalar), who
wouldn't drop thirty points in exchange for being loved and admired
by everyone?And that, I think, is the root of the problem. Nerds serve two
masters. They want to be popular, certainly, but they want even
more to be smart. And popularity is not something you can do in
your spare time, not in the fiercely competitive environment of an
American secondary school.
Alberti, arguably the archetype of the Renaissance Man, writes that
"no art, however minor, demands less than total dedication if you
want to excel in it."
I wonder if anyone in the world works harder
at anything than American school kids work at popularity. Navy SEALs
and neurosurgery residents seem slackers by comparison. They
occasionally take vacations; some even have hobbies. An American
teenager may work at being popular every waking hour, 365 days a
year.I don't mean to suggest they do this consciously. Some of them truly
are little Machiavellis, but what I really mean here is that teenagers
are always on duty as conformists.For example, teenage kids pay a great deal of attention to clothes.
They don't consciously dress to be popular. They dress to look good.
But to who? To the other kids. Other kids' opinions become their
definition of right, not just for clothes, but for almost everything
they do, right down to the way they walk. And so every effort they
make to do things "right" is also, consciously or not, an effort
to be more popular.Nerds don't realize this. They don't realize that it takes work to
be popular. In general, people outside some very demanding field
don't realize the extent to which success depends on constant (though
often unconscious) effort. For example, most people seem to consider
the ability to draw as some kind of innate quality, like being tall.
In fact, most people who "can draw" like drawing, and have spent
many hours doing it; that's why they're good at it. Likewise, popular
isn't just something you are or you aren't, but something you make
yourself.The main reason nerds are unpopular is that they have other things
to think about. Their attention is drawn to books or the natural
world, not fashions and parties. They're like someone trying to
play soccer while balancing a glass of water on his head. Other
players who can focus their whole attention on the game beat them
effortlessly, and wonder why they seem so incapable.Even if nerds cared as much as other kids about popularity, being
popular would be more work for them. The popular kids learned to
be popular, and to want to be popular, the same way the nerds learned
to be smart, and to want to be smart: from their parents. While the
nerds were being trained to get the right answers, the popular kids
were being trained to please.
So far I've been finessing the relationship between smart and nerd,
using them as if they were interchangeable. In fact it's only the
context that makes them so. A nerd is someone who isn't socially
adept enough. But "enough" depends on where you are. In a typical
American school, standards for coolness are so high (or at least,
so specific) that you don't have to be especially awkward to look
awkward by comparison.Few smart kids can spare the attention that popularity requires.
Unless they also happen to be good-looking, natural athletes, or
siblings of popular kids, they'll tend to become nerds. And that's
why smart people's lives are worst between, say, the ages of eleven
and seventeen. Life at that age revolves far more around popularity
than before or after.Before that, kids' lives are dominated by their parents, not by
other kids. Kids do care what their peers think in elementary school,
but this isn't their whole life, as it later becomes.Around the age of eleven, though, kids seem to start treating their
family as a day job. They create a new world among themselves, and
standing in this world is what matters, not standing in their family.
Indeed, being in trouble in their family can win them points in the
world they care about.The problem is, the world these kids create for themselves is at
first a very crude one. If you leave a bunch of eleven-year-olds
to their own devices, what you get is *Lord of the Flies.* Like
a lot of American kids, I read this book in school. Presumably it
was not a coincidence. Presumably someone wanted to point out to
us that we were savages, and that we had made ourselves a cruel and
stupid world. This was too subtle for me. While the book seemed
entirely believable, I didn't get the additional message. I wish
they had just told us outright that we were savages and our world
was stupid.
Nerds would find their unpopularity more bearable if it merely
caused them to be ignored. Unfortunately, to be unpopular in school
is to be actively persecuted.Why? Once again, anyone currently in school might think this a
strange question to ask. How could things be any other way? But
they could be. Adults don't normally persecute nerds. Why do teenage
kids do it?Partly because teenagers are still half children, and many
children are just intrinsically cruel. Some torture nerds for the
same reason they pull the legs off spiders. Before you develop a
conscience, torture is amusing.Another reason kids persecute nerds is to make themselves feel
better. When you tread water, you lift yourself up by pushing water
down. Likewise, in any social hierarchy, people unsure of their own
position will try to emphasize it by maltreating those they think
rank below. I've read that this is why poor whites in the United
States are the group most hostile to blacks.But I think the main reason other kids persecute nerds is that it's
part of the mechanism of popularity. Popularity is only partially
about individual attractiveness. It's much more about alliances.
To become more popular, you need to be constantly doing things that
bring you close to other popular people, and nothing brings people
closer than a common enemy.Like a politician who wants to distract voters from bad times at
home, you can create an enemy if there isn't a real one. By singling
out and persecuting a nerd, a group of kids from higher in the
hierarchy create bonds between themselves. Attacking an outsider
makes them all insiders. This is why the worst cases of bullying
happen with groups. Ask any nerd: you get much worse treatment from
a group of kids than from any individual bully, however sadistic.If it's any consolation to the nerds, it's nothing personal. The
group of kids who band together to pick on you are doing the same
thing, and for the same reason, as a bunch of guys who get together
to go hunting. They don't actually hate you. They just need something
to chase.Because they're at the bottom of the scale, nerds are a safe target
for the entire school. If I remember correctly, the most popular
kids don't persecute nerds; they don't need to stoop to such things.
Most of the persecution comes from kids lower down, the nervous
middle classes.The trouble is, there are a lot of them. The distribution of
popularity is not a pyramid, but tapers at the bottom like a pear.
The least popular group is quite small. (I believe we were the only
D table in our cafeteria map.) So there are more people who want
to pick on nerds than there are nerds.As well as gaining points by distancing oneself from unpopular kids,
one loses points by being close to them. A woman I know says that
in high school she liked nerds, but was afraid to be seen talking
to them because the other girls would make fun of her. Unpopularity
is a communicable disease; kids too nice to pick on nerds will still
ostracize them in self-defense.It's no wonder, then, that smart kids tend to be unhappy in middle
school and high school. Their other interests leave them little
attention to spare for popularity, and since popularity resembles
a zero-sum game, this in turn makes them targets for the whole
school. And the strange thing is, this nightmare scenario happens
without any conscious malice, merely because of the shape of the
situation.
For me the worst stretch was junior high, when kid culture was new
and harsh, and the specialization that would later gradually separate
the smarter kids had barely begun. Nearly everyone I've talked to
agrees: the nadir is somewhere between eleven and fourteen.In our school it was eighth grade, which was ages twelve and thirteen
for me. There was a brief sensation that year when one of our
teachers overheard a group of girls waiting for the school bus, and
was so shocked that the next day she devoted the whole class to an
eloquent plea not to be so cruel to one another.It didn't have any noticeable effect. What struck me at the time
was that she was surprised. You mean she doesn't know the kind of
things they say to one another? You mean this isn't normal?It's important to realize that, no, the adults don't know what the
kids are doing to one another. They know, in the abstract, that
kids are monstrously cruel to one another, just as we know in the
abstract that people get tortured in poorer countries. But, like
us, they don't like to dwell on this depressing fact, and they don't
see evidence of specific abuses unless they go looking for it.Public school teachers are in much the same position as prison
wardens. Wardens' main concern is to keep the prisoners on the
premises. They also need to keep them fed, and as far as possible
prevent them from killing one another. Beyond that, they want to
have as little to do with the prisoners as possible, so they leave
them to create whatever social organization they want. From what
I've read, the society that the prisoners create is warped, savage,
and pervasive, and it is no fun to be at the bottom of it.In outline, it was the same at the schools I went to. The most
important thing was to stay on the premises. While there, the
authorities fed you, prevented overt violence, and made some effort
to teach you something. But beyond that they didn't want to have
too much to do with the kids. Like prison wardens, the teachers
mostly left us to ourselves. And, like prisoners, the culture we
created was barbaric.
Why is the real world more hospitable to nerds? It might seem that
the answer is simply that it's populated by adults, who are too
mature to pick on one another. But I don't think this is true.
Adults in prison certainly pick on one another. And so, apparently,
do society wives; in some parts of Manhattan, life for women sounds
like a continuation of high school, with all the same petty intrigues.I think the important thing about the real world is not that it's
populated by adults, but that it's very large, and the things you
do have real effects. That's what school, prison, and ladies-who-lunch
all lack. The inhabitants of all those worlds are trapped in little
bubbles where nothing they do can have more than a local effect.
Naturally these societies degenerate into savagery. They have no
function for their form to follow.When the things you do have real effects, it's no longer enough
just to be pleasing. It starts to be important to get the right
answers, and that's where nerds show to advantage. Bill Gates will
of course come to mind. Though notoriously lacking in social skills,
he gets the right answers, at least as measured in revenue.The other thing that's different about the real world is that it's
much larger. In a large enough pool, even the smallest minorities
can achieve a critical mass if they clump together. Out in the real
world, nerds collect in certain places and form their own societies
where intelligence is the most important thing. Sometimes the current
even starts to flow in the other direction: sometimes, particularly
in university math and science departments, nerds deliberately
exaggerate their awkwardness in order to seem smarter. John Nash
so admired Norbert Wiener that he adopted his habit of touching the
wall as he walked down a corridor.
As a thirteen-year-old kid, I didn't have much more experience of
the world than what I saw immediately around me. The warped little
world we lived in was, I thought, *the world.* The world seemed cruel
and boring, and I'm not sure which was worse.Because I didn't fit into this world, I thought that something must
be wrong with me. I didn't realize that the reason we nerds didn't
fit in was that in some ways
we were a step ahead. We were already thinking about
the kind of things that matter in the real world, instead of spending
all our time playing an exacting but mostly pointless game like the
others.We were a bit like an adult would be if he were thrust back into
middle school. He wouldn't know the right clothes to wear, the right
music to like, the right slang to use. He'd seem to the kids a
complete alien. The thing is, he'd know enough not to care what
they thought. We had no such confidence.A lot of people seem to think it's good for smart kids to be thrown
together with "normal" kids at this stage of their lives. Perhaps.
But in at least some cases the reason the nerds don't fit in really
is that everyone else is crazy. I remember sitting in the audience
at a "pep rally" at my high school, watching as the cheerleaders
threw an effigy of an opposing player into the audience to be torn
to pieces. I felt like an explorer witnessing some bizarre tribal
ritual.
If I could go back and give my thirteen year old self some advice,
the main thing I'd tell him would be to stick his head up and look
around. I didn't really grasp it at the time, but the whole world
we lived in was as fake as a Twinkie. Not just school, but the
entire town. Why do people move to suburbia? To have kids! So no
wonder it seemed boring and sterile. The whole place was a giant
nursery, an artificial town created explicitly for the purpose of
breeding children.Where I grew up, it felt as if there was nowhere to go, and nothing
to do. This was no accident. Suburbs are deliberately designed to
exclude the outside world, because it contains things that could
endanger children.And as for the schools, they were just holding pens within this
fake world. Officially the purpose of schools is to teach kids. In
fact their primary purpose is to keep kids locked up in one
place for a big chunk of the day so adults can get things done. And
I have no problem with this: in a specialized industrial society,
it would be a disaster to have kids running around loose.What bothers me is not that the kids are kept in prisons, but that
(a) they aren't told about it, and (b) the prisons are run mostly
by the inmates. Kids are sent off to spend six years memorizing
meaningless facts in a world ruled by a caste of giants who run
after an oblong brown ball, as if this were the most natural thing
in the world. And if they balk at this surreal cocktail, they're
called misfits.
Life in this twisted world is stressful for the kids. And not just
for the nerds. Like any war, it's damaging even to the winners.Adults can't avoid seeing that teenage kids are tormented. So why
don't they do something about it? Because they blame it on puberty.
The reason kids are so unhappy, adults tell themselves, is that
monstrous new chemicals, *hormones*, are now coursing through their
bloodstream and messing up everything. There's nothing wrong with
the system; it's just inevitable that kids will be miserable at
that age.This idea is so pervasive that even the kids believe it, which
probably doesn't help. Someone who thinks his feet naturally hurt
is not going to stop to consider the possibility that he is wearing
the wrong size shoes.I'm suspicious of this theory that thirteen-year-old kids are
intrinsically messed up. If it's physiological, it should be
universal. Are Mongol nomads all nihilists at thirteen? I've read
a lot of history, and I have not seen a single reference
to this supposedly universal fact before the twentieth century.
Teenage apprentices in the Renaissance seem to have been cheerful
and eager. They got in fights and played tricks on one another of
course (Michelangelo had his nose broken by a bully), but they
weren't crazy.As far as I can tell, the concept of the hormone-crazed teenager
is coeval with suburbia. I don't think this is a coincidence. I
think teenagers are driven crazy by the life they're made to lead.
Teenage apprentices in the Renaissance were working dogs. Teenagers
now are neurotic lapdogs. Their craziness is the craziness of the
idle everywhere.
When I was in school, suicide was a constant topic among the smarter
kids. No one I knew did it, but several planned to, and
some may have tried. Mostly this was just a pose. Like other
teenagers, we loved the dramatic, and suicide seemed very dramatic.
But partly it was because our lives were at times genuinely miserable.Bullying was only part of the problem. Another problem, and possibly
an even worse one, was that we never had anything real to work on.
Humans like to work; in most of the world, your work is your identity.
And all the work we did was
[pointless](essay.html), or seemed so at the time.At best it was practice for real work we might do far in the future,
so far that we didn't even know at the time what we were practicing
for. More often it was just an arbitrary series of hoops to jump
through, words without content designed mainly for testability.
(The three main causes of the Civil War were....
Test: List the three main causes of the Civil War.)And there was no way to opt out. The adults had agreed among
themselves that this was to be the route to college. The only way
to escape this empty life was to submit to it.
Teenage kids used to have a more active role in society. In
pre-industrial times, they were all apprentices of one sort or
another, whether in shops or on farms or even on warships. They
weren't left to create their own societies. They were junior members
of adult societies.Teenagers seem to have respected adults more then, because
the adults were the visible experts in the skills they were trying
to learn. Now most kids have little idea what their parents do in
their distant offices, and see no connection (indeed, there is
precious little) between schoolwork and the work they'll do as
adults.And if teenagers respected adults more, adults also had more use
for teenagers. After a couple years' training, an apprentice could
be a real help. Even the newest apprentice could be made to carry
messages or sweep the workshop.Now adults have no immediate use for teenagers. They would be in
the way in an office. So they drop them off at school on their way
to work, much as they might drop the dog off at a kennel if they
were going away for the weekend.What happened? We're up against a hard one here. The cause of this
problem is the same as the cause of so many present ills: specialization.
As jobs become more specialized, we have to train longer for them.
Kids in pre-industrial times started working at about 14 at
the latest; kids on farms, where most people lived, began far
earlier. Now kids who go to college don't start working full-time
till 21 or 22. With some degrees, like MDs and PhDs, you may not
finish your training till 30.Teenagers now are useless, except as cheap labor in industries like
fast food, which evolved to exploit precisely this fact. In almost
any other kind of work, they'd be a net loss. But they're also too
young to be left unsupervised. Someone has to watch over them, and
the most efficient way to do this is to collect them together in
one place. Then a few adults can watch all of them.If you stop there, what you're describing is literally a prison,
albeit a part-time one. The problem is, many schools practically
do stop there. The stated purpose of schools is to educate the kids.
But there is no external pressure to do this well. And so most
schools do such a bad job of teaching that the kids don't really
take it seriously-- not even the smart kids. Much of the time we
were all, students and teachers both, just going through the motions.In my high school French class we were supposed to read Hugo's *Les
Miserables.* I don't think any of us knew French well enough to make
our way through this enormous book. Like the rest of the class, I
just skimmed the Cliff's Notes. When we were given a test on the
book, I noticed that the questions sounded odd. They were full of
long words that our teacher wouldn't have used. Where had these
questions come from? From the Cliff's Notes, it turned out. The
teacher was using them too. We were all just pretending.There are certainly great public school teachers. The energy and
imagination of my fourth grade teacher, Mr. Mihalko, made that
year something his students still talk about, thirty years later.
But teachers like him were individuals swimming
upstream. They couldn't fix the system.
In almost any group of people you'll find hierarchy.
When groups of adults form in the real world, it's generally for
some common purpose, and the leaders end up being those who are best
at it. The problem with most schools is, they have no purpose.
But hierarchy there must be.
And so the kids make one out of nothing.We have a phrase to describe what happens when rankings have to be
created without any meaningful criteria. We say that the situation
*degenerates into a popularity contest.* And that's exactly what
happens in most American schools.
Instead of depending on some real test, one's rank
depends mostly on one's ability to increase one's rank. It's
like the court of Louis XIV. There is no external opponent, so the
kids become one another's opponents.When there is some real external test of skill, it isn't painful
to be at the bottom of the hierarchy. A rookie on a football team
doesn't resent the skill of the veteran; he hopes to be like him
one day and is happy to have the chance to learn from him.
The veteran may in turn feel a sense of
*noblesse oblige*.
And most importantly, their status depends on how well they
do against opponents, not on whether they can push the other down.Court hierarchies are another thing entirely. This type of society
debases anyone who enters it. There is neither admiration at the
bottom, nor *noblesse oblige* at the top. It's kill or be killed.This is the sort of society that gets created
in American
secondary schools. And it happens because these schools have no
real purpose beyond keeping the kids all in one place for a certain
number of hours each day. What I didn't realize at the time, and
in fact didn't realize till very recently, is that the twin horrors
of school life, the cruelty and the boredom, both have the same
cause.
The mediocrity of American public schools has worse consequences
than just making kids unhappy for six years. It breeds a rebelliousness
that actively drives kids away from the things they're supposed to
be learning.Like many nerds, probably, it was years after high school before I
could bring myself to read anything we'd been assigned then.
And I lost more than books. I mistrusted words like "character" and
"integrity" because they had been so debased by adults. As they
were used then, these words all seemed to mean the same thing:
obedience. The kids who got praised for these qualities tended to
be at best dull-witted prize bulls, and at worst facile schmoozers.
If that was what character and integrity were, I wanted no part of
them.The word I most misunderstood was "tact." As used by adults, it
seemed to mean keeping your mouth shut.
I assumed it was derived from the same root as
"tacit" and "taciturn," and that it literally meant being quiet. I
vowed that I would never be tactful; they were never going to shut
me up. In fact, it's derived from the same root as "tactile," and
what it means is to have a deft touch. Tactful is the opposite of
clumsy. I don't think I learned this until college.Nerds aren't the only losers in the popularity rat race. Nerds are
unpopular because they're distracted. There are other kids who
deliberately opt out because they're so disgusted with the whole
process.Teenage kids, even rebels, don't like to be alone, so when kids opt
out of the system, they tend to do it as a group. At the schools I
went to, the focus of rebellion was drug use, specifically marijuana.
The kids in this tribe wore black concert t-shirts and were called
"freaks."Freaks and nerds were allies, and there was a good deal of overlap
between them. Freaks were on the whole smarter than other kids,
though never studying (or at least never appearing to) was an
important tribal value. I was more in the nerd camp, but I was
friends with a lot of freaks.They used drugs, at least at first, for the social bonds they
created. It was something to do together, and because the drugs
were illegal, it was a shared badge of rebellion.I'm not claiming that bad schools are the whole reason kids get
into trouble with drugs. After a while, drugs have their own momentum.
No doubt some of the freaks ultimately used drugs to escape from
other problems-- trouble at home, for example. But, in my school
at least, the reason most kids *started* using drugs was rebellion.
Fourteen-year-olds didn't start smoking pot because they'd heard
it would help them forget their problems. They started because they
wanted to join a different tribe.Misrule breeds rebellion; this is not a new idea. And yet the
authorities still for the most part act as if drugs were themselves
the cause of the problem.
The real problem is the emptiness of school life. We won't see
solutions till adults realize that. The adults who
may realize it first are the ones who were themselves nerds in
school. Do you want your kids to be as unhappy in eighth grade as
you were? I wouldn't. Well, then, is there anything we can do to
fix things? Almost certainly. There is nothing inevitable about the
current system. It has come about mostly by default.Adults, though, are busy. Showing up for school plays is one thing.
Taking on the educational bureaucracy is another. Perhaps a few
will have the energy to try to change things. I suspect the hardest
part is realizing that you can.Nerds still in school should not hold their breath. Maybe one day
a heavily armed force of adults will show up in helicopters to
rescue you, but they probably won't be coming this month. Any
immediate improvement in nerds' lives is probably going to have to
come from the nerds themselves.Merely understanding the situation they're in should make it less
painful. Nerds aren't losers. They're just playing a different game,
and a game much closer to the one played in the real world. Adults
know this. It's hard to find successful adults now who don't claim
to have been nerds in high school.It's important for nerds to realize, too, that school is not life.
School is a strange, artificial thing, half sterile and half feral.
It's all-encompassing, like life, but it isn't the real thing. It's
only temporary, and if you look, you can see beyond it even while
you're still in it.If life seems awful to kids, it's neither because hormones are
turning you all into monsters (as your parents believe), nor because
life actually is awful (as you believe). It's because the adults,
who no longer have any economic use for you, have abandoned you to
spend years cooped up together with nothing real to do. *Any* society
of that type is awful to live in.
You don't have
to look any further to explain why teenage kids are unhappy.I've said some harsh things in this essay, but really the thesis
is an optimistic one-- that several problems we take for granted
are in fact not insoluble after all. Teenage kids are not inherently
unhappy monsters. That should be encouraging news to kids and adults
both.
**Thanks** to Sarah Harlin, Trevor Blackwell, Robert Morris,
Eric Raymond, and Jackie Weicker for reading drafts of this essay,
and Maria Daniels for scanning photos. |
| |
| --- |
| |
| | | [Re: Why Nerds are Unpopular](renerds.html) | | | | [Gateway High School, 1981](gateway.html) |
| |
| | | [Japanese Translation](http://www.blog.net/nerds-jp.htm) | | | | [French Translation](http://www.kobal2.free.fr/ws_whynerds.php) |
| |
| | | [My War With Brian](http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1561632155) | | | | [Buttons](http://armandfrasco.typepad.com/armandele/) |
| |
| | | [Portuguese Translation](http://sirfraj.blogspot.com/2009/03/por-que-nerds-nao-sao-populares.html) | | | | [Spanish Translation](http://historiasecretadelsistemaeducativo.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/8/3/2383384/nerds.html) |
| |
| --- |
|
---
|
|
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| https://paulgraham.com/nerds.html |
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<CENTER><H1>Thompson, Ritchie and Kernighan admit that Unix was a prank</H1>
<P><I>This piece was found on Usenet. This is fiction, not reality.
Always remember that this is not true. It's really a joke, right?
-- Editor</I></CENTER>
<P>
In an announcement that has stunned the computer industry, Ken
Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kernighan admitted that the Unix
operating system and C programming language created by them is an
elaborate prank kept alive for over 20 years. Speaking at the recent
UnixWorld Software Development Forum, Thompson revealed the following:
<P>
"In 1969, AT&T had just terminated their work with the
GE/Honeywell/AT&T
Multics project. Brian and I had started work with an early release of
Pascal from Professor Niklaus Wirth's ETH Labs in Switzerland and we
were impressed with its elegant simplicity and power. Dennis had just
finished reading 'Bored of the Rings', a National Lampoon parody of the
Tolkien's 'Lord of the Rings' trilogy. As a lark, we decided to do
parodies of the Multics environment and Pascal. Dennis and I were
responsible for the operating environment. We looked at Multics and
designed the new OS to be as complex and cryptic as possible to
maximize casual users' frustration levels, calling it Unix as a parody
of Multics, as well as other more risque! allusions. We sold the terse
command language to novitiates by telling them that it saved them
typing.
<P>
Then Dennis and Brian worked on a warped version of Pascal, called 'A'.
'A' looked a lot like Pascal, but elevated the notion of the direct
memory
address (which Wirth had banished) to the central concept of the
"pointer" as an innocuous sounding name for a truly malevolent
construct. Brian must be credited with the idea of having absolutely no
standard I/O specification: this ensured that at least 50% of the
typical commercial program would have to be re-coded when changing
hardware platforms.
<P>
Brian was also responsible for pitching this lack of I/O as a feature:
it
allowed us to describe the language as "truly portable". When we found
others were actually creating real programs with A, we removed
compulsory type-checking on function arguments. Later, we added a
notion we called "casting": this allowed the programmer to treat an
integer as though it were a 50kb user-defined structure. When we found
that some programmers were simply not using pointers, we eliminated the
ability to pass structures to functions, enforcing their use in even
the simplest applications. We sold this, and many other features, as
enhancements to the efficiency of the language. In this way, our prank
evolved into B, BCPL, and finally C.
<P>
We stopped when we got a clean compile on the following syntax:
<code>for(;P("\n"),R-;P("|"))for(e=C;e-;P("_"+(*u++/8)%2))P("| "+(*u/4)%2);
</code>
<P>
At one time, we joked about selling this to the Soviets to set their
computer science progress back 20 or more years.
<P>
Unfortunately, AT&T and other US corporations actually began using Unix
and C. We decided we'd better keep mum, assuming it was just a passing
phase. In fact, it's taken US companies over 20 years to develop enough
expertise to generate useful applications using this 1960's
technological parody. We are impressed with the tenacity of the general
Unix and C programmer. In fact, Brian, Dennis and I have never
ourselves attempted to write a commercial application in this
environment.
<P>
We feel really guilty about the chaos, confusion and truly awesome
programming projects that have resulted from our silly prank so long
ago."
<P>
Dennis Ritchie said: "What really tore it (just when ADA was catching
on), was that Bjarne Stroustrup caught onto our joke. He extended it to
further parody Smalltalk. Like us, he was caught by surprise when
nobody laughed. So he added multiple inheritance, virtual base classes,
and later ...templates. All to no avail. So we now have compilers that
can compile 100,000 lines per second, but need to process header files
for 25 minutes before they get to the meat of "Hello, World".
<P>
Major Unix and C vendors and customers, including AT&T, Microsoft,
Hewlett-Packard, GTE, NCR, and DEC have refused comment at this time.
<P>
Borland International, a leading vendor of object-oriented tools,
including
the popular Turbo Pascal and Borland C++, stated they had suspected
for Windows was originally written in C++. Philippe Kahn said: "After
two and a half years programming, and massive programmer burn-outs, we
re-coded the whole thing in Turbo Pascal in three months. I think it's
fair to say that Turbo Pascal saved our bacon". Another Borland
spokesman said that they would continue to enhance their Pascal
products and halt further efforts to develop C/C++.
<P>
Professor Wirth of the ETH Institute and father of the Pascal, Modula 2,
and Oberon structured languages, cryptically said "P.T. Barnum was
right." He had no further comments.
<P><I>
All names are Registered Trademarks of their respective companies. This
article was found on the USENET - its author could not be determined.</I>
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# Thompson, Ritchie and Kernighan admit that Unix was a prank
*This piece was found on Usenet. This is fiction, not reality.
Always remember that this is not true. It's really a joke, right?
-- Editor*
In an announcement that has stunned the computer industry, Ken
Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kernighan admitted that the Unix
operating system and C programming language created by them is an
elaborate prank kept alive for over 20 years. Speaking at the recent
UnixWorld Software Development Forum, Thompson revealed the following:
"In 1969, AT&T had just terminated their work with the
GE/Honeywell/AT&T
Multics project. Brian and I had started work with an early release of
Pascal from Professor Niklaus Wirth's ETH Labs in Switzerland and we
were impressed with its elegant simplicity and power. Dennis had just
finished reading 'Bored of the Rings', a National Lampoon parody of the
Tolkien's 'Lord of the Rings' trilogy. As a lark, we decided to do
parodies of the Multics environment and Pascal. Dennis and I were
responsible for the operating environment. We looked at Multics and
designed the new OS to be as complex and cryptic as possible to
maximize casual users' frustration levels, calling it Unix as a parody
of Multics, as well as other more risque! allusions. We sold the terse
command language to novitiates by telling them that it saved them
typing.
Then Dennis and Brian worked on a warped version of Pascal, called 'A'.
'A' looked a lot like Pascal, but elevated the notion of the direct
memory
address (which Wirth had banished) to the central concept of the
"pointer" as an innocuous sounding name for a truly malevolent
construct. Brian must be credited with the idea of having absolutely no
standard I/O specification: this ensured that at least 50% of the
typical commercial program would have to be re-coded when changing
hardware platforms.
Brian was also responsible for pitching this lack of I/O as a feature:
it
allowed us to describe the language as "truly portable". When we found
others were actually creating real programs with A, we removed
compulsory type-checking on function arguments. Later, we added a
notion we called "casting": this allowed the programmer to treat an
integer as though it were a 50kb user-defined structure. When we found
that some programmers were simply not using pointers, we eliminated the
ability to pass structures to functions, enforcing their use in even
the simplest applications. We sold this, and many other features, as
enhancements to the efficiency of the language. In this way, our prank
evolved into B, BCPL, and finally C.
We stopped when we got a clean compile on the following syntax:
`for(;P("\n"),R-;P("|"))for(e=C;e-;P("_"+(*u++/8)%2))P("| "+(*u/4)%2);`
At one time, we joked about selling this to the Soviets to set their
computer science progress back 20 or more years.
Unfortunately, AT&T and other US corporations actually began using Unix
and C. We decided we'd better keep mum, assuming it was just a passing
phase. In fact, it's taken US companies over 20 years to develop enough
expertise to generate useful applications using this 1960's
technological parody. We are impressed with the tenacity of the general
Unix and C programmer. In fact, Brian, Dennis and I have never
ourselves attempted to write a commercial application in this
environment.
We feel really guilty about the chaos, confusion and truly awesome
programming projects that have resulted from our silly prank so long
ago."
Dennis Ritchie said: "What really tore it (just when ADA was catching
on), was that Bjarne Stroustrup caught onto our joke. He extended it to
further parody Smalltalk. Like us, he was caught by surprise when
nobody laughed. So he added multiple inheritance, virtual base classes,
and later ...templates. All to no avail. So we now have compilers that
can compile 100,000 lines per second, but need to process header files
for 25 minutes before they get to the meat of "Hello, World".
Major Unix and C vendors and customers, including AT&T, Microsoft,
Hewlett-Packard, GTE, NCR, and DEC have refused comment at this time.
Borland International, a leading vendor of object-oriented tools,
including
the popular Turbo Pascal and Borland C++, stated they had suspected
for Windows was originally written in C++. Philippe Kahn said: "After
two and a half years programming, and massive programmer burn-outs, we
re-coded the whole thing in Turbo Pascal in three months. I think it's
fair to say that Turbo Pascal saved our bacon". Another Borland
spokesman said that they would continue to enhance their Pascal
products and halt further efforts to develop C/C++.
Professor Wirth of the ETH Institute and father of the Pascal, Modula 2,
and Oberon structured languages, cryptically said "P.T. Barnum was
right." He had no further comments.
*All names are Registered Trademarks of their respective companies. This
article was found on the USENET - its author could not be determined.*
| | |
| --- | --- |
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Over 150 megabytes online of information on alchemy in all its facets. Divided into over 2400 sections and providing tens of thousands of pages of text, over 2500 images, over 240 complete alchemical texts, extensive bibliographical material on the printed books and manuscripts, numerous articles, introductory and general reference material on alchemy.<br>
This site is organised by <a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/adam.html">Adam McLean</a>, the well known authority on alchemical texts and symbolism, author and publisher of over 50 books on alchemical and Hermetic ideas.<br>
Alchemy is a complex subject with many different interconnected aspects. Many people still only think of the quest of the philosophers' stone to change base metals into gold. On this web site you will be able to explore the riches of alchemical texts, some of which are wonderful works of allegorical literature, delve into its amazing, beautiful and enigmatic symbolism, and ponder its underlying hermetic philosophy, which holds a picture of the interconnection of the Macrocosm and Microcosm.<br>
<hr>
This website is so complex and extensive that it can take some time to thoroughly explore all the sections. Clicking on the links in the menubar on the left will allow exploration of the major sections of the alchemy web site. You can also examine a <a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/map_of_site.html">map of this site</a>, or <a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/frames.html">try an alternative way of browsing the Alchemy web site using frames</a>. View <a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/recent.html">recent additions</a>. <a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/weblog.html"> Adam's Alchemy weblog </a><font size="+1">
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<a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/inner.html">Inner alchemy<a/><br>
<a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/islam.html">Islamic alchemy</a><br>
<a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/indian_a.html">Indian Alchemy</a><br>
<a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/chinese.html">Chinese alchemy</a><br>
<a href="http://www.levity.com/alchemy/latin/latintrans.html">Latin translation program</a><br>
<a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/recent_publications.html">Recent alchemical publications</a><br>
<a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/introduction.html">Introduction to alchemy<br></a>
<hr>
<a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/maillist.html"><img src="images/email2.gif" width=50 height=66 align = "right" border=0 alt=""> <font size="+1">Join the mailing list</font><br> </a><font size="-1">for information about books, CD-Roms,
and developments on the alchemy web site. </font><br>
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<font size="-1">Material in other languages:<br></font>
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<td><a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/french.html"><img src="images/france.gif" width=30 height=20 border=0 alt=""><br>French</a></td>
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Alchemical artwork:<br><br>
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<a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/alchemy_art.html">Alchemy and art</a><br>
<a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/Art/index.html">Alchemical art prints</a><br>
<a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/emblems_project.html">The Alchemical Emblems Project<br>
<a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/amcldraw.html">Galleries of over 1100<br>coloured alchemical emblems</a><br>
<a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/paintings">Adam McLean's oil paintings</a>
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<a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/virtual_museum/floorplan.html">Virtual musaeum of alchemical imagery</a><br>
<a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/exhibition2007.html">My alchemy exhibition in Edinburgh 2007</a><br></font>
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<font size="+1">Study Courses<br></font><br><br>
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<font size="-1">Foundation course<br>
Alchemical sequences<br>
Ripley Scroll<br>
Trinosophia<br>
Early English Alchemy<br>
Metamorphoses of the planets<br>
How to read alchemical texts<br>
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<a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/bookshop/website_cdrom.html">Complete Alchemy web site on CD-Rom</a><br><br>
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How to read alchemical texts :<br>
A study course for the perplexed<br></div>
</a></TD>
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<Tr>
<td>
Artwork of Modern Tarot Project<br></a>
Sister site on tarot imagery<br><br>
<a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/tarot/tarot_course.html">Study course<br>
on the artwork of modern tarot</a><br>
<a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/tarot/tarot_decks.html">Limited edition art tarots for sale</a><br>
<a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/tarot/tarot_weblog.html">Tarot weblog</a></font>
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<img src="images/levity2.gif" align ="left" border=0> <font size="-1"><b>This website has been substantially supported by Dan Levy since 1996 by his donation of the space and bandwith on the <a href="http://www.levity.com"><img src="images/levity1.gif" border=0></a> server. Check out www.levity.com for more of the interesting sites he sponsors.<br></b></font>
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The Alchemy Web Site
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
Click for access to
different sections
---
---
---
| **The Alchemy web site on Levity.com**
Over 150 megabytes online of information on alchemy in all its facets. Divided into over 2400 sections and providing tens of thousands of pages of text, over 2500 images, over 240 complete alchemical texts, extensive bibliographical material on the printed books and manuscripts, numerous articles, introductory and general reference material on alchemy.
This site is organised by [Adam McLean](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/adam.html), the well known authority on alchemical texts and symbolism, author and publisher of over 50 books on alchemical and Hermetic ideas.
Alchemy is a complex subject with many different interconnected aspects. Many people still only think of the quest of the philosophers' stone to change base metals into gold. On this web site you will be able to explore the riches of alchemical texts, some of which are wonderful works of allegorical literature, delve into its amazing, beautiful and enigmatic symbolism, and ponder its underlying hermetic philosophy, which holds a picture of the interconnection of the Macrocosm and Microcosm.
---
This website is so complex and extensive that it can take some time to thoroughly explore all the sections. Clicking on the links in the menubar on the left will allow exploration of the major sections of the alchemy web site. You can also examine a [map of this site](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/map_of_site.html), or [try an alternative way of browsing the Alchemy web site using frames](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/frames.html). View [recent additions](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/recent.html). [Adam's Alchemy weblog](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/weblog.html)
---
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Specialist sections:
---
[Inner alchemy
[Islamic alchemy](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/islam.html)
[Indian Alchemy](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/indian_a.html)
[Chinese alchemy](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/chinese.html)
[Latin translation program](http://www.levity.com/alchemy/latin/latintrans.html)
[Recent alchemical publications](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/recent_publications.html)
[Introduction to alchemy](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/introduction.html)
---
[Join the mailing list](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/maillist.html) for information about books, CD-Roms,
and developments on the alchemy web site.](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/inner.html) | Material in other languages:
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [French](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/french.html) | [German](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/germant.html) | [Italian](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/italian_section.html) |
| [Russian](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/russian.html) | [Spanish](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/spanish.html) | [Portuguese](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/portuguese_section.html) |
| [Japanese](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/japanese_section.html) | [Czech](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/czech_section.html) |
|
| | |
| --- | --- |
|
Alchemical artwork:
[Alchemy and art](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/alchemy_art.html)
[Alchemical art prints](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/Art/index.html)
[The Alchemical Emblems Project
[Galleries of over 1100coloured alchemical emblems](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/amcldraw.html)
[Adam McLean's oil paintings](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/paintings)
[Virtual musaeum of alchemical imagery](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/virtual_museum/floorplan.html)
[My alchemy exhibition in Edinburgh 2007](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/exhibition2007.html)](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/emblems_project.html) | |
|
| [Alchemy Web Bookshop](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/bookshop/) purchase rare editions of the Magnum Opus,
Hermetic Research, Hermetic Studies books
and complete back issues of the Hermetic Journal |
Adam McLean's weblogs
[Alchemy weblog](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/weblog.html)
[Tarot weblog](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/tarot/tarot_weblog.html)
[Art weblog](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/paintings/artweblog.html)
|
|
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Study Courses
[Foundation course
Alchemical sequences
Ripley Scroll
Trinosophia
Early English Alchemy
Metamorphoses of the planets
How to read alchemical texts](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/bookshop/study_course.html) | |
|
|
[Complete Alchemy web site on CD-Rom](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/bookshop/website_cdrom.html)
[CD-Roms of coloured alchemical images](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/bookshop/emblems_cdrom.html)
| [How to read alchemical texts :
A study course for the perplexed](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/bookshop/reading_texts_course.html) |
| | |
| --- | --- |
|
Artwork of Modern Tarot Project
Sister site on tarot imagery
[Study course
on the artwork of modern tarot](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/tarot/tarot_course.html)
[Limited edition art tarots for sale](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/tarot/tarot_decks.html)
[Tarot weblog](http://www.alchemywebsite.com/tarot/tarot_weblog.html) | |
|
 **This website has been substantially supported by Dan Levy since 1996 by his donation of the space and bandwith on the [](http://www.levity.com) server. Check out www.levity.com for more of the interesting sites he sponsors.**
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</head><body onload="if (window != window.top) { top.location.href=location.href }" bgcolor="#DDDDDD" link="#0000FF"><span itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1002" bordercolor="#333333" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" id="table1"><tr><td><p align="center"><div align="center"><div align="center"><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1000" height="200" id="table23"><tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"><div align="center"><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1000" height="90" id="table103"><tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="975" height="90" id="table104"><tr><td width="110" valign="bottom"></td><td width="755" valign="bottom"><h1 align="center"><font itemprop="name headline" face="Arial" color="#D3492F">Arrowheads</font></h1></td><td width="110" valign="middle"></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table></div></div><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1000" height="20" id="table2"><tr><td><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="975" id="table24"><tr><td width="500" rowspan="3" height="360"><p align="center"><img itemprop="image" border="0" src="../images/arrowheads.jpg" width="295" height="310" alt="Pictures of different Types of Arrowheads"><p align="center"><i><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Pictures of different Types of Arrowheads</font></i></td><td valign="top"><span itemprop="articleBody"><p align="justify"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Discover interesting facts and information about the weapons, including the Arrowheads, used by Native American Indian tribes. </font><ul style="color: #D3492F" type="square"><li><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Native American weapons and tools</font></li><li><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Description and definition of Arrowheads</font></li><li><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Native American Arrowheads</font></li><li><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Interesting facts and information about the tools and weapons, including the different types of Arrowheads which were used by different Native American tribes</font></li><li><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Chart of Native American Arrowheads - Clovis, Archaic, Woodland and Mississippian</font></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td height="27" align="center"><b><font size="4" face="Arial"><a itemprop="name" itemprop="url" href="./">Native Indian Weapons and Tools</a></font></b></td></tr><tr><td height="27" align="center"><b><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333"><a itemprop="name" itemprop="url" href="../">Native Indian Tribes Index</a></font></b></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1000" height="15"><tr><td></td></tr></table></div><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="975" height="105" id="table112"><tr><td width="975"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</td></tr></table><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1000" height="15"><tr><td></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1000" height="90" id="table110"><tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1000" height="140" id="table27"><tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="975" id="table28"><tr><td width="672" valign="top"><span itemprop="articleBody"><p align="justify"><b><font color="#D3492F" face="Arial" size="5">Arrowheads</font></b><font size="4" color="#333333" face="Arial"><br>Description and Definition of Arrowheads: Arrowheads or Arrowpoints are the pointed head or striking tip of an arrow. An arrowhead point or tip made of stone, bone or horn which in general is less than 1 inches (25 mm) in length and weighs under 15 grams. Arrowheads are regarded as Native American artefacts and are attributed no earlier than the Woodland phase of North American prehistory that is now generally viewed as a cultural developmental stage dating from about 3,200 to 1,000 years ago. Metal arrowheads were used following the introduction of different metals by the Europeans in the 1500 and 1600's.</font></p><p align="justify"><font color="#D3492F" size="5" face="Arial"><b>Native American Arrowheads - Bows and Arrows<br></b></font><font size="4" color="#333333" face="Arial">Arrows were the missiles shot from bows which were made from a straight thin shaft and usually feathered and barbed. An arrowhead was the blade or point that was made of bone or stone, and later metal that was fixed to an arrow. Arrowheads may be attached to the shaft of the arrow with a cap, a socketed tang, or inserted into a split in the shaft and held by a process called hafting which meant fitting the arrow shaft to the arrowheads. The size and shape of the arrowheads were determined by the purpose of the weapon and the skill of the weapon maker. </font></td><td width="11" valign="top"> </td><td width="294" valign="middle"><p align="center"><img border="0" src="../images/crow-1.jpg" width="271" height="420"></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1000" height="20" id="table50"><tr><td> </td></tr></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1000" height="140" id="table53"><tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="975" height="140" id="table54"><tr><td width="975" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="400" height="324" bordercolor="#383838" align="right"><tr><td valign="middle"><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="300" height="250"><tr><td><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table><span itemprop="articleBody"><p align="justify"><font color="#D3492F" size="5" face="Arial"><b>Native American Arrowheads - Artefacts<br></b></font><font size="4" color="#333333" face="Arial">Native American arrowheads are referred to as artefacts in the archaeological sense meaning an object made by human work for simple or practical purposes. The manufacture of arrowheads was extremely important as they were indicative of the progress and technical advances made by groups of people. Experts have stated that:</font><p align="center"><i><font size="4" color="#333333" face="Arial">"Hunting with a bow and arrow requires intricate multi-staged planning, material collection and tool preparation and implies a range of innovative social and communication skills." </font></i><p align="center"><img border="0" src="../images/arrowheads-native-american.jpg" width="448" height="118" alt="Pictures of different Types of Arrowheads" style="border: 2px solid #D3492F"><p align="center"><b><i><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Pictures of different Types of Arrowheads</font></i></b><p align="justify"><font color="#D3492F" size="5" face="Arial"><b>Native American Arrowheads<br></b></font><font size="4" color="#333333" face="Arial">Larger points are regarded as spearheads, dart points, lance points or knife blades and are associated with Arrowheads and spear throwing Atlatl weapon. Larger points are regarded as spearheads, dart points, lance points or knife blades and are associated with Arrowheads and spear throwing atlatl weapon. Arrowheads were fixed to an arrow, were smaller than spear points and penetrated skin more deeply than when fired by a bow.</font><p align="justify"><font color="#D3492F" size="5" face="Arial"><b>Making Stone Arrowheads</b></font><font size="4" color="#333333" face="Arial"><br></font><font size="4" color="#333333" face="Arial">The early arrowheads was made of a hard stone such as <a itemprop="name" itemprop="url" href="flint.htm">Flint</a> that was sharpened into a projectile point by the process of <a itemprop="name" itemprop="url" href="flint-knapper.htm">Flintknapping</a>. To make a projectile point, like an arrowhead, the piece of flint was directly struck with a hammerstone to remove large sharp flakes and break it into usable, thinner pieces of stone. The next step in making stone arrowheads is called pressure flaking. Pressure flaking was achieved by placing a pointed tool, such as an antler horn, on the edge of the stone, and applying an inward pressure to the tool to remove a small, thin flake from the stone. The objective of pressure flaking was to shape and refine the projectile point - the arrowhead. Notching was the final step in making arrowheads. The notches were made using a combination of pressure flaking and abrading (grinding) to carve out the gaps that allow the arrowhead to be bound to an arrow shaft.</font><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="400" height="324" bordercolor="#383838" align="left"><tr><td valign="middle"><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="300" height="250"><tr><td><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table><p align="center"><img border="0" src="../images/arrowheads-3.jpg" width="298" height="248" style="border: 2px solid #D3492F" alt="Types of Arrowheads"><p align="center"><i><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Types of Arrowheads - Clovis, Archaic, Woodland and Mississippian arrowheads</font></i><p align="justify"><font color="#D3492F" size="5" face="Arial"><b>Identifying Different types of Arrowheads<br></b></font><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">The following chart helps to identify the different types of Arrowheads made by early Native Americans.<br></font><div align="center"><table border="0" width="782" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="table118" style="border: 2px solid #D3492F"><tr><td colspan="5" height="40" bgcolor="#D3492F"><p align="center"><b><font face="Arial" size="5" color="#FFFFFF">Chart Identifying Different Types of Arrowheads</font></b></td></tr><tr><td width="7" height="140" valign="top"> </td><td width="211" height="140" align="center" valign="top"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333"><br>Type of Arrowheads</font><p><b><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Clovis / Fluted Point</font></b></td><td width="169" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><img border="0" src="../images/clovis-fluted-arrowhead.jpg" width="46" height="127"></td><td width="385" height="140" align="left" valign="middle"><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333"><br>A Clovis / Fluted Point used for Spears<br>14,000 years ago</font><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Characterized by its slim vertical shape and vertical flute up the center. Flutes are 'grooves' appearing in the central face of the Clovis<br></font></td><td width="6" height="140" align="left" valign="middle"> </td></tr><tr><td width="7" height="140" valign="top"> </td><td width="211" height="140" align="center" valign="top"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333"><br>Type of Arrowheads</font><p><b><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Archaic Side Notch</font></b></td><td width="169" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><img border="0" src="../images/archaic-side-notch-arrowhead.jpg" width="67" height="126" alt="Archaic Side Notch"></td><td width="385" height="140" align="left" valign="middle"><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333"><br>Archaic Side Notch<br>10,000 years ago</font><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Characterized by its symmetrical shape and large side notches</font></td><td width="6" height="140" align="left" valign="middle"> </td></tr><tr><td width="7" height="140" valign="top"> </td><td width="211" height="140" align="center" valign="top"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333"><br>Type of Arrowheads</font><p><b><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Archaic Bifurcate</font></b></td><td width="169" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><img border="0" src="../images/bifurcate-arrowhead.jpg" width="76" height="123" alt="Archaic Bifurcate"></td><td width="385" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">A Bifurcate Point<br>9,000 years ago</font><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Characterized by its large divot in the center of the base and square or round lobes at the base</font></td><td width="6" height="140" align="left" valign="middle"> </td></tr><tr><td width="7" height="140" valign="top"> </td><td width="211" height="140" align="center" valign="top"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333"><br>Type of Arrowheads</font><p><b><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Archaic Dovetail</font></b></td><td width="169" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><img border="0" src="../images/archaic-dovetail-arrowhead.jpg" width="64" height="125" alt="Dovetail"></td><td width="385" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Archaic Dovetail<br>7,000 years ago</font><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Characterized by its base that flairs out like the tail of a dove</font></td><td width="6" height="140" align="left" valign="middle"> </td></tr><tr><td width="7" height="140" valign="top"> </td><td width="211" height="140" align="center" valign="top"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333"><br>Type of Arrowheads</font><p><b><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Archaic Pentagonal</font></b></td><td width="169" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><img border="0" src="../images/pentagonal-arrowhead.jpg" width="51" height="128" alt="Archaic Pentagonal"></td><td width="385" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">A Pentagonal Point<br>6,500 years ago</font><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Characterized by its small base with straight sides that cut in to meet each other at the tip</font></td><td width="6" height="140" align="left" valign="middle"> </td></tr><tr><td width="7" height="140" valign="top"> </td><td width="211" height="140" align="center" valign="top"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333"><br>Type of Arrowheads</font><p><b><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Diagonal Notch<br></font></b></td><td width="169" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><img border="0" src="../images/diagonal-notch-arrowhead.jpg" width="82" height="125" alt="Archaic Diagonal Notch"></td><td width="385" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Archaic Diagonal Notch<br>6,000 years ago</font><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Characterized by its straight base and deep narrow notches chipped at 90 degree angles.</font></td><td width="6" height="140" align="left" valign="middle"> </td></tr><tr><td width="7" height="140" valign="top"> </td><td width="211" height="140" align="center" valign="top"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333"><br>Type of Arrowheads</font><p><b><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Archaic Bottleneck<br></font></b></td><td width="169" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><img border="0" src="../images/bottleneck-arrowhead.jpg" width="64" height="124" alt="Archaic Bottleneck"></td><td width="385" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">A Bottleneck Point<br>5,000 years ago</font><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Characterized by its thin stemmed base and leaf shaped blade</font></td><td width="6" height="140" align="left" valign="middle"> </td></tr><tr><td width="7" height="140" valign="top"> </td><td width="211" height="140" align="center" valign="top"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333"><br>Type of Arrowheads</font><p><b><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Archaic Ashtabula<br></font></b></td><td width="169" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><img border="0" src="../images/ashtabula-arrowhead.jpg" width="65" height="120" alt="Archaic Ashtabula"></td><td width="385" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Ashtabula arrowhead<br>4,000 years ago</font><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Characterized by its shoulders that flair up and out - found only in Ohio and Pennsylvania.</font></td><td width="6" height="140" align="left" valign="middle"> </td></tr><tr><td width="7" height="140" valign="top"> </td><td width="211" height="140" align="center" valign="top"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333"><br>Type of Arrowheads</font><p><b><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Woodland Early Adena<br></font></b></td><td width="169" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><img border="0" src="../images/early-adena-arrowhead.jpg" width="50" height="115" alt="Woodland Early Adena"></td><td width="385" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Early Adena<br>3,000 years ago</font><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Characterized by its round stemmed base that flairs out to the shoulders</font></td><td width="6" height="140" align="left" valign="middle"> </td></tr><tr><td width="7" height="140" valign="top"> </td><td width="211" height="140" align="center" valign="top"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333"><br>Type of Arrowheads</font><p><b><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Woodland Late Adena<br></font></b></td><td width="169" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><img border="0" src="../images/late-adena-arrowhead.jpg" width="71" height="130" alt="Woodland Late Adena"></td><td width="385" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Late Adena<br>2,000 years ago</font><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Characterized by its broad blade and squared stemmed base that flairs out to the shoulders</font></td><td width="6" height="140" align="left" valign="middle"> </td></tr><tr><td width="7" height="140" valign="top"> </td><td width="211" height="140" align="center" valign="top"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333"><br>Type of Arrowheads</font><p><b><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Woodland Hopewell<br></font></b></td><td width="169" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><img border="0" src="../images/hopewell-arrowhead.jpg" width="66" height="129" alt="Woodland Hopewell"></td><td width="385" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">A Hopewell Point<br>1,900 years ago</font><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Characterized by its rounded bases and<br>corner notches</font></td><td width="6" height="140" align="left" valign="middle"> </td></tr><tr><td width="7" height="140" valign="top"> </td><td width="211" height="140" align="center" valign="top"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333"><br>Type of Arrowheads</font><p><b><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Woodland Intrusive Mound<br></font></b></td><td width="169" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><img border="0" src="../images/intrusive-mound-arrowhead.jpg" width="56" height="132" alt="Woodland Intrusive Mound"></td><td width="385" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">A Woodland Intrusive Mound<br>1,500 years ago</font><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Characterized by for being narrow and having a flat straight base with sharp barbs at their notches</font></td><td width="6" height="140" align="left" valign="middle"> </td></tr><tr><td width="7" height="140" valign="top"> </td><td width="211" height="140" align="center" valign="top"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333"><br>Type of Arrowheads</font><p><b><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Mississippian Triangle<br></font></b></td><td width="169" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><img border="0" src="../images/triangle-arrowhead.jpg" width="105" height="126" alt="Mississippian Triangle"></td><td width="385" height="140" align="center" valign="middle"><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">A Mississippian Triangle Point<br>1,000 years ago</font><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" color="#333333">Characterized by its triangular shape<br>and small size</font></td><td width="6" height="140" align="left" valign="middle"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" height="40" bgcolor="#D3492F"><p align="center"><b><font face="Arial" size="5" color="#FFFFFF">Chart Identifying Different Types of Arrowheads</font></b></td></tr></table></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="0" height="0" bordercolor="#383838" align="right"><tr><td valign="middle"><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="0" height="0"><tr><td></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table><h3 align="left"><font size="4" color="#D3492F" face="Arial">Arrowheads</font></h3><ul style="color: #D3492F" type="square"><li><font color="#333333" face="Arial">Chart, Description and definition of Arrowheads</font></li><li><font color="#333333" face="Arial">Materials required to make Arrowheads</font></li><li><font face="Arial" color="#333333">How to make Arrowheads - method of construction</font></li><li><font color="#333333" face="Arial">Interesting chart, facts and information about Native American Arrowheads for kids and schools</font></li><li><font face="Arial" color="#333333">Native American Weapons and chart</font></li><li><font face="Arial" color="#333333">Pictures of Arrowheads Chart</font></li></ul><p align="justify"><b><font size="5" color="#D3492F" face="Arial">Arrowheads - Pictures and Videos of Native Americans</font></b><font color="#333333" size="4" face="Arial"><br>Native American Weapons - Arrowheads. Discover the interesting facts and information which relate to the History of Native Americans and the weapons they used such as Arrowheads. The pictures on this site show the weapons and tools that were used by various Native Indian tribes that can be used as a really useful educational history resource for kids and children of all ages. All of the articles and pages can be accessed via the Native Indian Tribes Index - a great educational resource for kids providing an unusual insight into their culture. We hope you enjoy watching the videos - just click and play - a great resource for gaining facts and information about the life of Native American Indians.</font></div></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table></div></div></div><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1000" height="36" id="table88" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><tr><td valign="bottom"><p align="center"><font face="Arial"><marquee style="color: #808080; font-weight: bold; font-family:Arial" align="middle" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" scrollamount="2" scrolldelay="10" width="996" height="28" behavior="alternate">Arrowheads - Native American Indians - Weapon - Crime and Punishment - Spear - Use - Materials - Crime and Punishment - Arrowheads - Description - Make - Making - Construction - Spear - Culture - Kids - Info - Information - Crime and Punishment - Tribe - Tribes - People - Crime and Punishment - Arrowheads - Early - Children - Facts - History - Video - Native American Culture - American Indian - Indian - Native American - Arrowheads - Crime and Punishment - Teaching resource - Teachers - Kids - Arrowheads - Written By Linda Alchin</marquee></font></td></tr></table></div></span><div align="center"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="98%"><tbody><tr><td width="20%" align="center"><font color="#CEB980" face="Arial"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-indian-tribes-copyright.htm" style="text-decoration: none"><font color="#000000">ⓒ 2017 Siteseen Limited</font></a></font></td><td width="20%" align="center"><font face="Arial">First Published <span itemprop="datePublished" content="2012-11-20">2012-11-20</span></font></td><td width="20%" align="center"><font color="#FFCC00" face="Arial"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/cookies_policy.htm" style="text-decoration: none"><font color="#000000">Cookies Policy</font></a></font></td><td width="20%" align="center"><font face="Arial"><a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/+LindaAlchin/about?rel=author"><span style="text-decoration: none"><font color="#000000">Author <span itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Linda Alchin</span></span></font></span></a></font></td></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Updated <span itemprop="dateModified" content="2018-01-16">2018-01-16</font></td></span><td width="20%" align="center"><font face="Arial">Publisher <span itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"><span itemprop="name">Siteseen Limited</span> <span itemprop="url" href="http://www.siteseen.info"></a></span><span itemprop="logo" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"><img itemprop="url" src="https://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/images/siteseen-limited.png" alt="Siteseen Limited" width="1" height="1"> <meta itemprop="width" content="120"><meta itemprop="height" content="120"></span></span></font></td><td width="20%" align="center"><font color="#CEB980" face="Arial"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-indian-tribes-privacy-statement.htm" style="text-decoration: none"><font color="#000000">Privacy Statement</font></a></font></td><td width="20%" align="center"><table id="table11" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 20px; height: 19px"><tbody><tr><td height="19"><font face="Arial"></font><a id="adChoicesLogo" href="//quantcast.com/adchoices-pub?pub=md78T2EwMgEVv8TEXxAzhg" style="display: block; width: 100px; height: 16px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background: transparent url(//aboutads.quantcast.com?icon=md78T2EwMgEVv8TEXxAzhg) no-repeat right 0; font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;" target="_blank"><font color="#000000">AdChoices</font></a><font face="Arial"></font></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></table></div><script type="text/javascript">
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| Pictures of different Types of Arrowheads*Pictures of different Types of Arrowheads* | Discover interesting facts and information about the weapons, including the Arrowheads, used by Native American Indian tribes. * Native American weapons and tools
* Description and definition of Arrowheads
* Native American Arrowheads
* Interesting facts and information about the tools and weapons, including the different types of Arrowheads which were used by different Native American tribes
* Chart of Native American Arrowheads - Clovis, Archaic, Woodland and Mississippian
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| **[Native Indian Weapons and Tools](./)** |
| **[Native Indian Tribes Index](../)** |
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| **Arrowheads**Description and Definition of Arrowheads: Arrowheads or Arrowpoints are the pointed head or striking tip of an arrow. An arrowhead point or tip made of stone, bone or horn which in general is less than 1 inches (25 mm) in length and weighs under 15 grams. Arrowheads are regarded as Native American artefacts and are attributed no earlier than the Woodland phase of North American prehistory that is now generally viewed as a cultural developmental stage dating from about 3,200 to 1,000 years ago. Metal arrowheads were used following the introduction of different metals by the Europeans in the 1500 and 1600's.**Native American Arrowheads - Bows and Arrows**Arrows were the missiles shot from bows which were made from a straight thin shaft and usually feathered and barbed. An arrowhead was the blade or point that was made of bone or stone, and later metal that was fixed to an arrow. Arrowheads may be attached to the shaft of the arrow with a cap, a socketed tang, or inserted into a split in the shaft and held by a process called hafting which meant fitting the arrow shaft to the arrowheads. The size and shape of the arrowheads were determined by the purpose of the weapon and the skill of the weapon maker. | | |
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**Native American Arrowheads - Artefacts**Native American arrowheads are referred to as artefacts in the archaeological sense meaning an object made by human work for simple or practical purposes. The manufacture of arrowheads was extremely important as they were indicative of the progress and technical advances made by groups of people. Experts have stated that:*"Hunting with a bow and arrow requires intricate multi-staged planning, material collection and tool preparation and implies a range of innovative social and communication skills."* Pictures of different Types of Arrowheads***Pictures of different Types of Arrowheads*****Native American Arrowheads**Larger points are regarded as spearheads, dart points, lance points or knife blades and are associated with Arrowheads and spear throwing Atlatl weapon. Larger points are regarded as spearheads, dart points, lance points or knife blades and are associated with Arrowheads and spear throwing atlatl weapon. Arrowheads were fixed to an arrow, were smaller than spear points and penetrated skin more deeply than when fired by a bow.**Making Stone Arrowheads**The early arrowheads was made of a hard stone such as [Flint](flint.htm) that was sharpened into a projectile point by the process of [Flintknapping](flint-knapper.htm). To make a projectile point, like an arrowhead, the piece of flint was directly struck with a hammerstone to remove large sharp flakes and break it into usable, thinner pieces of stone. The next step in making stone arrowheads is called pressure flaking. Pressure flaking was achieved by placing a pointed tool, such as an antler horn, on the edge of the stone, and applying an inward pressure to the tool to remove a small, thin flake from the stone. The objective of pressure flaking was to shape and refine the projectile point - the arrowhead. Notching was the final step in making arrowheads. The notches were made using a combination of pressure flaking and abrading (grinding) to carve out the gaps that allow the arrowhead to be bound to an arrow shaft.
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Types of Arrowheads*Types of Arrowheads - Clovis, Archaic, Woodland and Mississippian arrowheads***Identifying Different types of Arrowheads**The following chart helps to identify the different types of Arrowheads made by early Native Americans.
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| **Chart Identifying Different Types of Arrowheads** |
| | Type of Arrowheads**Clovis / Fluted Point** | | A Clovis / Fluted Point used for Spears14,000 years agoCharacterized by its slim vertical shape and vertical flute up the center. Flutes are 'grooves' appearing in the central face of the Clovis | |
| | Type of Arrowheads**Archaic Side Notch** | Archaic Side Notch | Archaic Side Notch10,000 years agoCharacterized by its symmetrical shape and large side notches | |
| | Type of Arrowheads**Archaic Bifurcate** | Archaic Bifurcate | A Bifurcate Point9,000 years agoCharacterized by its large divot in the center of the base and square or round lobes at the base | |
| | Type of Arrowheads**Archaic Dovetail** | Dovetail | Archaic Dovetail7,000 years agoCharacterized by its base that flairs out like the tail of a dove | |
| | Type of Arrowheads**Archaic Pentagonal** | Archaic Pentagonal | A Pentagonal Point6,500 years agoCharacterized by its small base with straight sides that cut in to meet each other at the tip | |
| | Type of Arrowheads**Diagonal Notch** | Archaic Diagonal Notch | Archaic Diagonal Notch6,000 years agoCharacterized by its straight base and deep narrow notches chipped at 90 degree angles. | |
| | Type of Arrowheads**Archaic Bottleneck** | Archaic Bottleneck | A Bottleneck Point5,000 years agoCharacterized by its thin stemmed base and leaf shaped blade | |
| | Type of Arrowheads**Archaic Ashtabula** | Archaic Ashtabula | Ashtabula arrowhead4,000 years agoCharacterized by its shoulders that flair up and out - found only in Ohio and Pennsylvania. | |
| | Type of Arrowheads**Woodland Early Adena** | Woodland Early Adena | Early Adena3,000 years agoCharacterized by its round stemmed base that flairs out to the shoulders | |
| | Type of Arrowheads**Woodland Late Adena** | Woodland Late Adena | Late Adena2,000 years agoCharacterized by its broad blade and squared stemmed base that flairs out to the shoulders | |
| | Type of Arrowheads**Woodland Hopewell** | Woodland Hopewell | A Hopewell Point1,900 years agoCharacterized by its rounded bases andcorner notches | |
| | Type of Arrowheads**Woodland Intrusive Mound** | Woodland Intrusive Mound | A Woodland Intrusive Mound1,500 years agoCharacterized by for being narrow and having a flat straight base with sharp barbs at their notches | |
| | Type of Arrowheads**Mississippian Triangle** | Mississippian Triangle | A Mississippian Triangle Point1,000 years agoCharacterized by its triangular shapeand small size | |
| **Chart Identifying Different Types of Arrowheads** |
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Arrowheads* Chart, Description and definition of Arrowheads
* Materials required to make Arrowheads
* How to make Arrowheads - method of construction
* Interesting chart, facts and information about Native American Arrowheads for kids and schools
* Native American Weapons and chart
* Pictures of Arrowheads Chart
**Arrowheads - Pictures and Videos of Native Americans**Native American Weapons - Arrowheads. Discover the interesting facts and information which relate to the History of Native Americans and the weapons they used such as Arrowheads. The pictures on this site show the weapons and tools that were used by various Native Indian tribes that can be used as a really useful educational history resource for kids and children of all ages. All of the articles and pages can be accessed via the Native Indian Tribes Index - a great educational resource for kids providing an unusual insight into their culture. We hope you enjoy watching the videos - just click and play - a great resource for gaining facts and information about the life of Native American Indians. |
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| Arrowheads - Native American Indians - Weapon - Crime and Punishment - Spear - Use - Materials - Crime and Punishment - Arrowheads - Description - Make - Making - Construction - Spear - Culture - Kids - Info - Information - Crime and Punishment - Tribe - Tribes - People - Crime and Punishment - Arrowheads - Early - Children - Facts - History - Video - Native American Culture - American Indian - Indian - Native American - Arrowheads - Crime and Punishment - Teaching resource - Teachers - Kids - Arrowheads - Written By Linda Alchin |
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<h2>Episode 4 - Yura of the Demon-Hair</h2>
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<a href="01-05/inu04_01.jpg"><img src="01-05/inu04_01TN.jpg" width="120" height="89" alt="family shrine" /></a><br />
64K, 640x473<br />The Family Shrine
</div>
<div class="tn_200x150">
<a href="01-05/inu04_03.jpg"><img src="01-05/inu04_03TN.jpg" width="120" height="89" alt="shrine" /></a><br />
56K, 640x474<br />Shrine
</div>
<div class="tn_200x150">
<a href="01-05/inu04_05.jpg"><img src="01-05/inu04_05TN.jpg" width="120" height="89" alt="Sota" /></a><br />
50K, 640x476<br />Sota - Kagome's brother
</div>
<div class="tn_200x150">
<a href="01-05/inu04_09.jpg"><img src="01-05/inu04_09TN.jpg" width="120" height="89" alt="Yura" /></a><br />
48K, 640x476<br />Yura
</div>
<div class="tn_200x150">
<a href="01-05/inu04_10.jpg"><img src="01-05/inu04_10TN.jpg" width="120" height="89" alt="Yura" /></a><br />
53K, 640x476<br />Yura
</div>
<div class="tn_200x150">
<a href="01-05/inu04_12.jpg"><img src="01-05/inu04_12TN.jpg" width="120" height="89" alt="Yura" /></a><br />
53K, 640x474<br />I'm going to cut you into little pieces
</div>
<div class="tn_200x150">
<a href="01-05/inu04_13.jpg"><img src="01-05/inu04_13TN.jpg" width="120" height="89" alt="Yura" /></a><br />
49K, 640x476<br />Yura
</div>
<div class="tn_200x150">
<a href="01-05/inu04_14.jpg"><img src="01-05/inu04_14TN.jpg" width="120" height="89" alt="Red Riding Hood" /></a><br />
53K, 640x476<br />Kagome takes aim
</div>
<div class="tn_200x150">
<a href="01-05/inu04_15.jpg"><img src="01-05/inu04_15TN.jpg" width="120" height="89" alt="You live in a world where they don't even have shampoo!" /></a><br />
50K, 640x476<br />Kagome
</div>
<div class="tn_200x150">
<a href="01-05/inu04_17.jpg"><img src="01-05/inu04_17TN.jpg" width="120" height="89" alt="I spy..." /></a><br />
50K, 640x476<br />Yura
</div>
<div class="tn_200x150">
<a href="01-05/inu04_19.jpg"><img src="01-05/inu04_19TN.jpg" width="120" height="89" alt="Yura and Inuyasha" /></a><br />
73K, 640x473<br />Hand through the chest technique
</div>
<div class="tn_200x150">
<a href="01-05/inu04_23.jpg"><img src="01-05/inu04_23TN.jpg" width="120" height="89" alt="Yura and Inuyasha" /></a><br />
53K, 640x476<br />Now I have become cross!
</div>
</p>
<div class="clear"></div>
<p class="footer">
Last updated: 28-JUN-2004: added 8 new Yura images.<br />
Copyright ©2003-2004 Gary W. Cooke<br /><br />
Although not rated, "Inuyasha" is recommended for audiences ages 13 and up.
Contains Violence, Adult situations, Adult language.<br /><br />
All "Inuyasha" images ©2000 Rumiko Takahashi/Shogakukan | Yomimuri TV | Sunrise 2000.<br />
Information presented in these pages does not necessarily represent the opinions or positions of the above holders or entities.
</p>
</body>
</html>
|
Gary's "Inuyasha" Page 1
@import url(../anime.css);
# Gary's "Inuyasha" Page
[Gary's Anime Page](../index.html)
* Inuyasha Page 1
* [Inuyasha Page 2](index02.html)
* [Inuyasha Page 3](index03.html)
* [Inuyasha Page 4](index04.html)
## Episode 1 - The Girl Who Overcame Time... and the Boy Who Was Just Overcome
[](01-05/inu01_03.jpg)
63K, 640x476
Shikon Jewel - The Jewel of Four Souls
[](01-05/inu01_06.jpg)
51K, 640x476
Kikyo the Priestess
[](01-05/inu01_08.jpg)
75K, 640x476
Inuyasha or InuYasha or Inu Yasha or Inu-Yasha
[](01-05/inu01_16.jpg)
52K, 640x476
Kagome Higurashi
[](01-05/inu01_17.jpg)
67K, 640x476
Centipede demon has Kagome
[](01-05/inu01_18.jpg)
53K, 640x476
Mistress Centipede
[](01-05/inu01_27.jpg)
53K, 640x476
Centipede demon powers up
[](01-05/inu01_28.jpg)
50K, 640x476
Lady Kaede
## Episode 3 - Down the Rabbit Hole and Back Again
[](01-05/inu03_02.jpg)
64K, 640x476
Inuyasha
[](01-05/inu03_04.jpg)
60K, 640x476
Yura of the Hair
[](01-05/inu03_09.jpg)
80K, 640x476
Yura and Kagome.
You naughty, naughty girl!
[](01-05/inu03_11.jpg)
51K, 640x476
Yura
[](01-05/inu03_13.jpg)
66K, 640x476
Yura attacks
[](01-05/inu03_14.jpg)
50K, 640x476
Kagome
[](01-05/inu03_15.jpg)
55K, 640x476
Yura
[](01-05/inu03_19.jpg)
56K, 640x476
Inuyasha ensnared
## Episode 4 - Yura of the Demon-Hair
[](01-05/inu04_01.jpg)
64K, 640x473
The Family Shrine
[](01-05/inu04_03.jpg)
56K, 640x474
Shrine
[](01-05/inu04_05.jpg)
50K, 640x476
Sota - Kagome's brother
[](01-05/inu04_09.jpg)
48K, 640x476
Yura
[](01-05/inu04_10.jpg)
53K, 640x476
Yura
[](01-05/inu04_12.jpg)
53K, 640x474
I'm going to cut you into little pieces
[](01-05/inu04_13.jpg)
49K, 640x476
Yura
[](01-05/inu04_14.jpg)
53K, 640x476
Kagome takes aim
[](01-05/inu04_15.jpg)
50K, 640x476
Kagome
[](01-05/inu04_17.jpg)
50K, 640x476
Yura
[](01-05/inu04_19.jpg)
73K, 640x473
Hand through the chest technique
[](01-05/inu04_23.jpg)
53K, 640x476
Now I have become cross!
Last updated: 28-JUN-2004: added 8 new Yura images.
Copyright ©2003-2004 Gary W. Cooke
Although not rated, "Inuyasha" is recommended for audiences ages 13 and up.
Contains Violence, Adult situations, Adult language.
All "Inuyasha" images ©2000 Rumiko Takahashi/Shogakukan | Yomimuri TV | Sunrise 2000.
Information presented in these pages does not necessarily represent the opinions or positions of the above holders or entities.
| http://www.inetres.com/gp/anime/inuyasha/ |
<html>
<head>
<title>
Mustachio Pete
</title>
</head>
<BODY TEXT="#000000" BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" LINK="#bb0000" VLINK="#2F4F4F" ALINK="#ffff00">
<center><h2>
Mustachio Pete
</h2>
<table width=620 border=0>
<tr>
<td align=center>
<TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=10 CELLPADDING=0 width=620>
<tr>
<td colspan=2>
Mustachio Pete is yet another Minneapolis wonder found at <a href="/olegv/cyberx/cafe.shtml">CyberX</a>.
It may be more accurate to call him Smiley Pete, for the whiskers come and go while the grin remains. If Pete were a cartoon caracter, <nobr>he'd be Hobbes.</nobr>
</td>
</tr>
<TR>
<TD align=right valign=top width=200><A HREF="s_smiley2.JPG"><IMG SRC="_smiley2.JPG" WIDTH="200" HEIGHT="136" ALT="Season to be jolly"></A><BR>
<A HREF="smiley2.JPG">Hi-res</A></TD>
<TD valign=top colspan=2 width=390>Pete's apparently boundless optimism is pretty hard to tolerate. Nothing like trying to gripe about life and failing to take my own troubles seriously because of his obscenely <nobr>pervasive happiness.</nobr>
<P>
Though Pete's physical manifestation sports a blue collar, he is a gentleman adventurer at heart, every ready to explore, be amazed and challenged. He can front you a deep thought or spare a joke with <nobr>equal grace.</nobr></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD align=right valign=top width=200><A
HREF="s_shirtfront.JPG"><IMG SRC="_shirtfront.JPG" WIDTH="140"
HEIGHT="200" alt="Red and blue"></A><BR>
<A HREF="shirtfront.JPG">Hi-res</A></TD>
<TD valign=top width=140 align=center><A
HREF="s_pete-front.JPG"><IMG SRC="_pete-front.JPG" WIDTH="127"
HEIGHT="200" alt="A regular Pancho Villa"></A><BR>
<A HREF="pete-front.JPG">Hi-res</A></TD>
<TD valign=top width=430>
<A HREF="s_pause.JPG"><IMG SRC="_pause.JPG" WIDTH="176" HEIGHT="200" ALT="Hmmmm..."></A><BR>
<A HREF="pause.JPG">Hi-res</A>
</TD>
</TR>
</table>
<TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=10 CELLPADDING=0 width=620>
<TR>
<td align=right valign=top width=200><A
HREF="s_smiley.JPG"><IMG SRC="_smiley.JPG" WIDTH="200"
HEIGHT="160" alt="Humorous"></A><BR>
<A HREF="smiley.JPG">Hi-res</A></td>
<td valign=top width=390><A HREF="s_twirl.jpg"><IMG SRC="_twirl.jpg" WIDTH="200" HEIGHT="122" ALT="When things get hairy..." align=left></A>
<A HREF="twirl.jpg">Hi-res</A><br clear=all>
<BR>
Pete is a man for all seasons, ever ready to explore and to be amazed
by what life <nobr>dishes out.</nobr></td>
</TR>
<TR>
<td align=right valign=top width=200><A HREF="s_blackout.JPG"><IMG SRC="_blackout.JPG" WIDTH="200" HEIGHT="137" alt="Candle-light"></A><BR>
<A HREF="blackout.JPG">Hi-res</A></td>
<td valign=top width="390"><A HREF="s_bugeye.JPG"><IMG SRC="_bugeye.JPG" WIDTH="200" HEIGHT="140" ALT="Weird, man!"></A><BR>
<A HREF="bugeye.JPG">Hi-res</A></td>
</TR>
<TR>
<td align=right valign=top width=200><A HREF="s_bond.jpg"><IMG SRC="_bond.jpg" WIDTH="138" HEIGHT="200" ALT="Bond, James Bond"></A><BR>
<A HREF="bond.jpg">Hi-res</A> </td>
<td valign=top width="390">Pete carries on the tradition of Chivalry
and civility. Perhaps those are merely specific cases of divine benevolence
shown by the few who have the power and the restraint. A man of peace,
he could give James Bond a few pointers in both marksmanship and <nobr>good
manners.</nobr>
<p> He is always well equipped with piercing wit and <nobr>disarming
charm.</nobr>
</td>
</TR>
<TR>
<td align=right valign=top width=200> <A HREF="s_tough.jpg"><IMG SRC="_tough.jpg" WIDTH="120" HEIGHT="200"
BORDER="2"></A> <BR>
<A HREF="tough.jpg">Hi-res</A> <br>
Tough guy. </td>
<td valign=top width="390"> <b>Extra! Extra!</b> Pete's mustache disappears.
Millions of groupies world-wide endorse the new look and try to get
<nobr>fresh pictures.</nobr>
<P> <A HREF="s_mirth.jpg"><IMG SRC="_mirth.jpg" WIDTH="200" HEIGHT="159"
BORDER="2"></A><br>
<A HREF="mirth.jpg">Hi-res</A> <br>
Jolly good fellow.
</td>
</TR>
<TR>
<td align=right valign=top width=200><a href="hood.jpg"><img src="_hood.jpg" width="172" height="200" alt="Grinning Mr. Social" name="booty bandit"></a>
</td>
<td valign=top width="390">
<p>Now it turns out that there's more to this scruffy fellow than
he let on at first. What is his life about, besides being mellow
and making his friends smile?</p>
<p><i>What is life all about? A question for five points...</i></p>
</td>
</TR>
<TR>
<td align=right valign=top width=200><a href="kimono.jpg"><img src="_kimono.jpg" width="200" height="163" alt="cheery fellow" name="kimono with green piping"></a></td>
<td valign=top width="390"><a href="conehead.jpg"><img src="_conehead.jpg" width="200" height="161" alt="streamlined skull" name="inquiring minds want to know"></a></td>
</TR>
<TR>
<td align=right valign=top width=200><a href="wink.jpg"><img src="_wink.jpg" width="200" height="150" alt="Winking" name="jokester"></a></td>
<td valign=top width="390"><a href="happygirl.jpg"><img src="_happygirl.jpg" width="200" height="150" alt="Trying not to laugh" name="optimist"></a></td>
</TR>
<TR>
<td align=right valign=top width=200><a href="sidelight.jpg"><img src="_sidelight.jpg" width="200" height="170" alt="outlined by rimlight" name="classic profile"></a></td>
<td valign=top width="390">
<p>His other life could be about being a father to this girl. Now,
how would you like to have a father so much more wild than you,
that you are slightly embarassed of him? Unlike the teenager, Dad
does not depend on uninterrupted approval from his peers and is
free to be himself. </p>
<p><i>Oh, Dad! You can't do thaaaat...</i></p>
</td>
</TR>
<TR>
<td align=right valign=top width=200><a href="spotlight.jpg"><img src="_spotlight.jpg" width="200" height="152" alt="In the limelight" name="face stands out of the dark background"></a></td>
<td valign=top width="390">
<p>While Athena is busy frowning at her father's jokes and escapades.
she does appreciate him.</p>
<p><i>Ssssssh, don't tell anyone. </i></p>
</td>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
[an error occurred while processing this directive] |
Mustachio Pete
##
Mustachio Pete
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| |
| --- |
|
Mustachio Pete is yet another Minneapolis wonder found at [CyberX](/olegv/cyberx/cafe.shtml).
It may be more accurate to call him Smiley Pete, for the whiskers come and go while the grin remains. If Pete were a cartoon caracter, he'd be Hobbes. |
| [Season to be jolly](s_smiley2.JPG)
[Hi-res](smiley2.JPG) | Pete's apparently boundless optimism is pretty hard to tolerate. Nothing like trying to gripe about life and failing to take my own troubles seriously because of his obscenely pervasive happiness.
Though Pete's physical manifestation sports a blue collar, he is a gentleman adventurer at heart, every ready to explore, be amazed and challenged. He can front you a deep thought or spare a joke with equal grace. |
| [Red and blue](s_shirtfront.JPG)
[Hi-res](shirtfront.JPG) | [A regular Pancho Villa](s_pete-front.JPG)
[Hi-res](pete-front.JPG) | [Hmmmm...](s_pause.JPG)
[Hi-res](pause.JPG) |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| [Humorous](s_smiley.JPG)
[Hi-res](smiley.JPG) | [When things get hairy...](s_twirl.jpg)
[Hi-res](twirl.jpg)
Pete is a man for all seasons, ever ready to explore and to be amazed
by what life dishes out. |
| [Candle-light](s_blackout.JPG)
[Hi-res](blackout.JPG) | [Weird, man!](s_bugeye.JPG)
[Hi-res](bugeye.JPG) |
| [Bond, James Bond](s_bond.jpg)
[Hi-res](bond.jpg) | Pete carries on the tradition of Chivalry
and civility. Perhaps those are merely specific cases of divine benevolence
shown by the few who have the power and the restraint. A man of peace,
he could give James Bond a few pointers in both marksmanship and good
manners.
He is always well equipped with piercing wit and disarming
charm.
|
|
[Hi-res](tough.jpg)
Tough guy. | **Extra! Extra!** Pete's mustache disappears.
Millions of groupies world-wide endorse the new look and try to get
fresh pictures.
[Hi-res](mirth.jpg)
Jolly good fellow.
|
| [Grinning Mr. Social](hood.jpg) | Now it turns out that there's more to this scruffy fellow than
he let on at first. What is his life about, besides being mellow
and making his friends smile?
*What is life all about? A question for five points...* |
| [cheery fellow](kimono.jpg) | [streamlined skull](conehead.jpg) |
| [Winking](wink.jpg) | [Trying not to laugh](happygirl.jpg) |
| [outlined by rimlight](sidelight.jpg) | His other life could be about being a father to this girl. Now,
how would you like to have a father so much more wild than you,
that you are slightly embarassed of him? Unlike the teenager, Dad
does not depend on uninterrupted approval from his peers and is
free to be himself.
*Oh, Dad! You can't do thaaaat...* |
| [In the limelight](spotlight.jpg) | While Athena is busy frowning at her father's jokes and escapades.
she does appreciate him.
*Ssssssh, don't tell anyone.* |
|
[an error occurred while processing this directive] | https://olegvolk.net/olegv/pete/ |
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<p align="center"><strong><font color="#000000" face="Arial" size="2">This
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<br>
Come on, gang!</font>
<p><a href="lose.htm"><font face="Arial" size="2"><strong>It's
LOSE not LOOSE!</strong></font></a></p>
</td>
<td align="center"><font face="Arial" size="2">A few boardgame
reviews <br>
I wrote at</font><br>
<a
href="http://www.funagain.com/control/customerReviews?user=010018"
target="v"><img src="images/funagain.gif" border="0" height="80"
width="161"></a><br>
<br>
<font face="Arial" size="2">Whoops. It looks like Funagain Games
took down that user-review section. But you can still see my
reviews from the
<a target="v" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050205193231/https:/funagain.com/control/customerReviews?user=010018">
Wayback Machine</a></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><a href="imagine_no_religion/index.html">
<img border="0" src="imagine_no_religion/no_religion.png"></a><br>
<br>
<font face="Arial" size="2"><a href="imagine_no_religion/index.html">
Imagine No Religion</a></font></td>
<td align="center"><font color="#000000" face="Arial" size="2"><a
href="blackjack-books/index.htm"><img
src="blackjack-books/blackjack-books-thumb.jpg" border="0" height="103"
width="137"></a><br>
<br>
<a href="blackjack-books/index.htm"><b>Ed's <br>
Blackjack Book <br>
Collection</b></a></font></td>
<td align="center"><b>
<font color="#000000" face="Arial" size="2">
<a href="chess/chess-books.htm"><img src="chess/chess-books-thumb.jpg"
border="0" height="87" width="99"><br>
<br>
Ed's <br>
Chess Book <br>
Collection</a> <br>
</font><font color="#000000" face="Arial" size="1">(685 different
titles)</font></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><font color="#000000" face="Arial" size="2"><a
href="/golem/index.html"><img src="images/golem.gif" border="0"
height="61" width="49"></a><br>
<br>
<a href="/golem/index.html">Frequently
Asked Questions</a><br>
about the turn-based game server<br>
<b>Little Golem<br>
</b></font></td>
<td align="center">
<a href="370z/index.html">
<img border="0" src="370z/370z-010%20thumb.png" width="179" height="108"></a><br>
<br>
<strong><font face="Arial" size="2"><a href="370z/index.html">Ed's 2013
Nissan 370z</a></font></strong> </td>
<td align="center"><a href="jeopardy/index.html"><img
src="images/jeopardy.jpg" border="0" height="35" width="121"></a><br>
<br>
<font face="Arial" size="2"><a href="jeopardy/index.html">Ed's<br>
<b>Jeopardy</b> <br>
Page</a></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><b><font face="Arial" size="2"><a
href="comic-books/index.htm"><img src="comic-books/spidey-thumb.jpg"
border="0" height="111" width="73"></a><br>
<br>
<a href="comic-books/index.htm">Ed's
39-Day Comic <br>
Book Adventure<br>
or<br>
How Ed acquired almost <br>
6,000 comic books for free!</a></font></b></td>
<td align="center"><a href="condo/index.html"><img
src="images/condo-00-thumb.jpg" border="0" height="96" width="128"></a><br>
<br>
<font face="Arial" size="2"><b><a href="condo/index.html">Recent
Photos<br>
of my condo<br>
</a></b>
</font> </td>
<td align="center"><a href="havannah-helper/index.html"><img
src="havannah-helper/screen-capture-small.jpg" border="0" height="118"
width="157"></a>
<p><font face="Arial" size="2"><b><a href="havannah-helper/index.html">
Havannah Helper</a></b></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><a href="chess-adventure.htm">
<img border="0" src="photos/chess-set-78-thumb.png" width="88" height="132"></a><p>
<strong><font face="Arial" size="2"><a href="chess-adventure.htm">Ed's
2010 <br>
Labor Day Weekend <br>
<i>Chess Adventure</i></a></font></strong></td>
<td align="center"><small><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br>
</span></small><a href="math-questions.htm"><img
src="images/math-brain-thumb.png" border="0"></a><br>
<small><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br>
<a style="font-weight: bold;" href="math-questions.htm">Ed <br>
answers probability and other types <br>
of math-related
questions</a><br style="font-weight: bold;">
</span></small></td>
<td align="center"><small><small><small><small><small><small>
<a href="oski.htm">
<img border="0" src="images/oski-04.png" width="135" height="135"></a><br>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial" size="2"><a href="oski.htm">How large of an
advantage </a><br>
<a href="oski.htm">does Player # 2 have in OSKI?</a><br>
</font></b><br>
</small></small></small></small></small></small></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><a target="v" href="photo-fun.htm">
<img border="0" src="photos/photo-fun%20(44)%20thumb.jpg" width="89" height="123"></a><p>
<strong><font face="Arial" size="2"><a target="v" href="photo-fun.htm">
Having Fun <br>
with Photos</a></font></strong></td>
<td align="center"><a href="cosmo/sex-sells.htm">
<img border="0" src="cosmo/cosmo-cover-thumb.png" width="118" height="145"></a><br>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial" size="2"><a href="cosmo/sex-sells.htm">Proof that
SEX sells!</a></font></b></td>
<td align="center"><a href="chess/scidvspc/index.html">
<img border="0" src="chess/scidvspc/title-03-50.gif" width="93" height="97"><br>
<br>
<small><small><small><small><small><small>
<b>
<font face="Arial" size="2">A new section devoted to </font></b></small></small></small></small></small></small> </a>
<small><small><small><small><small><small>
<b>
<font face="Arial" size="2"><br>
<a href="chess/scidvspc/index.html">my favorite chess GUI!<br>
<br>
<i>A Tribute to SCID vs. PC</i></a></font></b></small></small></small></small></small></small></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><a href="nfl-handicappers-clueless.htm">
<img border="0" src="images/nfl.gif" width="89" height="99"><br>
<br>
<font face="Arial" size="2"><b>Most NFL handicappers have no idea what
they're doing</b></font></a></td>
<td align="center">
<a href="poker-books/index.htm"><font
color="#000000" face="Arial" size="2"><img
src="poker-books/poker-books-thumb.jpg" border="0" height="81"
width="108"></font></a><br>
<br>
<a href="poker-books/index.htm"><font face="Arial" size="2"><strong>Ed's
<br>
Poker Book <br>
Collection</strong></font></a> <br>
<br>
<font face="Arial" size="2">(240 different titles!)</font></td>
<td align="center"><a href="disprove-beal.htm">
<img border="0" src="images/numbers%20-%2005.gif" width="162" height="85"></a><br>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial" size="2"><a href="disprove-beal.htm">Disproving
Beal's Conjecture</a></font></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><a href="cats/index.html">
<img border="0" src="cats/syl%20and%20seb%20-%20thumb.png" width="104" height="79"></a><br>
<br>
<strong><font face="Arial" size="2"><a href="cats/index.html">Sylvester
and Sebastian</a></font></strong></td>
<td align="center">
<b><font face="Arial" size="2"><a
href="paigow/index.htm"><img src="images/paigow-s.gif" border="0"
height="51" width="161"></a><br>
<br>
<a href="paigow/index.htm">Ed's <br>
Pai Gow Poker <br>
Page</a></font></b><a href="paigow/index.htm"> </a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="baby-boy.htm">
<img border="0" src="images/baby-boy-thumb.png" width="110" height="137"></a><br>
<br>
<strong><font face="Arial" size="2"><a href="baby-boy.htm">A Tribute to
Baby Boy</a></font></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">
<b><font face="Arial" size="2">
<a href="/comic_book_grading_examples.htm"><img src="comic-books/spidey-thumb.jpg"
border="0" height="111" width="73"></a></font></b><br>
<br>
<font face="Arial" size="2"><b>
<a href="/comic_book_grading_examples.htm">Comic Book Grading Examples</a></b></font></td>
<td align="center">
<a href="cornhole/index.html">
<img border="0" src="cornhole/board_graphic.png" width="151" height="158"></a><br>
<br>
<b>
<font face="Arial" size="2"><a href="cornhole/index.html">Cornhole
Get-together!</a></font></b></td>
<td align="center">
<a href="maria/index.html"><img
src="images/maria-thumb-2.jpg" border="0" height="83" width="64"></a>
<p><a href="maria/index.html"><font face="Arial" size="2"><strong>My
friend Maria Rangel <br>
was a movie star!</strong></font></a><meta charset="utf-8"></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">
<a href="movies/index.html"><img border="0" src="images/movie_thumb.png" width="128" height="113"></a><p><font face="Arial" size="2"><strong>
<a href="movies/index.html">Ed's<br>
All-Time <br>
Favorite Movies</a></strong></font></p></td>
<td align="center">
<a href="songs/index.html"><img
src="songs/music-notes.gif" border="0" height="66" width="79"></a>
<p><a href="songs/index.html"><font face="Arial" size="2"><strong>Ed's<br>
All-Time <br>
Favorite Songs</strong></font></a></p></td>
<td align="center">
<a href="rockford_files/index.html">
<img border="0" src="images/rock_thumb.png" width="132" height="100"></a><br>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial" size="2"><a href="rockford_files/index.html">
Rockford's Unknown Date</a></font></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;" id="docs-internal-guid-d0c1eec8-7fff-2d80-ccbc-552aa051410b">
<a target="v" href="https://pokieslab.net/online-casinos/">
<img border="0" src="images/australia.png" width="150" height="100"></a><br>
<br>
<font face="Arial" size="2">Each player has access to
<a target="v" href="https://pokieslab.net/online-casinos/">the best
online casinos of Australia</a> with bonuses and features, which enable
instant play to receive cash prizes safely and profitably.</font> </td>
<td align="center">
<a href="die_hard_christmas_movie.htm"><img
src="die_hard_thumb.png" ></a><font face="Arial" size="2"><br>
<br>
<b><a href="die_hard_christmas_movie.htm">20 reasons why <br>
Die Hard <br>
is a <br>
Christmas Movie</a></b></font></td>
<td align="center">
<a target="v" href="https://pokiesman.com/free-pokies/">
<img border="0" src="images/pokiesman.png" width="150" height="107"></a><br>
<br>
<font face="Arial" size="2">Join Pokiesman to try a large collection of
online <a target="v" href="https://pokiesman.com/free-pokies/">free
pokie games</a> with free spins no download and registration Australia
with demos that are absolutely safe and legal. Among the popular games
by popular provider are Miss Kitty, Pompeii, 50 Lions, Buffalo slot
machine, etc.</font> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
</div>
<p align="center"> </p>
<p align="center"><font color="#000000" face="Arial" size="2"><strong>Comments?
Suggestions? Questions?<br>
Send me an e-mail! </strong></font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#000000" face="Arial" size="2"><strong><img
src="images/e-mail-address.gif"></strong></font></p>
</body>
</html>
|
The Personal Homepage of
Edward D. Collins
| | |
| --- | --- |
|
|
**This
website first went up in
October of 1997
and was last updated
in December of 2023.** |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
**[Ed's NFL
Office Pool Calculator!](calculator/index.html)** | |
**[SmartyBot
A bot that solves Wordle Puzzles](SmartyBot/index.html)** |
[**The**](cyberbox/index.html)**[Continuing
Adventures
of CyberBox](cyberbox/index.html)** |
|
[**Ed's**](logic/index.html)[**Puzzles,
Brain Teasers
&**](logic/index.html) [**Logic
Problems**](logic/index.html) |
**[Ed's
DigDug Page](digdug/index.html)** |
[**Ed's
Backgammon
Page**](backgammon/index.html) |
|
[**Ed's
Yahoo! Blackjack
Page**](blackjack/yahoo-bj.htm) |
[**Ed's
Breathtaking and Beautiful
Bikini Babes**](bikini/index.html) |
[**Ed's
2001 Celica*****and
the
story
of how he came
to purchase it***](celica/index.html) |
|
[**Ed's**](chess/index.html)[**ever-growing
Chess Page**](chess/index.html) |
[**Ed's
Checker Problems**](checkers/index.html) | **My Wordle Results
can be [found here](wordle_results.htm)** |
| Back
by popular demand!
[**Questions
to Ponder**](questions-to-ponder.htm)&
[**Statements
to Ponder**](statements-to-ponder.htm) | Arrgh!
Come on, gang!
[**It's
LOSE not LOOSE!**](lose.htm) | A few boardgame
reviews
I wrote at
Whoops. It looks like Funagain Games
took down that user-review section. But you can still see my
reviews from the
[Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/20050205193231/https:/funagain.com/control/customerReviews?user=010018) |
|
[Imagine No Religion](imagine_no_religion/index.html) |
[**Ed's
Blackjack Book
Collection**](blackjack-books/index.htm) | **[Ed's
Chess Book
Collection](chess/chess-books.htm)
(685 different
titles)** |
|
[Frequently
Asked Questions](/golem/index.html)
about the turn-based game server
**Little Golem** |
**[Ed's 2013
Nissan 370z](370z/index.html)** |
[Ed's
**Jeopardy**
Page](jeopardy/index.html) |
| **[Ed's
39-Day Comic
Book Adventure
or
How Ed acquired almost
6,000 comic books for free!](comic-books/index.htm)** |
**[Recent
Photos
of my condo](condo/index.html)**
|
**[Havannah Helper](havannah-helper/index.html)** |
|
**[Ed's
2010
Labor Day Weekend
*Chess Adventure*](chess-adventure.htm)** |
[Ed
answers probability and other types
of math-related
questions](math-questions.htm)
|
**[How large of an
advantage](oski.htm)
[does Player # 2 have in OSKI?](oski.htm)**
|
|
**[Having Fun
with Photos](photo-fun.htm)** |
**[Proof that
SEX sells!](cosmo/sex-sells.htm)** | [**A new section devoted to**](chess/scidvspc/index.html)
**[my favorite chess GUI!
*A Tribute to SCID vs. PC*](chess/scidvspc/index.html)** |
| [**Most NFL handicappers have no idea what
they're doing**](nfl-handicappers-clueless.htm) |
[**Ed's
Poker Book
Collection**](poker-books/index.htm)
(240 different titles!) |
**[Disproving
Beal's Conjecture](disprove-beal.htm)** |
|
**[Sylvester
and Sebastian](cats/index.html)** | **[Ed's
Pai Gow Poker
Page](paigow/index.htm)** |
**[A Tribute to
Baby Boy](baby-boy.htm)** |
|
**[Comic Book Grading Examples](/comic_book_grading_examples.htm)** |
**[Cornhole
Get-together!](cornhole/index.html)** |
[**My
friend Maria Rangel
was a movie star!**](maria/index.html) |
| **[Ed's
All-Time
Favorite Movies](movies/index.html)** |
[**Ed's
All-Time
Favorite Songs**](songs/index.html) |
**[Rockford's Unknown Date](rockford_files/index.html)** |
|
Each player has access to
[the best
online casinos of Australia](https://pokieslab.net/online-casinos/) with bonuses and features, which enable
instant play to receive cash prizes safely and profitably. |
**[20 reasons why
Die Hard
is a
Christmas Movie](die_hard_christmas_movie.htm)** |
Join Pokiesman to try a large collection of
online [free
pokie games](https://pokiesman.com/free-pokies/) with free spins no download and registration Australia
with demos that are absolutely safe and legal. Among the popular games
by popular provider are Miss Kitty, Pompeii, 50 Lions, Buffalo slot
machine, etc. |
**Comments?
Suggestions? Questions?
Send me an e-mail!**
****
| http://www.edcollins.com/ |
<html>
<head>
<title>LaCarlotta.com</title>
</head>
<body background="border.gif" text="#CC9999" LINK="#FFCCCC" Vlink="#FFAA99">
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="20%" valign="top">Music:<br /><a href="pindex.html">Phantom Pages</a><br /><a href="kiri.html">Kiri Te Kanawa</a><br /><a href="gerry.html">Geraldine Farrar</a><br /><a href="casts.html">Musicals Casts</a><br /><a href="http://www.lacarlotta.com/phantomfaces">The Phantom Faces Webring</a><br />
<p>Star Trek:<br /><a href="stl.html">Funny Lists</a><br /><a href="parody.html">Voyager Parodies</a><br /></p>
<p>Personal:<br /><a href="nice/index.html">Trip to France</a><br /><a href="2001/index.html">Trip to Germany, France and Austria</a><br /></p>
<p>Misc.:<br /><a href="BOOKMAR.HTM">More Links</a><br /><a href="wavs.html">Sound Wavs</a><br /><a href="mail.html">My mailing lists</a><br /><a href="misc.html">Misc. pictures</a><br /><a href="life">essays on life</a><br /></p>
<p>Made By Me:<br /><a href="http://www.lacarlotta.com/godseys">The Godseys</a><br /><a href="http://www.gitumc.org/">Trinity Church</a><br /><a href="http://www.grandisland-cs.k12.ny.us">My Old HS Site</a><br /><a href="http://www.geocities.com/Petsburgh/Zoo/8241">Siberian Husky <br />Club Homepage</a><br /></p>
<p>This Site:<br /><a href="http://lacarlotta.com/bboard/">MessageBoard</a><br /><a href="disclaimer.html">Disclaimer</a><br /><a href="webring.html">Webrings</a><br /><a href="http://lacarlotta.com/php/guestbook.php">Sign Guestbook</a><br /><a href="http://lacarlotta.com/php/guestbook.php">View Guestbook</a><br /><a href="geobook.html">Old Guestbook</a><br /></p>
<p><br /></p></td>
<td width="80%" valgin="top"> <center><img src="title.gif" /></center>
<p>Hello, and welcome to LaCarlotta.com. This is my personal website where you'll find tons of interesting (I hope) things to occupy your time. For easy surfing, the links to a bunch of my pages are on your left. If you're looking for the Carlotta or Piangi Shrines, you can find them <a href="shr">here</a>.</p>
<p>NEW! I just added a new message board. You can access it <a href="http://lacarlotta.com/bboard/">here</a>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>I love musicals, especially <a href="http://www.thephantomoftheopera.com/">Phantom of the Opera</a>, Elisabeth, <a href="http://www.lesmis.com/">Les Mis</a> and Ragtime. </p>
<p>I also love the <a href="http://www.thex-files.com"> X-Files </a>, Cheers, and <a href="http://www.startrek.com.com">Star Trek: Voyager</a>. However, at the moment I am completely obsessed with <a href="http://babylon5.warnerbros.com/">Babylon 5</a>. I hope to put up a website with quotes form the show soon.</p>
<p> </p><center> <img alt="Music Bar" src="/spaw/empty/rule18.gif" /></center>
<p> </p><center> <a href="http://www.gwu.edu/~elliott/"><img border="0" src="images/eslogo.gif" /></a><br />I just graduated with my MA at the ESIA, at GWU. Now I've gotten my first job as a Research Assistant.
<p> </p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><center><a href="http://www.buffalo.edu/scripts/admissions/makebridge.cgi?rec=psc&passurl=http://wings.buffalo.edu/soc-sci/pol-sci/"><img alt="UB Poli Sci" border="0" src="politicalscience.gif" /></a><br /></center>I graduated in 2002 from the University at Buffalo.</td>
<td><center><a href="http://www.DarwinAwards.com"><img border="0" alt="Darwin Awards" src="darwins.gif" /></a></center>There's this awesome thing called the Darwin Awards. What are they? Awards given to people who contribute by doing some stupid act that removes them from the gene pool. You must read some of the stories at this site. Click on the picture below to get to the site.<br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p><center>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><center><a href="http://www.opera-de-paris.fr"><img border="0" alt="Opera National de Paris" src="opera.gif" /></a></center><br /></td>
<td><center><a href="http://pages.ebay.com/linkButtons"><img alt="eBay Home" border="0" src="ebay_gen_button.gif" /></a></center><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></center></center>
<p> </p>
<p> </p><center> <img alt="Music Bar" src="/spaw/empty/rule18.gif" /></center>
<p>Yes, I have a picture of me <a href="BETHANY.JPG">here!</a> It's from Toronto in 1996. For an updated picture, click <a href="beth.jpg">here.</a> I'm the third from left. The other people are my friends Liz, Kate and Andrea on our way to Washington D.C. NOTE: There ARE newer pictures of me in the photos from my trip to <a href="nice">Nice</a>! You can see a picture of me after I graduated with my MA by going to <a href="http://www.lacarlotta.com/images/bethgrad-2.jpg">this link</a>.</p>
<p>Want to hear a wav of me sing (badly)? Just point your arrow thing <a href="s/car9.wav">here</a> to hear it. You probably can't understand the words though! (In case you're wondering, it's "We Can Never Go Back to Before" from <i>Ragtime</i>).
My screename on AOL is MjrHoulihan. So if you're on, IM me!</p>
<p> <i>Last Update: November 30 <br /> 1996 - 2004 <a href="mailto:carlotta@lacarlotta.com"><i>carlotta@lacarlotta.com</i> </a> </i></p>
<p><br /></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table> </body>
</html>
|
LaCarlotta.com
| | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Music:[Phantom Pages](pindex.html)[Kiri Te Kanawa](kiri.html)[Geraldine Farrar](gerry.html)[Musicals Casts](casts.html)[The Phantom Faces Webring](http://www.lacarlotta.com/phantomfaces)
Star Trek:[Funny Lists](stl.html)[Voyager Parodies](parody.html)
Personal:[Trip to France](nice/index.html)[Trip to Germany, France and Austria](2001/index.html)
Misc.:[More Links](BOOKMAR.HTM)[Sound Wavs](wavs.html)[My mailing lists](mail.html)[Misc. pictures](misc.html)[essays on life](life)
Made By Me:[The Godseys](http://www.lacarlotta.com/godseys)[Trinity Church](http://www.gitumc.org/)[My Old HS Site](http://www.grandisland-cs.k12.ny.us)[Siberian Husky Club Homepage](http://www.geocities.com/Petsburgh/Zoo/8241)
This Site:[MessageBoard](http://lacarlotta.com/bboard/)[Disclaimer](disclaimer.html)[Webrings](webring.html)[Sign Guestbook](http://lacarlotta.com/php/guestbook.php)[View Guestbook](http://lacarlotta.com/php/guestbook.php)[Old Guestbook](geobook.html)
|
Hello, and welcome to LaCarlotta.com. This is my personal website where you'll find tons of interesting (I hope) things to occupy your time. For easy surfing, the links to a bunch of my pages are on your left. If you're looking for the Carlotta or Piangi Shrines, you can find them [here](shr).
NEW! I just added a new message board. You can access it [here](http://lacarlotta.com/bboard/).
I love musicals, especially [Phantom of the Opera](http://www.thephantomoftheopera.com/), Elisabeth, [Les Mis](http://www.lesmis.com/) and Ragtime.
I also love the [X-Files](http://www.thex-files.com) , Cheers, and [Star Trek: Voyager](http://www.startrek.com.com). However, at the moment I am completely obsessed with [Babylon 5](http://babylon5.warnerbros.com/). I hope to put up a website with quotes form the show soon.
Music Bar
I just graduated with my MA at the ESIA, at GWU. Now I've gotten my first job as a Research Assistant.
| | |
| --- | --- |
| [UB Poli Sci](http://www.buffalo.edu/scripts/admissions/makebridge.cgi?rec=psc&passurl=http://wings.buffalo.edu/soc-sci/pol-sci/)I graduated in 2002 from the University at Buffalo. | [Darwin Awards](http://www.DarwinAwards.com)There's this awesome thing called the Darwin Awards. What are they? Awards given to people who contribute by doing some stupid act that removes them from the gene pool. You must read some of the stories at this site. Click on the picture below to get to the site. |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| [Opera National de Paris](http://www.opera-de-paris.fr) | [eBay Home](http://pages.ebay.com/linkButtons) |
Music Bar
Yes, I have a picture of me [here!](BETHANY.JPG) It's from Toronto in 1996. For an updated picture, click [here.](beth.jpg) I'm the third from left. The other people are my friends Liz, Kate and Andrea on our way to Washington D.C. NOTE: There ARE newer pictures of me in the photos from my trip to [Nice](nice)! You can see a picture of me after I graduated with my MA by going to [this link](http://www.lacarlotta.com/images/bethgrad-2.jpg).
Want to hear a wav of me sing (badly)? Just point your arrow thing [here](s/car9.wav) to hear it. You probably can't understand the words though! (In case you're wondering, it's "We Can Never Go Back to Before" from *Ragtime*).
My screename on AOL is MjrHoulihan. So if you're on, IM me!
*Last Update: November 30 1996 - 2004 [*carlotta@lacarlotta.com*](mailto:carlotta@lacarlotta.com)*
|
| http://www.lacarlotta.com/ |
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>La Couturière Parisienne Costume History</TITLE>
<meta name=description content="A repository of fashion and costume history info from
late Gothic to the Golden Twenties: original pictures and patterns, an extensive
how-to section and specials.">
<META NAME="keywords" content="fashion, costume, costuming, 19th century, 20th century,
18th century, dress, garment, conspicuous consumption, clothing, clothes, fashion,
patterns, sewing, ladies' fashion, Victorian, Edwardian, Belle Epoque, baroque,
renaissance, rococo, gothic, burgundy">
<link rel=stylesheet type="text/css" href="main.css">
</head>
<body bgcolor="#000000" text="#Ffedc1" link="#bdddd2" vlink="#d4c080" alink="#F3A18D">
<div align="right"><a href="../de/index.html"><font size="1"><img src="../inline/deu.gif" width="16" height="10" align="right" ALT="Auf Deutsch">Deutsche
Version </font></a> </div>
<p><br>
<p align="center"><img src="../inline/titel" width="640" height="86" alt="La Couturière Parisienne" vspace="20" hspace="20"><br clear=both>
<pre> </pre>
<ul>
<table width="93%" border="0" cellpadding="8">
<tr>
<td width="28%"><a href=misc/index.shtml>
<h3>Miscellany</h3>
</a>
<p class=kl> Info about this site and what's changed, an index of all
pages, links, books, and whatever didn't fit anywhere else.
<h3><a href="1500/index.shtml">Medieval & Renaissance</a></h3>
<p class="kl">c. 1300-1599 in contemporary paintings and illuminations
</p>
<h3 class=kl><a href="1600/index.shtml">1600s</a></h3>
<p class=kl>The Baroque age in contemporary paintings. </p>
<h3 class=kl><a href="1700/index.shtml">1700s</a></h3>
<p class=kl>The Age of Enlightenment in contemporary paintings, patterns
and instructions. UPDATED: <a href="1700/howto/stoff/18fabrics.shtml">18th
century fabrics</a></p>
<h3 class=kl> </h3>
</td>
<td width="42%"><img src="../inline/_pompadour" align=right width=284 height=252 border=0 hspace=40 vspace=80
alt="patroness Marquise de Pompadour"></td>
<td width="30%">
<h3><a href="1800/index.shtml">1800s</a><a href=themes/index.shtml> </a></h3>
<p class="kl">The Empire, Regency and Victorian eras in paintings, magazines,
patterns and more</p>
<a href=themes/index.shtml></a>
<h3><a href=1900/index.shtml>1900s</a></h3>
<p class="kl">The Edwardian era, 1920s and 30s in magazines, patterns,
and period sewing technique <br>
</p>
<h3><a href=themes/index.shtml>Cross-Era</a></h3>
<p class="kl">Hats, shoes, accessories, children's, extant costume and
more across the ages. </p>
<h3><a href="ethno/index.shtml">Ethnic</a></h3>
<p class="kl">Bavarian, Japanese and Chinese NEW: <a href="ethno/index.shtml">3
pages on Bavraian/Munich clothing</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Pages that only exist in German (yet) are indicated by a German flag. <img src="../inline/deu.gif" width="16" height="10"></p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div align="center">
<p><a href="misc/faq.shtml">FAQ</a> |<a href="misc/copyright.shtml">Copyright
etc</a> | <a href="search.shtml">Search</a> | <a href="contact.shtml">Contact</a><br>
<a href="advertising.shtml">Advertising on this site</a></p>
</div>
</ul>
<center>
<p>
<p>
</center>
<p>
<!--#include virtual="navi.html" -->
<p><br clear=both>
|
La Couturière Parisienne Costume History
[Deutsche
Version](../de/index.html)
```
```
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [Miscellany](misc/index.shtml)
Info about this site and what's changed, an index of all
pages, links, books, and whatever didn't fit anywhere else.
[Medieval & Renaissance](1500/index.shtml)
c. 1300-1599 in contemporary paintings and illuminations
[1600s](1600/index.shtml)
The Baroque age in contemporary paintings.
[1700s](1700/index.shtml)
The Age of Enlightenment in contemporary paintings, patterns
and instructions. UPDATED: [18th
century fabrics](1700/howto/stoff/18fabrics.shtml)
| patroness Marquise de Pompadour | [1800s](1800/index.shtml)
The Empire, Regency and Victorian eras in paintings, magazines,
patterns and more
[1900s](1900/index.shtml)
The Edwardian era, 1920s and 30s in magazines, patterns,
and period sewing technique
[Cross-Era](themes/index.shtml)
Hats, shoes, accessories, children's, extant costume and
more across the ages.
[Ethnic](ethno/index.shtml)
Bavarian, Japanese and Chinese NEW: [3
pages on Bavraian/Munich clothing](ethno/index.shtml) |
Pages that only exist in German (yet) are indicated by a German flag. 
[FAQ](misc/faq.shtml) |[Copyright
etc](misc/copyright.shtml) | [Search](search.shtml) | [Contact](contact.shtml)
[Advertising on this site](advertising.shtml)
| http://www.marquise.de/en/ |
<head><title>Not Acceptable!</title></head><body><h1>Not Acceptable!</h1><p>An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server. This error was generated by Mod_Security.</p></body></html> | Not Acceptable!# Not Acceptable!
An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server. This error was generated by Mod\_Security.
| http://astraltraveler.com/ |
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html><head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><!-- was iso-8859-1 -->
<!-- the following line added April 6 2015 ... -->
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<!-- ... per https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/layouts/rwd-fundamentals/set-the-viewport?hl=en -->
<meta name="author" content="Rudy Limeback">
<meta name="copyright" content="Copyright © 2023 Rudy Limeback">
<meta name="generator" content="WebHackerPro(tm) Version 5.937">
<meta name="MSSmartTagsPreventParsing" content="true">
<meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
<style type="text/css"> @import url('rudy.css'); </style>
<title>Welcome to rudy.ca, eh</title>
<meta name="description" content="Rudy Limeback's personal web site, RUDY.CA">
<meta name="date-revised" content="2023-01-03">
</head>
<body><div id="content">
<h1>Welcome to rudy.ca, eh</h1>
<h2>Rudy Limeback's personal web site</h2>
<p class="dateadded">Created 1996-05-31, Updated 2023-01-03</p>
<br><!-- so sue me -->
<h3>Contents</h3>
<ul>
<li><p><a href="doomsday.html"
title="Doomsday Algorithm for day of week">Doomsday Algorithm</a> <small>2023-01-03</small>
<br>The Doomsday Algorithm gives the day of the week for any date (and you can do it in your head)</p></li>
<li><p><a href="frisbee-golf.html">Frisbee Golf Central</a> <small>2020-10-05</small>
<br>Stories about Frisbee Golf</p></li>
<li><p><a href="my-toronto.html">My Toronto</a> <small>2018-08-05</small>
<br>Stories and pictures of nature and neighbourhoods in Toronto</p></li>
<li><p><a href="rockets1.html">Rocket Cards!</a> <small>2018-03-05</small>
<br>Spaceships, Space Exploration, and Rockets, circa 1957</p></li>
</ul>
<div id="footer">
<p>Copyright © 2023 Rudy Limeback</p>
<img src="canada2.gif" alt="Canadian flag" width="36" height="33">
</div> <!-- id="footer" -->
</div> <!-- id="content" -->
<!-- thanks for stopping by -->
</body>
</html> |
@import url('rudy.css');
Welcome to rudy.ca, eh
# Welcome to rudy.ca, eh
## Rudy Limeback's personal web site
Created 1996-05-31, Updated 2023-01-03
### Contents
* [Doomsday Algorithm](doomsday.html "Doomsday Algorithm for day of week") 2023-01-03
The Doomsday Algorithm gives the day of the week for any date (and you can do it in your head)
* [Frisbee Golf Central](frisbee-golf.html) 2020-10-05
Stories about Frisbee Golf
* [My Toronto](my-toronto.html) 2018-08-05
Stories and pictures of nature and neighbourhoods in Toronto
* [Rocket Cards!](rockets1.html) 2018-03-05
Spaceships, Space Exploration, and Rockets, circa 1957
Copyright © 2023 Rudy Limeback
| http://rudy.ca/ |
<html>
<head>
<title>Judith's Home - Please Enter</title>
<embed src="my_madison.mid" hidden=true autostart=true loop=true>
<noembed>
<bgsound src="my_madison.mid" loop=infinite>
</noembed>
<style type="text/css">
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<p align="center"> </p>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="15" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="750" background="otherstrip.jpg" bgcolor="#789B3E">
<tr>
<td width="100%">
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<center>
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<tr>
<td width="100%">
<div align="center">
<center>
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="100%" background="greenmainlayer.jpg" bgcolor="#406224">
<tr>
<td width="100%">
<p align="center"><A HREF="home.html">
<IMG SRC="entergreen.jpg" width="482" height="508"
alt="Click here to enter my home."
border=0></A>
<center><font face="Arial"><font size=2>
<B>Please open (click) the door and enter my home.</B></center>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
</div>
<p align="center"> </p>
<center><a href="http://www.brucedeboer.net/">
<B>Midi "My Madison" is
used with permission
and is copyright © 2000 Bruce DeBoer</B></a></center>
<br><p>
<center><a href="http://www.swtmelode.com">
<B>Graphics by Swt MeloDe</B></a></center>
</body>
</html> |
Judith's Home - Please Enter
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scrollbar-base-color:#344922; scrollbar-dark-shadow-color:#344922;
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scrollbar-track-color:#344922; scrollbar-shadow-color:#344922}
A:hover {color: #ffffff}
//Autumn leaves- by Kurt Grigg (kurt.grigg@virgin.net)
//Modified by Dynamic Drive for NS6 functionality
//visit http://www.dynamicdrive.com for this script
//Pre-load your image below!
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Xpos[i]=Math.round(Math.random()\*WinWidth);
Speed[i]=Math.random()\*5+3;
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document.layers['sn'+i].top=Ypos[i]+hscrll;
}
else if (ns6){
document.getElementById("si"+i).style.left=Math.min(WinWidth,Xpos[i]);
document.getElementById("si"+i).style.top=Ypos[i]+hscrll;
}
else{
eval("document.all.si"+i).style.left=Xpos[i];
eval("document.all.si"+i).style.top=Ypos[i]+hscrll;
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setTimeout('fall()',20);
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window.onload=fall
//-->
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
| | |
| --- | --- |
|
| |
| --- |
| [Click here to enter my home.](home.html)
**Please open (click) the door and enter my home.**
|
|
|
|
[**Midi "My Madison" is
used with permission
and is copyright © 2000 Bruce DeBoer**](http://www.brucedeboer.net/)
[**Graphics by Swt MeloDe**](http://www.swtmelode.com)
| http://www.silverhillala.com/judith/ |
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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<img border="0" src="web_images/top_4.jpg" width=100% alt="Deir el Bahri" align="left" lowsrc="freeze%20from%20Deir%20el%20Bahri,%20Hatshepsut's%20mortuary%20temple" height="60"/> </td>
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<font size="6" face="Calibri" color="0000cc">Ancient Egypt and Archaeology Web Site
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<dt><a href="ashmolean/index.htm"> <img border="0" src="web_images/image_1.jpg" width="49" align="left" class="auto-style4" /> </a></dt>
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<dt><font size="3" face="Calibri"><a target="_self" href="ashmolean/index.htm">Ashmolean, Oxford
<dt><font size="3" face="Calibri"><a target="_self" href="giza_boat/index.htm">Boat Museum, Giza
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<dt><font size="3" face="Calibri"><a target="_self" href="bm_egyptian/sudan%20exhibition/index.htm">British Museum, Sudan
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<dt><font size="3" face="Calibri"><a target="_self" href="fitzwilliam/index.htm">Fitzwilliam, Cambridge
<dt><font size="3" face="Calibri"><a target="_self" href="gayer/index.htm">Gayer-Anderson, Cairo
<dt><font size="3" face="Calibri"><a target="_self" href="newcastle/index.htm">Hancock Museum, Newcastle
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<dt><font size="3" face="Calibri"><a target="_self" href="west%20bank/index.htm">Daily life on the West Bank
<dt><font size="3" face="Calibri"><a target="_self" href="river%20nile/index.htm">Daily life on the Nile
<dt><font size="3" face="Calibri"><a target="_self" href="tourist/index.htm">Tourist Snaps
<dt><font size="3" face="Calibri"><a target="_self" href="west%20bank%20baloon/index.htm">West Bank of Luxor, Balloon
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<font size="3" face="Calibri"><a href="transliteration/dictionary.htm">
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[Egyptology](index_1.htm)
[Cistercians](index_4.htm)
[Archaeology](index_8.htm)
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[Information](index_5.htm)
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Deir el Bahri |
| Ancient Egypt and Archaeology Web Site
Focusing on information via images with supporting reports and articles
|
---
**Museums and Collections**
| [Ashmolean, Oxford
[Boat Museum, Giza
[Bolton
[Boston
[Bristol
[British Museum
[British Museum, Nebamun
[British Museum, Sudan
[Brooklyn Museum
[Egyptian Museum, Cairo
[Fitzwilliam, Cambridge
[Gayer-Anderson, Cairo
[Hancock Museum, Newcastle
[Phoebe A. Hearst, Berkeley
[Los Angeles
[Musee du Louvre
[Liverpool
[Luxor Museum
[Luxor Mummification
[Madrid
[Manchester
[Metropolitan, New York
[Nubian Museum, Aswan
[Petrie Museum, London
[Rosicrucian, San Jose
[Sir John Soane, London
[Museo Egizio, Turin
|
**Temples, Tombs and Sites**
| [Abusir](abusir/index.htm) [Abydos
[Aswan, Unfinished Obelisk
[Buhen
[Dahshur Pyramids
[Debod, Madrid
[Dendara
[Deir el Bahri
[Deir el Medina
[Edfu
[el Tod
[Giza & Memphis
[Karnak
[Kom Ombo
[Luxor
[Medinet Habu
[Memnon
[Philae
[Ramesseum
[Saqqara
[Tombs of the Nobles
[Valley of the Kings
|
**Other Places and Information
|
[[Amarna Art
[Cairo, Citadel
[Cartonnage & Mummy Boards
[London, Cleopatra's Needle
[Kingston Lacy
[Pilgrim Flasks
[Old Photos and Cards
[People, Places & Dates
[Scarabs & Pectorals
[Daily life on the West Bank
[Daily life on the Nile
[Tourist Snaps
[West Bank of Luxor, Balloon
[Hieroglyph Dictionary
|
[KingsList & Cartouches
|
[Translations & inscriptions
|
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<BODY LANG="en-US" LINK="#0000ff" VLINK="#800080" BACKGROUND="TA-4J_hulk_background.jpg" DIR="LTR">
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#008000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=6><B>Abandoned
& Little-Known Airfields</B></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=4>©
2002, © 2023 by <A HREF="mailto:paulandterryfreeman@gmail.com">Paul
Freeman</A>. Revised 12/26/23. </FONT></FONT>
</P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#993366"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=4><I><B>***
Dedicated in the memory of my father, Harris Freeman (1929-2010), who
supported my interest in aviation ever since I was a little boy. ***</B></I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><BR><BR>
</P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4">“<FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=4><I><B>History
& mystery combined.”</B></I></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=4>On
the following pages, you will find information on vanished or
abandoned airfields & their unusual histories.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><BR><BR>
</P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><B>As
a pilot, a particular interest of mine has always been the abandoned
airfields that dot the landscape of much of this country.</B></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><B>Both
for their potential safety value to a pilot in an emergency,</B></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><B>and
also for their sometimes fascinating history, this particular topic
has always held my curiosity.</B></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><B>When
I'm a passenger on commercial flights, I've always found myself
looking out the window, constantly looking for airfields below.</B></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><B>When
I fly as a pilot myself, I've always tried to land at as many
airports as possible,</B></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><B>to
learn a little about each one.</B></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>____________________________________________________</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><BR><BR>
</P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="#contributions"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=4 STYLE="font-size: 16pt">Please
consider a financial contribution to support the continued growth &
operation of this site.</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=2 STYLE="font-size: 11pt">This
website is supported by the <A HREF="http://www.aahs-online.org/">American
Aviation Historical Society</A>:
<A HREF="http://www.aahs-online.org/"><IMG SRC="index_htm_m4b754388.gif" NAME="graphics2" ALIGN=MIDDLE WIDTH=132 HEIGHT=132 BORDER=0></A></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>____________________________________________________</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><BR><BR>
</P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=4>This
website contains descriptions & images of</FONT><FONT COLOR="#ff0000">
</FONT><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT SIZE=6><B>2,738</B></FONT></FONT><FONT COLOR="#ff0000">
</FONT><FONT SIZE=4>airfields, in all 50 states:</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><BR><BR>
</P>
<CENTER>
<TABLE WIDTH=827 BORDER=1 CELLPADDING=9 CELLSPACING=3>
<COL WIDTH=185>
<COL WIDTH=186>
<COL WIDTH=186>
<COL WIDTH=181>
<TR>
<TD WIDTH=185>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="AL/Airfields_AL.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Alabama</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
11/10/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="IL/Airfields_IL.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Illinois</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
2/21/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="MT/Airfields_MT.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Montana</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=2><I>Updated
8/29/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=181>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="PR/Airfields_PR.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Puerto
Rico</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=2><I>Updated
7/24/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD WIDTH=185>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="AK/Airfields_AK.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Alaska</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
11/22/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="IN/Airfields_IN.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Indiana</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=2><I>Updated
9/5/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="NE/Airfields_NE.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Nebraska</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
11/20/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=181>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="RI/Airfields_RI.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Rhode
Island</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
10/31/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD WIDTH=185>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="AZ/Airfields_AZ.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Arizona</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
11/11/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="IA/Airfields_IA.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Iowa</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
10/27/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="NV/Airfields_NV.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Nevada</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
12/23/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=181>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="SC/Airfields_SC.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>South
Carolina</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
11/2/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD WIDTH=185>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="AR/Airfields_AR.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Arkansas</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=2><I>Updated
6/30/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="KS/Airfields_KS.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Kansas</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=2><I>Updated
6/13/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="NH/Airfields_NH.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>New
Hampshire</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
11/19/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=181>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="SD/Airfields_SD.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>South
Dakota</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=2><I>Updated
9/18/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD WIDTH=185>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="CA/Airfields_CA.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>California</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
12/26/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="KY/Airfields_KY.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Kentucky</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
12/18/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="NJ/Airfields_NJ.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>New
Jersey</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
11/20/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=181>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="TN/Airfields_TN.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Tennessee</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
11/20/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD WIDTH=185>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="CO/Airfields_CO.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Colorado</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
11/22/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="LA/Airfields_LA.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Louisiana</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
11/27/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="NM/Airfields_NM.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>New
Mexico</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
12/1/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=181>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="TX/Airfields_TX.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Texas</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
12/4/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD WIDTH=185>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="CT/Airfields_CT.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Connecticut</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
11/24/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="ME/Airfields_ME.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Maine</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=2><I>Updated
11/11/22</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="NY/Airfields_NY.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>New
York</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
11/26/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=181>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="UT/Airfields_UT.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Utah</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
11/9/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD WIDTH=185>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="DE/Airfields_DE.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Delaware</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I><FONT SIZE=2>Updated
8/7/23</FONT> </I></FONT></FONT></FONT>
</P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="MD/Airfields_MD.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Maryland</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
10/30/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="NC/Airfields_NC.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>North
Carolina</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
12/8/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=181>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="VT/Airfields_VT.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Vermont</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
10/19/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD WIDTH=185 HEIGHT=106>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="DC/Airfields_DC.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>District
of Columbia</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
11/20/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="MA/Airfields_MA.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Massachusetts</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
11/21/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="ND/Airfields_ND.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>North
Dakota</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=2><I>Updated
3/17/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=181>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="VA/Airfields_VA.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Virginia</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
11/22/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD WIDTH=185>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="FL/Airfields_FL.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Florida</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
12/14/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="MI/Airfields_MI.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Michigan</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
12/7/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="OH/Airfields_OH.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Ohio</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
12/23/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=181>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="WA/Airfields_WA.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Washington
State</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
12/26/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD WIDTH=185>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="GA/Airfields_GA.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Georgia</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
11/28/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="MN/Airfields_MN.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Minnesota</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=2><I>Updated
1/7/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="OK/Airfields_OK.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Oklahoma</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=2><I>Updated
5/12/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=181>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="WV/Airfields_WV.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>West
Virginia</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
12/19/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD WIDTH=185>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="HI/Airfields_HI.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Hawaii
& Western Pacific Islands</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
12/18/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="MS/Airfields_MS.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Mississippi</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
11/12/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="OR/Airfields_OR.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Oregon</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
12/23/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=181>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="WI/Airfields_WI.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Wisconsin</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=2><I>Updated
9/9/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD WIDTH=185>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="ID/Airfields_ID.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Idaho</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
10/29/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="MO/Airfields_MO.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Missouri</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
11/26/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=186>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="PA/Airfields_PA.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Pennsylvania</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=3><I>Updated
11/20/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH=181>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><A HREF="WY/Airfields_WY.htm"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>Wyoming</FONT></FONT></A></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=2><I>Updated
8/29/23</I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
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<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>____________________________________________________</FONT></FONT></P>
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</HTML><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>____________________________________________________</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><BR><BR>
</P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=4>Airfield
entries recently added to the website include:</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif">Vantage
Airport WA, Hanford Auxiliary Airfield WA, Downtown Oakland Heliport
CA, Brandon Airport FL, Sugar Loaf Resort Airport MI, Hawkes Airfield
NH, Rives Airpark TX, Besse Field NH,</FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif">White
Mountain Gateway Airport NH, Bradshaw Airpark VA, Weirs Seaplane Base
NH, Morse Airfield NH, Shealy Airport SC, Berkeley Airport CA, Langin
Field WV, Equinox Airport VT, and updates to many others.</FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><BR><BR>
</P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=4>Comments
about my page? Information you would like to contribute?</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=4>Contact
the author at: <A HREF="mailto:paulandterryfreeman@gmail.com">paulandterryfreeman@gmail.com</A></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=4><I><B>If
you have pictures or other historical information to help tell the
story of these airfields, please send them.</B></I></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=4>If
you have photographs to share, a few requests:</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=4>JPG
format usually works the best.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=4>Higher
resolution photos are generally better.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=4>Please
specify the year the picture was taken, and the photographer (if you
know that information).</FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=4><B>Other
items which can be used to expand the website's coverage:</B></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT COLOR="#ff0000"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=4><B>old
aeronautical charts, photos, or airport directories.</B></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=4><B>If
you have items such as these & would consider donating them to
the website,</B></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=4><B>please
contact the author at: <A HREF="mailto:paulandterryfreeman@gmail.com">paulandterryfreeman@gmail.com</A></B></FONT></FONT></P>
<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif"><FONT SIZE=5>____________________________________________________</FONT></FONT></P>
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to all who have supported this website with historical material &
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<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif">History
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<P ALIGN=CENTER STYLE="widows: 4"><FONT FACE="Arial, sans-serif">This
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Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields
<!--
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**Abandoned
& Little-Known Airfields**
©
2002, © 2023 by [Paul
Freeman](mailto:paulandterryfreeman@gmail.com). Revised 12/26/23.
***\*\*\*
Dedicated in the memory of my father, Harris Freeman (1929-2010), who
supported my interest in aviation ever since I was a little boy. \*\*\****
“***History
& mystery combined.”***
On
the following pages, you will find information on vanished or
abandoned airfields & their unusual histories.
**As
a pilot, a particular interest of mine has always been the abandoned
airfields that dot the landscape of much of this country.**
**Both
for their potential safety value to a pilot in an emergency,**
**and
also for their sometimes fascinating history, this particular topic
has always held my curiosity.**
**When
I'm a passenger on commercial flights, I've always found myself
looking out the window, constantly looking for airfields below.**
**When
I fly as a pilot myself, I've always tried to land at as many
airports as possible,**
**to
learn a little about each one.**
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
[Please
consider a financial contribution to support the continued growth &
operation of this site.](#contributions)
This
website is supported by the [American
Aviation Historical Society](http://www.aahs-online.org/):
[](http://www.aahs-online.org/)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
This
website contains descriptions & images of
**2,738**
airfields, in all 50 states:
| [Alabama](AL/Airfields_AL.htm)
*Updated
11/10/23* | [Illinois](IL/Airfields_IL.htm)
*Updated
2/21/23* | [Montana](MT/Airfields_MT.htm)
*Updated
8/29/23* | [Puerto
Rico](PR/Airfields_PR.htm)
*Updated
7/24/23* |
| [Alaska](AK/Airfields_AK.htm)
*Updated
11/22/23* | [Indiana](IN/Airfields_IN.htm)
*Updated
9/5/23* | [Nebraska](NE/Airfields_NE.htm)
*Updated
11/20/23* | [Rhode
Island](RI/Airfields_RI.htm)
*Updated
10/31/23* |
| [Arizona](AZ/Airfields_AZ.htm)
*Updated
11/11/23* | [Iowa](IA/Airfields_IA.htm)
*Updated
10/27/23* | [Nevada](NV/Airfields_NV.htm)
*Updated
12/23/23* | [South
Carolina](SC/Airfields_SC.htm)
*Updated
11/2/23* |
| [Arkansas](AR/Airfields_AR.htm)
*Updated
6/30/23* | [Kansas](KS/Airfields_KS.htm)
*Updated
6/13/23* | [New
Hampshire](NH/Airfields_NH.htm)
*Updated
11/19/23* | [South
Dakota](SD/Airfields_SD.htm)
*Updated
9/18/23* |
| [California](CA/Airfields_CA.htm)
*Updated
12/26/23* | [Kentucky](KY/Airfields_KY.htm)
*Updated
12/18/23* | [New
Jersey](NJ/Airfields_NJ.htm)
*Updated
11/20/23* | [Tennessee](TN/Airfields_TN.htm)
*Updated
11/20/23* |
| [Colorado](CO/Airfields_CO.htm)
*Updated
11/22/23* | [Louisiana](LA/Airfields_LA.htm)
*Updated
11/27/23* | [New
Mexico](NM/Airfields_NM.htm)
*Updated
12/1/23* | [Texas](TX/Airfields_TX.htm)
*Updated
12/4/23* |
| [Connecticut](CT/Airfields_CT.htm)
*Updated
11/24/23* | [Maine](ME/Airfields_ME.htm)
*Updated
11/11/22* | [New
York](NY/Airfields_NY.htm)
*Updated
11/26/23* | [Utah](UT/Airfields_UT.htm)
*Updated
11/9/23* |
| [Delaware](DE/Airfields_DE.htm)
*Updated
8/7/23*
| [Maryland](MD/Airfields_MD.htm)
*Updated
10/30/23* | [North
Carolina](NC/Airfields_NC.htm)
*Updated
12/8/23* | [Vermont](VT/Airfields_VT.htm)
*Updated
10/19/23* |
| [District
of Columbia](DC/Airfields_DC.htm)
*Updated
11/20/23* | [Massachusetts](MA/Airfields_MA.htm)
*Updated
11/21/23* | [North
Dakota](ND/Airfields_ND.htm)
*Updated
3/17/23* | [Virginia](VA/Airfields_VA.htm)
*Updated
11/22/23* |
| [Florida](FL/Airfields_FL.htm)
*Updated
12/14/23* | [Michigan](MI/Airfields_MI.htm)
*Updated
12/7/23* | [Ohio](OH/Airfields_OH.htm)
*Updated
12/23/23* | [Washington
State](WA/Airfields_WA.htm)
*Updated
12/26/23* |
| [Georgia](GA/Airfields_GA.htm)
*Updated
11/28/23* | [Minnesota](MN/Airfields_MN.htm)
*Updated
1/7/23* | [Oklahoma](OK/Airfields_OK.htm)
*Updated
5/12/23* | [West
Virginia](WV/Airfields_WV.htm)
*Updated
12/19/23* |
| [Hawaii
& Western Pacific Islands](HI/Airfields_HI.htm)
*Updated
12/18/23* | [Mississippi](MS/Airfields_MS.htm)
*Updated
11/12/23* | [Oregon](OR/Airfields_OR.htm)
*Updated
12/23/23* | [Wisconsin](WI/Airfields_WI.htm)
*Updated
9/9/23* |
| [Idaho](ID/Airfields_ID.htm)
*Updated
10/29/23* | [Missouri](MO/Airfields_MO.htm)
*Updated
11/26/23* | [Pennsylvania](PA/Airfields_PA.htm)
*Updated
11/20/23* | [Wyoming](WY/Airfields_WY.htm)
*Updated
8/29/23* |
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**Since
this site was first put on the web in 1999, its popularity has grown
tremendously.**
**If the
total quantity of material on this site is to continue to grow,**
**it
will require ever-increasing funding to pay its expenses.**
**Therefore,
I request financial contributions from site visitors,**
**to
help defray the increasing costs of the site**
**and
ensure that it continues to be available & to grow.**
**What
would you pay for a good aviation magazine, or a good aviation book?**
**Please
consider a donation of an equivalent amount, at the least.**
***This
site is not supported by commercial advertising –***
***it
is purely supported by donations.***
**If
you enjoy the site, and would like to make a financial contribution,**
**you
may use a credit card via
:**
**Please
consider checking the box to make a monthly donatation.**
**For a
mailing address to send a check, please contact me at:
[paulandterryfreeman@gmail.com](mailto:paulandterryfreeman@gmail.com)**
**If
you enjoy this web site, please support it with a financial
contribution.**
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Airfield
entries recently added to the website include:
Vantage
Airport WA, Hanford Auxiliary Airfield WA, Downtown Oakland Heliport
CA, Brandon Airport FL, Sugar Loaf Resort Airport MI, Hawkes Airfield
NH, Rives Airpark TX, Besse Field NH,
White
Mountain Gateway Airport NH, Bradshaw Airpark VA, Weirs Seaplane Base
NH, Morse Airfield NH, Shealy Airport SC, Berkeley Airport CA, Langin
Field WV, Equinox Airport VT, and updates to many others.
Comments
about my page? Information you would like to contribute?
Contact
the author at: [paulandterryfreeman@gmail.com](mailto:paulandterryfreeman@gmail.com)
***If
you have pictures or other historical information to help tell the
story of these airfields, please send them.***
If
you have photographs to share, a few requests:
JPG
format usually works the best.
Higher
resolution photos are generally better.
Please
specify the year the picture was taken, and the photographer (if you
know that information).
**Other
items which can be used to expand the website's coverage:**
**old
aeronautical charts, photos, or airport directories.**
**If
you have items such as these & would consider donating them to
the website,**
**please
contact the author at: [paulandterryfreeman@gmail.com](mailto:paulandterryfreeman@gmail.com)**
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
***In
February 2015 the “Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields”
website hit TWO MILLION
visitors!***
***In
April 2019 the “Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields”
website celebrated its 20th
Anniversary!***
***Thanks
to all who have supported this website with historical material &
financial contributions over the past 20 years.***
History
of the website:
This
site has been on the web since April 1999.
From
April 2002 – December 2023 this website had 2,992,500 visitors.
Site
visitors since April 2002:
Hit
counter provided by [digits.net](http://www.digits.net/).
| http://www.airfields-freeman.com/ |
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<TITLE>
What Can You Do With A Slide Rule?
</TITLE>
<LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:USERNAME@HOSTNAME">
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR=ffffff>
<IMG SRC="../images/UUlogo.gif" ALIGN="LEFT" BORDER=1 HSPACE=10>
<H6>
<A HREF="http://www.math.utah.edu/~pa/">
Peter Alfeld,
</A>
---
<A HREF="http://www.math.utah.edu/">
Department of Mathematics,
</A>
---
<A HREF="http://www.science.utah.edu/">
College of Science
</A>
---
<A HREF="http://www.utah.edu/HTML_Docs/UofU_Home.html">
University of Utah
</A>
</H6>
<H1>
What Can You Do With A Slide Rule?
</H1>
There was a time when electronic calculators did not yet exist.
This did not stop us from doing complicated things, like going to the
moon, figuring out the double helix, or designing the Boeing 747. In
those days, when we needed to compute things, we used <b>slide
rules</b> which are marvelous and beautiful instruments!
<p> There are many pages about slide rules on the web, and you can
still buy brand new slide rules (40 years old but never used, and
still in their factory supplied box) in various places. The purpose
of this particular and quite idiosyncratic slide rule page is to
describe common scales used on slide rules, and the kind of
mathematical expressions that could be evaluated with those scales.
<p>
A subsidiary of this page describes a software package that let's you enter
an expression and will tell you how that expression can be evaluated with a slide rule. If you are looking for that software <a href="SRE.html"> go here. </a>
<p>
<a href="side1.jpg"><img src= "side1half.jpg"></a>
<p>
<a href="side2.jpg"><img src= "side2half.jpg"></a>
<p> The two images on this page were scanned by Clark McCoy of the
<a href="http://www.oughtred.org"> Oughtred Society.</a>
They show the two sides of a particular
slide rule in my collection. This is one of the fanciest and
most beautiful slide rules ever made, a <b>Faber Castell Novo
Biplex 2/83 N</b>. It's made of plastic, and has 30 scales and 11
cursor marks. The rule is about 13.5 inches long and 2.25 inches wide.
You can click on the pictures and see an enlarged image, but that
doesn't come close to holding the real thing in your hands. It feels
heavy and solid. The slide and cursor move with silky smoothness and
yet they stay in place wherever you let go of them. The lettering is
crisp and detailed, and pristine! No space is wasted, but the
information is not crowded either. Every scale has a purpose.
<P> German made slide rules of that time (the late 1960s) usually come
with an accessory plastic ruler. This particular slide rule has a
ruler (not shown) that lists common formulas and physical data on one
side. Those may be useful for slide rule calculations. However, the
other side of that ruler has a detailed list and explanation of <em>common
notations in set theory</em>! This is about as useless for slide
rule calculations as a list of large mammals. Apparently this slide
rule was made when the "new math" was at its zenith and Faber Castell
wanted its share of the action.
<h2> The Basic Idea</h2>
It's clear how to add or subtract two lengths using two ordinary
rulers. Slide rules do the same thing, add and subtract lengths, but
they don't <em>call</em> them lengths. For example, by calling them
logarithms, you can multiply and divide numbers. In fact, I don't
know of any slide rule that actually let's you add or subtract
numbers. In the heyday of slide rules that was considered a trivial
task that you did in your head, or on a piece of paper if you had to.
<p> [Jeff Weiner brought to my attention that actually there are some
slide rules that can add and subtract, specifically the Pickett
Microline 115 and the Pickett 901 rules.]
<p>
A slide rule consists of three parts: the <b>body</b>, the
<b>slide</b>, and the <b>cursor</b>. The body and the slide are marked
with scales. The cursor has a <b>hairline</b> that facilitates accurate
positioning of the cursor at a specific point on some scale. There
may be other marks on the cursor that are used for specific and
special purposes.
<h2> Basic Multiplication </h2>
The most basic procedure carried out on a slide rule is the
multiplication of two numbers <b>u</b> and <b>v</b> using the <b>C</b>
and <b>D</b> scales. These two scales are identical. <b>C</b> is on
the slide, and <b>D</b> is on the body. Move the hairline over
<b>u</b> on the <b>D</b> scale. Move the slide so that its beginning
(marked by
<b>1</b> on the <b>C</b> scale, and also called the <b>index</b> of
the <b>C</b> scale) lines up with the hairline. Move the hairline to
the number <b>v</b> on the <b>C</b> scale. Read the result underneath
the hairline on the
<b>D</b> scale. If the number <b>v</b> projects beyond the end of the
slide rule move the end of the slide rule (marked with <b>10</b> on
the <b>C</b> scale) above <b>u</b> and read the result as before on
the <b>D</b> scale underneath the number <b>v</b> on the <b>C</b>
scale.
<H2> Why?</H2>
Why does this work? The <b>C</b> and <b>D</b> scales show a number
<b>x</b> that equals the exponential of the distance of <b>x</b> from
the beginning of the <b>C</b> or <b>D</b> scale. So basically you are
adding the logarithms of the numbers <b>u</b> and <b>v</b>, and the
logarithm of the product equals the sum of the logarithms. This is
the fundamental identity underlying all slide rule calculations, and
it is worth stating prominently:
<P>
<center>
<IMG
WIDTH="234" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="2"
SRC="log.gif" ALT="$\displaystyle \log(u*v) = \log u + \log v.$">
</center>
<p>
It's convenient to think of the logarithm as the common (base 10)
logarithm, and the length of the slide rule as one unit, but you can
also think of <b>log</b> meaning the natural logarithm, and the length
of the slide rule being <b>log(10)</b> units.
<p> The multiplication of two numbers exhibits two important
properties of slide rule calculations:
<ol>
<li> The real number line is infinite and slide rules have finite
length. Hence all scales can only show a part of the real number
line. On the <B>C</b> and <b>D</B> scales, any number <b>x</b> is
shown as a number between 1 and 10, and it is determined only up to a
factor that is an integer power of <b>10</b>. In other words your
slide rule does not usually show the location of the decimal point.
You are supposed to understand your problem well enough so you can
tell where to put it. The slide rule also does not tell you the sign
of your result. </li>
<li> Compared to a calculator, a slide rule is severely limited in
its accuracy. You can enter and read a number typically to two or
three decimal digits only. </li>
</ol>
<H2>Scales</H2>
<p> All other scales on a slide rule are referenced to the <b>C</b>
and <b>D</b> scales. Following is a list of scales commonly found on
slide rules. For each scale we list the name (like <b>C</b>), the
function underlying it (like <IMG
WIDTH="87" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg1.gif"
ALT="$ f(x) = x$">), and some explanations or comments.
<P>
<table border = "1">
<TR>
<TD><B>Name</B></td>
<TD><B>function</B></td>
<TD><B>Comments</B></td>
</tr>
<tr></tr>
<TR><TD><B><font color="0000aa">C, D</font></b></td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="87" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg1.gif"
ALT="$ f(x) = x$"></td><td> The basic scales. <B><font color="0000aa">C</font></b> is on the slide,
<B><font color="0000aa">D</font></b> on the body.
<P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B><font color="0000aa">CI, DI</font></b></td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="89" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg2.gif"
ALT="$ f(x) = \frac{1}{x}$"></td><td> <B><font color="0000aa">CI</font></b> is on the slide,
<B><font color="0000aa">DI</font></b> on the body.
<P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B><font color="0000aa">CF, DF</font></b></td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="99" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg3.gif"
ALT="$ f(x) = \pi x$"></td><td> <B><font color="0000aa">CF</font></b> is on the slide,
<B><font color="0000aa">DF</font></b> on the body.
<P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B><font color="0000aa">CIF, DIF</font></b></td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="99" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg4.gif"
ALT="$ f(x) = \frac{1}{\pi x}$"></td><td> <B><font color="0000aa">CIF</font></b> is on the slide,
<B><font color="0000aa">DIF</font></b> on the body.
<P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B><font color="0000aa">A, B</font></b></td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="96" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg5.gif"
ALT="$ f(x) = x^2$"></td><td> <B><font color="0000aa">A</font></b> is on the body,
<B><font color="0000aa">B</font></B> is
on the slide.
<P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B><font color="0000aa">R</font></b>, <B><font
color="0000aa">W</font></b></td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="104" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg6.gif"
ALT="$ f(x) = \sqrt{x}$"></td><td> May come with subscripts to
distinguish <IMG
WIDTH="36" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg7.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt{x}$"> and <IMG
WIDTH="57" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg8.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt{10 x}$">, and have a prime
attached to distinguish location on the body or slide.
These scales are labeled <B><font color="0000aa">R</font></b>
(<em>Root</em>) or <B><font color="0000aa">W</font></b>
(<em>Wurzel</em>). The radical symbol may also be used.
<P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B><font color="0000aa">K</font></b></td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="96" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg9.gif"
ALT="$ f(x) = x^3$"></td><td>
This scale usually occurs by itself, rather than as a member of a pair.
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B><font color="0000aa">LL, E</font></b></td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="95" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg10.gif"
ALT="$ f(x) = e^x$"> or <IMG
WIDTH="108" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg11.gif"
ALT="$ f(x) = e^{-x}$"></td><td> This is one of
the scales that show the decimal point. Usually there are several
scales, like
<P></P>
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
<IMG
WIDTH="326" HEIGHT="110" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg12.gif"
ALT="\begin{displaymath}\begin{array}{lcccc}
& \hbox{LL}_0 & \hbox{LL}_1 & \hbox{LL}...
...) = & e^{0.001x} & e^{0.01x} & e^{0.1x} & e^x & \\
\end{array}\end{displaymath}">
</DIV><P></P>
and
<P></P>
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
<IMG
WIDTH="373" HEIGHT="110" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg13.gif"
ALT="\begin{displaymath}\begin{array}{lcccc}
& \hbox{LL}_{00} & \hbox{LL}_{01} & \hb...
...e^{-0.001x} & e^{-0.01x} & e^{-0.1x} & e^{-x} & \\
\end{array}\end{displaymath}"> <p>where
<IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg26.gif"
ALT="$ x$"> is in the interval
<IMG
WIDTH="59" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg31.gif"
ALT="$ [1,10]$">
</DIV>.
<P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B><font color="0000aa">L</font></b></td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="117" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg14.gif"
ALT="$ f(x) = \log x$"></td><td> The only scale on a slide rule that
has a constant increment. Usually on the slide. If there was one such
scale on the slide and one on the body they could be used for the
<em>addition</em>
of numbers.
<P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B><font color="0000aa">S</font></b></td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="143" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg15.gif"
ALT="$ f(x) = \arcsin x$">, <IMG
WIDTH="146" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg16.gif"
ALT="$ f(x) = \arccos x$"></td><td> Lists the
angle <IMG
WIDTH="20" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg17.gif"
ALT="$ \alpha$"> for which <IMG
WIDTH="89" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg18.gif"
ALT="$ x = sin \alpha$"> of <IMG
WIDTH="91" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg19.gif"
ALT="$ x=\cos \alpha$">.
On slide rules, all angles are measured in degrees, and reside in the interval
<IMG
WIDTH="78" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg20.gif"
ALT="$ [0^\circ,90^\circ]$">. The scale usually lists both
<IMG
WIDTH="60" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg21.gif"
ALT="$ \arcsin$"> and <IMG
WIDTH="62" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg22.gif"
ALT="$ \arccos$">, using the identity <P></P>
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
<IMG
WIDTH="195" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg23.gif"
ALT="$\displaystyle \sin\(90^\circ -
\alpha\)= \cos\alpha.$">
</DIV><P></P>
<P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B><font color="0000aa">T</font></b></td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="148" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg24.gif"
ALT="$ f(x) = \arctan x$">, <IMG
WIDTH="149" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg25.gif"
ALT="$ f(x) = \hbox{arccot~} x$"></td><td> Similar to
the <B><font color="0000aa">S</font></b> scale. <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg26.gif"
ALT="$ x$"> is in the interval <IMG
WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg27.gif"
ALT="$ [0.1,1]$">, <IMG
WIDTH="80" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg28.gif"
ALT="$ \arctan x$">
is in<IMG
WIDTH="94" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg29.gif"
ALT="$ [5.8^\circ,45^\circ]$"> and <IMG
WIDTH="237" HEIGHT="41" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg30.gif"
ALT="$ \hbox{arccot~} x = 90^\circ - \arctan
x$">. There may be a similar scale of <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg26.gif"
ALT="$ x$"> in the interval
<IMG
WIDTH="59" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg31.gif"
ALT="$ [1,10]$"> in which case subscripts may be used to distinguish the
scales.
<P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B><font color="0000aa">ST</font></b></td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="114" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg32.gif"
ALT="$ f(x) = \hbox{arc} x$"></td><td> showing the angle (in
degrees) in the unit circle for an arc of length <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg26.gif"
ALT="$ x$"> where <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg26.gif"
ALT="$ x$"> is
in the interval <IMG
WIDTH="91" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg33.gif"
ALT="$ [0.01,0.1]$">. For such small arcs, within the
accuracy of a slide rule, the angle (measured in radians), the sine,
and the tangent are all equal.
<P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B><font color="0000aa">P</font></b></td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="149" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg34.gif"
ALT="$ f(x) = \sqrt{1-x^2}$"></td><td> for <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg26.gif"
ALT="$ x$"> in the interval
<IMG
WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg27.gif"
ALT="$ [0.1,1]$">. The Pythagorean Scale.
<P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B><font color="0000aa">H</font></b></td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="149" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg35.gif"
ALT="$ f(x) = \sqrt{1+x^2}$"></td><td> for <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg26.gif"
ALT="$ x$"> in the interval
<IMG
WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg27.gif"
ALT="$ [0.1,1]$">. There may be another scale for <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg26.gif"
ALT="$ x$"> in <IMG
WIDTH="59" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg31.gif"
ALT="$ [1,10]$">
and the two scales may be distinguished by subscripts.
<P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B><font color="0000aa">Sh</font></b></td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="213" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg36.gif"
ALT="$ f^{-1}(x) = (e^x-e^{-x})/2$"></td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="41" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg37.gif"
ALT="$ f$"> is the inverse of
the hyperbolic sine. <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg26.gif"
ALT="$ x$"> is in the interval <IMG
WIDTH="59" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg31.gif"
ALT="$ [1,10]$"> If a scale
is present for <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg26.gif"
ALT="$ x$"> in <IMG
WIDTH="75" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg38.gif"
ALT="$ [0.1,10]$"> the scales may be distinguished
by subscripts.
<P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B><font color="0000aa">Ch</font></b></td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="213" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg39.gif"
ALT="$ f^{-1}(x) = (e^x+e^{-x})/2$"></td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="41" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg37.gif"
ALT="$ f$"> is the
inverse of the hyperbolic cosine. <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg26.gif"
ALT="$ x$"> is in the interval <IMG
WIDTH="59" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg31.gif"
ALT="$ [1,10]$">.
<P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B><font color="0000aa">Th</font></b></td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="181" HEIGHT="64" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg40.gif"
ALT="$ f^{-1}(x) = (e^x-e^{-x})/(e^x+e^{-x})$"></td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="41" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg37.gif"
ALT="$ f$"> is
the inverse of the hyperbolic tangent. <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg26.gif"
ALT="$ x$"> is in the interval <IMG
WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="qimg27.gif"
ALT="$ [0.1,1]$">.
<P>
</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P> <center><b> Table 1: Common Scales </b></center> </p>
<P>
<H2>One Variable</H2>
The power of a slide rule stems from the interplay of the scales and
the movements of the slide and the cursor. However, even if your
slide was lined up with the scales on the body, but otherwise frozen
in place, you could use your slide rule as a lookup table for a large
number of formulas. Some of them are listed in Tables 2 and 3.
For example, if you wish to compute the expression <IMG
WIDTH="62" HEIGHT="51" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0" SRC="simg39.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {x/\pi} $"> move the hairline over <IMG WIDTH="19"
HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" SRC="simg14.gif" ALT="$ x $"> on
the CF or DF scale, and read the result on the W scale.
<P>
More generally, if you choose a number <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="uimg1.gif"
ALT="$ x$"> on a scale corresponding
to the function <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="41" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="uimg2.gif"
ALT="$ f$"> (as listed in Table 1), and you read the corresponding number <IMG
WIDTH="45" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="uimg3.gif"
ALT="$ r(x)$">
on a scale corresponding to the function <IMG
WIDTH="17" HEIGHT="39" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="uimg4.gif"
ALT="$ g$">, then <P></P>
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
<IMG
WIDTH="168" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="2"
SRC="uimg5.gif"
ALT="$\displaystyle r(x) =
g\left(f^{-1}(x)\right)$">
</DIV><P></P>
where <IMG
WIDTH="41" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="uimg6.gif"
ALT="$ f^{-1}$"> is the inverse function of
<IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="41" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="uimg2.gif"
ALT="$ f$">. The rows of tables 2 and 3 correspond to <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="41" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="uimg2.gif"
ALT="$ f$">, and the
columns to <IMG
WIDTH="17" HEIGHT="39" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="uimg4.gif"
ALT="$ g$">.
<P>
<BR>
Note that
<IMG WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" SRC="simg14.gif"
ALT="$ x $"> is not the number under the hairline on the C scale,
unless you choose to start on that scale!
<P>
<table border="1">
<tr><td>
</td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="41" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg1.gif"
ALT="$ CD $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="52" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg2.gif"
ALT="$ CDI $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="57" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg3.gif"
ALT="$ CDF $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="68" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg4.gif"
ALT="$ CDIF $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="39" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg5.gif"
ALT="$ AB $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="29" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg6.gif"
ALT="$ W $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="26" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg7.gif"
ALT="$ K $"> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
CD </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg14.gif"
ALT="$ x $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="41" HEIGHT="25" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg15.gif"
ALT="$ {x}^{-1} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="31" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg16.gif"
ALT="$ \pi x $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="31" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg17.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {1}{\pi x}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="28" HEIGHT="25" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg18.gif"
ALT="$ {x}^{2} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="36" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg19.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {x} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="28" HEIGHT="25" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg20.gif"
ALT="$ {x}^{3} $"> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
CDI </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="41" HEIGHT="25" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg15.gif"
ALT="$ {x}^{-1} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg14.gif"
ALT="$ x $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="22" HEIGHT="41" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg27.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {\pi}{x}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="22" HEIGHT="41" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg28.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {x}{\pi}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="41" HEIGHT="25" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg29.gif"
ALT="$ {x}^{-2} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="35" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg30.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {1}{\sqrt {x}}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="41" HEIGHT="25" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg31.gif"
ALT="$ {x}^{-3} $"> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
CDF </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="22" HEIGHT="41" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg28.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {x}{\pi}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="22" HEIGHT="41" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg27.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {\pi}{x}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg14.gif"
ALT="$ x $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="41" HEIGHT="25" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg15.gif"
ALT="$ {x}^{-1} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="30" HEIGHT="55" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg38.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {{x}^{2}}{{\pi}^{2}}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="62" HEIGHT="51" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg39.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {x/\pi} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="30" HEIGHT="55" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg40.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {{x}^{3}}{{\pi}^{3}}} $"> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
CDIF </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="31" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg17.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {1}{\pi x}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="31" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg16.gif"
ALT="$ \pi x $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="41" HEIGHT="25" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg15.gif"
ALT="$ {x}^{-1} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg14.gif"
ALT="$ x $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="47" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg47.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {1}{{x}^{2}{\pi}^{2}}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="55" HEIGHT="57" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg48.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {\sqrt {{\pi}^{-1}}}{\sqrt {x}}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="47" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg49.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {1}{{x}^{3}{\pi}^{3}}} $"> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
AB </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="36" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg19.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {x} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="35" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg30.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {1}{\sqrt {x}}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="48" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg56.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {x}\pi $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="45" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg57.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {1}{\sqrt {x}\pi}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg14.gif"
ALT="$ x $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg58.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt [4]{x} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="45" HEIGHT="27" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg59.gif"
ALT="$ {x}^{3/2} $"> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
W </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="28" HEIGHT="25" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg18.gif"
ALT="$ {x}^{2} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="41" HEIGHT="25" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg29.gif"
ALT="$ {x}^{-2} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="25" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg66.gif"
ALT="$ {x}^{2}\pi $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="39" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg67.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {1}{{x}^{2}\pi}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="28" HEIGHT="25" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg68.gif"
ALT="$ {x}^{4} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg14.gif"
ALT="$ x $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="28" HEIGHT="25" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg69.gif"
ALT="$ {x}^{6} $"> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
K </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg76.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt [3]{x} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg77.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {1}{\sqrt [3]{x}}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="50" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg78.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt [3]{x}\pi $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="47" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg79.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {1}{\sqrt [3]{x}\pi}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="45" HEIGHT="27" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg80.gif"
ALT="$ {x}^{2/3} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg81.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt [6]{x} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg14.gif"
ALT="$ x $"> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
LL </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="55" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg88.gif"
ALT="$ \ln \left( x \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="94" HEIGHT="52" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg89.gif"
ALT="$ \left( \ln \left( x \right) \right) ^{-1} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="71" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg90.gif"
ALT="$ \ln \left( x \right) \pi $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="58" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg91.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {1}{\ln \left( x \right) \pi}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="81" HEIGHT="52" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg92.gif"
ALT="$ \left( \ln \left( x \right) \right) ^{2} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="76" HEIGHT="51" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg93.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {\ln \left( x \right) } $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="81" HEIGHT="52" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg94.gif"
ALT="$ \left( \ln \left( x \right) \right) ^{3} $"> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
L </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="38" HEIGHT="23" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg100.gif"
ALT="$ {10}^{x} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="51" HEIGHT="26" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg101.gif"
ALT="$ {10}^{-x} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="50" HEIGHT="23" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg102.gif"
ALT="$ {10}^{x}\pi $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="56" HEIGHT="64" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg103.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {\displaystyle {10}^{-x}}{\displaystyle\pi}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="48" HEIGHT="23" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg104.gif"
ALT="$ {100}^{x} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="55" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg105.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt{10^x} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="59" HEIGHT="23" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg106.gif"
ALT="$ {1000}^{x} $"> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
S </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg112.gif"
ALT="$ \sin \left( x \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="102" HEIGHT="52" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg113.gif"
ALT="$ \left( \sin \left( x \right) \right) ^{-1} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="80" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg114.gif"
ALT="$ \sin \left( x \right) \pi $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="65" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg115.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {1}{\sin \left( x \right) \pi}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="89" HEIGHT="52" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg116.gif"
ALT="$ \left( \sin \left( x \right) \right) ^{2} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="84" HEIGHT="51" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg117.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {\sin \left( x \right) } $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="89" HEIGHT="52" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg118.gif"
ALT="$ \left(\sin \left( x \right)\right)^3 $"> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
T </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="68" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg124.gif"
ALT="$ \tan \left( x \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="107" HEIGHT="52" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg125.gif"
ALT="$ \left( \tan \left( x \right) \right) ^{-1} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="84" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg126.gif"
ALT="$ \tan \left( x \right) \pi $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="68" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg127.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {1}{\tan \left( x \right) \pi}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="94" HEIGHT="52" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg128.gif"
ALT="$ \left( \tan \left( x \right) \right) ^{2} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="89" HEIGHT="51" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg129.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {\tan \left( x \right) } $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="94" HEIGHT="52" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg130.gif"
ALT="$ \left( \tan \left( x \right) \right) ^{3} $"> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
P </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="81" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg25.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {1-{x}^{2}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg136.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-{x}^{2}}}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="93" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg137.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {1-{x}^{2}}\pi $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="74" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg138.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-{x}^{2}}\pi}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg139.gif"
ALT="$ 1-{x}^{2} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="82" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg140.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt [4]{1-{x}^{2}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="109" HEIGHT="59" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg141.gif"
ALT="$ \left( 1-{x}^{2} \right) ^{3/2} $"> </td></tr>
<tr><td>
H </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="97" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg147.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {-1+{x}^{2}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="77" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg148.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {1}{\sqrt {-1+{x}^{2}}}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="110" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg149.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {-1+{x}^{2}}\pi $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="87" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg150.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {1}{\sqrt {-1+{x}^{2}}\pi}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="80" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg151.gif"
ALT="$ -1+{x}^{2} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="98" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg152.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt [4]{-1+{x}^{2}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="125" HEIGHT="59" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg153.gif"
ALT="$ \left( -1+{x}^{2} \right) ^{3/2} $"> </td></tr>
<P>
</table>
<P> <center><b> Table 2: One Variable Conversion </b></center> </p>
<p> <p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td>
</td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="35" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg8.gif"
ALT="$ LL $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="21" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg9.gif"
ALT="$ L $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="21" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg10.gif"
ALT="$ S $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="22" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg11.gif"
ALT="$ T $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="23" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg12.gif"
ALT="$ P $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="26" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg13.gif"
ALT="$ H $"> </td><td>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
CD </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="27" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg21.gif"
ALT="$ {e^{x}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="65" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg22.gif"
ALT="$ \log \left( x \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="91" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg23.gif"
ALT="$ \arcsin \left( x \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="96" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg24.gif"
ALT="$ \arctan \left( x \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="81" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg25.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {1-{x}^{2}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="81" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg26.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {1+{x}^{2}} $"> </td><td>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
CDI </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="46" HEIGHT="29" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg32.gif"
ALT="$ {e^{{x}^{-1}}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="90" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg33.gif"
ALT="$ \log \left( {x}^{-1} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="117" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg34.gif"
ALT="$ \arcsin \left( {x}^{-1} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="121" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg35.gif"
ALT="$ \arctan \left( {x}^{-1} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="77" HEIGHT="56" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg36.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {\sqrt {-1+{x}^{2}}}{x}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="56" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg37.gif"
ALT="$ {\frac {\sqrt {1+{x}^{2}}}{x}} $"> </td><td>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
CDF </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="31" HEIGHT="26" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg41.gif"
ALT="$ {e^{{\frac {x}{\pi}}}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="71" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg42.gif"
ALT="$ \log \left( {\frac {x}{\pi}} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="98" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg43.gif"
ALT="$ \arcsin \left( {\frac {x}{\pi}} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="102" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg44.gif"
ALT="$ \arctan \left( {\frac {x}{\pi}} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="81" HEIGHT="65" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg45.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {{\frac {{\pi}^{2}-{x}^{2}}{{\pi}^{2}}}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="81" HEIGHT="65" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg46.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {{\frac {{\pi}^{2}+{x}^{2}}{{\pi}^{2}}}} $"> </td><td>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
CDIF </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg50.gif"
ALT="$ {e^{{\frac {1}{\pi x}}}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="81" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg51.gif"
ALT="$ \log \left( {\frac {1}{\pi x}} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="107" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg52.gif"
ALT="$ \arcsin \left( {\frac {1}{\pi x}} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="112" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg53.gif"
ALT="$ \arctan \left( {\frac {1}{\pi x}} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="124" HEIGHT="65" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg54.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {{\frac {{x}^{2}{\pi}^{2}-1}{{\pi}^{2}}}}{x}^{-1} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="123" HEIGHT="65" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg55.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {{\frac {{x}^{2}{\pi}^{2}+1}{{\pi}^{2}}}}{x}^{-1} $"> </td><td>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
AB </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg60.gif"
ALT="$ {e^{\sqrt {x}}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="82" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg61.gif"
ALT="$ \log \left( \sqrt {x} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="109" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg62.gif"
ALT="$ \arcsin \left( \sqrt {x} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="113" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg63.gif"
ALT="$ \arctan \left( \sqrt {x} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="72" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg64.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {1-x} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="72" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg65.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {1+x} $"> </td><td>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
W </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="35" HEIGHT="29" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg70.gif"
ALT="$ {e^{{x}^{2}}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="77" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg71.gif"
ALT="$ \log \left( {x}^{2} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="104" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg72.gif"
ALT="$ \arcsin \left( {x}^{2} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="108" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg73.gif"
ALT="$ \arctan \left( {x}^{2} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="81" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg74.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {1-{x}^{4}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="81" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg75.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {1+{x}^{4}} $"> </td><td>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
K </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="43" HEIGHT="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg82.gif"
ALT="$ {e^{\sqrt [3]{x}}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="84" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg83.gif"
ALT="$ \log \left( \sqrt [3]{x} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="110" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg84.gif"
ALT="$ \arcsin \left( \sqrt [3]{x} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="114" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg85.gif"
ALT="$ \arctan \left( \sqrt [3]{x} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="98" HEIGHT="52" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg86.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {1-{x}^{2/3}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="98" HEIGHT="52" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg87.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {1+{x}^{2/3}} $"> </td><td>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
LL </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg14.gif"
ALT="$ x $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="102" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg95.gif"
ALT="$ \log \left( \ln \left( x \right) \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="128" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg96.gif"
ALT="$ \arcsin \left( \ln \left( x \right) \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="133" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg97.gif"
ALT="$ \arctan \left( \ln \left( x \right) \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="137" HEIGHT="68" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg98.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {1- \left( \ln \left( x \right) \right) ^{2}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="137" HEIGHT="68" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg99.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {1+ \left( \ln \left( x \right) \right) ^{2}} $"> </td><td>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
L </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="49" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg107.gif"
ALT="$ {e^{\displaystyle{10}^{x}}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg14.gif"
ALT="$ x $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="111" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg108.gif"
ALT="$ \arcsin \left( {10}^{x} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="115" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg109.gif"
ALT="$ \arctan \left( {10}^{x} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="117" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg110.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {+{100}^{x}-1} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="101" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg111.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {1+{100}^{x}} $"> </td><td>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
S </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="60" HEIGHT="27" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg119.gif"
ALT="$ {e^{\sin \left( x \right) }} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="110" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg120.gif"
ALT="$ \log \left( \sin \left( x \right) \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg14.gif"
ALT="$ x $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="141" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg121.gif"
ALT="$ \arctan \left( \sin \left( x \right) \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="66" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg122.gif"
ALT="$ \cos \left( x \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="148" HEIGHT="68" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg123.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {2- \left( \cos \left( x \right) \right) ^{2}} $"> </td><td>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
T </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="27" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg131.gif"
ALT="$ {e^{\tan \left( x \right) }} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="115" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg132.gif"
ALT="$ \log \left( \tan \left( x \right) \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="141" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg133.gif"
ALT="$ \arcsin \left( \tan \left( x \right) \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg14.gif"
ALT="$ x $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="150" HEIGHT="68" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg134.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {1- \left( \tan \left( x \right) \right) ^{2}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="150" HEIGHT="68" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg135.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {1+ \left( \tan \left( x \right) \right) ^{2}} $"> </td><td>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
P </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="70" HEIGHT="29" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg142.gif"
ALT="$ {e^{\sqrt {1-{x}^{2}}}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="130" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg143.gif"
ALT="$ \log \left( \sqrt {1-{x}^{2}} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="157" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg144.gif"
ALT="$ \arcsin \left( \sqrt {1-{x}^{2}} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="161" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg145.gif"
ALT="$ \arctan \left( \sqrt {1-{x}^{2}} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg14.gif"
ALT="$ x $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="81" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg146.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {2-{x}^{2}} $"> </td><td>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
H </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="83" HEIGHT="29" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg154.gif"
ALT="$ {e^{\sqrt {-1+{x}^{2}}}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="146" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg155.gif"
ALT="$ \log \left( \sqrt {-1+{x}^{2}} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="173" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg156.gif"
ALT="$ \arcsin \left( \sqrt {-1+{x}^{2}} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="177" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg157.gif"
ALT="$ \arctan \left( \sqrt {-1+{x}^{2}} \right) $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="81" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg146.gif"
ALT="$ \sqrt {2-{x}^{2}} $"> </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg14.gif"
ALT="$ x $"> </td><td>
</td></tr>
<P>
</table>
<P> <center><b> Table 3: More One Variable Conversion </b></center> </p>
There are some caveats about reading Tables 2 and 3. For example, <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" SRC="simg14.gif"
ALT="$ x $"> may have to be in a certain interval, and the tables do
not distinguish between different versions of the same scale, e.g.,
the various LL scales. For the S scale, we only consider the inverse
sine function, not the inverse cosine function. So before you use
your slide rule as suggested in the tables you'll have to think
carefully about what you are doing, which never hurts anyway. The
typesetting of some of those formulas is a bit idiosyncratic. They
were mostly machine generated, and I did not want to introduce
additional errors by excessive manual editing.
<P>
As the tables clearly indicate, if you move the hairline over any number
on any scale at all, and read the number on the same scale right under
the hairline, you'll get that very same number back!
<P>
<H2>Two Variables</H2>
<P>
Of course the number of possibilities is vastly increased by allowing
the slide to move. We consider two procedures, PLUS and MINUS,
involving scales 1, 2, and 3. Scales 1 and 3 are on the body, scale 2
is on the slide.
<P>
<B>PLUS:</B> Select <B>u</B> on scale 1 (on the body), align it with the index of
scale 2 (on the slide),
move the hairline to <B>v</B> on scale 2, and
read the result on scale 3 (on the body), underneath the hairline. For
example if the scales involved are <B>D</B>, <B>C</B>, and <B>D</B>, the
result would be the product, <B>uv</B>.
<P>
<B>MINUS:</B> Select <B>u</B> on scale 1, align it with <B>v </B> on
scale 2 on the slide, move the hairline to the index of scale 2, and
read the result on scale 3 on the body, underneath the hairline. For
example, if the scales involved are again <B>D</B>, <B>C</B>,
and <B>D</B>, the result is the quotient, <IMG WIDTH="21" HEIGHT="41"
ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0" SRC="timg1.gif" ALT="$ \frac{u}{v}$">.
<P>
What happens if we use other scales? Assuming a (very hypothetical)
slide rule that has all the scales listed above both on the body and
on the slide, these two procedures let you evaluate 3,540 different
expressions in 4,394 different ways. Six examples are given in
Table 4.
<a href="two.pdf">Click here</a>
to see a similarly organized pdf file (of
several hundred pages) showing all the possibilities.
<P>
<P>
In general, if <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="41" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="uimg2.gif"
ALT="$ f$"> is the function corresponding to scale 1 (again, as listed in
Table 1), <IMG
WIDTH="17" HEIGHT="39" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="uimg4.gif"
ALT="$ g$"> the function corresponding to scale 2, and <IMG
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="23" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="uimg7.gif"
ALT="$ h$"> the
function corresponding to scale 3, then the result <IMG
WIDTH="65" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="uimg8.gif"
ALT="$ r(u,v)$"> that you
read on scale 3 is
<P>
<P></P>
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
<IMG
WIDTH="689" HEIGHT="42" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="uimg9.gif"
ALT="$\displaystyle r(u,v) = h\left(\exp\left[\log\left(f^{-1}(u)\right) \pm
\log\left(g^{-1}(v)\right)\right]\right)$">
</DIV><P></P>
<P>
where the base of the logarithm is the length of the slide rule and
exp is the inverse function of log.
The symbol <IMG
WIDTH="23" HEIGHT="39" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="uimg10.gif"
ALT="$ \pm$"> indicates whether to use the plus or the minus
procedure.
<P>
<center>
<table border = "1">
<tr><td><center><b>row</b></center></td><td><Center><b>entry</b></center></td><td><Center><b>formula</b></center></td><td><Center><b>variation</b></center></td><td><Center><b>result</b></center></td><td><Center><b>Scale 1</b></center></td><td><Center><b>Scale 2</b></center></td><td><Center><b>Scale 3</b></center></td><td><Center><b>+/-</b></center></td></tr>
<tr><td><center><b>1</b></center></td><td> 1 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 1 </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="29" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="timg2.gif"
ALT="$ \displaystyle uv $"> </td><td> CD </td><td> CD </td><td> CD </td><td> <b>+</b> </tr>
<tr><td><center><b>2</b></center></td><td> 15 </td><td> 2 </td><td> 1 </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="24" HEIGHT="58" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="timg3.gif"
ALT="$ \displaystyle {\frac {u}{v}} $"> </td><td> CD </td><td> CD </td><td> CD </td><td> <b>-</b> </tr>
<tr><td><center><b>3</b></center></td><td> 2403 </td><td> 1803 </td><td> 1 </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="28" HEIGHT="23" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="timg4.gif"
ALT="$ \displaystyle {u}^{v} $"> </td><td> LL </td><td> CD </td><td> LL </td><td> <b>+</b> </tr>
<tr><td><center><b>4</b></center></td><td> 139 </td><td> 26 </td><td> 2 </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="99" HEIGHT="83" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="timg5.gif"
ALT="$ \displaystyle{\sqrt{\frac{v^2+u^2}{v^2}}}$"> </td><td> CD </td><td> CDI </td><td> H </td><td> <B>+</b> </tr>
<tr><td><center><b>5</b></center></td><td> 287 </td><td> 83 </td><td> 1 </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="65" HEIGHT="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="timg6.gif"
ALT="$ \displaystyle u^3v^{3/2}$"> </td><td> CD </td><td> AB </td><td> W </td><td> <b>-</b> </tr>
<tr><td><center><b>6</b></center></td><td> 424 </td><td> 168 </td><td> 1 </td><td> <IMG
WIDTH="143" HEIGHT="73" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="timg7.gif"
ALT="$ \displaystyle \arcsin\left(\frac{u}{\ln(v)}\right)$"> </td><td> CD </td><td> LL </td><td> S </td><td> <b>-</b> </td></tr>
</table>
</center>
<P> <center><b> Table 4: Two Variable Computations </b></center> </p>
<P>
The first three rows of Table 4 show the most common operations on a
slide rule: product, quotient, and power.
<P>
The last three rows show less common formulas that can be evaluated.
Thus, according to the fourth row, to compute <IMG WIDTH="99"
HEIGHT="83" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0" SRC="timg5.gif" ALT="$
\displaystyle{\sqrt{\frac{v^2+u^2}{v^2}}}$"> follow the PLUS procedure
with scales 1, 2, and 3 being <B>D</B>, <B>CI</B>, and <B>H</B>,
respectively. The first number in that row, 139, indicates the entry
in the <a href="two.pdf">pdf table</a>, 26 means it is the 26th
distinct formula in the table, and 2 means it's the second way to
evaluate this particular formula. These numbers are not important for
the example, but they illustrate the organization of the pdf table.
Caveats apply even more so than to the one variable Table 2 and 3
above. The variables have to be in certain ranges, and you may have to
be judicious about which variant of the relevant scale you use to read
your result.
<P>
Of course, slide rule manuals do not list thousands of formulas. They
describe basic principles and then people can figure out how to use
slide rules to best advantage for their particular applications.
There are more pedestrian ways to compute <IMG WIDTH="99" HEIGHT="83"
ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0" SRC="timg5.gif" ALT="$
\displaystyle{\sqrt{\frac{v^2+u^2}{v^2}}}$"> but if you have to evaluate
such expressions many times you'll find the shortcut eventually.
Once you have it you can impress your friends and coworkers!
<P> The last example in Table 4 requires an <b>LL</b> scale on the
slide. When I went to high school our work horse slide rule was the
Aristo Scholar 903. One version of it has a body and cursor with one
side, but a slide with two sides. The back of the slide shows several LL
scales. So prior to doing this calculation you need to turn the slide
around. This gives you a very strange slide rule without a C scale.
For years I have wondered for what kind of application one would want
to turn the slide on the Aristo Scholar, and after writing this web
page I know!
<H2>Three Variables</H2>
Suppose we consider a variant of the PLUS procedure where instead of
the index we use a number on a fourth scale. Thus we start again by
putting the hairline above the number <b>u</b> on scale 1. Then we
move the number <b>v</b> on scale 2 underneath the hairline. Next we
move the hairline above the number <b>w</b> on scale 3. Finally we
read the result on scale 4 underneath the hairline. Scales 1 and 4
are on the body, scales 2 and 3 on the slide. If the scales
are <b>D</b>, <b>C</b>, <b>C</b>, <b>D</b> respectively, the answer is
<b>uw/v</b>.
<p> With the 13 scales assumed here, there are 24,314 distinct such
expressions, filling 2,143 printed pages that you can
<a href="three.pdf"> view or download here.</a> The four columns
following the mathematical expression give the scales 1, 2, 3, and 4
being used.
<H2>Sophisticated Multiplication and Division</H2>
<em>Sophisticated Multiplication</em> sounds like an oxymoron, but it
isn't in slide rule lore. We can multiply and divide using the
<B>C</b> and <b>D</b> scales, and so in particular we can multiply
with <IMG SRC="pi.gif" height = "22" width = "19">
and compute reciprocals. Thus there is nothing we can
compute with the <b>CI</b>, <b>DI</b>, <b>CF</b>, <b>DF</b>,
<b>CIF</b>, and <b>DIF</b> scales that we can't compute with just the
<B>C</b> and <b>D</b> scales. The purpose of these additional scales
is to make multiplication and division fast and easy by minimizing the
number of times and the distances that the slide and cursor have to be
moved, particularly when doing <em>repeated</em> division and
multiplication. Try it, and you'll see that it is especially
convenient if multiplications and divisions alternate. If you have a
sequence of multiplications only you can replace some of them with a
division by the reciprocal of the relevant factor, using the
<b>CI</b> and <b>DI</b> scales. On the <b>*F</b> scales, the number
<b>1</b> is almost exactly in the middle of those scales, and so by
switching to those scales when appropriate one can reduce the distance
by which one has to move the slide! If that was their only purpose,
the optimal folding factor for the <b>*F</b> scales would have been
the square root of <b>10</b>. It so happens that <IMG
SRC="pi.gif" height = "22" width = "19">
is close to that square root and works almost as well. In addition
however, it makes it possible to multiply or divide by <IMG
SRC="pi.gif" height = "22" width = "19"> without any slide movement at
all. At some stage in the past someone had the quite brilliant idea
to approximate the square root of <b>10</b> by <IMG SRC="pi.gif"
height = "22" width = "19">.
<H2>Quadratic Equations</H2>
<P>
As discussed above, one thing slide rules can do that calculators
can't is create tables. Here is an intriguing application of that
idea that I found in the Post Versalog Slide Rule Instructions,
Frederick Post Company, 1963. That readable little book describes very
many applications of slide rules.
<P>
Suppose we want to find the roots of the equation <P></P> <DIV
ALIGN="CENTER"> <IMG WIDTH="152" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="pimg1.gif" ALT="$\displaystyle x^2+bx +c = 0.$"> </DIV><P></P>
Let's assume that <IMG WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM"
BORDER="0" SRC="pimg2.gif" ALT="$ c$"> is positive, and the roots are
real. If <IMG WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="pimg2.gif" ALT="$ c$"> is negative we ignore that fact and worry
about the signs of the solutions later. As an exercise you may want
to figure out what happens when the roots of the quadratic equation
are complex. If the solutions are <IMG WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="22"
ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" SRC="pimg3.gif" ALT="$ u$"> and <IMG
WIDTH="17" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" SRC="pimg4.gif"
ALT="$ v$"> we have <P></P> <DIV ALIGN="CENTER"> <IMG WIDTH="470"
HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0" SRC="pimg5.gif"
ALT="$\displaystyle (x-u)(x-v) = x^2-(u+v)x+uv= x^2+bx + c.$">
</DIV><P></P> So we want to find two numbers <IMG WIDTH="19"
HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" SRC="pimg3.gif" ALT="$ u$"> and
<IMG WIDTH="17" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" SRC="pimg4.gif"
ALT="$ v$"> that add to <IMG WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="23" ALIGN="BOTTOM"
BORDER="0" SRC="pimg6.gif" ALT="$ b$"> and multiply to <IMG WIDTH="16"
HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" SRC="pimg2.gif" ALT="$ c$">. We
move the hairline over <IMG WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM"
BORDER="0" SRC="pimg2.gif" ALT="$ c$"> on the <B>D</B> scale, and
place the beginning or end of the slide under the hairline (choosing
whichever causes the smaller projection of the slide beyond the body).
Now the product of any pair of numbers on the <B>D</B> and <B>CI</B>
scales (or on the <B>DF</B> and <B>CIF</B> scales) is equal to <IMG
WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="22" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" SRC="pimg2.gif"
ALT="$ c$">. Your slide rule now contains a table of pairs of numbers
that all have the same product. All that's left to do is to move the
hairline until we find a pair of numbers on the <B>D</B> and <B>CI</B>
scales (or <B>DF</B> and <B>CIF</B> scales) that add to <IMG
WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="23" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" SRC="pimg6.gif"
ALT="$ b$">. Computing the sums mentally as we move the hairline is a
pleasant exercise that requires no external help. Once we have the
pair of numbers we can figure out the sign of the roots from the signs
of <IMG WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="23" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="pimg6.gif" ALT="$ b$"> and <IMG WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="22"
ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" SRC="pimg2.gif" ALT="$ c$">.
<P>
<H2>Cursor Marks</H2>
Many slide rules have special purpose marks on the cursors, in
addition to the hairline. As an illustration, here is a list of
calculations that can be accomplished with the cursor marks on the
Faber Castell Slide Rule pictured above.
<UL>
<lI> Put the hairline over the diameter of a circle on scale <b>D</b>
or <b>C</b> and read the area of the circle under a special mark on
scale <b>A</b> or <b>B</b>. </li>
<li> The same marks can be used with the <b>CI</b> scale to compute the
volumes of cylinders. </li>
<li> Two marks facilitate instant conversion of <em>kW</em> and <em>hp</em> (<em>PS</em>)
on the scales <b>C</b> and <b>D</b>. </li>
<li> To multiply a number with 3.6 (and an integer power of 10)
put the hairline over it on the <b>C</b> or <b>D</b> scale, and read the
result under a special mark on the <b>CF</b> or <b>DF</b> scale. Of
course, reversing that procedure let's you divide by 3.6.</li>
</UL>
<H2>Specific Slide Rules</H2>
Table 5 lists scales on some specific slide rules. Numbers indicate
the number of scales present. For example, 8
<b>LL</b> scales usually means 8 distinct scales, 2 <B>C</b> scales
usually means there is a <b>C</b> scale on each side of the slide
rule. A <font color="00aa00"><b>green entry</b></font> means the
scale is on the slide, a black it is on the body. <b>Name</b> is the
name of the slide rule.
<b>Sides</b> lists how many sides are used (one or both, or one and a
half in the case where the slide is reversible but there are no
scales on the back of the body).
<b>Scales</b> lists the total number of scales. The table is sorted
by decreasing total number of scales.
<b>Marks</b> lists how many marks are on the cursor, including the
hairline, and the remaining columns indicate the specific scales as
listed above. The last column gives reference numbers corresponding
to notes that follow the table.
<P>
<table border = 1>
<tr>
<td align="center"><b>Name</b><font></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"><b>Sides</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"><b>Scales</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"><b>Marks</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"><b><font color="0000dd"> C </font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"><b><font color="0000dd"> D </font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"><b><font color="0000dd"> CI </font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"><b><font color="0000dd"> DI </font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"><b><font color="0000dd"> CF </font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"><b><font color="0000dd"> DF </font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"><b><font color="0000dd"> CIF </font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"><b><font color="0000dd"> A </font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"><b><font color="0000dd"> B </font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"><b><font color="0000dd"> R,W </font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"><b><font color="0000dd"> K </font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"><b><font color="0000dd"> LL </font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"><b><font color="0000dd"> L </font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"><b><font color="0000dd"> S </font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"><b><font color="0000dd"> T </font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"><b><font color="0000dd"> ST </font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"><b><font color="0000dd"> P </font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"><b><font color="0000dd"> H </font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"><b><font color="0000dd"> Sh </font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"><b><font color="0000dd"> Ch </font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"><b><font color="0000dd"> Th </font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"><b> Notes </b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan=26> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <b>Pickett N4</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>33</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color="008800">2</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color="008800">2</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b><font color="008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>8</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color="008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b><font color="008800">2</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color="008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color="008800">2</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color="008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>9</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <b>Aristo Hyperlog 0972</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>31</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>6</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color = "008800">2</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>8</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <b>Faber Castell Novo-Biplex 2/83 N</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>30</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>11</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color="008800">2</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color="008800">2</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>2,<font color = "008800">2</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>8</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>1,2</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <b>Pickett N803</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>28</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color = "008800">2</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">2</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>8</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>6,7</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <b>Aristo MultiLog 0970</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>24</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>6</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color = "008800">2</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>8</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <b>Aristo Studio</b></td>
<td align = "center"bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align = "center"bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>23</b></td>
<td align = "center"bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>6</b></td>
<td align = "center"bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color="008800">2</font></b></td>
<td align = "center"bgcolor="ccffcc"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align = "center"bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color="008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align = "center"> <b></b></td>
<td align = "center"bgcolor="ddffff"> <b><font color="008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align = "center"bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align = "center"bgcolor="ccffcc"> <b><font color="008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align = "center"bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align = "center"bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color="008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align = "center"> <b></b></td>
<td align = "center"bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color="008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align = "center"bgcolor="ccffcc"> <b>6</b></td>
<td align = "center"bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color="008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align = "center"bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align = "center"bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align = "center"bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align = "center"bgcolor="ccffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align = "center"> <b></b></td>
<td align = "center"> <b></b></td>
<td align = "center"> <b></b></td>
<td align = "center"> <b></b></td>
<td align = "center"> <b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <b>Post Versalog</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>23</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color = "008800">2<font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>8</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <b>Faber Castell 52/82</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>22</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>7</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color = "008800">2</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>3</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>1, <font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>4</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <b>Pickett N600</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>22</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color = "008800">2</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b><font color = "008800"></font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>6</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>8</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <b>Aristo Scholar 0903 LL</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1.5</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>15</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>4</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color="008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">3</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>1, <font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>3,4</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <b>Faber Castell 111/54</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1.5</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>14</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>5</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color="008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color="008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">3</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>3,4,10</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <b>Faber Castell 57/89</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1.5</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>14</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>5</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">2</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>1,<font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>10</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <b>Pickett Electronic N-515</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>11</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>2</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>13</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <b>Aristo Scholar 0903</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>10</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>4</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color="008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <b>Pickett Trig Projection Rule</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>9</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>12</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <b>Pickett Microline 120</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>9</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>11</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <b>Faber Castell Mentor 52/80</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>7</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>5</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b><font color = "008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>5</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <b>Pickett Microline 160</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b>7</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffff"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b><font color="008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b><font color="008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffffdd"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ffddff"> <b><font color="008800">1</font></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="ddffcc"> <b>1</b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
<td align="center"> <b></b></td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan=26> </td></tr>
</table>
<P> <center><b> Table 5: Specific Slide Rules </b></center> </p>
<P>
<B>Notes:</b>
<OL>
<LI> The <B>LL0</b> scale is merged with one of the <B>D</b> scales. </li>
<LI> The <B>W</b> scales enable multiplication and division with
increased accuracy, effectively providing a rule with a length of two
feet. </li>
<LI> The slide is reversible. The scales one the back side are
<B>S</b>, and 3 <B>LL</b> scales.
</li>
<LI> One additional scale, labeled <B>BI</b>, shows
<IMG
WIDTH="41" HEIGHT="25" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="simg29.gif"
ALT="$ {x}^{-2} $">.
</li>
<LI> Has rulers and instructions on the back of the scale. </li>
<LI><b>LL</b> scales are merged with their reciprocals, e.g., <b>LL1</b> with
<b>LL01</b>.</li>
<LI>Has a special <b>DFM</b> scale on the body. It is folded at
<b>M</b> which is the base 10 logarithm of <em>e</em>.</li>
<LI> Also has an <b>Ln</b> (natural logarithm) scale. </li>
<LI> Has the following additional scales:
<UL>
<li> 3 cube root scales on the body </li>
<li> A pair of scales folded about the base 10 logarithm of <em>e</em>.</li>
<li> A natural logarithm scale on the slide.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<LI> One edge of the slide rule protrudes and can be used as a ruler. </li>
<LI> This rule is available as part of a "programmed self instruction
kit". Also has instructions on the back of the rule.</li>
<LI> Is made of clear plastic to be used on an overhead projector, for
teaching purposes. Comes with a 48 page instruction manual.
Comes in a box labeled "All Metal Slide Rule". </li>
<LI> Fine example of a special purpose slide rule. Made for
electronic calculations specifically in the Cleveland Institute of
Electronics. Back Side has tables and formulas helpful in
electronics. There are two special purpose scales. One shows <IMG
WIDTH="30" HEIGHT="41" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="CE1.gif" ALT="$ \frac{x}{2\pi}$">, the other shows <IMG
WIDTH="69" HEIGHT="48" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
SRC="CE2.gif" ALT="$ \frac{1}{(2\pi)^2 x^2}$">.
One L scale has base 10, the other base <em>e</em>.
</li>
</ol>
<H2> Home Work </H2>
I'm employed by an institution of higher learning, and I feel
compelled to assign some home work problems:
<UL>
<LI> Think about ways of making slide rules more accurate. </li>
<LI> Why is it that there seem to be no slide rules that have <B>L</b>
scales on both the slide and the body, thus enabling addition and
subtraction? </li>
<LI> Think carefully about the base of the logarithm used on a slide rule. </li>
<li> Slide rules work because the logarithm of the product is the sum
of the logarithms. Could you use functions other than logarithms?
It's an excellent exercise to work out the answer, but if you can't or
won't, but you must know, <a href="unique">click here!</a> </li>
<LI> How do you solve a quadratic equation with complex roots, using your
slide rule?</li>
<li> Build your own slide rule.</li>
</UL>
</BODY>
</HTML>
|
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What Can You Do With A Slide Rule?
######
[Peter Alfeld,](http://www.math.utah.edu/~pa/)
---
[Department of Mathematics,](http://www.math.utah.edu/)
---
[College of Science](http://www.science.utah.edu/)
---
[University of Utah](http://www.utah.edu/HTML_Docs/UofU_Home.html)
#
What Can You Do With A Slide Rule?
There was a time when electronic calculators did not yet exist.
This did not stop us from doing complicated things, like going to the
moon, figuring out the double helix, or designing the Boeing 747. In
those days, when we needed to compute things, we used **slide
rules** which are marvelous and beautiful instruments!
There are many pages about slide rules on the web, and you can
still buy brand new slide rules (40 years old but never used, and
still in their factory supplied box) in various places. The purpose
of this particular and quite idiosyncratic slide rule page is to
describe common scales used on slide rules, and the kind of
mathematical expressions that could be evaluated with those scales.
A subsidiary of this page describes a software package that let's you enter
an expression and will tell you how that expression can be evaluated with a slide rule. If you are looking for that software [go here.](SRE.html)
[](side1.jpg)
[](side2.jpg)
The two images on this page were scanned by Clark McCoy of the
[Oughtred Society.](http://www.oughtred.org)
They show the two sides of a particular
slide rule in my collection. This is one of the fanciest and
most beautiful slide rules ever made, a **Faber Castell Novo
Biplex 2/83 N**. It's made of plastic, and has 30 scales and 11
cursor marks. The rule is about 13.5 inches long and 2.25 inches wide.
You can click on the pictures and see an enlarged image, but that
doesn't come close to holding the real thing in your hands. It feels
heavy and solid. The slide and cursor move with silky smoothness and
yet they stay in place wherever you let go of them. The lettering is
crisp and detailed, and pristine! No space is wasted, but the
information is not crowded either. Every scale has a purpose.
German made slide rules of that time (the late 1960s) usually come
with an accessory plastic ruler. This particular slide rule has a
ruler (not shown) that lists common formulas and physical data on one
side. Those may be useful for slide rule calculations. However, the
other side of that ruler has a detailed list and explanation of *common
notations in set theory*! This is about as useless for slide
rule calculations as a list of large mammals. Apparently this slide
rule was made when the "new math" was at its zenith and Faber Castell
wanted its share of the action.
## The Basic Idea
It's clear how to add or subtract two lengths using two ordinary
rulers. Slide rules do the same thing, add and subtract lengths, but
they don't *call* them lengths. For example, by calling them
logarithms, you can multiply and divide numbers. In fact, I don't
know of any slide rule that actually let's you add or subtract
numbers. In the heyday of slide rules that was considered a trivial
task that you did in your head, or on a piece of paper if you had to.
[Jeff Weiner brought to my attention that actually there are some
slide rules that can add and subtract, specifically the Pickett
Microline 115 and the Pickett 901 rules.]
A slide rule consists of three parts: the **body**, the
**slide**, and the **cursor**. The body and the slide are marked
with scales. The cursor has a **hairline** that facilitates accurate
positioning of the cursor at a specific point on some scale. There
may be other marks on the cursor that are used for specific and
special purposes.
## Basic Multiplication
The most basic procedure carried out on a slide rule is the
multiplication of two numbers **u** and **v** using the **C**
and **D** scales. These two scales are identical. **C** is on
the slide, and **D** is on the body. Move the hairline over
**u** on the **D** scale. Move the slide so that its beginning
(marked by
**1** on the **C** scale, and also called the **index** of
the **C** scale) lines up with the hairline. Move the hairline to
the number **v** on the **C** scale. Read the result underneath
the hairline on the
**D** scale. If the number **v** projects beyond the end of the
slide rule move the end of the slide rule (marked with **10** on
the **C** scale) above **u** and read the result as before on
the **D** scale underneath the number **v** on the **C**
scale.
## Why?
Why does this work? The **C** and **D** scales show a number
**x** that equals the exponential of the distance of **x** from
the beginning of the **C** or **D** scale. So basically you are
adding the logarithms of the numbers **u** and **v**, and the
logarithm of the product equals the sum of the logarithms. This is
the fundamental identity underlying all slide rule calculations, and
it is worth stating prominently:
It's convenient to think of the logarithm as the common (base 10)
logarithm, and the length of the slide rule as one unit, but you can
also think of **log** meaning the natural logarithm, and the length
of the slide rule being **log(10)** units.
The multiplication of two numbers exhibits two important
properties of slide rule calculations:
1. The real number line is infinite and slide rules have finite
length. Hence all scales can only show a part of the real number
line. On the **C** and **D** scales, any number **x** is
shown as a number between 1 and 10, and it is determined only up to a
factor that is an integer power of **10**. In other words your
slide rule does not usually show the location of the decimal point.
You are supposed to understand your problem well enough so you can
tell where to put it. The slide rule also does not tell you the sign
of your result.
2. Compared to a calculator, a slide rule is severely limited in
its accuracy. You can enter and read a number typically to two or
three decimal digits only.
## Scales
All other scales on a slide rule are referenced to the **C**
and **D** scales. Following is a list of scales commonly found on
slide rules. For each scale we list the name (like **C**), the
function underlying it (like ), and some explanations or comments.
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Name** | **function** | **Comments** |
|
| **C, D** | $ f(x) = x$ | The basic scales. **C** is on the slide,
**D** on the body.
|
| **CI, DI** | $ f(x) = \frac{1}{x}$ | **CI** is on the slide,
**DI** on the body.
|
| **CF, DF** | $ f(x) = \pi x$ | **CF** is on the slide,
**DF** on the body.
|
| **CIF, DIF** | $ f(x) = \frac{1}{\pi x}$ | **CIF** is on the slide,
**DIF** on the body.
|
| **A, B** | $ f(x) = x^2$ | **A** is on the body,
**B** is
on the slide.
|
| **R**, **W** | $ f(x) = \sqrt{x}$ | May come with subscripts to
distinguish $ \sqrt{x}$ and $ \sqrt{10 x}$, and have a prime
attached to distinguish location on the body or slide.
These scales are labeled **R**
(*Root*) or **W**
(*Wurzel*). The radical symbol may also be used.
|
| **K** | $ f(x) = x^3$ |
This scale usually occurs by itself, rather than as a member of a pair.
|
| **LL, E** | $ f(x) = e^x$ or $ f(x) = e^{-x}$ | This is one of
the scales that show the decimal point. Usually there are several
scales, like
\begin{displaymath}\begin{array}{lcccc}
& \hbox{LL}_0 & \hbox{LL}_1 & \hbox{LL}...
...) = & e^{0.001x} & e^{0.01x} & e^{0.1x} & e^x & \\
\end{array}\end{displaymath}
and
\begin{displaymath}\begin{array}{lcccc}
& \hbox{LL}_{00} & \hbox{LL}_{01} & \hb...
...e^{-0.001x} & e^{-0.01x} & e^{-0.1x} & e^{-x} & \\
\end{array}\end{displaymath} where
$ x$ is in the interval
$ [1,10]$
.
|
| **L** | $ f(x) = \log x$ | The only scale on a slide rule that
has a constant increment. Usually on the slide. If there was one such
scale on the slide and one on the body they could be used for the
*addition*
of numbers.
|
| **S** | $ f(x) = \arcsin x$, $ f(x) = \arccos x$ | Lists the
angle $ \alpha$ for which $ x = sin \alpha$ of $ x=\cos \alpha$.
On slide rules, all angles are measured in degrees, and reside in the interval
$ [0^\circ,90^\circ]$. The scale usually lists both
$ \arcsin$ and $ \arccos$, using the identity
$\displaystyle \sin\(90^\circ -
\alpha\)= \cos\alpha.$
|
| **T** | $ f(x) = \arctan x$, $ f(x) = \hbox{arccot~} x$ | Similar to
the **S** scale. $ x$ is in the interval $ [0.1,1]$, $ \arctan x$
is in$ [5.8^\circ,45^\circ]$ and $ \hbox{arccot~} x = 90^\circ - \arctan
x$. There may be a similar scale of $ x$ in the interval
$ [1,10]$ in which case subscripts may be used to distinguish the
scales.
|
| **ST** | $ f(x) = \hbox{arc} x$ | showing the angle (in
degrees) in the unit circle for an arc of length $ x$ where $ x$ is
in the interval $ [0.01,0.1]$. For such small arcs, within the
accuracy of a slide rule, the angle (measured in radians), the sine,
and the tangent are all equal.
|
| **P** | $ f(x) = \sqrt{1-x^2}$ | for $ x$ in the interval
$ [0.1,1]$. The Pythagorean Scale.
|
| **H** | $ f(x) = \sqrt{1+x^2}$ | for $ x$ in the interval
$ [0.1,1]$. There may be another scale for $ x$ in $ [1,10]$
and the two scales may be distinguished by subscripts.
|
| **Sh** | $ f^{-1}(x) = (e^x-e^{-x})/2$ | $ f$ is the inverse of
the hyperbolic sine. $ x$ is in the interval $ [1,10]$ If a scale
is present for $ x$ in $ [0.1,10]$ the scales may be distinguished
by subscripts.
|
| **Ch** | $ f^{-1}(x) = (e^x+e^{-x})/2$ | $ f$ is the
inverse of the hyperbolic cosine. $ x$ is in the interval $ [1,10]$.
|
| **Th** | $ f^{-1}(x) = (e^x-e^{-x})/(e^x+e^{-x})$ | $ f$ is
the inverse of the hyperbolic tangent. $ x$ is in the interval $ [0.1,1]$.
|
**Table 1: Common Scales**
## One Variable
The power of a slide rule stems from the interplay of the scales and
the movements of the slide and the cursor. However, even if your
slide was lined up with the scales on the body, but otherwise frozen
in place, you could use your slide rule as a lookup table for a large
number of formulas. Some of them are listed in Tables 2 and 3.
For example, if you wish to compute the expression  move the hairline over  on
the CF or DF scale, and read the result on the W scale.
More generally, if you choose a number  on a scale corresponding
to the function  (as listed in Table 1), and you read the corresponding number 
on a scale corresponding to the function , then
where  is the inverse function of
. The rows of tables 2 and 3 correspond to , and the
columns to .
Note that
 is not the number under the hairline on the C scale,
unless you choose to start on that scale!
| | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | $ CD $ | $ CDI $ | $ CDF $ | $ CDIF $ | $ AB $ | $ W $ | $ K $ |
|
CD | $ x $ | $ {x}^{-1} $ | $ \pi x $ | $ {\frac {1}{\pi x}} $ | $ {x}^{2} $ | $ \sqrt {x} $ | $ {x}^{3} $ |
|
CDI | $ {x}^{-1} $ | $ x $ | $ {\frac {\pi}{x}} $ | $ {\frac {x}{\pi}} $ | $ {x}^{-2} $ | $ {\frac {1}{\sqrt {x}}} $ | $ {x}^{-3} $ |
|
CDF | $ {\frac {x}{\pi}} $ | $ {\frac {\pi}{x}} $ | $ x $ | $ {x}^{-1} $ | $ {\frac {{x}^{2}}{{\pi}^{2}}} $ | $ \sqrt {x/\pi} $ | $ {\frac {{x}^{3}}{{\pi}^{3}}} $ |
|
CDIF | $ {\frac {1}{\pi x}} $ | $ \pi x $ | $ {x}^{-1} $ | $ x $ | $ {\frac {1}{{x}^{2}{\pi}^{2}}} $ | $ {\frac {\sqrt {{\pi}^{-1}}}{\sqrt {x}}} $ | $ {\frac {1}{{x}^{3}{\pi}^{3}}} $ |
|
AB | $ \sqrt {x} $ | $ {\frac {1}{\sqrt {x}}} $ | $ \sqrt {x}\pi $ | $ {\frac {1}{\sqrt {x}\pi}} $ | $ x $ | $ \sqrt [4]{x} $ | $ {x}^{3/2} $ |
|
W | $ {x}^{2} $ | $ {x}^{-2} $ | $ {x}^{2}\pi $ | $ {\frac {1}{{x}^{2}\pi}} $ | $ {x}^{4} $ | $ x $ | $ {x}^{6} $ |
|
K | $ \sqrt [3]{x} $ | $ {\frac {1}{\sqrt [3]{x}}} $ | $ \sqrt [3]{x}\pi $ | $ {\frac {1}{\sqrt [3]{x}\pi}} $ | $ {x}^{2/3} $ | $ \sqrt [6]{x} $ | $ x $ |
|
LL | $ \ln \left( x \right) $ | $ \left( \ln \left( x \right) \right) ^{-1} $ | $ \ln \left( x \right) \pi $ | $ {\frac {1}{\ln \left( x \right) \pi}} $ | $ \left( \ln \left( x \right) \right) ^{2} $ | $ \sqrt {\ln \left( x \right) } $ | $ \left( \ln \left( x \right) \right) ^{3} $ |
|
L | $ {10}^{x} $ | $ {10}^{-x} $ | $ {10}^{x}\pi $ | $ {\frac {\displaystyle {10}^{-x}}{\displaystyle\pi}} $ | $ {100}^{x} $ | $ \sqrt{10^x} $ | $ {1000}^{x} $ |
|
S | $ \sin \left( x \right) $ | $ \left( \sin \left( x \right) \right) ^{-1} $ | $ \sin \left( x \right) \pi $ | $ {\frac {1}{\sin \left( x \right) \pi}} $ | $ \left( \sin \left( x \right) \right) ^{2} $ | $ \sqrt {\sin \left( x \right) } $ | $ \left(\sin \left( x \right)\right)^3 $ |
|
T | $ \tan \left( x \right) $ | $ \left( \tan \left( x \right) \right) ^{-1} $ | $ \tan \left( x \right) \pi $ | $ {\frac {1}{\tan \left( x \right) \pi}} $ | $ \left( \tan \left( x \right) \right) ^{2} $ | $ \sqrt {\tan \left( x \right) } $ | $ \left( \tan \left( x \right) \right) ^{3} $ |
|
P | $ \sqrt {1-{x}^{2}} $ | $ {\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-{x}^{2}}}} $ | $ \sqrt {1-{x}^{2}}\pi $ | $ {\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-{x}^{2}}\pi}} $ | $ 1-{x}^{2} $ | $ \sqrt [4]{1-{x}^{2}} $ | $ \left( 1-{x}^{2} \right) ^{3/2} $ |
|
H | $ \sqrt {-1+{x}^{2}} $ | $ {\frac {1}{\sqrt {-1+{x}^{2}}}} $ | $ \sqrt {-1+{x}^{2}}\pi $ | $ {\frac {1}{\sqrt {-1+{x}^{2}}\pi}} $ | $ -1+{x}^{2} $ | $ \sqrt [4]{-1+{x}^{2}} $ | $ \left( -1+{x}^{2} \right) ^{3/2} $ |
**Table 2: One Variable Conversion**
| | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | $ LL $ | $ L $ | $ S $ | $ T $ | $ P $ | $ H $ | |
|
CD | $ {e^{x}} $ | $ \log \left( x \right) $ | $ \arcsin \left( x \right) $ | $ \arctan \left( x \right) $ | $ \sqrt {1-{x}^{2}} $ | $ \sqrt {1+{x}^{2}} $ | |
|
CDI | $ {e^{{x}^{-1}}} $ | $ \log \left( {x}^{-1} \right) $ | $ \arcsin \left( {x}^{-1} \right) $ | $ \arctan \left( {x}^{-1} \right) $ | $ {\frac {\sqrt {-1+{x}^{2}}}{x}} $ | $ {\frac {\sqrt {1+{x}^{2}}}{x}} $ | |
|
CDF | $ {e^{{\frac {x}{\pi}}}} $ | $ \log \left( {\frac {x}{\pi}} \right) $ | $ \arcsin \left( {\frac {x}{\pi}} \right) $ | $ \arctan \left( {\frac {x}{\pi}} \right) $ | $ \sqrt {{\frac {{\pi}^{2}-{x}^{2}}{{\pi}^{2}}}} $ | $ \sqrt {{\frac {{\pi}^{2}+{x}^{2}}{{\pi}^{2}}}} $ | |
|
CDIF | $ {e^{{\frac {1}{\pi x}}}} $ | $ \log \left( {\frac {1}{\pi x}} \right) $ | $ \arcsin \left( {\frac {1}{\pi x}} \right) $ | $ \arctan \left( {\frac {1}{\pi x}} \right) $ | $ \sqrt {{\frac {{x}^{2}{\pi}^{2}-1}{{\pi}^{2}}}}{x}^{-1} $ | $ \sqrt {{\frac {{x}^{2}{\pi}^{2}+1}{{\pi}^{2}}}}{x}^{-1} $ | |
|
AB | $ {e^{\sqrt {x}}} $ | $ \log \left( \sqrt {x} \right) $ | $ \arcsin \left( \sqrt {x} \right) $ | $ \arctan \left( \sqrt {x} \right) $ | $ \sqrt {1-x} $ | $ \sqrt {1+x} $ | |
|
W | $ {e^{{x}^{2}}} $ | $ \log \left( {x}^{2} \right) $ | $ \arcsin \left( {x}^{2} \right) $ | $ \arctan \left( {x}^{2} \right) $ | $ \sqrt {1-{x}^{4}} $ | $ \sqrt {1+{x}^{4}} $ | |
|
K | $ {e^{\sqrt [3]{x}}} $ | $ \log \left( \sqrt [3]{x} \right) $ | $ \arcsin \left( \sqrt [3]{x} \right) $ | $ \arctan \left( \sqrt [3]{x} \right) $ | $ \sqrt {1-{x}^{2/3}} $ | $ \sqrt {1+{x}^{2/3}} $ | |
|
LL | $ x $ | $ \log \left( \ln \left( x \right) \right) $ | $ \arcsin \left( \ln \left( x \right) \right) $ | $ \arctan \left( \ln \left( x \right) \right) $ | $ \sqrt {1- \left( \ln \left( x \right) \right) ^{2}} $ | $ \sqrt {1+ \left( \ln \left( x \right) \right) ^{2}} $ | |
|
L | $ {e^{\displaystyle{10}^{x}}} $ | $ x $ | $ \arcsin \left( {10}^{x} \right) $ | $ \arctan \left( {10}^{x} \right) $ | $ \sqrt {+{100}^{x}-1} $ | $ \sqrt {1+{100}^{x}} $ | |
|
S | $ {e^{\sin \left( x \right) }} $ | $ \log \left( \sin \left( x \right) \right) $ | $ x $ | $ \arctan \left( \sin \left( x \right) \right) $ | $ \cos \left( x \right) $ | $ \sqrt {2- \left( \cos \left( x \right) \right) ^{2}} $ | |
|
T | $ {e^{\tan \left( x \right) }} $ | $ \log \left( \tan \left( x \right) \right) $ | $ \arcsin \left( \tan \left( x \right) \right) $ | $ x $ | $ \sqrt {1- \left( \tan \left( x \right) \right) ^{2}} $ | $ \sqrt {1+ \left( \tan \left( x \right) \right) ^{2}} $ | |
|
P | $ {e^{\sqrt {1-{x}^{2}}}} $ | $ \log \left( \sqrt {1-{x}^{2}} \right) $ | $ \arcsin \left( \sqrt {1-{x}^{2}} \right) $ | $ \arctan \left( \sqrt {1-{x}^{2}} \right) $ | $ x $ | $ \sqrt {2-{x}^{2}} $ | |
|
H | $ {e^{\sqrt {-1+{x}^{2}}}} $ | $ \log \left( \sqrt {-1+{x}^{2}} \right) $ | $ \arcsin \left( \sqrt {-1+{x}^{2}} \right) $ | $ \arctan \left( \sqrt {-1+{x}^{2}} \right) $ | $ \sqrt {2-{x}^{2}} $ | $ x $ | |
**Table 3: More One Variable Conversion**
There are some caveats about reading Tables 2 and 3. For example,  may have to be in a certain interval, and the tables do
not distinguish between different versions of the same scale, e.g.,
the various LL scales. For the S scale, we only consider the inverse
sine function, not the inverse cosine function. So before you use
your slide rule as suggested in the tables you'll have to think
carefully about what you are doing, which never hurts anyway. The
typesetting of some of those formulas is a bit idiosyncratic. They
were mostly machine generated, and I did not want to introduce
additional errors by excessive manual editing.
As the tables clearly indicate, if you move the hairline over any number
on any scale at all, and read the number on the same scale right under
the hairline, you'll get that very same number back!
## Two Variables
Of course the number of possibilities is vastly increased by allowing
the slide to move. We consider two procedures, PLUS and MINUS,
involving scales 1, 2, and 3. Scales 1 and 3 are on the body, scale 2
is on the slide.
**PLUS:** Select **u** on scale 1 (on the body), align it with the index of
scale 2 (on the slide),
move the hairline to **v** on scale 2, and
read the result on scale 3 (on the body), underneath the hairline. For
example if the scales involved are **D**, **C**, and **D**, the
result would be the product, **uv**.
**MINUS:** Select **u** on scale 1, align it with **v** on
scale 2 on the slide, move the hairline to the index of scale 2, and
read the result on scale 3 on the body, underneath the hairline. For
example, if the scales involved are again **D**, **C**,
and **D**, the result is the quotient, .
What happens if we use other scales? Assuming a (very hypothetical)
slide rule that has all the scales listed above both on the body and
on the slide, these two procedures let you evaluate 3,540 different
expressions in 4,394 different ways. Six examples are given in
Table 4.
[Click here](two.pdf)
to see a similarly organized pdf file (of
several hundred pages) showing all the possibilities.
In general, if  is the function corresponding to scale 1 (again, as listed in
Table 1),  the function corresponding to scale 2, and  the
function corresponding to scale 3, then the result  that you
read on scale 3 is
![$\displaystyle r(u,v) = h\left(\exp\left[\log\left(f^{-1}(u)\right) \pm
\log\left(g^{-1}(v)\right)\right]\right)$](uimg9.gif)
where the base of the logarithm is the length of the slide rule and
exp is the inverse function of log.
The symbol  indicates whether to use the plus or the minus
procedure.
| | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **row** | **entry** | **formula** | **variation** | **result** | **Scale 1** | **Scale 2** | **Scale 3** | **+/-** |
| **1** | 1 | 1 | 1 | $ \displaystyle uv $ | CD | CD | CD | **+** |
| **2** | 15 | 2 | 1 | $ \displaystyle {\frac {u}{v}} $ | CD | CD | CD | **-** |
| **3** | 2403 | 1803 | 1 | $ \displaystyle {u}^{v} $ | LL | CD | LL | **+** |
| **4** | 139 | 26 | 2 | $ \displaystyle{\sqrt{\frac{v^2+u^2}{v^2}}}$ | CD | CDI | H | **+** |
| **5** | 287 | 83 | 1 | $ \displaystyle u^3v^{3/2}$ | CD | AB | W | **-** |
| **6** | 424 | 168 | 1 | $ \displaystyle \arcsin\left(\frac{u}{\ln(v)}\right)$ | CD | LL | S | **-** |
**Table 4: Two Variable Computations**
The first three rows of Table 4 show the most common operations on a
slide rule: product, quotient, and power.
The last three rows show less common formulas that can be evaluated.
Thus, according to the fourth row, to compute  follow the PLUS procedure
with scales 1, 2, and 3 being **D**, **CI**, and **H**,
respectively. The first number in that row, 139, indicates the entry
in the [pdf table](two.pdf), 26 means it is the 26th
distinct formula in the table, and 2 means it's the second way to
evaluate this particular formula. These numbers are not important for
the example, but they illustrate the organization of the pdf table.
Caveats apply even more so than to the one variable Table 2 and 3
above. The variables have to be in certain ranges, and you may have to
be judicious about which variant of the relevant scale you use to read
your result.
Of course, slide rule manuals do not list thousands of formulas. They
describe basic principles and then people can figure out how to use
slide rules to best advantage for their particular applications.
There are more pedestrian ways to compute  but if you have to evaluate
such expressions many times you'll find the shortcut eventually.
Once you have it you can impress your friends and coworkers!
The last example in Table 4 requires an **LL** scale on the
slide. When I went to high school our work horse slide rule was the
Aristo Scholar 903. One version of it has a body and cursor with one
side, but a slide with two sides. The back of the slide shows several LL
scales. So prior to doing this calculation you need to turn the slide
around. This gives you a very strange slide rule without a C scale.
For years I have wondered for what kind of application one would want
to turn the slide on the Aristo Scholar, and after writing this web
page I know!
## Three Variables
Suppose we consider a variant of the PLUS procedure where instead of
the index we use a number on a fourth scale. Thus we start again by
putting the hairline above the number **u** on scale 1. Then we
move the number **v** on scale 2 underneath the hairline. Next we
move the hairline above the number **w** on scale 3. Finally we
read the result on scale 4 underneath the hairline. Scales 1 and 4
are on the body, scales 2 and 3 on the slide. If the scales
are **D**, **C**, **C**, **D** respectively, the answer is
**uw/v**.
With the 13 scales assumed here, there are 24,314 distinct such
expressions, filling 2,143 printed pages that you can
[view or download here.](three.pdf) The four columns
following the mathematical expression give the scales 1, 2, 3, and 4
being used.
## Sophisticated Multiplication and Division
*Sophisticated Multiplication* sounds like an oxymoron, but it
isn't in slide rule lore. We can multiply and divide using the
**C** and **D** scales, and so in particular we can multiply
with 
and compute reciprocals. Thus there is nothing we can
compute with the **CI**, **DI**, **CF**, **DF**,
**CIF**, and **DIF** scales that we can't compute with just the
**C** and **D** scales. The purpose of these additional scales
is to make multiplication and division fast and easy by minimizing the
number of times and the distances that the slide and cursor have to be
moved, particularly when doing *repeated* division and
multiplication. Try it, and you'll see that it is especially
convenient if multiplications and divisions alternate. If you have a
sequence of multiplications only you can replace some of them with a
division by the reciprocal of the relevant factor, using the
**CI** and **DI** scales. On the **\*F** scales, the number
**1** is almost exactly in the middle of those scales, and so by
switching to those scales when appropriate one can reduce the distance
by which one has to move the slide! If that was their only purpose,
the optimal folding factor for the **\*F** scales would have been
the square root of **10**. It so happens that 
is close to that square root and works almost as well. In addition
however, it makes it possible to multiply or divide by  without any slide movement at
all. At some stage in the past someone had the quite brilliant idea
to approximate the square root of **10** by .
## Quadratic Equations
As discussed above, one thing slide rules can do that calculators
can't is create tables. Here is an intriguing application of that
idea that I found in the Post Versalog Slide Rule Instructions,
Frederick Post Company, 1963. That readable little book describes very
many applications of slide rules.
Suppose we want to find the roots of the equation 
Let's assume that  is positive, and the roots are
real. If  is negative we ignore that fact and worry
about the signs of the solutions later. As an exercise you may want
to figure out what happens when the roots of the quadratic equation
are complex. If the solutions are  and  we have 
So we want to find two numbers  and
 that add to  and multiply to . We
move the hairline over  on the **D** scale, and
place the beginning or end of the slide under the hairline (choosing
whichever causes the smaller projection of the slide beyond the body).
Now the product of any pair of numbers on the **D** and **CI**
scales (or on the **DF** and **CIF** scales) is equal to . Your slide rule now contains a table of pairs of numbers
that all have the same product. All that's left to do is to move the
hairline until we find a pair of numbers on the **D** and **CI**
scales (or **DF** and **CIF** scales) that add to . Computing the sums mentally as we move the hairline is a
pleasant exercise that requires no external help. Once we have the
pair of numbers we can figure out the sign of the roots from the signs
of  and .
## Cursor Marks
Many slide rules have special purpose marks on the cursors, in
addition to the hairline. As an illustration, here is a list of
calculations that can be accomplished with the cursor marks on the
Faber Castell Slide Rule pictured above.
* Put the hairline over the diameter of a circle on scale **D**
or **C** and read the area of the circle under a special mark on
scale **A** or **B**.
* The same marks can be used with the **CI** scale to compute the
volumes of cylinders.
* Two marks facilitate instant conversion of *kW* and *hp* (*PS*)
on the scales **C** and **D**.
* To multiply a number with 3.6 (and an integer power of 10)
put the hairline over it on the **C** or **D** scale, and read the
result under a special mark on the **CF** or **DF** scale. Of
course, reversing that procedure let's you divide by 3.6.
## Specific Slide Rules
Table 5 lists scales on some specific slide rules. Numbers indicate
the number of scales present. For example, 8
**LL** scales usually means 8 distinct scales, 2 **C** scales
usually means there is a **C** scale on each side of the slide
rule. A **green entry** means the
scale is on the slide, a black it is on the body. **Name** is the
name of the slide rule.
**Sides** lists how many sides are used (one or both, or one and a
half in the case where the slide is reversible but there are no
scales on the back of the body).
**Scales** lists the total number of scales. The table is sorted
by decreasing total number of scales.
**Marks** lists how many marks are on the cursor, including the
hairline, and the remaining columns indicate the specific scales as
listed above. The last column gives reference numbers corresponding
to notes that follow the table.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Name** | **Sides** | **Scales** | **Marks** | **C** | **D** | **CI** | **DI** | **CF** | **DF** | **CIF** | **A** | **B** | **R,W** | **K** | **LL** | **L** | **S** | **T** | **ST** | **P** | **H** | **Sh** | **Ch** | **Th** | **Notes** |
| |
| **Pickett N4** | **2** | **33** | **2** | **2** | **2** | **2** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | | | **2** | | **8** | **1** | **1** | **2** | **1** | | | **2** | | **1** | **9** |
| **Aristo Hyperlog 0972** | **2** | **31** | **6** | **2** | **2** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | | **1** | **8** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **2** | **2** | **1** | **1** | |
| **Faber Castell Novo-Biplex 2/83 N** | **2** | **30** | **11** | **2** | **2** | **2** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **2,2** | **1** | **8** | **1** | **1** | **2** | **1** | **1** | | | | | **1,2** |
| **Pickett N803** | **2** | **28** | **2** | **2** | **2** | **2** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **2** | **1** | **8** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | | | | | | **6,7** |
| **Aristo MultiLog 0970** | **2** | **24** | **6** | **2** | **2** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | | **1** | **8** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | | | | | | |
| **Aristo Studio** | **2** | **23** | **6** | **2** | **2** | **1** | | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | | **1** | **6** | **1** | **1** | **2** | **1** | **1** | | | | | |
| **Post Versalog** | **2** | **23** | **2** | **2** | **2** | **1** | | **1** | **1** | **1** | | | **2** | **1** | **8** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | | | | | | |
| **Faber Castell 52/82** | **2** | **22** | **7** | **2** | **2** | **1** | | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | | **1** | **3** | **1** | **1, 1** | **2** | **1** | **1** | | | | | **4** |
| **Pickett N600** | **2** | **22** | **2** | **2** | **2** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | | **1** | **1** | | **1** | **6** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | | | | | | **8** |
| **Aristo Scholar 0903 LL** | **1.5** | **15** | **4** | **1** | **1** | **1** | | | | | **1** | **1** | | **1** | **3** | **1** | **1, 1** | **1** | **1** | | | | | | **3,4** |
| **Faber Castell 111/54** | **1.5** | **14** | **5** | **1** | **1** | **1** | | | | | **1** | **1** | | **1** | **3** | **1** | **1** | **1** | | **1** | | | | | **3,4,10** |
| **Faber Castell 57/89** | **1.5** | **14** | **5** | **1** | **1** | **1** | | | | | **1** | **1** | | **1** | **2** | **1** | **1,1** | **2** | **1** | | | | | | **10** |
| **Pickett Electronic N-515** | **1** | **11** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | | | | | **1** | **1** | | | | **2** | **1** | **1** | | | | | | | **13** |
| **Aristo Scholar 0903** | **1** | **10** | **4** | **1** | **1** | **1** | | | | | **1** | **1** | | **1** | | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | | | | | | |
| **Pickett Trig Projection Rule** | **1** | **9** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | | | | | **1** | **1** | | **1** | | **1** | **1** | **1** | | | | | | | **12** |
| **Pickett Microline 120** | **1** | **9** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | | | | | **1** | **1** | | **1** | | **1** | **1** | **1** | | | | | | | **11** |
| **Faber Castell Mentor 52/80** | **1** | **7** | **5** | **1** | **1** | **1** | | **1** | **1** | | **1** | | | **1** | | | | | | | | | | | **5** |
| **Pickett Microline 160** | **1** | **7** | **1** | **1** | **1** | **1** | | | | | **1** | **1** | | **1** | | | | | | | | | | | |
| |
**Table 5: Specific Slide Rules**
**Notes:**
1. The **LL0** scale is merged with one of the **D** scales.
2. The **W** scales enable multiplication and division with
increased accuracy, effectively providing a rule with a length of two
feet.
3. The slide is reversible. The scales one the back side are
**S**, and 3 **LL** scales.
4. One additional scale, labeled **BI**, shows
.
5. Has rulers and instructions on the back of the scale.
6. **LL** scales are merged with their reciprocals, e.g., **LL1** with
**LL01**.
7. Has a special **DFM** scale on the body. It is folded at
**M** which is the base 10 logarithm of *e*.
8. Also has an **Ln** (natural logarithm) scale.
9. Has the following additional scales:
* 3 cube root scales on the body
* A pair of scales folded about the base 10 logarithm of *e*.
* A natural logarithm scale on the slide.
10. One edge of the slide rule protrudes and can be used as a ruler.
11. This rule is available as part of a "programmed self instruction
kit". Also has instructions on the back of the rule.
12. Is made of clear plastic to be used on an overhead projector, for
teaching purposes. Comes with a 48 page instruction manual.
Comes in a box labeled "All Metal Slide Rule".
13. Fine example of a special purpose slide rule. Made for
electronic calculations specifically in the Cleveland Institute of
Electronics. Back Side has tables and formulas helpful in
electronics. There are two special purpose scales. One shows , the other shows .
One L scale has base 10, the other base *e*.
## Home Work
I'm employed by an institution of higher learning, and I feel
compelled to assign some home work problems:
* Think about ways of making slide rules more accurate.
* Why is it that there seem to be no slide rules that have **L**
scales on both the slide and the body, thus enabling addition and
subtraction?
* Think carefully about the base of the logarithm used on a slide rule.
* Slide rules work because the logarithm of the product is the sum
of the logarithms. Could you use functions other than logarithms?
It's an excellent exercise to work out the answer, but if you can't or
won't, but you must know, [click here!](unique)
* How do you solve a quadratic equation with complex roots, using your
slide rule?
* Build your own slide rule.
| http://www.math.utah.edu/~pa/sliderules/ |
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<div align='center'><a href='http://www.hit-counts.com'><img src='http://www.hit-counts.com/counter.php?t=MTQyMTY4OA==' border='0' alt='Visitor Counter'></a><BR><a href='http://www.hit-counts.com'>Visitor Counter</a></div>
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<div class="dfltt calign txt0"><a href="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/adblock-plus/?src=search" class ="txt1">BLOCK UNWANTED YOUTUBE ADS</a><br>
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<img id="Ggeo6045" src="./geometry/obj7883geo6045shd907pg1p2.png" alt="TOP OF FIREPLACE"></div>
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<embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/L_LUpnjgPso&autoplay=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="225" height="168"></embed></div>
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<div id="Oobj475">
<div id="Grtf336" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt4"><span class ="bold">THE FLAME OF HOPE</span><br>
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<div id="Grtf29" class="dfltt">
<span class ="txt2"><span class ="bold"><a href="Minspeak.html" class ="txt3">MINSPEAK</a></span><br>
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<span class ="txt2"><span class ="bold"><a href="DECTALK.html" class ="txt3">DECTALK MENU</a></span><br>
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<span class ="txt5"><span class ="bold"><a href="prayer.html" class ="txt3">PRAYER MENU</a></span><br>
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<span class ="txt5"><span class ="bold"><a href="CONTACT.html" class ="txt3">CONTACT</a></span><br>
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<div class="dfltt calign txt2"><span class ="bold"><a href="about me.html" class ="txt3">ABOUT ME</a></span><br>
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<div class="dfltt calign txt5"><span class ="bold"><a href="AAC.html" class ="txt3">AAC MENU</a></span><br>
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<span class ="txt2"><span class ="bold"><a href="STORE.html" class ="txt3">STORE</a></span><br>
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<span class ="txt2"><span class ="bold"><a href="EDUCATION1.html" class ="txt3">PUBLIC EDUCATION</a></span><br>
</span></div>
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<span class ="txt2"><span class ="bold"><a href="TRUCK STOP.html" class ="txt3">TRUCK STOP MENU</a></span><br>
</span></div>
</div>
<div id="Oobj2286">
<div id="Grtf187" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt2"><span class ="bold"><a href="SONGS FOR PC'.html" class ="txt3">SONGS FOR COMPUTERS AND AAC</a></span><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="Oobj2293">
<div id="Grtf625" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt2"><span class ="bold"><a href="http://theflameofhope.co/JOYBUBBLES.html" class ="txt1">JOYBUBBLES MENU</a></span><br>
</div>
</div>
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<div id="Grtf84" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt2"><span class ="bold"><a href="http://theflameofhope.co/SPORTS%20MENU.html" class ="txt3">SPORTS MENU</a></span><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="Oobj3439">
<div id="Grtf89" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt2"><span class ="bold"><a href="http://theflameofhope.co/CDS.html" class ="txt3">SNOOPI'S CDs </a></span><br>
</div>
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<div class="dfltt calign txt2"><span class ="bold"><a href="FCT MENU.html" class ="txt3">FULL COVENANT TABERNACLE</a></span><br>
</div>
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<div class="dfltt calign txt6"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/snoopi.botten.7" class ="txt1">FACEBOOK</a><br>
</div>
</div>
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<div id="Oobj7003">
<div id="Grtf347" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt2"><span class ="bold"><a href="SPEAK SEL.html" class ="txt3">SPEAK WINDOW VERSIONS & LANGUAGES</a></span><br>
</div>
</div>
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<div id="Oobj7371">
<img id="Ggeo5383" src="./geometry/obj7371geo5383shd675pg1p2.png" alt=""></div>
<div id="Oobj7369">
<div id="Grtf3724" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt2"><span class ="bold"><a href="OVERCOMERS ME.html" class ="txt7">OVERCOMERS INTERNATIONAL</a></span><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="Oobj7884">
<div id="Grtf6050" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt8"><span class ="bold">THE FLAME OF HOPE </span><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="Oobj7886">
<div id="Grtf6053" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt9">YOU ARE VISTOR<br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="Oobj8023">
<img id="Ggeo6135" src="./image/obj8023geo6135pg1p2.jpg" alt=""></div>
<div id="Oobj8034">
<div id="Grtf894" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt2"><span class ="bold"><a href="https://www.cec.sped.org/About-Us/CEC-Award-Programs/Yes-I-Can-Awards" class ="txt3">YES I CAN</a></span><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="Oobj4479">
<div id="Grtf2615" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt10">Join us for our weekly meetings!<br>
Tuesday Business Opportunity Meetings<span class ="txt11"><br>
✏️TUESDAYS @ 9 PM, ET<br>
& <br>
Saturday Product Spotlight Meetings<br>
✏️SATURDAYS @ 11 AM, ET<br>
<a href="https://zoom.us/j/823808819...">https://zoom.us/j/823808819...</a><br>
Meeting ID: 823 808 819<br>
Dial by your location<br>
+1 646 558 8656 US (New York)<br>
+1 312 626 6799 US (Chicago)<br>
+1 346 248 7799 US (Houston)<br>
+1 669 900 9128 US (San Jose<br>
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div id="Gcode364" class="dfltc">
<form action="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr" method="post" target="_top">
<input type="hidden" name="cmd" value="_s-xclick">
<input type="hidden" name="hosted_button_id" value="EEXCRAKTU9BFJ">
<input type="image" src="https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/i/btn/btn_donateCC_LG.gif" border="0" name="submit" alt="PayPal - The safer, easier way to pay online!">
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</form>
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<a href="http://www.theflameofhope.co/the%20battle/ALL%20FILES.zip"><img id="Ggeo2620" src="./image/obj4495geo2620pg1p2.jpg" alt=""></a>
</div>
<div id="Oobj4497">
<div id="Grtf2624" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt12"><span class ="bold"> Do You know You are a child Of God? He understands your pain, struggles, and battles. I did a concert called <a href="http://www.theflameofhope.co/the%20battle/ALL%20FILES.zip" class ="txt13">THE BATTLE.</a></span><span class ="txt14"> It is now available to download as a .zip file, which of course you unzip and play it. Or you can listen to each track online by going to<span class ="txt14"><br>
<a href="http://www.theflameofhope.co/the%20battle/" class ="txt13">http://www.theflameofhope.co/thebattle</a><br>
<br>
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="Oobj4502">
<div id="Grtf2631" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt15"><a href="mailto:DECTALK@AOL.COM">DECTALK@AOL.COM</a><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="Oobj4521">
<img id="Ggeo2636" src="./geometry/obj4521geo2636shd321pg1p2.png" alt=""></div>
<div id="Oobj4520">
<div id="Grtf348" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt2"><span class ="bold"><a href="life.html" class ="txt3">Bringing America back to life</a></span><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="Oobj4533">
<img id="Ggeo2648" src="./geometry/obj4533geo2648shd324pg1p2.png" alt=""></div>
<div id="Oobj4534">
<img id="Ggeo2649" src="./image/obj4534geo2649pg1p2.jpg" alt=""></div>
<div id="Oobj4535">
<div id="Grtf2655" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt16">EMF<br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="Oobj4536">
<div id="Grtf2656" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt17">Electro Magnetic Fields<br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="Oobj4538">
<div id="Grtf2652" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt18"><span class ="bold">If you have an electronic device or AAC devices, they can potentially receive harmful EMF which can make you sick. For more information and to sign up for a free newsletter, go to <a href="http://www.quantumsolutionsnow.com" class ="txt19">www.quantumsolutionsnow.com</a></span><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="Oobj4539">
<div id="Grtf2653" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt15"><span class ="bold">Referred by Snoopi Botten</span><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="Oobj4549">
<div id="Grtf149" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt5"><span class ="bold"><a href="STREAM DECK.html" class ="txt3">STREAM DECK</a></span><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="Oobj4579">
<div id="Grtf895" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt2"><span class ="bold"><a href="https://naturesfrequencies.com/snoopi" target="_blank" class ="txt3">NATURE'S FREQUENCIES</a></span><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="Oobj4580">
<div id="Grtf896" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt2"><span class ="bold"><a href="https://snoopi174.cashfxgroup.com" class ="txt3">CASH FX GROUP</a></span><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="Oobj4572">
<img id="Ggeo2668" src="./geometry/obj4572geo2668shd327pg1p2.png" alt=""></div>
<div id="Oobj4576">
<div id="Grtf2680" class="dfltt">
<div class="dfltt calign txt20">THE FLAME OF HOPE LLC<br>
</div>
</div>
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|
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<article class="content">
<h1 align="center"><u><strong>The Zoo Race - by Cougar Interactive</strong></u></h1>
<section>
<font color = "#eeee00"> <!-- yellow -->
<h3 decoration = "none" align="center">The Craziest Race game for the PC Computer !</h3>
</section>
<section>
<font color = "white">
<h4><em>The Story:</em></h4>
<p><font color = "#EEEEFF"> After Laughing and teasing her friend Rueben, because he believed in the Noah's Ark bible story, then Hannah the librarian has a dream about it. In her dream, her friends are re-shaped into animals and she herself is changed into a race horse and participates in the "Race Games of Celebration" after the world flood. But, unknown to everyone, Noah's sons have created a lot of hazardous obstacles on the race tracks for the creatures. </p>
<p><font color = "#EEEEFF">These barriers on the race track slow down the participants and include hurdles, glass mazes, piranha fish, fire geysers , exploding barrels , rockets, cannons, bomber planes and more! "Let's give them a REAL race, Ha!", said Shem. "Yes and let's have some fun! " ( LOL ) said Japeth and Ham, so beware of Noah's 3 sons, because this race is so very different.</p>
</section>
<section>
<center>
<h2><font color = "white">The FREE Complete version Download</h2>
<B>
<font color = "pink">
<p> A PC Computer is required.</p>
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<a href="RaceFull.exe" download><img src = "noah2banner12.gif" alt="The Zoo Race Game Complete Download"
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<a style="color: #22ff22" href="RaceFull.exe" download>Download the FULL ZOO - CLICK HERE!</a>
<BR> <br> <br>
<font color = "white">
<h2 align="center">See Our BATTLE OF ANGELS Game Released in May 2020</h2>
<p align="center"> <a style="color: #33ff11"href="https://store.steampowered.com/app/1286210/The_Battle_of_Angels/" target="_blank"><strong>https://store.steampowered.com/app/1286210/The_Battle_of_Angels/</a></strong></p>
<br>
<!--
<a style="color: #AAAA00"href="http://www.zoorace.com/RaceFull.exe"> Alternate Server COMPLETE ZOO Download- CLICK HERE!</a>
-->
<br><br>
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GCIPF0SRA50" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<br><font color = "green">
<br>No adware, spyware, malware or viruses, just good clean solid fun!</p>
<br>
<font color = "orange">
<p> Also available is <font color = "brown"><strong>Noah's Adventures One</strong> (The original) <font color = "orange">game for a FREE download. Just navigate to the "Contact Zoo Dog" page or <a style="color: #9999aa"href="http://www.zoorace.com/contact.html"> CLICK HERE!</a></p>
<br>
<font color = "white">
<p> If you find that the games or music was worth something, then we hope that you buy a gift for somebody at the link below.</p>
<font color = "cyan">
<!--
<p>Anyone who purchases a gift at the ZOO RACE Gift Shop below will be given special access to the MP3 Music area of the site. Where the entire Zoo Race Soundtrack and all of Cougar Interactive songs can be downloaded. Just be sure to send us an e-mail, so we will know of where to send the download URL.</p>
<font color = "navy">
-->
<p>Your purchase will insure joy for future creatures that visit.</p>
<font color = "white">
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<p>
<a style="color: #EEEEFF"href="http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/shop"> Click HERE for The ZOO RACE Gift Shop</a>
<a href="http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/shop">
<img src="Zoo-Store7.jpg"alt="Gift Store"width="150" height="144" border="0" </a></p>
<section><h2><BR></h2>
</section>
<font color = "pink">
<p> Support the Zoo Race site by buying a gift for somebody.</p>
<p> Here are few items below.</p>
<p>
<a style="color: #CCAA00"href="http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/works/12846487-the-zoo-race-rides"> Zoo Pillows!</a>
<a href="http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/works/12846487-the-zoo-race-rides">
<img src="zoo-pillows.jpg"alt="Zoo Pillows"width="100" height="66" border="0" </a></p>
<p>
<a style="color: #00BB00"href="http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/works/12846233-the-zoo-race"> Zoo Cell Phone Covers / Cases</a>
<a href="http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/works/12846233-the-zoo-race"><img src="zoo-phone.jpg"
alt="Zoo Cell Phone Covers"
width="37" height="70" border="0" </a>
</p>
<p>
<a style="color: #0077CC"href="http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/works/12846388-the-zoo-race-dance-floor"> Zoo Kids Stickers</a>
<a href="http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/works/12846388-the-zoo-race-dance-floor"><img src="zoo-stickers.jpg"
alt="Zoo Stickers"
width="70" height="50" border="0" </a>
</p>
<p>
<a style="color: #9900CC"href="http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/works/12846322-the-zoo-race-cannon"> Zoo Race T-Shirts!</a>
<a href="http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/works/12846322-the-zoo-race-cannon"><img src="zoo-tshirt.jpg"
alt="Zoo T=Shirts"
width="130" height="150" border="0" </a>
</p>
<p>
<a style="color: #CC7722"href="http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/works/12846415-cougar-interactive"> Zoo Tote Bags!</a>
<a href="http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/works/12846415-cougar-interactive"><img src="zoo-totebag.jpg"
alt="Zoo Tote Bag"
width="100" height="110" border="0" </a>
</p>
<BR><BR>
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The Zoo Race FREE 3D Game Download
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* [Home](index.html)
* [Creature Play](howplay.html)
* [Creature Music](music.html)
* [Creature Credits](credits.html)
* [Contact Zoo Dog](contact.html)
# **The Zoo Race - by Cougar Interactive**
### The Craziest Race game for the PC Computer !
#### *The Story:*
After Laughing and teasing her friend Rueben, because he believed in the Noah's Ark bible story, then Hannah the librarian has a dream about it. In her dream, her friends are re-shaped into animals and she herself is changed into a race horse and participates in the "Race Games of Celebration" after the world flood. But, unknown to everyone, Noah's sons have created a lot of hazardous obstacles on the race tracks for the creatures.Â
These barriers on the race track slow down the participants and include hurdles, glass mazes, piranha fish, fire geysers , exploding barrels , rockets, cannons, bomber planes and more! "Let's give them a REAL race, Ha!", said Shem. "Yes and let's have some fun! " ( LOL ) said Japeth and Ham, so beware of Noah's 3 sons, because this race is so very different.
## The FREE Complete version Download
**A PC Computer is required.
[](RaceFull.exe)
[Download the FULL ZOO - CLICK HERE!](RaceFull.exe)
## See Our BATTLE OF ANGELS Game Released in May 2020
[**https://store.steampowered.com/app/1286210/The\_Battle\_of\_Angels/**](https://store.steampowered.com/app/1286210/The_Battle_of_Angels/)
No adware, spyware, malware or viruses, just good clean solid fun!
Also available is **Noah's Adventures One** (The original) game for a FREE download. Just navigate to the "Contact Zoo Dog" page or [CLICK HERE!](http://www.zoorace.com/contact.html)
If you find that the games or music was worth something, then we hope that you buy a gift for somebody at the link below.
Your purchase will insure joy for future creatures that visit.**
[Click HERE for The ZOO RACE Gift Shop](http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/shop)
[](http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/shop)
##
Support the Zoo Race site by buying a gift for somebody.
Here are few items below.
[Zoo Pillows!](http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/works/12846487-the-zoo-race-rides)
[](http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/works/12846487-the-zoo-race-rides)
[Zoo Cell Phone Covers / Cases](http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/works/12846233-the-zoo-race)
[](http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/works/12846233-the-zoo-race)
[Zoo Kids Stickers](http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/works/12846388-the-zoo-race-dance-floor)
[](http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/works/12846388-the-zoo-race-dance-floor)
[Zoo Race T-Shirts!](http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/works/12846322-the-zoo-race-cannon)
[](http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/works/12846322-the-zoo-race-cannon)
[Zoo Tote Bags!](http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/works/12846415-cougar-interactive)
[](http://www.redbubble.com/people/zoorace/works/12846415-cougar-interactive)
This Website is dedicated to Gods fun loving creatures worldwide. 
| http://zoorace.com/ |
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| https://www.antenna-theory.com/ |
<html>
<!--NYC-3 PLANNING-->
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<head>
<title>Plan a Luxury Private Train Charter Excursion</title>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1">
<meta name="Description" CONTENT="New York Central 3, the Harold Vanderbilt private railroad car, available for rental and luxury rail charter travel excursions on Amtrak and VIA Rail.">
<meta name="keywords" content="private railcar, train travel, family vacation, business meetings, luxury travel, cruise vacation, family reunion ideas, luxury train, corporate travel, adventure travel, special events, new england travel, railroad, rail cars, wine trip, romantic vacations, family celebrations, honeymoon travel, travel vacation">
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<table align="center" width="80%" border="1" bgcolor="#000088" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td align="center"><a STYLE="text-decoration: none" href="mailto:info@nyc-3.com">Contact <br> VarChandra</a></td>
<td align="center"><a STYLE="text-decoration: none" href="index.html">NYC-3 Home<br> Page</a> </td>
<td align="center"><a STYLE="text-decoration: none" href="Varchandra.pdf" target="_blank"> Online <br>Brochure</a> </td>
<td align="center"><a STYLE="text-decoration: none" href="profile.html"> NYC-3 Profile</a></td>
<td align="center"><a STYLE="text-decoration: none" href="vanderbilt.html">Harold S. Vanderbilt <br>Profile</a></td>
<td align="center"><a STYLE="text-decoration: none" href="present.html"> About the<br> Present Owners</a></td>
</tr>
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<td align="center" ><img src="logosmall.gif"></td>
<td align="center"><a STYLE="text-decoration: none" href="planning.html"> Planning a <br> Charter Trip </a></td>
<td align="center"><a STYLE="text-decoration: none" href="new.html">NYC-3 <br>News</a></td>
<td align="center">
<font size="2" color="#ffffea"><u>Trips & Events</u></font><br>
<a STYLE="text-decoration: none" href="past.html">[Best Excursions]</a><br>
<a STYLE="text-decoration: none" href="future.html">[Future Charters]</a><br>
<a STYLE="text-decoration: none" href="gallery.html">[NYC-3 Photos]</a></td>
<td align="center"><a STYLE="text-decoration: none" href="trip.pdf" target="_blank"> NYC-3 Trip <br>Chronology </a></td>
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<p><font size="4" color="#a00038"><u><b><img height="276" width="360" src="plan/steamertif2.gif" border="1" usemap="#" alt="Steam locomotive 614 hauls NYC-3 luxury train in New England travel"></b></u></font></p>
</div>
<h1 align="center"><font size="+2" color="#a00038"><b>Planning Train Travel Excursions<br> on a Luxury Private Railcar</b></font></h1>
<p align="center">"You will always remember your private car trip
for a lifetime-but the memories will be lots better if you've planned
it well!"</p>
<p><font color="#a00038"><b>Introduction:</b></font></p>
<p align="justify">Is there a connection between actress, playwright,
and Metropolitan Opera Guild founder Eleanor Robson, Triple Crown Winner
Man-O-War, New York Central 3 and planning a trip on a private railroad
car? Of course! Eleanor Robson married banker and ardent sailor and
horseman August Belmont in 1924 and commenced mingling with the Newport
and New York Vanderbilts as well as with the equestrian society associated
with Belmont Farms in New York and breeding farms in Kentucky. (She
named Man-O-War, the most famous race horse of the 20th Century.)</p>
<p align="justify">During her 100-year life span, she made many public
statements which found their way into anthologies of historically significant
quotations, including the wonderful comment that "To ride in a
private railroad car is not an acquired taste. One takes to it immediately."
Given the timing and her ties to the Vanderbilts, it is likely she was
referring to New York Central 3 when she said this!</p>
<p align="justify">This statement is equally true today. However, the
situation is quite different from her time, when the Pullman Company
operated private cars throughout the country on hundreds of different
railroads and perhaps thousands of different trains; when wealthy people
had retinues of service people to handle every detail concerning planning
a trip; and when the railroads themselves had thousands of employees
throughout the nation providing support services such as baggage transfer,
cleaning and pressing sleeping car linens, stocking dining cars with
a wide variety of fresh produce, providing fresh flowers at every major
terminal, etc., etc.</p>
<p align="justify">In order for today's private car trip to provide the
client with the flawless splendor of the past, a great deal of complicated
up - front planning is required, and there is no question but what the
process works best if it is a collaborative effort between client and
the private car's owner/operator. Even then, a good sense of humor is
required in some-thankfully rare - cases, because railroad travel involves
no more guarantees than travel by other modes of transportation. With
airplanes, the airport might be closed the day you want to travel; your
plane might be diverted, or a hurricane or blizzard might decide to
come to town. With trains, an accident ahead of you might stall all
trains; the same hurricane might flood the rails and force a detour,
or a delayed train might miss a connection.</p>
<p align="justify">Given uncontrollable circumstances, the main differences
is that you should enjoy yourself a lot more if such things happen while
on a private car. You'll have space to walk around, can go to the rest
room when you please, nobody will shout orders over the PA system, and
you won't have to beg for an extra bag of peanuts or be afraid that
either rations will run out or you might have to eat one more horrible
airline meal! You might have an adventure on a private railroad car,
but you should never have an ordeal!</p>
<p><font size="4" color="#a00038"><u><b>Step 1:</b></u></font> <i><b>Determine
the size of your group and the type of car you desire</b></i></p>
<p align="justify">There are many different types of private cars, each
with different features: office cars like NYC 3 usually were built for
railroad executives and may have an illustrious history. Such cars usually
have open rear platforms, a lounge, dining room, and galley, plus three
to four staterooms. Night time capacity is usually limited to 4-8 passengers
and daytime capacity to 8-20, depending on car configuration. Higher
capacity cars include combination sleeper/lounge cars, full lounges,
full sleeping cars, coaches, dining cars and dome cars. Full lounges
and dining cars may accommodate up to 50 passengers. It is highly preferable
not to overcrowd cars, because overcrowding detracts from the travel
experience and makes it very difficult to provide proper service. Some
types of cars-especially dome cars-do not have low enough clearances
to visit New York because of the tunnels and the overhead electrical
wires.</p>
<p><font size="4" color="#a00038"><u><b>Step 2:</b></u></font> <i><b>Determine
who will make the trip with you.</b></i></p>
<p align="justify">This is different from deciding the number of passengers
as a factor in selecting car type or in deciding how many people will
share the costs. This step involves selecting and prioritizing exactly
who will travel with you. We always suggest that you have several people
on a wait-list just in case some of the core group have last-minute
changes of plan. As part of selecting the passenger list, put great
emphasis on personal chemistry, flexibility and good humor! Railroad
cars are fun and they have more space for passengers to get away from
each other than a sailing yacht, but like yachts, they move, they bounce,
and they can be somewhat confining - especially on long trips. For some
people, this is all a wonderful part of the experience; for others,
it is not their cup of tea. Eliminate these "others" from
your guest list up-front, for they will affect the chemistry of the
trip, which in turn will affect the overall enjoyment of the other passengers.</p>
<p align="justify"><font size="4" color="#a00038"><u><b>Step 3</b></u></font><font color="#a00038" size="4"><u><b>:</b></u></font>
<i><b>Consider starting out with a short trip and decide whether you
want to sleep on board the car or at hotels or bed & breakfast inns
while in major cities.</b></i></p>
<p align="justify">We sometimes get inquiries from people who have never
ridden a train who want to start out by taking a 3-week cross-country
journey. We usually suggest they switch gears and start with a three-day
weekend in order to test the experience first. We also ask them to carefully
consider the pros and cons of sleeping on the car itself while parked
vs. staying in "shore facilities". While stopped in major
cities, the car will either be parked in the station or in a railroad
yard. It may be moved from time to time to switch it on and off of trains;
noise levels can be relatively high, especially when cars are using
their own generator for electricity or when trains come and park alongside
them with their locomotives running. Air conditioning may be periodically
disrupted if the car is moved and the generator may come on and off
as the car is "plugged" into shore power and subsequently
disconnected. Even station arrival and departure announcements can be
disturbing to some people. We've had two separate occasions where eight
people have slept on NYC 3 and the next morning, four of the guests
reported the "best sleep ever" while four others complained
they could scarcely sleep. This is a highly personal issue, but it requires
careful consideration as part of the initial planning process.</p>
<p><font size="4" color="#a00038"><u><b>Step 4:</b></u><b> </b></font><i><b>Select
your exact travel dates and itinerary - and try to be flexible and creative
while doing so.</b></i></p>
<p align="justify">Some inquiries are flat-out impossible. Someone wants
to charter a car and travel to their college reunion in a town which
has not had any railroad service of any kind for 50 years! Other requests
are possible but impractical, except for deep-pockets clients who can
afford to travel on Amtrak or VIA trains to connections with a freight
railroad and then charter a locomotive and crew to create a private
train to get to the ultimate destination. The minimum cost for such
"off-passenger railroad" trips is about $ 3,000 above and
beyond the normal charter costs. But costs soar with mileage and time
- a freight railroad once quoted us $60,000 to haul NYC 3 only three
hundred miles during a 3-day period - and they made it clear that they
did not want the business!</p>
<p align="justify">Many car owners are asked to provide cost estimates
for detailed client-specified itineraries and in turn provide only the
exact information requested. We think it's critical to ask potential
clients enough questions to allow a determination if there is any flexibility
in either itinerary or travel dates, because a little flexibility might
allow significant reductions in trip costs. For instance, some people
inquire about a specific trip when their real goal is simply to enjoy
a fabulous vacation on a private rail car. Their initial itinerary may
involve long mileage and several nights where they are sleeping on the
car while missing all of the scenery, or it might be a trip without
much scenery at all. We might propose a trip with more scenery, less
mileage, day travel only, etc. which adds up to greater overall enjoyment
at greatly reduced cost. In other cases, we might demonstrate how it
is far cheaper to purchase a discounted weekend air fare to New York
in order to start the private rail car trip there rather than shipping
the car a long distance to the client's home town. We might also have
occasions where, due to other charter commitments, we know the car already
is scheduled to be close to the client on a specific date. If the client's
schedule is flexible, it might be possible to save thousands of dollars
by tying the two trips together. Bottom line: if you're flexible, you
can optimize the value of your trip.</p>
<p><font size="4" color="#a00038"><u><b>Step 5:</b></u></font><font size="4"><b>
</b></font><i><b>Determine the level of service you desire.</b></i></p>
<p align="justify">We can honestly say that we have never eaten a meal
in NYC 3's dining room that wasn't a special, elegant occasion - partly
because we use our formal silverware and serve meals on Lenox China
at all times. These special meals include the beef Wellington prepared
by a chef from the Culinary Institute of America; the steak au poivre
prepared by the chef we flew over from Paris on the Concorde, and the
par baked combination pizza we purchased at Connie's Pizza in Chicago
and finished baking the next day in our oven.</p>
<div align="center">
<!--PHOTO-->
<p align="center"><img src="plan/planning1.jpg" border="1" alt="Gourmet dining aboard the NYC-3 private rail car">
<img src="plan/planning2.jpg" border="1" alt="Wine trip, romantic vacations, and train cruise vacations aboard NYC 3 private rail car"><br>
<font color="black" size="2">
<!--PHOTO CAPTION-->
Two typical meals aboard
the NYC3. One did involve pizza and blackberry pie;<br> the other foie gras
and french torte. You can't see the difference <br>in the photos, but everyone
is having a great time at both meals!</font></p>
<!--END PHOTO-->
<p align="justify">Some private cars offer only white glove service utilizing
on-board chefs and professional wait-staffs. We provide such service
with the best of them - in fact, for longer trips, most private cars
draw from a capable pool of the same chefs, who are located throughout
the country, but primarily in Florida and California. However, we also
offer less formal service up to and including self-catering. In this
latter case, we always have an on-board mechanic and car host to manage
the car itself, but the passengers themselves share in meal preparation
and cleanup. For some groups such as gourmet cooks and wine tasters,
organizing and preparing meals on board is part of their overall enjoyment
in the trip; for others, it's a way to save thousands of dollars while
still having the experience of a lifetime. And remember, when deciding
the service level you desire, that on most trips, the meals eaten on
the car are only a small percentage of the total meals consumed, because
the car is stopped at interesting locations en route where passengers
naturally want to dine out--especially in cities such as Montreal, Quebec,
New Orleans, etc. which are known for their cuisine. A chef is a wonderful
indulgence, and for many travelers, it's the only way to go - but it's
an expensive way to go if the trip involves an average of only one or
two meals per day on the car.</p>
<p align="left"><font size="4" color="#a00038"><u><b>Step 6:</b></u></font><font color="#a00038">
</font><i><b>Select the car. This step actually involves a series of
decisions and analyses:</b></i></p>
<p align="justify"><font size="4" color="#a00038"><i><b>A.</b></i></font>
Select a floor plan which fits your needs. Even amongst cars of the
same general type, there are substantial variations in floor plans,
in room layouts, size of rooms, quality and inequality of bedrooms in
the same car, size of the dining rooms, size and seating capacity in
the lounges, etc. Think about these variables as you consider which
car to select. NYC 3's layout is unique amongst business cars insofar as it has the highest
sleeping capacity, largest lounge capacity, great equality amongst staterooms, and it can accomodate
the largest number of sit-down diners at one meal seating.</p>
<p align="justify"><font size="4" color="#a00038"><i><b>B.</b></i></font>
Try to see the car in person - or at least some color photographs. Private
cars vary greatly in décor and in "freshness". Some
people adore mahogany paneling; some think the same paneling yields
a dark and depressing interior. Some people go for bawdy Victorian;
others for art deco. For some reason, many people even have trouble
picturing the glamour of private car travel in general until they actually
see the car in person and can envision themselves in it. We once had
guests of a client who boarded the car in Boston. The guests had heard
stories of trips on the car and had seen both photographs and a videotape
- but when they came to dinner in Boston, they exclaimed "we had
no idea how wonderful this is - it's simply beyond our imagination!"</p>
<p align="justify"><font size="4" color="#a00038"><i><b>C.</b></i></font> Check references
on the car and the operator. Please don't be scared off by this section
- I call it "Reality PV", where "PV" is the railroad
term for private cars, which were referred to as "Private Varnish"
in an earlier time because of all the varnished wood work in high level
executive cars.</p>
<p align="justify">Most cars have a bunch of satisfied clients, which
is natural considering that most trips go well and private car travel
is such a phenomenal experience. All cars are rigorously inspected by
Amtrak concerning safety matters, so from that standpoint, all cars
should be considered equal. But remember the basic difference between
private car travel and travel on scheduled airlines or regular passenger
trains: large transportation companies have hundreds of mechanics and
a wide variety of backup equipment which they can substitute whenever
operational or mechanical problems arise; owners of private cars hardly
ever have another car of the same style or quality to substitute and
they must resolve problems with a very limited support network, frequently
in the middle of a trip</p>
<p align="justify">So?.. the critical issue which separates private cars
is the reliability of their mechanical systems (generators, air conditioners,
toilets - the whole works!); the degree to which an owner has invested
in back-up equipment such as compressors, wheel sets, etc. which are
not normal off-the-shelf items; and the problem-solving creativity of
their owners.</p>
<p align="justify">Creative problem-solving is even critical prior to
a trip and relates to how effective a car owner is in negotiating with
railroads who initially veto a proposed travel plan. A short trip from,
let's say, New York to Montreal involves about as much planning work
as purchasing plumbing supplies on the Internet - i.e., it's not complicated,
but neither is it a complete "no-brainer". In contrast, a
transcontinental round trip, with stop-offs along the way can involve
about as much work as organizing a party to climb Mt. Everest! Even
providing an initial price quotation can take hours of analysis unless
the car has just completed a very similar trip.</p>
<p align="justify"><font color="#a00038" size="4"><i><b>D.</b></i></font>
Compare prices - but don't flood the market with multiple requests for
quotes. Obtaining 2-3 comparative price quotations makes good sense,
but sending out a dozen email requests is simply unfair, given the amount
of work it takes to provide a quotation and the number of redundant
phone calls that would be required to the railroads which would supply
the transportation services. Most car operators can tell when they are
getting such a "shotgun" request and they respond by giving
a "quick and dirty" - and unnecessarily high - estimate.</p>
<p align="justify">Obviously, when comparing prices, be sure you are comparing
"apples and apples" rather than "apples and oranges".
Cars may have different daily rental fees, but owners may "count
the days" differently. There may be different charges in parking
days vs. travel days. The level of desired service greatly impacts price,
as do the charges to transport a car to the point where the passengers
will board. So, make sure you are dealing with all-inclusive prices
before you do any comparisons.</p>
<p align="justify">I'm not sure that it's accurate in the case of private
rail car travel to say that "you get what you pay for" because
of the underlying differences in private car ownership and the relative
inexperience of some new-comers to the field. Some cars are owned by
for-profit corporations that have sizeable overhead and clearly run
their cars as a business. Others are owned by individuals or not-for-profit
organizations with a major interest in historical preservation - their
primary goal is to realize enough revenues to keep historical cars well
maintained and in service and, hopefully, to fund other preservation
activities. Other cars are offered for charter immediately after major
renovations, where the owners hope that they can coast for a fairly
long period of time before they need major maintenance. Since the owners
really don't know the costs of operating a railroad car over the long
term, there is a tendency to under-price the use of such cars. And of
course, they may not have the same operational experience that others
have who've learned the ropes over time.</p>
<p align="justify">(We, ourselves, started in 1992 with the naive hope
that NYC 3 would need virtually no maintenance for its first 5 years,
since "everything was new". We learned the realities of the
harsh railroad environment almost immediately: A tree fell just in front
of our train and it made an emergency stop, sliding and "flattening"
six wheels on NYC 3 and many more on the rest of the train. We limped
home and were off to an FRA-certified wheel shop for the lathe to cut
and re-configure the wheels. Unexpected time out of service and a big-time
unplanned expense! We now have two sets of wheels in reserve, which
can be moved anywhere in the country for installation at any Amtrak
or VIA shop where the car might be stopped.)</p>
<p align="justify">What is fair to say is that, after working very hard
to get "apples and apples" cost comparisons, a potential client
may find that the cost estimates are fairly wide for a trip which appears
to be identical in quality. Don't let cost alone be the decision maker
unless you're satisfied the other factors are all about equal. Unusually
high quotes usually are not worth considering, but unusually low ones
should be considered suspect until you can learn the exact reason for
the differences.</p>
<br>
<br>
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Plan a Luxury Private Train Charter Excursion
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[[Best Excursions]](past.html)
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**Steam locomotive 614 hauls NYC-3 luxury train in New England travel**
**Planning Train Travel Excursions on a Luxury Private Railcar**
"You will always remember your private car trip
for a lifetime-but the memories will be lots better if you've planned
it well!"
**Introduction:**
Is there a connection between actress, playwright,
and Metropolitan Opera Guild founder Eleanor Robson, Triple Crown Winner
Man-O-War, New York Central 3 and planning a trip on a private railroad
car? Of course! Eleanor Robson married banker and ardent sailor and
horseman August Belmont in 1924 and commenced mingling with the Newport
and New York Vanderbilts as well as with the equestrian society associated
with Belmont Farms in New York and breeding farms in Kentucky. (She
named Man-O-War, the most famous race horse of the 20th Century.)
During her 100-year life span, she made many public
statements which found their way into anthologies of historically significant
quotations, including the wonderful comment that "To ride in a
private railroad car is not an acquired taste. One takes to it immediately."
Given the timing and her ties to the Vanderbilts, it is likely she was
referring to New York Central 3 when she said this!
This statement is equally true today. However, the
situation is quite different from her time, when the Pullman Company
operated private cars throughout the country on hundreds of different
railroads and perhaps thousands of different trains; when wealthy people
had retinues of service people to handle every detail concerning planning
a trip; and when the railroads themselves had thousands of employees
throughout the nation providing support services such as baggage transfer,
cleaning and pressing sleeping car linens, stocking dining cars with
a wide variety of fresh produce, providing fresh flowers at every major
terminal, etc., etc.
In order for today's private car trip to provide the
client with the flawless splendor of the past, a great deal of complicated
up - front planning is required, and there is no question but what the
process works best if it is a collaborative effort between client and
the private car's owner/operator. Even then, a good sense of humor is
required in some-thankfully rare - cases, because railroad travel involves
no more guarantees than travel by other modes of transportation. With
airplanes, the airport might be closed the day you want to travel; your
plane might be diverted, or a hurricane or blizzard might decide to
come to town. With trains, an accident ahead of you might stall all
trains; the same hurricane might flood the rails and force a detour,
or a delayed train might miss a connection.
Given uncontrollable circumstances, the main differences
is that you should enjoy yourself a lot more if such things happen while
on a private car. You'll have space to walk around, can go to the rest
room when you please, nobody will shout orders over the PA system, and
you won't have to beg for an extra bag of peanuts or be afraid that
either rations will run out or you might have to eat one more horrible
airline meal! You might have an adventure on a private railroad car,
but you should never have an ordeal!
**Step 1:** ***Determine
the size of your group and the type of car you desire***
There are many different types of private cars, each
with different features: office cars like NYC 3 usually were built for
railroad executives and may have an illustrious history. Such cars usually
have open rear platforms, a lounge, dining room, and galley, plus three
to four staterooms. Night time capacity is usually limited to 4-8 passengers
and daytime capacity to 8-20, depending on car configuration. Higher
capacity cars include combination sleeper/lounge cars, full lounges,
full sleeping cars, coaches, dining cars and dome cars. Full lounges
and dining cars may accommodate up to 50 passengers. It is highly preferable
not to overcrowd cars, because overcrowding detracts from the travel
experience and makes it very difficult to provide proper service. Some
types of cars-especially dome cars-do not have low enough clearances
to visit New York because of the tunnels and the overhead electrical
wires.
**Step 2:** ***Determine
who will make the trip with you.***
This is different from deciding the number of passengers
as a factor in selecting car type or in deciding how many people will
share the costs. This step involves selecting and prioritizing exactly
who will travel with you. We always suggest that you have several people
on a wait-list just in case some of the core group have last-minute
changes of plan. As part of selecting the passenger list, put great
emphasis on personal chemistry, flexibility and good humor! Railroad
cars are fun and they have more space for passengers to get away from
each other than a sailing yacht, but like yachts, they move, they bounce,
and they can be somewhat confining - especially on long trips. For some
people, this is all a wonderful part of the experience; for others,
it is not their cup of tea. Eliminate these "others" from
your guest list up-front, for they will affect the chemistry of the
trip, which in turn will affect the overall enjoyment of the other passengers.
**Step 3****:**
***Consider starting out with a short trip and decide whether you
want to sleep on board the car or at hotels or bed & breakfast inns
while in major cities.***
We sometimes get inquiries from people who have never
ridden a train who want to start out by taking a 3-week cross-country
journey. We usually suggest they switch gears and start with a three-day
weekend in order to test the experience first. We also ask them to carefully
consider the pros and cons of sleeping on the car itself while parked
vs. staying in "shore facilities". While stopped in major
cities, the car will either be parked in the station or in a railroad
yard. It may be moved from time to time to switch it on and off of trains;
noise levels can be relatively high, especially when cars are using
their own generator for electricity or when trains come and park alongside
them with their locomotives running. Air conditioning may be periodically
disrupted if the car is moved and the generator may come on and off
as the car is "plugged" into shore power and subsequently
disconnected. Even station arrival and departure announcements can be
disturbing to some people. We've had two separate occasions where eight
people have slept on NYC 3 and the next morning, four of the guests
reported the "best sleep ever" while four others complained
they could scarcely sleep. This is a highly personal issue, but it requires
careful consideration as part of the initial planning process.
**Step 4:*****Select
your exact travel dates and itinerary - and try to be flexible and creative
while doing so.***
Some inquiries are flat-out impossible. Someone wants
to charter a car and travel to their college reunion in a town which
has not had any railroad service of any kind for 50 years! Other requests
are possible but impractical, except for deep-pockets clients who can
afford to travel on Amtrak or VIA trains to connections with a freight
railroad and then charter a locomotive and crew to create a private
train to get to the ultimate destination. The minimum cost for such
"off-passenger railroad" trips is about $ 3,000 above and
beyond the normal charter costs. But costs soar with mileage and time
- a freight railroad once quoted us $60,000 to haul NYC 3 only three
hundred miles during a 3-day period - and they made it clear that they
did not want the business!
Many car owners are asked to provide cost estimates
for detailed client-specified itineraries and in turn provide only the
exact information requested. We think it's critical to ask potential
clients enough questions to allow a determination if there is any flexibility
in either itinerary or travel dates, because a little flexibility might
allow significant reductions in trip costs. For instance, some people
inquire about a specific trip when their real goal is simply to enjoy
a fabulous vacation on a private rail car. Their initial itinerary may
involve long mileage and several nights where they are sleeping on the
car while missing all of the scenery, or it might be a trip without
much scenery at all. We might propose a trip with more scenery, less
mileage, day travel only, etc. which adds up to greater overall enjoyment
at greatly reduced cost. In other cases, we might demonstrate how it
is far cheaper to purchase a discounted weekend air fare to New York
in order to start the private rail car trip there rather than shipping
the car a long distance to the client's home town. We might also have
occasions where, due to other charter commitments, we know the car already
is scheduled to be close to the client on a specific date. If the client's
schedule is flexible, it might be possible to save thousands of dollars
by tying the two trips together. Bottom line: if you're flexible, you
can optimize the value of your trip.
**Step 5:*****Determine the level of service you desire.***
We can honestly say that we have never eaten a meal
in NYC 3's dining room that wasn't a special, elegant occasion - partly
because we use our formal silverware and serve meals on Lenox China
at all times. These special meals include the beef Wellington prepared
by a chef from the Culinary Institute of America; the steak au poivre
prepared by the chef we flew over from Paris on the Concorde, and the
par baked combination pizza we purchased at Connie's Pizza in Chicago
and finished baking the next day in our oven.
Gourmet dining aboard the NYC-3 private rail car
Wine trip, romantic vacations, and train cruise vacations aboard NYC 3 private rail car
Two typical meals aboard
the NYC3. One did involve pizza and blackberry pie; the other foie gras
and french torte. You can't see the difference in the photos, but everyone
is having a great time at both meals!
Some private cars offer only white glove service utilizing
on-board chefs and professional wait-staffs. We provide such service
with the best of them - in fact, for longer trips, most private cars
draw from a capable pool of the same chefs, who are located throughout
the country, but primarily in Florida and California. However, we also
offer less formal service up to and including self-catering. In this
latter case, we always have an on-board mechanic and car host to manage
the car itself, but the passengers themselves share in meal preparation
and cleanup. For some groups such as gourmet cooks and wine tasters,
organizing and preparing meals on board is part of their overall enjoyment
in the trip; for others, it's a way to save thousands of dollars while
still having the experience of a lifetime. And remember, when deciding
the service level you desire, that on most trips, the meals eaten on
the car are only a small percentage of the total meals consumed, because
the car is stopped at interesting locations en route where passengers
naturally want to dine out--especially in cities such as Montreal, Quebec,
New Orleans, etc. which are known for their cuisine. A chef is a wonderful
indulgence, and for many travelers, it's the only way to go - but it's
an expensive way to go if the trip involves an average of only one or
two meals per day on the car.
**Step 6:**
***Select the car. This step actually involves a series of
decisions and analyses:***
***A.***
Select a floor plan which fits your needs. Even amongst cars of the
same general type, there are substantial variations in floor plans,
in room layouts, size of rooms, quality and inequality of bedrooms in
the same car, size of the dining rooms, size and seating capacity in
the lounges, etc. Think about these variables as you consider which
car to select. NYC 3's layout is unique amongst business cars insofar as it has the highest
sleeping capacity, largest lounge capacity, great equality amongst staterooms, and it can accomodate
the largest number of sit-down diners at one meal seating.
***B.***
Try to see the car in person - or at least some color photographs. Private
cars vary greatly in décor and in "freshness". Some
people adore mahogany paneling; some think the same paneling yields
a dark and depressing interior. Some people go for bawdy Victorian;
others for art deco. For some reason, many people even have trouble
picturing the glamour of private car travel in general until they actually
see the car in person and can envision themselves in it. We once had
guests of a client who boarded the car in Boston. The guests had heard
stories of trips on the car and had seen both photographs and a videotape
- but when they came to dinner in Boston, they exclaimed "we had
no idea how wonderful this is - it's simply beyond our imagination!"
***C.*** Check references
on the car and the operator. Please don't be scared off by this section
- I call it "Reality PV", where "PV" is the railroad
term for private cars, which were referred to as "Private Varnish"
in an earlier time because of all the varnished wood work in high level
executive cars.
Most cars have a bunch of satisfied clients, which
is natural considering that most trips go well and private car travel
is such a phenomenal experience. All cars are rigorously inspected by
Amtrak concerning safety matters, so from that standpoint, all cars
should be considered equal. But remember the basic difference between
private car travel and travel on scheduled airlines or regular passenger
trains: large transportation companies have hundreds of mechanics and
a wide variety of backup equipment which they can substitute whenever
operational or mechanical problems arise; owners of private cars hardly
ever have another car of the same style or quality to substitute and
they must resolve problems with a very limited support network, frequently
in the middle of a trip
So?.. the critical issue which separates private cars
is the reliability of their mechanical systems (generators, air conditioners,
toilets - the whole works!); the degree to which an owner has invested
in back-up equipment such as compressors, wheel sets, etc. which are
not normal off-the-shelf items; and the problem-solving creativity of
their owners.
Creative problem-solving is even critical prior to
a trip and relates to how effective a car owner is in negotiating with
railroads who initially veto a proposed travel plan. A short trip from,
let's say, New York to Montreal involves about as much planning work
as purchasing plumbing supplies on the Internet - i.e., it's not complicated,
but neither is it a complete "no-brainer". In contrast, a
transcontinental round trip, with stop-offs along the way can involve
about as much work as organizing a party to climb Mt. Everest! Even
providing an initial price quotation can take hours of analysis unless
the car has just completed a very similar trip.
***D.***
Compare prices - but don't flood the market with multiple requests for
quotes. Obtaining 2-3 comparative price quotations makes good sense,
but sending out a dozen email requests is simply unfair, given the amount
of work it takes to provide a quotation and the number of redundant
phone calls that would be required to the railroads which would supply
the transportation services. Most car operators can tell when they are
getting such a "shotgun" request and they respond by giving
a "quick and dirty" - and unnecessarily high - estimate.
Obviously, when comparing prices, be sure you are comparing
"apples and apples" rather than "apples and oranges".
Cars may have different daily rental fees, but owners may "count
the days" differently. There may be different charges in parking
days vs. travel days. The level of desired service greatly impacts price,
as do the charges to transport a car to the point where the passengers
will board. So, make sure you are dealing with all-inclusive prices
before you do any comparisons.
I'm not sure that it's accurate in the case of private
rail car travel to say that "you get what you pay for" because
of the underlying differences in private car ownership and the relative
inexperience of some new-comers to the field. Some cars are owned by
for-profit corporations that have sizeable overhead and clearly run
their cars as a business. Others are owned by individuals or not-for-profit
organizations with a major interest in historical preservation - their
primary goal is to realize enough revenues to keep historical cars well
maintained and in service and, hopefully, to fund other preservation
activities. Other cars are offered for charter immediately after major
renovations, where the owners hope that they can coast for a fairly
long period of time before they need major maintenance. Since the owners
really don't know the costs of operating a railroad car over the long
term, there is a tendency to under-price the use of such cars. And of
course, they may not have the same operational experience that others
have who've learned the ropes over time.
(We, ourselves, started in 1992 with the naive hope
that NYC 3 would need virtually no maintenance for its first 5 years,
since "everything was new". We learned the realities of the
harsh railroad environment almost immediately: A tree fell just in front
of our train and it made an emergency stop, sliding and "flattening"
six wheels on NYC 3 and many more on the rest of the train. We limped
home and were off to an FRA-certified wheel shop for the lathe to cut
and re-configure the wheels. Unexpected time out of service and a big-time
unplanned expense! We now have two sets of wheels in reserve, which
can be moved anywhere in the country for installation at any Amtrak
or VIA shop where the car might be stopped.)
What is fair to say is that, after working very hard
to get "apples and apples" cost comparisons, a potential client
may find that the cost estimates are fairly wide for a trip which appears
to be identical in quality. Don't let cost alone be the decision maker
unless you're satisfied the other factors are all about equal. Unusually
high quotes usually are not worth considering, but unusually low ones
should be considered suspect until you can learn the exact reason for
the differences.
|
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[[Best Excursions]](past.html)
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<h1 align="center">Wireless Wonders - Brian Austin's Electric History</h1>
<p> </p>
<h3 align="left">Brian Austin</h3>
<p>Dr Brian Austin is a retired engineering academic from the University of Liverpool's Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics. Before that he spent some years on the academic staff of his alma mater, the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa. He also had a spell, a decade in fact, in industry where he led the team that developed an underground radio system for use in South Africa’s very deep gold mines.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>He also has a great interest in the history of his subject and especially the military applications of radio and electronics. This has seen him publish a number of articles on topics from the first use of wireless in warfare during the Boer War (1899 – 1902) and South Africa’s wartime radar in WW2, to others dealing with the communications problems during the Battle of Arnhem and, most recently, on wireless in the trenches in WW1. He is also the author of the biography of Sir Basil Schonland, the South African pioneer in the study of lightning, scientific adviser to Field Marshall Mongomery’s 21 Army Group and director of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell.</p>
<p lang="en-US"> </p>
<p> Brian lives on the Wirral in North West England </p>
<p> </p>
<h3>Publications</h3>
<p> </p>
<p><b>Historical Papers</b></p>
<p><a href="papers/Wireless goes to War.pdf"><b>Wireless goes to War</b></a> Acknowledgement is made to the Victorian Military Society (www.victorianmilitary.org) for permission to republish this article which first appeared in its journal "Soldiers of the Queen" 179, Winter 2020/21.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="papers/Wireless in the Boer War.pdf"><b>Wireless in the Boer War</b></a> The Boer War in South Africa (1899-1902) was the first occasion in which wireless communications were used in a military conflict. This article traces the history from the point of view of both the British and the Boer forces.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><a href="papers/Wireless in the Trenches.pdf">Wireless in the Trenches</a></b> Before the First World War, mankind was stunned by the invention of wireless, as radio was called then, which enabled communicating through space without wires. But it was more than a novelty. In 1912 it undoubtedly saved many lives after the Titanic disaster and later in the war supposedly to end all wars it was put to good use again. This is the story of pioneering radio apparatus and how it was used in battle.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><a href="papers/Gill_One_Man.pdf">One Man, Two Wars and Wireless</a></b> The Signals and Intelligence Work of E.W.B.Gill</p>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="papers/Feeler.pdf"><b>Exercise Feeler - A Precursor to D-Day</b></a> The exercise planned to investigate and then solve the radio interference problems likely to be caused on the beaches of Normandy by the huge array of communications and radar systems used during the D Day landings in June 1944></p>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="papers/Precursors to Radar.pdf"><b>Precursors to Radar</b></a> The paper describes R. A. Watson-Watt's 1935 unpublished memorandum in which he proposed the principles of Radar.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><a href="papers/Daventry.pdf">The Birth of British Radar</a></b> The remarkable story of the work done by Robert Watson-Watt and his colleagues in demonstrating the feasibility of detecting aircraft by means of RDF that was subsequently known as radar.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="papers/SA_Radar.pdf"><b>South African Radar in WW2</b></a> Just three months after being informed by Britain about RDF, as British radar was known in those days, South African engineers and scientist designed and built their own elementary radar set.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="papers/Beginnings_of_Radio_Astronomy.pdf"><b>The Beginnings of Radio Astronomy</b></a> An account of the origins of radio astronomy and its post-war development in England.</p>
<p align="right"> </p>
<p><b><a href="papers/Wadley_Ionosonde.pdf">Wadley's Ionosonde - and the Receiver to Come</a></b> The triple-loop mixing system invented by Dr Trevor Wadley first appeared in an ionosonde of revolutionary design. It soon became the heart of the famous RA17 HF receiver made by Racal in England.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><a href="papers/G5RV.pdf">Louis Varney's G5RV Antenna System</a></b> The story of the legendary "multiband" antenna.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><a href="papers/GSRV_theory.pdf">The ZS6BKW version of the G5RV Antenna</a></b> Analysis and design using both special-purpose software and the Smith chart yield the optimized multiband antenna.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="papers/Arboreal_Aerials.pdf"><b>Arboreal Aerials</b></a> Using Trees as Aerials</p>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="papers/ThirdMethodSSB.pdf"><b>Redifon and the Third Method of SSB</b></a> A technical description of the least-known of the three methods of generating and detecting SSB. As technology changes so the 'third method' could well still come into its own.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><a href="papers/Mine_Radio.pdf">Radio Underground</a></b> South African experience of radio communications in mines.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><a href="papers/Radio_Underground.pdf">Radio Communications in Mines</a></b> The challenge of introducing wireless communications to the mines of South Africa.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="papers/SubELF.pdf"><b>Signalling to Submarines</b></a> At the height of the Cold War the US Navy used a remarkable extremely low frequency (ELF) radio communications system to signal, one-way, to its submerged nuclear submarine fleet anywhere around the world.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><a href="papers/loop_antennas.pdf">Loss Mechanisms in the Electrically Small Loop Antenna</a></b> The crucial sources of loss that determine the performance of 'magnetic loops' have been identified with good agreement existing between theoretical and experimental results.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><a href="papers/RB_Philips.pdf">Transistors for the Home Constructor</a></b> A remarkable book responsible for launching many a career in electronics.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><a href="papers/JDKraus.pdf">John Daniel Kraus</a></b> J. D. Kraus was a designer of antennas, a pioneering radio astronomer and an engineering educator of note.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><a href="papers/GroundWaves.pdf">Ground Wave Propagation</a></b> The history of ground wave propagation research and the mechanisms by which radio waves follow the surface of the land and sea.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><a href="papers/Radcom_NVIS.pdf">"Near Vertical Incidence Skywave"</a></b> Who first used the term?</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><a href="papers/Arnhem_NVIS.pdf">NVIS and the Battle of Arnhem</a></b> How the use of NVIS propagation with suitable antennas might just have turned the tables at the "Bridge Too Far" in September 1944.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><a href="papers/RacalDainty.pdf">Horace Dainty</a></b> The story of the man who started the radio manufacturing industry in Africa.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><a href="papers/Low Angle Radio.pdf">Low-Angle Radio And High-Frequency Radar: The Ionosphere At Work</a></b></p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><a href="papers/Multiband-InvV.pdf">Multiband Inverted V Antennas - The Downsides</a></b></p>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="papers/J.RSI Science at War.pdf"><b>Science at War: Chaos, Confusion and Countermeasures</b></a> Scientists and engineers in the Army Operational Research Group (AORG) certainly played their part in WWII. This article describes just some of their contributions.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="papers/Clandestine.pdf"><b>HF Propagation and Clandestine Radio in WW2</b></a> This article discusses the effects of the ionosphere on clandestine radio communications during WW2.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><a href="papers/MaakToe.pdf">A Compact Multiband Dipole</a></b> A novel compact multiband dipole, covering five of the HF amateur bands, is described. It follows from the ZS6BKW with similar multiband performance but with the added advantage of producing low-angle radiation on all the bands above 7 MHz and NVIS performance on that band.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><a href="papers/Felix's Transmitter.pdf">FELIX's Transmitter</a></b> The story of the Nazi spy in South Africa.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><a href="papers/White Train Wireless.pdf"> Wireless on the "White Train"</a></b> The remarkable telecommunications system on the White Train for the 1947 Royal Visit to South Africa.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b><a href="papers/21-25_G0GSF_Signal_Issue_66-4-1.pdf">Real Ground and its Effect on Low Horizontal HF Antennas</a></b> From an electrical point of view real ground is affected by both the geology and by its moisture content, particularly of the surface layers. All of that affects the behaviour of antennas, especially at HF.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b>Book</b></p>
<table align="left" width="205" boder="0">
<tr>
<td>
<p align="center">Buy it from Amazon</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/Schonland.jpg" alt="Sir Basil Schonland" width="166" height="251"></p>
<h3 align="center">Sir Basil Schonland</h3>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Schonland-Scientist-lightning-Montgomerys-scientific/dp/0750305010/ref=sr_1_21?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1412016058&sr=1-21&keywords=brian+austin"><b>Schonland: Scientist and Soldier</b></a> From lightning on the African veld to nuclear power at Harwell: the life of Field Marshal Montgomery's scientific adviser.</p>
<p>Schonland was a major contributor to twentieth-century British and Commonwealth science, both in peace and war.</p>
<p>639 pages long, the book draws upan a wealth of primary and secondary sources to produce a fine biography which is both intersting and readable.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<h3> </h3>
<p> </p>
<h3>Contact</h3>
<p>Abkaustin@aol.com</p>
<p> </p>
<p>See also <b>Electropaedia -</b> <a href="radio.htm"><b>Electromagnetic Radiation</b></a>, <a href="satellite_communications.htm"><b>Satellite Communications</b></a> and <a href="satellites.htm"><b>Satellite Technologies</b></a><b></b></p>
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Brian Austin's Electric History
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Wireless Wonders - Brian Austin's Electric History
Brian Austin
Dr Brian Austin is a retired engineering academic from the University of Liverpool's Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics. Before that he spent some years on the academic staff of his alma mater, the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa. He also had a spell, a decade in fact, in industry where he led the team that developed an underground radio system for use in South Africa’s very deep gold mines.
He also has a great interest in the history of his subject and especially the military applications of radio and electronics. This has seen him publish a number of articles on topics from the first use of wireless in warfare during the Boer War (1899 – 1902) and South Africa’s wartime radar in WW2, to others dealing with the communications problems during the Battle of Arnhem and, most recently, on wireless in the trenches in WW1. He is also the author of the biography of Sir Basil Schonland, the South African pioneer in the study of lightning, scientific adviser to Field Marshall Mongomery’s 21 Army Group and director of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell.
Brian lives on the Wirral in North West England
Publications
**Historical Papers**
[**Wireless goes to War**](papers/Wireless goes to War.pdf) Acknowledgement is made to the Victorian Military Society (www.victorianmilitary.org) for permission to republish this article which first appeared in its journal "Soldiers of the Queen" 179, Winter 2020/21.
[**Wireless in the Boer War**](papers/Wireless in the Boer War.pdf) The Boer War in South Africa (1899-1902) was the first occasion in which wireless communications were used in a military conflict. This article traces the history from the point of view of both the British and the Boer forces.
**[Wireless in the Trenches](papers/Wireless in the Trenches.pdf)** Before the First World War, mankind was stunned by the invention of wireless, as radio was called then, which enabled communicating through space without wires. But it was more than a novelty. In 1912 it undoubtedly saved many lives after the Titanic disaster and later in the war supposedly to end all wars it was put to good use again. This is the story of pioneering radio apparatus and how it was used in battle.
**[One Man, Two Wars and Wireless](papers/Gill_One_Man.pdf)** The Signals and Intelligence Work of E.W.B.Gill
[**Exercise Feeler - A Precursor to D-Day**](papers/Feeler.pdf) The exercise planned to investigate and then solve the radio interference problems likely to be caused on the beaches of Normandy by the huge array of communications and radar systems used during the D Day landings in June 1944>
[**Precursors to Radar**](papers/Precursors to Radar.pdf) The paper describes R. A. Watson-Watt's 1935 unpublished memorandum in which he proposed the principles of Radar.
**[The Birth of British Radar](papers/Daventry.pdf)** The remarkable story of the work done by Robert Watson-Watt and his colleagues in demonstrating the feasibility of detecting aircraft by means of RDF that was subsequently known as radar.
[**South African Radar in WW2**](papers/SA_Radar.pdf) Just three months after being informed by Britain about RDF, as British radar was known in those days, South African engineers and scientist designed and built their own elementary radar set.
[**The Beginnings of Radio Astronomy**](papers/Beginnings_of_Radio_Astronomy.pdf) An account of the origins of radio astronomy and its post-war development in England.
**[Wadley's Ionosonde - and the Receiver to Come](papers/Wadley_Ionosonde.pdf)** The triple-loop mixing system invented by Dr Trevor Wadley first appeared in an ionosonde of revolutionary design. It soon became the heart of the famous RA17 HF receiver made by Racal in England.
**[Louis Varney's G5RV Antenna System](papers/G5RV.pdf)** The story of the legendary "multiband" antenna.
**[The ZS6BKW version of the G5RV Antenna](papers/GSRV_theory.pdf)** Analysis and design using both special-purpose software and the Smith chart yield the optimized multiband antenna.
[**Arboreal Aerials**](papers/Arboreal_Aerials.pdf) Using Trees as Aerials
[**Redifon and the Third Method of SSB**](papers/ThirdMethodSSB.pdf) A technical description of the least-known of the three methods of generating and detecting SSB. As technology changes so the 'third method' could well still come into its own.
**[Radio Underground](papers/Mine_Radio.pdf)** South African experience of radio communications in mines.
**[Radio Communications in Mines](papers/Radio_Underground.pdf)** The challenge of introducing wireless communications to the mines of South Africa.
[**Signalling to Submarines**](papers/SubELF.pdf) At the height of the Cold War the US Navy used a remarkable extremely low frequency (ELF) radio communications system to signal, one-way, to its submerged nuclear submarine fleet anywhere around the world.
**[Loss Mechanisms in the Electrically Small Loop Antenna](papers/loop_antennas.pdf)** The crucial sources of loss that determine the performance of 'magnetic loops' have been identified with good agreement existing between theoretical and experimental results.
**[Transistors for the Home Constructor](papers/RB_Philips.pdf)** A remarkable book responsible for launching many a career in electronics.
**[John Daniel Kraus](papers/JDKraus.pdf)** J. D. Kraus was a designer of antennas, a pioneering radio astronomer and an engineering educator of note.
**[Ground Wave Propagation](papers/GroundWaves.pdf)** The history of ground wave propagation research and the mechanisms by which radio waves follow the surface of the land and sea.
**["Near Vertical Incidence Skywave"](papers/Radcom_NVIS.pdf)** Who first used the term?
**[NVIS and the Battle of Arnhem](papers/Arnhem_NVIS.pdf)** How the use of NVIS propagation with suitable antennas might just have turned the tables at the "Bridge Too Far" in September 1944.
**[Horace Dainty](papers/RacalDainty.pdf)** The story of the man who started the radio manufacturing industry in Africa.
**[Low-Angle Radio And High-Frequency Radar: The Ionosphere At Work](papers/Low Angle Radio.pdf)**
**[Multiband Inverted V Antennas - The Downsides](papers/Multiband-InvV.pdf)**
[**Science at War: Chaos, Confusion and Countermeasures**](papers/J.RSI Science at War.pdf) Scientists and engineers in the Army Operational Research Group (AORG) certainly played their part in WWII. This article describes just some of their contributions.
[**HF Propagation and Clandestine Radio in WW2**](papers/Clandestine.pdf) This article discusses the effects of the ionosphere on clandestine radio communications during WW2.
**[A Compact Multiband Dipole](papers/MaakToe.pdf)** A novel compact multiband dipole, covering five of the HF amateur bands, is described. It follows from the ZS6BKW with similar multiband performance but with the added advantage of producing low-angle radiation on all the bands above 7 MHz and NVIS performance on that band.
**[FELIX's Transmitter](papers/Felix's Transmitter.pdf)** The story of the Nazi spy in South Africa.
**[Wireless on the "White Train"](papers/White Train Wireless.pdf)** The remarkable telecommunications system on the White Train for the 1947 Royal Visit to South Africa.
**[Real Ground and its Effect on Low Horizontal HF Antennas](papers/21-25_G0GSF_Signal_Issue_66-4-1.pdf)** From an electrical point of view real ground is affected by both the geology and by its moisture content, particularly of the surface layers. All of that affects the behaviour of antennas, especially at HF.
**Book**
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| Buy it from Amazon
Sir Basil Schonland
Sir Basil Schonland |
[**Schonland: Scientist and Soldier**](http://www.amazon.co.uk/Schonland-Scientist-lightning-Montgomerys-scientific/dp/0750305010/ref=sr_1_21?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1412016058&sr=1-21&keywords=brian+austin) From lightning on the African veld to nuclear power at Harwell: the life of Field Marshal Montgomery's scientific adviser.
Schonland was a major contributor to twentieth-century British and Commonwealth science, both in peace and war.
639 pages long, the book draws upan a wealth of primary and secondary sources to produce a fine biography which is both intersting and readable.
Contact
Abkaustin@aol.com
See also **Electropaedia -** [**Electromagnetic Radiation**](radio.htm), [**Satellite Communications**](satellite_communications.htm) and [**Satellite Technologies**](satellites.htm)
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<TITLE>European and Australian spider pictures, information and interestings</TITLE>
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<h1>Spiders from Europe
& Australia, calibration programs, <strong>word clocks </strong>
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<td height="60" class="auto-style2"><a href="Calibration/Regression.htm"><img src="Calibration/Logit/logit-graph.jpg" alt="PLA, SRA, Logit" width="250" height="250"></a></td>
<td height="60" class="auto-style2"><a href="HeindeBruin/Hein-de-Bruin.htm"><img src="HeindeBruin/Hein-de-Bruin2e.jpg" alt="HeindeBruin/Hein-de-Bruin.htm" width="250" height="250"></a></td>
<td height="60" class="auto-style1" style="width: 251px"><a href="Woordklok/index.html"><img src="Woordklok/Intro/DiverseKlokken.jpg" alt="Woordklok" width="250" height="250"></a></td>
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<td class="auto-style2" style="height: 51px"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="IgGsubclasses/subkl.htm"> A booklet with everything you wanted to know about </a>
<br><a href="IgGsubclasses/subkl.htm"> IgG-subclasses </a>
<span class="auto-style5"><br><a href="IgGsubclasses/subkl.htm"> issued by Sanquin, Netherlands </a>
</span></font> </td>
<td class="auto-style2" style="height: 51px"><font color="#008000" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> </font> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Calibration/Regression.htm"> Calibration programs</a></font>
<p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>PLA, SRA, Logit</strong> </font></p></td>
<td class="auto-style2" style="height: 51px"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="HeindeBruin/Hein-de-Bruin.htm">Werk en leven van de dichter en prozaschrijver Hein de Bruin</a><strong> </strong> </font></td>
<td class="auto-style2" style="height: 51px"> <a href="Woordklok/index.html">Woordklokken</a> <br>
<a href="Woordklok/index.html">Arduino projects</a><br><br>
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<td height="20" class="auto-style1" style="width: 251px">
<a href="BLESerial/IOSappMain.html">BLE Serial IOS app</a></td>
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<tr align="center" valign="middle" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="auto-style2"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
<td width="250"><a href="Spiders/spidhome.htm"> <img src="Tegel_MapEU.jpg" width="250" height="250"></a></td>
<td width="256" class="auto-style2"><a href="australian/Spidaus.html"> <img src="Tegel_MapAU.jpg" width="250" height="250"></a></td>
<td width="257" valign="top" class="style2"><a href="Spiders/Esperanto/Araneoj.htm">
<img src="Esperanto.png" alt="Esperanto" width="250" height="250" border="0" align="top"></a></td>
<td class="auto-style3" style="width: 251px"><a href="Spiders/spidhomeNL.htm"> <img src="Tegel_MapNL.jpg" alt="NL" width="250" height="250"></a></td> </font>
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<tr align="center" valign="middle" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" class="auto-style2"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
<td class="auto-style2"><div align="center"> <a href="Spiders/spidhome.htm" class="style2">The European spider site </a></div></td>
<td class="auto-style2"><div align="center"> <a href="australian/Spidaus.html"> The Australian spider site</a></div></td>
</font>
<td valign="top" class="style2"><div align="center"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <a href="Spiders/Esperanto/Araneoj.htm"> Araneoj in Esperanto</a></font></div></td>
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<td class="auto-style3" style="width: 251px"><div align="center"> <a href="Spiders/spidhomeNL.htm"> Spinnen in het Nederlands </a></div></td>
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<td height="20" class="auto-style2"> </td>
<td height="20" class="auto-style2"> </td>
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<td height="20" class="auto-style1" style="width: 251px"> </td>
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<td class="auto-style1" style="height: 43px"> <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Spiders/thumbnails/spidhome_thumbnails.htm"><img src="Tegel_ThumbEU.jpg" width="250" height="250"></a></font></p> </td>
<td class="auto-style2" style="height: 43px"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font color="#008000" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="australian/Thumbnails/Thumbnails.htm"><img src="Tegel_ThumbAU.jpg" width="250" height="250" border="0"></a></font></font></td>
<td valign="top" class="style2" style="height: 43px"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
<img align="top" alt="ERA pics" height="250" longdesc="All pictures from database2019" src="background.jpg" width="250"></font></td>
<td class="auto-style3" style="height: 43px; width: 251px;"><p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <a href="Spiders/thumbnails/spidhome_thumbnailsNL.htm"><img src="Tegel_ThumbNL.jpg" width="250" height="250" border="0"></a></font></p>
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<td class="auto-style1"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Spiders/thumbnails/spidhome_thumbnails.htm">
European spiders thumbnails</a></font></td>
<td class="auto-style2">
<font color="#008000" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="australian/Thumbnails/Thumbnails.htm" class="style2">
Australian spiders thumbnails</a></font></td>
<td valign="top" class="style2"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
<a href="ERA/index.html">All database pictures</a></font></td>
<td class="auto-style3" style="width: 251px"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <a href="Spiders/thumbnails/spidhome_thumbnailsNL.htm">
Europese spinnenminiplaatjes</a></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="1031" border="0">
<tr>
<td><p><font size="+2"><strong><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
Macro photography of spiders in Europe and Australia</font></strong></font></p>
<p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">This site contains over 4000 pictures of <a href="Spiders/spidhome.htm">European</a> and <a href="australian/Spidaus.html"> Australian</a> spiders and information about them.<br>
The European spiders were mainly found in The Netherlands and France. The Australian spiders were for the greater part found in Queensland and in lesser amounts in the Northern Territory, Western Australia, New South Wales and Victoria. The European spider site can be read in English, Dutch, and some pages in Esperanto, the Australian pages are English. <br>
There is a section about the <a href="Spiders/InfoNed/The_spider.html"> common biology of the spider</a>, and<a href="Spiders/Nasty-Spiders/Demystification-toxicity-spiders.htm"> the venomity of spiders</a>.</font></p>
<p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The spiders are identified from the pictures to avoid killing the spider. Therefore there may be errors in the determination. <br>
Due to constant renaming and moving spiders between families some names may be outdated.<br>
<a href="Spiders/Acknowledgements.htm">Many people</a> helped me in supplying pictures and correcting errors.<br>
Before 2005 the pictures were digitized with a Nikon Coolscan III from negatives or color slides. Between 2005 and 2019 the pictures are digital images made with a Minolta Dynax 7D with 100 mm macro lens. Since 2018 a Canon 550D or 6D with a 100 mm or the MP-E 65 mm 5x macro lens are used.<br>
</font></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><img src="loopspin.gif" width=1022 height=59 alt="loopspin"></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="1025"><p><font size="+2"><strong><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Other interesting's </font></strong></font></p>
<p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Electronics in
combination with Arduino's and Raspberry Pi's is the new hobby for many
people. <br>The word- and Fibonacci-clocks are the result of a study of
ATMEGA-chips using all kind of electronic parts and connecting all kind of devices, controls and displays
using the language C for programming.<br>
<a href="https://github.com/ednieuw"><img src="Woordklok/Coding.jpg" alt="Coding" width="1024" border="0"></a><br>
I worked in an immunological diagnostic and research laboratory. <br>Some
spin-off programs can be found on <a href="https://github.com/ednieuw">Github</a>.<br>
</font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
T</font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">here is a section about the life and works of my grandfather
Hein de Bruin <br>
<br>
Klaverjassen is a Dutch card game. The program below is an adaption of
the original game and has to be played with two persons. In this case you
against the computer. All programs are free of charge or what so ever.<br>
</font></p>
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To play with</font> </strong></td>
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<td width="257"><strong><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
To listen to </font></strong></td>
<td width="250"><strong><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
To mail me: <a href="email.html">Click</a></font></strong></td>
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<td bgcolor="#66FF66"><p><a href="Diversen/Klaverjas.htm"><img src="Diversen/Tegel_Klaverjas.jpg" width="250" height="250" border="0"></a></p>
<p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Diversen/Klaverjas.htm">
Klaverjas</a></font></p></td>
<td bgcolor="#FFFF00"><p><font size="+1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Diversen/Klaverjas.htm"><img src="Diversen/Tegel_Mastermind.jpg" width="250" height="250"></a></font></p>
<p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Diversen/Klaverjas.htm">
Mastermind</a></font></p></td>
<td bgcolor="#FF9933"><p><font size="+1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
<a href="Olifantje_Boem/Olifantje_Boem.htm">
<img src="Olifantje_Boem/Tegel_OlifantjeBoem.jpg" width="250" height="250" border="0" alt="Hoorspel"></a><br>
</font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">A Dutch radio
play for children<br>
</font><font size="3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Olifantje_Boem/Olifantje_Boem.htm">
Hoorspel Olifantje Boem</a></font></p></td>
<td bgcolor="#CC99FF"><p><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="email.html"><img src="Ed2005.JPG" alt="Ed Nieuwenhuijs" width="250" border="0"></a></font></p></td>
</tr>
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<p>
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This page was revised by Ed Nieuwenhuys: Feb 2023<br>
<a href="Dias_Ed-Door/album/index.html">Copyright</a> 1996-2023</font></p>
<P><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="Webcam/s.htm">
.</a></font></P>
<P><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="CLB/index.html">
CLB</a></font></P>
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European and Australian spider pictures, information and interestings
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| --- |
|
Spiders from Europe
& Australia, calibration programs, **word clocks**
|
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [IgG subclasses](IgGsubclasses/subkl.htm) | [PLA, SRA, Logit](Calibration/Regression.htm) | <HeindeBruin/Hein-de-Bruin.htm> | [Woordklok](Woordklok/index.html) |
| [A booklet with everything you wanted to know about](IgGsubclasses/subkl.htm)
[IgG-subclasses](IgGsubclasses/subkl.htm)
[issued by Sanquin, Netherlands](IgGsubclasses/subkl.htm)
| [Calibration programs](Calibration/Regression.htm)
**PLA, SRA, Logit** | [Werk en leven van de dichter en prozaschrijver Hein de Bruin](HeindeBruin/Hein-de-Bruin.htm) | [Woordklokken](Woordklok/index.html)
[Arduino projects](Woordklok/index.html) |
| | | | [BLE Serial IOS app](BLESerial/IOSappMain.html) |
|
|
|
[Esperanto](Spiders/Esperanto/Araneoj.htm) |
[NL](Spiders/spidhomeNL.htm) |
|
[The European spider site](Spiders/spidhome.htm) |
[The Australian spider site](australian/Spidaus.html) |
[Araneoj in Esperanto](Spiders/Esperanto/Araneoj.htm) |
[Spinnen in het Nederlands](Spiders/spidhomeNL.htm) |
| | | | |
| | |
ERA pics | |
| [European spiders thumbnails](Spiders/thumbnails/spidhome_thumbnails.htm) | [Australian spiders thumbnails](australian/Thumbnails/Thumbnails.htm) |
[All database pictures](ERA/index.html) | [Europese spinnenminiplaatjes](Spiders/thumbnails/spidhome_thumbnailsNL.htm) |
| |
| --- |
| **Macro photography of spiders in Europe and Australia**
This site contains over 4000 pictures of [European](Spiders/spidhome.htm) and [Australian](australian/Spidaus.html) spiders and information about them.
The European spiders were mainly found in The Netherlands and France. The Australian spiders were for the greater part found in Queensland and in lesser amounts in the Northern Territory, Western Australia, New South Wales and Victoria. The European spider site can be read in English, Dutch, and some pages in Esperanto, the Australian pages are English.
There is a section about the [common biology of the spider](Spiders/InfoNed/The_spider.html), and [the venomity of spiders](Spiders/Nasty-Spiders/Demystification-toxicity-spiders.htm).
The spiders are identified from the pictures to avoid killing the spider. Therefore there may be errors in the determination.
Due to constant renaming and moving spiders between families some names may be outdated.
[Many people](Spiders/Acknowledgements.htm) helped me in supplying pictures and correcting errors.
Before 2005 the pictures were digitized with a Nikon Coolscan III from negatives or color slides. Between 2005 and 2019 the pictures are digital images made with a Minolta Dynax 7D with 100 mm macro lens. Since 2018 a Canon 550D or 6D with a 100 mm or the MP-E 65 mm 5x macro lens are used.
|
| **loopspin** |
| **Other interesting's**
Electronics in
combination with Arduino's and Raspberry Pi's is the new hobby for many
people. The word- and Fibonacci-clocks are the result of a study of
ATMEGA-chips using all kind of electronic parts and connecting all kind of devices, controls and displays
using the language C for programming.
[Coding](https://github.com/ednieuw)
I worked in an immunological diagnostic and research laboratory. Some
spin-off programs can be found on [Github](https://github.com/ednieuw).
There is a section about the life and works of my grandfather
Hein de Bruin
Klaverjassen is a Dutch card game. The program below is an adaption of
the original game and has to be played with two persons. In this case you
against the computer. All programs are free of charge or what so ever.
|
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **To play with** | | **To listen to** | **To mail me: [Click](email.html)** |
|
[Klaverjas](Diversen/Klaverjas.htm) |
[Mastermind](Diversen/Klaverjas.htm) |
[Hoorspel](Olifantje_Boem/Olifantje_Boem.htm)
A Dutch radio
play for children
[Hoorspel Olifantje Boem](Olifantje_Boem/Olifantje_Boem.htm) | [Ed Nieuwenhuijs](email.html) |
This page was revised by Ed Nieuwenhuys: Feb 2023
[Copyright](Dias_Ed-Door/album/index.html) 1996-2023
[.](Webcam/s.htm)
[CLB](CLB/index.html)
| https://ednieuw.home.xs4all.nl/ |
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<title>Acoustical Society of America - 161st Lay Language Papers</title></head>
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<h1 align=center style='text-align:center'><a href="https://acoustics.org/?page_id=165">ASA Lay Language Papers</a><br>
163rd Acoustical
Society of America Meeting</h1>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center>
<h2 align=center><strong>Dynamics of a Himalayan Singing Bowl</strong></h2>
<p>Brandon August - <a href="mailto:baugust@rollins.edu">baugust@rollins.edu</a><br>
Aditya Mahara - <a href="mailto:amahara@rollins.edu">amahara@rollins.edu</a><br>
Thomas Moore - <a href="mailto:tmoore@rollins.edu">tmoore@rollins.edu</a><br>
<br>Rollins College
<br>
1000 Holt Avenue<br>
Winter Park, FL 32789<br>
<br>
Popular version of paper 2pMU4<br>
Presented Tuesday afternoon, May 15, 2012<br>
163rd ASA Meeting, Hong Kong
<p>The Himalayan singing bowl, sometimes referred to as the Tibetan singing bowl, originated around 500 BCE in the Tibetan Culture. Singing bowls are primarily made of brass with a mixture of other metals, which are hammered into a nearly symmetrical hemispherical shell and then hand-turned on a lathe. A typical example of a singing bowl from modern day Nepal is shown in Figure 1. Throughout the ages these bowls have been primarily used for spiritual, meditative and religious purposes, but recently they have also been used in contemporary new-age music and musical therapy.</p>
<img src="Images-graphics-sound/August_1.jpg" alt="August_Fig1" width="619" height="425">
<p>Fig. 1. The Himalayan singing bowl used for our experiments. The puja can be seen inside of the bowl. </p>
<p>The bowl is made to sing by rubbing the bowl with a cylindrical wooden stick covered with felt or leather called a puja. When it is rubbed with the puja, the bowl produces an ethereal sound, an example of which can be heard here (insert audio file 1). It is this sound that makes the bowl unique and interesting to both musicians and physicists. </p>
<p>The singing bowl is an idiophone, which is an instrument that produces sound primarily by physical vibrations of the actual instrument. The size, shape and composition of the bowl determine the characteristics of the sound, and as with all musical instruments, the complexity of the sound is determined by how many different frequencies of vibration are simultaneously present. If only one frequency is allowed to vibrate the sound is often referred to as a pure tone; if multiple frequencies are present the sound is said to be complex. When the bowl is made to sing, the sound is almost a pure tone that is modulated so that it slowly rises and falls in intensity as the puja moves around the bowl.</p>
<table width="1188" height="472" border="1">
<tr>
<td width="616"><img src="Images-graphics-sound/August_2a.gif" alt="August_Fig2" width="615" height="465"></td>
<td width="766"><img src="Images-graphics-sound/August_2b.gif" alt="August_fig2b" width="555" height="463"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">Fig. 2. Simulation of the first two modes of vibration of a singing bowl. </div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="200" border="1">
<tr>
<td><img src="Images-graphics-sound/August_3.jpg" alt="August_Fig3" width="742" height="257"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p align="center">Fig. 3 Electronic speckle pattern image of the singing bowl vibrating in the same modes shown in the simulation found in Figure 2. </p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>All vibrating objects can be characterized by patterns of vibration called modes that occur only at specific frequencies. These modes include regions that vibrate, referred to as antinodes, and regions that do not vibrate, referred to as nodes. The simulation shown in Figure 2 shows two such modes of a singing bowl. The fact that this motion actually occurs can be verified by imaging the vibrations using a technique known as electronic speckle pattern interferometry, which produces a contour map of the motion of a surface. Interferograms of the bowl are shown in Figure 3, which indicate that the motion is identical to the simulation. Only the first two patterns are shown in the figures, but there are an infinite number of them, each one with two more nodes and vibrating at a higher frequency than the previous one. </p>
<p>In most vibrating objects many of these patterns occur simultaneously. When the singing bowl is struck with the puja, three patterns usually vibrate at once. Since there are several of these simple patterns overlapping at the same time, the resulting motion is very complex; so is the sound. When the bowl is rubbed with the puja, however, only one of these patterns is formed. That is, all other patterns are eliminated and only this single pattern remains. This pattern is the one shown in the left panel in Figures 2 and 3. Thus the sound contains only one pitch and sounds like a pure tone. The only thing that keeps the sound from being perfectly pure is the fact that it changes volume as the puja moves around the bowl. For every rotation of the puja the sound gets loud and quiet four times. This modulation in intensity of the sound can be heard in<a href="../Images-graphics-sound/August_4sound.wav"> the attached sound file</a>. </p>
<p>The goal of the work reported here was to understand why the bowl sounds as it does. That is, why is there only one frequency of vibration and why is it modulated as the puja moves around the bowl? The answer to both of these questions can be found if one understands the motion of the puja during play.</p>
<p>When the puja is rubbed around the rim of the bowl the material covering the puja alternately sticks to the bowl and then slips in a series of short bursts of motion. The distance that the puja slips between the sticking points is typically about the same as the diameter of a human hair, so while the motion may appear smooth it is not. This stick-slip motion of the puja on the bowl produces vibrations in the bowl, which are responsible for creating the sound. </p>
<p>Investigation of the sound shows that the changes in volume occur because the pattern of vibration moves around the bowl with the puja. Since there is only one pattern, the sound gets loud when the vibrating part of the bowl is pointed toward the listener and quiet when the non-vibrating part is. Because the pattern has four separate vibrating areas, the sound intensity increases and decreases four times for every rotation of the puja.</p>
<p>The remaining question is, why is there only one pattern of vibration when the bowl is rubbed and not a complex set of patterns as occurs when the bowl is struck? It appears that the answer to this question can be found in the size and covering of the puja. The leather or felt covering of the puja tends to effectively damp vibrations of the bowl, which should not matter if the puja is always on a non-moving part of the bowl as claimed above. However, the contact with the puja actually extends past the nodal line into the part of the bowl that is vibrating because it has a relatively large diameter. This tends to damp vibrations a little. Since the more complex patterns have less space between the areas of maximum vibration, they are damped more heavily than the more simple patterns. This indicates that if you wish to hear more than a simple tone from the bowl you should use a smaller diameter puja with no covering. This is indeed the case, however, it is not the normal method of playing the bowl.</p>
<p>The physics describing the Himalayan singing bowl is very similar to that of many other systems. Some of those systems produce sounds as beautiful as the singing bowl, such as rubbing a finger around a wine glass or Benjamin Franklin's glass armonica. However, the sound of brakes squealing is also due to the same process. So the next time you are annoyed by squealing brakes, take comfort in knowing that we get the sonorous sounds of the singing bowl from the same process.</p>
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|
Acoustical Society of America - 161st Lay Language Papers
# [ASA Lay Language Papers](https://acoustics.org/?page_id=165)
163rd Acoustical
Society of America Meeting
---
## **Dynamics of a Himalayan Singing Bowl**
Brandon August - [baugust@rollins.edu](mailto:baugust@rollins.edu)
Aditya Mahara - [amahara@rollins.edu](mailto:amahara@rollins.edu)
Thomas Moore - [tmoore@rollins.edu](mailto:tmoore@rollins.edu)
Rollins College
1000 Holt Avenue
Winter Park, FL 32789
Popular version of paper 2pMU4
Presented Tuesday afternoon, May 15, 2012
163rd ASA Meeting, Hong Kong
The Himalayan singing bowl, sometimes referred to as the Tibetan singing bowl, originated around 500 BCE in the Tibetan Culture. Singing bowls are primarily made of brass with a mixture of other metals, which are hammered into a nearly symmetrical hemispherical shell and then hand-turned on a lathe. A typical example of a singing bowl from modern day Nepal is shown in Figure 1. Throughout the ages these bowls have been primarily used for spiritual, meditative and religious purposes, but recently they have also been used in contemporary new-age music and musical therapy.
Fig. 1. The Himalayan singing bowl used for our experiments. The puja can be seen inside of the bowl.
The bowl is made to sing by rubbing the bowl with a cylindrical wooden stick covered with felt or leather called a puja. When it is rubbed with the puja, the bowl produces an ethereal sound, an example of which can be heard here (insert audio file 1). It is this sound that makes the bowl unique and interesting to both musicians and physicists.
The singing bowl is an idiophone, which is an instrument that produces sound primarily by physical vibrations of the actual instrument. The size, shape and composition of the bowl determine the characteristics of the sound, and as with all musical instruments, the complexity of the sound is determined by how many different frequencies of vibration are simultaneously present. If only one frequency is allowed to vibrate the sound is often referred to as a pure tone; if multiple frequencies are present the sound is said to be complex. When the bowl is made to sing, the sound is almost a pure tone that is modulated so that it slowly rises and falls in intensity as the puja moves around the bowl.
| | |
| --- | --- |
| August_Fig2 | August_fig2b |
| Fig. 2. Simulation of the first two modes of vibration of a singing bowl. |
| |
| --- |
| August_Fig3 |
| Fig. 3 Electronic speckle pattern image of the singing bowl vibrating in the same modes shown in the simulation found in Figure 2. |
All vibrating objects can be characterized by patterns of vibration called modes that occur only at specific frequencies. These modes include regions that vibrate, referred to as antinodes, and regions that do not vibrate, referred to as nodes. The simulation shown in Figure 2 shows two such modes of a singing bowl. The fact that this motion actually occurs can be verified by imaging the vibrations using a technique known as electronic speckle pattern interferometry, which produces a contour map of the motion of a surface. Interferograms of the bowl are shown in Figure 3, which indicate that the motion is identical to the simulation. Only the first two patterns are shown in the figures, but there are an infinite number of them, each one with two more nodes and vibrating at a higher frequency than the previous one.
In most vibrating objects many of these patterns occur simultaneously. When the singing bowl is struck with the puja, three patterns usually vibrate at once. Since there are several of these simple patterns overlapping at the same time, the resulting motion is very complex; so is the sound. When the bowl is rubbed with the puja, however, only one of these patterns is formed. That is, all other patterns are eliminated and only this single pattern remains. This pattern is the one shown in the left panel in Figures 2 and 3. Thus the sound contains only one pitch and sounds like a pure tone. The only thing that keeps the sound from being perfectly pure is the fact that it changes volume as the puja moves around the bowl. For every rotation of the puja the sound gets loud and quiet four times. This modulation in intensity of the sound can be heard in [the attached sound file](../Images-graphics-sound/August_4sound.wav).
The goal of the work reported here was to understand why the bowl sounds as it does. That is, why is there only one frequency of vibration and why is it modulated as the puja moves around the bowl? The answer to both of these questions can be found if one understands the motion of the puja during play.
When the puja is rubbed around the rim of the bowl the material covering the puja alternately sticks to the bowl and then slips in a series of short bursts of motion. The distance that the puja slips between the sticking points is typically about the same as the diameter of a human hair, so while the motion may appear smooth it is not. This stick-slip motion of the puja on the bowl produces vibrations in the bowl, which are responsible for creating the sound.
Investigation of the sound shows that the changes in volume occur because the pattern of vibration moves around the bowl with the puja. Since there is only one pattern, the sound gets loud when the vibrating part of the bowl is pointed toward the listener and quiet when the non-vibrating part is. Because the pattern has four separate vibrating areas, the sound intensity increases and decreases four times for every rotation of the puja.
The remaining question is, why is there only one pattern of vibration when the bowl is rubbed and not a complex set of patterns as occurs when the bowl is struck? It appears that the answer to this question can be found in the size and covering of the puja. The leather or felt covering of the puja tends to effectively damp vibrations of the bowl, which should not matter if the puja is always on a non-moving part of the bowl as claimed above. However, the contact with the puja actually extends past the nodal line into the part of the bowl that is vibrating because it has a relatively large diameter. This tends to damp vibrations a little. Since the more complex patterns have less space between the areas of maximum vibration, they are damped more heavily than the more simple patterns. This indicates that if you wish to hear more than a simple tone from the bowl you should use a smaller diameter puja with no covering. This is indeed the case, however, it is not the normal method of playing the bowl.
The physics describing the Himalayan singing bowl is very similar to that of many other systems. Some of those systems produce sounds as beautiful as the singing bowl, such as rubbing a finger around a wine glass or Benjamin Franklin's glass armonica. However, the sound of brakes squealing is also due to the same process. So the next time you are annoyed by squealing brakes, take comfort in knowing that we get the sonorous sounds of the singing bowl from the same process.
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<h1 id="history-of-irc-internet-relay-chat">History of IRC (Internet Relay Chat)</h1>
<p>I've done my very best to gather information from as many sources as possible to verify facts, stories and dates. If you have additional information, have found errors in my text or just feel like commenting anything, email me, submit an <a href="https://github.com/bagder/irchistory/issues">issue</a> or post a <a href="https://github.com/bagder/irchistory/pulls">pull-request</a>!</p>
<p>Feel free to link to <a href="https://daniel.haxx.se/irchistory.html">this page</a> or host it elsewhere. Please keep Daniel Stenberg credited as author.</p>
<p>Other stories about <a href="http://www.irc.org/history.html">IRC history</a>.</p>
<h2 id="the-beginning">The Beginning</h2>
<p>IRC was born during summer 1988 when Jarkko "WiZ" Oikarinen wrote the first IRC client and server at the University of Oulu, Finland (where he was working at the Department of Information Processing Science).</p>
<p>Jarkko intended to extend the BBS software he administrated at tolsun.oulu.fi, to allow news the usenet style, real time discussions and similar BBS features. The first part he implemented was the chat part, which he did with borrowed parts written by his friends Jyrki Kuoppala and Jukka Pihl. It was initially tested on a single machine, and according to the words from Jarkko himself <em>"The birthday of IRC was in August 1988. The exact date is unknown, at the end of the month anyways."</em>. The first IRC server was named tolsun.oulu.fi.</p>
<p>Jyrki Kuoppala pushed Jarkko to ask Oulu University to free the IRC code so that it also could be run outside of Oulu, and after they finally got it released, Jyrki Kuoppala immediately installed a server (which later became irc.cs.hut.fi). This was the first "irc network".</p>
<p>Ari Lemmke's own words: <em>"At the same time Jyrki installed ircd, I was at the same room and had nothing to do, so I decided to crack into tolsun (the irc server Sun machine at Oulu), and naturally ;-) got in through a new hole in sendmail. (At that time Jyrki was still the best cracker I knew...)"</em></p>
<p>Jarkko got some friends at the Helsinki and Tampere Universities to start running IRC servers when his number of users increased.</p>
<p>Other universities soon followed. Markku Järvinen helped improving the client. At this time Jarkko realized that the rest of the BBS features probably wouldn't fit in his program!</p>
<p>Jarkko got in touch with guys at the University of Denver and Oregon State University. They had got an IRC network running (they had got the program from one of Jarkko's friends, Vijay Subramaniam -- the first non-Finnish person to use IRC) and wanted to connect to the Finnish network.</p>
<p>IRC then grew larger and got used on the entire Finnish national network - Funet - and then connected to Nordunet, the Scandinavian branch of the Internet.</p>
<p>In November 1988, IRC had spread across the Internet.</p>
<p>In the middle of 1989, there were some 40 servers worldwide.</p>
<p>ircII was released 1989 by Michael Sandrof.</p>
<p>In July 1990, IRC averaged at 12 users on 38 servers.</p>
<p>In 1990, a new network was set up in order to develop a new version (2.6) of the ircd. The network named ChNet (about 25 servers and no users) existed a few months before disagreements among the programmers caused it to dissolve.</p>
<h2 id="efnet">EFnet</h2>
<p>In August 1990 the first major disagreement took place in the IRC world. The "A-net" (Anarchy net) included a server named eris.berkeley.edu. It was all open, required no passwords and had no limit on the number of connects. As Greg "wumpus" Lindahl explains: "it had a wildcard server line, so people were hooking up servers and nick-colliding everyone".</p>
<p>The "Eris Free network", EFnet, made the eris machine the first to be Q-lined (Q for quarantine) from IRC (wumpus' words again: "Eris refused to remove that line, so I formed EFnet. It wasn't much of a fight; I got all the hubs to join, and almost everyone else got carried along."). A-net was formed with the eris servers, EFnet was formed with the non-eris servers. History showed most servers and users went with EFnet. The name EFnet lived only shortly, as soon as ANet had died, the name EFnet became void too. There was one and only "IRC" left again for a while.</p>
<p>TubNet was the next network to splinter off. It was created by a crowd of people in #hottub that grew tired of all the netsplits. It got 5 servers and around 100 users. It died again in September the same year.</p>
<p>One often-talked-about event in the history of IRC is the gulf war. In early 1991, <a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/academic/communications/logs/Gulf-War/">live reports</a> were available and more than 300 concurrent users were experienced for the first time.</p>
<h2 id="undernet">Undernet</h2>
<p>Another fork effort, the first that really made a big and lasting difference, was initiated by 'Wildthang' in USA October 1992 (it forked off the EFnet ircd version 2.8.10). It was meant to be just a test network to develop bots on but it quickly grew to a network "for friends and their friends". In Europe and Canada a separate new network was being worked on (by '_dl' and 'WIZZARD') and in December the french servers connected to the Canadian ones, and in the end of the month, the .fr-.ca network was connected to the US one and the network that later came to be called "The Undernet" was born.</p>
<p>The "undernetters" wanted to take ircd further in an attempt to make it less bandwidth consumptive and to try to sort out the channel chaos (netsplits and takeovers) that EFnet started to suffer from. For the latter purpose, the Undernet implemented timestamps, new routing and offered the CService -- a program that allowed users to register channels and then attempted to protect them from troublemakers. (More or less a global defense bot.) The very first server list presented, from February 15th 1993, includes servers from USA, Canada, France, Croatia and Japan. On August 15th, the new user count record was set to 57 users.</p>
<h2 id="rfc-1459">RFC 1459</h2>
<p>In May 1993, the Request For Comments 1459, for the IRC protocol is out for the public. It has since been subject to many violations and extensions.</p>
<p>It is notable that the CTCP parts and things like colors and formats are not included in the protocol spec. Nor is character encoding.</p>
<h2 id="dalnet">Dalnet</h2>
<p>During the summer (some sources mention July) 1994, the Undernet is itself forked. This time, the new Network is called Dalnet (named after its founder: dalvenjah), and they formed the new network for better user service and even more user and channel protections. One of the more significant changes in Dalnet already from the beginning is their use of longer nicknames (the original ircd limit being 9 letters). Dalnet ircd modifications were made by Alexei "Lefler" Kosut.</p>
<p>Dalnet was thus based on the undernet ircd server, although the dalnet pioneers were EFnet abandoners. According to James Ng the initial dalnet people were <em>"ops in #StarTrek sick from the constant splits/lags/takeovers/etc"</em>.</p>
<p>Dalnet quickly offered global WallOps (IRCop messages that can be seen by users who are +w (/mode NickName +w)), longer nicknames, Q:Lined nicknames (nicknames that cannot be used i.e. ChanServ, IRCop, NickServ, etc.), global K:Lines (ban of one person or an entire domain from a server or the entire network), IRCop only communications: GlobOps, +H mode showing that an IRCop is a "helpop" etc.</p>
<p>Much of Dalnet's new functions were written in early 1995 by Brian "Morpher" Smith and allow users to own nicknames, channels, send memos and more.</p>
<h2 id="ozorg">oz.org</h2>
<p>Undernet split (again) in March 1996 when the sole Australian server delinked from Undernet because of difficulties with the connection across the TransPacific Australian/United States network link. The first few months of oz.org's existence were primarily a trial delink from the Undernet because of the inability to maintain a link during peak usage hours. One of the two designers (chaos and seks) of the original Undernet X and W chanserv was Australian, and the same code was used for Oz.org's Z (the name of the chanserv). In June 2001, ozorg boasted peak usages of 4,000 simultaneous users.</p>
<h2 id="ircnet">IRCnet</h2>
<p>In July 1996, after months of flame wars and discussions on the mailing list, there was yet another split due to disagreement in how the development of the ircd should evolve. Most notably, the "European" (most of those servers were in Europe) side that later named itself IRCnet argued for nick and channel delays, where the EFnet side argued for timestamps. Most (not all) of the IRCnet servers were in Europe, while most of the EFnet server were in the US. This event is also known as "The Great Split" in many IRC societies. EFnet has since (as of August 1998) grown and passed the number of users it had then. In the autumn year 2000, EFnet has some 50,000 users and IRCnet 70,000.</p>
<h2 id="freenode---open-projects-network">Freenode - Open Projects Network</h2>
<p>Yet another IRC network that opened its doors in 1998 named the Open Projects Network, and had about 100 users and less than 20 channels that year. In late 2001 it had grown to nearly 4,000 users and over 1,300 channels. The OPN uses the Dancer IRCD server, after having been using ircu the initial few years.</p>
<p>This network was later renamed to <b>Freenode</b>.</p>
<p>In 2011, it peaked at 65,000 users in 40,000 channels. In 2021 it reached 90,000 users.</p>
<h2 id="liberachat">libera.chat</h2>
<p>In May 2021, there's a mass admin exodus from Freenode (after disagreements with the owner of parts of the infra) and many of the admins instead set camp over in the recently created <a href="https://libera.chat">libera.chat</a> network. Many channels formerly on Freenode follows on over to libera.</p>
<h2 id="other-networks">Other Networks</h2>
<p>Of course, while internet is booming so does IRC. There exists hundreds of independent IRC networks today (like amiganet, linuxnet, galaxynet, bestnet, NewNet, AnotherNet, ChatNet, UpperNet, ZAnet, X-Net, GammaNet, SuperChat, IceNet, RedBrasil, GR-Net, AlphaStar, SorceryNet etc), but luckily there is "only" four of the main ones (this was the reality back in 1998) that keep develop their own version of the ircd server software.</p>
<p>Of course, as of 2002, lots of other networks have popped up and now numerous of them are developing their own customized versions of the IRC protocol.</p>
<h2 id="further-standardization-attempts">Further Standardization Attempts</h2>
<p>IETF-IRCUP was an initiative started in January 1998, to gather all the flavors of IRC servers to document a new RFC and possibly set a new standard for all networks to commit to. That project died.</p>
<p>CTCP/2 was an attempt, started in 1997 by Bjorn Reese, to develop and standardize the Client To Client Protocol that was never in the RFC. Clients have been known to extend and modify the original CTCP protocol without allowing non-compliant clients to filter the new codes. CTCP/2 was meant to define how codes and perhaps more important new codes should be introduced in order to let old clients remain functional. It was also meant to address the IPv6 problems the DCC initiating sequence has. The CTCP/2 project died as well.</p>
<p><a href="https://ircv3.net/">IRCv3</a> - <em>"Weâre the IRCv3 Working Group â a collection of IRC software developers and network staff that develop extensions to the IRC client protocol"</em></p>
<p>We'll just have to wait and see what the future of IRC has to show...</p>
<h2 id="irc-popularity">IRC Popularity</h2>
<p>According to measurements done by <a href="https://irc.netsplit.de/networks/top10.php">irc.netsplit.de</a>, IRC in general have lost users gradually ever since 2004/2005. Those years, the top 4 IRC networks all had over 100,000 users each on a daily basis. Those networks were Quakenet, Undernet, IRCnet and EFnet. Quakenet was in the lead with more than 200,000 users.</p>
<p>In the beginning of 2011, Quakenet is just above 100,000 users and the only network over 100K.</p>
<p>In 2021, Freenode (before its demise) is the largest one with peak of 90,000 users in February.</p>
<h2 id="thanks-to">Thanks to</h2>
<p>I did not experience all of this. I found information on various places and I received information from various people in order to write this. People that have helped me with this include:</p>
<ul>
<li>Greg "wumpus" Lindahl</li>
<li>Vesa "vesa" Ruokonen</li>
<li>James Ng</li>
<li>Tuomas Heino</li>
<li>Richard (eagle`s on undernet)</li>
<li>Ari Lemmke</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</body></html>
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History of IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
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# History of IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
I've done my very best to gather information from as many sources as possible to verify facts, stories and dates. If you have additional information, have found errors in my text or just feel like commenting anything, email me, submit an [issue](https://github.com/bagder/irchistory/issues) or post a [pull-request](https://github.com/bagder/irchistory/pulls)!
Feel free to link to [this page](https://daniel.haxx.se/irchistory.html) or host it elsewhere. Please keep Daniel Stenberg credited as author.
Other stories about [IRC history](http://www.irc.org/history.html).
## The Beginning
IRC was born during summer 1988 when Jarkko "WiZ" Oikarinen wrote the first IRC client and server at the University of Oulu, Finland (where he was working at the Department of Information Processing Science).
Jarkko intended to extend the BBS software he administrated at tolsun.oulu.fi, to allow news the usenet style, real time discussions and similar BBS features. The first part he implemented was the chat part, which he did with borrowed parts written by his friends Jyrki Kuoppala and Jukka Pihl. It was initially tested on a single machine, and according to the words from Jarkko himself *"The birthday of IRC was in August 1988. The exact date is unknown, at the end of the month anyways."*. The first IRC server was named tolsun.oulu.fi.
Jyrki Kuoppala pushed Jarkko to ask Oulu University to free the IRC code so that it also could be run outside of Oulu, and after they finally got it released, Jyrki Kuoppala immediately installed a server (which later became irc.cs.hut.fi). This was the first "irc network".
Ari Lemmke's own words: *"At the same time Jyrki installed ircd, I was at the same room and had nothing to do, so I decided to crack into tolsun (the irc server Sun machine at Oulu), and naturally ;-) got in through a new hole in sendmail. (At that time Jyrki was still the best cracker I knew...)"*
Jarkko got some friends at the Helsinki and Tampere Universities to start running IRC servers when his number of users increased.
Other universities soon followed. Markku Järvinen helped improving the client. At this time Jarkko realized that the rest of the BBS features probably wouldn't fit in his program!
Jarkko got in touch with guys at the University of Denver and Oregon State University. They had got an IRC network running (they had got the program from one of Jarkko's friends, Vijay Subramaniam -- the first non-Finnish person to use IRC) and wanted to connect to the Finnish network.
IRC then grew larger and got used on the entire Finnish national network - Funet - and then connected to Nordunet, the Scandinavian branch of the Internet.
In November 1988, IRC had spread across the Internet.
In the middle of 1989, there were some 40 servers worldwide.
ircII was released 1989 by Michael Sandrof.
In July 1990, IRC averaged at 12 users on 38 servers.
In 1990, a new network was set up in order to develop a new version (2.6) of the ircd. The network named ChNet (about 25 servers and no users) existed a few months before disagreements among the programmers caused it to dissolve.
## EFnet
In August 1990 the first major disagreement took place in the IRC world. The "A-net" (Anarchy net) included a server named eris.berkeley.edu. It was all open, required no passwords and had no limit on the number of connects. As Greg "wumpus" Lindahl explains: "it had a wildcard server line, so people were hooking up servers and nick-colliding everyone".
The "Eris Free network", EFnet, made the eris machine the first to be Q-lined (Q for quarantine) from IRC (wumpus' words again: "Eris refused to remove that line, so I formed EFnet. It wasn't much of a fight; I got all the hubs to join, and almost everyone else got carried along."). A-net was formed with the eris servers, EFnet was formed with the non-eris servers. History showed most servers and users went with EFnet. The name EFnet lived only shortly, as soon as ANet had died, the name EFnet became void too. There was one and only "IRC" left again for a while.
TubNet was the next network to splinter off. It was created by a crowd of people in #hottub that grew tired of all the netsplits. It got 5 servers and around 100 users. It died again in September the same year.
One often-talked-about event in the history of IRC is the gulf war. In early 1991, [live reports](http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/academic/communications/logs/Gulf-War/) were available and more than 300 concurrent users were experienced for the first time.
## Undernet
Another fork effort, the first that really made a big and lasting difference, was initiated by 'Wildthang' in USA October 1992 (it forked off the EFnet ircd version 2.8.10). It was meant to be just a test network to develop bots on but it quickly grew to a network "for friends and their friends". In Europe and Canada a separate new network was being worked on (by '\_dl' and 'WIZZARD') and in December the french servers connected to the Canadian ones, and in the end of the month, the .fr-.ca network was connected to the US one and the network that later came to be called "The Undernet" was born.
The "undernetters" wanted to take ircd further in an attempt to make it less bandwidth consumptive and to try to sort out the channel chaos (netsplits and takeovers) that EFnet started to suffer from. For the latter purpose, the Undernet implemented timestamps, new routing and offered the CService -- a program that allowed users to register channels and then attempted to protect them from troublemakers. (More or less a global defense bot.) The very first server list presented, from February 15th 1993, includes servers from USA, Canada, France, Croatia and Japan. On August 15th, the new user count record was set to 57 users.
## RFC 1459
In May 1993, the Request For Comments 1459, for the IRC protocol is out for the public. It has since been subject to many violations and extensions.
It is notable that the CTCP parts and things like colors and formats are not included in the protocol spec. Nor is character encoding.
## Dalnet
During the summer (some sources mention July) 1994, the Undernet is itself forked. This time, the new Network is called Dalnet (named after its founder: dalvenjah), and they formed the new network for better user service and even more user and channel protections. One of the more significant changes in Dalnet already from the beginning is their use of longer nicknames (the original ircd limit being 9 letters). Dalnet ircd modifications were made by Alexei "Lefler" Kosut.
Dalnet was thus based on the undernet ircd server, although the dalnet pioneers were EFnet abandoners. According to James Ng the initial dalnet people were *"ops in #StarTrek sick from the constant splits/lags/takeovers/etc"*.
Dalnet quickly offered global WallOps (IRCop messages that can be seen by users who are +w (/mode NickName +w)), longer nicknames, Q:Lined nicknames (nicknames that cannot be used i.e. ChanServ, IRCop, NickServ, etc.), global K:Lines (ban of one person or an entire domain from a server or the entire network), IRCop only communications: GlobOps, +H mode showing that an IRCop is a "helpop" etc.
Much of Dalnet's new functions were written in early 1995 by Brian "Morpher" Smith and allow users to own nicknames, channels, send memos and more.
## oz.org
Undernet split (again) in March 1996 when the sole Australian server delinked from Undernet because of difficulties with the connection across the TransPacific Australian/United States network link. The first few months of oz.org's existence were primarily a trial delink from the Undernet because of the inability to maintain a link during peak usage hours. One of the two designers (chaos and seks) of the original Undernet X and W chanserv was Australian, and the same code was used for Oz.org's Z (the name of the chanserv). In June 2001, ozorg boasted peak usages of 4,000 simultaneous users.
## IRCnet
In July 1996, after months of flame wars and discussions on the mailing list, there was yet another split due to disagreement in how the development of the ircd should evolve. Most notably, the "European" (most of those servers were in Europe) side that later named itself IRCnet argued for nick and channel delays, where the EFnet side argued for timestamps. Most (not all) of the IRCnet servers were in Europe, while most of the EFnet server were in the US. This event is also known as "The Great Split" in many IRC societies. EFnet has since (as of August 1998) grown and passed the number of users it had then. In the autumn year 2000, EFnet has some 50,000 users and IRCnet 70,000.
## Freenode - Open Projects Network
Yet another IRC network that opened its doors in 1998 named the Open Projects Network, and had about 100 users and less than 20 channels that year. In late 2001 it had grown to nearly 4,000 users and over 1,300 channels. The OPN uses the Dancer IRCD server, after having been using ircu the initial few years.
This network was later renamed to **Freenode**.
In 2011, it peaked at 65,000 users in 40,000 channels. In 2021 it reached 90,000 users.
## libera.chat
In May 2021, there's a mass admin exodus from Freenode (after disagreements with the owner of parts of the infra) and many of the admins instead set camp over in the recently created [libera.chat](https://libera.chat) network. Many channels formerly on Freenode follows on over to libera.
## Other Networks
Of course, while internet is booming so does IRC. There exists hundreds of independent IRC networks today (like amiganet, linuxnet, galaxynet, bestnet, NewNet, AnotherNet, ChatNet, UpperNet, ZAnet, X-Net, GammaNet, SuperChat, IceNet, RedBrasil, GR-Net, AlphaStar, SorceryNet etc), but luckily there is "only" four of the main ones (this was the reality back in 1998) that keep develop their own version of the ircd server software.
Of course, as of 2002, lots of other networks have popped up and now numerous of them are developing their own customized versions of the IRC protocol.
## Further Standardization Attempts
IETF-IRCUP was an initiative started in January 1998, to gather all the flavors of IRC servers to document a new RFC and possibly set a new standard for all networks to commit to. That project died.
CTCP/2 was an attempt, started in 1997 by Bjorn Reese, to develop and standardize the Client To Client Protocol that was never in the RFC. Clients have been known to extend and modify the original CTCP protocol without allowing non-compliant clients to filter the new codes. CTCP/2 was meant to define how codes and perhaps more important new codes should be introduced in order to let old clients remain functional. It was also meant to address the IPv6 problems the DCC initiating sequence has. The CTCP/2 project died as well.
[IRCv3](https://ircv3.net/) - *"Weâre the IRCv3 Working Group â a collection of IRC software developers and network staff that develop extensions to the IRC client protocol"*
We'll just have to wait and see what the future of IRC has to show...
## IRC Popularity
According to measurements done by [irc.netsplit.de](https://irc.netsplit.de/networks/top10.php), IRC in general have lost users gradually ever since 2004/2005. Those years, the top 4 IRC networks all had over 100,000 users each on a daily basis. Those networks were Quakenet, Undernet, IRCnet and EFnet. Quakenet was in the lead with more than 200,000 users.
In the beginning of 2011, Quakenet is just above 100,000 users and the only network over 100K.
In 2021, Freenode (before its demise) is the largest one with peak of 90,000 users in February.
## Thanks to
I did not experience all of this. I found information on various places and I received information from various people in order to write this. People that have helped me with this include:
* Greg "wumpus" Lindahl
* Vesa "vesa" Ruokonen
* James Ng
* Tuomas Heino
* Richard (eagle`s on undernet)
* Ari Lemmke
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<td><font size="2">MPEGFtJ[</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font size="2">t[</font></td>
<td><font size="2">ROt[/b</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font size="2">¹¿</font></td>
<td><font size="2">PUbitQQkHzMono</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font size="2">t@CTCY</font></td>
<td><font size="2">2.6MB</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=2 align="center" bgcolor="yellow" height="40"> <font size=4><a href="cf1_egg.mpg"><b><font size="3">[r[ð_E[h</font></b></a></font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</TD>
</TR>
<tr><td bgcolor="black" align="center" colspan=2 height="20">
<font size=2 color="white">
SONIC TEAM 1998
</font>
</td></tr>
</table>
</center>
<div align="center"><a href="../index.html"><font size="2"><<ßé>></font>
</a></div>
</body>
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|
\jbNAhx`[beI
sonicadvCF
| |
| --- |
| **\jbNAhx`[beI
[SonicAdventure - MovieDownLoad]** |
|
---
¨Ò½¹I
¡ÖnûðSɬµÄéRObÌerbeðASÌÝñÈÉ©Äàç¦éæ¤ÉA[r[ɵܵ½I
¡ñÍæÊðââå«ßɵ½©çA\_E[hɵԪ©©èÜ`·B
---
|
| |
| |
| --- |
| \jbNÒ |
| æÊTCY | QSO~PWO |
| ³k | MPEGFtJ[ |
| t[ | ROt[/b |
| ¹¿ | PUbitQQkHzMono |
| t@CTCY | 2.6MB |
| [**[r[ð\_E[h**](cf1_sonic.mpg) |
|
| |
| |
| --- |
| eCXÒ |
| æÊTCY | QSO~PWO |
| ³k | MPEGFtJ[ |
| t[ | ROt[/b |
| ¹¿ | PUbitQQkHzMono |
| t@CTCY | 2.6MB |
| [**[r[ð\_E[h**](cf1_tails.mpg) |
|
| |
| |
| --- |
| ibNYÒ |
| æÊTCY | QSO~PWO |
| ³k | MPEGFtJ[ |
| t[ | ROt[/b |
| ¹¿ | PUbitQQkHzMono |
| t@CTCY | 2.6MB |
| [**[r[ð\_E[h**](cf1_knuck.mpg) |
|
| |
| |
| --- |
| G~[Ò |
| æÊTCY | QSO~PWO |
| ³k | MPEGFtJ[ |
| t[ | ROt[/b |
| ¹¿ | PUbitQQkHzMono |
| t@CTCY | 2.6MB |
| [**[r[ð\_E[h**](cf1_amy.mpg) |
|
| |
| |
| --- |
| rbOÒ |
| æÊTCY | QSO~PWO |
| ³k | MPEGFtJ[ |
| t[ | ROt[/b |
| ¹¿ | PUbitQQkHzMono |
| t@CTCY | 2.6MB |
| [**[r[ð\_E[h**](cf1_big.mpg) |
|
| |
| |
| --- |
| d-POQhK}hÒ |
| æÊTCY | QSO~PWO |
| ³k | MPEGFtJ[ |
| t[ | ROt[/b |
| ¹¿ | PUbitQQkHzMono |
| t@CTCY | 2.6MB |
| [**[r[ð\_E[h**](cf1_e102.mpg) |
|
| |
| |
| --- |
| cDGbO}Ò |
| æÊTCY | QSO~PWO |
| ³k | MPEGFtJ[ |
| t[ | ROt[/b |
| ¹¿ | PUbitQQkHzMono |
| t@CTCY | 2.6MB |
| [**[r[ð\_E[h**](cf1_egg.mpg) |
|
|
SONIC TEAM 1998
|
[<<ßé>>](../index.html)
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<p align="left"><font face="Comic Sans MS">Playing the recorder
is easy once you master the basics of fingering, blowing and
tonguing. Click on the following hyperlinks if you are
already familiar with the basics and are looking for
<a href="Squeaking.htm">tips on stopping squeaks</a>, a
<a href="FingeringChart.htm">fingering chart</a>, for help
<a href="readingfingeringchart.htm">reading a fingering chart</a>,
or for <a href="Quizmain.htm">fingering quizzes</a>.</font></p>
<p align="left"> <a name="Hands"></a><img border="0" src="images/Titles/Fingering.gif" width="103" height="31"><font face="Comic Sans MS"><br>
The recorder has 7 holes down the front, and one hole in the
back. Each finger on your hand is assigned a specific hole
to cover. Your left thumb will cover the hole on the back
of your recorder.</font></p>
<p align="center">
<img border="0" src="images/Clips/Recorderguide1.gif" width="146" height="352"> <img border="0" src="images/Clips/hands2.gif" width="312" height="255"></p>
<p align="left"><font face="Comic Sans MS">First, you must
remember the "Golden Rule" of recorder playing: "<font color="#D4951C">Left
Hand on Top</font><font color="#DD4427">.</font>" It doesn't matter which hand you
write with, or how awkward it may feel, you must always place
your left hand on the top holes.</font></p>
<p align="left"><font face="Comic Sans MS">When you place your
fingers over the holes, you must create a flat, tight seal.
Try to avoid curving your fingers under. Instead, imagine
you are being finger-printed. The tips of your fingers
should reach, and possibly hang over, the side of your recorder.</font></p>
<p align="left"><font face="Comic Sans MS">
<font color="#EC2E00"><font size="4"><a name="Blowing"></a><img border="0" src="images/Titles/blowing.gif" width="89" height="30"></font></font><br>
Place the tip of the recorder into your mouth. Remember,
you are going to play the recorder, not eat it, so make sure
that your teeth are not touching the mouthpiece. If your
teeth are touching the mouthpiece, you have the recorder to far
into your mouth. Move the recorder outward until only your
lips are around the mouthpiece. </font></p>
<p align="left"><font face="Comic Sans MS">Finally, you must
blow GENTLY!!! The recorder is a small woodwind
instrument, not a big, loud tuba. </font></p>
<p align="center"><font face="Comic Sans MS">
<img border="0" src="images/Clips/Cloud.gif" width="190" height="162"></font></p>
<p align="left"><font face="Comic Sans MS">
<img border="0" src="images/Titles/tonguing.gif" width="99" height="32"><br>
To produce a clear beginning to each note, you must learn to use
your tongue to begin and separate each note. The tip of
your tongue should gently touch the back of your upper teeth at
the point where the gum-line meets your front teeth. It is
the same process as you use when you say the word "Du".
You may find it easiest to practice saying "Du, du, du" until
you gain a feel for the concept and can produce the same action
with only air (no sound).</font></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left"> </p>
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<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#FFFFFF"> ©2005-2009 Nancy
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How to Play the Recorder
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
| | |
| --- | --- |
| | |
|
|
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
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Playing the recorder
is easy once you master the basics of fingering, blowing and
tonguing. Click on the following hyperlinks if you are
already familiar with the basics and are looking for
[tips on stopping squeaks](Squeaking.htm), a
[fingering chart](FingeringChart.htm), for help
[reading a fingering chart](readingfingeringchart.htm),
or for [fingering quizzes](Quizmain.htm).
The recorder has 7 holes down the front, and one hole in the
back. Each finger on your hand is assigned a specific hole
to cover. Your left thumb will cover the hole on the back
of your recorder.
First, you must
remember the "Golden Rule" of recorder playing: "Left
Hand on Top." It doesn't matter which hand you
write with, or how awkward it may feel, you must always place
your left hand on the top holes.
When you place your
fingers over the holes, you must create a flat, tight seal.
Try to avoid curving your fingers under. Instead, imagine
you are being finger-printed. The tips of your fingers
should reach, and possibly hang over, the side of your recorder.
Place the tip of the recorder into your mouth. Remember,
you are going to play the recorder, not eat it, so make sure
that your teeth are not touching the mouthpiece. If your
teeth are touching the mouthpiece, you have the recorder to far
into your mouth. Move the recorder outward until only your
lips are around the mouthpiece.
Finally, you must
blow GENTLY!!! The recorder is a small woodwind
instrument, not a big, loud tuba.
To produce a clear beginning to each note, you must learn to use
your tongue to begin and separate each note. The tip of
your tongue should gently touch the back of your upper teeth at
the point where the gum-line meets your front teeth. It is
the same process as you use when you say the word "Du".
You may find it easiest to practice saying "Du, du, du" until
you gain a feel for the concept and can produce the same action
with only air (no sound).
|
|
|
| | |
| --- | --- |
|
©2005-2009 Nancy
Philbeck | |
\_uacct = "UA-2648156-1";
urchinTracker();
|
| http://www.squeakysrecorderplayhouse.com/recordermaster.htm |
<html><head><title>The Math Behind the Magic</title>
<link rev="made" href="mailto:team-0@gamezero.com">
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<h1>Processor Design</h1>
<h2>An Introduction to the Microprocessor</h2>
</center>
<p>The key to a microprocessor is its ability to communicate with itself. It is a sequential logic circuit. Previously, we have only been talking about combinational circuits, whose outputs are only a function of the inputs. In a sequential circuit like a microprocessor, the output is a function of the input, as well as the current, or previous state. As we build parts of the microprocessor, we will repeatedly utilize our answers from one part, as an input to something else, or even looped back to the beggining.</p>
<p>A typical microprocessor is organized like this:<br>
<img src="micro.gif" alt="" width="400" height="190"></p>
<p>Here the ROM section would contain the read only memory, while the RWM contains Read Write Memory. There are two main type of RWM memory, including RAM and sequential access memory. Ram is the key memory where we store the data that we are working on, while sequential access memory is memory like a magnetic tape, or CD-Rom Disc. In both of these types of memory, the data location is represented by a binary address. This address is how we are able to get into the contents of the memory by calling its address through our address bus. The I/O section is our input output section that lets us talk to the rest of the universe, as well as receive input.</p>
<p>Our basic microprocessor, like most, is based on a fetch/execute cycle. When the microprocessor is in the fetch state it must receive a command from one of its memory locations, or from the I/O lines. Once this instruction is fetched, our microprocessor switches into execute state. In this state the processor induces changes onto memory in various locations as the command instructs. There is only one exception to this otherwise infinite process--halt. After a halt call, a reset is necessary to place the processor into a fetch state. This can be used more extensively in multiprocessor lines, although there are many different implementations here. For now, we will use the halt line only in relation to our memory stack. Let's take a closer look as to just how the processor actually fetches an instruction. To fetch an instruction, our microprocessor sends out the address of the next instruction on the address bus. The external memory returns the instruction along the data bus. The internal processor Program Counter is responsible for the determination as to the next instruction address. The fetch process therefore begins by transferring the contents of the Program Counter to an internal address register. The internal address register is responsible for storing this information, and then feeding the address bus. Our now fetched instruction then enters the microprocessor along our data bus. The fetched instruction first passes into a temporary memory location known as the instruction register. This then flows into the instruction decoder. This decoder is responsible for translating our instruction into the binary control values which are used by the control unit of the microprocessor. The instruction that is passed may contain both an operation, as well as data to operate on. This is usually taken care of within the internal processor memory, or cache, but can be put to external memory as well. The control unit then issues the appropriate signals to the Arithmetic Logic Unit, or ALU. This then passes the correct operands to the ALU as well as any other parts of the microprocessor, or I/O system.</p>
<p>The actual microprocessor computation takes place inside the processor's ALU, and several accumulators. The accumulator holds an operand while the temporary accumulator holds the other operand. The ALU performs a specified arithmetic or logical operation on these operands ans stores the result in the accumulator. The ALU also generates a set of flag signals which are passed onto a (you guessed it) Flag register. These flags indicate certain specific results, such as a result of 0, or an overflow error.</p>
<p>The next major stage that we will be covering will be to make the accumulators and ALU talk to memory, and use PLA's. After we finish with that, our introduction to our processor will be complete. This will lead us into the more facinating world of acually building a microprocessor.</p>
<p><em><a href="index.html">Jump Back to the Processor Design Home Page</a></em></p>
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| The Math Behind the Magic
# Processor Design
## An Introduction to the Microprocessor
The key to a microprocessor is its ability to communicate with itself. It is a sequential logic circuit. Previously, we have only been talking about combinational circuits, whose outputs are only a function of the inputs. In a sequential circuit like a microprocessor, the output is a function of the input, as well as the current, or previous state. As we build parts of the microprocessor, we will repeatedly utilize our answers from one part, as an input to something else, or even looped back to the beggining.
A typical microprocessor is organized like this:
Here the ROM section would contain the read only memory, while the RWM contains Read Write Memory. There are two main type of RWM memory, including RAM and sequential access memory. Ram is the key memory where we store the data that we are working on, while sequential access memory is memory like a magnetic tape, or CD-Rom Disc. In both of these types of memory, the data location is represented by a binary address. This address is how we are able to get into the contents of the memory by calling its address through our address bus. The I/O section is our input output section that lets us talk to the rest of the universe, as well as receive input.
Our basic microprocessor, like most, is based on a fetch/execute cycle. When the microprocessor is in the fetch state it must receive a command from one of its memory locations, or from the I/O lines. Once this instruction is fetched, our microprocessor switches into execute state. In this state the processor induces changes onto memory in various locations as the command instructs. There is only one exception to this otherwise infinite process--halt. After a halt call, a reset is necessary to place the processor into a fetch state. This can be used more extensively in multiprocessor lines, although there are many different implementations here. For now, we will use the halt line only in relation to our memory stack. Let's take a closer look as to just how the processor actually fetches an instruction. To fetch an instruction, our microprocessor sends out the address of the next instruction on the address bus. The external memory returns the instruction along the data bus. The internal processor Program Counter is responsible for the determination as to the next instruction address. The fetch process therefore begins by transferring the contents of the Program Counter to an internal address register. The internal address register is responsible for storing this information, and then feeding the address bus. Our now fetched instruction then enters the microprocessor along our data bus. The fetched instruction first passes into a temporary memory location known as the instruction register. This then flows into the instruction decoder. This decoder is responsible for translating our instruction into the binary control values which are used by the control unit of the microprocessor. The instruction that is passed may contain both an operation, as well as data to operate on. This is usually taken care of within the internal processor memory, or cache, but can be put to external memory as well. The control unit then issues the appropriate signals to the Arithmetic Logic Unit, or ALU. This then passes the correct operands to the ALU as well as any other parts of the microprocessor, or I/O system.
The actual microprocessor computation takes place inside the processor's ALU, and several accumulators. The accumulator holds an operand while the temporary accumulator holds the other operand. The ALU performs a specified arithmetic or logical operation on these operands ans stores the result in the accumulator. The ALU also generates a set of flag signals which are passed onto a (you guessed it) Flag register. These flags indicate certain specific results, such as a result of 0, or an overflow error.
The next major stage that we will be covering will be to make the accumulators and ALU talk to memory, and use PLA's. After we finish with that, our introduction to our processor will be complete. This will lead us into the more facinating world of acually building a microprocessor.
*[Jump Back to the Processor Design Home Page](index.html)*
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<center>After giving some sea turtles a ride south, May 25, 2021.</br>
(<a href="/personal/me">more photos of Philip</a>; some <a href="/blog/2018/12/25/merry-christmas-again-to-the-sea-turtles/">turtle transport background</a>; at right: Mindy the Crippler)</center>
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When I'm not entertaining the kids, my life is divided among
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<li><a href="/teaching/ground-school">Three-day FAA ground school at MIT</a> (January 9-11, 2024)
<li>EAA AirVenture (Oshkosh) Helicopter and IFR students: <a href="https://tinyurl.com/osh2022">https://tinyurl.com/osh2022</a> links to
all materials presented (August 10 (<a href="https://mit.zoom.us/rec/share/77EvjcC_9_ea8ZXVvUuJdo-o6g6XlZ_pL3lyabQTwGSO8fyj4-N5BeWco9IQW2yn.QDHg34XaYJca0YP2?startTime=1660173034000">recording</a>) and 17 (<a href="https://mit.zoom.us/rec/share/yWNK9r5ZE4qlGYlsmxA43eY053VVDutDf-_K2k26-EkSRcqDwM2-e6HUIm2qzQAr.gcPLgbYfyu8AZkrr?startTime=1660777275000">recording</a>) at 7 pm)
<li><a href="/blog/2021/12/27/teaching-information-security/">teaching Information Security</a> fall 2021 at Florida Atlantic University
<li><a href="/blog/2021/04/06/relocation-to-florida-for-a-family-with-school-age-children/">move to Florida</a> (August 2021)
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After giving some sea turtles a ride south, May 25, 2021.
([more photos of Philip](/personal/me); some [turtle transport background](/blog/2018/12/25/merry-christmas-again-to-the-sea-turtles/); at right: Mindy the Crippler) | Philip Greenspun
When I'm not entertaining the kids, my life is divided among
* [aviation](/flying/)* [photography](/photography/)* [travel](/travel/)* [teaching](/teaching/) electrical engineering and computer science
and [research](/research/) into the best ways to use the
Internet (these days, mostly practical online community stuff)
This server also contains
* [miscellaneous writing](/writing/)* [information about me](/personal/), e.g., biography and
photos
* [humor](/humor/), notably [Career
Guide for Engineers and Scientists](/careers/)
* Navigation:
[site
map](site-map)
|
[site history](site-history)
|
[search](/search/)
What's New
* [Three-day FAA ground school at MIT](/teaching/ground-school) (January 9-11, 2024)
* EAA AirVenture (Oshkosh) Helicopter and IFR students: <https://tinyurl.com/osh2022> links to
all materials presented (August 10 ([recording](https://mit.zoom.us/rec/share/77EvjcC_9_ea8ZXVvUuJdo-o6g6XlZ_pL3lyabQTwGSO8fyj4-N5BeWco9IQW2yn.QDHg34XaYJca0YP2?startTime=1660173034000)) and 17 ([recording](https://mit.zoom.us/rec/share/yWNK9r5ZE4qlGYlsmxA43eY053VVDutDf-_K2k26-EkSRcqDwM2-e6HUIm2qzQAr.gcPLgbYfyu8AZkrr?startTime=1660777275000)) at 7 pm)
* [teaching Information Security](/blog/2021/12/27/teaching-information-security/) fall 2021 at Florida Atlantic University
* [move to Florida](/blog/2021/04/06/relocation-to-florida-for-a-family-with-school-age-children/) (August 2021)
* [Source Code Review](/software/source-code-review/) (for patent and software litigation)
* [Bitcoin v. Medical School](/careers/bitcoin-v-medical-school/) (calculator)
* [Bell 505 Jet Ranger X review](/flying/bell-505/review)* [Capturing Family History on Video](/photography/family-history-video)* the rest: [my Weblog](/blog/)
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---
###
# Welcome Traveller
### Step into my world of magic and music, where spaceships fly and everything can be found in a story
### Let me lead you through the halls of this place, to show you what moves my heart
I rarely find time anymore to maintain these sites, so some pages are a bit out of date. But there might still be something new for you to find, to start reading, pictures to enjoy.
###
Last Update:
November 2008
###
###
---
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<H1 class="maintitle">Essays</H1>
<A NAME="elements"></A><H2 class="mainlink"><A HREF="elements.html" onMouseOver="window.status='KryssTal: The Chemical Elements';return true" onMouseOut="window.status=''">The Elements</A></H2>
The well known elements. Their properties and uses. Allotropes and isotopes; chemical and nuclear reactions. This is an introduction to selected elements.<P>
<A NAME="reactions"></A><H2 class="mainlink"><A HREF="reactions.html" onMouseOver="window.status='KryssTal: Chemical Reactions';return true" onMouseOut="window.status=''">Chemical Reactions</A></H2>
How atoms and molecules react with each other. Measurements of mass in chemistry.<P>
<A NAME="organic"></A><H2 class="mainlink"><A HREF="organic.html" onMouseOver="window.status='KryssTal: Introduction to Organic Chemistry';return true" onMouseOut="window.status=''">Organic Chemistry</A></H2>
A brief introduction to Organic Chemistry and the millions of compounds of Carbon.The concept of isomerism is explained.<P>
<A NAME="chembond"></A><H2 class="mainlink"><A HREF="chembond.html" onMouseOver="window.status='KryssTal: Chemical Bonding';return true" onMouseOut="window.status=''">Chemical Bonding</A></H2>
The structure of atoms and their electrons determines the properties of the elements and their compounds. Valency and different types of chemical bonds.<P>
<A NAME="acidbase"></A><H2 class="mainlink"><A HREF="acidbase.html" onMouseOver="window.status='KryssTal: Acids, Bases and Salts';return true" onMouseOut="window.status=''">Acids, Bases and Salts</A></H2>
Definition and brief introduction to these very important compounds as well as pH and displacement reactions.<P>
<A NAME="stardust"></A><H2 class="mainlink"><A HREF="stardust.html" onMouseOver="window.status='KryssTal: We Are Stardust';return true" onMouseOut="window.status=''">We Are Stardust</A></H2>
This essay describes how stars evolve. They produce energy by converting one type of atom to another. It turns out that the atoms that makes up our bodies and surroundings actually come from within stars that died millions of years ago.<P>
<P class="gap"></P>
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<H1 class="relatedpage">KryssTal Related Pages</H1>
<H2 class="link"><A HREF="physics.html" onMouseOver="window.status='KryssTal: Physics Page';return true" onMouseOut="window.status=''">Physics</A></H2>
Essays on physics, the study of matter and energy.<P>
<H2 class="link"><A HREF="astro.html" onMouseOver="window.status='KryssTal: Astronomy Page';return true" onMouseOut="window.status=''">Astronomy</A></H2>
Essays on astronomy, the study of the Universe.<P>
<H2 class="link"><A HREF="maths.html" onMouseOver="window.status='KryssTal: Mathematics Page';return true" onMouseOut="window.status=''">Mathematics</A></H2>
Essays on mathematics, the study of number and relations between them.<P>
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<H1 class="externalpage">External Chemistry Links</H1>
<STRONG>These links will open in a separate window</STRONG><P>
<A HREF="http://commodity.link/chemistry-links" TARGET="_blank">Chemistry Resourses</A><BR>
Links to chemistry sites and resources.<P>
<A HREF="http://www.happychild.org.uk/" TARGET="_blank">HappyChild</A><BR>
is an excellent educational resource for children, full of interesting information.</STRONG>><P>
<A HREF="http://www.worksheetlibrary.com/" TARGET="_blank">Worksheet Library</A><BR>
School resource site for various ages.<P>
<A HREF="http://www.elementsdatabase.com/" TARGET="_blank">Elements Database</A><BR>
Good interactive site based around the periodic table.<P>
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---
# Essays
## [The Elements](elements.html)
The well known elements. Their properties and uses. Allotropes and isotopes; chemical and nuclear reactions. This is an introduction to selected elements.
## [Chemical Reactions](reactions.html)
How atoms and molecules react with each other. Measurements of mass in chemistry.
## [Organic Chemistry](organic.html)
A brief introduction to Organic Chemistry and the millions of compounds of Carbon.The concept of isomerism is explained.
## [Chemical Bonding](chembond.html)
The structure of atoms and their electrons determines the properties of the elements and their compounds. Valency and different types of chemical bonds.
## [Acids, Bases and Salts](acidbase.html)
Definition and brief introduction to these very important compounds as well as pH and displacement reactions.
## [We Are Stardust](stardust.html)
This essay describes how stars evolve. They produce energy by converting one type of atom to another. It turns out that the atoms that makes up our bodies and surroundings actually come from within stars that died millions of years ago.
---
# KryssTal Related Pages
## [Physics](physics.html)
Essays on physics, the study of matter and energy.
## [Astronomy](astro.html)
Essays on astronomy, the study of the Universe.
## [Mathematics](maths.html)
Essays on mathematics, the study of number and relations between them.
---
# External Chemistry Links
**These links will open in a separate window**
[Chemistry Resourses](http://commodity.link/chemistry-links)
Links to chemistry sites and resources.
[HappyChild](http://www.happychild.org.uk/)
is an excellent educational resource for children, full of interesting information.>
[Worksheet Library](http://www.worksheetlibrary.com/)
School resource site for various ages.
[Elements Database](http://www.elementsdatabase.com/)
Good interactive site based around the periodic table.
# Sponsored Link
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hscool
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| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
[[hackeroid]](hackeroid.html) | **Civil Hackers'
School**
*May the Force be with you,
hacker!* | [Arvi the Hacker (AtH//HPG@hMoscow)](guru/AtH/index.html) |
|
|
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| | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | [November Hacking Run](Nov2k.html). | | [Ноябрьский хэкинг
ран](Nov2k.html). | ||| | [2000/1
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|
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|
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оборудование
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<p><font size="+1"><b>Sunday, April 15, 2018</b></font></p></span>
<div><p style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 1.5em"> </span><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px"><font face="helvetica" size="6" color="#800080"><strong><u>A Word From the Weiss</u></strong></font></span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"> </p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><em>Note: I wrote this blog the week before
Pesach, but for some mysterious reason it didn't post. Until now.</em></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"> </p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
<img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/PattieinDorsetpool2018.jpg" align="right" alt="I can't believe we were just in Miami.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240">Happy almost Passover from NiceJewishMom.com!</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"> <span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">It seems almost unimaginable to me now that we took a vacation </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">to</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Miami Beach and returned a little over three weeks ago. Is that</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> even</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> possible? Seems like a distant memory.
Ever since, I have been </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">demoralized and </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">overwhelmed
by all sorts of things.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/Gefiltefishonplate.JPG.w180h203.jpg" align="left" alt="Gefilte fish on plate.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="180"><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">The </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">New England </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">weather has been </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">horrific, with winter continuing t</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">o</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> rear its ugly head</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. Doesn’t it know </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">that the calendar says it is officially, at long last, spring?</span></span> </p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’d</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> felt euphoric when I</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’d</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> managed
to finish the </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">book </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">proposal </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I ha</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">d</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> been working
on just </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">before we left, cranking out an astonishing 140 pages. But</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">after</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">we </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">returned</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, m</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">y literary agen</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t said that </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">it </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">wa</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s twice as long as he c</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ould</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> use</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> –
that I had bitten off more than </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">any</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> editor
can chew, so to speak – so </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I’ve been</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> going through the agony of </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">trying to </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">cut </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">it </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">in half</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span> </p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px;
margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Then there </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">was</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> th</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e gross, unimaginable, unbearable </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">thing that finally
DID ME IN.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom:
0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> all started a </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">few days before we left for Miami, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">when </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">something awful happened.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px;
margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"> <span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I was</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> taking </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">quick </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">lunch </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">break </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">one </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">afternoon</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> when
I felt something hard in</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">side</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> the
sandwich I was eating and </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">discovered</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> that
one of my teeth had </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">apparently </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">cracked</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">Cracked</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">almost </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">right in half.<img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/toothwithsilverfilling.jpg" align="right" alt="tooth with silver filling.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom:
0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">This</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> turned out to be</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> a </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">lower </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">tooth with a large </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">silver </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">filling </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">in it, dating </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">from </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">when
I was a</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> child</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. It had been feeling a little
sore</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> for weeks. It probably didn’t help that I often snack</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> on nuts, which are hard but supposedly healthy. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">suddenly
g</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">iven</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> out.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I rushed over </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">my</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> dentist</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’s office,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">where </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">they </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">drilled out the remaining filling, filed down
what was left of the tooth, and </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">put in a temporary crown. Then</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> after we returned from Miami, I had several more
painful procedures, all involving </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">more drilling, more filing, and </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">countless shots of Novocain</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
Finally, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a permanent crown was put in the Monday before
Passover. To make matters worse </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">– much </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">worse </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">–</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> after</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> my husband</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">semi-retired
in</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> September, I</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> no longer had dental insurance</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. H</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e qualifies for</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Medicare</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I have
never </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">required </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">anything beyond twice-yearly
cleanings</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, which presumably </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">would </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">cost me less than shelling out for dental insurance</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. So
I had foolishly decided not to buy any on my own.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> And s</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">o th</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">at crown </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">cost </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">me </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a whopping </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">$1,600</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3">
<span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Ouch!</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">A</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t least</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I was finally done with the ordeal that Monday afternoon. Or so I thought. </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Late</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> that</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> night,
I was eating some leftovers when once again I felt something hard in my mouth</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Then, t</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">o my</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">horror</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, I</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> spit out two more </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">large fragments</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> of </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">broken </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">tooth.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px;
margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Had
another tooth cracked </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">lready? </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Yikes! </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Would this cost me another $1,600</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">would
it</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">require </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">more shots of Novocain and </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">countless more agonizing
procedures?</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px;
margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">This
led to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">an</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">other thought:</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Were ALL of my teeth start</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">ing to</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> fall out, one by one?</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Followed by</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> an </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">even worse idea</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">:</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">W</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">as I getting THAT OLD?</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I must admit that</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> this
got me </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">so upset that I started to cry. It felt like </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">this was </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the beginning of the end. The end of me</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, that is</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. Or </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">at least </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the end of eating. I was afraid to bite into anything harder than some applesauce and vanilla pudding
for dinner the next night.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">I also decided that it was time to break down and actually get some dental insurance.</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">A little investigation online yielded the disturbing news
that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">private </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">insurance policies for </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">seniors</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> (i.e. </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">people who are over 55, like me</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">)</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">are </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">pretty</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">pricey</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. What’s worse – far worse in my
case – they often </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">require you </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">wait 12 months before having a</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">lmost any</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> major </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">dental </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">procedure</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, such as </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">getting a crown. (Or perish the thought, root canal.)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I finally ended up buying </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">something called </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a dental discount plan instead</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. It only</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> reduces dental procedure costs a little bit. But it was affordable and better than nothing.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Meanwhile, I kept peering
into the mirror</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> try</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">ing</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to figure out which tooth </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">in my
mouth </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had cracked now. For the life of me, I couldn't see or feel one that was broken. </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">The first time it </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">happened, the cracked</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> tooth had</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> been
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">so jagged that I</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’d</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> had no doubt. This was </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">different</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">But I was afraid to </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">simply </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">let it go.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I
had </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to go </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to the dentist.<img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/dentistandpatientfreeclipart.jpg" align="left" alt="I had to go to a new dentist.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom:
0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I a</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ctually had to go </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to a </span></span><span class="s4"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">new</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> dentist because </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">my old one d</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">id</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> not </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">accept my</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">new </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">dental discount plan. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">This </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">was just as well. I love my long</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">time</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">dentist, but he</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> is turning 80 </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">soon</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ha</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> decided to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">retire and </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">sell his practice</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">(</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">yet </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">another sign</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that I </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">am</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> getting old).</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
But</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> guess what? </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">My</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> new dentist’s</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> nurse looked</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> in my mouth</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">then the dentist</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">herself </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">looked</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> in my mouth</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">, and finally </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">her</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">hygienist looked</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> in my mouth</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">. And </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">they all came to the same conclusion</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">:</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> There</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> was no broken tooth </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">in </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">my mouth</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. T</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">he tooth </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">d spit out apparently wasn</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t mine!</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Yikes!</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Th</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">is</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">brought two immediate thoughts</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to
mind</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">No. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">1</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, EEEEEWWWWW!
Someone else’s broken tooth had been in my MOUTH!!!</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">No.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> 2</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">if it hadn’t been </span></span><span class="s4" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">my</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> tooth, then </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">whose </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">tooth </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">WAS it?</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">The </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">food</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I had
been eating </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the second time around wasn’t something hard.</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> Nor </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">was</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> it</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> something that I had prepared</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> myself</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. It was </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a bit of leftover pasta from my favorite </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">local </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">restaurant. I had </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">gotten </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> dish
to go for my husband</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and he hadn't quite finished it. I had found his leftovers in </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">the fridge</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">late Monday night </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and finished them myself.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">So my best guess was that t</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">h</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">os</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">bits of </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">tooth must have been </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">my husband’s</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">The fact </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">wa</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s that he planned
to go to the dentist himself the next week -- the same new dental office </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that
I was </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">in </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">now, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">because his </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">own </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">longtime dentist </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">also </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">just retired. (If I</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">m getting old, then what would you call </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">my husband</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, who is 10 years older</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">?)</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Yet my</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> new dentist said that
if he had </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">indeed </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a broken tooth, then he needed
to be seen right away.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> N</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ever mind that,
though. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I needed to know right away if th</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">os</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e broken bits of tooth </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I’d spit out </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had been my husband's</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">So I called him</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, and he came to the dentist's </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">office</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> right away</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom:
0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">And
guess what</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">!</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">She </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">(and her nurse</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, as well as </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">her</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> hygienist) all</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> said </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the same thing: That </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">broken </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">tooth</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I’d
spit out</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> had</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">n't </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">been </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">his</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> either</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">!</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2;
font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">That left only one </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">other </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">possibility</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, it seemed.<img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/PastaImadeafterBethIsraelgala.jpg" align="right" alt="Pasta from my favorite local restaurant.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom:
0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">As I
said, t</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">he food </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I had been eating </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">when I</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">’d </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">discovered the broken tooth </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had
come from my favorite restaurant in </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">our </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">town. </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">T</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">he broken bits of tooth </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">must have </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">come from the mouth of their chef.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2;
font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
EEEEEEEWWWWW</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">!</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2;
font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">As horrifying as this was, and </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">as </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">disgusting as it was, I </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">now </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">felt relieved that I did not have a broken
tooth </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">myself</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> after all. I </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">would not need to undergo any </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">more </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">painful procedures</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Plus</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">would not need to pay for any more dental work (other than th</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> unnecessary</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> visit I had just made to th</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">is</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> new dentist, which had set me back </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">reduced rate of $81</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">).</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Still, I felt that I needed
to say something </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">about t</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">he </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">incident </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to the restaurant in question, even if it was
my favorite</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> place</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> and </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">was </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a very
reputable </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">restaurant</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> at that.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I called </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">at once </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and spoke to an assistant manager. </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I assured him that I was not just some lunatic. I was a longtime devoted patron, but felt that I
needed to say something. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">He was mortified </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to hear </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">my</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> saga </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and
said </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">he would speak to the</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ir</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> CEO</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> or CFO</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> or
whoever</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> was at the top of their food chain</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, and
I would hear back </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">night.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I did not hear back</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> that night, though. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Which was</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">just as well. Because </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">later that night, while racking my brain for an</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">y possible</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> alternat</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ive</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> explanation, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I suddenly came up with a </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">brand</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">-</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">new </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">theory
of how</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">this </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">latest </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">dental </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">nightmare may have</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> c</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">o</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">me about.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span style="line-height: 21.6px"> </span></p><p
style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span
class="s4" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s4" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">(Warning: Before you read any further, I feel </span></span><span class="s4" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">obliged</span></span><span
class="s4" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to warn you that things are about to get graphic – as if they aren’t </span></span><span
class="s4" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">graphic and </span></span><span class="s4" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">gr</span></span><span class="s4" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">oss </span></span><span class="s4" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">enough </span></span><span class="s4" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style:
italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">already </span></span><span class="s4"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">--</span></span><span class="s4" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px;
font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s4"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the way TV networks</span></span><span class="s4" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> often
warn you </span></span><span class="s4" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style:
italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to remove </span></span><span class="s4"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">small </span></span><span class="s4" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">children from the room </span></span><span
class="s4" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">during </span></span><span class="s4" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the evening
news.)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom:
0px" class="s3"><span style="line-height: 21.6px"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
My husband </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">has </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">long
had </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a habit of reusing </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">items </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">such as</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> aluminum
foil,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">plastic bottles, and plastic </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">zip-lock </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">bags. He can be a bit of a cheapskate</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> if you ask me -- although if you ask him, he</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s just being </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">frugal</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, as well as </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">environmentally
correct.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom:
0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">With
this in mind, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I asked him where he had gotten the little plastic bag in which he</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> had</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> stored the leftover pasta</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">d eaten</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> when
I had found the broken bits of tooth</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> H</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e pointed to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a little</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> pile of used plastic bags </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">perched </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">on top of our microwave</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I re</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">called</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> that when </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">my</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> original tooth </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">broke</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">n in my mouth</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, about six weeks earlier, I </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">put it in</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> a little plastic bag in order to show it to the dentist. </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">Afterwards,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ha</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">d</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> brought it </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">back </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">home. I don't know where it went after that, but I couldn't find it now.</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">My </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">new </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">theory: </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">My husband</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">put </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that
bag</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> into his pile of used </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">plastic </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">bags, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">not realizing that it wasn’t quite
empty, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and then </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">he had </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">put his leftovers in it on Monday night.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">When I asked m</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">y husband</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> if this was possible, he repli</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ed that </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">it</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> was ridiculous.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">He</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> would have noticed that there were bits of broken tooth
in</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">side</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> the bag, he said.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Hmm</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">m</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Maybe so. But isn't </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">my</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">explanation
far </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">more </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">plausible </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">than </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">possibility </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that the chef at </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a nice, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">upscale restaurant </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">spit </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">half a </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">tooth into my takeout food?<img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/Manischewitzwithspritzer.jpg" align="left" alt="Champagne not Manischewitz.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom:
0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I d</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">idn</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">'t know WHAT I </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">was</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> going to say to that CEO or CFO or whoever if and when he call</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">ed</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> me t</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">he next day</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. But I decided to head the whole thing off at the pass and contact the assistant manager the next
day. When I was told that he would not be in for several hours, I left the only message that I could think of. In the inimitable
words of Gilda Radner as her SNL character Emily Litella, "Never mind!"</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3">
<span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Meanwhile, I kept</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> laughing about the whole ordeal
so much that I </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">was</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> no longer
what you might legitimately call depressed. Plus, I </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">started</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> eating agai</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">n</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">lthough fewer nuts. (The dentist says </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">almonds</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> in
particular</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> can break your teeth</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. So, I fear, can</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> an eight-day diet consisting
primarily of</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">unleavened bread, a.k.a. </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">matzo.)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px;
margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I still have to get back to that blasted </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">book </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">proposal </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">now</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, and </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">try to cut it in half. HALF! </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I think </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I would rather have </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">more </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Novocain</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> instead,</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">as well as </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">a root canal.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px" class="s3"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">But I need</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to finish it in time to start cooking for Passover
early this week. And if </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">can, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">then </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">we</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ll be drinking Champagne </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">at our seder this year </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">instead of Manischewitz.</span></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-size:10px;"><a href="2018.04.01_arch.html#1523821038897" style="">3:37 pm</a></span> <br><br>
<a name="1522020260398"></a>
<span style="">
<p><font size="+1"><b>Sunday, March 25, 2018</b></font></p></span>
<div><p style="line-height: 21.6px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px"><strong style="color: #800080"><u><font face="helvetica"><font size="6">A Word From the Weiss</font> </font></u></strong></span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"> </p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Where have I been?
I’ve been away from this space, as you must have noticed. Working on a proposal for a new book, which turned out to
be gargantuan effort. “Gargantuan,” in fact, is the word that my literary agent used. He thinks</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that it’s </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">too long.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/PattieonthebeachinFlorida2018.JPG" align="right" alt="Getting away from it all in Miami Beach.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="560"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> But I have also been away from home. After a long, long winter, and writing
a </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">long, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">long</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">proposal, I needed </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">change of scene, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a dose of sun, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and a chan</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">c</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e to
stay sane.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px;
margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> So we spent two weeks in Florida, in insanely </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">sunny </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">South Beach.</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Two-plus weeks, to be exact,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> nearly</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">twice a</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> long as we normally go</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">for. But s</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ince my husband semi-retired in September,
we </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had nothing </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to rush back
to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">– nothing </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">but </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">snow and cold.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/PattieandHarlanatDorsetpool.jpg" align="left" alt="Pina coladas by the pool.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Since we were going away for such a long stretch, though, changes needed to
be made. Changes to our usual routine, that is. W</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">were</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> far from the only ones
with fun and sun on our minds, so hotels in South Beach were a bit</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">pricey. In the interests of economizing, we </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">chose
one that wasn’t</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> too posh</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> We realized that it would </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">also </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">be prohibitively expensive to rent a car for so long. The rental alone would cost upwards of $600
for two weeks. Parking</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, even</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> at </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">our </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">not-too-posh </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">hotel</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> would
have added another $600 for 15 nights. Besides, our hotel had </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">rooftop </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">pool,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and the beach was right across the street. Whe</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">re would
we </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">have </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to drive to?</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">If</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> we
needed to travel </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">any</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">wher</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e beyond </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">walking distance, we would make like our kids
do these days</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. W</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e would call an Uber. You know how
to call an Uber, don’t you? </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">You just put your lips together and blow.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/Uberonphone.jpg.w300h179.jpg" align="right" alt="How to call an Uber.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/ubercarwithsign.jpg.w300h200.jpg" align="left" alt="uber car.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Just kidding! </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">You download
the Uber app on your smart phone and add a credit card or other source of </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">payment</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. Then anytime you need to go somewhere, you type in your destination</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Uber </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">tell</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> you how
much it will cost, how soon </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> car
will pick you up, and the mak</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e, model,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and
license plate number of the car that will come to get you.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> For each trip, in fact,
it offer</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> you three different prices
– one for a private Uber, called UberX</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">;</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> one for a larger Uber, called </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Uber</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">XL</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">; </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">and a third</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">for </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">their ride share program, called </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Uber Pool. I</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">n the interests of economizing even more, I discovered </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">opt</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ing </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">for the pool</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">usually</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> made sense</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/Uberpool.jpg" align="right" alt="Ride sharing with Uber Pool.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> During the two weeks we were Ubering around Miami Beach, we were never
once taken out of our way in order to drop someone else off first. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">We </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">simply saved a few </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">bucks</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> on every trip. Plus, our fellow passengers often proved to add something positive to </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">our</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> ride. In one case, we had trouble conversing with
our driver, who only sp</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">o</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">k</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Spanish</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, which
we do not</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. B</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ut our fellow passenger did</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">she </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">was able to translate</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/Delanohotel.jpg.w300h333.jpg" align="left" alt="The Delano Hotel.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">A</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">nother</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> time</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, the other passenger turned
out to be the concierge at the Delano</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Hotel, the poshest place on the beach,
and he </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">offered </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">some useful advice. (Our
not-so-posh hotel smelled like weed 24/7; I don't think it had a concierge.)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px;
font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
Then there was the Uber we took from the airport</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to our hotel</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">O</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ur </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">driver </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">stopped at a synagogue en route to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">pick up a young man who</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">d been attending a wedding. He turned out to
be the bartender at a hotel near ours and invited us to come </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">over </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">for a free drink.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> There were, however, three
places </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I needed to go during our
trip that were</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> beyond</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Uber range, so I </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">decide</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">d</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to
rent a car for three days</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, after all</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/JPandAllegrainMiamiBeach2018.jpg" align="right" alt="JP and Allegra in Miami Beach.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Our daughter Allegra and her fiancé JP were joining us for a </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">long weekend</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, along with their little dog Luna</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I wanted to be able to drive them to the airport
on the day they left.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> While they were there, I </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">also </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">wanted to take them to the Coconut Grove Arts
Festival, about </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">15 miles </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">south
of Miami Beach</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, which is </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">always </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">festive and fun</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px;
font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Plus,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I wanted to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">pay my usual annual visit to</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> my late mother’s best friend Nada, who lives in Boynton Beach.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/Nadaandme2018.jpg" align="left" alt="Nada and me 2018.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Th</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">at would leave one</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> day between all </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">of </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">these activities </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">when</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> we would have a car</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, but </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">no particular agenda.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I told the kids that I
would take them anywhere they wanted to go within reason. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Meaning anywhere
within 100 miles. I</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t didn’t take them l</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">on</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">g to come up with a plan.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/LunainFlorida.JPG" align="right" alt="Luna in Florida.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> They wanted to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">be able to </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">take Luna</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">their</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Schnoodle (a miniature poodle/schnauzer mix),</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to
the </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">beach. That meant </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">we needed to drive </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">somewhere, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">because</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the
beach across the street</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> did not allow dogs</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">. And the </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">closest </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">public </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">beach that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">did was</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">in</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Haulover Park, </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">up Collins Avenue, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">about a half-hour's drive from our hotel.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> And as long as we were going </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">up </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">there, they</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> had another destination in mind.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/AllegraandJPinMiamiBeachcloseup2018.JPG" align="left" alt="Allegra and her fiance JP in Miami Beach.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Earlier this winter</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, they</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> ha</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">d seen </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">something</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> on their favorite show</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> on the Food Network</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">The Best Thing I Ever Ate</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Th</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> episode
in question had focused on the best thing available</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> between two slices
of bread. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">And o</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ne of those things was something
called the Jewban</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I’m not sure
if this delicacy was a combination of Jewish and Cuban, or</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">it was </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">simply </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">something likely to be banned by Jews.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">All I know i</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s that i</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> was a</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">sandwich </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">available</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> only at Josh’s Deli in </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Surfside</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, F</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">lorida</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">just </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">south
of Bal Harbour.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/JoshsDeliexterior.jpg" align="right" alt="Josh's Deli in Surfside, FL.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Was this </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">concoction</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">k</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">osher? </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Probably</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> not</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Josh’s </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Deli </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">proudly identifies itself as “A Jewish
Deli Done Wrong.”</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">But</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">as I have always admitted, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> have never </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">really </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">maintained a kosher household.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> At least, if </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I am</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> attempting to keep the laws of </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">kashrut</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, then </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I am</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> definitely doing it wrong.</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">So </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I was </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">perfectly </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">willing to drive the kids</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> there</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and
let them </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">find out</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> for themselves.</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Find out what </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">was so great about Josh’s </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Deli</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. Or at least about </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">their</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> famous (or infamous) Jewban</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/LunaincarinMiami2018.JPG.w300h372.jpg" align="right" alt="Luna in the car on the way to Josh's Deli.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> The traffic was heavy driving up Collins Ave</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, and after we had managed to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">park</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, we </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">got a little lost</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> wandering around the neighborhood</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">We walked around several corners</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, then</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> down
a deserted alley. Then, finally, we </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">saw </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">it:
a</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> rather non-prepossessing storefront amid banks, boutiques</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and other shops.</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Josh’s, it turned out, is only open until 3 p</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">m</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> each day, but serves breakfast all day. It also serves all-day lunch.</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Both i</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ts b</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">reakfast and lunch</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> menus</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">feature many items loved by Jews, including lox, bagels, corned beef, and pastrami. All of the meats
are cured, smoked</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and/or roasted in</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">-</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">house. All of the bagels are baked on the premises</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> too</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> But nearly all of these items are served</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">in </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a way that is unorthodox, to say the least,
or, as stated, is somehow "</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">wrong."</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/LoxandbagelsatJoshsDeli.jpg.w300h450.jpg" align="left" alt="At least it has lox and bagels.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> The</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">y have</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> tongue, for example. I can’t remember the last time </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">tasted</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> tongue, something that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">relished when I was young. But </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">this </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">tongue is served </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">on </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">a Deli Melt Tongue Frita Burger</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, which the menu said included “papas
frita,” beefy aioli, and cheddar. I have no idea what </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">“</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">papas frita</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">”</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> is.
All I know is that</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">eat</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">ing</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> tongue with </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">cheese is wrong,
about as wrong as eating it with mayo.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Or, at the very least, it isn’t
kosher, because </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">it </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">mix</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">es</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> milk and meat.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/JoshsDelilunchwithLevys2018.JPG.w300h225.jpg" align="right" alt="Our search for the Unholy Grail at Josh's Deli.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; text-indent: 36px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom:
0px" class="s4"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">But</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> even if you can find something
on </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Josh’s</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> menu that sounds right,
and/or kosher, it still probably isn’t</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. Take </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">their </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">T</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">hree </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">E</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ggs </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">A</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ny </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">S</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">tyle,
for example. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Whether you opt for scrambled, fried, or sunny side up, t</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">hese eggs are all </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">served</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> non-kosher style, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">with a side of </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">p</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">astrami smoked bacon</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> Then there</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s the
dish </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">called</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Lobster Jewchachos.</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I don’t know what i</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">is. I don’t even know how you pronounce it. But f</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">or the
sake of </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">those</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> readers who do keep
kosher, I’m not even going to go there… and you probably aren’t either</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">W</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e had </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">already </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">gone all the way to </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Josh’s Del</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">i</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, though</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. Gone</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> in search of a d</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">ecidedly</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> unholy Grail, the famous (or infamous) Jewban.</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> Since there were four of us, we decided to order two</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> of th</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ese</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">along
with</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Krunchy Spicy Tuna Latkes and a bowl of matzo ball soup.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/matzoballsoupatJoshs.JPG" align="right" alt="The matzo ball soup at Josh's Deli.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">Matzo ball soup is something I make it a point to never order anywhere. No matter where I go, I</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">m always disappointed. Disappointed by the
matzo balls</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and even more disappointed
by the soup, which never tastes homemade. Or as good as mine.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> That
was my </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">policy, at least, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">until the moment
I tasted Josh’s. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Tasted it and swooned. The broth </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">wa</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s rich and flavorful, loaded with succulent bits of chicken
and tenderly simmered </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">vegetables –
not the usual mélange of mushy carrots and celery, but healthy veggies like kale. </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">The bowl's </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">single </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">giant </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">matzo ball</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">w</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">as </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">heavier than mine are, but</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">in a good way, I'd say. </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">It </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had heft and </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">hearty </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">substance. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">It</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> tasted almost healthy</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> too.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/AllegraandJPeatingJewbanatJoshsDeli.JPG" align="left" alt="Allegra and JP enjoying the Jewban.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I got to devour most of this delicacy </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">myself because my companions had only one thing in mind. OK, make that two. Those two Jewban sandwiches,
which soon enough arrived at our outdoor table</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. I watched as everyone eagerly
lifted his or her half and eagerly bit in</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px;
font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
The</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> menu </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">listed the ingredients as </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">pastrami, pork, pickles,
Swiss cheese, mustard, and something called </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">“</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">crack sauce.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">”</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> The Jewban</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> turned out to be </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">double-decker sandwich with an extra slice of toast in the center separating the “Jew” </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">part </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">(thick-cut</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">juic</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">y </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">slices
of hot pastrami and dill pickles) from the “ban” </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">part </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">(</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">pork). Accented </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">with </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">gooey melted </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Swiss</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">, mustard, and </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">some sort of other tangy condiment</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">, these</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> half </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">sandwiches </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">were</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">massive, even without the accompanying side of </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">salad, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">fries</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, or slaw</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/HarlaneatingJewbanatJoshsDeli.jpg" align="right" alt="My husband devouring his half of the Jewban.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> In a word, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">g</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">argantuan.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Almost t</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">oo big to eat, yet</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> too delicious to leave</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">even one </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">morsel or </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">crumb</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> behind</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px;
margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> So, was </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">this</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">truly </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the best thing available between two slices of bread? Could be.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/LatkeswithspicytunaatJoshsDeli.jpg.w300h367.jpg" align="left" alt="The Krunchy Spicy Tuna Latkes at Josh's.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> But the most delicious thing</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s on
a plate</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, if you ask me, w</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ere </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">th</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ose</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Krunchy Spicy Tuna Latkes – deep-fried, crispy golden nests of shredded potatoes topped with
dark-pink slices of tuna </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">sashimi </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and
a dollop of cream cheese spiked with hot srichacha sauce. Yum!</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> We were
all so impressed that we went inside in search of their creator</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Josh</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. We not</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> only
wanted </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">meet him</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> but </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">implore him to open a branch in N</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">YC</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">, where there are many Jews </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">– Jews </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">who would no doubt appreciate his </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">deli</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">, even (or especially) done wrong.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size:
18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I also wanted to bestow on him
my website's highest honor, the NiceJewishMom.com Spiel of Approval ("I tried it! I liked it!).</span></span> </p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> We found him behind the counter wearing a hat and an apron and wielding a very large knife.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/JoshofJoshsDeli.JPG" align="right" alt="Josh of Josh's Deli.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Josh</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> appreciated our praise, but was not prepared to grant our plea. He long ago abandoned the Northeast for </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Florida sun. Thanks, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">but no thanks, he said; he </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ha</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">d</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> no interest whatsoever in </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">bringing</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> his artistry or culinary blasphemy north.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/PattieinDorsetpool2018.jpg" align="left" alt="Relaxing in the rooftop pool.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/PattieandHarlanonDorsetcabana.jpg.w300h264.jpg" align="left" alt="With my husband chilling by the rooftop pool.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Oh, well. Guess y</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ou’ll
just have to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">take my word for it. Take my word</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, or </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">go to Florida yourself, and I strongly suggest </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">you do.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size:
18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Josh’s </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Deli</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> is not just worth </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">hiring</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> an Uber for. It’s worth </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">renting
a car for. Heck, it might even be worth </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">flying </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">down </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to Florida</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> for.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"></span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> You’ll get a change of scene.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> You’ll get your fill of sun.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> And </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">if you need a break, and you aren’t strictly kosher, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">what’s
wrong with a little deli done wrong?</span></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-size:10px;"><a href="2018.03.01_arch.html#1522020260398" style="">7:24 pm</a></span> <br><br>
<a name="1513742660174"></a>
<span style="">
<p><font size="+1"><b>Tuesday, December 19, 2017</b></font></p></span>
<div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px"><font face="helvetica" size="6" color="#800080"><strong><u>A
Word From the Weiss</u></strong></font></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px"> </p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/MenorahIboughteightcandles.JPG" align="right" alt="Menorah on last night of Hanukkah.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 18px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"><font face="Arial">
Happy last night of Hanukkah!</font></span></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2"
style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">It may be a relatively minor holiday, as Jewish ones</span></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: Arial; line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">go, but considering that there are eight</span></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: Arial;
line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> whole</span></span><span
class="s2" style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> nights</span></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> of it</span></span><span class="s2" style="font-family:
Arial; line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, I
h</span></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ope that your</span></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: Arial; line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s</span></span><span class="s2"
style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> was happy.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/Pattieinmermaidblanket.jpg" align="left" alt="My husband bought me a mermaid blanket.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I got some very interesting
gifts this year, from </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> novel </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">back scrubber, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">flamingo pajamas</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and a jar of </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">posh </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">truffle salt to a bright fuchsia mermaid blanket from my well-meaning husband.
But if there was one thing </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I wanted
more than anythin</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">g </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">this year </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">– anything at all – it </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">was to </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">not</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> be able to spend my daughter’s
birthday or the rest of Hanukkah with her.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px;
font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">And n</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">o, that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">“not” </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">was</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s4"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial; text-decoration: underline"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">not</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> a typo.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">really </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">didn’t want her to be anywhere near
me</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> on her special day</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p
style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> But before you</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> jump to the wrong conclusion</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, let me tell you why.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Between Hanukkah, New
Year’s, and my daughter Allegra having been born</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">on the 18</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">th of the </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">month</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">December</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> tends to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">offer our family almost </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">too much to celebrate (although one of my best friends from college was known to say, "Too
much is never enough!"). Now that Allegra </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">is </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">engaged to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">JP, who </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">shares not just her upbeat personality but her </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">date of birth</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, we have even more</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> reasons to raise a glass</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">or two</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/AllegraandJPatLuckyCatApril2017.JPG" align="left" alt="Allegra and JP at Lucky Cat.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Last year, we got to celebrate Christmas with the two of them as well. And
not just </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">our</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> usual Jewish </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">approach to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Christmas – dinner at a Chinese restaurant,
followed by a movie. JP cooked an authentic Chinese meal for us in our home, with Allegra pitching in as sous chef in a Santa
hat.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/AllegraandJPcookingonChristmas2016.jpg" align="right" alt="Allegra and JP cooked for us on Christmas 2016.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">But</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">this year</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">it was</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> his </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">parents</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’ turn to have them for the joint</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">birthday and </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">holidays</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. And his </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">parents</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> happen
to live far, far away. Halfway around the world, in fact. They spend this half of the year in Hong Kong.</span></span></p><p
style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> Normally, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">JP’s</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> family
convenes for the winter holidays in Sydney, Australia, where </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">his</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> brother and sister live. But this year they chose to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">gather</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> in Hong Kong instead, in </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">large </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">part because it would be </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">relatively </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">eas</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">y</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">for Allegra and JP to get there (</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">if you can call </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">16½-hour
flight </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">from New York to Hong Kong </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">“</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ea</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">sy</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">”</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> in any respect</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">).</span></span></p><p style="margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
Allegra couldn</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t wait
to see </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">her future in-laws again, especially her </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">little </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">niece- and nephew-to-be, who are 2 and 4 respectively. </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">She and JP</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> spent weeks buying gifts for everyone
and counting down the days till they left.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px;
font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
There was just one little catch.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> JP, who is not a U.S.
citizen, applied for a work visa in </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">early
fall, soon after</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> he</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">moved to NYC when he and Allegra </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">got </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">engaged.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">In late
October, he was assured that th</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> visa would
be mailed to him in about two weeks. But </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">as of last week</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> it </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had
yet to arrive</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/Pattieemojigrim.jpg" align="left" alt="No one felt like celebrating.jpg" hspace="0" vspace="0" width="240"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">On Friday, he </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">explained</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to his family </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> ours</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that if he left </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the country </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">without it, he might not be able to return for </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">several </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">years. Yikes! </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">His </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">entire </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">family</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> was</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> deeply
disappointed, </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">not to mention </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">livid that he
had failed to mention this before everyone else </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">booked </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">their </span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">own </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">flight</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s. Allegra was heartbroken
that they weren't going anymore</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. She was also </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">mortified
that they had offend</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ed</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> her future </span></span><span
class="s6" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">machutunin</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">JP’s</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> parents</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> had arranged to host </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a lavish luncheon on Monday </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to celebrate </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">joint </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">birthday</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. JP and Allegra</span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">were </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the guests of honor, </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">but they </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">would </span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">no longer be there.</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px;
margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">W</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">hat were they
going to do?</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px"><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Our </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">own </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">family was getting together </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">in NYC </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to celebrate both </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Hanukkah</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and the birthdays </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">on Friday </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">night</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. But </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">suddenly </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">no one</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">was in </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ny sort
of</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> celebratory mood.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom:
0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> It
was the fourth night of Hanukkah, and all the way to the city, I fought back tears. My heart </span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">ached with </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">pity.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/Lunainbrightpinkcoat.JPG" align="right" alt="Allegra's lively puppy Luna.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> We had agreed to care for Allegra and JP’s </span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">lively </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">little puppy Luna </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">during the 11
days they'</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">d planned</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> be</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">away</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. We </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had been </span></span><span class="s6" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">kvetching</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">for weeks about</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> this </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">daunting </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">responsibility, and had </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">even recruited</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> our son </span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">Aidan </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and daughter-in-law </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Ka</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">itlin to split dog-sitting duties</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">with us</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. But now we would </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">have </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">give</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">n </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">anything to have what had</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> previously </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">appeared to be a bit of an imposition</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Ye</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t we felt powerless to help.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/Latkes2017.jpg.w300h225.jpg" align="left" alt="Latkes I made.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Before leaving</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> home</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, I'd</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> grated potato</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">es and
onions to make latkes when we arrived. Allegra's </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">tiny </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">kitchen is too small to cook in, so we were </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">going
out for dinner. </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">In fact, we were going out for hibachi. No latkes were
likely to be there. But </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">what's Hanukkah without the latkes?</span></span></p><p
style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> I also </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">gathered
up</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> the</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> many</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">holiday </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">gifts
I had </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">purchased</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> for one and all.
Even though the kids are </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">now </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">grown,
I still give everyone in the fam</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ily, including our dog Latke,</span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> at least one </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">present</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> for
each of the eight nights. In fact, with all the sales on Cyber Monday, I got a little carried away this year. Too much in
this case might really be too much. They may be </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">unwrapping till</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Tu </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Bishvat</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. No
matter. With the travel-ban pall cast over the festivities, I hardly felt like Mrs. Claus, let alone Hanukkah Harriet.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/ChanukahpresentsIbought2017.JPG" align="right" alt="I bought too many Chanukah presents.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> With </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">soggy </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">snow </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">falling </span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">all the way </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">from our home in Connecticut </span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">to NYC, the drive took over </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">five hours in </span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">relentless </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">traffic. But that’s </span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">not the </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">reason it felt </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">as gloomy
as </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a walk</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to the gallows. We
arrived to find Allegra </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">looking dejected</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, her
eye</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">lids</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">red and </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">puffy. She admitted </span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">that </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">she had been crying for hours. </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Some
celebration.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px"><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Aidan and Kaitlin arrived soon after us</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and everyone at</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e a </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">latke smothered in applesauce. I brightened momentarily when Aidan said </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">they were my best ever. Whether or not he
meant it, he certainly knows the way to a Jewish mother’s heart.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom:
0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> But
there was no time to rest on my laurels as a </span></span><span class="s6" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ballabusta</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> (that's Yiddish for </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">“</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">good cook</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">”</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">). We
were </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">already </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">late for our </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">dinner </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">reservation.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Dejected or not, we still had to eat.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/JPandsakeathibachi.JPG" align="left" alt="JP getting sake'd at hibachi.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><span style="font-size: 1.5em; font-family: Arial"> </span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Between
the manic antics of the </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">high-spirited </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">hibachi
chef, who </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">hurled morsels of food at us </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">as if
we were</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> trained seals</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and squirt</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ed</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">streams
of </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">cold</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, tangy</span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> sa</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ke</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> into our mouths</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, things brightened up a bit during dinner.</span></span><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom:
0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Everyone </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">also </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">managed to put on a happy face when we returned
to Allegra and JP's apartment to exchange</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> holiday</span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> gifts. </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">E</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ven when you’re
feeling blue, it’s a lighter shade of blue when the family is all together.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/LevysonHanukkah2017.JPG" align="right" alt="Hanukkah is happier with the whole fam.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="560"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> But Allegra and JP soon realized that they had no choice and called the airline and
cancel their Saturday afternoon flight.</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> And that turned every's mood </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">from blue </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to black again</span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px"><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Early t</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">he next morning,
their apartment buzzer sounded off early. There was a special delivery downstairs for them.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Wait! </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Could it be?</span></span></p><p
style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Perhaps i</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t could
have. </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">But it was not. </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">It</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> turned out to just be</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> a document </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">from JP’s bank. After having their hopes raised</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, even</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> momentarily, only to be dashed, they</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">now </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">felt even worse.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Then they got some news from Hong Kong. O</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ne of </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">JP’s</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> aunts was in the hospital</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">gravely ill. </span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">JP’s</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> sister, who is a doctor, </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">composed</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> a letter to Immigration outlining Aunt Betty’s condition and </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">saying it was urgent that </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">JP be allowed to </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">come home ASAP</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px;
margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
A friend of our family who is an immigration lawyer advised</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> us</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> that </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">JP</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and
Allegra </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">needed to</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> get to the Immigration
office before it opened at 7 a.m. on Monday morning. There was no guarantee that anyone would even agree to </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">meet with</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> them, but th</span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">at</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> was their only hope. The lawyer </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">did </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">not </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">sound </span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">at all </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">optimistic</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> A</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">n ailing aunt</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, he said,</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> would not appear as compelling as a sick parent, sibling, spouse or child. But it was worth
a try.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px"><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t turned
out that poor </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Aunt Betty was gravely ill indeed.
We woke up Sunday</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to the sad</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">news that she had died. </span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">JP was desperate</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to get </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">home</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to help console his mother. </span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">T</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">hey would </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">now </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ask for permission to attend the funeral</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> instead</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/AllegraandJPonthebirthday2017.jpg" align="left" alt="Allegra and JP celebrating their birthday.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Eager to console Allegra and JP</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, my
husband and I </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">took them</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> out for another birthday
dinner on Sunday night. Then my husband drove home</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to Connecticut</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. But </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I insisted on staying</span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">over</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">night on the kids' couch </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">in order </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to watch little Luna while they went to Immigration
the </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">next </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">morning.</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t would help them get out at the crack of
dawn if they didn't have to walk her</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> first</span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">. </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I also wanted to be there in the event that they got bad news. I</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t was the least that I could do.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;
line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Meanwhile,
Allegra stayed up late packing her bags</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> just
in case there was </span></span><span class="s6" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial; font-style:
italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">good</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> news
instead. It was the least that </span></span><span class="s6" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">she</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> could do.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px;
font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> They left the apartment
at 6:22 a.m. armed with every document that they might need.</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Even though they
arrived well before </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">7</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, they were
already </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">sixth in line.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/ImmigrationofficeinNYC.jpg.w300h225.jpg" align="right" alt="The Immigration office in NYC.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Finally, the office opened. </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">T</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">hey watched in </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">mounting </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">horror as</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">he five people</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> before them</span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">, including a </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">sweet, </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">pregnant
young woman who wanted to go see her </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">sick </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">grandmother</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, were brow-beaten mercilessly by </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">surly</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> official
manning the only reception window that was open. </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Then, </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">just as it was about to be their turn, an affable young man arrived and took over </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> second window</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, and
he summoned </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">them</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to approach</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Examining JP’s documents, he
noticed</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> right away that </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">this</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> happened to be</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> his </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">birthday</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. JP point</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ed</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> out that it was </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">his fiancée</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’s as well. Hearing this and the details of their plight, the man </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">seemed</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">extremely</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> sympathetic. He readily granted JP an audience with </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the
next person</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> up on the totem pole.</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> At
least they would</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">be heard.</span></span></p><p
style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> “OK, we have an appointment,” Allegra texted me, sounding cautiously optimistic.
“But we might need proof of JP’s relationship to Aunt Bett</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">y.” The
couple in front of them had been told that they needed such documentation themselves. They began freaking out. What would </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">possibly </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">demonstrate this relationship? Would they
need to obtain both </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">his mother’s </span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">birth certificate </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Aunt </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Betty’s</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">?</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> H</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ow would they get those</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> right away</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">?</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.2; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px" class="s7"><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">The woman </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">who met with them next didn’t </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">request </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">any such</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> documents</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, though. She </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">just </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">seemed </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">eager to help</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. She</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> checked</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> JP’s application status in her </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">computer</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. </span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.2; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px" class="s7"><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> That’s when she </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">discovered that </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">his </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">visa had a</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">lready </span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">been approved </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">– last</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Friday. </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">It was p</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">resumably</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">already </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">on its way</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, in
transit </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">in the </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">postal system </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">somewhere</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. But </span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">they wouldn’t have to wait for it to arrive. </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">She issued them
another one </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">right </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">on the spot</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/Allegrasilhouetted.jpg.w300h400.jpg" align="left" alt="Allegra was ecstatic.jpg" hspace="0" vspace="0" width="240"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px" class="s7"><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Allegra texted me a little after 10. “It’s a Hanukkah miracle.
We’re going!</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">!!</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">”</span></span> </p><p
style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px" class="s7"><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">They </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">phoned </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the airline</span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">, United,</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and managed to nab the last two </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">economy </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">seats on the 3</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">:05</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> p.m.
flight to Hong Kong.</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Never mind that United would call </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">them </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">back soon after to say that there had been </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">some</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> mistake – that the only two seats left were
business class and cost thousands of dollars more. They had to go no matter what.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px;
margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px" class="s7"><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
They</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height:
1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px" class="s7"><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> H</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ad</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p
style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px" class="s7"><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> T</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">o.</span></span></p><p
style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px" class="s7"><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Go!</span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span> </p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px" class="s7"><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> And so they flew into action, as though someone had
fired a starting pistol and actually shouted, "Go!" They</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> raced
home an</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">d </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">somehow </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">finished </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">pack</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ing </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">within the hour</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. They crammed all </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">gifts into a carry-on bag</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. While I went out to buy</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">them breakfast to go, they even packed for Luna</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, who would be spending
the next few days with Uncle Aidan, Aunt Kaitlin, and their cats</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span> </p><p
style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px" class="s7"><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Then we jumped in</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> the car</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I drove them </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">straight </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to Newark</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> International
Airport</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">We </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">arrived</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> two hours before the plane</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> left</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">with
just enough </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">time left to check in.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/Lunainherbed.jpg.w180h137.jpg" align="left" alt="Luna in her bed.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="180"><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/PattieinParkLanenecklaceenhanced.JPG" align="right" alt="It was a Hanukkah miracle.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.2; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px" class="s7"><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Then I drove back to the city with Luna sleeping </span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">beside me </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">on the passenger seat. Never mind that there
was heavy traffic all the way there</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and
even more on my way home. I was still only as happy as my least happy child. But with just a little help from the universe,
and her nice Jewish Mom, that child was now happily on her way. Although she had spent the morning </span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">biting her nails </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">at Immigration and would spend the</span></span><span class="s5"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> next 16½ hours </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">sitting on a plane, she was having what might
prove to be the best birthday ever.</span></span> </p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.2;
font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px" class="s7"><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> So</span></span><span
class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I would say we definitely have too much to celebrate this year. Guess we're just going to
have to party on till New Year's, or even Tu Bishvat. Who cares if Hanukkah's over? Let the celebration begin!</span></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-size:10px;"><a href="2017.12.01_arch.html#1513742660174" style="">11:04 pm</a></span> <br><br>
<a name="1510957101241"></a>
<span style="">
<p><font size="+1"><b>Friday, November 17, 2017</b></font></p></span>
<div><p style="line-height: 21.6px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><font face="helvetica" size="6" color="#800080"><u><strong>A
Word From the Weiss</strong></u></font></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px;
margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"> </p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px;
margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Is it just me, or does everyone feel
like their life </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">entails </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">enough
drama, </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">tsuris</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">nach</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> – that is, enough to </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">kvetch</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">kvell</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> about – to warrant
its own reality TV show? Well, </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">The Real Nice Jewish Moms
of Connecticut </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">may not be </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">airing
in</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">primetime any time soon,
but it recently occurred to me that it</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> might be</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> high time for me to go on a certain existing reality show</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> instead</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. Or, more precisely, for my daughter to go on</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> it</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">And</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> given
the nature of th</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">is</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> particular show, I would </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">be obliged </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to go with her.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/SayYestotheDresswithRandy.jpg" align="right" alt="Say Yes to the Dress on TLC.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> If you are a woman of a certain age (that is, my daughter</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’s</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, which is</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> 27)</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, give or take,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> then there is no need to explain when I say </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">m talking about</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">Say Yes to the Dress</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> This p</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">henomenon</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, now in its </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">15th season on TLC,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">entail</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">brides-to-be
shopping for the</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ir wedding gowns </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">at Kleinfeld’s, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the most </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">exclusive bridal salon</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> in </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">all of </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">NYC</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px;
margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">OK</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">l</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">et me
be perfectly honest. I wanted us to go on this show not because I crave attention or publicity, but because </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I craved attention and publicity for </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">my daughter</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. That is, I thought </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">this would be an ideal way to help promote </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">her
career as a </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">jazz sing</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">er</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Even if </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">it</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> would </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">most likely</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> lead to her</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> buy</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ing
an </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">extremely</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> expensive wedding dress.
(No, they do not GIVE you th</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> dress. </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">T</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">hey do their utmost to </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">SELL</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> one</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> you.)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size:
18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> After all, they don’t need to
give away dress</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">es</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to entice people to go on
this show. Almost every </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">young woman</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> of
a certain age (</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">my daughter’s)</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s well
as </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">her</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> mother</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">would give </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">her</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> right arm (or</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> at least </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ring finger</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">) to g</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">et</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> on. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">That’s how popular it is.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/AllegraattheJazzStandardposter.JPG.w300h200.jpg" align="left" alt="Allegra at the Jazz Standard poster.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">So</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> d</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">on’t imagine for one second that si</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">mply </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">anyone </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">can go </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">on it</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. I didn’t. I knew that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Allegra</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> needed an angle</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> – some </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">special drama, personal hardship </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">(i.e. </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">tsuris</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">) </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">or other </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">distinction</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> that
would make her more compelling than </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">your run-of-the-mill</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> or even runaway bride.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size:
18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> In other words, she needed a hook.
And we were pretty sure that we had </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">one</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. Maybe
even more than one.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> One night, when I couldn’t sleep, I sent Allegra a
link to the </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">online </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">application for the show.
She never mentioned </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">this</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, but </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">soon after she </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">filled it out and s</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ubmitted it</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. And </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the
show </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">apparently agree</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">d</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> that she </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">indeed </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had
an angle (or </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">maybe even </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">more than one). Because they
contacted h</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">er almost instantly</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">requesting</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> more </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">information and </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">photos.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/allegrainorangegown1painted.jpg.w300h192.jpg" align="right" alt="allegra in tangerine gown.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> One of the angles </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">she</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’d</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> used
to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">promote</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> herself </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">did, in fact, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">relate to her </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">singing</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">We</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> had once seen an episode in which a beauty pageant queen </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">explained that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">she had been wearing beaded and glittering gowns for years,
so she needed something even more spectacular for her wedding day. Allegra could legitimately say the same.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> And </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">so</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">she </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> As I would later tell them myself, she already ha</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">d </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">closets full of s</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">himmering</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> gowns. They are her work clothes – her everyday (or</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> more accurate</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ly,</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> every night) attire. So</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> for
her wedding </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">dress</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, she </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">really </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">needed to find something that would kick it
up a notch.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/AllegraandJPengaged.JPG.w300h170.jpg" align="left" alt="Allegra and JP engaged.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Then there was the multicultural nature of her match made in heaven (or, actually,
in Hong Kong). </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Alle</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">gra </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">is a nice Jewish girl. Her </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">fiancé</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">JP</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">is </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">half </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Hong Kong Chinese and half German. She has
dubbed their impending </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">nuptials </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">“</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">M</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">y </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">B</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ig </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">F</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">at Jewish
Chinese German </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">W</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">edding.”</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Ye</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t there was
still one more selling point that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">my daughter</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> had
up her sleeve. (Although</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">given
our taste in bridal gowns</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> there
would probably be </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">no</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> sleeves
involved.)</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/ModelCitizenscoverofNortheast.jpg" align="right" alt="Fashion issue I produced at Northeast magazine.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> As I have indicated, </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">Say Yes to the Dress</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">thrive</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> on </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">drama.</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Especially</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">f</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">amily </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">drama</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> They like it when the mother of the bride</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> or some other member of</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> her </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">entourage</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> has
a</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> vision</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> of </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">what </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">dress
should be that clashes with</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> the </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">bride</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’s own </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">preferences</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Years ago, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I was a fashion writer. I
wrote about fashion for </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px;
font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">USA Today</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and later served as </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">fashion editor </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">for</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> a Sunday magazine in Connecticut. I produced fall and spring fashion issues </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">showing slinky models striking poses in </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the
latest style</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. I also covered the semiannual
fashion shows </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">held</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> by </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">NYC’s </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">top designers.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> To say that I am still what you might call a “fashionista” </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">now was a bit of a stretch. However, I did have strong opinion</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> about what </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">sort</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> of gown my daughter should wear. And whether or not t</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">hese</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> would c</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">onflict</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> with
her own, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">th</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">at</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">probably </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">sounded promising.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">It was p</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">romising
enough</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, at any rate,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> for the show to interview
her over the phone. Th</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">is was followed by</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> a </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">live </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">screen</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">test</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">also </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">performed</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> over the phone via FaceTime. </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Th</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">at</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> presumably
lived up to their </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">expectations, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">for </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">they proceeded to screentest</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">me</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I g</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">uess t</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">hey had to be sure that I had </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">at least a modicum of </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">personality and would not just sit there like a lump… or a potato latke.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/Hollywoodtakesign.jpg" align="left" alt="Hollywood take sign.jpg" hspace="0" vspace="0" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Have you ever</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> had</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> a screen</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">test</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> (</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">albeit one </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">performed </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">over the </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">phone</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> via</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> FaceTime</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">)</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">? I hadn’t. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">So</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I must admit that I was </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a little anxious. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">A</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">t least, a</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s luck would have it, it was s</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">lat</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ed for </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">n</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">afternoon right after </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> already </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had
a </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">hair </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">appointment</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> scheduled</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. I still </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">agonized over what to wear and</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> more
significantly</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> what to say. I even prepared
a script for myself, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">al</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">though I knew </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I wouldn</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t be able to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">actually </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">read </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">from </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">it</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> while looking into </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> phone exhibiting at least </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a modicum of</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> personality</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> During the five to ten minutes I </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">spent</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> on camera, I </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">forgot half of what I</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’d</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">planned</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to relate. But I </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">managed to rattle off</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> my </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">spiel</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> about Allegra needing to kick it up a notch</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> for </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">her</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> wedding</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I also talked about how close a relationship we had – </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">how</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">we were </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">beyond</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">best friends. Even though my daughter</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> ha</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> a full-time “day job,” we managed to
speak to each other several times a day</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, almost every</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">day. When she</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">d spent a year in Hong Kong singing at the Four Seasons Hotel</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> there</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">we</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">d </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">still </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">managed to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">talk</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">almost daily</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">despite the 12-hour time
difference, even if this meant that one of us was</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> typically </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">in a glittering gown and the other in a nightgown</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> (Which one of us was </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">in </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">PJs? You get one guess.</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">)</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px;
margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I was not prepared for the last question
they would ask me</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, however</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. If Allegra came out on
the show in a dress that I didn’t like, was I prepared to be honest?</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px;
font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Hmmm.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I hemmed. I hawed. Then
I gave the most candid answer </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I could muster. Which w</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ent</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> something </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">like this:</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/AllegraandmeatGlamourevent.jpg" align="right" alt="Allegra and me at Glamour event.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> “I love my daughter</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">so much that I would never say anything that might crush her.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">”</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> On the other hand, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">she had such a fantastic
figure that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> was</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">certain</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> she w</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ould be able to</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> find a dress at Kleinfeld’s that
look</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ed</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">absolutely stunning</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> on her</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">S</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">o</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> c</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ouldn</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> imagine allowing her to buy anything that </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">truly </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">d</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">id</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">n’t.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">For
this reason</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, I thought </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I could afford to be honest with her – not brutally honest, necessarily, but gently honest.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">guess </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">they were satisfied with th</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">is</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">reply</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, or whatever else we both said. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">For</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Allegra was told by the nice young woman</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> who had </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">screen</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">ed us both </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that if th</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e show </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">w</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">as</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> interested</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> they would give us a choice of </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">several </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">dates sometime in the distant future.</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">But </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a few
days later, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">we</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> heard </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">back from </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">them</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Never mind </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> choice of future dates.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size:
18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> TLC </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">wanted
us</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> ASAP</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> Were we available to go on the show the following Thursday</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">? </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">That is, w</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ere we ready to </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">say yes to</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Say Yes
to the Dress</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">? What could we sa</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">y</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> but </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">“</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">YES</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">!?!”</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/HarlanandPattieatArielswedding.JPG.w300h232.jpg" align="left" alt="My husband could not go on the show.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Allegra was to</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ld </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">she could bring </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">only </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">three </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">people </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">on the show, including me. But so many of her friends wanted to </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">get in on the act</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> that she </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">persuaded
them to let her have </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">four.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">This would not include m</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">y husband</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to his </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">enormous</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> disappointment</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">although</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> not necessarily mine</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px;
margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">I knew that he would have only one thing to say about each dress that she model</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ed</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">: “What does it cost?” </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">That would instantaneously </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">suck the joy out of what promised to be </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">experience</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> of a lifetime</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">did my best</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to explain this to him. “Honey, we’re not going to Kleinfeld’s to save money.”</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Allegra was told that we should expect to be </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">there</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> for six hours</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and that we needed to arrive </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">“</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">camera-ready.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">”</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/GloriaSwansonImReadyformycloseup.jpg" align="right" alt="Gloria Swanson I'm Ready for my closeup.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Camera-ready? Even if we’d had more than a few days to prepare, I’m
not sure </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">anything, including industrial-strength
Spanx, w</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ould have made it </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">humanly possible
for me to be “ready for my closeup, Mr. DeMille.” </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Allegra made
hair appointments for</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> herself</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and
the rest of the group</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. But </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">decided</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">go as myself</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. G</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">o as
is, that is. Just kidding! I would spend at least an hour and a half transforming myself into a female contortionist as I
tried to blow-dry </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">my own hair.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/PattieatKleinfeldssilhouetted.jpg.w180h231.jpg" align="left" alt="I bought a new top at Kimberly Boutique.jpg" hspace="0" vspace="0" width="180"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I would also shell out for </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a new top </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">just </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">for
the occasion at my favorite local shop, Kimberly Boutique, after explaining my mission to the instantly env</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ious </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">staff (my main mission being to not look like
a whale in high heels on TV). OK, maybe</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> the item I chose wasn’t the most
slimming garment possible</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> – no </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">small
consideration, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">considering that</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, as
everyone knows, the camera adds 10 pounds. Then again, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the cold-shoulder effect
was “on trend,” as Kimberly noted, and </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I thought </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">it </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">looked </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">reasonably </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">glam and </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">tasteful.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I was going to play The Mom
on </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">this episode</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, after all</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. I didn’t want to look skanky.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/AllegrainVeraWangatDavidsBridal.jpg" align="right" alt="Allegra in Vera Wang at David's Bridal.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Allegra had already made one </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">shopping </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">foray to David’s Bridal with my daughter-in-law Kaitlin and her dear friend Leslie</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to try
on gowns. She wanted to do some advance research to see wh</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ich</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> styles </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">suited her </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">best.
What suited her best at David's Bridal was a strapless Vera Wang. The Sunday before we were scheduled to shoot,</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I got to go on a second </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">such outing, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">T</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">he Bridal
Garden</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">special </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">bridal shop on West 21st Street where Kaitlin
had found her </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">wedding </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">gown when she and my son
Aidan </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">were </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">married last summer.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/KaitlinandAidanweddingshot.JPG" align="left" alt="Kaitlin and Aidan wedding shot.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> The special thing about The Bridal Garden is that its inventory consists </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">mostly </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">of samples and overruns donated by top</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">wedding dress </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">designers</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">including Vera Wang, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Marchese, Ann Barge, Lela Rose, and Monique Lhuillier</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. I</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t then sells </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">these </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">at a</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> deep discount. Equally compelling to us</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">wa</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> that, as </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the only </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">completely </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">nonprofit bridal salon in NYC</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, it donates </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">100 percent </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">of </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">its </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">pro</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ceeds </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the Brooklyn Charter School, a</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> tuition-free
K</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> through </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">5 </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">school for disadvantaged children in B</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">edford-Stuyvesant</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/AidanandKaitlinfulllengthweddingpic.JPG" align="right" alt="Kaitlin bought her Vera Wang at the Bridal Garden.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> As e</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">cstatic</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> as Allegra was to have been </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">chosen</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> for the TV show, she was eager to contribute to this worthy cause, just as Kaitlin had when
she bought her own gorgeous Vera Wang gown there.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">So it was a little unnerving</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">when
our </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">entire group fell head over spike heels for a breathtaking Badgley Mischka </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">mermaid-style </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">gown</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">there</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. It</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> customarily sold for $3,000</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, but was marked down to </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a mere</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> $999</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">W</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e had
little doubt that she would end up spending more at Kleinfeld’s.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Q</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">uite a b</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">it</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> more</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">perhaps</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">If she didn’t find anything </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">she loved there, at least she now had </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a back-up plan. </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Yet if she didn’</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t end up saying yes to</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> a Kleinfeld dress</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">the chances </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">of </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">her
episode ever air</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ing</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> might be flimsier than a tulle
wedding veil</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">So</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> she ruefully said no to The Bridal Garden</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> gown</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. Oh, well. On with the show!</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> The following Wednesday night, I drove to NYC</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> with
her good friend Emily</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. We had to be at Kleinfeld’s by 1:30 p.m. sharp </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Thursday</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">couldn</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t risk arriving late.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/SayYesbrunchatCafeteria.jpg" align="left" alt="We ate brunch at Cafeteria.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">JP joined us all </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">for</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">an early
lunch</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> at Cafeteria, a trendy eatery near Kleinfeld’s. </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Presumably, we would not be fed a thing during the six hours that we would be filming. But we were
all so nervous and excited (not to mention worried about looking svelte). Who could think of eating now?</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> Then it was on to Dry</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">b</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">ar, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">part of</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> a chain of salons </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">where they will </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">blow-dry your hair for</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">$45. As planned, I had turned myself into a
human pretzel while curling </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">my own locks that morning. But I readily succumbed
to their offer of a beverage while waiting, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">downed a Mimosa – </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">OJ </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">spiked
with champagne. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Yes, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I’</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">m a </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">real </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">nice
Jewish mom, but to play one on TV? A little dose of liquid courage couldn’t hurt.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/SayYesgettingmics2.JPG" align="right" alt="Say Yes getting mics.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> We arrived breathlessly at Kleinfeld’s right on time, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">were </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">soon </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">all</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> hooked</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> up
with</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">hidden </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">microphones</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. Then </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">Allegra was whisked</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to the
back of the salon, where we were told she would be briefly interviewed. This interview, alas, was not so brief. She was gone
for at least an hour</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/SayYesWeLovethedress.JPG.w300h225.jpg" align="left" alt="Say Yes We LOVE the dress.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Meanwhile, the rest of us – Kaitlin, Emily, Leslie, and I – practiced
reacting to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">possible </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">dresses.</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">“Look like you love </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">it</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">!” I ordered, snapping them </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">on</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> my </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">iP</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">hone.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size:
18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> They beamed.</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">“</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Now look like</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">you’re not so sure.</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">” (Meh!)</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/SayYesnotsosure.JPG.w300h235.jpg" align="left" alt="We're not so sure.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">While we waited on the couches that
line</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">d</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> the lobby, we </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">peered longingly into the well-lit salon, which looked like a winter wonderland filled with headless
mannequins draped in snow-</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">white dresses, as well as future brides</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> in every possible shape and size giddily</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> trying
them on.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px;
margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> We also watched </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">in</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> fascination as the front doors suddenly burst open and a large g</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">aggle</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> of </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">giggling </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">teenage girls flooded in</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, trailing </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">none other than </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Randy </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">Fenoli.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/RandyFenolisilhouetted.jpg" align="right" alt="Randy Fenoli.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> For </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">anyone </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">who may not know, Randy is a popular wedding </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">dress </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">designer and one of the </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">show’s main </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">bridal consultants, all of whom have become celebrities in their own right. </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">He had </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">arrived just </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">in time to be spied by </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">th</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ese </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">star-struck </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">passersby </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">from the Midwe</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">st</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. They
could hardly contain their</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">joy</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">bordering on ecstasy as they posed </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">with him </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">for a group picture in the lobby, their chaperones
looking on</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> with a mixture of puzzlement and pride</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> Finally, Allegra rejoined us</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> and a producer came out to give us directions. We were about to meet Randy on camera ourselves. After a brief
intro, he would ask Allegra what she did for a living, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">whereupon </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">she would </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">answer by </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">spontaneously burst</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ing</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> into song.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/AllegraatKleinfelds.jpg.w300h400.jpg" align="left" alt="Allegra at Kleinfeld's.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> What would she sing? </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">No </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">problem. There</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s something </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">major</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I forgot
to mention.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px;
margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Shortly after Allegra had done her screen test, she had
been asked to write a jazzy jingle for the show. She</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">d promptly obliged with a ditty that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ended with </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">“</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">scat</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">”</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> solo sung</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> as only a jazz singer can. The producers had loved</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> it</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and wanted to include it on our episode.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">A</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t least five minutes into shooting this segment, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">however, someone</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">suddenly
realized that there was something wrong with Randy's mic</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, so</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> we had to reenact the</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> entire scene again</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, trying to look natural and not </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">stare</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> directly into the cameras this time. Argh!</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/PattieatKleinfelds2.jpg.w300h329.jpg" align="right" alt="Pattie at Kleinfeld's.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Although most of the questions Randy
asked were addressed to Allegra, I knew that I</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">needed </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">play my </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">own </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">role</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to the hilt</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. The
role of </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">mo</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ther-of-the-bride</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">-slash-</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">fashionist</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, that is. So</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> soon after I was </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">introduced, I blurt</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ed</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> out a little speech I </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">had </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">prepared</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px;
margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I explained that I had once been a
fashion reporter, but now contented myself with buying clothes for members of my family – my husband, my son, my daughter,
my daughter-in-law, my niece, my nephew</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and
now JP. “Soon after he met Allegra, he discovered that dating my daughter meant that he had to say yes to how </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> t</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">hought</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> he should dress. But </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I guess
he doesn’t mind </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">too much</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">because they’re engaged, right?”</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">This prompted </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">an immediate
question</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> from Randy</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. “What was wrong with
the way he dressed before?”</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size:
18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Gulp.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> “Oh, nothing,” I replied</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. In truth,
there wasn’t. But </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">don’t
think I sounded </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">convinc</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ing</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px;
margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Randy followed up</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">by asking me what kind of wedding dress I thought
Allegra should wear</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I was prepared for this one and
had rehearsed that answer, too.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/Kleinfeldslobby.jpg" align="left" alt="View from Kleinfeld's lobby.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> “Oh, anything at all,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">”
I said blithely, “</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">as long as it</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> has</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> a mermaid or trumpet silhouette with a strapless or </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">sweetheart neckline, and</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">it hugs her</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> body</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> down
to here</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">then flares out into a cloud
of ‘wow!’… preferably in silk, organza, or maybe silk tulle.”</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Fearing that this might sound a bit too specific, I followed it up with a second
opinion.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px;
margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> “Honestly</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, though</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">? </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">She can wear whatever she wan</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ts</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.”</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px;
font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
Randy smiled</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, nodded, and sized </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">me up with a knowing glance.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size:
18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> “I don’t believe you,”
he </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">said</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
Was I already being painted as the evil mom? </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I had no time
to ponder this alarming prospect. W</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e were </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">immediately </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ushered at last into the </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">cavernous </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">salon, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">which
was filled </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">with </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">pale</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">-colored </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">upholstered </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">couches, towering </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">floor-to-ceiling </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">columns, gleaming </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">chandeliers, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">hundreds of </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">dazzling sequined, beaded, and billowing </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">white </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">dresses</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">mbellished</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> with ballgown skirts</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">lace, ruffles, peek-a-boo patterns</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">trains long enough to rival Princess Diana’s</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Then </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the
trying-on began.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s4" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">Spoiler alert:</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: underline"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px;
font-size: 1.5em">There will be no spoilers here.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">I don’t want to </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">detract in any way from </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the show </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">when it eventually</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> airs.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Plus, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">even if I wanted to, I </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">can’t </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">show you any of the dresses Allegra </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">tried on</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, because we were asked to put our cellphones away.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px;
font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
I w</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">on’t</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> even tell you whether
she actually ended up saying yes to a dress</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> or not</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/Kleinfeldsshowroom.jpg" align="right" alt="Kleinfeld's showroom.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> All I am willing to report is that</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, as
exciting as it </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">all </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">was, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the rest of the experience ended up being </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">exhausting
and, well, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> bit </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">unnerving. For</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> as </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">honest as I was prepared to be, it was horrifying to see my daughter step out in a series of </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">wedding</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> gowns and</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> to</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> have to weigh in on camera a</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">bout </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">whether I liked them before I could ask her if </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">she </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">did.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> But I will divulge that
when she sashayed out in one </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">overl</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">y ornate </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">dress</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, I dared to utter the one word that instantly </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">sprang</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to mind, never mind that it was </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">in </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Yiddish.</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Ungapatchka</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px;
margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Randy instantly
demanded a translation</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, which I did my best to supply, never mind that there
is no word in the English language that comes close to being equivalent.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> “It
means everything and the kitchen sink,” I </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">said</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">, knowing </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">this
was hopelessly inadequate. “</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">That dress </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">just </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">has too much going on.”</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px;
font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">In that way,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">think I </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">totally </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">did</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> my part
to play up the </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Jewish mother </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">angle.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> The former fashionista element, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">though?</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">That, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I was
a little less comfortable about.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size:
18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> After Allegra had finished trying
on dresses, I was escorted to the back </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">of the salon </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">myself and interviewed </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">on camera,</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">under hot lights</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> for what felt like at least an hour.</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
In relation to what I</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">d said </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">earl</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ier</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">about </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">buying clothes for family members, I was asked </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">if </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">these people knew</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> that</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I was </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">out </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">shopping for them. I explained that I never actually went shopping for anyone. It was just that
if I was out and about and happened to spy something that would look perfect on someone I knew, I would often buy it for them.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/RandyFenoli2.jpg.w300h304.jpg" align="left" alt="Randy Fenoli.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> “I</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> guess you could say
I’m</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> a self-designated personal shopper,” I explained.</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> The producer, a </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">pleasant</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Scottish woman with a dry wit, seemed to like this phrase</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> so
much that she </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">repeated it slowly as she jotted it down. I envisioned that I would </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">end up on the show with that title</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">print</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ed</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> beneath
my </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">image</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">: “Self-designated
personal shopper.”</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> But </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">now </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I’m not </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">so </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">sure that this is </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">quite</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> where
that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">line of questioning </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">was
going.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom:
0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> She </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">began </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to ask m</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e leading questions, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">like, “Do you sometimes see people and think</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> that</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> they</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">re wearing
the wrong thing</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">or </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">they </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ought to</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> change
their </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">hairstyle or</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">whatever</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">?”</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
I looked at her</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, surprised,</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> and shrugged. “Sure,” I said, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">“I guess.”</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Who can help doing that when they're on the
subway or they go to, say, the DMV? </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">So</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, I thought to myself, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">“D</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">o</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">esn’t everybod</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">y?</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">”</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size:
18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> She </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">then </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">proceeded to ask what I thought </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">she</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> was doing wrong</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and how she should change her own style. </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">In other words</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, what </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">might I</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> do if I gave her a makeover? </span></span></p><p style="line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Hmmm. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Did
she </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">genuinely</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> want </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a few</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> fashion tips, or was she </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">just </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">trying to brand me as the fashion police? </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">S</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">he was </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">d</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ressed </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">in </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">all </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">black, as was almost everyone </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">connected with </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Kleinfeld’s</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> or the show</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Hers looked like </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">comfortable clothes</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, a plain black top and </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">tailored </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">slacks intended</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> for
a long</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">day of </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">hard </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">work</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> behind
the scenes</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. Who knew what she wore under normal</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">circumstances</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> or
when she was all dressed up</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">?</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Whatever the case</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, this
felt like a trap</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">So</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I looked away and squirmed. </span></span></p><p style="line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
“Come on. Just tell me. I can take it,” she</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> prodded</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/KleinfeldsgroupshotwithJP.jpg" align="left" alt="Kleinfeld's group shot with JP.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="560"><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> You know how they say of some people, “She can dish it out, but
she can’t take it?” Well, that’s not me. I’m closer to the opposite.</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> I can’t take it. </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Or</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> dish it out.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px;
margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">Instead,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I gulped again and continued to avert my eyes. “I really don’t
feel comfortable answering that,” I said. S</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">he </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">shrugged and finally moved o</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">n.</span></span></p><p style="line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
Days later, though, as I reviewed the conversation, that</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s what would stick with me</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> most</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. Was</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> she trying to brand
me as the fashion police? Or</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, just as bad, a snob</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">?</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> Talk about drama! Not to mention </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">tsuris!</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I am</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> certainly
not </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">any of the above</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. I’m not one of those
people who walk around judging other people – not for the way they behave, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">surel</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">y </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">not for the way they dress.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I used to write about
fashion way back in the ‘80s. What the heck do I know now?</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> All
I know is that I love my daughter, and I hope </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">she is happy with whatever
she wears for her wedding, and</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> far more
importantly</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> with the man that she </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">weds</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> They
should live and be well in whatever they wear. I will happily say yes to that</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">!</span></span></p><p
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> Note: </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Our segment of “Say
Yes to the Dress” probably </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">w</span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">on’t</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size:
12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> air until next </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">fall</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family:
Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. I will
keep you posted.</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style:
italic"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-size:10px;"><a href="2017.11.01_arch.html#1510957101241" style="">5:18 pm</a></span> <br><br>
<a name="1509167710636"></a>
<span style="">
<p><font size="+1"><b>Saturday, October 28, 2017</b></font></p></span>
<div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px"><font face="helvetica" size="6" color="#800080"><u><strong>A
Word From the Weiss</strong></u></font></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"><strong> </strong></span></span></p><p
style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Note: Sorry!
S</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">o s</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">orry! I mean,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I’m really, really </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">sorry! I don’t call. But </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">what’s worse is that</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I don’t write.
Don’t write here, anyway. T</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">he good news is that I’</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">m hard at work on another book. The bad news</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">? N</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">o time lately for NiceJewishMom.com. </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Other duties call. B</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">ut it breaks my heart. I lie awake at night feeling like I have an itch that I can’</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">scratch.</span></span></p><p
style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style:
italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Days
fly by </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">without documentation or, even</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> worse, self-</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">examination. </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I don’t write. Therefore</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I am NOT.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Even more </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">exasperating is that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">I did st</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">art writing something</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, several weeks ago. So many weeks </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">that it’s now retreating into the rear</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style:
italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">view
mirror. Every day,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I think </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that if I don’t finish it soon, it will be way too old t</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">o post. S</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">taler than a week-old challah. </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I mean, h</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style:
italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ow can
I tell you about Rosh</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Ha</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">shanah</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> when it’</span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s almost </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Halloween? </span></span></p><p
style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style:
italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">But
my daughter says </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">one of her </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">best friends, a faithful reader, </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">keeps checking</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style:
italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> this
space</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and is </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">disappointed</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">still </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">find nothing new</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> T</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">his story</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style:
italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, as
I said</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">is hardly what you might call </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">“</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">new.</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">”</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> No matter. Here it</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> is. </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Kylie, t</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">his one’s f</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">or you</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">!</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span></p><p style="margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span style="line-height: 21.6px"> </span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/PattieheadshotminusAnna.jpg.w300h397.jpg" align="right" alt="Pattie October 2017.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> A </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">very </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">belated happy Jewish New Year from NiceJe</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">wishMom.co</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">m! I certainly hope this year will be</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> a </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">happy one. Not to</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> mention a Jewish one. Yet</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">beyond being someone </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">who blogs about being a nice Jewish mom, who am I to talk about being Jewish?</span></span></p><p
style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I woul</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">d hate
to think that I am gradual</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ly turning into </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">one
of those Jews who only turn</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> up in their temples on the High Holy Days. But the
truth is that</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> in recent years</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> my husband and I</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> often
don’t even do </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p
style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> When our kids were young, we celebrated everything from Shabbat to Tu </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Bishvat</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, which meant going to synagogue</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">more often than not</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. But
now that the kids are grown and living on their own, </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">many </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">major </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">holidays force us to choose: Go to our own </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">shul</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> in Connecticut, or drive </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">down to NYC </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">instead </span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">and share the occasion</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> with them?</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/AidanatSchechterwithcandlescropped.jpg" align="left" alt="Aidan on Shabbat age 8.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">To me, when it comes to holidays, particularly the High an</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">d Holy ones,
my</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">priority remains being
with family over simply following protocol.</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">That
is, I would rather eat with my kids – or, when it comes to Yom Kippur, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">not </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">eat with my kids – than </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">daven </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">without them</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">And in the pursuit of family togetherness, </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">it tends
to be easier for </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the mountain</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to go to Mohammed (excuse the expression) than </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">vice
versa.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px"><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I was hoping this year that we might be able to </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">kil</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">l both birds with one </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">shalom</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. That is, to </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">be with </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">our kids and still </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">manage to </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">attend</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> synagogue services</span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> somewhere</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. But </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">however
sweet that objective might sound, </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">making i</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t happen </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">was far from as </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">simple as dipping apples into
honey.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard;
font-size: 18px"><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Since
Rosh Hashanah fell mid</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">week</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> this
year</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">there was little </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">chance that </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">our kids w</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ould </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">come </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">hom</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e. So
I </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">looked for a temple in NYC</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to
which </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">we could </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">go together</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> As members of a</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Reform synagogue in Connecticut</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, my husband
and I </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">are entitled to f</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ree reciprocal
tickets to </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Reform synagogues elsewhere. But now that the kids </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">rarely</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">come
home, we </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">no longer maintain</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a family membership, so we couldn’t get </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">free </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">tickets for </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">them</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. And for those </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">of you who may not live in Manhattan,
or don't </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">go to synagogue</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> there</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, let’s just say </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that these tickets come</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> at </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a price.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> That price can top </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">$400
per person to attend on both Rosh Has</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">han</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ah and
Yom Kippur</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. And since my son is married</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and my daughter </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">will be soon</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, there are </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">now six members of our family. T</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">h</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">at </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">could
amount</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to quite a lot</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> of </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">gelt</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/KolHaneshamahposter.jpg" align="right" alt="Kol Haneshamah held free services.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">T</span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">he distinct </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">possibility </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">also
remained </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">that </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the kids might cancel out
at the last minute, so I didn’t want to invest too much in this endeavor. So I</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> was
very happy when an Internet search led me to</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Ko</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">l</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Haneshamah</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a.k.a. </span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">t</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">he Center for Jew</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ish Life and
Enrichment. N</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ot </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">only was it </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a short walk from </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">my son’s apartment on the
Upper W</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">est Side, but its services were </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">free.</span></span></p><p
style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Hesitant to take advantage of its</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> hospitality </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">completely </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">free of char</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ge, I made a small donation after reserving</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> six seats for Rosh Hashanah morn</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ing. But not
feeling </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">confident that </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">at least someone</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">if not
everyone</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">wouldn’t </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">reneg</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, I
gave only a small amount, figuring that if all </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">actually </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">went as planned I could </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">always </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">give more later.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/KaitlinandAidanatPassover2016.jpg" align="left" alt="Kaitlin and Aidan at Passover 2016.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Unfortunately, </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">just as I’d feared, </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">whe</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">n we checked in with my son the</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> night</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> before</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, it turned o</span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">ut that Aidan hadn’t been entirely aware of the plan. He wasn’t free</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> to
attend services </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the next morning</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. Neither </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">was </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">my daughter-in-law, </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Kaitlin</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px;
margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
My dau</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ghter lives in </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Manhattan</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> in the East 20s. We were staying at</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> a hotel
in Long Island City. </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">W</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e had </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">been </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">willing to </span></span><span class="s2"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">schlep</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> all the way </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to the </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Upper </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">West Side only </span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">for my son’s </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">benefit.</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> If
he and his wife were</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">n’t coming,</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> going
there </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">made no sense, f</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ree services or not</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> So </span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">my daughter found</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> another service</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> far
closer to her home</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> This one was</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> held by an organization called </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">Ohel </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">Ayalah</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, which offers free walk-in services meant primarily for unaffiliated </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Jews in their 20s and 30s. T</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">hat</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> makes it </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">possible</span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">, according to its website, “</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">for a Jew to wake up on </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Rosh Hashanah morning and say, ‘</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I feel like
going to the synagogue today and being with other Jews.</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">’</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">”</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/RabbiJudithHauptman.jpg" align="right" alt="Rabbi Hauptman.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="180"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> It all began</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> in September of 2003,
on </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">E</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">rev</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">Kol</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Nidrei</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> –
the night before Yom Kippur. Rabbi Judith Hauptman was on her way to religious services when she encountered a distraught
young Jewish couple who had been turned </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">away from two different synagogues</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> earlier that evening. They had failed to make reservations, </span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">and all the seats had already filled up.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Rabbi Hauptman,
upon hearing this, was equally distraught. A </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">conservative rabbi, and the first
woman ever to receive a Ph.</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">D in
Talmud, she had been teaching at the Jewish Theological Seminary since 1974. D</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">etermined
to find a solution, s</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">he quickly came up with an idea: She would find a way to </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">offer</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> free, walk-</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">in </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">services for </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">those</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> who
wait until the last minute to make </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">up their minds about worshipping </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">on the High Holy Days. (As well as those whose plans suddenly change?)</span></span></p><p style="margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
The following year, </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Ohel</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style:
italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Ayalah</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> (“Tent of Helen,” </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">named</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> for her late mother</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">) </span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">was born.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/OhelAyalah1.jpg" align="right" alt="Ohel Ayalah services are for young Jews.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">The very first service
was packed, primarily with young people under the age of 35.</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">In the ensuing year</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s, the organization </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">continued to </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">not only flourish, but </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">grow</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, branching out to add services in Brooklyn and Queens,
as well as Passover </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">seders</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p
style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> This year’s services in Manhattan would be held at the Prince George Ballroom on West 27</span></span><span
class="s4" style="line-height: 8.4px; font-size: 7px; vertical-align: super; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 12.6px; font-size: 1.5em">th</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Street</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. Allegra </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and JP </span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">agreed to </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">meet us there late </span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">the </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">next </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">morning.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/LunawithAllegraandJPSnugHarbor.jpg.w300h286.jpg" align="left" alt="Luna with Allegra and JP.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">We woke up to </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">an urgent message from them, though. Their</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> new little
puppy, Luna, had been up </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">all night vomiting</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. They
were </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">very concerned and </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">rushing her
to the vet. </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Allegra was not ready to cance</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">l</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> out on temple just yet, though. And n</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">either were
we. We </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">agreed that we </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">would go to
the service ourselves and attempt to save her a seat.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Good luck </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to us </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">with that! Although </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the Prince George Ballroom is </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">cavernous</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> at over 9,000 squar</span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">e feet, we arrived to discover</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> that the </span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">service was already packed and</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> standing-room-only. </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">So w</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e made our way to the back of the room... and stood.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/PrinceGeorgeBallroom1.JPG" align="right" alt="The Prince George Ballroom was packed.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">At least this</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> spared us from the usual routine of </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">having
to get up every time the rabbi entreated the congregation </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to “please
rise” </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">whenever a major prayer was read</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> We were already on our feet.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;
line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I felt
a bit sheepis</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">h about going to a service intended </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">mostly </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">for young people in their 20s and 30s. I’</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">m a
nice Jewish mom of two people in their 20s and 30s. Young, I am not. And if I’m not young, then what is Nice Jewish
Dad, who has just over a decade on me?</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/PrinceGeorgeBallroom4.jpg" align="left" alt="The Prince George Ballroom SRO.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Indeed, we stood out in the crowd – and I do mean </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">crowd</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. Hundreds of well-dressed young
Jews</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> filled the </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">rows of </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">seats and stood lining </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the perimeter of the room. </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Many among </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">th</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e seated</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> soon began </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">approaching</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> u</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and
offering to give us </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">their seats.</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">As generous</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> a gesture as this was – a </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">mitzvah</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> in the making –
we would graciously</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> decline.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/HarlanwithTipsyScoop2.JPG.w180h214.jpg" align="right" alt="My husband was beginning to shvitz.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="180"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Yet it was an unusually</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> warm</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> day, </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">both inside and out, and </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I eventually</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">persuaded
my husband to accept one such offer, see</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ing that </span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">he was</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> tired and</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> beginning to</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">shvitz</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> in his suit.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I was there mostly to
be with our</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> daughter, </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">though, </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and there was no seat available for her. So I remained standing alone in the back, keeping one eye
on the prayers in the </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">siddur</span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> (pr</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ayer book) and the other trained </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">expectantly
on the </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">doorway</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/Lunarecoveringfromsurgery.JPG" align="left" alt="JP stayed to take care of Luna.JPG" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> And finally, after an hour or so, there she was! They were still awaiting results
of the X-rays, so her fiancé, JP, who is not Jewish, had been obliged to stay behind</span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> with poor sick Luna</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. But Allegra was finally </span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">there, and I moved over eagerly so that she could lean against the wall beside me.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/Allegrasilhouetted.jpg.w180h240.jpg" align="right" alt="Allegra finally arrived.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="180"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Eventually, I</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">found that I </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">could
no longer </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">stand on ceremony</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, though, let
alone my high holiday heels. So I dared to sit </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">down </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">on the floor</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. Seeing this, t</span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">o my amazement</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> dozens
of youn</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">g people instantly </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">follow</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ed</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> suit, despite being attired in dresses and suits.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/PrinceGeorgeBallroompeopleonfloor.jpg.w300h188.jpg" align="left" alt="Prince George Ballroom people on floor.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="300"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Maybe I had unwittingly managed a </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">mitzvah</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> of my own.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom:
0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> But
when it was announced that there were still seats available for </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">an afternoon </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">servic</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">e </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">on Yom
Kippur </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the following week – and </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">th</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">at if you registered in advance, </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">you </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">were guaranteed to get one</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> –</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">decided </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">to make reservations for us all. This time, I</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">would make sure that everyone got the</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> memo.
We would get to worship as a family, </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">after all.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
Not that I was complaining</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, mind you</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">The </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">service </span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">that </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">we were attending </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">now </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">was not only free, but included a free reception </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">afterwards.
After the </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">cl</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">osing hymn, everyone filed into
the hallway to feast</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> on gefilte f</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ish,
noodle kugel, and </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">assorted rugelach. Yum!</span></span></p><p style="margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
No wonder</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I felt obliged to make a </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">donation to Ohel Ayalah afterwards. </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">If you are interested
in helping to guarantee the future of the Jewish community, w</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">hat a worthy cause!</span></span></p><p
style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> Afterwards, we hurried home to Allegra’</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">s apartment.
A</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">idan and Kaitlin would be</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> joining
us for dinner. T</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">here was still </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a whole holiday
meal to prepare!</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/Challahwithraisins.jpg.w300h258.jpg" align="right" alt="Challah with raisins.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="240"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Knowing that her </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">kitchen is barely bigger
than a </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">mezzuzah</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> –
there isn’t even a drawer </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">in it for silverware or </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Saran W</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">rap – I </span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">had toted most</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> of </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the
food </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">from home, along with </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">pots
and </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">pans to cook it in</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. N</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ot to m</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ention bowls, trays, condiments, and assorted
serving </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">utensils.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I had also done as much </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">of the </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">food pre</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">p as
possible in advance</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> Out now</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> came </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the apples and honey, </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the round </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">braided </span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">rai</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">sin challah, the</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> homemade chicken
so</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">up with </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">carrots and </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">fine </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">egg </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">noodles</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> the</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> kosher
chicken to roast with prunes, olives</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and
fresh herbs from my garden, </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">broccoli </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I had already cut into </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">florets </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">and fresh organic carrots</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> I had already peeled</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the portabella mushrooms I had already </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">stuff</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ed</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">the apple crisp I had already baked, </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">plus </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a pot of quinoa, which may </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">not </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">be </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">a </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">traditional Jewish food, </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">by any means, </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">bu</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">t what the heck</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, it’s </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">healthy</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">!</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px;
margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">
Being a nice Jewish mom, </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I spent the rest of the </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">afternoon cooking. T</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">hen the rest of the evening cleaning
it all up.</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> But all that </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">I rem</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">ember now, looking back in the </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">rearview mirror, is the </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">magical </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">moment </span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">at which</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> we</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">all </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">finally </span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">sat down </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">together </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">as a
family, lit the </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">tall, white</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">holiday </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">candles</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">raised our voices to sing the </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Kiddush</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> and the </span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Motzi</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> – the </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">blessings over the wine and the bread</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px;
font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">. </span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">S</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">uddenly, it was </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">worth
every single second of effort. And</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">certainly</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">, </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">having to have missed</span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em"> services at our shul</span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family:
Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> back home</span></span><span class="s3"
style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size:
1.5em">.</span></span></p><img src="sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/RoshHashanahdinner2017.jpg" align="left" alt="Our Rosh Hashanah family dinner 2017.jpg" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="560"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family:
-webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"> <em>(From left to right) Aidan, Kaitlin, Allegra, JP, my husband Harlan... and Luna,
who was feeling much better, peeking out on the floor.</em> </p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"> </p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"> </p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height:
21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"> <span class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px;
font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> As for next
year, I am already looking forward to services at </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style:
italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Ohel</span></span><span
class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-style:
italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">Ayalah</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> again. Whether we reserve in advance and get to </span></span><span class="s3" style="line-height:
14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">sit,</span></span><span
class="s3" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> or end up needing to stand again, they deserve a standing ovation.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px"> </p><p style="margin-top:
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 18px"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px"><span
class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"><font face="-webkit-standard"> </font><font
face="Arial"><em>To learn more </em></font></span></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 14.4px;
font-style: italic; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">about this group </span></span><span
class="s2" style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 14.4px; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15"
style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em">or make a donation yourself, go to www.ohelayalah.org. </span></span><span
class="s3" style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span class="s3" style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 14.4px; font-size:
12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"> </span></span><span
class="s3" style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 14.4px; font-size: 12px"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height:
21.6px; font-size: 1.5em"></span></span><span style="font-family: -webkit-standard; line-height: 21.6px"> </span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10px;"><a href="2017.10.01_arch.html#1509167710636" style="">1:15 am</a></span> <br><br>
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<td align="center" background="http://webhosting.web.com/imagelib/sitebuilder/layout/spacer.gif" width="300"><span style="font-size:10px;">That's me. The redhead on the right. But that is NOT my baby.</span></td>
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<div><div><font size="3"><font face="tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> No, sir, that's <em>not</em>
my baby. How could any mother smile beatifically while her own child wailed? Never mind that neither of my offspring
ever cried so plaintively, as far as I recall (not while I was there to nurture them through their every perceptible
need... although my son still complains that I often dressed him in garish and girlish color schemes, scarring him FOR LIFE).</font></font></div><div><font
size="3"><font face="tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> Besides, I'm distinctly beyond prime
delivery age ("Kitchen's closed!" as my mother might say), and my kids had departed the diaper stage by the
dawn of the Clinton Ad</font></font><font size="3"><font face="tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif">ministration. Now in
their 20s, both </font></font><font size="3"><font face="tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif">are currently living on their
own, in not-too-distant cities, although each manages to phone me daily. In fact, to be exact, several times a
day, then sometimes text me, too. (That may sound excessive, and emotionally regressive, but I subscribe to
the Jewish mother's creed when it comes to conversing with <em>kinder</em>: Too much is never enough.)</font></font></div><div><font
size="3"><font face="tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif"></font></font></div><div><font size="3"><font face="tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
Two demanding decades spent raising two kids who are kind, highly productive and multi-talented, who generally
wear clean underwear (as far as I can tell), and who by all visible signs don't detest me are my main credentials
for daring to dole out advice in the motherhood department.</font></font></div><div><font size="3"><font face="tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
Presenting myself as an authority on all matters Jewish may be trickier to justify.</font></font></div><div><font face="Tahoma"
size="3"></font></div><div><font face="Tahoma" size="3"></font></div><div><font face="Tahoma" size="3"></font></div><div><font
face="Tahoma" size="3"> Yes, I was raised Jewish and am biologically an unadulterated, undisputable, purebred <em>Yiddisheh
mama</em>. I'm known for making a melt-in-your-mouth brisket, not to mention the world's airiest matzah
balls this side of Brooklyn. My longtime avocation is writing lyrics for Purim shpiels based on popular Broadway productions,
from "South Pers-cific" to "The Zion Queen." Then again, I'm no rabbi or Talmudic scholar. I
can't even sing "Hatikvah" or recite the <em>Birkat Hamazon</em>. Raised resoundingly Reform, I don't keep kosher, can
barely curse in Yiddish, and haven't set foot in Israel since I was a <em>zaftig</em> teen.</font></div><div><font face="Tahoma"
size="3"></font></div><div><font face="Tahoma" size="3"> Even so, as a longtime writer and ever-active
mother, I think I have something to say about being Jewish and a mom in these manic and maternally challenging
times. I hope something I say means something to you. Welcome to my nice Jewish world! </font></div><div><font
size="3"><font face="tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif"></font></font></div><div><font size="3"><font face="tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> </font> </font><!--"''"--></div>
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<div><div><font size="3"><font face="tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif"></font></font></div><div><font size="3"><font face="tahoma,arial,helvetica,sans-serif"></font></font></div><div><font
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That's my son </font><font face="trebuchet ms,geneva" size="4">Aidan, me, my daughter Allegra, and Harlan, </font><font face="trebuchet
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**Sunday, April 15, 2018**
**A Word From the Weiss** *Note: I wrote this blog the week before
Pesach, but for some mysterious reason it didn't post. Until now.*
I can't believe we were just in Miami.jpgHappy almost Passover from NiceJewishMom.com! It seems almost unimaginable to me now that we took a vacation to Miami Beach and returned a little over three weeks ago. Is that even possible? Seems like a distant memory.
Ever since, I have been demoralized and overwhelmed
by all sorts of things.Gefilte fish on plate.JPG The New England weather has been horrific, with winter continuing to rear its ugly head. Doesn’t it know that the calendar says it is officially, at long last, spring?
I’d felt euphoric when I’d managed
to finish the book proposal I had been working
on just before we left, cranking out an astonishing 140 pages. But after we returned, my literary agent said that it was twice as long as he could use –
that I had bitten off more than any editor
can chew, so to speak – so I’ve been going through the agony of trying to cut it in half. Then there was the gross, unimaginable, unbearable thing that finally
DID ME IN. It all started a few days before we left for Miami, when something awful happened. I was taking a quick lunch break one afternoon when
I felt something hard inside the
sandwich I was eating and discovered that
one of my teeth had apparently cracked. Cracked almost right in half.tooth with silver filling.jpg This turned out to be a lower tooth with a large silver filling in it, dating from when
I was a child. It had been feeling a little
sore for weeks. It probably didn’t help that I often snack on nuts, which are hard but supposedly healthy. It had suddenly
given out. I rushed over to my dentist’s office, where they drilled out the remaining filling, filed down
what was left of the tooth, and put in a temporary crown. Then, after we returned from Miami, I had several more
painful procedures, all involving more drilling, more filing, and countless shots of Novocain.
Finally, a permanent crown was put in the Monday before
Passover. To make matters worse – much worse – after my husband semi-retired
in September, I no longer had dental insurance. He qualifies for Medicare, and I have
never required anything beyond twice-yearly
cleanings, which presumably would cost me less than shelling out for dental insurance. So
I had foolishly decided not to buy any on my own. And so that crown had cost me a whopping $1,600.
Ouch!
At least I was finally done with the ordeal that Monday afternoon. Or so I thought. Late that night,
I was eating some leftovers when once again I felt something hard in my mouth. Then, to my horror, I spit out two more large fragments of broken tooth. Had
another tooth cracked already? Yikes! Would this cost me another $1,600, and would
it require more shots of Novocain and countless more agonizing
procedures? This
led to another thought: Were ALL of my teeth starting to fall out, one by one?
Followed by an even worse idea: Was I getting THAT OLD?
I must admit that this
got me so upset that I started to cry. It felt like this was the beginning of the end. The end of me, that is. Or at least the end of eating. I was afraid to bite into anything harder than some applesauce and vanilla pudding
for dinner the next night. I also decided that it was time to break down and actually get some dental insurance.
A little investigation online yielded the disturbing news
that private insurance policies for seniors (i.e. people who are over 55, like me) are pretty pricey. What’s worse – far worse in my
case – they often require you to wait 12 months before having almost any major dental procedure, such as getting a crown. (Or perish the thought, root canal.) I finally ended up buying something called a dental discount plan instead. It only reduces dental procedure costs a little bit. But it was affordable and better than nothing. Meanwhile, I kept peering
into the mirror, trying to figure out which tooth in my
mouth had cracked now. For the life of me, I couldn't see or feel one that was broken. The first time it had happened, the cracked tooth had been
so jagged that I’d had no doubt. This was different. But I was afraid to simply let it go. I
had to go to the dentist.I had to go to a new dentist.jpg I actually had to go to a new dentist because my old one did not accept my new dental discount plan. This was just as well. I love my longtime dentist, but he is turning 80 soon and has decided to retire and sell his practice (yet another sign that I am getting old).
But guess what? My new dentist’s nurse looked in my mouth, then the dentist herself looked in my mouth, and finally her hygienist looked in my mouth. And they all came to the same conclusion: There was no broken tooth in my mouth. The tooth that I’d spit out apparently wasn’t mine!
Yikes!
This brought two immediate thoughts to
mind. No. 1, EEEEEWWWWW!
Someone else’s broken tooth had been in my MOUTH!!!
No. 2, if it hadn’t been my tooth, then whose tooth WAS it?
The food that I had
been eating the second time around wasn’t something hard. Nor was it something that I had prepared myself. It was a bit of leftover pasta from my favorite local restaurant. I had gotten a dish
to go for my husband, and he hadn't quite finished it. I had found his leftovers in the fridge late Monday night and finished them myself. So my best guess was that those bits of tooth must have been my husband’s. The fact was that he planned
to go to the dentist himself the next week -- the same new dental office that
I was in now, because his own longtime dentist had also just retired. (If I’m getting old, then what would you call my husband, who is 10 years older?)
Yet my new dentist said that
if he had indeed a broken tooth, then he needed
to be seen right away. Never mind that,
though. I needed to know right away if those broken bits of tooth that I’d spit out had been my husband's. So I called him, and he came to the dentist's office right away. And
guess what! She (and her nurse, as well as her hygienist) all said the same thing: That broken tooth that I’d
spit out hadn't been his, either!
That left only one other possibility, it seemed.Pasta from my favorite local restaurant.jpg As I
said, the food that I had been eating when I’d discovered the broken tooth had
come from my favorite restaurant in our town. The broken bits of tooth must have come from the mouth of their chef.
EEEEEEEWWWWW!
As horrifying as this was, and as disgusting as it was, I now felt relieved that I did not have a broken
tooth myself, after all. I would not need to undergo any more painful procedures. Plus, I would not need to pay for any more dental work (other than the unnecessary visit I had just made to this new dentist, which had set me back the reduced rate of $81). Still, I felt that I needed
to say something about the incident to the restaurant in question, even if it was
my favorite place, and was a very
reputable restaurant at that. I called at once and spoke to an assistant manager. I assured him that I was not just some lunatic. I was a longtime devoted patron, but felt that I
needed to say something. He was mortified to hear my saga and
said that he would speak to their CEO, or CFO, or
whoever was at the top of their food chain, and
I would hear back that night. I did not hear back that night, though. Which was just as well. Because later that night, while racking my brain for any possible alternative explanation, I suddenly came up with a brand-new theory
of how this latest dental nightmare may have come about. (Warning: Before you read any further, I feel obliged to warn you that things are about to get graphic – as if they aren’t graphic and gross enough already -- the way TV networks often
warn you to remove small children from the room during the evening
news.)
My husband has long
had a habit of reusing items such as aluminum
foil, plastic bottles, and plastic zip-lock bags. He can be a bit of a cheapskate, if you ask me -- although if you ask him, he’s just being frugal, as well as environmentally
correct. With
this in mind, I asked him where he had gotten the little plastic bag in which he had stored the leftover pasta that I’d eaten when
I had found the broken bits of tooth. He pointed to a little pile of used plastic bags perched on top of our microwave.
I recalled that when my original tooth had broken in my mouth, about six weeks earlier, I had put it into a little plastic bag in order to show it to the dentist. Afterwards, I had brought it back home. I don't know where it went after that, but I couldn't find it now.
My new theory: My husband had put that
bag into his pile of used plastic bags, not realizing that it wasn’t quite
empty, and then he had put his leftovers in it on Monday night.
When I asked my husband if this was possible, he replied that it was ridiculous. He would have noticed that there were bits of broken tooth
inside the bag, he said. Hmmm. Maybe so. But isn't my explanation
far more plausible than the possibility that the chef at a nice, upscale restaurant had spit half a tooth into my takeout food?Champagne not Manischewitz.jpg I didn't know WHAT I was going to say to that CEO or CFO or whoever if and when he called me the next day. But I decided to head the whole thing off at the pass and contact the assistant manager the next
day. When I was told that he would not be in for several hours, I left the only message that I could think of. In the inimitable
words of Gilda Radner as her SNL character Emily Litella, "Never mind!"
Meanwhile, I kept laughing about the whole ordeal
so much that I was no longer
what you might legitimately call depressed. Plus, I started eating again, although fewer nuts. (The dentist says that almonds, in
particular, can break your teeth. So, I fear, can an eight-day diet consisting
primarily of unleavened bread, a.k.a. matzo.) I still have to get back to that blasted book proposal now, and try to cut it in half. HALF! I think that I would rather have more Novocain instead, as well as a root canal. But I need to finish it in time to start cooking for Passover
early this week. And if I can, then we’ll be drinking Champagne at our seder this year instead of Manischewitz.
[3:37 pm](2018.04.01_arch.html#1523821038897)
**Sunday, March 25, 2018**
**A Word From the Weiss** Where have I been?
I’ve been away from this space, as you must have noticed. Working on a proposal for a new book, which turned out to
be gargantuan effort. “Gargantuan,” in fact, is the word that my literary agent used. He thinks that it’s too long.Getting away from it all in Miami Beach.JPG But I have also been away from home. After a long, long winter, and writing
a long, long proposal, I needed a change of scene, a dose of sun, and a chance to
stay sane. So we spent two weeks in Florida, in insanely sunny South Beach. Two-plus weeks, to be exact, nearly twice as long as we normally go for. But since my husband semi-retired in September,
we had nothing to rush back
to – nothing but snow and cold.Pina coladas by the pool.jpg Since we were going away for such a long stretch, though, changes needed to
be made. Changes to our usual routine, that is. We were far from the only ones
with fun and sun on our minds, so hotels in South Beach were a bit pricey. In the interests of economizing, we chose
one that wasn’t too posh. We realized that it would also be prohibitively expensive to rent a car for so long. The rental alone would cost upwards of $600
for two weeks. Parking, even at our not-too-posh hotel, would
have added another $600 for 15 nights. Besides, our hotel had a rooftop pool, and the beach was right across the street. Where would
we have to drive to? If we
needed to travel anywhere beyond walking distance, we would make like our kids
do these days. We would call an Uber. You know how
to call an Uber, don’t you? You just put your lips together and blow.How to call an Uber.jpguber car.jpg Just kidding! You download
the Uber app on your smart phone and add a credit card or other source of payment. Then anytime you need to go somewhere, you type in your destination, and Uber tells you how
much it will cost, how soon a car
will pick you up, and the make, model, and
license plate number of the car that will come to get you. For each trip, in fact,
it offers you three different prices
– one for a private Uber, called UberX; one for a larger Uber, called Uber XL; and a third for their ride share program, called Uber Pool. In the interests of economizing even more, I discovered that opting for the pool usually made sense.Ride sharing with Uber Pool.jpg During the two weeks we were Ubering around Miami Beach, we were never
once taken out of our way in order to drop someone else off first. We simply saved a few bucks on every trip. Plus, our fellow passengers often proved to add something positive to our ride. In one case, we had trouble conversing with
our driver, who only spoke Spanish, which
we do not. But our fellow passenger did, and she was able to translate.The Delano Hotel.jpg Another time, the other passenger turned
out to be the concierge at the Delano Hotel, the poshest place on the beach,
and he offered some useful advice. (Our
not-so-posh hotel smelled like weed 24/7; I don't think it had a concierge.)
Then there was the Uber we took from the airport to our hotel. Our driver stopped at a synagogue en route to pick up a young man who’d been attending a wedding. He turned out to
be the bartender at a hotel near ours and invited us to come over for a free drink. There were, however, three
places that I needed to go during our
trip that were beyond Uber range, so I decided to
rent a car for three days, after all.JP and Allegra in Miami Beach.jpg Our daughter Allegra and her fiancé JP were joining us for a long weekend, along with their little dog Luna. I wanted to be able to drive them to the airport
on the day they left. While they were there, I also wanted to take them to the Coconut Grove Arts
Festival, about 15 miles south
of Miami Beach, which is always festive and fun.
Plus, I wanted to pay my usual annual visit to my late mother’s best friend Nada, who lives in Boynton Beach.Nada and me 2018.jpg That would leave one day between all of these activities when we would have a car, but no particular agenda. I told the kids that I
would take them anywhere they wanted to go within reason. Meaning anywhere
within 100 miles. It didn’t take them long to come up with a plan.Luna in Florida.JPG They wanted to be able to take Luna, their Schnoodle (a miniature poodle/schnauzer mix), to
the beach. That meant that we needed to drive somewhere, because the
beach across the street did not allow dogs. And the closest public beach that did was in Haulover Park, up Collins Avenue, about a half-hour's drive from our hotel. And as long as we were going up there, they had another destination in mind.Allegra and her fiance JP in Miami Beach.JPG Earlier this winter, they had seen something on their favorite show on the Food Network, The Best Thing I Ever Ate. The episode
in question had focused on the best thing available between two slices
of bread. And one of those things was something
called the Jewban. I’m not sure
if this delicacy was a combination of Jewish and Cuban, or it was simply something likely to be banned by Jews. All I know is that it was a sandwich available only at Josh’s Deli in Surfside, Florida, just south
of Bal Harbour.Josh's Deli in Surfside, FL.jpg Was this concoction kosher? Probably not. Josh’s Deli proudly identifies itself as “A Jewish
Deli Done Wrong.” But as I have always admitted, I have never really maintained a kosher household. At least, if I am attempting to keep the laws of kashrut, then I am definitely doing it wrong.
So I was perfectly willing to drive the kids there and
let them find out for themselves. Find out what was so great about Josh’s Deli. Or at least about their famous (or infamous) Jewban.Luna in the car on the way to Josh's Deli.JPG The traffic was heavy driving up Collins Ave., and after we had managed to park, we got a little lost wandering around the neighborhood. We walked around several corners, then down
a deserted alley. Then, finally, we saw it:
a rather non-prepossessing storefront amid banks, boutiques, and other shops.
Josh’s, it turned out, is only open until 3 p.m. each day, but serves breakfast all day. It also serves all-day lunch.
Both its breakfast and lunch menus feature many items loved by Jews, including lox, bagels, corned beef, and pastrami. All of the meats
are cured, smoked, and/or roasted in-house. All of the bagels are baked on the premises, too. But nearly all of these items are served in a way that is unorthodox, to say the least,
or, as stated, is somehow "wrong."At least it has lox and bagels.jpg They have tongue, for example. I can’t remember the last time that I tasted tongue, something that I relished when I was young. But this tongue is served on a Deli Melt Tongue Frita Burger, which the menu said included “papas
frita,” beefy aioli, and cheddar. I have no idea what “papas frita” is.
All I know is that eating tongue with cheese is wrong,
about as wrong as eating it with mayo. Or, at the very least, it isn’t
kosher, because it mixes milk and meat.Our search for the Unholy Grail at Josh's Deli.JPGBut even if you can find something
on Josh’s menu that sounds right,
and/or kosher, it still probably isn’t. Take their Three Eggs Any Style,
for example. Whether you opt for scrambled, fried, or sunny side up, these eggs are all served non-kosher style, with a side of pastrami smoked bacon. Then there’s the
dish called Lobster Jewchachos. I don’t know what it is. I don’t even know how you pronounce it. But for the
sake of those readers who do keep
kosher, I’m not even going to go there… and you probably aren’t either. We had already gone all the way to Josh’s Deli, though. Gone in search of a decidedly unholy Grail, the famous (or infamous) Jewban. Since there were four of us, we decided to order two of these, along
with the Krunchy Spicy Tuna Latkes and a bowl of matzo ball soup.The matzo ball soup at Josh's Deli.JPG Matzo ball soup is something I make it a point to never order anywhere. No matter where I go, I’m always disappointed. Disappointed by the
matzo balls, and even more disappointed
by the soup, which never tastes homemade. Or as good as mine. That
was my policy, at least, until the moment
I tasted Josh’s. Tasted it and swooned. The broth was rich and flavorful, loaded with succulent bits of chicken
and tenderly simmered vegetables –
not the usual mélange of mushy carrots and celery, but healthy veggies like kale. The bowl's single giant matzo ball was heavier than mine are, but in a good way, I'd say. It had heft and hearty substance. It tasted almost healthy, too.Allegra and JP enjoying the Jewban.JPG I got to devour most of this delicacy myself because my companions had only one thing in mind. OK, make that two. Those two Jewban sandwiches,
which soon enough arrived at our outdoor table. I watched as everyone eagerly
lifted his or her half and eagerly bit in.
The menu had listed the ingredients as pastrami, pork, pickles,
Swiss cheese, mustard, and something called “crack sauce.” The Jewban turned out to be a double-decker sandwich with an extra slice of toast in the center separating the “Jew” part (thick-cut, juicy slices
of hot pastrami and dill pickles) from the “ban” part (pork). Accented with gooey melted Swiss, mustard, and some sort of other tangy condiment, these half sandwiches were massive, even without the accompanying side of salad, fries, or slaw.My husband devouring his half of the Jewban.jpg In a word, gargantuan. Almost too big to eat, yet too delicious to leave even one morsel or crumb behind. So, was this truly the best thing available between two slices of bread? Could be.The Krunchy Spicy Tuna Latkes at Josh's.jpg But the most delicious things on
a plate, if you ask me, were those Krunchy Spicy Tuna Latkes – deep-fried, crispy golden nests of shredded potatoes topped with
dark-pink slices of tuna sashimi and
a dollop of cream cheese spiked with hot srichacha sauce. Yum! We were
all so impressed that we went inside in search of their creator, Josh. We not only
wanted to meet him, but to implore him to open a branch in NYC, where there are many Jews – Jews who would no doubt appreciate his deli, even (or especially) done wrong. I also wanted to bestow on him
my website's highest honor, the NiceJewishMom.com Spiel of Approval ("I tried it! I liked it!). We found him behind the counter wearing a hat and an apron and wielding a very large knife.Josh of Josh's Deli.JPG Josh appreciated our praise, but was not prepared to grant our plea. He long ago abandoned the Northeast for the Florida sun. Thanks, but no thanks, he said; he had no interest whatsoever in bringing his artistry or culinary blasphemy north.Relaxing in the rooftop pool.jpg With my husband chilling by the rooftop pool.jpg Oh, well. Guess you’ll
just have to take my word for it. Take my word, or go to Florida yourself, and I strongly suggest that you do.Josh’s Deli is not just worth hiring an Uber for. It’s worth renting
a car for. Heck, it might even be worth flying down to Florida for. You’ll get a change of scene. You’ll get your fill of sun. And if you need a break, and you aren’t strictly kosher, what’s
wrong with a little deli done wrong?
[7:24 pm](2018.03.01_arch.html#1522020260398)
**Tuesday, December 19, 2017**
**A
Word From the Weiss** Menorah on last night of Hanukkah.JPG
Happy last night of Hanukkah! It may be a relatively minor holiday, as Jewish ones go, but considering that there are eight whole nights of it, I
hope that yours was happy.My husband bought me a mermaid blanket.jpg I got some very interesting
gifts this year, from a novel back scrubber, flamingo pajamas, and a jar of posh truffle salt to a bright fuchsia mermaid blanket from my well-meaning husband.
But if there was one thing that I wanted
more than anything this year – anything at all – it was to not be able to spend my daughter’s
birthday or the rest of Hanukkah with her. And no, that “not” was not a typo. I really didn’t want her to be anywhere near
me on her special day. But before you jump to the wrong conclusion, let me tell you why. Between Hanukkah, New
Year’s, and my daughter Allegra having been born on the 18th of the month, December tends to offer our family almost too much to celebrate (although one of my best friends from college was known to say, "Too
much is never enough!"). Now that Allegra is engaged to JP, who shares not just her upbeat personality but her date of birth, we have even more reasons to raise a glass or two.Allegra and JP at Lucky Cat.JPG Last year, we got to celebrate Christmas with the two of them as well. And
not just our usual Jewish approach to Christmas – dinner at a Chinese restaurant,
followed by a movie. JP cooked an authentic Chinese meal for us in our home, with Allegra pitching in as sous chef in a Santa
hat.Allegra and JP cooked for us on Christmas 2016.jpg But this year, it was his parents’ turn to have them for the joint birthday and holidays. And his parents happen
to live far, far away. Halfway around the world, in fact. They spend this half of the year in Hong Kong. Normally, JP’s family
convenes for the winter holidays in Sydney, Australia, where his brother and sister live. But this year they chose to gather in Hong Kong instead, in large part because it would be relatively easy for Allegra and JP to get there (if you can call the 16½-hour
flight from New York to Hong Kong “easy” in any respect).
Allegra couldn’t wait
to see her future in-laws again, especially her little niece- and nephew-to-be, who are 2 and 4 respectively. She and JP spent weeks buying gifts for everyone
and counting down the days till they left.
There was just one little catch. JP, who is not a U.S.
citizen, applied for a work visa in the early
fall, soon after he moved to NYC when he and Allegra got engaged. In late
October, he was assured that the visa would
be mailed to him in about two weeks. But as of last week, it had
yet to arrive.No one felt like celebrating.jpg On Friday, he explained to his family and ours that if he left the country without it, he might not be able to return for several years. Yikes! His entire family was deeply
disappointed, not to mention livid that he
had failed to mention this before everyone else had booked their own flights. Allegra was heartbroken
that they weren't going anymore. She was also mortified
that they had offended her future machutunin.
JP’s parents had arranged to host a lavish luncheon on Monday to celebrate the joint birthday. JP and Allegra were the guests of honor, but they would no longer be there.
What were they
going to do? Our own family was getting together in NYC to celebrate both Hanukkah and the birthdays on Friday night. But suddenly no one was in any sort
of celebratory mood. It
was the fourth night of Hanukkah, and all the way to the city, I fought back tears. My heart ached with pity.Allegra's lively puppy Luna.JPG We had agreed to care for Allegra and JP’s lively little puppy Luna during the 11
days they'd planned be away. We had been kvetching for weeks about this daunting responsibility, and had even recruited our son Aidan and daughter-in-law Kaitlin to split dog-sitting duties with us. But now we would have given anything to have what had previously appeared to be a bit of an imposition. Yet we felt powerless to help.Latkes I made.jpg Before leaving home, I'd grated potatoes and
onions to make latkes when we arrived. Allegra's tiny kitchen is too small to cook in, so we were going
out for dinner. In fact, we were going out for hibachi. No latkes were
likely to be there. But what's Hanukkah without the latkes? I also had gathered
up the many holiday gifts
I had purchased for one and all.
Even though the kids are now grown,
I still give everyone in the family, including our dog Latke, at least one present for
each of the eight nights. In fact, with all the sales on Cyber Monday, I got a little carried away this year. Too much in
this case might really be too much. They may be unwrapping till Tu Bishvat. No
matter. With the travel-ban pall cast over the festivities, I hardly felt like Mrs. Claus, let alone Hanukkah Harriet.I bought too many Chanukah presents.JPG With soggy snow falling all the way from our home in Connecticut to NYC, the drive took over five hours in relentless traffic. But that’s not the reason it felt as gloomy
as a walk to the gallows. We
arrived to find Allegra looking dejected, her
eyelids red and puffy. She admitted that she had been crying for hours. Some
celebration. Aidan and Kaitlin arrived soon after us, and everyone ate a latke smothered in applesauce. I brightened momentarily when Aidan said that they were my best ever. Whether or not he
meant it, he certainly knows the way to a Jewish mother’s heart. But
there was no time to rest on my laurels as a ballabusta (that's Yiddish for “good cook”). We
were already late for our dinner reservation. Dejected or not, we still had to eat.JP getting sake'd at hibachi.JPG Between
the manic antics of the high-spirited hibachi
chef, who hurled morsels of food at us as if
we were trained seals and squirted streams
of cold, tangy sake into our mouths, things brightened up a bit during dinner. Everyone also managed to put on a happy face when we returned
to Allegra and JP's apartment to exchange holiday gifts. Even when you’re
feeling blue, it’s a lighter shade of blue when the family is all together.Hanukkah is happier with the whole fam.JPG But Allegra and JP soon realized that they had no choice and called the airline and
cancel their Saturday afternoon flight. And that turned every's mood from blue to black again. Early the next morning,
their apartment buzzer sounded off early. There was a special delivery downstairs for them. Wait! Could it be? Perhaps it could
have. But it was not. It turned out to just be a document from JP’s bank. After having their hopes raised, even momentarily, only to be dashed, they now felt even worse.
Then they got some news from Hong Kong. One of JP’s aunts was in the hospital and gravely ill. JP’s sister, who is a doctor, composed a letter to Immigration outlining Aunt Betty’s condition and saying it was urgent that JP be allowed to come home ASAP.
A friend of our family who is an immigration lawyer advised us that JP and
Allegra needed to get to the Immigration
office before it opened at 7 a.m. on Monday morning. There was no guarantee that anyone would even agree to meet with them, but that was their only hope. The lawyer did not sound at all optimistic. An ailing aunt, he said, would not appear as compelling as a sick parent, sibling, spouse or child. But it was worth
a try. It turned
out that poor Aunt Betty was gravely ill indeed.
We woke up Sunday to the sad news that she had died. JP was desperate to get home to help console his mother. They would now ask for permission to attend the funeral instead.Allegra and JP celebrating their birthday.jpg Eager to console Allegra and JP, my
husband and I took them out for another birthday
dinner on Sunday night. Then my husband drove home to Connecticut. But I insisted on staying overnight on the kids' couch in order to watch little Luna while they went to Immigration
the next morning. It would help them get out at the crack of
dawn if they didn't have to walk her first. I also wanted to be there in the event that they got bad news. It was the least that I could do. Meanwhile,
Allegra stayed up late packing her bags, just
in case there was good news
instead. It was the least that she could do. They left the apartment
at 6:22 a.m. armed with every document that they might need. Even though they
arrived well before 7, they were
already sixth in line.The Immigration office in NYC.jpg Finally, the office opened. They watched in mounting horror as the five people before them, including a sweet, pregnant
young woman who wanted to go see her sick grandmother, were brow-beaten mercilessly by the surly official
manning the only reception window that was open. Then, just as it was about to be their turn, an affable young man arrived and took over a second window, and
he summoned them to approach. Examining JP’s documents, he
noticed right away that this happened to be his birthday. JP pointed out that it was his fiancée’s as well. Hearing this and the details of their plight, the man seemed extremely sympathetic. He readily granted JP an audience with the
next person up on the totem pole. At
least they would be heard. “OK, we have an appointment,” Allegra texted me, sounding cautiously optimistic.
“But we might need proof of JP’s relationship to Aunt Betty.” The
couple in front of them had been told that they needed such documentation themselves. They began freaking out. What would possibly demonstrate this relationship? Would they
need to obtain both his mother’s birth certificate and Aunt Betty’s? How would they get those right away? The woman who met with them next didn’t request any such documents, though. She just seemed eager to help. She checked JP’s application status in her computer. That’s when she discovered that his visa had already been approved – last Friday. It was presumably already on its way, in
transit in the postal system somewhere. But they wouldn’t have to wait for it to arrive. She issued them
another one right on the spot.Allegra was ecstatic.jpg Allegra texted me a little after 10. “It’s a Hanukkah miracle.
We’re going!!!” They phoned the airline, United, and managed to nab the last two economy seats on the 3:05 p.m.
flight to Hong Kong. Never mind that United would call them back soon after to say that there had been some mistake – that the only two seats left were
business class and cost thousands of dollars more. They had to go no matter what.
They. Had. To. Go! And so they flew into action, as though someone had
fired a starting pistol and actually shouted, "Go!" They raced
home and somehow finished packing within the hour. They crammed all the gifts into a carry-on bag. While I went out to buy them breakfast to go, they even packed for Luna, who would be spending
the next few days with Uncle Aidan, Aunt Kaitlin, and their cats. Then we jumped into the car, and I drove them straight to Newark International
Airport. We arrived two hours before the plane left, with
just enough time left to check in.Luna in her bed.jpgIt was a Hanukkah miracle.JPG Then I drove back to the city with Luna sleeping beside me on the passenger seat. Never mind that there
was heavy traffic all the way there and
even more on my way home. I was still only as happy as my least happy child. But with just a little help from the universe,
and her nice Jewish Mom, that child was now happily on her way. Although she had spent the morning biting her nails at Immigration and would spend the next 16½ hours sitting on a plane, she was having what might
prove to be the best birthday ever. So I would say we definitely have too much to celebrate this year. Guess we're just going to
have to party on till New Year's, or even Tu Bishvat. Who cares if Hanukkah's over? Let the celebration begin!
[11:04 pm](2017.12.01_arch.html#1513742660174)
**Friday, November 17, 2017**
**A
Word From the Weiss** Is it just me, or does everyone feel
like their life entails enough
drama, tsuris and nachas – that is, enough to kvetch and kvell about – to warrant
its own reality TV show? Well, The Real Nice Jewish Moms
of Connecticut may not be airing
in primetime any time soon,
but it recently occurred to me that it might be high time for me to go on a certain existing reality show instead. Or, more precisely, for my daughter to go on it. And given
the nature of this particular show, I would be obliged to go with her.Say Yes to the Dress on TLC.jpg If you are a woman of a certain age (that is, my daughter’s, which is 27), give or take, then there is no need to explain when I say that I’m talking about Say Yes to the Dress. This phenomenon, now in its 15th season on TLC, entails brides-to-be
shopping for their wedding gowns at Kleinfeld’s, the most exclusive bridal salon in all of NYC. OK, let me
be perfectly honest. I wanted us to go on this show not because I crave attention or publicity, but because I craved attention and publicity for my daughter. That is, I thought that this would be an ideal way to help promote her
career as a jazz singer. Even if it would most likely lead to her buying
an extremely expensive wedding dress.
(No, they do not GIVE you the dress. They do their utmost to SELL one to you.) After all, they don’t need to
give away dresses to entice people to go on
this show. Almost every young woman of
a certain age (my daughter’s), as well
as her mother, would give her right arm (or at least ring finger) to get on. That’s how popular it is.Allegra at the Jazz Standard poster.JPG So don’t imagine for one second that simply anyone can go on it. I didn’t. I knew that Allegra needed an angle – some special drama, personal hardship (i.e. tsuris) or other distinction that
would make her more compelling than your run-of-the-mill or even runaway bride. In other words, she needed a hook.
And we were pretty sure that we had one. Maybe
even more than one. One night, when I couldn’t sleep, I sent Allegra a
link to the online application for the show.
She never mentioned this, but soon after she filled it out and submitted it. And the
show apparently agreed that she indeed had
an angle (or maybe even more than one). Because they
contacted her almost instantly, requesting more information and photos.allegra in tangerine gown.jpg One of the angles that she’d used
to promote herself did, in fact, relate to her singing. We had once seen an episode in which a beauty pageant queen explained that she had been wearing beaded and glittering gowns for years,
so she needed something even more spectacular for her wedding day. Allegra could legitimately say the same. And so she had. As I would later tell them myself, she already had closets full of shimmering gowns. They are her work clothes – her everyday (or, more accurately, every night) attire. So, for
her wedding dress, she really needed to find something that would kick it
up a notch.Allegra and JP engaged.JPG Then there was the multicultural nature of her match made in heaven (or, actually,
in Hong Kong). Allegra is a nice Jewish girl. Her fiancé, JP, is half Hong Kong Chinese and half German. She has
dubbed their impending nuptials “My Big Fat Jewish
Chinese German Wedding.” Yet there was
still one more selling point that my daughter had
up her sleeve. (Although given
our taste in bridal gowns, there
would probably be no sleeves
involved.)Fashion issue I produced at Northeast magazine.jpg As I have indicated, Say Yes to the Dress thrives on drama. Especially family drama. They like it when the mother of the bride, or some other member of her entourage, has
a vision of what the dress
should be that clashes with the bride’s own preferences. Years ago, I was a fashion writer. I
wrote about fashion for USA Today, and later served as the fashion editor for a Sunday magazine in Connecticut. I produced fall and spring fashion issues showing slinky models striking poses in the
latest styles. I also covered the semiannual
fashion shows held by NYC’s top designers. To say that I am still what you might call a “fashionista” now was a bit of a stretch. However, I did have strong opinions about what sort of gown my daughter should wear. And whether or not these would conflict with
her own, that probably sounded promising. It was promising
enough, at any rate, for the show to interview
her over the phone. This was followed by a live screen test, also performed over the phone via FaceTime. That presumably
lived up to their expectations, for they proceeded to screentest me.
I guess they had to be sure that I had at least a modicum of personality and would not just sit there like a lump… or a potato latke.Hollywood take sign.jpg Have you ever had a screen test (albeit one performed over the phone via FaceTime)? I hadn’t. So I must admit that I was a little anxious. At least, as luck would have it, it was slated for an afternoon right after I already had
a hair appointment scheduled. I still agonized over what to wear and, more
significantly, what to say. I even prepared
a script for myself, although I knew that I wouldn’t be able to actually read from it while looking into the phone exhibiting at least a modicum of personality.
During the five to ten minutes I spent on camera, I forgot half of what I’d planned to relate. But I managed to rattle off my spiel about Allegra needing to kick it up a notch for her wedding. I also talked about how close a relationship we had – how we were beyond best friends. Even though my daughter has a full-time “day job,” we managed to
speak to each other several times a day, almost every day. When she’d spent a year in Hong Kong singing at the Four Seasons Hotel there, we’d still managed to talk almost daily, despite the 12-hour time
difference, even if this meant that one of us was typically in a glittering gown and the other in a nightgown. (Which one of us was in the PJs? You get one guess.) I was not prepared for the last question
they would ask me, however. If Allegra came out on
the show in a dress that I didn’t like, was I prepared to be honest?
Hmmm. I hemmed. I hawed. Then
I gave the most candid answer I could muster. Which went something like this:Allegra and me at Glamour event.jpg “I love my daughter so much that I would never say anything that might crush her.” On the other hand, she had such a fantastic
figure that I was certain she would be able to find a dress at Kleinfeld’s that
looked absolutely stunning on her. So I couldn’t imagine allowing her to buy anything that truly didn’t. For
this reason, I thought that I could afford to be honest with her – not brutally honest, necessarily, but gently honest. I guess that they were satisfied with this reply, or whatever else we both said. For Allegra was told by the nice young woman who had screened us both that if the show was interested, they would give us a choice of several dates sometime in the distant future. But a few
days later, we heard back from them. Never mind the choice of future dates. TLC wanted
us ASAP. Were we available to go on the show the following Thursday? That is, were we ready to say yes to Say Yes
to the Dress? What could we say but “YES!?!”My husband could not go on the show.JPG Allegra was told that she could bring only three people on the show, including me. But so many of her friends wanted to get in on the act that she persuaded
them to let her have four. This would not include my husband, to his enormous disappointment, although not necessarily mine. I knew that he would have only one thing to say about each dress that she modeled: “What does it cost?” That would instantaneously suck the joy out of what promised to be the experience of a lifetime. I did my best to explain this to him. “Honey, we’re not going to Kleinfeld’s to save money.” Allegra was told that we should expect to be there for six hours, and that we needed to arrive “camera-ready.”Gloria Swanson I'm Ready for my closeup.jpg Camera-ready? Even if we’d had more than a few days to prepare, I’m
not sure that anything, including industrial-strength
Spanx, would have made it humanly possible
for me to be “ready for my closeup, Mr. DeMille.” Allegra made
hair appointments for herself and
the rest of the group. But I decided to go as myself. Go as
is, that is. Just kidding! I would spend at least an hour and a half transforming myself into a female contortionist as I
tried to blow-dry my own hair.I bought a new top at Kimberly Boutique.jpg I would also shell out for a new top just for
the occasion at my favorite local shop, Kimberly Boutique, after explaining my mission to the instantly envious staff (my main mission being to not look like
a whale in high heels on TV). OK, maybe the item I chose wasn’t the most
slimming garment possible – no small
consideration, considering that, as
everyone knows, the camera adds 10 pounds. Then again, the cold-shoulder effect
was “on trend,” as Kimberly noted, and I thought that it looked reasonably glam and tasteful. I was going to play The Mom
on this episode, after all. I didn’t want to look skanky.Allegra in Vera Wang at David's Bridal.jpg Allegra had already made one shopping foray to David’s Bridal with my daughter-in-law Kaitlin and her dear friend Leslie to try
on gowns. She wanted to do some advance research to see which styles suited her best.
What suited her best at David's Bridal was a strapless Vera Wang. The Sunday before we were scheduled to shoot, I got to go on a second such outing, to The Bridal
Garden, the special bridal shop on West 21st Street where Kaitlin
had found her wedding gown when she and my son
Aidan were married last summer.Kaitlin and Aidan wedding shot.JPG The special thing about The Bridal Garden is that its inventory consists mostly of samples and overruns donated by top wedding dress designers, including Vera Wang, Marchese, Ann Barge, Lela Rose, and Monique Lhuillier. It then sells these at a deep discount. Equally compelling to us was that, as the only completely nonprofit bridal salon in NYC, it donates 100 percent of its proceeds to the Brooklyn Charter School, a tuition-free
K through 5 school for disadvantaged children in Bedford-Stuyvesant.Kaitlin bought her Vera Wang at the Bridal Garden.JPG As ecstatic as Allegra was to have been chosen for the TV show, she was eager to contribute to this worthy cause, just as Kaitlin had when
she bought her own gorgeous Vera Wang gown there. So it was a little unnerving when
our entire group fell head over spike heels for a breathtaking Badgley Mischka mermaid-style gown there. It customarily sold for $3,000, but was marked down to a mere $999. We had
little doubt that she would end up spending more at Kleinfeld’s. Quite a bit more, perhaps. If she didn’t find anything that she loved there, at least she now had a back-up plan. Yet if she didn’t end up saying yes to a Kleinfeld dress, the chances of her
episode ever airing might be flimsier than a tulle
wedding veil. So she ruefully said no to The Bridal Garden gown. Oh, well. On with the show! The following Wednesday night, I drove to NYC with
her good friend Emily. We had to be at Kleinfeld’s by 1:30 p.m. sharp Thursday and couldn’t risk arriving late.We ate brunch at Cafeteria.jpg JP joined us all for an early
lunch at Cafeteria, a trendy eatery near Kleinfeld’s. Presumably, we would not be fed a thing during the six hours that we would be filming. But we were
all so nervous and excited (not to mention worried about looking svelte). Who could think of eating now? Then it was on to Drybar, part of a chain of salons where they will blow-dry your hair for $45. As planned, I had turned myself into a
human pretzel while curling my own locks that morning. But I readily succumbed
to their offer of a beverage while waiting, and downed a Mimosa – OJ spiked
with champagne. Yes, I’m a real nice
Jewish mom, but to play one on TV? A little dose of liquid courage couldn’t hurt.Say Yes getting mics.JPG We arrived breathlessly at Kleinfeld’s right on time, and were soon all hooked up
with hidden microphones. Then Allegra was whisked to the
back of the salon, where we were told she would be briefly interviewed. This interview, alas, was not so brief. She was gone
for at least an hour.Say Yes We LOVE the dress.JPG Meanwhile, the rest of us – Kaitlin, Emily, Leslie, and I – practiced
reacting to possible dresses. “Look like you love it!” I ordered, snapping them on my iPhone. They beamed.
“Now look like you’re not so sure.” (Meh!)We're not so sure.JPG While we waited on the couches that
lined the lobby, we peered longingly into the well-lit salon, which looked like a winter wonderland filled with headless
mannequins draped in snow-white dresses, as well as future brides in every possible shape and size giddily trying
them on. We also watched in fascination as the front doors suddenly burst open and a large gaggle of giggling teenage girls flooded in, trailing none other than Randy Fenoli.Randy Fenoli.jpg For anyone who may not know, Randy is a popular wedding dress designer and one of the show’s main bridal consultants, all of whom have become celebrities in their own right. He had arrived just in time to be spied by these star-struck passersby from the Midwest. They
could hardly contain their joy bordering on ecstasy as they posed with him for a group picture in the lobby, their chaperones
looking on with a mixture of puzzlement and pride. Finally, Allegra rejoined us, and a producer came out to give us directions. We were about to meet Randy on camera ourselves. After a brief
intro, he would ask Allegra what she did for a living, whereupon she would answer by spontaneously bursting into song.Allegra at Kleinfeld's.jpg What would she sing? No problem. There’s something major I forgot
to mention. Shortly after Allegra had done her screen test, she had
been asked to write a jazzy jingle for the show. She’d promptly obliged with a ditty that ended with a “scat” solo sung as only a jazz singer can. The producers had loved it and wanted to include it on our episode. At least five minutes into shooting this segment, however, someone suddenly
realized that there was something wrong with Randy's mic, so we had to reenact the entire scene again, trying to look natural and not stare directly into the cameras this time. Argh!Pattie at Kleinfeld's.jpg Although most of the questions Randy
asked were addressed to Allegra, I knew that I needed play my own role to the hilt. The
role of mother-of-the-bride-slash-fashionista, that is. So soon after I was introduced, I blurted out a little speech I had prepared. I explained that I had once been a
fashion reporter, but now contented myself with buying clothes for members of my family – my husband, my son, my daughter,
my daughter-in-law, my niece, my nephew, and
now JP. “Soon after he met Allegra, he discovered that dating my daughter meant that he had to say yes to how I thought he should dress. But I guess
he doesn’t mind too much, because they’re engaged, right?” This prompted an immediate
question from Randy. “What was wrong with
the way he dressed before?” Gulp. “Oh, nothing,” I replied. In truth,
there wasn’t. But I don’t
think I sounded convincing. Randy followed up by asking me what kind of wedding dress I thought
Allegra should wear. I was prepared for this one and
had rehearsed that answer, too.View from Kleinfeld's lobby.jpg “Oh, anything at all,”
I said blithely, “as long as it has a mermaid or trumpet silhouette with a strapless or sweetheart neckline, and it hugs her body down
to here, then flares out into a cloud
of ‘wow!’… preferably in silk, organza, or maybe silk tulle.”
Fearing that this might sound a bit too specific, I followed it up with a second
opinion. “Honestly, though? She can wear whatever she wants.”
Randy smiled, nodded, and sized me up with a knowing glance. “I don’t believe you,”
he said.
Was I already being painted as the evil mom? I had no time
to ponder this alarming prospect. We were immediately ushered at last into the cavernous salon, which
was filled with pale-colored upholstered couches, towering floor-to-ceiling columns, gleaming chandeliers, and hundreds of dazzling sequined, beaded, and billowing white dresses embellished with ballgown skirts, lace, ruffles, peek-a-boo patterns, and trains long enough to rival Princess Diana’s. Then the
trying-on began. Spoiler alert: There will be no spoilers here. I don’t want to detract in any way from the show when it eventually airs. Plus, even if I wanted to, I can’t show you any of the dresses Allegra tried on, because we were asked to put our cellphones away.
I won’t even tell you whether
she actually ended up saying yes to a dress or not.Kleinfeld's showroom.jpg All I am willing to report is that, as
exciting as it all was, the rest of the experience ended up being exhausting
and, well, a bit unnerving. For, as honest as I was prepared to be, it was horrifying to see my daughter step out in a series of wedding gowns and to have to weigh in on camera about whether I liked them before I could ask her if she did. But I will divulge that
when she sashayed out in one overly ornate dress, I dared to utter the one word that instantly sprang to mind, never mind that it was in Yiddish.
Ungapatchka. Randy instantly
demanded a translation, which I did my best to supply, never mind that there
is no word in the English language that comes close to being equivalent. “It
means everything and the kitchen sink,” I said, knowing that this
was hopelessly inadequate. “That dress just has too much going on.”
In that way, I think I totally did my part
to play up the Jewish mother angle. The former fashionista element, though? That, I was
a little less comfortable about. After Allegra had finished trying
on dresses, I was escorted to the back of the salon myself and interviewed on camera, under hot lights, for what felt like at least an hour.
In relation to what I’d said earlier about buying clothes for family members, I was asked if these people knew that I was out shopping for them. I explained that I never actually went shopping for anyone. It was just that
if I was out and about and happened to spy something that would look perfect on someone I knew, I would often buy it for them.Randy Fenoli.jpg “I guess you could say
I’m a self-designated personal shopper,” I explained. The producer, a pleasant Scottish woman with a dry wit, seemed to like this phrase so
much that she repeated it slowly as she jotted it down. I envisioned that I would end up on the show with that title printed beneath
my image: “Self-designated
personal shopper.” But now I’m not so sure that this is quite where
that line of questioning was
going. She began to ask me leading questions, like, “Do you sometimes see people and think that they’re wearing
the wrong thing, or they ought to change
their hairstyle or whatever?”
I looked at her, surprised, and shrugged. “Sure,” I said, “I guess.” Who can help doing that when they're on the
subway or they go to, say, the DMV? So, I thought to myself, “Doesn’t everybody?” She then proceeded to ask what I thought she was doing wrong, and how she should change her own style. In other words, what might I do if I gave her a makeover?
Hmmm. Did
she genuinely want a few fashion tips, or was she just trying to brand me as the fashion police? She was dressed in all black, as was almost everyone connected with Kleinfeld’s or the show. Hers looked like comfortable clothes, a plain black top and tailored slacks intended for
a long day of hard work behind
the scenes. Who knew what she wore under normal circumstances, or
when she was all dressed up? Whatever the case, this
felt like a trap. So I looked away and squirmed.
“Come on. Just tell me. I can take it,” she prodded.Kleinfeld's group shot with JP.jpg You know how they say of some people, “She can dish it out, but
she can’t take it?” Well, that’s not me. I’m closer to the opposite. I can’t take it. Or dish it out. Instead, I gulped again and continued to avert my eyes. “I really don’t
feel comfortable answering that,” I said. She shrugged and finally moved on.
Days later, though, as I reviewed the conversation, that’s what would stick with me most. Was she trying to brand
me as the fashion police? Or, just as bad, a snob? Talk about drama! Not to mention tsuris! I am certainly
not any of the above. I’m not one of those
people who walk around judging other people – not for the way they behave, and surely not for the way they dress. I used to write about
fashion way back in the ‘80s. What the heck do I know now? All
I know is that I love my daughter, and I hope she is happy with whatever
she wears for her wedding, and, far more
importantly, with the man that she weds. They
should live and be well in whatever they wear. I will happily say yes to that! Note: Our segment of “Say
Yes to the Dress” probably won’t air until next fall. I will
keep you posted.
[5:18 pm](2017.11.01_arch.html#1510957101241)
**Saturday, October 28, 2017**
**A
Word From the Weiss** Note: Sorry!
So sorry! I mean, I’m really, really sorry! I don’t call. But what’s worse is that I don’t write.
Don’t write here, anyway. The good news is that I’m hard at work on another book. The bad news? No time lately for NiceJewishMom.com. Other duties call. But it breaks my heart. I lie awake at night feeling like I have an itch that I can’t scratch. Days
fly by without documentation or, even worse, self-examination. I don’t write. Therefore, I am NOT. Even more exasperating is that I did start writing something, several weeks ago. So many weeks that it’s now retreating into the rearview
mirror. Every day, I think that if I don’t finish it soon, it will be way too old to post. Staler than a week-old challah. I mean, how can
I tell you about Rosh Hashanah when it’s almost Halloween? But
my daughter says that one of her best friends, a faithful reader, keeps checking this
space and is disappointed to still find nothing new. This story, as
I said, is hardly what you might call “new.” No matter. Here it is. Kylie, this one’s for you! Pattie October 2017.jpg A very belated happy Jewish New Year from NiceJewishMom.com! I certainly hope this year will be a happy one. Not to mention a Jewish one. Yet, beyond being someone who blogs about being a nice Jewish mom, who am I to talk about being Jewish? I would hate
to think that I am gradually turning into one
of those Jews who only turn up in their temples on the High Holy Days. But the
truth is that, in recent years, my husband and I often
don’t even do that. When our kids were young, we celebrated everything from Shabbat to Tu Bishvat, which meant going to synagogue more often than not. But
now that the kids are grown and living on their own, many major holidays force us to choose: Go to our own shul in Connecticut, or drive down to NYC instead and share the occasion with them?Aidan on Shabbat age 8.jpg To me, when it comes to holidays, particularly the High and Holy ones,
my priority remains being
with family over simply following protocol. That
is, I would rather eat with my kids – or, when it comes to Yom Kippur, not eat with my kids – than daven without them. And in the pursuit of family togetherness, it tends
to be easier for the mountain to go to Mohammed (excuse the expression) than vice
versa. I was hoping this year that we might be able to kill both birds with one shalom. That is, to be with our kids and still manage to attend synagogue services somewhere. But however
sweet that objective might sound, making it happen was far from as simple as dipping apples into
honey. Since
Rosh Hashanah fell midweek this
year, there was little chance that our kids would come home. So
I looked for a temple in NYC to
which we could go together. As members of a Reform synagogue in Connecticut, my husband
and I are entitled to free reciprocal
tickets to Reform synagogues elsewhere. But now that the kids rarely come
home, we no longer maintain a family membership, so we couldn’t get free tickets for them. And for those of you who may not live in Manhattan,
or don't go to synagogue there, let’s just say that these tickets come at a price.
That price can top $400
per person to attend on both Rosh Hashanah and
Yom Kippur. And since my son is married, and my daughter will be soon, there are now six members of our family. That could
amount to quite a lot of gelt.Kol Haneshamah held free services.jpg The distinct possibility also
remained that the kids might cancel out
at the last minute, so I didn’t want to invest too much in this endeavor. So I was
very happy when an Internet search led me to Kol Haneshamah, a.k.a. the Center for Jewish Life and
Enrichment. Not only was it a short walk from my son’s apartment on the
Upper West Side, but its services were free. Hesitant to take advantage of its hospitality completely free of charge, I made a small donation after reserving six seats for Rosh Hashanah morning. But not
feeling confident that at least someone, if not
everyone, wouldn’t reneg, I
gave only a small amount, figuring that if all actually went as planned I could always give more later.Kaitlin and Aidan at Passover 2016.jpg Unfortunately, just as I’d feared, when we checked in with my son the night before, it turned out that Aidan hadn’t been entirely aware of the plan. He wasn’t free to
attend services the next morning. Neither was my daughter-in-law, Kaitlin.
My daughter lives in Manhattan in the East 20s. We were staying at a hotel
in Long Island City. We had been willing to schlep all the way to the Upper West Side only for my son’s benefit. If
he and his wife weren’t coming, going
there made no sense, free services or not. So my daughter found another service far
closer to her home. This one was held by an organization called Ohel Ayalah, which offers free walk-in services meant primarily for unaffiliated Jews in their 20s and 30s. That makes it possible, according to its website, “for a Jew to wake up on Rosh Hashanah morning and say, ‘I feel like
going to the synagogue today and being with other Jews.’”Rabbi Hauptman.jpg It all began in September of 2003,
on Erev Kol Nidrei –
the night before Yom Kippur. Rabbi Judith Hauptman was on her way to religious services when she encountered a distraught
young Jewish couple who had been turned away from two different synagogues earlier that evening. They had failed to make reservations, and all the seats had already filled up. Rabbi Hauptman,
upon hearing this, was equally distraught. A conservative rabbi, and the first
woman ever to receive a Ph. D in
Talmud, she had been teaching at the Jewish Theological Seminary since 1974. Determined
to find a solution, she quickly came up with an idea: She would find a way to offer free, walk-in services for those who
wait until the last minute to make up their minds about worshipping on the High Holy Days. (As well as those whose plans suddenly change?)
The following year, Ohel Ayalah (“Tent of Helen,” named for her late mother) was born.Ohel Ayalah services are for young Jews.jpg The very first service
was packed, primarily with young people under the age of 35. In the ensuing years, the organization continued to not only flourish, but grow, branching out to add services in Brooklyn and Queens,
as well as Passover seders. This year’s services in Manhattan would be held at the Prince George Ballroom on West 27th Street. Allegra and JP agreed to meet us there late the next morning.Luna with Allegra and JP.jpg We woke up to an urgent message from them, though. Their new little
puppy, Luna, had been up all night vomiting. They
were very concerned and rushing her
to the vet. Allegra was not ready to cancel out on temple just yet, though. And neither were
we. We agreed that we would go to
the service ourselves and attempt to save her a seat. Good luck to us with that! Although the Prince George Ballroom is cavernous, at over 9,000 square feet, we arrived to discover that the service was already packed and standing-room-only. So we made our way to the back of the room... and stood.The Prince George Ballroom was packed.JPG At least this spared us from the usual routine of having
to get up every time the rabbi entreated the congregation to “please
rise” whenever a major prayer was read. We were already on our feet. I felt
a bit sheepish about going to a service intended mostly for young people in their 20s and 30s. I’m a
nice Jewish mom of two people in their 20s and 30s. Young, I am not. And if I’m not young, then what is Nice Jewish
Dad, who has just over a decade on me?The Prince George Ballroom SRO.jpg Indeed, we stood out in the crowd – and I do mean crowd. Hundreds of well-dressed young
Jews filled the rows of seats and stood lining the perimeter of the room. Many among the seated soon began approaching us and
offering to give us their seats. As generous a gesture as this was – a mitzvah in the making –
we would graciously decline.My husband was beginning to shvitz.JPG Yet it was an unusually warm day, both inside and out, and I eventually persuaded
my husband to accept one such offer, seeing that he was tired and beginning to shvitz in his suit. I was there mostly to
be with our daughter, though, and there was no seat available for her. So I remained standing alone in the back, keeping one eye
on the prayers in the siddur (prayer book) and the other trained expectantly
on the doorway.JP stayed to take care of Luna.JPG And finally, after an hour or so, there she was! They were still awaiting results
of the X-rays, so her fiancé, JP, who is not Jewish, had been obliged to stay behind with poor sick Luna. But Allegra was finally there, and I moved over eagerly so that she could lean against the wall beside me.Allegra finally arrived.jpg Eventually, I found that I could
no longer stand on ceremony, though, let
alone my high holiday heels. So I dared to sit down on the floor. Seeing this, to my amazement, dozens
of young people instantly followed suit, despite being attired in dresses and suits.Prince George Ballroom people on floor.jpg Maybe I had unwittingly managed a mitzvah of my own. But
when it was announced that there were still seats available for an afternoon service on Yom
Kippur the following week – and that if you registered in advance, you were guaranteed to get one – I decided to make reservations for us all. This time, I would make sure that everyone got the memo.
We would get to worship as a family, after all.
Not that I was complaining, mind you. The service that we were attending now was not only free, but included a free reception afterwards.
After the closing hymn, everyone filed into
the hallway to feast on gefilte fish,
noodle kugel, and assorted rugelach. Yum!
No wonder I felt obliged to make a donation to Ohel Ayalah afterwards. If you are interested
in helping to guarantee the future of the Jewish community, what a worthy cause! Afterwards, we hurried home to Allegra’s apartment.
Aidan and Kaitlin would be joining
us for dinner. There was still a whole holiday
meal to prepare!Challah with raisins.jpg Knowing that her kitchen is barely bigger
than a mezzuzah –
there isn’t even a drawer in it for silverware or Saran Wrap – I had toted most of the
food from home, along with pots
and pans to cook it in. Not to mention bowls, trays, condiments, and assorted
serving utensils. I had also done as much of the food prep as
possible in advance. Out now came the apples and honey, the round braided raisin challah, the homemade chicken
soup with carrots and fine egg noodles, the kosher
chicken to roast with prunes, olives, and
fresh herbs from my garden, the broccoli I had already cut into florets and fresh organic carrots I had already peeled, the portabella mushrooms I had already stuffed, the apple crisp I had already baked, plus a pot of quinoa, which may not be a traditional Jewish food, by any means, but what the heck, it’s healthy!
Being a nice Jewish mom, I spent the rest of the afternoon cooking. Then the rest of the evening cleaning
it all up. But all that I remember now, looking back in the rearview mirror, is the magical moment at which we all finally sat down together as a
family, lit the tall, white holiday candles, and raised our voices to sing the Kiddush and the Motzi – the blessings over the wine and the bread. Suddenly, it was worth
every single second of effort. And, certainly, having to have missed services at our shul back home.Our Rosh Hashanah family dinner 2017.jpg *(From left to right) Aidan, Kaitlin, Allegra, JP, my husband Harlan... and Luna,
who was feeling much better, peeking out on the floor.* As for next
year, I am already looking forward to services at Ohel Ayalah again. Whether we reserve in advance and get to sit, or end up needing to stand again, they deserve a standing ovation. *To learn more*about this group or make a donation yourself, go to www.ohelayalah.org.
[1:15 am](2017.10.01_arch.html#1509167710636) |
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| --- |
| Pattieheadshotwithbaby1.jpg |
| That's me. The redhead on the right. But that is NOT my baby. |
No, sir, that's *not*
my baby. How could any mother smile beatifically while her own child wailed? Never mind that neither of my offspring
ever cried so plaintively, as far as I recall (not while I was there to nurture them through their every perceptible
need... although my son still complains that I often dressed him in garish and girlish color schemes, scarring him FOR LIFE). Besides, I'm distinctly beyond prime
delivery age ("Kitchen's closed!" as my mother might say), and my kids had departed the diaper stage by the
dawn of the Clinton Administration. Now in
their 20s, both are currently living on their
own, in not-too-distant cities, although each manages to phone me daily. In fact, to be exact, several times a
day, then sometimes text me, too. (That may sound excessive, and emotionally regressive, but I subscribe to
the Jewish mother's creed when it comes to conversing with *kinder*: Too much is never enough.)
Two demanding decades spent raising two kids who are kind, highly productive and multi-talented, who generally
wear clean underwear (as far as I can tell), and who by all visible signs don't detest me are my main credentials
for daring to dole out advice in the motherhood department.
Presenting myself as an authority on all matters Jewish may be trickier to justify. Yes, I was raised Jewish and am biologically an unadulterated, undisputable, purebred *Yiddisheh
mama*. I'm known for making a melt-in-your-mouth brisket, not to mention the world's airiest matzah
balls this side of Brooklyn. My longtime avocation is writing lyrics for Purim shpiels based on popular Broadway productions,
from "South Pers-cific" to "The Zion Queen." Then again, I'm no rabbi or Talmudic scholar. I
can't even sing "Hatikvah" or recite the *Birkat Hamazon*. Raised resoundingly Reform, I don't keep kosher, can
barely curse in Yiddish, and haven't set foot in Israel since I was a *zaftig* teen. Even so, as a longtime writer and ever-active
mother, I think I have something to say about being Jewish and a mom in these manic and maternally challenging
times. I hope something I say means something to you. Welcome to my nice Jewish world!
| |
| --- |
| MeettheLevys2.jpg |
| LEVYS! MEET THE LEVYS! WE'RE A MODERN JEWISH FAMILY... |
In coming weeks, I will continue
posting more personal observations, rants, and even recipes (Jewish and otherwise). So keep reading, come back often,
and please tell all of your friends, Facebook buddies, and everyone else you know that NiceJewishMom.com is THE BOMB!
\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***The family that eats** **together (and maybe even Tweets together):**
That's my son Aidan, me, my daughter Allegra, and Harlan, my husband for more than 26 years, all out for Sunday brunch on a nice summer weekend in New
York.
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<html>
<head>
<title>Camneerg: The Mac Plus Web Server</title>
<center><h2>Camneerg: The Mac Plus Web Server</h2></Center>
<p>
<hr><p>
<center>The ultimate in Macintosh hardware hacking.</center><p>
</head>
<body>
<hr>
<center><h4>Yes! This Web Server is run from a MacPlus!</h4> </center><br>
<center>One of a very small handful of twelve year old technology being put to good use.<br>
Rember this is a Mac Plus. Wait for it. </center>
<p>
<center><img src = "Images/compactmac.gif"></center>
<center>Pics are on the way. I promise! </center>
<center><h4> Online since MAR96</h4></center>
<hr>
<center>My greatest hacks<br>
<font size = 6><a HREF = "Camneerg.html">Camneerg </a></font> The Mac Plus Web Server<p>
<font size = 6><a HREF = "Cobalt.html">Cobalt </a></font> The Mac IIci in a Leading Edge case.<p>
<font size = 6><a HREF = "HardCider.html">HardCider </a></font> The Apple IIe Web Server<p><p>
</center>
<p>
<hr>
<li>Other peoples hardware hacks</li>
<ul>
<li>The only other <a href = "http://macplus.schoolvision.com">Mac Plus Web Server</a> I know of is run by <a href = "http://macplus.schoolvision.com">SchoolVision.,</a>
<li>yet another Mac Plus web server. <a href = "http://www.baylor.edu/~Clifford_Cheney/projectrefresh.html">thePROJECT.</a> (I have had problems connecting, might be down.)
<li> Whoa! The machine hasn't even been out a week yet and already people are whacking up thier iMacs. Check out this <a href = "http://www.heise.de/ct/english/98/18/134/"> floppy drive hack </a>for the iMac.
<li><a href = "http://www.flnet.com/~jlower/">Aquaria by Jim</a></li>
<li>Clock chip that Mac at the<a href = "http://violet.berkeley.edu/~schrier/mhz.html">Clock Chipping</a> home page!</li>
<li>Can't get that Global Village<a href = "http://members.aol.com/lockjaw8y9/gvtpg2p.html">Teleport Gold IIp</a> modem to fit in your non GeoPort? Check out this hack!</li>
<li> Step by Step instructions for installing memory into your<a href = "http://www.wiu.edu/users/mujde/techsupport/powerbook/500series/instlmem.html"> Powerbook 500.</a></li>
<li>Is your floppy drive full of dust? Not reading disks any more? Failing to eject? Maybe all you auto-inject floppy drive needs is a <a href = "http://www.wiu.edu/users/mujde/techsupport/floppydrive/cleanflpdrv.html">good cleaning.</a></li>
<li> How to disasemble your <a href = "http://www.pluto.dti.ne.jp/~yoz/Mac-e.html"> 2400</a></li>
<li> A pretty wacky list of things to do with your <a href = "http://www.nmrc.org/faqs/">PowerBook Battery.</a>
</ul>
<table width=80%>
<tr><td>
<p><hr>
</center>
</td></tr>
</table>
<center><a href = "http://www2.apple.com/documents/newproducts.html#servers"><img src = "Images/LittleAISS.gif"></a><a href="http://www.sisna.com/users/virshup/simpletext.html"> <Img src = "Images/simpletext.jpg"></a></center><br>
<hr>
Do you know of a machine that has been hacked? Another Mac Plus Webserver? Report it now to <a href = "mailto:spacerog@l0pht.com">spacerog@l0pht.com</a><br><p>
Last Updated 190222AUG98
</body>
</html>
| Camneerg: The Mac Plus Web Server ## Camneerg: The Mac Plus Web Server
---
The ultimate in Macintosh hardware hacking.
---
#### Yes! This Web Server is run from a MacPlus!
One of a very small handful of twelve year old technology being put to good use.
Rember this is a Mac Plus. Wait for it.  Pics are on the way. I promise! #### Online since MAR96
---
My greatest hacks
[Camneerg](Camneerg.html) The Mac Plus Web Server [Cobalt](Cobalt.html) The Mac IIci in a Leading Edge case. [HardCider](HardCider.html) The Apple IIe Web Server
---
- Other peoples hardware hacks
* The only other [Mac Plus Web Server](http://macplus.schoolvision.com) I know of is run by [SchoolVision.,](http://macplus.schoolvision.com)* yet another Mac Plus web server. [thePROJECT.](http://www.baylor.edu/~Clifford_Cheney/projectrefresh.html) (I have had problems connecting, might be down.)
* Whoa! The machine hasn't even been out a week yet and already people are whacking up thier iMacs. Check out this [floppy drive hack](http://www.heise.de/ct/english/98/18/134/) for the iMac.
* [Aquaria by Jim](http://www.flnet.com/~jlower/)
* Clock chip that Mac at the[Clock Chipping](http://violet.berkeley.edu/~schrier/mhz.html) home page!
* Can't get that Global Village[Teleport Gold IIp](http://members.aol.com/lockjaw8y9/gvtpg2p.html) modem to fit in your non GeoPort? Check out this hack!
* Step by Step instructions for installing memory into your [Powerbook 500.](http://www.wiu.edu/users/mujde/techsupport/powerbook/500series/instlmem.html)
* Is your floppy drive full of dust? Not reading disks any more? Failing to eject? Maybe all you auto-inject floppy drive needs is a [good cleaning.](http://www.wiu.edu/users/mujde/techsupport/floppydrive/cleanflpdrv.html)
* How to disasemble your [2400](http://www.pluto.dti.ne.jp/~yoz/Mac-e.html)
* A pretty wacky list of things to do with your [PowerBook Battery.](http://www.nmrc.org/faqs/)
| |
| --- |
|
---
|
[](http://www2.apple.com/documents/newproducts.html#servers) [](http://www.sisna.com/users/virshup/simpletext.html)
---
Do you know of a machine that has been hacked? Another Mac Plus Webserver? Report it now to [spacerog@l0pht.com](mailto:spacerog@l0pht.com)
Last Updated 190222AUG98
| https://www.spacerogue.net/Camneerg/ |
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<title>Webdings character set and equivalent Unicode characters</title>
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<h1>Character sets</h1>
<h2>Webdings character set and equivalent Unicode characters</h2>
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<a class="cont" href="ansi.html">ANSI</a> | <a class="cont" href="macroman.html">MACROMAN</a> | <a class="cont" href="charsetdiffs.html">DIFFERENCES</a> | <a class="cont" href="wgl4.html">WGL4</a> | <a class="cont" href="symbol.html">SYMBOL</a> | <span class="contg">WEBDINGS</span> | <a class="cont" href="wingdings.html">WINGDINGS</a> | <a class="cont" href="wingdings-2.html">WINGDINGS 2</a> | <a class="cont" href="wingdings-3.html">WINGDINGS 3</a>
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<p><strong>Webdings font should not be used in Web pages or in e-mails that will be viewed in a Web browser. Specifying Webdings font is contrary to the published HTML specifications, has never been a documented feature of HTML and is not reliable.</strong></p>
<p>This page is not a demonstration of how to use Webdings font; it provides a warning of the problems that it causes, and shows how to use Unicode instead.</p>
<p>Webdings is not available on all computers, and so the intended characters may not appear on computers running non-Microsoft operating systems such as Mac OS 9, Mac OS X 10, Linux, Android or Chrome OS. The same problems are found with the <a href="wingdings.html">Wingdings</a>, <a href="wingdings-2.html">Wingdings 2</a> and <a href="wingdings-3.html">Wingdings 3</a> fonts – they should not be used in Web pages.</p>
<p>This page lists (and attempts to display) all of the 223 characters in the Webdings font. It also lists (and attempts to display) the equivalent Unicode characters.</p>
<p>If you want to view a Web page that uses Webdings characters, then you need to use the Internet Explorer browser; other browsers will probably show none or only some of the Webdings characters.</p>
<p>The characters that appear in the Webdings Character column of the following table are generated by the non-standard technique of specifying the Webdings font, using <font face="Webdings">. It is possible that your combination of browser and operating system will show the Webdings characters, but browsers that conform to the published standards will demonstrate why Webdings font should not be used in Web pages.</p>
<p>The characters that appear in the Unicode Character column of the following table are generated from Unicode numeric character references, and so they should appear correctly in any Web browser that supports <a href="../unicode/index.html">Unicode</a> and that has suitable fonts available, regardless of the operating system.</p>
<table class="bord" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tr><th colspan="4"><big>Webdings</big></th><th colspan="5"><big>Unicode</big></th></tr>
<tr valign="top"><th align="left">Character</th><th align="center">Dec</th><th align="center">Hex</th><th align="left" title="PostScript Name">PS Name</th><th align="left">Character</th><th align="center">Dec</th><th align="center">Hex</th><th align="left">Name</th><th align="left">Range</th></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big">‘<font face="Webdings"><span style="color:#c0c0c0; background-color:#c0c0c0;"> </span></font>’</td><td align="center">32</td><td align="center">0x20</td><td>space</td><td class="big">‘<span style="color:#c0c0c0; background-color:#c0c0c0;"> </span>’</td><td>32</td><td>U+0020</td><td>Space</td><td>Basic Latin</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">!</font></td><td align="center">33</td><td align="center">0x21</td><td>spider</td><td class="big">🕷</td><td>128375</td><td>U+1F577</td><td>Spider</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">"</font></td><td align="center">34</td><td align="center">0x22</td><td>web</td><td class="big">🕸</td><td>128376</td><td>U+1F578</td><td>Spider web</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">#</font></td><td align="center">35</td><td align="center">0x23</td><td>nopiracy</td><td class="big">🕲</td><td>128370</td><td>U+1F572</td><td>No piracy</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">$</font></td><td align="center">36</td><td align="center">0x24</td><td>cool</td><td class="big">🕶</td><td>128374</td><td>U+1F576</td><td>Dark sunglasses</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">%</font></td><td align="center">37</td><td align="center">0x25</td><td>trophy</td><td class="big">🏆</td><td>127942</td><td>U+1F3C6</td><td>Trophy</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">&</font></td><td align="center">38</td><td align="center">0x26</td><td>award</td><td class="big">🎖</td><td>127894</td><td>U+1F396</td><td>Military medal</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">'</font></td><td align="center">39</td><td align="center">0x27</td><td>links</td><td class="big">🖇</td><td>128391</td><td>U+1F587</td><td>Linked paperclips</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">(</font></td><td align="center">40</td><td align="center">0x28</td><td>talkleft</td><td class="big">🗨</td><td>128488</td><td>U+1F5E8</td><td>Left speech bubble</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">)</font></td><td align="center">41</td><td align="center">0x29</td><td>talkright</td><td class="big">🗩</td><td>128489</td><td>U+1F5E9</td><td>Right speech bubble</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">*</font></td><td align="center">42</td><td align="center">0x2A</td><td>new</td><td class="big">🗰</td><td>128496</td><td>U+1F5F0</td><td>Mood bubble</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">+</font></td><td align="center">43</td><td align="center">0x2B</td><td>updated</td><td class="big">🗱</td><td>128497</td><td>U+1F5F1</td><td>Lightning mood bubble</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">,</font></td><td align="center">44</td><td align="center">0x2C</td><td>hot</td><td class="big">🌶</td><td>127798</td><td>U+1F336</td><td>Hot pepper</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">-</font></td><td align="center">45</td><td align="center">0x2D</td><td>ribbon</td><td class="big">🎗</td><td>127895</td><td>U+1F397</td><td>Reminder ribbon</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">.</font></td><td align="center">46</td><td align="center">0x2E</td><td>checkerboard</td><td class="big">🙾</td><td>128638</td><td>U+1F67E</td><td>Checker board</td><td>Ornamental Dingbats</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">/</font></td><td align="center">47</td><td align="center">0x2F</td><td>slash</td><td class="big">🙼</td><td>128636</td><td>U+1F67C</td><td>Very heavy solidus</td><td>Ornamental Dingbats</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">0</font></td><td align="center">48</td><td align="center">0x30</td><td>UIminimize</td><td class="big">🗕</td><td>128469</td><td>U+1F5D5</td><td>Minimize</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">1</font></td><td align="center">49</td><td align="center">0x31</td><td>UImaximize</td><td class="big">🗖</td><td>128470</td><td>U+1F5D6</td><td>Maximize</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">2</font></td><td align="center">50</td><td align="center">0x32</td><td>UItile</td><td class="big">🗗</td><td>128471</td><td>U+1F5D7</td><td>Overlap</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">3</font></td><td align="center">51</td><td align="center">0x33</td><td>UIback</td><td class="big">⏴</td><td>9204</td><td>U+23F4</td><td>Black medium left-pointing triangle</td><td>Miscellaneous Technical</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">4</font></td><td align="center">52</td><td align="center">0x34</td><td>UIforward</td><td class="big">⏵</td><td>9205</td><td>U+23F5</td><td>Black medium right-pointing triangle</td><td>Miscellaneous Technical</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">5</font></td><td align="center">53</td><td align="center">0x35</td><td>UIup</td><td class="big">⏶</td><td>9206</td><td>U+23F6</td><td>Black medium up-pointing triangle</td><td>Miscellaneous Technical</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">6</font></td><td align="center">54</td><td align="center">0x36</td><td>UIdown</td><td class="big">⏷</td><td>9207</td><td>U+23F7</td><td>Black medium down-pointing triangle</td><td>Miscellaneous Technical</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">7</font></td><td align="center">55</td><td align="center">0x37</td><td>UIreverse</td><td class="big">⏪</td><td>9194</td><td>U+23EA</td><td>Black left-pointing double triangle</td><td>Miscellaneous Technical</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">8</font></td><td align="center">56</td><td align="center">0x38</td><td>UIfastforward</td><td class="big">⏩</td><td>9193</td><td>U+23E9</td><td>Black right-pointing double triangle</td><td>Miscellaneous Technical</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">9</font></td><td align="center">57</td><td align="center">0x39</td><td>UIbegin</td><td class="big">⏮</td><td>9198</td><td>U+23EE</td><td>Black left-pointing double triangle with vertical bar</td><td>Miscellaneous Technical</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">:</font></td><td align="center">58</td><td align="center">0x3A</td><td>UIend</td><td class="big">⏭</td><td>9197</td><td>U+23ED</td><td>Black right-pointing double triangle with vertical bar</td><td>Miscellaneous Technical</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">;</font></td><td align="center">59</td><td align="center">0x3B</td><td>UIpause</td><td class="big">⏸</td><td>9208</td><td>U+23F8</td><td>Double vertical bar</td><td>Miscellaneous Technical</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings"><</font></td><td align="center">60</td><td align="center">0x3C</td><td>UIstop</td><td class="big">⏹</td><td>9209</td><td>U+23F9</td><td>Black square for stop</td><td>Miscellaneous Technical</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">=</font></td><td align="center">61</td><td align="center">0x3D</td><td>UIrecord</td><td class="big">⏺</td><td>9210</td><td>U+23FA</td><td>Black circle for record</td><td>Miscellaneous Technical</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">></font></td><td align="center">62</td><td align="center">0x3E</td><td>fontsize</td><td class="big">🗚</td><td>128474</td><td>U+1F5DA</td><td>Increase font size symbol</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">?</font></td><td align="center">63</td><td align="center">0x3F</td><td>vote</td><td class="big">🗳</td><td>128499</td><td>U+1F5F3</td><td>Ballot box with ballot</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">@</font></td><td align="center">64</td><td align="center">0x40</td><td>tools</td><td class="big">🛠</td><td>128736</td><td>U+1F6E0</td><td>Hammer and wrench</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">A</font></td><td align="center">65</td><td align="center">0x41</td><td>underconstruction</td><td class="big">🏗</td><td>127959</td><td>U+1F3D7</td><td>Building construction</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">B</font></td><td align="center">66</td><td align="center">0x42</td><td>town</td><td class="big">🏘</td><td>127960</td><td>U+1F3D8</td><td>House buildings</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">C</font></td><td align="center">67</td><td align="center">0x43</td><td>city</td><td class="big">🏙</td><td>127961</td><td>U+1F3D9</td><td>Cityscape</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">D</font></td><td align="center">68</td><td align="center">0x44</td><td>derelictsite</td><td class="big">🏚</td><td>127962</td><td>U+1F3DA</td><td>Derelict house building</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">E</font></td><td align="center">69</td><td align="center">0x45</td><td>desert</td><td class="big">🏜</td><td>127964</td><td>U+1F3DC</td><td>Desert</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">F</font></td><td align="center">70</td><td align="center">0x46</td><td>factory</td><td class="big">🏭</td><td>127981</td><td>U+1F3ED</td><td>Factory</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">G</font></td><td align="center">71</td><td align="center">0x47</td><td>publicbuilding</td><td class="big">🏛</td><td>127963</td><td>U+1F3DB</td><td>Classical building</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">H</font></td><td align="center">72</td><td align="center">0x48</td><td>home</td><td class="big">🏠</td><td>127968</td><td>U+1F3E0</td><td>House building</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">I</font></td><td align="center">73</td><td align="center">0x49</td><td>beach</td><td class="big">🏖</td><td>127958</td><td>U+1F3D6</td><td>Beach with umbrella</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">J</font></td><td align="center">74</td><td align="center">0x4A</td><td>island</td><td class="big">🏝</td><td>127965</td><td>U+1F3DD</td><td>Desert island</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">K</font></td><td align="center">75</td><td align="center">0x4B</td><td>motorway</td><td class="big">🛣</td><td>128739</td><td>U+1F6E3</td><td>Motorway</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">L</font></td><td align="center">76</td><td align="center">0x4C</td><td>search</td><td class="big">🔍</td><td>128269</td><td>U+1F50D</td><td>Left-pointing magnifying glass</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">M</font></td><td align="center">77</td><td align="center">0x4D</td><td>mountain</td><td class="big">🏔</td><td>127956</td><td>U+1F3D4</td><td>Snow capped mountain</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">N</font></td><td align="center">78</td><td align="center">0x4E</td><td>sight</td><td class="big">👁</td><td>128065</td><td>U+1F441</td><td>Eye</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">O</font></td><td align="center">79</td><td align="center">0x4F</td><td>hearing</td><td class="big">👂</td><td>128066</td><td>U+1F442</td><td>Ear</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">P</font></td><td align="center">80</td><td align="center">0x50</td><td>park</td><td class="big">🏞</td><td>127966</td><td>U+1F3DE</td><td>National park</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Q</font></td><td align="center">81</td><td align="center">0x51</td><td>camping</td><td class="big">🏕</td><td>127957</td><td>U+1F3D5</td><td>Camping</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">R</font></td><td align="center">82</td><td align="center">0x52</td><td>railroad</td><td class="big">🛤</td><td>128740</td><td>U+1F6E4</td><td>Railway track</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">S</font></td><td align="center">83</td><td align="center">0x53</td><td>stadium</td><td class="big">🏟</td><td>127967</td><td>U+1F3DF</td><td>Stadium</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">T</font></td><td align="center">84</td><td align="center">0x54</td><td>ship</td><td class="big">🛳</td><td>128755</td><td>U+1F6F3</td><td>Passenger ship</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">U</font></td><td align="center">85</td><td align="center">0x55</td><td>soundon</td><td class="big">🕬</td><td>128364</td><td>U+1F56C</td><td>Bullhorn with sound waves</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">V</font></td><td align="center">86</td><td align="center">0x56</td><td>soundoff</td><td class="big">🕫</td><td>128363</td><td>U+1F56B</td><td>Bullhorn</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">W</font></td><td align="center">87</td><td align="center">0x57</td><td>soundleft</td><td class="big">🕨</td><td>128360</td><td>U+1F568</td><td>Right speaker</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">X</font></td><td align="center">88</td><td align="center">0x58</td><td>soundright</td><td class="big">🔈</td><td>128264</td><td>U+1F508</td><td>Speaker</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Y</font></td><td align="center">89</td><td align="center">0x59</td><td>favorite</td><td class="big">🎔</td><td>127892</td><td>U+1F394</td><td>Heart with tip on the left</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Z</font></td><td align="center">90</td><td align="center">0x5A</td><td>occasion</td><td class="big">🎕</td><td>127893</td><td>U+1F395</td><td>Bouquet of flowers</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">[</font></td><td align="center">91</td><td align="center">0x5B</td><td>thoughtleft</td><td class="big">🗬</td><td>128492</td><td>U+1F5EC</td><td>Left thought bubble</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">\</font></td><td align="center">92</td><td align="center">0x5C</td><td>backslash</td><td class="big">🙽</td><td>128637</td><td>U+1F67D</td><td>Very heavy reverse solidus</td><td>Ornamental Dingbats</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">]</font></td><td align="center">93</td><td align="center">0x5D</td><td>thoughtright</td><td class="big">🗭</td><td>128493</td><td>U+1F5ED</td><td>Right thought bubble</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">^</font></td><td align="center">94</td><td align="center">0x5E</td><td>chat</td><td class="big">🗪</td><td>128490</td><td>U+1F5EA</td><td>Two speech bubbles</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">_</font></td><td align="center">95</td><td align="center">0x5F</td><td>conference</td><td class="big">🗫</td><td>128491</td><td>U+1F5EB</td><td>Three speech bubbles</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">`</font></td><td align="center">96</td><td align="center">0x60</td><td>loop</td><td class="big">⮔</td><td>11156</td><td>U+2B94</td><td>Four corner arrows circling anticlockwise</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">a</font></td><td align="center">97</td><td align="center">0x61</td><td>UIcheck</td><td class="big">✔</td><td>10004</td><td>U+2714</td><td>Heavy check mark</td><td>Dingbats</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">b</font></td><td align="center">98</td><td align="center">0x62</td><td>bicycle</td><td class="big">🚲</td><td>128690</td><td>U+1F6B2</td><td>Bicycle</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">c</font></td><td align="center">99</td><td align="center">0x63</td><td>boxopen</td><td class="big">□</td><td>9633</td><td>U+25A1</td><td>White square</td><td>Geometric shapes</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">d</font></td><td align="center">100</td><td align="center">0x64</td><td>sheild</td><td class="big">🛡</td><td>128737</td><td>U+1F6E1</td><td>Shield</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">e</font></td><td align="center">101</td><td align="center">0x65</td><td>package</td><td class="big">📦</td><td>128230</td><td>U+1F4E6</td><td>Package</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">f</font></td><td align="center">102</td><td align="center">0x66</td><td>fire</td><td class="big">🛱</td><td>128753</td><td>U+1F6F1</td><td>Oncoming fire engine</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">g</font></td><td align="center">103</td><td align="center">0x67</td><td>boxsolid</td><td class="big">■</td><td>9632</td><td>U+25A0</td><td>Black square</td><td>Geometric shapes</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">h</font></td><td align="center">104</td><td align="center">0x68</td><td>medical</td><td class="big">🚑</td><td>128657</td><td>U+1F691</td><td>Ambulance</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">i</font></td><td align="center">105</td><td align="center">0x69</td><td>information</td><td class="big">🛈</td><td>128712</td><td>U+1F6C8</td><td>Circled information source</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">j</font></td><td align="center">106</td><td align="center">0x6A</td><td>planesmall</td><td class="big">🛩</td><td>128745</td><td>U+1F6E9</td><td>Small airplane</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">k</font></td><td align="center">107</td><td align="center">0x6B</td><td>satellite</td><td class="big">🛰</td><td>128752</td><td>U+1F6F0</td><td>Satellite</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">l</font></td><td align="center">108</td><td align="center">0x6C</td><td>navigate</td><td class="big">🟈</td><td>128968</td><td>U+1F7C8</td><td>Reverse light four pointed pinwheel star</td><td>Geometric Shapes Extended</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">m</font></td><td align="center">109</td><td align="center">0x6D</td><td>jump</td><td class="big">🕴</td><td>128372</td><td>U+1F574</td><td>Man in business suit levitating</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">n</font></td><td align="center">110</td><td align="center">0x6E</td><td>circlesolid</td><td class="big">⚫</td><td>9899</td><td>U+26AB</td><td>Medium black circle</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">o</font></td><td align="center">111</td><td align="center">0x6F</td><td>boat</td><td class="big">🛥</td><td>128741</td><td>U+1F6E5</td><td>Motor boat</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">p</font></td><td align="center">112</td><td align="center">0x70</td><td>police</td><td class="big">🚔</td><td>128660</td><td>U+1F694</td><td>Oncoming police car</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">q</font></td><td align="center">113</td><td align="center">0x71</td><td>UIrefresh</td><td class="big">🗘</td><td>128472</td><td>U+1F5D8</td><td>Clockwise right and left semicircle arrows</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">r</font></td><td align="center">114</td><td align="center">0x72</td><td>UIclose</td><td class="big">🗙</td><td>128473</td><td>U+1F5D9</td><td>Cancellation X</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">s</font></td><td align="center">115</td><td align="center">0x73</td><td>UIhelp</td><td class="big">❓</td><td>10067</td><td>U+2753</td><td>Black question mark ornament</td><td>Dingbats</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">t</font></td><td align="center">116</td><td align="center">0x74</td><td>train</td><td class="big">🛲</td><td>128754</td><td>U+1F6F2</td><td>Diesel locomotive</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">u</font></td><td align="center">117</td><td align="center">0x75</td><td>metro</td><td class="big">🚇</td><td>128647</td><td>U+1F687</td><td>Metro</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">v</font></td><td align="center">118</td><td align="center">0x76</td><td>bus</td><td class="big">🚍</td><td>128653</td><td>U+1F68D</td><td>Oncoming bus</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">w</font></td><td align="center">119</td><td align="center">0x77</td><td>flag</td><td class="big">⛳</td><td>9971</td><td>U+26F3</td><td>Flag in hole</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">x</font></td><td align="center">120</td><td align="center">0x78</td><td>not</td><td class="big">🛇</td><td>128711</td><td>U+1F6C7</td><td>Prohibited sign</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">y</font></td><td align="center">121</td><td align="center">0x79</td><td>noentry</td><td class="big">⊖</td><td>8854</td><td>U+2296</td><td>Circled minus</td><td>Mathematical Operators</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">z</font></td><td align="center">122</td><td align="center">0x7A</td><td>nosmoking</td><td class="big">🚭</td><td>128685</td><td>U+1F6AD</td><td>No smoking symbol</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">{</font></td><td align="center">123</td><td align="center">0x7B</td><td>shoutleft</td><td class="big">🗮</td><td>128494</td><td>U+1F5EE</td><td>Left anger bubble</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">|</font></td><td align="center">124</td><td align="center">0x7C</td><td>bar</td><td class="big">|</td><td>124</td><td>U+007C</td><td>Vertical line</td><td>Basic Latin</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">}</font></td><td align="center">125</td><td align="center">0x7D</td><td>shoutright</td><td class="big">🗯</td><td>128495</td><td>U+1F5EF</td><td>Right anger bubble</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">~</font></td><td align="center">126</td><td align="center">0x7E</td><td>lightningbolt</td><td class="big">🗲</td><td>128498</td><td>U+1F5F2</td><td>Lightning mood</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">€</font></td><td align="center">128</td><td align="center">0x80</td><td>man</td><td class="big">🚹</td><td>128697</td><td>U+1F6B9</td><td>Mens symbol</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings"></font></td><td align="center">129</td><td align="center">0x81</td><td>woman</td><td class="big">🚺</td><td>128698</td><td>U+1F6BA</td><td>Womens symbol</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">‚</font></td><td align="center">130</td><td align="center">0x82</td><td>boy</td><td class="big">🛉</td><td>128713</td><td>U+1F6C9</td><td>Boys symbol</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ƒ</font></td><td align="center">131</td><td align="center">0x83</td><td>girl</td><td class="big">🛊</td><td>128714</td><td>U+1F6CA</td><td>Girls symbol</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">„</font></td><td align="center">132</td><td align="center">0x84</td><td>baby</td><td class="big">🚼</td><td>128700</td><td>U+1F6BC</td><td>Baby symbol</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">…</font></td><td align="center">133</td><td align="center">0x85</td><td>scifi</td><td class="big">👽</td><td>128125</td><td>U+1F47D</td><td>Extraterrestrial alien</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">†</font></td><td align="center">134</td><td align="center">0x86</td><td>health</td><td class="big">🏋</td><td>127947</td><td>U+1F3CB</td><td>Weight lifter</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">‡</font></td><td align="center">135</td><td align="center">0x87</td><td>skier</td><td class="big">⛷</td><td>9975</td><td>U+26F7</td><td>Skier</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ˆ</font></td><td align="center">136</td><td align="center">0x88</td><td>hobby</td><td class="big">🏂</td><td>127938</td><td>U+1F3C2</td><td>Snowboarder</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">‰</font></td><td align="center">137</td><td align="center">0x89</td><td>golfer</td><td class="big">🏌</td><td>127948</td><td>U+1F3CC</td><td>Golfer</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Š</font></td><td align="center">138</td><td align="center">0x8A</td><td>pool</td><td class="big">🏊</td><td>127946</td><td>U+1F3CA</td><td>Swimmer</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">‹</font></td><td align="center">139</td><td align="center">0x8B</td><td>surf</td><td class="big">🏄</td><td>127940</td><td>U+1F3C4</td><td>Surfer</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Œ</font></td><td align="center">140</td><td align="center">0x8C</td><td>motorcycle</td><td class="big">🏍</td><td>127949</td><td>U+1F3CD</td><td>Racing motorcycle</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings"></font></td><td align="center">141</td><td align="center">0x8D</td><td>racecar</td><td class="big">🏎</td><td>127950</td><td>U+1F3CE</td><td>Racing car</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Ž</font></td><td align="center">142</td><td align="center">0x8E</td><td>auto</td><td class="big">🚘</td><td>128664</td><td>U+1F698</td><td>Oncoming automobile</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings"></font></td><td align="center">143</td><td align="center">0x8F</td><td>finance</td><td class="big">🗠</td><td>128480</td><td>U+1F5E0</td><td>Stock chart</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings"></font></td><td align="center">144</td><td align="center">0x90</td><td>commodities</td><td class="big">🛢</td><td>128738</td><td>U+1F6E2</td><td>Oil drum</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">‘</font></td><td align="center">145</td><td align="center">0x91</td><td>money</td><td class="big">💰</td><td>128176</td><td>U+1F4B0</td><td>Money bag</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">’</font></td><td align="center">146</td><td align="center">0x92</td><td>price</td><td class="big">🏷</td><td>127991</td><td>U+1F3F7</td><td>Label</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">“</font></td><td align="center">147</td><td align="center">0x93</td><td>creditcard</td><td class="big">💳</td><td>128179</td><td>U+1F4B3</td><td>Credit card</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">”</font></td><td align="center">148</td><td align="center">0x94</td><td>ratingfamily</td><td class="big">👪</td><td>128106</td><td>U+1F46A</td><td>Family</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">•</font></td><td align="center">149</td><td align="center">0x95</td><td>ratingviolence</td><td class="big">🗡</td><td>128481</td><td>U+1F5E1</td><td>Dagger knife</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">–</font></td><td align="center">150</td><td align="center">0x96</td><td>ratingsex</td><td class="big">🗢</td><td>128482</td><td>U+1F5E2</td><td>Lips</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">—</font></td><td align="center">151</td><td align="center">0x97</td><td>ratinglanguage</td><td class="big">🗣</td><td>128483</td><td>U+1F5E3</td><td>Speaking head in silhouette</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">˜</font></td><td align="center">152</td><td align="center">0x98</td><td>ratingquality</td><td class="big">✯</td><td>10031</td><td>U+272F</td><td>Pinwheel star</td><td>Dingbats</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">™</font></td><td align="center">153</td><td align="center">0x99</td><td>email</td><td class="big">🖄</td><td>128388</td><td>U+1F584</td><td>Envelope with lightning</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">š</font></td><td align="center">154</td><td align="center">0x9A</td><td>send</td><td class="big">🖅</td><td>128389</td><td>U+1F585</td><td>Flying envelope</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">›</font></td><td align="center">155</td><td align="center">0x9B</td><td>mail</td><td class="big">🖃</td><td>128387</td><td>U+1F583</td><td>Stamped envelope</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">œ</font></td><td align="center">156</td><td align="center">0x9C</td><td>write</td><td class="big">🖆</td><td>128390</td><td>U+1F586</td><td>Pen over stamped envelope</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings"></font></td><td align="center">157</td><td align="center">0x9D</td><td>textdoc</td><td class="big">🖹</td><td>128441</td><td>U+1F5B9</td><td>Document with text</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ž</font></td><td align="center">158</td><td align="center">0x9E</td><td>textgraphicdoc</td><td class="big">🖺</td><td>128442</td><td>U+1F5BA</td><td>Document with text and picture</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Ÿ</font></td><td align="center">159</td><td align="center">0x9F</td><td>graphicdoc</td><td class="big">🖻</td><td>128443</td><td>U+1F5BB</td><td>Document with picture</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings"> </font></td><td align="center">160</td><td align="center">0xA0</td><td>investigate</td><td class="big">🕵</td><td>128373</td><td>U+1F575</td><td>Sleuth or spy</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">¡</font></td><td align="center">161</td><td align="center">0xA1</td><td>clock</td><td class="big">🕰</td><td>128368</td><td>U+1F570</td><td>Mantelpiece clock</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">¢</font></td><td align="center">162</td><td align="center">0xA2</td><td>frames</td><td class="big">🖽</td><td>128445</td><td>U+1F5BD</td><td>Frame with tiles</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">£</font></td><td align="center">163</td><td align="center">0xA3</td><td>noframes</td><td class="big">🖾</td><td>128446</td><td>U+1F5BE</td><td>Frame with an X</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">¤</font></td><td align="center">164</td><td align="center">0xA4</td><td>clipboard</td><td class="big">📋</td><td>128203</td><td>U+1F4CB</td><td>Clipboard</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">¥</font></td><td align="center">165</td><td align="center">0xA5</td><td>note</td><td class="big">🗒</td><td>128466</td><td>U+1F5D2</td><td>Spiral note pad</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">¦</font></td><td align="center">166</td><td align="center">0xA6</td><td>calender</td><td class="big">🗓</td><td>128467</td><td>U+1F5D3</td><td>Spiral calendar pad</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">§</font></td><td align="center">167</td><td align="center">0xA7</td><td>book</td><td class="big">📖</td><td>128214</td><td>U+1F4D6</td><td>Open book</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">¨</font></td><td align="center">168</td><td align="center">0xA8</td><td>reference</td><td class="big">📚</td><td>128218</td><td>U+1F4DA</td><td>Books</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">©</font></td><td align="center">169</td><td align="center">0xA9</td><td>news</td><td class="big">🗞</td><td>128478</td><td>U+1F5DE</td><td>Rolled-up newspaper</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ª</font></td><td align="center">170</td><td align="center">0xAA</td><td>classified</td><td class="big">🗟</td><td>128479</td><td>U+1F5DF</td><td>Page with circled text</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">«</font></td><td align="center">171</td><td align="center">0xAB</td><td>archive</td><td class="big">🗃</td><td>128451</td><td>U+1F5C3</td><td>Card file box</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">¬</font></td><td align="center">172</td><td align="center">0xAC</td><td>index</td><td class="big">🗂</td><td>128450</td><td>U+1F5C2</td><td>Card index dividers</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">­</font></td><td align="center">173</td><td align="center">0xAD</td><td>art</td><td class="big">🖼</td><td>128444</td><td>U+1F5BC</td><td>Frame with picture</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">®</font></td><td align="center">174</td><td align="center">0xAE</td><td>theatre</td><td class="big">🎭</td><td>127917</td><td>U+1F3AD</td><td>Performing arts</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">¯</font></td><td align="center">175</td><td align="center">0xAF</td><td>music</td><td class="big">🎜</td><td>127900</td><td>U+1F39C</td><td>Beamed ascending musical notes</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">°</font></td><td align="center">176</td><td align="center">0xB0</td><td>MIDI</td><td class="big">🎘</td><td>127896</td><td>U+1F398</td><td>Musical keyboard with jacks</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">±</font></td><td align="center">177</td><td align="center">0xB1</td><td>microphone</td><td class="big">🎙</td><td>127897</td><td>U+1F399</td><td>Studio microphone</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">²</font></td><td align="center">178</td><td align="center">0xB2</td><td>headphones</td><td class="big">🎧</td><td>127911</td><td>U+1F3A7</td><td>Headphone</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">³</font></td><td align="center">179</td><td align="center">0xB3</td><td>CDROM</td><td class="big">💿</td><td>128191</td><td>U+1F4BF</td><td>Optical disc</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">´</font></td><td align="center">180</td><td align="center">0xB4</td><td>filmclip</td><td class="big">🎞</td><td>127902</td><td>U+1F39E</td><td>Film frames</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">µ</font></td><td align="center">181</td><td align="center">0xB5</td><td>pointofinterest</td><td class="big">📷</td><td>128247</td><td>U+1F4F7</td><td>Camera</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">¶</font></td><td align="center">182</td><td align="center">0xB6</td><td>ticket</td><td class="big">🎟</td><td>127903</td><td>U+1F39F</td><td>Admission tickets</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">·</font></td><td align="center">183</td><td align="center">0xB7</td><td>film</td><td class="big">🎬</td><td>127916</td><td>U+1F3AC</td><td>Clapper board</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">¸</font></td><td align="center">184</td><td align="center">0xB8</td><td>movies</td><td class="big">📽</td><td>128253</td><td>U+1F4FD</td><td>Film projector</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">¹</font></td><td align="center">185</td><td align="center">0xB9</td><td>video</td><td class="big">📹</td><td>128249</td><td>U+1F4F9</td><td>Video camera</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">º</font></td><td align="center">186</td><td align="center">0xBA</td><td>stereo</td><td class="big">📾</td><td>128254</td><td>U+1F4FE</td><td>Portable stereo</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">»</font></td><td align="center">187</td><td align="center">0xBB</td><td>radio</td><td class="big">📻</td><td>128251</td><td>U+1F4FB</td><td>Radio</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">¼</font></td><td align="center">188</td><td align="center">0xBC</td><td>levelcontrol</td><td class="big">🎚</td><td>127898</td><td>U+1F39A</td><td>Level slider</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">½</font></td><td align="center">189</td><td align="center">0xBD</td><td>audiocontrol</td><td class="big">🎛</td><td>127899</td><td>U+1F39B</td><td>Control knobs</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">¾</font></td><td align="center">190</td><td align="center">0xBE</td><td>television</td><td class="big">📺</td><td>128250</td><td>U+1F4FA</td><td>Television</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">¿</font></td><td align="center">191</td><td align="center">0xBF</td><td>computers1</td><td class="big">💻</td><td>128187</td><td>U+1F4BB</td><td>Personal computer</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">À</font></td><td align="center">192</td><td align="center">0xC0</td><td>computers2</td><td class="big">🖥</td><td>128421</td><td>U+1F5A5</td><td>Desktop computer</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Á</font></td><td align="center">193</td><td align="center">0xC1</td><td>computers3</td><td class="big">🖦</td><td>128422</td><td>U+1F5A6</td><td>Keyboard and mouse</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Â</font></td><td align="center">194</td><td align="center">0xC2</td><td>computers4</td><td class="big">🖧</td><td>128423</td><td>U+1F5A7</td><td>Three networked computers</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Ã</font></td><td align="center">195</td><td align="center">0xC3</td><td>joystick</td><td class="big">🕹</td><td>128377</td><td>U+1F579</td><td>Joystick</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Ä</font></td><td align="center">196</td><td align="center">0xC4</td><td>gamepad</td><td class="big">🎮</td><td>127918</td><td>U+1F3AE</td><td>Video game</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Å</font></td><td align="center">197</td><td align="center">0xC5</td><td>phone</td><td class="big">🕻</td><td>128379</td><td>U+1F57B</td><td>Left hand telephone receiver</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Æ</font></td><td align="center">198</td><td align="center">0xC6</td><td>fax</td><td class="big">🕼</td><td>128380</td><td>U+1F57C</td><td>Telephone receiver with page</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Ç</font></td><td align="center">199</td><td align="center">0xC7</td><td>pager</td><td class="big">📟</td><td>128223</td><td>U+1F4DF</td><td>Pager</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">È</font></td><td align="center">200</td><td align="center">0xC8</td><td>cellularphone</td><td class="big">🖁</td><td>128385</td><td>U+1F581</td><td>Clamshell mobile phone</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">É</font></td><td align="center">201</td><td align="center">0xC9</td><td>modem</td><td class="big">🖀</td><td>128384</td><td>U+1F580</td><td>Telephone on top of modem</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Ê</font></td><td align="center">202</td><td align="center">0xCA</td><td>printer</td><td class="big">🖨</td><td>128424</td><td>U+1F5A8</td><td>Printer</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Ë</font></td><td align="center">203</td><td align="center">0xCB</td><td>calculator</td><td class="big">🖩</td><td>128425</td><td>U+1F5A9</td><td>Pocket calculator</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Ì</font></td><td align="center">204</td><td align="center">0xCC</td><td>folder</td><td class="big">🖿</td><td>128447</td><td>U+1F5BF</td><td>Black folder</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Í</font></td><td align="center">205</td><td align="center">0xCD</td><td>disk</td><td class="big">🖪</td><td>128426</td><td>U+1F5AA</td><td>Black hard shell floppy disk</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Î</font></td><td align="center">206</td><td align="center">0xCE</td><td>compression</td><td class="big">🗜</td><td>128476</td><td>U+1F5DC</td><td>Compression</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Ï</font></td><td align="center">207</td><td align="center">0xCF</td><td>locked</td><td class="big">🔒</td><td>128274</td><td>U+1F512</td><td>Lock</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Ð</font></td><td align="center">208</td><td align="center">0xD0</td><td>unlocked</td><td class="big">🔓</td><td>128275</td><td>U+1F513</td><td>Open lock</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Ñ</font></td><td align="center">209</td><td align="center">0xD1</td><td>encryption</td><td class="big">🗝</td><td>128477</td><td>U+1F5DD</td><td>Old key</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Ò</font></td><td align="center">210</td><td align="center">0xD2</td><td>inbox</td><td class="big">📥</td><td>128229</td><td>U+1F4E5</td><td>Inbox tray</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Ó</font></td><td align="center">211</td><td align="center">0xD3</td><td>outbox</td><td class="big">📤</td><td>128594</td><td>U+1F4E4</td><td>Outbox tray</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Ô</font></td><td align="center">212</td><td align="center">0xD4</td><td>ovalshape</td><td class="big">🕳</td><td>128371</td><td>U+1F573</td><td>Hole</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Õ</font></td><td align="center">213</td><td align="center">0xD5</td><td>sunny</td><td class="big">🌣</td><td>127779</td><td>U+1F323</td><td>White sun</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Ö</font></td><td align="center">214</td><td align="center">0xD6</td><td>mostlysunny</td><td class="big">🌤</td><td>127780</td><td>U+1F324</td><td>White sun with small cloud</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">×</font></td><td align="center">215</td><td align="center">0xD7</td><td>mostlycloudy</td><td class="big">🌥</td><td>127781</td><td>U+1F325</td><td>White sun behind cloud</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Ø</font></td><td align="center">216</td><td align="center">0xD8</td><td>showers</td><td class="big">🌦</td><td>127782</td><td>U+1F326</td><td>White sun behind cloud with rain</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Ù</font></td><td align="center">217</td><td align="center">0xD9</td><td>cloudy</td><td class="big">☁</td><td>9729</td><td>U+2601</td><td>Cloud</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Ú</font></td><td align="center">218</td><td align="center">0xDA</td><td>rain</td><td class="big">🌧</td><td>127783</td><td>U+1F327</td><td>Cloud with rain</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Û</font></td><td align="center">219</td><td align="center">0xDB</td><td>snow</td><td class="big">🌨</td><td>127784</td><td>U+1F328</td><td>Cloud with snow</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Ü</font></td><td align="center">220</td><td align="center">0xDC</td><td>lightning</td><td class="big">🌩</td><td>127785</td><td>U+1F329</td><td>Cloud with lightning</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Ý</font></td><td align="center">221</td><td align="center">0xDD</td><td>twister</td><td class="big">🌪</td><td>127786</td><td>U+1F32A</td><td>Cloud with tornado</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">Þ</font></td><td align="center">222</td><td align="center">0xDE</td><td>wind</td><td class="big">🌬</td><td>127788</td><td>U+1F32C</td><td>Wind blowing face</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ß</font></td><td align="center">223</td><td align="center">0xDF</td><td>fog</td><td class="big">🌫</td><td>127787</td><td>U+1F32B</td><td>Fog</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">à</font></td><td align="center">224</td><td align="center">0xE0</td><td>moon</td><td class="big">🌜</td><td>127772</td><td>U+1F31C</td><td>Last quarter moon with face</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">á</font></td><td align="center">225</td><td align="center">0xE1</td><td>temperature</td><td class="big">🌡</td><td>127777</td><td>U+1F321</td><td>Thermometer</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">â</font></td><td align="center">226</td><td align="center">0xE2</td><td>lifestyles</td><td class="big">🛋</td><td>128715</td><td>U+1F6CB</td><td>Couch and lamp</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ã</font></td><td align="center">227</td><td align="center">0xE3</td><td>guestrooms</td><td class="big">🛏</td><td>128719</td><td>U+1F6CF</td><td>Bed</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ä</font></td><td align="center">228</td><td align="center">0xE4</td><td>dining</td><td class="big">🍽</td><td>127869</td><td>U+1F37D</td><td>Fork and knife with plate</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">å</font></td><td align="center">229</td><td align="center">0xE5</td><td>lounge</td><td class="big">🍸</td><td>127864</td><td>U+1F378</td><td>Cocktail glass</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">æ</font></td><td align="center">230</td><td align="center">0xE6</td><td>services</td><td class="big">🛎</td><td>128718</td><td>U+1F6CE</td><td>Bellhop bell</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ç</font></td><td align="center">231</td><td align="center">0xE7</td><td>shopping</td><td class="big">🛍</td><td>128717</td><td>U+1F6CD</td><td>Shopping bags</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">è</font></td><td align="center">232</td><td align="center">0xE8</td><td>parking</td><td class="big">Ⓟ</td><td>9413</td><td>U+24C5</td><td>Circled latin capital letter P</td><td>Enclosed Alphanumerics</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">é</font></td><td align="center">233</td><td align="center">0xE9</td><td>handycap</td><td class="big">♿</td><td>9855</td><td>U+267F</td><td>Wheelchair symbol</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ê</font></td><td align="center">234</td><td align="center">0xEA</td><td>caution</td><td class="big">🛆</td><td>128710</td><td>U+1F6C6</td><td>Triangle with rounded corners</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ë</font></td><td align="center">235</td><td align="center">0xEB</td><td>marker</td><td class="big">🖈</td><td>128392</td><td>U+1F588</td><td>Black pushpin</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ì</font></td><td align="center">236</td><td align="center">0xEC</td><td>education</td><td class="big">🎓</td><td>127891</td><td>U+1F393</td><td>Graduation cap</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">í</font></td><td align="center">237</td><td align="center">0xED</td><td>raysabove</td><td class="big">🗤</td><td>128484</td><td>U+1F5E4</td><td>Three rays above</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">î</font></td><td align="center">238</td><td align="center">0xEE</td><td>raysbelow</td><td class="big">🗥</td><td>128485</td><td>U+1F5E5</td><td>Three rays below</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ï</font></td><td align="center">239</td><td align="center">0xEF</td><td>raysleft</td><td class="big">🗦</td><td>128486</td><td>U+1F5E6</td><td>Three rays left</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ð</font></td><td align="center">240</td><td align="center">0xF0</td><td>raysright</td><td class="big">🗧</td><td>128487</td><td>U+1F5E7</td><td>Three rays right</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ñ</font></td><td align="center">241</td><td align="center">0xF1</td><td>airplane</td><td class="big">🛪</td><td>128746</td><td>U+1F6EA</td><td>Northeast-pointing airplane</td><td>Transport and Map Symbols</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ò</font></td><td align="center">242</td><td align="center">0xF2</td><td>animal1</td><td class="big">🐿</td><td>128063</td><td>U+1F43F</td><td>Chipmunk</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ó</font></td><td align="center">243</td><td align="center">0xF3</td><td>bird</td><td class="big">🐦</td><td>128038</td><td>U+1F426</td><td>Bird</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ô</font></td><td align="center">244</td><td align="center">0xF4</td><td>fish</td><td class="big">🐟</td><td>128031</td><td>U+1F41F</td><td>Fish</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">õ</font></td><td align="center">245</td><td align="center">0xF5</td><td>dog</td><td class="big">🐕</td><td>128021</td><td>U+1F415</td><td>Dog</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ö</font></td><td align="center">246</td><td align="center">0xF6</td><td>cat</td><td class="big">🐈</td><td>128008</td><td>U+1F408</td><td>Cat</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">÷</font></td><td align="center">247</td><td align="center">0xF7</td><td>rocketleft</td><td class="big">🙬</td><td>128620</td><td>U+1F66C</td><td>Leftwards rocket</td><td>Ornamental Dingbats</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ø</font></td><td align="center">248</td><td align="center">0xF8</td><td>rocketright</td><td class="big">🙮</td><td>128622</td><td>U+1F66E</td><td>Rightwards rocket</td><td>Ornamental Dingbats</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ù</font></td><td align="center">249</td><td align="center">0xF9</td><td>rocketup</td><td class="big">🙭</td><td>128621</td><td>U+1F66D</td><td>Upwards rocket</td><td>Ornamental Dingbats</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ú</font></td><td align="center">250</td><td align="center">0xFA</td><td>rocketdown</td><td class="big">🙯</td><td>128623</td><td>U+1F66F</td><td>Downwards rocket</td><td>Ornamental Dingbats</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">û</font></td><td align="center">251</td><td align="center">0xFB</td><td>worldmap</td><td class="big">🗺</td><td>128506</td><td>U+1F5FA</td><td>World map</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ü</font></td><td align="center">252</td><td align="center">0xFC</td><td>globe1</td><td class="big">🌍</td><td>127757</td><td>U+1F30D</td><td>Earth globe Europe-Africa</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ý</font></td><td align="center">253</td><td align="center">0xFD</td><td>globe2</td><td class="big">🌏</td><td>127759</td><td>U+1F30F</td><td>Earth globe Asia-Australia</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">þ</font></td><td align="center">254</td><td align="center">0xFE</td><td>globe3</td><td class="big">🌎</td><td>127758</td><td>U+1F30E</td><td>Earth globe Americas</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td class="big"><font face="Webdings">ÿ</font></td><td align="center">255</td><td align="center">0xFF</td><td>peace</td><td class="big">🕊</td><td>128330</td><td>U+1F54A</td><td>Dove of peace</td><td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</td></tr>
</table>
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Webdings character set and equivalent Unicode characters
# Character sets
## Webdings character set and equivalent Unicode characters
[ANSI](ansi.html) | [MACROMAN](macroman.html) | [DIFFERENCES](charsetdiffs.html) | [WGL4](wgl4.html) | [SYMBOL](symbol.html) | WEBDINGS | [WINGDINGS](wingdings.html) | [WINGDINGS 2](wingdings-2.html) | [WINGDINGS 3](wingdings-3.html)
**Webdings font should not be used in Web pages or in e-mails that will be viewed in a Web browser. Specifying Webdings font is contrary to the published HTML specifications, has never been a documented feature of HTML and is not reliable.**
This page is not a demonstration of how to use Webdings font; it provides a warning of the problems that it causes, and shows how to use Unicode instead.
Webdings is not available on all computers, and so the intended characters may not appear on computers running non-Microsoft operating systems such as Mac OS 9, Mac OS X 10, Linux, Android or Chrome OS. The same problems are found with the [Wingdings](wingdings.html), [Wingdings 2](wingdings-2.html) and [Wingdings 3](wingdings-3.html) fonts – they should not be used in Web pages.
This page lists (and attempts to display) all of the 223 characters in the Webdings font. It also lists (and attempts to display) the equivalent Unicode characters.
If you want to view a Web page that uses Webdings characters, then you need to use the Internet Explorer browser; other browsers will probably show none or only some of the Webdings characters.
The characters that appear in the Webdings Character column of the following table are generated by the non-standard technique of specifying the Webdings font, using <font face="Webdings">. It is possible that your combination of browser and operating system will show the Webdings characters, but browsers that conform to the published standards will demonstrate why Webdings font should not be used in Web pages.
The characters that appear in the Unicode Character column of the following table are generated from Unicode numeric character references, and so they should appear correctly in any Web browser that supports [Unicode](../unicode/index.html) and that has suitable fonts available, regardless of the operating system.
| Webdings | Unicode |
| --- | --- |
| Character | Dec | Hex | PS Name | Character | Dec | Hex | Name | Range |
| ‘ ’ | 32 | 0x20 | space | ‘ ’ | 32 | U+0020 | Space | Basic Latin |
| ! | 33 | 0x21 | spider | 🕷 | 128375 | U+1F577 | Spider | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| " | 34 | 0x22 | web | 🕸 | 128376 | U+1F578 | Spider web | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| # | 35 | 0x23 | nopiracy | 🕲 | 128370 | U+1F572 | No piracy | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| $ | 36 | 0x24 | cool | 🕶 | 128374 | U+1F576 | Dark sunglasses | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| % | 37 | 0x25 | trophy | 🏆 | 127942 | U+1F3C6 | Trophy | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| & | 38 | 0x26 | award | 🎖 | 127894 | U+1F396 | Military medal | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ' | 39 | 0x27 | links | 🖇 | 128391 | U+1F587 | Linked paperclips | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ( | 40 | 0x28 | talkleft | 🗨 | 128488 | U+1F5E8 | Left speech bubble | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ) | 41 | 0x29 | talkright | 🗩 | 128489 | U+1F5E9 | Right speech bubble | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| \* | 42 | 0x2A | new | 🗰 | 128496 | U+1F5F0 | Mood bubble | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| + | 43 | 0x2B | updated | 🗱 | 128497 | U+1F5F1 | Lightning mood bubble | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| , | 44 | 0x2C | hot | 🌶 | 127798 | U+1F336 | Hot pepper | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| - | 45 | 0x2D | ribbon | 🎗 | 127895 | U+1F397 | Reminder ribbon | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| . | 46 | 0x2E | checkerboard | 🙾 | 128638 | U+1F67E | Checker board | Ornamental Dingbats |
| / | 47 | 0x2F | slash | 🙼 | 128636 | U+1F67C | Very heavy solidus | Ornamental Dingbats |
| 0 | 48 | 0x30 | UIminimize | 🗕 | 128469 | U+1F5D5 | Minimize | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| 1 | 49 | 0x31 | UImaximize | 🗖 | 128470 | U+1F5D6 | Maximize | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| 2 | 50 | 0x32 | UItile | 🗗 | 128471 | U+1F5D7 | Overlap | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| 3 | 51 | 0x33 | UIback | ⏴ | 9204 | U+23F4 | Black medium left-pointing triangle | Miscellaneous Technical |
| 4 | 52 | 0x34 | UIforward | ⏵ | 9205 | U+23F5 | Black medium right-pointing triangle | Miscellaneous Technical |
| 5 | 53 | 0x35 | UIup | ⏶ | 9206 | U+23F6 | Black medium up-pointing triangle | Miscellaneous Technical |
| 6 | 54 | 0x36 | UIdown | ⏷ | 9207 | U+23F7 | Black medium down-pointing triangle | Miscellaneous Technical |
| 7 | 55 | 0x37 | UIreverse | ⏪ | 9194 | U+23EA | Black left-pointing double triangle | Miscellaneous Technical |
| 8 | 56 | 0x38 | UIfastforward | ⏩ | 9193 | U+23E9 | Black right-pointing double triangle | Miscellaneous Technical |
| 9 | 57 | 0x39 | UIbegin | ⏮ | 9198 | U+23EE | Black left-pointing double triangle with vertical bar | Miscellaneous Technical |
| : | 58 | 0x3A | UIend | ⏭ | 9197 | U+23ED | Black right-pointing double triangle with vertical bar | Miscellaneous Technical |
| ; | 59 | 0x3B | UIpause | ⏸ | 9208 | U+23F8 | Double vertical bar | Miscellaneous Technical |
| < | 60 | 0x3C | UIstop | ⏹ | 9209 | U+23F9 | Black square for stop | Miscellaneous Technical |
| = | 61 | 0x3D | UIrecord | ⏺ | 9210 | U+23FA | Black circle for record | Miscellaneous Technical |
| > | 62 | 0x3E | fontsize | 🗚 | 128474 | U+1F5DA | Increase font size symbol | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ? | 63 | 0x3F | vote | 🗳 | 128499 | U+1F5F3 | Ballot box with ballot | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| @ | 64 | 0x40 | tools | 🛠 | 128736 | U+1F6E0 | Hammer and wrench | Transport and Map Symbols |
| A | 65 | 0x41 | underconstruction | 🏗 | 127959 | U+1F3D7 | Building construction | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| B | 66 | 0x42 | town | 🏘 | 127960 | U+1F3D8 | House buildings | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| C | 67 | 0x43 | city | 🏙 | 127961 | U+1F3D9 | Cityscape | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| D | 68 | 0x44 | derelictsite | 🏚 | 127962 | U+1F3DA | Derelict house building | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| E | 69 | 0x45 | desert | 🏜 | 127964 | U+1F3DC | Desert | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| F | 70 | 0x46 | factory | 🏭 | 127981 | U+1F3ED | Factory | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| G | 71 | 0x47 | publicbuilding | 🏛 | 127963 | U+1F3DB | Classical building | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| H | 72 | 0x48 | home | 🏠 | 127968 | U+1F3E0 | House building | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| I | 73 | 0x49 | beach | 🏖 | 127958 | U+1F3D6 | Beach with umbrella | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| J | 74 | 0x4A | island | 🏝 | 127965 | U+1F3DD | Desert island | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| K | 75 | 0x4B | motorway | 🛣 | 128739 | U+1F6E3 | Motorway | Transport and Map Symbols |
| L | 76 | 0x4C | search | 🔍 | 128269 | U+1F50D | Left-pointing magnifying glass | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| M | 77 | 0x4D | mountain | 🏔 | 127956 | U+1F3D4 | Snow capped mountain | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| N | 78 | 0x4E | sight | 👁 | 128065 | U+1F441 | Eye | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| O | 79 | 0x4F | hearing | 👂 | 128066 | U+1F442 | Ear | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| P | 80 | 0x50 | park | 🏞 | 127966 | U+1F3DE | National park | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Q | 81 | 0x51 | camping | 🏕 | 127957 | U+1F3D5 | Camping | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| R | 82 | 0x52 | railroad | 🛤 | 128740 | U+1F6E4 | Railway track | Transport and Map Symbols |
| S | 83 | 0x53 | stadium | 🏟 | 127967 | U+1F3DF | Stadium | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| T | 84 | 0x54 | ship | 🛳 | 128755 | U+1F6F3 | Passenger ship | Transport and Map Symbols |
| U | 85 | 0x55 | soundon | 🕬 | 128364 | U+1F56C | Bullhorn with sound waves | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| V | 86 | 0x56 | soundoff | 🕫 | 128363 | U+1F56B | Bullhorn | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| W | 87 | 0x57 | soundleft | 🕨 | 128360 | U+1F568 | Right speaker | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| X | 88 | 0x58 | soundright | 🔈 | 128264 | U+1F508 | Speaker | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Y | 89 | 0x59 | favorite | 🎔 | 127892 | U+1F394 | Heart with tip on the left | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Z | 90 | 0x5A | occasion | 🎕 | 127893 | U+1F395 | Bouquet of flowers | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| [ | 91 | 0x5B | thoughtleft | 🗬 | 128492 | U+1F5EC | Left thought bubble | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| \ | 92 | 0x5C | backslash | 🙽 | 128637 | U+1F67D | Very heavy reverse solidus | Ornamental Dingbats |
| ] | 93 | 0x5D | thoughtright | 🗭 | 128493 | U+1F5ED | Right thought bubble | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ^ | 94 | 0x5E | chat | 🗪 | 128490 | U+1F5EA | Two speech bubbles | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| \_ | 95 | 0x5F | conference | 🗫 | 128491 | U+1F5EB | Three speech bubbles | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ` | 96 | 0x60 | loop | ⮔ | 11156 | U+2B94 | Four corner arrows circling anticlockwise | Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows |
| a | 97 | 0x61 | UIcheck | ✔ | 10004 | U+2714 | Heavy check mark | Dingbats |
| b | 98 | 0x62 | bicycle | 🚲 | 128690 | U+1F6B2 | Bicycle | Transport and Map Symbols |
| c | 99 | 0x63 | boxopen | □ | 9633 | U+25A1 | White square | Geometric shapes |
| d | 100 | 0x64 | sheild | 🛡 | 128737 | U+1F6E1 | Shield | Transport and Map Symbols |
| e | 101 | 0x65 | package | 📦 | 128230 | U+1F4E6 | Package | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| f | 102 | 0x66 | fire | 🛱 | 128753 | U+1F6F1 | Oncoming fire engine | Transport and Map Symbols |
| g | 103 | 0x67 | boxsolid | ■ | 9632 | U+25A0 | Black square | Geometric shapes |
| h | 104 | 0x68 | medical | 🚑 | 128657 | U+1F691 | Ambulance | Transport and Map Symbols |
| i | 105 | 0x69 | information | 🛈 | 128712 | U+1F6C8 | Circled information source | Transport and Map Symbols |
| j | 106 | 0x6A | planesmall | 🛩 | 128745 | U+1F6E9 | Small airplane | Transport and Map Symbols |
| k | 107 | 0x6B | satellite | 🛰 | 128752 | U+1F6F0 | Satellite | Transport and Map Symbols |
| l | 108 | 0x6C | navigate | 🟈 | 128968 | U+1F7C8 | Reverse light four pointed pinwheel star | Geometric Shapes Extended |
| m | 109 | 0x6D | jump | 🕴 | 128372 | U+1F574 | Man in business suit levitating | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| n | 110 | 0x6E | circlesolid | ⚫ | 9899 | U+26AB | Medium black circle | Miscellaneous Symbols |
| o | 111 | 0x6F | boat | 🛥 | 128741 | U+1F6E5 | Motor boat | Transport and Map Symbols |
| p | 112 | 0x70 | police | 🚔 | 128660 | U+1F694 | Oncoming police car | Transport and Map Symbols |
| q | 113 | 0x71 | UIrefresh | 🗘 | 128472 | U+1F5D8 | Clockwise right and left semicircle arrows | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| r | 114 | 0x72 | UIclose | 🗙 | 128473 | U+1F5D9 | Cancellation X | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| s | 115 | 0x73 | UIhelp | ❓ | 10067 | U+2753 | Black question mark ornament | Dingbats |
| t | 116 | 0x74 | train | 🛲 | 128754 | U+1F6F2 | Diesel locomotive | Transport and Map Symbols |
| u | 117 | 0x75 | metro | 🚇 | 128647 | U+1F687 | Metro | Transport and Map Symbols |
| v | 118 | 0x76 | bus | 🚍 | 128653 | U+1F68D | Oncoming bus | Transport and Map Symbols |
| w | 119 | 0x77 | flag | ⛳ | 9971 | U+26F3 | Flag in hole | Miscellaneous Symbols |
| x | 120 | 0x78 | not | 🛇 | 128711 | U+1F6C7 | Prohibited sign | Transport and Map Symbols |
| y | 121 | 0x79 | noentry | ⊖ | 8854 | U+2296 | Circled minus | Mathematical Operators |
| z | 122 | 0x7A | nosmoking | 🚭 | 128685 | U+1F6AD | No smoking symbol | Transport and Map Symbols |
| { | 123 | 0x7B | shoutleft | 🗮 | 128494 | U+1F5EE | Left anger bubble | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| | | 124 | 0x7C | bar | | | 124 | U+007C | Vertical line | Basic Latin |
| } | 125 | 0x7D | shoutright | 🗯 | 128495 | U+1F5EF | Right anger bubble | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ~ | 126 | 0x7E | lightningbolt | 🗲 | 128498 | U+1F5F2 | Lightning mood | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| € | 128 | 0x80 | man | 🚹 | 128697 | U+1F6B9 | Mens symbol | Transport and Map Symbols |
| | 129 | 0x81 | woman | 🚺 | 128698 | U+1F6BA | Womens symbol | Transport and Map Symbols |
| ‚ | 130 | 0x82 | boy | 🛉 | 128713 | U+1F6C9 | Boys symbol | Transport and Map Symbols |
| ƒ | 131 | 0x83 | girl | 🛊 | 128714 | U+1F6CA | Girls symbol | Transport and Map Symbols |
| „ | 132 | 0x84 | baby | 🚼 | 128700 | U+1F6BC | Baby symbol | Transport and Map Symbols |
| … | 133 | 0x85 | scifi | 👽 | 128125 | U+1F47D | Extraterrestrial alien | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| † | 134 | 0x86 | health | 🏋 | 127947 | U+1F3CB | Weight lifter | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ‡ | 135 | 0x87 | skier | ⛷ | 9975 | U+26F7 | Skier | Miscellaneous Symbols |
| ˆ | 136 | 0x88 | hobby | 🏂 | 127938 | U+1F3C2 | Snowboarder | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ‰ | 137 | 0x89 | golfer | 🏌 | 127948 | U+1F3CC | Golfer | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Š | 138 | 0x8A | pool | 🏊 | 127946 | U+1F3CA | Swimmer | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ‹ | 139 | 0x8B | surf | 🏄 | 127940 | U+1F3C4 | Surfer | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Œ | 140 | 0x8C | motorcycle | 🏍 | 127949 | U+1F3CD | Racing motorcycle | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| | 141 | 0x8D | racecar | 🏎 | 127950 | U+1F3CE | Racing car | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Ž | 142 | 0x8E | auto | 🚘 | 128664 | U+1F698 | Oncoming automobile | Transport and Map Symbols |
| | 143 | 0x8F | finance | 🗠 | 128480 | U+1F5E0 | Stock chart | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| | 144 | 0x90 | commodities | 🛢 | 128738 | U+1F6E2 | Oil drum | Transport and Map Symbols |
| ‘ | 145 | 0x91 | money | 💰 | 128176 | U+1F4B0 | Money bag | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ’ | 146 | 0x92 | price | 🏷 | 127991 | U+1F3F7 | Label | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| “ | 147 | 0x93 | creditcard | 💳 | 128179 | U+1F4B3 | Credit card | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ” | 148 | 0x94 | ratingfamily | 👪 | 128106 | U+1F46A | Family | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| • | 149 | 0x95 | ratingviolence | 🗡 | 128481 | U+1F5E1 | Dagger knife | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| – | 150 | 0x96 | ratingsex | 🗢 | 128482 | U+1F5E2 | Lips | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| — | 151 | 0x97 | ratinglanguage | 🗣 | 128483 | U+1F5E3 | Speaking head in silhouette | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ˜ | 152 | 0x98 | ratingquality | ✯ | 10031 | U+272F | Pinwheel star | Dingbats |
| ™ | 153 | 0x99 | email | 🖄 | 128388 | U+1F584 | Envelope with lightning | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| š | 154 | 0x9A | send | 🖅 | 128389 | U+1F585 | Flying envelope | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| › | 155 | 0x9B | mail | 🖃 | 128387 | U+1F583 | Stamped envelope | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| œ | 156 | 0x9C | write | 🖆 | 128390 | U+1F586 | Pen over stamped envelope | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| | 157 | 0x9D | textdoc | 🖹 | 128441 | U+1F5B9 | Document with text | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ž | 158 | 0x9E | textgraphicdoc | 🖺 | 128442 | U+1F5BA | Document with text and picture | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Ÿ | 159 | 0x9F | graphicdoc | 🖻 | 128443 | U+1F5BB | Document with picture | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| | 160 | 0xA0 | investigate | 🕵 | 128373 | U+1F575 | Sleuth or spy | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ¡ | 161 | 0xA1 | clock | 🕰 | 128368 | U+1F570 | Mantelpiece clock | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ¢ | 162 | 0xA2 | frames | 🖽 | 128445 | U+1F5BD | Frame with tiles | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| £ | 163 | 0xA3 | noframes | 🖾 | 128446 | U+1F5BE | Frame with an X | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ¤ | 164 | 0xA4 | clipboard | 📋 | 128203 | U+1F4CB | Clipboard | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ¥ | 165 | 0xA5 | note | 🗒 | 128466 | U+1F5D2 | Spiral note pad | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ¦ | 166 | 0xA6 | calender | 🗓 | 128467 | U+1F5D3 | Spiral calendar pad | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| § | 167 | 0xA7 | book | 📖 | 128214 | U+1F4D6 | Open book | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ¨ | 168 | 0xA8 | reference | 📚 | 128218 | U+1F4DA | Books | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| © | 169 | 0xA9 | news | 🗞 | 128478 | U+1F5DE | Rolled-up newspaper | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ª | 170 | 0xAA | classified | 🗟 | 128479 | U+1F5DF | Page with circled text | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| « | 171 | 0xAB | archive | 🗃 | 128451 | U+1F5C3 | Card file box | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ¬ | 172 | 0xAC | index | 🗂 | 128450 | U+1F5C2 | Card index dividers | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| | 173 | 0xAD | art | 🖼 | 128444 | U+1F5BC | Frame with picture | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ® | 174 | 0xAE | theatre | 🎭 | 127917 | U+1F3AD | Performing arts | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ¯ | 175 | 0xAF | music | 🎜 | 127900 | U+1F39C | Beamed ascending musical notes | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ° | 176 | 0xB0 | MIDI | 🎘 | 127896 | U+1F398 | Musical keyboard with jacks | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ± | 177 | 0xB1 | microphone | 🎙 | 127897 | U+1F399 | Studio microphone | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ² | 178 | 0xB2 | headphones | 🎧 | 127911 | U+1F3A7 | Headphone | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ³ | 179 | 0xB3 | CDROM | 💿 | 128191 | U+1F4BF | Optical disc | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ´ | 180 | 0xB4 | filmclip | 🎞 | 127902 | U+1F39E | Film frames | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| µ | 181 | 0xB5 | pointofinterest | 📷 | 128247 | U+1F4F7 | Camera | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ¶ | 182 | 0xB6 | ticket | 🎟 | 127903 | U+1F39F | Admission tickets | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| · | 183 | 0xB7 | film | 🎬 | 127916 | U+1F3AC | Clapper board | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ¸ | 184 | 0xB8 | movies | 📽 | 128253 | U+1F4FD | Film projector | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ¹ | 185 | 0xB9 | video | 📹 | 128249 | U+1F4F9 | Video camera | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| º | 186 | 0xBA | stereo | 📾 | 128254 | U+1F4FE | Portable stereo | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| » | 187 | 0xBB | radio | 📻 | 128251 | U+1F4FB | Radio | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ¼ | 188 | 0xBC | levelcontrol | 🎚 | 127898 | U+1F39A | Level slider | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ½ | 189 | 0xBD | audiocontrol | 🎛 | 127899 | U+1F39B | Control knobs | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ¾ | 190 | 0xBE | television | 📺 | 128250 | U+1F4FA | Television | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ¿ | 191 | 0xBF | computers1 | 💻 | 128187 | U+1F4BB | Personal computer | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| À | 192 | 0xC0 | computers2 | 🖥 | 128421 | U+1F5A5 | Desktop computer | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Á | 193 | 0xC1 | computers3 | 🖦 | 128422 | U+1F5A6 | Keyboard and mouse | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Â | 194 | 0xC2 | computers4 | 🖧 | 128423 | U+1F5A7 | Three networked computers | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Ã | 195 | 0xC3 | joystick | 🕹 | 128377 | U+1F579 | Joystick | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Ä | 196 | 0xC4 | gamepad | 🎮 | 127918 | U+1F3AE | Video game | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Å | 197 | 0xC5 | phone | 🕻 | 128379 | U+1F57B | Left hand telephone receiver | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Æ | 198 | 0xC6 | fax | 🕼 | 128380 | U+1F57C | Telephone receiver with page | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Ç | 199 | 0xC7 | pager | 📟 | 128223 | U+1F4DF | Pager | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| È | 200 | 0xC8 | cellularphone | 🖁 | 128385 | U+1F581 | Clamshell mobile phone | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| É | 201 | 0xC9 | modem | 🖀 | 128384 | U+1F580 | Telephone on top of modem | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Ê | 202 | 0xCA | printer | 🖨 | 128424 | U+1F5A8 | Printer | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Ë | 203 | 0xCB | calculator | 🖩 | 128425 | U+1F5A9 | Pocket calculator | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Ì | 204 | 0xCC | folder | 🖿 | 128447 | U+1F5BF | Black folder | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Í | 205 | 0xCD | disk | 🖪 | 128426 | U+1F5AA | Black hard shell floppy disk | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Î | 206 | 0xCE | compression | 🗜 | 128476 | U+1F5DC | Compression | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Ï | 207 | 0xCF | locked | 🔒 | 128274 | U+1F512 | Lock | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Ð | 208 | 0xD0 | unlocked | 🔓 | 128275 | U+1F513 | Open lock | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Ñ | 209 | 0xD1 | encryption | 🗝 | 128477 | U+1F5DD | Old key | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Ò | 210 | 0xD2 | inbox | 📥 | 128229 | U+1F4E5 | Inbox tray | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Ó | 211 | 0xD3 | outbox | 📤 | 128594 | U+1F4E4 | Outbox tray | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Ô | 212 | 0xD4 | ovalshape | 🕳 | 128371 | U+1F573 | Hole | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Õ | 213 | 0xD5 | sunny | 🌣 | 127779 | U+1F323 | White sun | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Ö | 214 | 0xD6 | mostlysunny | 🌤 | 127780 | U+1F324 | White sun with small cloud | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| × | 215 | 0xD7 | mostlycloudy | 🌥 | 127781 | U+1F325 | White sun behind cloud | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Ø | 216 | 0xD8 | showers | 🌦 | 127782 | U+1F326 | White sun behind cloud with rain | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Ù | 217 | 0xD9 | cloudy | ☁ | 9729 | U+2601 | Cloud | Miscellaneous Symbols |
| Ú | 218 | 0xDA | rain | 🌧 | 127783 | U+1F327 | Cloud with rain | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Û | 219 | 0xDB | snow | 🌨 | 127784 | U+1F328 | Cloud with snow | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Ü | 220 | 0xDC | lightning | 🌩 | 127785 | U+1F329 | Cloud with lightning | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Ý | 221 | 0xDD | twister | 🌪 | 127786 | U+1F32A | Cloud with tornado | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| Þ | 222 | 0xDE | wind | 🌬 | 127788 | U+1F32C | Wind blowing face | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ß | 223 | 0xDF | fog | 🌫 | 127787 | U+1F32B | Fog | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| à | 224 | 0xE0 | moon | 🌜 | 127772 | U+1F31C | Last quarter moon with face | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| á | 225 | 0xE1 | temperature | 🌡 | 127777 | U+1F321 | Thermometer | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| â | 226 | 0xE2 | lifestyles | 🛋 | 128715 | U+1F6CB | Couch and lamp | Transport and Map Symbols |
| ã | 227 | 0xE3 | guestrooms | 🛏 | 128719 | U+1F6CF | Bed | Transport and Map Symbols |
| ä | 228 | 0xE4 | dining | 🍽 | 127869 | U+1F37D | Fork and knife with plate | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| å | 229 | 0xE5 | lounge | 🍸 | 127864 | U+1F378 | Cocktail glass | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| æ | 230 | 0xE6 | services | 🛎 | 128718 | U+1F6CE | Bellhop bell | Transport and Map Symbols |
| ç | 231 | 0xE7 | shopping | 🛍 | 128717 | U+1F6CD | Shopping bags | Transport and Map Symbols |
| è | 232 | 0xE8 | parking | Ⓟ | 9413 | U+24C5 | Circled latin capital letter P | Enclosed Alphanumerics |
| é | 233 | 0xE9 | handycap | ♿ | 9855 | U+267F | Wheelchair symbol | Miscellaneous Symbols |
| ê | 234 | 0xEA | caution | 🛆 | 128710 | U+1F6C6 | Triangle with rounded corners | Transport and Map Symbols |
| ë | 235 | 0xEB | marker | 🖈 | 128392 | U+1F588 | Black pushpin | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ì | 236 | 0xEC | education | 🎓 | 127891 | U+1F393 | Graduation cap | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| í | 237 | 0xED | raysabove | 🗤 | 128484 | U+1F5E4 | Three rays above | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| î | 238 | 0xEE | raysbelow | 🗥 | 128485 | U+1F5E5 | Three rays below | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ï | 239 | 0xEF | raysleft | 🗦 | 128486 | U+1F5E6 | Three rays left | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ð | 240 | 0xF0 | raysright | 🗧 | 128487 | U+1F5E7 | Three rays right | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ñ | 241 | 0xF1 | airplane | 🛪 | 128746 | U+1F6EA | Northeast-pointing airplane | Transport and Map Symbols |
| ò | 242 | 0xF2 | animal1 | 🐿 | 128063 | U+1F43F | Chipmunk | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ó | 243 | 0xF3 | bird | 🐦 | 128038 | U+1F426 | Bird | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ô | 244 | 0xF4 | fish | 🐟 | 128031 | U+1F41F | Fish | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| õ | 245 | 0xF5 | dog | 🐕 | 128021 | U+1F415 | Dog | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ö | 246 | 0xF6 | cat | 🐈 | 128008 | U+1F408 | Cat | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ÷ | 247 | 0xF7 | rocketleft | 🙬 | 128620 | U+1F66C | Leftwards rocket | Ornamental Dingbats |
| ø | 248 | 0xF8 | rocketright | 🙮 | 128622 | U+1F66E | Rightwards rocket | Ornamental Dingbats |
| ù | 249 | 0xF9 | rocketup | 🙭 | 128621 | U+1F66D | Upwards rocket | Ornamental Dingbats |
| ú | 250 | 0xFA | rocketdown | 🙯 | 128623 | U+1F66F | Downwards rocket | Ornamental Dingbats |
| û | 251 | 0xFB | worldmap | 🗺 | 128506 | U+1F5FA | World map | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ü | 252 | 0xFC | globe1 | 🌍 | 127757 | U+1F30D | Earth globe Europe-Africa | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ý | 253 | 0xFD | globe2 | 🌏 | 127759 | U+1F30F | Earth globe Asia-Australia | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| þ | 254 | 0xFE | globe3 | 🌎 | 127758 | U+1F30E | Earth globe Americas | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
| ÿ | 255 | 0xFF | peace | 🕊 | 128330 | U+1F54A | Dove of peace | Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs |
---
[](#top)
Copyright © 2016–2018 Alan Wood
Created 8th December 2016 Last modified 8th February 2018
[Send comments or questions to Alan Wood](../em2aw.php)
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<HEAD>
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="Mozilla/4.02 [en]C-DIAL (Win95; U) [Netscape]">
<!-- obsolete base href=http://WermeNH.com/ -->
<TITLE>Werme Family Home Page</TITLE>
<link rel="shortcut icon" href=backgnd/wizard_trans.ico>
</HEAD>
<BODY TEXT="#000000" BGCOLOR="#CCCCCC" BACKGROUND="backgnd/nabkgnd.gif">
<CENTER><FONT SIZE=+3>Werme Family Home Page</FONT></CENTER>
<p>
<table align=right><tr><td>
<!-- <IMG SRC="images/home_snow.jpg" ALT="Let it snow..." HSPACE=5
WIDTH=426 height=343 align=right-->
<!-- <IMG SRC="images/autumn_tree.jpg" ALT="Maple tree at peak color" HSPACE=5
WIDTH=336 height=444 align=right-->
<!-- <IMG SRC="images/yurt_2008.jpg" ALT="Our new yurt" HSPACE=5
WIDTH=400 height=300 align=right-->
<!-- <IMG SRC="images/stl_hjj2t.jpg" ALT="St. Lucia's Day"
HSPACE=5 WIDTH=295 height=439 align=right>-->
<!-- <IMG SRC="images/sunrise.jpg" ALT="Penacook sunrise"
HSPACE=5 WIDTH=379 height=264 align=right>-->
<!-- IMG SRC="images/snowpile.jpg" ALT="Snowblown snowpile"
HSPACE=5 WIDTH=267 height=453 align=right-->
<!-- IMG SRC="images/table_apr.jpg" ALT="New Hampshire in April"
HSPACE=5 WIDTH=444 height=277 align=right-->
<!--IMG SRC="images/snowman.jpg" ALT="New Hampshire in April"
HSPACE=5 WIDTH=486 height=384 align=right-->
<IMG SRC="images/oldman.jpeg" ALT="The Old Man in better days"
HSPACE=5 WIDTH=406 height=298 align=right>
<!-- IMG SRC="images/jackinthepulpit.jpg" ALT="Jack in the Pulpit"
HSPACE=5 WIDTH=334 height=460 align=right-->
<!-- IMG SRC="images/storm_set.jpg" ALT="Sunset on thunderstorm anvil"
HSPACE=5 WIDTH=406 height=253 align=right-->
<!-- IMG SRC="images/han_grad.jpg" ALT="Hannah graduated from Merrimack Valley High"
HSPACE=5 WIDTH=319 height=405 align=right-->
<!-- IMG SRC="images/cannon1.jpg" ALT="Happy Independence Day"
HSPACE=5 WIDTH=558 height=298 align=right-->
<!-- a href=images/California_A2007295_2100_1km.jpg><IMG SRC="images/California_A2007295_2100_xkm.jpg" ALT="California and Mexico fires"
HSPACE=5 WIDTH=400 height=483 align=right--></a>
<!-- IMG SRC="images/schnoodle_topdog.jpg" ALT="Ella on Mt. Hight"
HSPACE=5 WIDTH=436 height=278 align=right-->
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<center>
<!-- Our New England home looks best in the winter.-->
<!-- Neighbor's autumn tree (2001).>
<!-- Yurt Sweet Yurt-->
<!-- St. Lucia's Day -->
<!-- Winter Sunrise in Penacook -->
<!-- 6-7' snowblown ridge by our parking area.-->
<!-- New Hampshire in April.-->
The <a href=http://www.oldmanofthemountainlegacyfund.org/about/geology.aspx>Old
Man</a> in better days (he fell May 3, 2003).<br>Rest in pieces (sorry!)
<!-- Jack in the Pulpit -->
<!-- Sunset on a thunderstorm anvil-->
<!-- Yay! Hannah graduated from<br> Merrimack Valley High School-->
<!-- Have cannon, will celebrate. -->
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<!-- Top dog Ella on Mt. Hight -->
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<p>I've been too busy for ages to update this as well as it should be. I've saved the <a href=index-old.html>old page as index-old.html</a> while I reorganize this mess.</p>
<p>You've found our home page. This has links to our personal
pages, shortcuts to some of the more important subpages and links to other
sites in the Web to support some of our pages. Sorry about the lack of
a flash animation with cacophonous music.
<script language="JavaScript"><!--
if (location.host == 'werme.8m.net') {
document.write('<p><b>N.B.</b> This page is displayed from werme.8m.net. In the future, \
please use http://WermeNH.com . While the two sites are really same system, \
Google dislikes 8m.net. While we expect this site to be hosted at 8m.net \
for the indefinite future, WermeNH.com will work as long as we live in or \
have ties to New Hampshire.\n');
}
//--></script>
<h2>Family stuff, well, trips with one or more family members</h2>
I'll come up with some thumbnail tags for these.
<ul>
<p><li>2014 was Paula's and my 25th wedding anniversary. For our honeymoon, we had gone to
Prince Edward Island, for this anniversary we went to <a href=nova_scotia_2014.html>Nova
Scotia</a>, with some dawdling along the way, like along the Bay of Fundy where we spent
more time than before watching the tide.</li></p>
<p><li>In 2013 Paula started hiking the Appalachian Trail from Georgia. She tracked the
preparation and trip on a blog, <a href=http://paulaslongwalk.wordpress.com/>Paula's Long
Walk</a>. Like most people who attempt it, she didn't finish, but it was a quite an
interesting experience anyway.</li></p>
<p><li>Summer of 2003 was <A HREF="biketour/index.html">Mom's Fiftieth Birthday
I-don't-want-to-grow-up Bicycle Ride Across America</A>.
This included Ric and Hannah, and multiple web pages.
<A HREF="biketour/paula.html">Mom</A>
brought <A HREF="biketour/hannah.html">Hannah</A>
and <A HREF="biketour/ric.html">Dad</A>, but those two had
to return home in August from Montana, Mom made it to Michigan in October.</li></p>
<p><li>Predating the family, World Wide Web, and even the Internet,
<a href=biketour-1974/index.html>my first longer than one day bike ride</a> was in 1974 and
was a 2700 mile long break from Pittsburgh. It went from Palo Alto, California to Billings,
Montana. One of these ages I intend to scan some of the Kodachrome slides from that trip and
get them on the web. For now, all I have are the daily letters I wrote home to keep my
family updated.</p>
</ul>
<p>Here is <a href=paula-index.html>more of Paula's activities</a>.</p>
<h2>Ric's links</h2>
<P>I'm a retired software engineer with roots that go way back to the days of
blinkenlights, i.e. my daughter calls me a geek. I heard a NH Family Division
judge say "Engineers are unreasonable people" so maybe I'm that too. I call
myself a hacker - in the best sense of the word.</p>
<p>When I get time I'll write up my accounts of implementing FTP and Telnet
back in my ARPAnet days at Carnegie Mellon for their PDP-10 computers.
<p>While I can spend all day and all night working on code that ranges
from Unix internals to WWW hacks in Python, hearing about NH's
Division of Children, Youth and Families (DCYF) turned me into a
political activist. It takes a severely broken system to do that to
an old hacker! DCYF has improved significantly in the last early 2000s,
but there is still much to be done. Most of my recent
web work has been weather related, not just here but also in support of
the blog <a href=http://wattsupwiththat.com>Watts Up With That?</a>.
</p>
<p>The (early?) 2020s has been dominated by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the disease Covid-19. The
frightening exponential growth that northern Italy and New York City endured convinced me
that it was not a matter of if I would be infected, but when. Fortunately, those early
outbreaks did settle down, but at the cost of dragging out the pandemic months longer than
had it burned through the world, much like the 1918 influenza pandemic did. On the plus
side, we had time to develop marvelous new vaccines made from Messenger RNA.</p>
<p>I wrote and automatically update a series of web pages on <a href=covid-19/index.html>The
Exponential Rise (and Fall) of Covid-19</a>. I had hoped they would have some predicitive
power to see when the pandemic was heading, but the exponent generally changes too quickly.
The rise of the Delta variant is quite visible, as it hit as were getting close to squashing
the damn virus. Many states were reporting a steep decline in new Covid-19 cases, but as
Delta made inroads, the decline flattened and began to rise to distressingly high levels
again. Then came Omicron, then Omicron collapsed and nothing appears to be waiting in the
wings, so <b>the pandemic may be over</b>. Well, maybe after a "sub variant" is done.
Nevertheless, I added a section in March 2022 about myocarditis and its link to the mRNA
vaccines. The latter third of page discusses how most cases may be linked how the vaccines
are administered and that restoring a once standard step (aspiration) is likely why Denmark
has a much lower incidence of myocarditis.
</p>
<p>On 2022 Mar 15 the US Senate unanimously passed a bill to put all states that observe
Daylight Saving Time be on DST permanently. They passed the bill with no discussion, but as
it was two days after the US returned to DST they were groggy and in no mood to debate. There
is a <a href=fulltime-daylight-time.html>lot to discuss and history to recall</a> and I
collected most of the issues I can think of in that web page.</p>
<h3>My favorite pages</h3>
Several of these are mentioned in later sections with related pages.
That's okay, I think these deserve an extra mention.
<ul><li><a href=blizz78.html>The Blizzard of '78 in Marlboro, MA</a>
<li><a href=covid-19/index.html>The Exponential Rise (and Fall) of Covid-19</a>.
<li><a href=1816/index.html>The Year without a Summer</a>
<li><a href=sdd/index.html>Snow Depth Days</a>
<li><a href=climate/science.html>Science, Method, Climatology, and
Forgetting the Basics</a>. It's more than a bit dated.
<li><a href=deimos.html>Deimos events of the Martian Festival</a>
<li><a href=nepal_nose.html>Nepal Nose</a> <b>Not</b> mine, but still a favorite.
</ul>
<h3>Weather and climate</h3>
<ul>
<p><li>My <a href="climate/index.html">climate collection</a> started with the
essay <i>Science, Method, Climatology, and Forgetting the Basics</i> which is
both an introduction to two sides of the climate debate and chides the
scientists who seem to have forgotten what the scientific method and
scientific discourse are all about.
Other items there include references to preserving old web sites, other essays
on topics I find interesting, and various letters and testimony presented at
various hearings.
<p><a href="1816/index.html">1816: The Year without a Summer</a> is the home
of two main essays about this pivotal year in New Hampshire history. The two
main essays there are an old one looking at the weather events and results,
and a later one that goes into quantitative detail about the actual weather
and what drove it to historic levels. I also have a link to a scan of
microfilm of William Plumer's weather journal from Epping NH from 1796 to
1823.
<p><LI><A HREF="http://wermenh.com/wx/current.html">Sutton Mills weather</A> I have a competent
weather station on the computer and upload data every 20 minutes. It doesn't measure snow, but
neither do the NWS automated systems.
<p><LI>
Snow Depth Days:<A HREF="sdd/index.html"> definition and multi-season New
England summary</A> and
<A HREF="sdd/ne-2324.html">Snow Depth Days of 2023-24</A>.</LI>
<p><LI>Photos from Penacook of the <A HREF="wx/winter_0708.html">historic winter of
2007/2008</a>. The photos make up for the dreadful presentation.
<p><LI><A HREF="blizz78.html">The Blizzard of '78 in Marlboro, MA</A>
My account, written 20 years later. And <A HREF="blizz78a.html">The
Blizzard of '78 Addendum</a>, a collection of related storm stuff that
needs a home.</LI>
</ul>
<h3>Engineering, electronic toys, <font size=-1>err, tools,</font> etc.</h3>
Oh all right, geek stuff! Check out the last page of the
Saturn collision page for my physics analysis.
<p><table>
<tr>
<td><img src=images/eqoftm_thumb.png align=right></td>
<td>The <A HREF="eqoftm.html">Equation of Time</A> is the difference between
sundial time and clock time. Why don't these tell the same time, anyway?
<!-- Also available in <a
href="http://webhostinggeeks.com/science/wermenh-eqoftm-ht">Haitian Creole</a>. -->
<p>
While I'm at it, here's <A HREF="sun.html">sun data for Sutton Mills, NH</A>
for the year.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><img src=images/rs-logo-thumb.jpg align=right></td>
<td>This is very much <i>not</i> an electronic <i>toy</i>. I have a
<a href=https://shop.raspberryshake.org/product/turnkey-iot-atmospheric-infrasound-monitor-rsboom/>Raspberry
Shake and Boom</a> seismograph and infrasound recorder that I bought to record wind turbine
infrasound. I quckly realized it is an astonishing instrument that can record earthquakes
nearly as well as research grade instruments. And vehicles, ice chipping, helicopters, quarry
blasting, and even a meteor explosion. Pretty high on my to-do list is creating a series of
web pages for what it has heard. For now, here is
the <a href="https://dataview.raspberryshake.org/#/AM/RB3C2/00/EHZ">realtime data stream</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><img src=images/deimos_thumb.gif align=right></td>
<td>Did you hear about the sundial to be sent to Mars? Here's a <a
href=deimos.html>report</a> on the Deimos events of the Martian Festival.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><img src=images/runnings_thumb.png align=right></td>
<td>I've long been fond of the "qualitative display of quantitative
data," i.e. graphs, plots etc. The master of the field,
<a href=http://www.edwardtufte.com/tufte/>Edward Tufte</a>,
wrote the definitive books on the subject starting with "The Visual
Display of Quantitative Information." I brought a couple of things
I did to one of his one day classes. He liked my
<a href=runnings.html>baseball runnings</a> enough so I converted it to
experiment with his "sparklines" concept. I'm also experimenting
with similar data for the <a href=tdf_2006.html>2006 Tour de France</a>,
the most complex sporting event worth sinking one's teeth into.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><img src=images/family-small.jpg align=right></td>
<td>I got involved in a field test of a <a href=tropo/index.html>new rain gauge</a> because I
like to measure precipitation by weighing it. I over did it a bit, as the section on weighing
cold air clearly proves.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><img src=roses/rose25x3.png align=right></td>
<td>Of course, one can also discover "attractive display of quantitative
data." Sometimes that happens with bugs in graphics code. A mistake by
someone at Stanford nearly 40 years ago still has me playing with
<a href=roses/index.html>a graphics hack I call Roses</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><img src=folklore/mercury/mercury-13-thumb.jpg align=right></td>
<td>Besides Roses, I've been around long enough to <a href=folklore/index.html>see and create a
fair amount of folklore</a>. There's some stuff there that will confuse Millennials worse than
a rotary phone! Like computers that execute off a drum. Huh?
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><img src=images/sathead_thumb.gif align=right></td>
<td>How well does an Earth-bound Saturn automobile handle a
<a href=saturn.html>head on collision</a> with a pickup truck? Pretty well,
all things considered. At least I'm still around to write about it!
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><img src=images/gpsconstellation.gif align=right></td>
<td>My <A HREF=gps/index.html>GPS pages</a> on geocaching, a program called
<a href=http://www.gpsbabel.org/>GPSBabel</a>, and various other comments and
observations.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><img src=images/baby_sit_sink_thumb.jpg align=right></td>
<td>From a USENET post, err, flame with an irascible engineer who
disagrees with this engineer and most of the rest of the newsgroup, I
put together a, well, let's call it a <a href=rstevew.html>freeze
frame of a frozen flame</a>. It's useful more for some family photos
than anything else. It certainly doesn't count as intelligent
engineering discourse!
</td></tr></table>
<h3>Political/Government pages</h3>
<ul>
<p><li><A HREF="dcyf.html">DCYF: New Hampshires's
Child Protective Services agency</A>
This provides an overview of DCYF and
links to news reports and other accounts of DCYF "assistance".
<p><LI>
DCYF behaviour is summarized in <A HREF="dcyf_tricks.html">Tricks of the
Trade</A>. This is one of my favorite pages and several sites around
the web link to it too because other CPS agencies do the same things.</LI>
</ul>
<h3>Everything else</h3>
<UL>
<p><li>This deserves to be higher up, but it needs some photos. This
deserves to have a couple hundred Kodachrome slides scanned, but that's
a big job to do it well. "This" is <a href=biketour-1974>my first longer
than one day bike ride</a>, 2,700 miles from Palo Alto, California to
Billings, Montana (via Canada). It's kinda like the 2003 ride, kinda
unlike it, but just as interesting.
<p><li>I'm started a series of pages that will be a guide to
<a href=fay/index.html>Finances for Young Adults</a>. I'm very happy
with the outline and the first "chapters" but I went back to work before
I could write what I really wanted. However, what's there is useful.
<p><li>I have one of the better and most current
<a href=pame.html>Pamela Smart</a> pages on
the web. Yeah, it surprises me that I have it myself and why I do is
a long story. Had I known I would
have paid better attention to the trial.
<p><LI>
<a href=tasteless.html>Tasteless stuff</a> that is really more
entertaining than tasteless. It's surprising how many people find
this by doing WWW search for tasteless stuff!
<p><LI>
Future: I hate glitzy web pages that take forever to load and say little.
I'll put together a page of awful things you can do.</LI>
</UL>
<h3>Really ancient stuff</h3>
<p>Here lies some stuff that is so old that few people would miss it if it didn't exist. OTOH,
there are always people looking for old stuff on the web or from pre-WWW days. While I'm not
really a horder (at least not an excesive horder), it's so easy to keep computer files
around, here's some of them.</p>
<UL>
<p><LI>[From Weather and Climate] For a while, I was active in the effort to get New Hampshire
out of RGGI, the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. By extension, we want to see RGGI
shutdown altogether. I've created a web page to
<a href="rggiwatch/index.html">document and track the RGGI retreat</a>.</p>
<p>However, that opportunity wasn't seized NH is still in RGGI,and the last two governors have
or would veto any attempt to get out. My web page for it is pretty much moribund. I really
need to get to it, if only to update CO2 auction results.</LI></p>
<p><li>[From Everything else] When we were in the process of fixing up a number of things
around the house, one was to fix a ceiling crack that we thought was from water damage, and
Paula contracted with NHCRS Services, LLC to deal with all that. Around the same time the
firm was getting known for shoddy work and difficulties in getting their attention.</p>
<p>We shared the pain! Don't employ them for, umm, anything. See our explanations at
<a href="nhcrs.html">Joshua Garfinkle and NHCRS</a>. They may have since moved to
Tennessee.</li></p>
<p><LI>[From Political/Government pages] The <A HREF=nh_budget.html>State Budget</A>
can be browsed in comfort. (The alternative is to look at a 518 page Word
document.) It's fairly remarkable what a few days hacking can do with modern
tools. This is the FY2005 budget. They changed the report format for
the current budget and I've never had the day or two to switch to it.</li>
<p><LI> [From Political/Government pages] While it's not part of DCYF, the NH Court System is a
fascinating beast and has garnered national attention for some embarrassing moments. I never
had time to polish it, but I started several pages on the
state's <A HREF="courts/index.html">multiple judicial conduct entities</a>. The most recent
action is that the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Judicial Conduct Committee deciding that
the law that established the Judicial Conduct Commission is unconstitutional. If you think the
plaintiffs were just ruled out of existance, reread the last sentence or follow the
link.</LI></p>
<p><LI>[From Political/Government pages] A few years ago my employer had me fill out
a <a href=i9.html>INS I-9 form (Employment Eligibility Verification</a>). The form asks
everyone for their Social Security Number. Normally people do this on the first day of the job
and are not too inclined to squawk about Social Security Number misuse. However, after 11
years on the job, I was happy to stick my neck out. I concluded that the form violates federal
law, so I wrote simply "On file".</LI></p>
</ul>
<p><hr><p>
<center><a href="http://www.LP.org/enter?bid=103&pid=901&cid=0104">
<img src=images/monster4683.gif width=468 height=60 alt="Tame the gov't
monster, click me"></a></center>
<p><hr><p>
<img src=images/lynxpaw.gif HEIGHT=31 WIDTH=88 align=middle
alt="Lynx inspected!"> No Microsoft
programs are necessary to appreciate this site.
<p><hr><p>
<a href=contact.html>Contact Ric Werme</A> or
return to <a href=index.html>his home page</a>.
<p>Last updated 2023 Apr 23.
</BODY>
</HTML>
|
Werme Family Home Page
Werme Family Home Page
| |
| --- |
|
The Old Man in better days
|
|
The [Old
Man](http://www.oldmanofthemountainlegacyfund.org/about/geology.aspx) in better days (he fell May 3, 2003).Rest in pieces (sorry!)
|
I've been too busy for ages to update this as well as it should be. I've saved the [old page as index-old.html](index-old.html) while I reorganize this mess.
You've found our home page. This has links to our personal
pages, shortcuts to some of the more important subpages and links to other
sites in the Web to support some of our pages. Sorry about the lack of
a flash animation with cacophonous music.
<!--
if (location.host == 'werme.8m.net') {
document.write('<p><b>N.B.</b> This page is displayed from werme.8m.net. In the future, \
please use http://WermeNH.com . While the two sites are really same system, \
Google dislikes 8m.net. While we expect this site to be hosted at 8m.net \
for the indefinite future, WermeNH.com will work as long as we live in or \
have ties to New Hampshire.\n');
}
//-->
## Family stuff, well, trips with one or more family members
I'll come up with some thumbnail tags for these.
* 2014 was Paula's and my 25th wedding anniversary. For our honeymoon, we had gone to
Prince Edward Island, for this anniversary we went to [Nova
Scotia](nova_scotia_2014.html), with some dawdling along the way, like along the Bay of Fundy where we spent
more time than before watching the tide.
* In 2013 Paula started hiking the Appalachian Trail from Georgia. She tracked the
preparation and trip on a blog, [Paula's Long
Walk](http://paulaslongwalk.wordpress.com/). Like most people who attempt it, she didn't finish, but it was a quite an
interesting experience anyway.
* Summer of 2003 was [Mom's Fiftieth Birthday
I-don't-want-to-grow-up Bicycle Ride Across America](biketour/index.html).
This included Ric and Hannah, and multiple web pages.
[Mom](biketour/paula.html)
brought [Hannah](biketour/hannah.html)
and [Dad](biketour/ric.html), but those two had
to return home in August from Montana, Mom made it to Michigan in October.
* Predating the family, World Wide Web, and even the Internet,
[my first longer than one day bike ride](biketour-1974/index.html) was in 1974 and
was a 2700 mile long break from Pittsburgh. It went from Palo Alto, California to Billings,
Montana. One of these ages I intend to scan some of the Kodachrome slides from that trip and
get them on the web. For now, all I have are the daily letters I wrote home to keep my
family updated.
Here is [more of Paula's activities](paula-index.html).
## Ric's links
I'm a retired software engineer with roots that go way back to the days of
blinkenlights, i.e. my daughter calls me a geek. I heard a NH Family Division
judge say "Engineers are unreasonable people" so maybe I'm that too. I call
myself a hacker - in the best sense of the word.
When I get time I'll write up my accounts of implementing FTP and Telnet
back in my ARPAnet days at Carnegie Mellon for their PDP-10 computers.
While I can spend all day and all night working on code that ranges
from Unix internals to WWW hacks in Python, hearing about NH's
Division of Children, Youth and Families (DCYF) turned me into a
political activist. It takes a severely broken system to do that to
an old hacker! DCYF has improved significantly in the last early 2000s,
but there is still much to be done. Most of my recent
web work has been weather related, not just here but also in support of
the blog [Watts Up With That?](http://wattsupwiththat.com).
The (early?) 2020s has been dominated by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the disease Covid-19. The
frightening exponential growth that northern Italy and New York City endured convinced me
that it was not a matter of if I would be infected, but when. Fortunately, those early
outbreaks did settle down, but at the cost of dragging out the pandemic months longer than
had it burned through the world, much like the 1918 influenza pandemic did. On the plus
side, we had time to develop marvelous new vaccines made from Messenger RNA.
I wrote and automatically update a series of web pages on [The
Exponential Rise (and Fall) of Covid-19](covid-19/index.html). I had hoped they would have some predicitive
power to see when the pandemic was heading, but the exponent generally changes too quickly.
The rise of the Delta variant is quite visible, as it hit as were getting close to squashing
the damn virus. Many states were reporting a steep decline in new Covid-19 cases, but as
Delta made inroads, the decline flattened and began to rise to distressingly high levels
again. Then came Omicron, then Omicron collapsed and nothing appears to be waiting in the
wings, so **the pandemic may be over**. Well, maybe after a "sub variant" is done.
Nevertheless, I added a section in March 2022 about myocarditis and its link to the mRNA
vaccines. The latter third of page discusses how most cases may be linked how the vaccines
are administered and that restoring a once standard step (aspiration) is likely why Denmark
has a much lower incidence of myocarditis.
On 2022 Mar 15 the US Senate unanimously passed a bill to put all states that observe
Daylight Saving Time be on DST permanently. They passed the bill with no discussion, but as
it was two days after the US returned to DST they were groggy and in no mood to debate. There
is a [lot to discuss and history to recall](fulltime-daylight-time.html) and I
collected most of the issues I can think of in that web page.
### My favorite pages
Several of these are mentioned in later sections with related pages.
That's okay, I think these deserve an extra mention.
* [The Blizzard of '78 in Marlboro, MA](blizz78.html)* [The Exponential Rise (and Fall) of Covid-19](covid-19/index.html).
* [The Year without a Summer](1816/index.html)* [Snow Depth Days](sdd/index.html)* [Science, Method, Climatology, and
Forgetting the Basics](climate/science.html). It's more than a bit dated.
* [Deimos events of the Martian Festival](deimos.html)* [Nepal Nose](nepal_nose.html) **Not** mine, but still a favorite.
### Weather and climate
* My [climate collection](climate/index.html) started with the
essay *Science, Method, Climatology, and Forgetting the Basics* which is
both an introduction to two sides of the climate debate and chides the
scientists who seem to have forgotten what the scientific method and
scientific discourse are all about.
Other items there include references to preserving old web sites, other essays
on topics I find interesting, and various letters and testimony presented at
various hearings.
[1816: The Year without a Summer](1816/index.html) is the home
of two main essays about this pivotal year in New Hampshire history. The two
main essays there are an old one looking at the weather events and results,
and a later one that goes into quantitative detail about the actual weather
and what drove it to historic levels. I also have a link to a scan of
microfilm of William Plumer's weather journal from Epping NH from 1796 to
1823.
* [Sutton Mills weather](http://wermenh.com/wx/current.html) I have a competent
weather station on the computer and upload data every 20 minutes. It doesn't measure snow, but
neither do the NWS automated systems.
* Snow Depth Days: [definition and multi-season New
England summary](sdd/index.html) and
[Snow Depth Days of 2023-24](sdd/ne-2324.html).
* Photos from Penacook of the [historic winter of
2007/2008](wx/winter_0708.html). The photos make up for the dreadful presentation.
* [The Blizzard of '78 in Marlboro, MA](blizz78.html)
My account, written 20 years later. And [The
Blizzard of '78 Addendum](blizz78a.html), a collection of related storm stuff that
needs a home.
### Engineering, electronic toys, err, tools, etc.
Oh all right, geek stuff! Check out the last page of the
Saturn collision page for my physics analysis.
| | |
| --- | --- |
| | The [Equation of Time](eqoftm.html) is the difference between
sundial time and clock time. Why don't these tell the same time, anyway?
While I'm at it, here's [sun data for Sutton Mills, NH](sun.html)
for the year.
|
| | This is very much *not* an electronic *toy*. I have a
[Raspberry
Shake and Boom](https://shop.raspberryshake.org/product/turnkey-iot-atmospheric-infrasound-monitor-rsboom/) seismograph and infrasound recorder that I bought to record wind turbine
infrasound. I quckly realized it is an astonishing instrument that can record earthquakes
nearly as well as research grade instruments. And vehicles, ice chipping, helicopters, quarry
blasting, and even a meteor explosion. Pretty high on my to-do list is creating a series of
web pages for what it has heard. For now, here is
the [realtime data stream](https://dataview.raspberryshake.org/#/AM/RB3C2/00/EHZ).
|
| | Did you hear about the sundial to be sent to Mars? Here's a [report](deimos.html) on the Deimos events of the Martian Festival.
|
| | I've long been fond of the "qualitative display of quantitative
data," i.e. graphs, plots etc. The master of the field,
[Edward Tufte](http://www.edwardtufte.com/tufte/),
wrote the definitive books on the subject starting with "The Visual
Display of Quantitative Information." I brought a couple of things
I did to one of his one day classes. He liked my
[baseball runnings](runnings.html) enough so I converted it to
experiment with his "sparklines" concept. I'm also experimenting
with similar data for the [2006 Tour de France](tdf_2006.html),
the most complex sporting event worth sinking one's teeth into.
|
| | I got involved in a field test of a [new rain gauge](tropo/index.html) because I
like to measure precipitation by weighing it. I over did it a bit, as the section on weighing
cold air clearly proves.
|
| | Of course, one can also discover "attractive display of quantitative
data." Sometimes that happens with bugs in graphics code. A mistake by
someone at Stanford nearly 40 years ago still has me playing with
[a graphics hack I call Roses](roses/index.html).
|
| | Besides Roses, I've been around long enough to [see and create a
fair amount of folklore](folklore/index.html). There's some stuff there that will confuse Millennials worse than
a rotary phone! Like computers that execute off a drum. Huh?
|
| | How well does an Earth-bound Saturn automobile handle a
[head on collision](saturn.html) with a pickup truck? Pretty well,
all things considered. At least I'm still around to write about it!
|
| | My [GPS pages](gps/index.html) on geocaching, a program called
[GPSBabel](http://www.gpsbabel.org/), and various other comments and
observations.
|
| | From a USENET post, err, flame with an irascible engineer who
disagrees with this engineer and most of the rest of the newsgroup, I
put together a, well, let's call it a [freeze
frame of a frozen flame](rstevew.html). It's useful more for some family photos
than anything else. It certainly doesn't count as intelligent
engineering discourse!
|
### Political/Government pages
* [DCYF: New Hampshires's
Child Protective Services agency](dcyf.html)
This provides an overview of DCYF and
links to news reports and other accounts of DCYF "assistance".
* DCYF behaviour is summarized in [Tricks of the
Trade](dcyf_tricks.html). This is one of my favorite pages and several sites around
the web link to it too because other CPS agencies do the same things.
### Everything else
* This deserves to be higher up, but it needs some photos. This
deserves to have a couple hundred Kodachrome slides scanned, but that's
a big job to do it well. "This" is [my first longer
than one day bike ride](biketour-1974), 2,700 miles from Palo Alto, California to
Billings, Montana (via Canada). It's kinda like the 2003 ride, kinda
unlike it, but just as interesting.
* I'm started a series of pages that will be a guide to
[Finances for Young Adults](fay/index.html). I'm very happy
with the outline and the first "chapters" but I went back to work before
I could write what I really wanted. However, what's there is useful.
* I have one of the better and most current
[Pamela Smart](pame.html) pages on
the web. Yeah, it surprises me that I have it myself and why I do is
a long story. Had I known I would
have paid better attention to the trial.
* [Tasteless stuff](tasteless.html) that is really more
entertaining than tasteless. It's surprising how many people find
this by doing WWW search for tasteless stuff!
* Future: I hate glitzy web pages that take forever to load and say little.
I'll put together a page of awful things you can do.
### Really ancient stuff
Here lies some stuff that is so old that few people would miss it if it didn't exist. OTOH,
there are always people looking for old stuff on the web or from pre-WWW days. While I'm not
really a horder (at least not an excesive horder), it's so easy to keep computer files
around, here's some of them.
* [From Weather and Climate] For a while, I was active in the effort to get New Hampshire
out of RGGI, the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. By extension, we want to see RGGI
shutdown altogether. I've created a web page to
[document and track the RGGI retreat](rggiwatch/index.html).
However, that opportunity wasn't seized NH is still in RGGI,and the last two governors have
or would veto any attempt to get out. My web page for it is pretty much moribund. I really
need to get to it, if only to update CO2 auction results.
* [From Everything else] When we were in the process of fixing up a number of things
around the house, one was to fix a ceiling crack that we thought was from water damage, and
Paula contracted with NHCRS Services, LLC to deal with all that. Around the same time the
firm was getting known for shoddy work and difficulties in getting their attention.
We shared the pain! Don't employ them for, umm, anything. See our explanations at
[Joshua Garfinkle and NHCRS](nhcrs.html). They may have since moved to
Tennessee.
* [From Political/Government pages] The [State Budget](nh_budget.html)
can be browsed in comfort. (The alternative is to look at a 518 page Word
document.) It's fairly remarkable what a few days hacking can do with modern
tools. This is the FY2005 budget. They changed the report format for
the current budget and I've never had the day or two to switch to it.
* [From Political/Government pages] While it's not part of DCYF, the NH Court System is a
fascinating beast and has garnered national attention for some embarrassing moments. I never
had time to polish it, but I started several pages on the
state's [multiple judicial conduct entities](courts/index.html). The most recent
action is that the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Judicial Conduct Committee deciding that
the law that established the Judicial Conduct Commission is unconstitutional. If you think the
plaintiffs were just ruled out of existance, reread the last sentence or follow the
link.
* [From Political/Government pages] A few years ago my employer had me fill out
a [INS I-9 form (Employment Eligibility Verification](i9.html)). The form asks
everyone for their Social Security Number. Normally people do this on the first day of the job
and are not too inclined to squawk about Social Security Number misuse. However, after 11
years on the job, I was happy to stick my neck out. I concluded that the form violates federal
law, so I wrote simply "On file".
---
[](http://www.LP.org/enter?bid=103&pid=901&cid=0104)
---
 No Microsoft
programs are necessary to appreciate this site.
---
[Contact Ric Werme](contact.html) or
return to [his home page](index.html).
Last updated 2023 Apr 23.
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<p align="center"> <a shape="rect" href="http://www.vulture-territory.com"><img src="vulture-front.jpg" width="150" height="113" border="0" alt="Vulture Culture; documenting all species of vulture." /></a></p>
<p align="center"><a shape="rect" href="http://www.vulture-territory.com"><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="red">
Vulture Culture</font></a></p>
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="30%">
<p align="center"><a shape="rect" href="http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/"><img src="tiger-front.jpg" width="149" height="96" border="0" alt="Tiger Territory -- the most comprehensive tiger site available today." /></a></p>
<p align="center"><a shape="rect" href="http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/"><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#FF9900">Tiger
Territory</font></a></p>
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="30%">
<p align="center"><a shape="rect" href="http://www.lairweb.org.nz/leonardo/"><img src="leonardo-front.jpg" width="150" height="113" border="0" alt="Leonardo da Vinci: the Man, His Machines, His Paintings, His Life." /></a>
</p><p align="center"><a shape="rect" href="http://www.lairweb.org.nz/leonardo/"><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="lime">Leonardo
da Vinci</font></a></p>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width="90%" bordercolordark="white" bordercolorlight="black"><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="30%">
<p align="center"><a shape="rect" href="http://www.radio-restoration.com"><img src="title-radios.gif" width="199" height="16" border="0" alt="Ye Olde Valve Radios" /></a><br clear="none" /><a shape="rect" href="http://www.radio-restoration.com"><img src="title-radio.jpg" width="150" height="136" border="0" alt="The After Restoration Picture. The 'Before' Radio is Onsite." /></a> </p>
<p align="center"><a shape="rect" href="http://www.radio-restoration.com"><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#6699FF">Ye
Olde Valve Radios</font></a></p>
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="30%">
<p align="center"> <a shape="rect" href="http://www.lairweb.org.nz/nexus/"><img src="ascension-front.jpg" width="150" height="113" border="0" alt="Ascension Gallery of Fine Art" /></a></p>
<p align="center"><a shape="rect" href="http://www.lairweb.org.nz/nexus/"><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="yellow">Ascension
Art</font></a></p>
<p align="justify"> </p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="30%">
<p align="center"><a shape="rect" href="http://www.nzterritory.com"><img src="zealand-front.jpg" width="150" height="104" border="0" alt="New Zealand; a small country enters the New Millennium." /></a></p>
<p align="center"><a shape="rect" href="http://www.nzterritory.com" target="_blank"><font face="Verdana" size="2">New
Zealand</font></a></p>
<p align="justify">
</p>
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<p align="center"> <br clear="none" /> <font face="Verdana" size="2" color="#D3D4CC">Break out of frames</font><font face="Verdana" size="2"> </font><a shape="rect" href="http://www.lairweb.org.nz/" target="_blank"><font face="Verdana" size="2">here</font></a><font face="Verdana" size="2">.
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| [Vulture Culture; documenting all species of vulture.](http://www.vulture-territory.com)
[Vulture Culture](http://www.vulture-territory.com) | [Tiger Territory -- the most comprehensive tiger site available today.](http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/)
[Tiger
Territory](http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/) | [Leonardo da Vinci: the Man, His Machines, His Paintings, His Life.](http://www.lairweb.org.nz/leonardo/)
[Leonardo
da Vinci](http://www.lairweb.org.nz/leonardo/) |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [Ye Olde Valve Radios](http://www.radio-restoration.com)[The After Restoration Picture. The 'Before' Radio is Onsite.](http://www.radio-restoration.com)
[Ye
Olde Valve Radios](http://www.radio-restoration.com) | [Ascension Gallery of Fine Art](http://www.lairweb.org.nz/nexus/)
[Ascension
Art](http://www.lairweb.org.nz/nexus/)
| [New Zealand; a small country enters the New Millennium.](http://www.nzterritory.com)
[New
Zealand](http://www.nzterritory.com)
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<FONT SIZE=+2>S</FONT><FONT SIZE=+1>ITE </FONT><FONT SIZE=+2>I</FONT><FONT SIZE=+1>NDEX</FONT><P>
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<FONT SIZE=+3><B>WELCOME</B></FONT>
<FONT SIZE=+1><B>TO THE<BR>MINERALOGY OF NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA,</FONT><BR></B> a page devoted to all of those who love minerals and mineral collecting. For those from afar, Nova Scotia is situated in northeastern North America nearly surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean.
<!--<BR> -->
<P>
Nova Scotia is a dream for mineral collectors. A wide range of top quality minerals can be found at many sites both inland and along the seashore. Mild weather, beautiful scenery, and friendly people help make any collecting trip a truly wonderful experience. The Bay of Fundy region offers world class zeolites and the world's highest tides are continually exposing new material.
<!--<BR> -->
<P>
The purpose of this website is to present the mineralogical side of Nova Scotia. It is meant to be a reference and an online guide to the wonderful minerals of this part of the world. I hope you find it interesting and useful.
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The Mineralogy of Nova Scotia - Welcome
| |
| --- |
|
|
|
**SITE INDEX
[Detailed Locality Information](locintro.html)Localities
[Some Images of Minerals from Nova Scotia](images.html)Images
[Exploring Some Common Species](studies.html)Studies
[Minerals Reported from Nova Scotia](reported.html)Reported
[Miscellaneous](misc.html)Miscellaneous** |
| |
| --- |
|
**WELCOME**
**TO THEMINERALOGY OF NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA,** a page devoted to all of those who love minerals and mineral collecting. For those from afar, Nova Scotia is situated in northeastern North America nearly surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean.
Nova Scotia is a dream for mineral collectors. A wide range of top quality minerals can be found at many sites both inland and along the seashore. Mild weather, beautiful scenery, and friendly people help make any collecting trip a truly wonderful experience. The Bay of Fundy region offers world class zeolites and the world's highest tides are continually exposing new material.
The purpose of this website is to present the mineralogical side of Nova Scotia. It is meant to be a reference and an online guide to the wonderful minerals of this part of the world. I hope you find it interesting and useful.
|
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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>This is just a holding site</title>
</head>
<body>
<p><b><font size="4">Somewhere...</font></b></p>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p><b><font size="5">In Henry County....</font></b></p>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<p> </p>
<p align="center"><i><b><font size="6">A STARTER IS BORN</font></b></i></p>
<p align="center"> </p>
<table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="4" id="table1">
<tr>
<td width="49%" align="center" valign="top"><font face="Arial"><b>
<img border="0" src="images/1hourOldx.JPG" width="376" height="312" alt="Herman, 1 hour old"><br>
This is HERMAN, he's just 1 hour old!</b></font></td>
<td width="49%" align="center"> <p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><font face="Arial"><b>
<img border="0" src="images/BubbleAction1x.JPG" width="326" height="315" alt="Herman, 1 hour old"><br>
Look at what a happy, bubbly boy he is!</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49%" align="center">
<p align="right">
<img border="0" src="images/2hoursOldx.JPG" width="376" height="322" alt="just over 2 hours old.">
</td>
<td width="49%" align="center">
<p align="left">
<img border="0" src="images/BubbleAction2x.JPG" width="326" height="243" alt="just over 2 hours old."></p>
<blockquote>
<p align="left"><font face="Arial"><b>Here's our Boy Herman...he's
growing fast now. <br>
He's just over 2 hours old.</b></font></p>
</blockquote>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="100%" colspan="2"><hr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49%">
<p align="right">
<img border="0" src="images/sideviewx.JPG" width="346" height="296" alt="Herman Sour Dough Starter, profile.">
</td>
<td width="49%">
<blockquote>
<p><font face="Arial"><b>This is a side view through my glass bowl.
This is my favorite and preferred bowl for raising Herman.<br>
Without even uncovering Herman I can see his progress.</b></font></p>
<p><b><font face="Arial">In these first few hours of life Herman
shows his resemblance to the "Sponge" side of the family.</font></b></p>
<p><b><font face="Arial">Later he will take on more of the
attributes of the "Beer" side of the family, although, Herman
already has that aroma or "brew" around him.</font></b></p>
</blockquote>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="49%">
<p align="center">
<img border="0" src="images/B41stStirDownx.jpg" width="376" height="334" alt="Just before the first Stir!"><br>
<b><font face="arial">This is Herman just before his first stir!</font></b></td>
<td width="49%">
<p align="center">
<img border="0" src="images/StirDown-1x.JPG" width="376" height="314" alt="after 1st stir completed."><br>
<b><font face="Arial">And Herman after his very first stir.</font></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="98%" align="center" colspan="2"><b><font face="Arial"><br>
Here is Herman after his First Feeding<br>
(remember, NOW Herman is drinking <u>milk</u>, not water)</font></b><p>
<img border="0" src="images/postfirstfeed2.jpg" width="283" height="300" align="absmiddle">
<img border="0" src="images/postfirstfeed.jpg" width="226" height="226" align="absmiddle"></p>
<p><b><font face="Arial">Notice how the texture and character of the
bubbles has changed.</font></b></p>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p align="left"><b><font face="Arial">Next, we present Herman,
pretty mature now, <font color="#0000FF">AT 2 WEEKS</font> old
and his bubbles are different, still. Not only does Herman
have a "liquor" that develops on top, Herman now has a "frothy"
crust that forms above the liquor layer. All is well; just
stir it altogether at least once a day.</font></b></p>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<p><img border="0" src="images/2weeks2.jpg" width="259" height="259">
<img border="0" src="images/2weeks1.jpg" width="263" height="263"></p>
<p><u><b><font face="Arial" size="5">Finally the finished sourdough
loaf.</font></b></u></p>
<blockquote>
<p align="left"><b><font face="Arial">(Note: These are not the FIRST
LOAVES from this batch of Herman starter. My husband
discovered the fresh baked bread and both loaves were gone before I
could get a photo. These are not the SECOND loaves either,
just about the same thing happened, but I stashed one loaf in the
freezer. That loaf became a gift to a friend. The finished
photo below is from the <u>third</u> yield of this batch of Herman
Sour Dough Starter.)</font></b></p>
</blockquote>
<p>
<img border="0" src="images/finishedHERMAN.jpg" width="496" height="412"></p>
<blockquote>
<p align="left"><b><font face="Arial">My husband likes the natural
crunchy "rustic" crust on his bread. However, my friend
mentioned she likes a more tender crust. I like both types.
The crust on the above loaf is the softer, tender crust. This
is achieved by a plain water "brush baste" about 10 minutes before
done. Foil, shiny side up, is then placed on top. After
baking is complete and the bread is removed from the pan to cool on
the rack, it is brush basted one more time...OR it can be brushed
with butter.</font></b></p>
<p align="left"><b><font face="Arial">(Hint: if you use "light
butter" (which essential is butter diluted with extra water) you
can just take a cold stick from the fridge and rub it over the
crusts on the bread.)</font></b></p>
</blockquote>
<p><b><font face="Arial">So...d'ya want the recipe?</font></b></p>
<p> </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p> </p>
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This is just a holding site
**Somewhere...**
>
>
> >
> > **In Henry County....**
> >
> >
> >
>
>
>
***A STARTER IS BORN***
| | |
| --- | --- |
| **Herman, 1 hour old
This is HERMAN, he's just 1 hour old!** |
**Herman, 1 hour old
Look at what a happy, bubbly boy he is!** |
|
just over 2 hours old.
|
just over 2 hours old.
**Here's our Boy Herman...he's
growing fast now.
He's just over 2 hours old.**
|
|
---
|
|
Herman Sour Dough Starter, profile.
|
**This is a side view through my glass bowl.
This is my favorite and preferred bowl for raising Herman.
Without even uncovering Herman I can see his progress.**
**In these first few hours of life Herman
shows his resemblance to the "Sponge" side of the family.**
**Later he will take on more of the
attributes of the "Beer" side of the family, although, Herman
already has that aroma or "brew" around him.**
|
|
Just before the first Stir!
**This is Herman just before his first stir!** |
after 1st stir completed.
**And Herman after his very first stir.** |
| **Here is Herman after his First Feeding
(remember, NOW Herman is drinking milk, not water)**
**Notice how the texture and character of the
bubbles has changed.**
**Next, we present Herman,
pretty mature now, AT 2 WEEKS old
and his bubbles are different, still. Not only does Herman
have a "liquor" that develops on top, Herman now has a "frothy"
crust that forms above the liquor layer. All is well; just
stir it altogether at least once a day.**
**Finally the finished sourdough
loaf.**
**(Note: These are not the FIRST
LOAVES from this batch of Herman starter. My husband
discovered the fresh baked bread and both loaves were gone before I
could get a photo. These are not the SECOND loaves either,
just about the same thing happened, but I stashed one loaf in the
freezer. That loaf became a gift to a friend. The finished
photo below is from the third yield of this batch of Herman
Sour Dough Starter.)**
**My husband likes the natural
crunchy "rustic" crust on his bread. However, my friend
mentioned she likes a more tender crust. I like both types.
The crust on the above loaf is the softer, tender crust. This
is achieved by a plain water "brush baste" about 10 minutes before
done. Foil, shiny side up, is then placed on top. After
baking is complete and the bread is removed from the pan to cool on
the rack, it is brush basted one more time...OR it can be brushed
with butter.**
**(Hint: if you use "light
butter" (which essential is butter diluted with extra water) you
can just take a cold stick from the fridge and rub it over the
crusts on the bread.)**
**So...d'ya want the recipe?**
|
| | |
| --- | --- |
| My Cottage Web Studio
[www.mycottage.com](http://www.mycottage.com) | © Copyright 2011-2020. Joyce K.
Meyer. All Rights Reserved
This site was created by Joyce K. Meyer, on January 6, 2009.
Last revised on
01/16/2020. |
| http://myhenrycountyky.com/ |
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<p><a href="../../index.shtml">Home</a> - <a href="../../events.shtml">AFV Events</a> - <a href="../../events.shtml#otherafv">Other AFV Events</a> - ZEVent</p>
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<h1>California Air Resources Board ZEVent</h1>
<p>In 1990 the California Air Resources Board (<a href="http://arbis.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm">CARB</a>),
the agency responsible for improving California's air quality to meet
Federal standards, created a set of low-emission-vehicle rules that
required vehicles offered for sale in the state to include
ever-larger fractions of ever-cleaner vehicles, phasing in from the
1993 to 2003 model-years. <a href="../../general/myvan.shtml">My 1993
natural-gas-powered van</a> was the first vehicle certified as an
LEV, or Low-Emissions Vehicle, several years before they were
required to be introduced into the automakers' fleets; today, after
years of development, there are gasoline-powered vehicles that meet
the even more stringent ULEV (Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle) and SULEV
(Super Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle) standards. And, of course, this
year's natural-gas-powered <a href="../../misc/civic_gx.shtml">Honda Civic GX</a>
is cleaner than any of these gasoline vehicles!</p>
<p>However, the most controversial element of the rules was that a
small but increasing fraction of vehicles offered for sale by the
largest automakers would have to be ZEVs, or Zero-Emission Vehicles;
until <a href="../../backgrnd/altdrive.shtml#Fuel_Cells">fuel cells</a> become
commercially viable for the automotive market, this means
battery-electric vehicles (EVs). Originally the rule called for the
phase-in to begin with 2% of the automakers' fleets in 1998,
increasing to 10% in 2003; however, recognizing the technical
challenge inherent in this rule, CARB set a biennial schedule of
reviews, and in response to automakers' concerns over meeting these
challenges they have softened but not eliminated the rule. At this
writing, the phase-in period of reduced requirements before the 2003
model year has been deleted; in its place are a series of Memoranda
of Agreement between the state and the automakers, specifying numbers
of ZEVs to be placed in service through voluntary evaluation programs
during the same period. Also, partial ZEV credits were defined for
vehicles with very low but nonzero emissions, with the six largest
automakers allowed to meet up to 6% of their 10% requirement through
such credits and the medium-size automakers allowed to meet all 10%
thus (small automakers are exempt from the ZEV requirement).</p>
<p>Since automakers have to commit to production of a vehicle about
three years ahead of its release, the board meeting on 7 September
2000 is the last of the biennial reviews before such commitments need
to be made for the 2003 model year. Accordingly, there has been a
full-court press by the automakers to get CARB to water the ZEV
requirement down further, or to eliminate it entirely. CARB is
responding with the kind of public-education effort that a lot of us
think the automakers should have been doing all along instead of
lobbying against the requirement, and part of this was a <a href="http://arbis.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/zevent/zevent.htm">ZEVent</a>
at Miller Park in Sacramento, CA on 17 August 2000. Thanks to cheap
<a href="http://www.iflyswa.com/">Southwest Airlines</a> tickets, I
flew up from Los Angeles, rented a <a href="../../misc/ev_plus.shtml">Honda EV
Plus</a> from the EV Rental Cars location at the Sacramento Airport, and crashed the
party!</p>
<p><img src="graphics/evplus00.jpg" alt="EV Plus at Sacramento ZEVent" width="640" height="480" align="bottom" /></p>
<p>Here's the EV Plus I rented; you can see on the right end of the
bumper one of the "Diamond Access OK" stickers that entitle the
vehicle to a rather nice perk, namely access to the High-Occupancy
Vehicle (HOV) lane, or "diamond lane," on California freeways even
with only one occupant. This just went into effect on 1 July 2000;
unfortunately for me and my van, a vehicle has to be ULEV or cleaner,
in addition to running on an alternative fuel, to qualify! The oval
window sticker advertises a website
that CARB has started as part of its ZEV public-education campaign;
don't worry, it's static-clinging rather than adhesive--I didn't make
a semi-permanent attachment to a rental car! You can see a General
Motors EV1 to the right, and a couple of electric Ford Rangers and
Toyota RAV4-EVs across the lane; this was the largest assemblage of
EVs I've ever seen in one place, and it included examples of every
production model from any of the major automakers.</p>
<p><img src="graphics/hypmin00.jpg" alt="Production model Nissan Hypermini" width="640" height="480" align="bottom" /></p>
<p>There were also some small-sized, small-production EVs on static
display; this is the Nissan Hypermini, which has been for sale in
Japan (note right-hand drive) since February 2000. (No definite word
yet on a US introduction; I first saw a prototype at the <a href="../autoshow/glaas99.shtml">Los
Angeles Auto Show</a> in January 1999.) The charge port on the nose
is a smaller version of the <a href="../../backgrnd/condind.shtml">inductive</a>
system pioneered by the EV1 and also used on the Nissan Altra behind
the Hypermini; this was jointly developed by GM and Toyota to reduce
the required equipment volume on small vehicles like this.</p>
<p><img src="graphics/tnknbcty.jpg" alt="TH!NK Neighbor & TH!NK City" width="640" height="480" align="bottom" /></p>
<p>Another couple of small vehicles on display were the <a href="http://thinkev.leftbankcompanies.com">TH!NK</a>
(yes, that's spelled correctly!) Neighbor, an inexpensive, low-speed
EV for use on campuses, in gated communities, etc., and the TH!NK
City, which like the Hypermini is a freeway-capable, short-range
two-seater commuter car. The City has been for sale in Europe since
January 2000, with about 200 being sold to date, mostly in
Scandinavia (the company was originally Norwegian before being bought
by Ford); it should come to the US in 2002, and the Neighbor in
2001.</p>
<p><img src="graphics/bigtruks.jpg" alt="Hybrid Peterbilt & EV postal van" width="640" height="480" align="bottom" /></p>
<p>Here are some more production vehicles that were on display; the
postal van in the background is based on the Ford Ranger EV chassis,
and the Peterbilt in the foreground is a <a href="../../backgrnd/altdrive.shtml#Electric">series
hybrid-electric</a> vehicle made by <a href="http://www.isecorp.com/">ISE
Research</a>. Moreover, it runs on natural gas, which is stored in
tanks inside the large vertical boxes behind the cab (the large
horizontal boxes in front of the rear wheels house the lead-acid
batteries). This is a 55,000 lb. truck, with a turbocharged inline
six-cylinder engine; they make them up to 85,000 lb. capacity, and
also transit buses, airport tow vehicles, and componentry. About as
far from the TH!NK City and Nissan Hypermini as you're going to
get!</p>
<p><img src="graphics/ucdhybrd.jpg" alt="UC Davis hybrid-electric cars" width="640" height="480" align="bottom" /></p>
<p>These are not production vehicles at all, but rather experimental
project cars from the University of California at Davis <a href="http://www.team-fate.net/">Hybrid
Electric Vehicle Research Program</a>, which I had previously seen at
the January 2000 <a href="../autoshow/glaas00.shtml">Los Angeles Auto Show</a>.
James Vaughn, a grad student with the program, told me that they had
a 2000 Chevrolet Suburban converted to a hybrid; it uses a 1.9-liter
Saturn 4-cylinder engine (!) in conjunction with a battery pack and
two <a href="http://www.uqm.com/">Unique Mobility</a> 75-kilowatt
motors, one driving each axle. They would have had it here, except
that it was on duty in Los Angeles at the Democratic Party National
Convention.</p>
<p><img src="graphics/zevrally.jpg" alt="ZEV road rally starting line" width="640" height="480" align="bottom" /></p>
<p>After looking at the displays and listening to some remarks by
several dignitaries, including Winston H. Hickox, the secretary of
the California EPA, and Alan C. Lloyd, the chairman of CARB, a huge
line of electric vehicles formed up for a 30-mile road rally. Since
this is longer than the average daily commute, and since all the
vehicles had been driven to Miller Park and would have to be driven
back afterward with no opportunity to plug in, this was a pretty
strong statement of practicality! (My rented EV Plus, the first car
you can see still parked on the far left, took me 70 miles that day,
and I still had 30% of the battery's charge left when I turned the
car in.) I only had one quibble with the choice of the <a href="http://www.acpropulsion.com/">AC
Propulsion</a> tzero as the pace car: usually you choose a car that's
<em>slower</em> than the others to pace a rally, right? There were
also vehicles available to the press and the public for
ride-and-drives.</p>
<p>I certainly had a lot of fun at the ZEVent, and I think CARB did a
pretty good job here of spreading the word about the viability of
ZEVs; I saw at least four TV cameras, and several reporters. Michael
Gardner of <a href="http://www.copleynews.com/">Copley News
Service</a>, which publishes my local paper the <a href="http://www.dailybreeze.com/">Daily
Breeze</a>, talked to me and to Greg Hanssen and Bill Mason of the
<a href="http://ev1-club.power.net/">EV1 Club</a>, who had driven
their EV1s up from Southern California to participate; he quoted us
as a "local angle" in his article.
I also talked with Amanda Krusoe of the EV1 marketing team, whom I
had met at the car's <a href="ev1bday3.shtml">third birthday party</a>
in December 1999, and she said that GM is on track to fix the
charge-port problem that caused the recall of the first-generation
cars, to put improved lead-acid batteries (from Panasonic rather than
Delco, same as those in the second-generation cars) in them, and to
offer them for two-year leases starting in the first quarter of 2001
at $349 a month. That's cheaper than the original $399 leases, with
better batteries and without having to apply for any state or federal
incentive money (which only are available for new cars)--quite a
deal. There is a lot of interest out there in ZEVs; I stopped at the
<a href="http://www.toweautomuseum.org/">Towe Auto Museum</a> just up
the road before heading back to the airport, and a guy stopped to ask
me about the EV Plus I was driving, after which he went off to Miller
Park to have a look at the others I told him about. Greg Hanssen and
Bill Mason have organized a group called the Production Electric
Vehicle Drivers Coalition ("production" as opposed to homebuilt
conversions) to drive home the point that ZEVs are practical for many
people, and that the automakers should have no trouble fulfilling the
ZEV sales mandate if they just would put as much effort into
educating the public as they've spent lobbying regulators and
lawmakers. We will all be watching CARB's actions on 7 September 2000
with great interest.</p>
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California Air Resources Board ZEVent
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# California Air Resources Board ZEVent
In 1990 the California Air Resources Board ([CARB](http://arbis.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm)),
the agency responsible for improving California's air quality to meet
Federal standards, created a set of low-emission-vehicle rules that
required vehicles offered for sale in the state to include
ever-larger fractions of ever-cleaner vehicles, phasing in from the
1993 to 2003 model-years. [My 1993
natural-gas-powered van](../../general/myvan.shtml) was the first vehicle certified as an
LEV, or Low-Emissions Vehicle, several years before they were
required to be introduced into the automakers' fleets; today, after
years of development, there are gasoline-powered vehicles that meet
the even more stringent ULEV (Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle) and SULEV
(Super Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle) standards. And, of course, this
year's natural-gas-powered [Honda Civic GX](../../misc/civic_gx.shtml)
is cleaner than any of these gasoline vehicles!
However, the most controversial element of the rules was that a
small but increasing fraction of vehicles offered for sale by the
largest automakers would have to be ZEVs, or Zero-Emission Vehicles;
until [fuel cells](../../backgrnd/altdrive.shtml#Fuel_Cells) become
commercially viable for the automotive market, this means
battery-electric vehicles (EVs). Originally the rule called for the
phase-in to begin with 2% of the automakers' fleets in 1998,
increasing to 10% in 2003; however, recognizing the technical
challenge inherent in this rule, CARB set a biennial schedule of
reviews, and in response to automakers' concerns over meeting these
challenges they have softened but not eliminated the rule. At this
writing, the phase-in period of reduced requirements before the 2003
model year has been deleted; in its place are a series of Memoranda
of Agreement between the state and the automakers, specifying numbers
of ZEVs to be placed in service through voluntary evaluation programs
during the same period. Also, partial ZEV credits were defined for
vehicles with very low but nonzero emissions, with the six largest
automakers allowed to meet up to 6% of their 10% requirement through
such credits and the medium-size automakers allowed to meet all 10%
thus (small automakers are exempt from the ZEV requirement).
Since automakers have to commit to production of a vehicle about
three years ahead of its release, the board meeting on 7 September
2000 is the last of the biennial reviews before such commitments need
to be made for the 2003 model year. Accordingly, there has been a
full-court press by the automakers to get CARB to water the ZEV
requirement down further, or to eliminate it entirely. CARB is
responding with the kind of public-education effort that a lot of us
think the automakers should have been doing all along instead of
lobbying against the requirement, and part of this was a [ZEVent](http://arbis.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/zevent/zevent.htm)
at Miller Park in Sacramento, CA on 17 August 2000. Thanks to cheap
[Southwest Airlines](http://www.iflyswa.com/) tickets, I
flew up from Los Angeles, rented a [Honda EV
Plus](../../misc/ev_plus.shtml) from the EV Rental Cars location at the Sacramento Airport, and crashed the
party!
Here's the EV Plus I rented; you can see on the right end of the
bumper one of the "Diamond Access OK" stickers that entitle the
vehicle to a rather nice perk, namely access to the High-Occupancy
Vehicle (HOV) lane, or "diamond lane," on California freeways even
with only one occupant. This just went into effect on 1 July 2000;
unfortunately for me and my van, a vehicle has to be ULEV or cleaner,
in addition to running on an alternative fuel, to qualify! The oval
window sticker advertises a website
that CARB has started as part of its ZEV public-education campaign;
don't worry, it's static-clinging rather than adhesive--I didn't make
a semi-permanent attachment to a rental car! You can see a General
Motors EV1 to the right, and a couple of electric Ford Rangers and
Toyota RAV4-EVs across the lane; this was the largest assemblage of
EVs I've ever seen in one place, and it included examples of every
production model from any of the major automakers.
There were also some small-sized, small-production EVs on static
display; this is the Nissan Hypermini, which has been for sale in
Japan (note right-hand drive) since February 2000. (No definite word
yet on a US introduction; I first saw a prototype at the [Los
Angeles Auto Show](../autoshow/glaas99.shtml) in January 1999.) The charge port on the nose
is a smaller version of the [inductive](../../backgrnd/condind.shtml)
system pioneered by the EV1 and also used on the Nissan Altra behind
the Hypermini; this was jointly developed by GM and Toyota to reduce
the required equipment volume on small vehicles like this.
Another couple of small vehicles on display were the [TH!NK](http://thinkev.leftbankcompanies.com)
(yes, that's spelled correctly!) Neighbor, an inexpensive, low-speed
EV for use on campuses, in gated communities, etc., and the TH!NK
City, which like the Hypermini is a freeway-capable, short-range
two-seater commuter car. The City has been for sale in Europe since
January 2000, with about 200 being sold to date, mostly in
Scandinavia (the company was originally Norwegian before being bought
by Ford); it should come to the US in 2002, and the Neighbor in
2001.
Here are some more production vehicles that were on display; the
postal van in the background is based on the Ford Ranger EV chassis,
and the Peterbilt in the foreground is a [series
hybrid-electric](../../backgrnd/altdrive.shtml#Electric) vehicle made by [ISE
Research](http://www.isecorp.com/). Moreover, it runs on natural gas, which is stored in
tanks inside the large vertical boxes behind the cab (the large
horizontal boxes in front of the rear wheels house the lead-acid
batteries). This is a 55,000 lb. truck, with a turbocharged inline
six-cylinder engine; they make them up to 85,000 lb. capacity, and
also transit buses, airport tow vehicles, and componentry. About as
far from the TH!NK City and Nissan Hypermini as you're going to
get!
These are not production vehicles at all, but rather experimental
project cars from the University of California at Davis [Hybrid
Electric Vehicle Research Program](http://www.team-fate.net/), which I had previously seen at
the January 2000 [Los Angeles Auto Show](../autoshow/glaas00.shtml).
James Vaughn, a grad student with the program, told me that they had
a 2000 Chevrolet Suburban converted to a hybrid; it uses a 1.9-liter
Saturn 4-cylinder engine (!) in conjunction with a battery pack and
two [Unique Mobility](http://www.uqm.com/) 75-kilowatt
motors, one driving each axle. They would have had it here, except
that it was on duty in Los Angeles at the Democratic Party National
Convention.
After looking at the displays and listening to some remarks by
several dignitaries, including Winston H. Hickox, the secretary of
the California EPA, and Alan C. Lloyd, the chairman of CARB, a huge
line of electric vehicles formed up for a 30-mile road rally. Since
this is longer than the average daily commute, and since all the
vehicles had been driven to Miller Park and would have to be driven
back afterward with no opportunity to plug in, this was a pretty
strong statement of practicality! (My rented EV Plus, the first car
you can see still parked on the far left, took me 70 miles that day,
and I still had 30% of the battery's charge left when I turned the
car in.) I only had one quibble with the choice of the [AC
Propulsion](http://www.acpropulsion.com/) tzero as the pace car: usually you choose a car that's
*slower* than the others to pace a rally, right? There were
also vehicles available to the press and the public for
ride-and-drives.
I certainly had a lot of fun at the ZEVent, and I think CARB did a
pretty good job here of spreading the word about the viability of
ZEVs; I saw at least four TV cameras, and several reporters. Michael
Gardner of [Copley News
Service](http://www.copleynews.com/), which publishes my local paper the [Daily
Breeze](http://www.dailybreeze.com/), talked to me and to Greg Hanssen and Bill Mason of the
[EV1 Club](http://ev1-club.power.net/), who had driven
their EV1s up from Southern California to participate; he quoted us
as a "local angle" in his article.
I also talked with Amanda Krusoe of the EV1 marketing team, whom I
had met at the car's [third birthday party](ev1bday3.shtml)
in December 1999, and she said that GM is on track to fix the
charge-port problem that caused the recall of the first-generation
cars, to put improved lead-acid batteries (from Panasonic rather than
Delco, same as those in the second-generation cars) in them, and to
offer them for two-year leases starting in the first quarter of 2001
at $349 a month. That's cheaper than the original $399 leases, with
better batteries and without having to apply for any state or federal
incentive money (which only are available for new cars)--quite a
deal. There is a lot of interest out there in ZEVs; I stopped at the
[Towe Auto Museum](http://www.toweautomuseum.org/) just up
the road before heading back to the airport, and a guy stopped to ask
me about the EV Plus I was driving, after which he went off to Miller
Park to have a look at the others I told him about. Greg Hanssen and
Bill Mason have organized a group called the Production Electric
Vehicle Drivers Coalition ("production" as opposed to homebuilt
conversions) to drive home the point that ZEVs are practical for many
people, and that the automakers should have no trouble fulfilling the
ZEV sales mandate if they just would put as much effort into
educating the public as they've spent lobbying regulators and
lawmakers. We will all be watching CARB's actions on 7 September 2000
with great interest.
### [Back to AFV Events Page](../../events.shtml)Back
to AFV Events Page
### [Back to Fueling Station](http://www.altfuels.org/index.html)Back
to Fueling Station
### [Site Map](http://www.altfuels.org/sitemap.shtml)Site
Map
### [Contact Me](http://www.altfuels.org/general/contact.shtml)Contact
Me
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[](https://social.vivaldi.net/@altfuels)
[](https://www.facebook.com/altfueled)
[](https://www.instagram.com/altfueled)
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[](https://bsky.app/profile/altfuels.bsky.social)
[](http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/)
[](https://validator.w3.org/check?uri=referer)
All content copyright 1998-2023 by Mark Looper, except as noted.
new 19 August 2000
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<article>
<header>
<h1>A better zip bomb</h1>
<address id=contact>
<p>
David Fifield<br>
<a href="mailto:david@bamsoftware.com">david@bamsoftware.com</a>
</p>
</address>
<p>
<time>2019-07-02</time>
<small>updated <time>2019-07-03</time>, <time>2019-07-05</time>, <time>2019-07-06</time>, <time>2019-07-08</time>,
<time>2019-07-18</time>, <time>2019-07-20</time>, <time>2019-07-22</time>, <time>2019-07-24</time>,
<time>2019-08-05</time>, <time>2019-08-19</time>, <time>2019-08-22</time>, <time>2019-10-14</time>,
<time>2019-10-18</time>, <time>2019-10-30</time>, <a href="#xfinity"><time>2019-11-28</time></a>,
<a href="#flytech"><time>2020-07-28</time></a>, <time>2021-01-21</time>, <time>2021-02-02</time>,
<a href="#ios"><time>2021-05-03</time></a>, <time>2021-07-29</time>,
<a href="#42.zip-tld"><time>2023-05-18</a>
</small>
</p>
</header>
<section id=summary>
<h2>Summary</h2>
<p>
This article shows how to construct a
<em>non-recursive</em> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_bomb">zip bomb</a>
that achieves a high compression ratio by
overlapping files inside the zip container.
"Non-recursive" means that it does not rely on
a decompressor's recursively unpacking zip files nested within zip files:
it expands fully after a single round of decompression.
The output size increases quadratically in the input size,
reaching a compression ratio of over <data value="28442385.9286689">28 million</data>
(<data value="9893525">10 <abbr title=megabyte>MB</abbr></data> → <data value="281395456244934">281 <abbr title=terabyte>TB</abbr></data>)
at the limits of the zip format.
Even greater expansion is possible using
64-bit extensions.
The construction uses only the most common compression algorithm, DEFLATE,
and is compatible with most zip parsers.
</p>
<div id=download class=download>
<img src=zip.png alt="">
<table>
<tr>
<td><a href="zbsm.zip" download>zbsm.zip</a></td><td><data value="42374">42 <abbr title=kilobyte>kB</abbr></data></td><td class=op>→</td><td><data value="5461307620">5.5 <abbr title=gigabyte>GB</abbr></data></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="zblg.zip" download>zblg.zip</a></td><td><data value="9893525">10 <abbr title=megabyte>MB</abbr></data></td><td class=op>→</td><td><data value="281395456244934">281 <abbr title=terabyte>TB</abbr></data></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="zbxl.zip" download>zbxl.zip</a></td><td><data value="45876952">46 <abbr title=megabyte>MB</abbr></data></td><td class=op>→</td><td><data value="4507981427706459">4.5 <abbr title=petabyte>PB</abbr></data> (Zip64, less compatible)</td></tr>
</table>
</div>
<dl id=source>
<dt>Source code:</dt>
<dd>
<pre>git clone https://www.bamsoftware.com/git/zipbomb.git</pre>
<a href="zipbomb-20210121.zip">zipbomb-20210121.zip</a>
</dd>
<dt>Data and source for figures:</dt>
<dd>
<pre>git clone https://www.bamsoftware.com/git/zipbomb-paper.git</pre>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>
<a href="/talks/woot19-zipbomb/">Presentation video</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://habr.com/ru/post/459254/">Русский перевод</a> от <a href="https://habr.com/en/users/m1rko/">@m1rko</a>.
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://zerosun.top/2019/07/07/A-better-zip-bomb/">中文翻译</a>: 北岸冷若冰霜.
</p>
</section>
<section id=introduction>
<table id=comparison>
<!--
Uncompressed size of 42.zip not including intermediate files, only final 0.dll:
>>> 16*16*16*16*16*4294967295
4503599626321920
Uncompressed size of 42.zip including all intermediate files:
>>> 16*(34902 + 16*(29446 + 16*(32150 + 16*(165302 + 16*(4168266 + 4294967295)))))
4507981343026016
-->
<caption id=42-note>
<ul>
<li>
There are two versions of 42.zip,
an <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222083624/http://www.unforgettable.dk/">older version</a> of <data value="42374">42 374</data> bytes,
and a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301154142/http://www.unforgettable.dk/">newer version</a> of <data value="42838">42 838</data> bytes.
The difference is that the newer version requires a password before unzipping.
We compare only against the older version.
Here is a copy if you need it:
<a href="42.zip" download>42.zip</a>.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
</p>
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<td colspan=2></td>
<th colspan=2 class="nonrec top">non-recursive</th>
<th colspan=2 class="rec top">recursive</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<th class=r>zipped size</th>
<th class="nonrec r">unzipped size</th>
<th class="nonrec r">ratio</th>
<th class="rec r">unzipped size</th>
<th class="rec r">ratio</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th><a href="https://research.swtch.com/zip">Cox quine</a></th>
<td><data value="440">440</data></td>
<td class=nonrec><data value="440">440</data></td>
<td class=nonrec><data value="1.0">1.0</data></td>
<td class=rec><data value="∞">∞</data></td>
<td class=rec><data value="∞">∞</data></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130230432/http://www.steike.com/code/useless/zip-file-quine/">Ellingsen quine</a></th>
<td><data value="28809">28 809</data></td>
<td class=nonrec><data value="42569">42 569</data></td>
<td class=nonrec><data value="1.4776285188656322">1.5</data></td>
<td class=rec><data value="∞">∞</data></td>
<td class=rec><data value="∞">∞</data></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="https://www.unforgettable.dk/">42.zip</a></th>
<td><a href=#42-note class=footnote>*</a><data value="42374">42 374</data></td>
<td class=nonrec><data value="558432">558 432</data></td>
<td class=nonrec><data value="13.17864728371171">13.2</data></td>
<td class=rec><data value="4507981343026016">4 507 981 343 026 016</data></td>
<td class=rec><data value="106385551116.86449">106 billion</data></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>this technique</th>
<td><data value="42374">42 374</data></td>
<td class=nonrec><data value="5461307620">5 461 307 620</data></td>
<td class=nonrec><data value="128883.45730872705">129 thousand</data></td>
<td class=rec><data value="5461307620">5 461 307 620</data></td>
<td class=rec><data value="128883.45730872705">129 thousand</data></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>this technique</th>
<td><data value="9893525">9 893 525</data></td>
<td class=nonrec><data value="281395456244934">281 395 456 244 934</data></td>
<td class=nonrec><data value="28442385.9286689">28 million</data></td>
<td class=rec><data value="281395456244934">281 395 456 244 934</data></td>
<td class=rec><data value="28442385.9286689">28 million</data></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>this technique <small>(Zip64)</small></th>
<td><data value="45876952">45 876 952</data></td>
<td class=nonrec><data value="4507981427706459">4 507 981 427 706 459</data></td>
<td class=nonrec><data value="98262444.01996146">98 million</data></td>
<td class=rec><data value="4507981427706459">4 507 981 427 706 459</data></td>
<td class=rec><data value="98262444.01996146">98 million</data></td>
</tr>
<!--
<tr>
<th>this technique<br><small>(Zip64, less compatible)</small></th>
<td><data value="2961656712">2 961 656 712</data></td>
<td class=nonrec><data value="18446744085437447493">18 446 744 085 437 447 493</data></td>
<td class=nonrec><data value="6228522033.190134">6 billion</data></td>
<td class=rec><data value="18446744085437447493">18 446 744 085 437 447 493</data></td>
<td class=rec><data value="6228522033.190134">6 billion</data></td>
</tr>
-->
</tbody>
</table>
<aside>
<p>
I would like to know/credit the maker of
42.zip but haven't been able to find a source—<a href=#contact>let me know</a>
if you have any info.
There's a reference to 42.zip already in
<a href="https://seclists.org/vuln-dev/2001/Jun/159">a vuln-dev post
from <time>2001-06-19</time></a>.
<!-- https://www.securityfocus.com/bid/3027/info -->
</p>
</aside>
<aside id=42.zip-tld>
<p>
On <a href="https://crt.sh/?id=9400699302"><time>2023-05-16</time></a>
there appeared <a href="https://42.zip/">https://42.zip/</a>
using the then-new <a href="https://domains.google/tld/zip/">.zip</a> TLD.
The web server there naturally serves a copy of 42.zip.
The Wayback Machine has a copy timestamped
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516165108/https://42.zip/"><time>2023-05-16 16:51:08</time></a>.
I made a copy here: <a href="tld/42.zip">42.zip</a>.
</p>
<p>
This 42.zip is a little different than the one I compared against.
Its total compressed size is <data value="42790">42 790</data> bytes
rather than <data value="42374">42 374</data> bytes.
I suspect it is less original than the one I used,
the evidence from timestamps:
the timestamps increase as you go from the bottom level to the top,
but in the <data value="42790">42 790</data>-byte file,
the top "lib" level jumps 8 hours backwards.
In fact, it is <em>exactly</em> 8 hours behind the 42.zip I used,
which makes me suspect that at some point
someone uncompressed and re-compressed the original in a different time zone.
</p>
<p>
By <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526223103/http://42.zip/"><time>2023-05-26</time></a>
the zip bomb had gone and the server response changed to just <code><html>hello</html></code>.
</p>
<table>
<tr>
<th>layer</th>
<th><data value="42374">42 374</data> bytes</th>
<th><data value="42790">42 790</data> bytes</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>lib</td>
<td><time>2000-03-28 21:40:54</time></td>
<td><mark><time>2000-03-28 13:40:54</time></mark></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>book</td>
<td><time>2000-03-28 21:38:30</time></td>
<td><time>2000-03-28 21:38:30</time></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>chapter</td>
<td><time>2000-03-28 21:36:28</time></td>
<td><time>2000-03-28 21:36:28</time></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>doc</td>
<td><time>2000-03-28 21:34:08</time></td>
<td><time>2000-03-28 21:34:08</time></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>page</td>
<td><time>2000-03-28 19:49:08</time></td>
<td><time>2000-03-28 19:49:08</time></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>0.dll</td>
<td><time>2000-03-28 18:03:14</time></td>
<td><time>2000-03-28 18:03:14</time></td>
</tr>
</table>
</aside>
<p>
Compression bombs that use the zip format
must cope with the fact that DEFLATE,
the compression algorithm most commonly supported by zip parsers,
<a href="https://www.zlib.net/zlib_tech.html">cannot achieve</a> a compression ratio greater than 1032.
For this reason, zip bombs typically rely on recursive decompression,
nesting zip files within zip files to get an extra factor of 1032 with each layer.
But the trick only works on implementations that
unzip recursively, and most do not.
The best-known zip bomb,
<a href="https://www.unforgettable.dk/">42.zip</a>,
expands to a formidable <data value="4507981343026016">4.5 <abbr title=petabyte>PB</abbr></data>
if all six of its layers are recursively unzipped,
but a trifling <data value="558432">0.6 <abbr title=megabyte>MB</abbr></data> at the top layer.
Zip quines,
like those of <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130230432/http://www.steike.com/code/useless/zip-file-quine/">Ellingsen</a>
and <a href="https://research.swtch.com/zip">Cox</a>,
which contain a copy of themselves
and thus expand infinitely if recursively unzipped,
are likewise perfectly safe to unzip once.
</p>
<p>
This article shows how to construct a non-recursive zip bomb
whose compression ratio surpasses the DEFLATE limit of 1032.
It works by overlapping files inside the zip container,
in order to reference a "kernel" of highly compressed data
in multiple files,
without making multiple copies of it.
The zip bomb's output size grows quadratically in the input size; i.e.,
the compression ratio gets better as the bomb gets bigger.
The construction depends on features of both zip and DEFLATE—it
is not directly portable to other file formats or compression algorithms.
It is compatible with most zip parsers,
the exceptions being "streaming" parsers that
parse in one pass without first consulting the zip file's central directory.
We try to balance
two conflicting goals:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
Maximize the compression ratio.
We define the compression ratio as the the sum of the sizes
of all the files contained the in the zip file,
divided by the size of the zip file itself.
It does not count filenames or other filesystem metadata,
only contents.
</li>
<li>
Be compatible.
Zip is a tricky format and parsers differ, especially
around edge cases and optional features.
Avoid taking advantage of tricks that only work with certain parsers.
We will remark on certain ways to increase the efficiency of the zip bomb
that come with some loss of compatibility.
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id=zip>
<h2>Structure of a zip file</h2>
<p>
A zip file consists of
a <em>central directory</em> which references
<em>files</em>.
</p>
<figure id=fig-normal>
<picture>
<source srcset=normal.svg type="image/svg+xml">
<img src=normal.png alt="A block diagram of the structure of a zip file. The central directory header consists of three central directory headers labeled CDH[1] (README), CDH[1] (Makefile), and CDH[3] (demo.c). The central directory headers point backwards to three local file headers LFH[1] (README), LFH[2] (Makefile), and LFH[3] (demo.c). Each local file header is joined with file data. The three joined blocks of (local file header, file data) are labeled file 1, file 2, and file 3.">
</picture>
</figure>
<p>
The central directory is at the end of the zip file.
It is a list of <em>central directory headers</em>.
Each central directory header contains metadata for a single file,
like its filename and CRC-32 checksum,
and a backwards pointer to a local file header.
A central directory header is 46 bytes long,
plus the length of the filename.
</p>
<p>
A file consists of a <em>local file header</em>
followed by compressed <em>file data</em>.
The local file header is 30 bytes long,
plus the length of the filename.
It contains a redundant copy
of the metadata from the central directory header,
and the compressed and uncompressed sizes of the file data
that follows.
Zip is a container format, not a compression algorithm.
Each file's data is compressed
using an algorithm specified in the metadata—usually <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1951">DEFLATE</a>.
</p>
<aside>
<p>
The many redundancies and ambiguities in the zip format
allow for all kinds of mischief.
The zip bomb is just scratching the surface.
Links for further reading:
</p>
<ul>
<!-- https://doc.dustri.org/misc/Ten%20thousand%20security%20pitfalls:%20The%20ZIP%20file%20format.%20-%20Gynvael%20Coldwind%20-%20Technische%20Hochschule%20Ingolstadt,%202018.pdf -->
<li><p><a href="https://gynvael.coldwind.pl/?id=682">Ten thousand security pitfalls: The ZIP file format</a>, talk by Gynvael Coldwind</p></li>
<li><p><a href="https://games.greggman.com/game/zip-rant/">Zip - How not to design a file format</a>, by Gregg Tavares</p></li>
<li><p><a href="/sec/mozilla/#1534483">Ambiguous zip parsing allows hiding add-on files from linter and reviewers</a>, a vulnerability I found in addons.mozilla.org</p></li>
</ul>
</aside>
<p>
This description of the zip format omits many details that
are not needed for understanding the zip bomb.
For full information,
refer to
<a href="https://pkware.cachefly.net/webdocs/casestudies/APPNOTE.TXT">section 4.3 of APPNOTE.TXT</a>
or <a href="https://users.cs.jmu.edu/buchhofp/forensics/formats/pkzip.html">The structure of a PKZip file</a> by Florian Buchholz,
or see the <a href=#source>source code</a>.
</p>
</section>
<section id=overlap>
<h2>The first insight: overlapping files</h2>
<p>
By compressing a long string of repeated bytes,
we can produce a <em>kernel</em>
of highly compressed data.
By itself, the kernel's compression ratio cannot
exceed the DEFLATE limit of 1032,
so we want a way to reuse the kernel in many files,
without making a separate copy of it in each file.
We can do it by overlapping files:
making many central directory headers point to
a single file, whose data is the kernel.
</p>
<figure id=fig-overlap>
<picture>
<source srcset=overlap.svg type="image/svg+xml">
<img src=overlap.png alt="A block diagram of a zip file with fully overlapping files. The central directory header consists of central directory headers CDH[1], CDH[2], ..., CDH[N−1], CDH[N], with filenames A, B, ..., Y, Z. There is a single local file header LFH[1] with filename A whose file data is a compressed kernel. Every one of the central directory headers points backwards to the same local file header, LFH[1]. The lone file is multiply labeled file 1, file 2, ..., file N−1, file N.">
</picture>
</figure>
<p>
Let's look at an example to see how this construction affects the compression ratio.
Suppose the kernel is <data value="1000">1000 bytes</data> and
decompresses to <data value="1000000">1 <abbr title=megabyte>MB</abbr></data>.
Then the first <data value="1000000"><abbr title=megabyte>MB</abbr></data> of output "costs"
<data value="1078">1078 bytes</data> of input:
</p>
<ul>
<li><data value="31">31 bytes</data> for a local file header (including a 1-byte filename)</li>
<li><data value="47">47 bytes</data> for a central directory header (including a 1-byte filename)</li>
<li><data value="1000">1000 bytes</data> for the kernel itself</li>
</ul>
<p>
But every <data value="1000000">1 <abbr title=megabyte>MB</abbr></data> of output
after the first costs only <data value="47">47 bytes</data>—we don't need another local file header or another copy of the kernel,
only an additional central directory header.
So while the first reference of the kernel has a compression ratio of
1 000 000 / 1078 ≈ 928,
each additional reference pulls the ratio closer to
1 000 000 / 47 ≈ 21 277.
A bigger kernel raises the ceiling.
</p>
<p>
The problem with this idea is a lack of compatibility.
Because many central directory headers point to a single local file header,
the metadata—specifically the filename—cannot match for every file.
Some parsers <a href=#compatibility>balk at that</a>.
<a href="http://infozip.sourceforge.net/UnZip.html">Info-ZIP UnZip</a>
(the standard Unix <code>unzip</code> program)
extracts the files, but with warnings:
</p>
<figure>
<pre>
$ <kbd>unzip overlap.zip</kbd>
<samp> inflating: A
B: mismatching "local" filename (A),
continuing with "central" filename version
inflating: B
<i>...</i></samp>
</pre>
</figure>
<p>
And the Python <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/zipfile.html">zipfile</a> module
<a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.7.0/Lib/zipfile.py#L1486-L1489">throws an exception</a>:
</p>
<figure>
<pre>
$ <kbd>python3 -m zipfile -e overlap.zip .</kbd>
<samp>Traceback (most recent call last):
<i>...</i>
__main__.BadZipFile: File name in directory 'B' and header b'A' differ.</samp>
</pre>
</figure>
<!--
<p>
We could make every central directory header have the same filename
as the local file header, but that too is unsatisfying
because it means that if extracted to disk,
all the files will just overwrite each other and not take up more space
than a single file.
</p>
-->
<p>
Next we will see how to modify the construction
for consistency of filenames,
while still retaining most of the advantage
of overlapping files.
</p>
</section>
<section id=quote>
<h2>The second insight: quoting local file headers</h2>
<p>
We need to separate the local file headers for each file,
while still reusing a single kernel.
Simply concatenating all the local file headers does not work,
because the zip parser will find a local file header
where it expects to find the beginning of a DEFLATE stream.
But the idea will work, with a minor modification.
We'll use a feature of DEFLATE, non-compressed blocks,
to "quote" local file headers
so that they appear to be part of the same DEFLATE stream
that terminates in the kernel.
Every local file header
(except the first)
will be interpreted in two ways:
as code (part of the structure of the zip file)
and as data (part of the contents of a file).
</p>
<figure id=fig-quote>
<picture>
<source srcset=quote.svg type="image/svg+xml">
<img src=quote.png alt="A block diagram of a zip file with quoted local file headers. The central directory header consists of central directory headers CDH[1], CDH[2], ..., CDH[N−1], CDH[N], with filenames A, B, ..., Y, Z. The central directory headers point to corresponding local file headers LFH[1], LFH[2], ..., LFH[N−1], LFH[N] with filenames A, B, ..., Y, Z. The files are drawn and labeled to show that file 1 does not end before file 2 begins; rather file 1 contains file 2, file 2 contains file 3, and so on. There is a small green-colored space between LFH[1] and LFH[2], and between LFH[2] and LFH[3], etc., to stand for quoting the following local file header using an uncompressed DEFLATE block. The file data of the final file, whose local file header is LFH[N] and whose filename is Z, does not contain any other files, only the compressed kernel.">
</picture>
</figure>
<p>
A DEFLATE stream is a sequence of
<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1951#section-3.2.3">blocks</a>,
where each block may be compressed or non-compressed.
Compressed blocks are what we usually think of;
for example the kernel is one big compressed block.
But there are also non-compressed blocks,
which start with a
<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1951#section-3.2.4">5-byte header</a>
with a length field that means simply, "output the next <var>n</var> bytes verbatim."
Decompressing a non-compressed block means only stripping the 5-byte header.
Compressed and non-compressed blocks may be intermixed freely
in a DEFLATE stream.
The output is the concatenation of
decompressing all the blocks in order.
The "non-compressed" notion only has meaning at the DEFLATE layer;
the file data still counts as "compressed" at the zip layer,
no matter what kind of blocks are used.
</p>
<p>
It is easiest to understand this quoted-overlap construction from the inside out,
beginning with the last file and working backwards to the first.
Start by inserting the kernel, which will form the end of file data for every file.
Prepend a local file header LFH<sub><var>N</var></sub>
and add a central directory header CDH<sub><var>N</var></sub> that points to it.
Set the "compressed size" metadata field in the LFH<sub><var>N</var></sub> and CDH<sub><var>N</var></sub> to the compressed size of the kernel.
Now prepend a 5-byte non-compressed block header (colored green in the diagram)
whose length field is equal to the size of LFH<sub><var>N</var></sub>.
Prepend a second local file header LFH<sub><var>N</var>−1</sub>
and add a central directory header CDH<sub><var>N</var>−1</sub> that points to it.
Set the "compressed size" metadata field in both of the new headers to the compressed size of the kernel
<em>plus</em> the size of the non-compressed block header (5 bytes)
<em>plus</em> the size of LFH<sub><var>N</var></sub>.
</p>
<aside id=giant-steps>
<p>
<time>2019-08-22</time>:
There's an additional minor optimization possible
that I didn't originally think of.
Instead of only quoting the immediately following local file header,
quote as many local file headers as possible—including
their own quoting blocks—up to the limit of
65535 bytes per non-compressed block.
The advantage is that the quoting blocks between local file headers
now additionally become part of the output file,
gaining 5 bytes of output for each one we manage to include.
It's a small optimization, gaining only <data value="154380">154 380</data> bytes
in zbsm.zip, or 0.003%.
(Far less than <a href=#extra>extra-field quoting</a> gains.)
The <code>--giant-steps</code> option in the <a href=#source>source code</a> activates this feature.
</p>
<figure>
<a href=giant-steps.jpg>
<picture>
<img src=giant-steps.jpg alt="An illustration of giant-steps quoting. Each DEFLATE block quotes three following local file headers and the two DEFLATE blocks between them, and links up with the third DEFLATE block fllowing. The exception is the last two DEFLATE blocks, which only jump ahead two and one steps, because that's all there's room for.">
</picture>
</a>
</figure>
<p>
The giant-steps feature only pays when you are not constrained by maximum output file size.
In zblg.zip, we actually want to slow file growth as much as possible
so that the smallest file, containing the kernel, can be as large as possible.
Using giant steps in zblg.zip actually decreases the compression ratio.
</p>
<p>
I credit <a href="https://twitter.com/kevinafarrow">Kevin Farrow</a>
for sparking the idea for this enhancement
during a <a href="/talks/denhac-zipbomb/">dc303 talk</a>.
Carlos Javier González Cortés (Lethani) also hit on the idea in
<a href="https://hackinglethani.com/zip-bombs-iii/">his article</a>
(<a href="https://hackinglethani.com/es/bombas-zip-iii/">Español</a>)
on overlapped zip bombs.
</p>
</aside>
<p>
At this point the zip file contains two files, named "Y" and "Z".
Let's walk through what a zip parser would see while parsing it.
Suppose the compressed size of the kernel is 1000 bytes
and the size of LFH<sub><var>N</var></sub> is 31 bytes.
We start at CDH<sub><var>N</var>−1</sub>
and follow the pointer to LFH<sub><var>N</var>−1</sub>.
The first file's filename is "Y" and
the compressed size of its file data is 1036 bytes.
Interpreting the next 1036 bytes as a DEFLATE stream,
we first encounter the 5-byte header of a non-compressed block
that says to copy the next 31 bytes.
We write the next 31 bytes,
which are LFH<sub><var>N</var></sub>,
which we decompress and append to file "Y".
Moving on in the DEFLATE stream, we find a compressed block (the kernel),
which we decompress to file "Y".
Now we have reached the end of the compressed data and are done with file "Y".
Proceeding to the next file, we follow the pointer from CDH<sub><var>N</var></sub>
to LFH<sub><var>N</var></sub> and find a file named "Z"
whose compressed size is 1000 bytes.
Interpreting those 1000 bytes as a DEFLATE stream,
we immediately encounter a compressed block (the kernel again)
and decompress it to the file "Z".
Now we have reached the end of the final file and are done.
The output file "Z" contains the decompressed kernel;
the output file "Y" is the same, but additionally prefixed by
the 31 bytes of
LFH<sub><var>N</var></sub>.
</p>
<p>
We complete the construction by repeating the quoting procedure
until the zip file contains the desired number of files.
Each new file adds a central directory header,
a local file header,
and a non-compressed block to quote the immediately succeeding local file header.
Compressed file data is generally a chain of DEFLATE non-compressed blocks
(the quoted local file headers)
followed by the compressed kernel.
Each byte in the kernel contributes about
1032 <var>N</var> to the output size,
because each byte is part of all <var>N</var> files.
The output files are not all the same size:
those that appear earlier in the zip file
are larger than those that appear later,
because they contain more quoted local file headers.
The contents of the output files are not particularly meaningful,
but no one said they had to make sense.
</p>
<p>
This quoted-overlap construction has better compatibility
than the full-overlap construction of the previous section,
but the compatibility comes at the expense of the compression ratio.
There, each added file cost only a central directory header;
here, it costs a central directory header,
a local file header,
and another 5 bytes for the quoting header.
</p>
<!--
<figure>
<pre>
File "A": compressed size 1900, uncompressed size 1000775
Non-compressed block header for the next 31 bytes
...
File "X": compressed size 1072, uncompressed size 1000062
Non-compressed block header for the next 31 bytes
File "Y": compressed size 1036, uncompressed size 1000031
Non-compressed block header for the next 31 bytes
File "Z": compressed size 1000, uncompressed size 1000000
Kernel
Central Directory Header "A"
...
Central Directory Header "X"
Central Directory Header "Y"
Central Directory Header "Z"
</pre>
</figure>
-->
</section>
<section id=optimization>
<h2>Optimization</h2>
<p>
Now that we have the basic zip bomb construction,
we will try to make it as efficient as possible.
We want to answer two questions:
</p>
<ul>
<li>For a given zip file size, what is the maximum compression ratio?</li>
<li>What is the maximum compression ratio, given the limits of the zip format?</li>
</ul>
<section id=bulkdeflate>
<h3>Kernel compression</h3>
<p>
It pays to compress the kernel as densely as possible,
because every decompressed byte gets magnified by a factor of <var>N</var>.
To that end, we use a custom DEFLATE compressor
called bulk_deflate,
specialized for compressing
a string of repeated bytes.
</p>
<!--
engine compressed_size max_uncompressed_size
1: bulk_deflate 21090 21749401
2: zlib 21090 21723602
3: zopfli 21090 21734018
-->
<p>
All decent DEFLATE compressors will approach a compression ratio of 1032
when given an infinite stream of repeating bytes,
but we care more about specific finite sizes
than asymptotics.
bulk_deflate compresses more data
into the same space than the general-purpose compressors:
about 26 kB more than zlib and Info-ZIP,
and about 15 kB more than
<a href="https://github.com/google/zopfli">Zopfli</a>,
a compressor that trades speed for density.
</p>
<figure id=max_uncompressed_size>
<picture>
<source srcset=max_uncompressed_size.svg type="image/svg+xml">
<img src=max_uncompressed_size.png alt="A scatterplot showing the maximum uncompressed data for a given DEFLATE stream size, for four compression engines: bulk_deflate, Zopfli, zlib, and Info-ZIP. The points form three lines because zlib and Info-ZIP were identical. All three lines have a slope of 1032. For a given DEFLATE stream size, bulk_deflate compresses about 15 kB more than Zopfli, and Zopfli compresses about 10 kB more than zlib/Info-ZIP.">
</picture>
</figure>
<p>
The price of bulk_deflate's high compression ratio is a lack of generality.
bulk_deflate can only compress strings of a single repeated byte,
and only those of specific lengths,
namely 517 + 258 <var>k</var> for integer <var>k</var> ≥ 0.
Besides compressing densely, bulk_deflate is fast,
doing essentially constant work regardless of the input size,
aside from the work of actually writing out the compressed string.
</p>
</section>
<section id=filenames>
<h3>Filenames</h3>
<aside>
<p>
Every byte spent on a filename is 2 bytes not spent on the kernel.
(2 because each filename appears twice, in the central directory header and the local file header.)
A filename byte results in, on average,
only (<var>N</var> + 1) / 4 bytes of output,
while a byte in the kernel counts for 1032 <var>N</var>.
</p>
</aside>
<p>
For our purposes, filenames are mostly dead weight.
While filenames do contribute something to the output size
by virtue of being part of quoted local file headers,
a byte in a filename does not contribute nearly as much
as a byte in the kernel.
We want filenames to be as short as possible,
while keeping them all distinct,
and subject to compatibility considerations.
</p>
<aside>
<p>
Examples:
<a href="https://bugs.python.org/issue10614">1</a>
<a href="https://bugs.python.org/issue10972">2</a>
<a href="https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl/issues/84">3</a>
</p>
</aside>
<p>
The first compatibility consideration is character encoding.
The zip format specification states that filenames
are to be interpreted as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_437">CP 437</a>,
or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8">UTF-8</a> if a certain flag bit is set
(<a href="https://pkware.cachefly.net/webdocs/casestudies/APPNOTE.TXT">APPNOTE.TXT Appendix D</a>).
But this is a major point of incompatibility
across zip parsers,
which may interpret filenames as being in
some fixed or locale-specific encoding.
So for compatibility, we must limit ourselves to characters
that have the same encoding in both
CP 437 and UTF-8;
namely, the 95 printable characters of US-ASCII.
</p>
<aside>
<p>
One thing I didn't consider is
<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/fileio/naming-a-file#naming-conventions">Windows
reserved filenames like "PRN" and "NUL"</a>.
</p>
</aside>
<p>
We are further restricted by filesystem naming limitations.
Some filesystems are case-insensitive, so "a" and "A" do not count as distinct names.
Common filesystems like FAT32
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems#Limits">prohibit certain characters</a>
like '*' and '?'.
</p>
<p>
As a safe but not necessarily optimal compromise,
our zip bomb will use filenames consisting of characters
drawn from a 36-character alphabet
that does not
rely on case distinctions
or use special characters:
</p>
<figure>
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
</figure>
<p>
Filenames are generated in the obvious way,
cycling each position through the possible characters
and adding a position on overflow:
</p>
<figure>
"0", "1", "2", …, "Z",<br>
"00", "01", "02", …, "0Z",<br>
…,<br>
"Z0", "Z1", "Z2", …, "ZZ",<br>
"000", "001", "002", …
</figure>
<p>
There are 36 filenames of length 1,
36<sup>2</sup> filenames of length 2, and so on.
The length of the <var>n</var>th filename is
⌊log<sub>36</sub>((<var>n</var> + 1) / (36 / 35))⌋ + 1.
<!--
The sum of the lengths of the first <var>n</var> filenames is
<var>d</var><var>n</var> − ((36<sup><var>d</var></sup> − 1) ⋅ (36 / 35<sup>2</sup>) − <var>d</var> / 35),
where <var>d</var> = ⌊log<sub>36</sub>(<var>n</var> / (36 / 35))⌋.
-->
Four bytes are enough to represent
<data value="1727604">1 727 604</data> distinct filenames.
</p>
<p>
Given that the <var>N</var> filenames in the zip file
are generally not all of the same length,
which way should we order them,
shortest to longest or longest to shortest?
A little reflection shows that it is better to
put the longest names last, because those names are the most quoted.
Ordering filenames longest last
adds over <data value="929872440">900 <abbr title=megabyte>MB</abbr></data> of output
to <a href=#allocation>zblg.zip</a>,
compared to ordering them longest first.
It is a minor optimization, though,
as those <data value="929872440">900 <abbr title=megabyte>MB</abbr></data>
comprise only <data value="0.000003304504104">0.0003%</data>
of the total output size.
</p>
<!--
$ unzip -l zblg.zip | tail -n 1
281395456244934 65534 files
$ unzip -l zblg.rev.zip | tail -n 1
281394526372494 65534 files
$ python
>>> 281395456244934 - 281394526372494
929872440
>>> 929872440 / 281395456244934. * 100
0.00033045041039703735
-->
</section>
<section id=allocation>
<h3>Kernel size</h3>
<p>
The quoted-overlap construction
allows us to place a compressed kernel of data,
and then cheaply copy it many times.
For a given zip file size <var>X</var>,
how much space should we devote to storing the kernel,
and how much to making copies?
</p>
<p>
To find the optimum balance,
we only have to optimize the single variable <var>N</var>,
the number of files in the zip file.
Every value of <var>N</var> requires
a certain amount of overhead for
central directory headers,
local file headers,
quoting block headers, and filenames.
All the remaining space can be taken up by the kernel.
Because <var>N</var> has to be an integer,
and you can only fit so many files
before the kernel size drops to zero,
it suffices to test every possible value of <var>N</var>
and select the one that yields the most output.
</p>
<p>
Applying the optimization procedure to <var>X</var> = 42 374,
the size of 42.zip,
finds a maximum at <var>N</var> = 250.
Those 250 files require <data value="21195">21 195</data> bytes of overhead,
leaving <data value="21179">21 179</data> bytes for the kernel.
A kernel of that size decompresses to <data value="21841249">21 841 249</data> bytes
(a ratio of <data value="1031.2691345200435">1031.3</data>).
The 250 copies of the decompressed kernel,
plus the little bit extra that comes from the quoted local file headers,
produces an overall unzipped output of
5 461 307 620 bytes
and a compression ratio of <data value="128883.45730872705">129 thousand</data>.
<div id=download-zbsm class=download>
<a href="zbsm.zip" download><img src=zip.png alt=""> zbsm.zip</a>
<span><data value="42374">42 <abbr title=kilobyte>kB</abbr></data> → <data value="5461307620">5.5 <abbr title=gigabyte>GB</abbr></data></span>
<pre>zipbomb --mode=quoted_overlap --num-files=250 --compressed-size=21179 > zbsm.zip</pre>
</div>
<p>
Optimization produced an almost even split
between the space allocated to the kernel
and the space allocated to file headers.
It is not a coincidence.
Let's look at a simplified model of the quoted-overlap construction.
In the simplified model,
we ignore filenames,
as well as the slight increase in output file size
due to quoting local file headers.
Analysis of the simplified model will show that the optimum
split between kernel and file headers is approximately even,
and that the output size grows quadratically
when allocation is optimal.
</p>
<p>
Define some constants and variables:
</p>
<figure>
<table class=eqnarray>
<tr>
<td><var>X</var></td><td></td><td>zip file size (take as fixed)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><var>N</var></td><td></td><td>number of files in the zip file (variable to optimize)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CDH</td><td> = 46</td><td>size of a central directory header (without filename)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LFH</td><td> = 30</td><td>size of a local file header (without filename)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Q</td><td> = 5</td><td>the size of DEFLATE non-compressed block header</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C</td><td> ≈ 1032</td><td>compression ratio of the kernel</td>
</tr>
</table>
</figure>
<!--
JACAL session to do the algebra and calculus:
# S_X(N)
e1 : C * N * (X - (N * (LFH + CDH) + (N - 1) * Q)));
^
2 2
e1: (- C CDH - C LFH) N + (C N - C N ) Q + C N X
# S_X(N) as a polynomial in N
e2 : coeffs(e1, N);
e2: [0, C Q + C X, - C CDH - C LFH - C Q]
# S'_X(N)
e3 : diff(e1, N);
e3: (- 2 C CDH - 2 C LFH) N + (C - 2 C N) Q + C X
# S'_X(N) as a polynomial in N
e4 : coeffs(e3, N);
e4: [C Q + C X, - 2 C CDH - 2 C LFH - 2 C Q]
# Solve S'_X(N) = 0. e5 == N_OPT
e5 : suchthat(N, e3);
Q + X
e5: - - - - - - - - - -
2 CDH + 2 LFH + 2 Q
# H(N_OPT)
e6 : e5 * (LFH + CDH) + (e5 - 1) * Q;
- Q + X
e6: - - - -
2
# S_X(N_OPT)
e7 : -C * (CDH + LFH + Q) * e5^2 + C * (Q + X) * e5;
2 2
C Q + 2 C Q X + C X
e7: - - - - - - - - - - -
4 CDH + 4 LFH + 4 Q
-->
<p>
Let <var>H</var>(<var>N</var>)
be the amount of header overhead required by <var>N</var> files.
Refer to
<a href=#fig-quote>the diagram</a>
to understand where this formula comes from.
</p>
<figure>
<table class=eqnarray>
<tr>
<td><var>H</var>(<var>N</var>)</td><td> = <var>N</var> ⋅ (CDH + LFH) + (<var>N</var> − 1) ⋅ Q</td>
</tr>
</table>
</figure>
<p>
The space remaining for the kernel is
<var>X</var> − <var>H</var>(<var>N</var>).
The total unzipped size
<var>S</var><sub><var>X</var></sub>(<var>N</var>)
is the size of <var>N</var> copies
of the kernel,
decompressed at ratio C.
(In this simplified model we ignore
the minor additional expansion from quoted local file headers.)
</p>
<figure>
<table class=eqnarray>
<tr>
<td><var>S</var><sub><var>X</var></sub>(<var>N</var>)</td><td> = (<var>X</var> − <var>H</var>(<var>N</var>)) C <var>N</var></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td> = (<var>X</var> − (<var>N</var> ⋅ (CDH + LFH) + (<var>N</var> − 1) ⋅ Q)) C <var>N</var></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td> = −(CDH + LFH + Q) C <var>N</var><sup>2</sup> + (<var>X</var> + Q) C <var>N</var></td>
</tr>
</table>
</figure>
<p>
<var>S</var><sub><var>X</var></sub>(<var>N</var>) is a polynomial in <var>N</var>,
so its maximum must be at a place where the derivative
<var>S</var>′<sub><var>X</var></sub>(<var>N</var>)
is zero.
Taking the derivative and finding the zero gives us
<var>N</var><sub>OPT</sub>,
the optimal number of files.
</p>
<figure>
<table class=eqnarray>
<tr>
<td><var>S</var>′<sub><var>X</var></sub>(<var>N</var><sub>OPT</sub>)</td><td> = −2 (CDH + LFH + Q) C <var>N</var><sub>OPT</sub> + (<var>X</var> + Q) C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>0<td> = −2 (CDH + LFH + Q) C <var>N</var><sub>OPT</sub> + (<var>X</var> + Q) C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><var>N</var><sub>OPT</sub></td><td> = (<var>X</var> + Q) / (CDH + LFH + Q) / 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</figure>
<p>
<var>H</var>(<var>N</var><sub>OPT</sub>)
gives the optimal amount of space to allocate for file headers.
It is independent of CDH, LFH, and C,
and is close to <var>X</var> / 2.
</p>
<figure>
<table class=eqnarray>
<tr>
<td><var>H</var>(<var>N</var><sub>OPT</sub>)</td><td> = <var>N</var><sub>OPT</sub> ⋅ (CDH + LFH) + (<var>N</var><sub>OPT</sub> − 1) ⋅ Q</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td> = (<var>X</var> − Q) / 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</figure>
<p>
<var>S</var><sub><var>X</var></sub>(<var>N</var><sub>OPT</sub>)
is the total unzipped size
when the allocation is optimal.
From this we see that the output size grows quadratically
in the input size.
</p>
<figure id=eq-S_X_N_OPT>
<table class=eqnarray>
<tr>
<td>
<var>S</var><sub><var>X</var></sub>(<var>N</var><sub>OPT</sub>)</td><td> = (<var>X</var> + Q)<sup>2</sup> C / (CDH + LFH + Q) / 4</td>
</tr>
</table>
</figure>
<aside>
<p>
It's a little more complicated,
because the precise limits depend on the implementation.
Python zipfile
<a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.7.0/Lib/zipfile.py#L1285-L1286">ignores</a>
the number of files.
Go archive/zip
<a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commit/38e512824336971bcb3d067ad46d01728501b959">allows</a>
larger file counts, as long as they are equal in the lower 16 bits.
But for broad compatibility,
we have to stick to the limits as stated.
</p>
</aside>
<p>
As we make the zip file larger,
eventually we run into the limits of the zip format.
A zip file can contain at most 2<sup>16</sup> − 1 files,
and each file can have an uncompressed size of at most 2<sup>32</sup> − 1 bytes.
Worse than that,
<a href=#compatibility>some implementations</a>
take the maximum possible values
as an indicator of the presence of <a href=#zip64>64-bit extensions</a>,
so our limits are actually 2<sup>16</sup> − 2 and 2<sup>32</sup> − 2.
<!--
https://github.com/golang/go/commit/4aedbf5be4631693f774063410707ef467ca78e7
https://github.com/golang/go/commit/b6c5edae7c0e9dd6d12dbb8f1c9638dea45f9464
-->
It happens that the first limit we hit is the one on uncompressed file size.
At a zip file size of 8 319 377 bytes,
naive optimization would give us a file count of 47 837
and a largest file of
2<sup>32</sup> + 311 bytes.
</p>
<!--
$compressed_size
[1] 4160277
$num_files
[1] 47837
[1] "zipped size" "8319377"
[1] "unzipped size" "205420672417247"
[1] 4294967607
-->
<p>
Accepting that we cannot increase <var>N</var> nor the size of the kernel without bound,
we would like find the maximum compression ratio achievable
while remaining within the limits of the zip format.
The way to proceed is to make the kernel as large as possible,
and have the maximum number of files.
Even though we can no longer maintain the roughly even split
between kernel and file headers,
each added file <em>does</em> increase the compression ratio—just
not as fast as it would if we were able to keep growing the kernel, too.
In fact, as we add files we will need to <em>decrease</em> the size of the kernel
to make room for the maximum file size
that gets slightly larger with each added file.
</p>
<p>
The plan results in a zip file
that contains 2<sup>16</sup> − 2 files and a kernel that decompresses
to 2<sup>32</sup> − 2 178 825 bytes.
Files get longer towards the beginning of the zip file—the
first and largest file decompresses to
2<sup>32</sup> − 56 bytes.
That is as close as we can get using the coarse
output sizes of bulk_deflate—encoding
the final 54 bytes would cost more bytes than they are worth.
(The zip file as a whole has a compression ratio
of 28 million, and the final 54 bytes would gain
at most 54 ⋅ 1032 ⋅ (2<sup>16</sup> − 2) ≈ <data value="3652078752">36.5 million bytes</data>,
so it only helps if the 54 bytes can be encoded
in 1 byte—I could not do it in less than 2.)
The output size of this zip bomb, 281 395 456 244 934 bytes,
is 99.97% of the theoretical maximum
(2<sup>32</sup> − 1) ⋅ (2<sup>16</sup> − 1).
<!-- 65 535 × 0xffffffff = <data value="281470681677825">281 470 681 677 825</data>. -->
Any major improvements to the compression ratio can only come
from reducing the input size,
not increasing the output size.
<!--
>>> (2**32-1)*65535 - 281399752637796
70929040029
>>> 70929040029. / ((2**32-1)*65535)
0.00025199441592352524
>>> 1 - _
0.9997480055840765
>>> _ * 100
99.97480055840765
-->
</p>
<div id=download-zblg class=download>
<a href="zblg.zip" download><img src=zip.png alt=""> zblg.zip</a>
<span><data value="9893525">10 <abbr title=megabyte>MB</abbr></data> → <data value="281395456244934">281 <abbr title=terabyte>TB</abbr></data></span>
<pre>zipbomb --mode=quoted_overlap --num-files=65534 --max-uncompressed-size=4292788525 > zblg.zip</pre>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id=crc32>
<h2>Efficient CRC-32 computation</h2>
<p>
Among the metadata in the central directory header and local file header
is a
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check">CRC-32</a>
checksum of the uncompressed file data.
This poses a problem, because directly calculating the CRC-32 of each file
requires doing work proportional to the total <em>unzipped</em> size,
which is large by design. (It's a zip bomb, after all.)
We would prefer to do work that in the worst case is
proportional to the <em>zipped</em> size.
Two factors work in our advantage:
all files share a common suffix (the kernel),
and the uncompressed kernel is a string of repeated bytes.
We will represent CRC-32 as a matrix product—this
will allow us not only to compute the checksum of the kernel quickly,
but also to reuse computation across files.
The technique described in this section is a slight extension of the
<a href="https://github.com/madler/zlib/blob/v1.2.11/crc32.c#L372"><code>crc32_combine</code></a>
function in zlib,
which Mark Adler explains
<a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23122312/crc-calculation-of-a-mostly-static-data-stream/23126768#23126768">here</a>.
</p>
<p>
You can model CRC-32 as a state machine that updates a 32-bit state register
for each incoming bit.
The basic update operations for a 0 bit and a 1 bit are:
</p>
<figure>
<pre><code>uint32 crc32_update_0(uint32 state) {
// Shift out the least significant bit.
bit b = state & 1;
state = state >> 1;
// If the shifted-out bit was 1, XOR with the CRC-32 constant.
if (b == 1)
state = state ^ 0xedb88320;
return state;
}
uint32 crc32_update_1(uint32 state) {
// Do as for a 0 bit, then XOR with the CRC-32 constant.
return crc32_update_0(state) ^ 0xedb88320;
}</code></pre>
</figure>
<p>
If you think of the state register as a 32-element binary vector,
and use XOR for addition and AND for multiplication, then
<code>crc32_update_0</code> is a
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_map">linear transformation</a>;
i.e., it can be represented as multiplication by a
32×32 binary
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_matrix">transformation matrix</a>.
To see why, observe that multiplying a matrix by a vector
is just summing the columns of the matrix,
after multiplying each column by the corresponding element of the vector.
The shift operation <code>state >> 1</code>
is just taking each bit <var>i</var> of the state vector
and multiplying it by a vector that is 0 everywhere except at bit <var>i</var> − 1
(numbering the bits from right to left).
The conditional final XOR <code>state ^ 0xedb88320</code>
that only happens when bit <code>b</code> is 1
can instead be represented as first multiplying
<code>b</code> by 0xedb88320
and then XORing it into the state.
</p>
<p>
Furthermore, <code>crc32_update_1</code> is just
<code>crc32_update_0</code> plus (XOR) a constant.
That makes <code>crc32_update_1</code> an
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_transformation">affine transformation</a>:
a matrix multiplication followed by a translation (i.e., vector addition).
We can represent both the matrix multiplication and the translation
in a single step
if we enlarge the dimensions of the transformation matrix to 33×33
and append an extra element to the state vector that is always 1.
(This representation is called
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_matrix#Affine_transformations">homogeneous coordinates</a>.)
</p>
<figure>
<table class=matrix>
<caption><var>M</var><sub>0</sub></caption>
<tbody>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table><!--
--><table class=matrix>
<caption><var>M</var><sub>1</sub></caption>
<tbody>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
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<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b1>1</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b1>1</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td></tr>
<tr><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b0>0</td><td class=b1>1</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<figcaption>
The 33×33 transformation matrices <var>M</var><sub>0</sub> and <var>M</var><sub>1</sub> that compute
the CRC-32 state change effected by a 0 bit and a 1 bit respectively.
Column vectors are stored with the most significant bit at the bottom:
reading the first column from bottom to top, you see
the CRC-32 polynomial constant edb88320<sub>16</sub> =
<span class=b1>1</span><span class=b1>1</span><span class=b1>1</span><span class=b0>0</span><span class=b1>1</span><span class=b1>1</span><span class=b0>0</span><span class=b1>1</span><span class=b1>1</span><span class=b0>0</span><span class=b1>1</span><span class=b1>1</span><span class=b1>1</span><span class=b0>0</span><span class=b0>0</span><span class=b0>0</span><span class=b1>1</span><span class=b0>0</span><span class=b0>0</span><span class=b0>0</span><span class=b0>0</span><span class=b0>0</span><span class=b1>1</span><span class=b1>1</span><span class=b0>0</span><span class=b0>0</span><span class=b1>1</span><span class=b0>0</span><span class=b0>0</span><span class=b0>0</span><span class=b0>0</span><span class=b0>0</span><sub>2</sub>.
The two matrices differ only in the final column, which represents a translation vector
in homogeneous coordinates.
In <var>M</var><sub>0</sub> the translation is zero and
in <var>M</var><sub>1</sub> it is edb88320<sub>16</sub>, the CRC-32 polynomial constant.
The 1's just above the diagonal represent the
shift operation <code>state >> 1</code>.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>
Both operations <code>crc32_update_0</code> and <code>crc32_update_1</code>
can be represented by a 33×33 transformation matrix.
The matrices <var>M</var><sub>0</sub> and <var>M</var><sub>1</sub> are shown.
The benefit of a matrix representation is that matrices compose.
Suppose we want to represent the state change effected by processing
the ASCII character 'a', whose binary representation is
01100001<sub>2</sub>.
We can represent the cumulative CRC-32 state change of those 8 bits
in a single transformation matrix:
</p>
<figure>
<table class=eqnarray>
<tr>
<td><var>M</var><sub>a</sub></td><td> = <var>M</var><sub>0</sub> <var>M</var><sub>1</sub> <var>M</var><sub>1</sub> <var>M</var><sub>0</sub> <var>M</var><sub>0</sub> <var>M</var><sub>0</sub> <var>M</var><sub>0</sub> <var>M</var><sub>1</sub></td>
</tr>
</table>
</figure>
<p>
And we can represent the state change of a string of repeated 'a's
by multiplying many copies of <var>M</var><sub>a</sub> together—matrix exponentiation.
We can do matrix exponentiation quickly
using a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring">square-and-multiply</a> algorithm,
which allows us to compute <var>M</var><sup><var>n</var></sup>
in only about log<sub>2</sub> <var>n</var> steps.
For example, the matrix representing the state change
of a string of 9 'a's is
</p>
<figure>
<table class=eqnarray>
<tr>
<td>(<var>M</var><sub><code>a</code></sub>)<sup>9</sup></td><td> = <var>M</var><sub><code>a</code></sub> <var>M</var><sub><code>a</code></sub> <var>M</var><sub><code>a</code></sub> <var>M</var><sub><code>a</code></sub> <var>M</var><sub><code>a</code></sub> <var>M</var><sub><code>a</code></sub> <var>M</var><sub><code>a</code></sub> <var>M</var><sub><code>a</code></sub> <var>M</var><sub><code>a</code></sub></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td> = (<var>M</var><sub><code>a</code></sub> <var>M</var><sub><code>a</code></sub> <var>M</var><sub><code>a</code></sub> <var>M</var><sub><code>a</code></sub>)<sup>2</sup> <var>M</var><sub><code>a</code></sub></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td> = ((<var>M</var><sub><code>a</code></sub> <var>M</var><sub><code>a</code></sub>)<sup>2</sup>)<sup>2</sup> <var>M</var><sub><code>a</code></sub></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td> = (((<var>M</var><sub><code>a</code></sub>)<sup>2</sup>)<sup>2</sup>)<sup>2</sup> <var>M</var><sub><code>a</code></sub></td>
</tr>
</table>
</figure>
<p>
The square-and-multiply algorithm is useful
for computing <var>M</var><sub>kernel</sub>,
the matrix for the uncompressed kernel,
because the kernel is a string of repeated bytes.
To produce a CRC-32 checksum value from a matrix,
multiply the matrix by the zero vector.
(The zero vector in homogeneous coordinates, that is:
32 0's followed by a 1.
Here we omit the minor complication of pre- and post-conditioning the checksum.)
To compute the checksum for every file, we work backwards.
Start by initializing <var>M</var> := <var>M</var><sub>kernel</sub>.
The checksum of the kernel is also the checksum
of the final file, file <var>N</var>,
so multiply <var>M</var> by the zero vector and store the resulting checksum in
CDH<sub><var>N</var></sub> and LFH<sub><var>N</var></sub>.
The file data of file <var>N</var> − 1 is the same as the file data of file <var>N</var>,
but with an added prefix of LFH<sub><var>N</var></sub>.
So compute <var>M</var><sub>LFH<sub><var>N</var></sub></sub>,
the state change matrix for LFH<sub><var>N</var></sub>,
and update <var>M</var> := <var>M</var> <var>M</var><sub>LFH<sub><var>N</var></sub></sub>.
Now <var>M</var> represents the cumulative state change from processing
LFH<sub><var>N</var></sub> followed by the kernel.
Compute the checksum for file <var>N</var> − 1 by again multiplying <var>M</var> by the zero vector.
Continue the procedure, accumulating state change matrices into <var>M</var>,
until all the files have been processed.
</p>
<!--
<p>
The <a href=#source>source code</a> employs an additional
optimization on top of the conceptual scheme outlined in the previous paragraph.
Instead of updating
<var>M</var> := <var>M</var> <var>M</var><sub>LFH<sub><var>i</var></sub></sub>
after each file, we update
<var>M</var> := <var>M</var> (<var>M</var><sub>0</sub>)<sup>|LFH<sub><var>i</var></sub>|</sup>,
where |LFH<sub><var>i</var></sub>|
is the size of LFH<sub><var>i</var></sub> in bytes.
</p>
-->
</section>
<section id=zip64>
<h2>Extension: Zip64</h2>
<p>
<a href=#allocation>Earlier</a> we hit a wall on expansion
due to limits of the zip format—it was impossible
to produce more than about 281 TB of output,
no matter how cleverly packed the zip file.
It is possible to surpass those limits
using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_(file_format)#ZIP64">Zip64</a>,
an extension to the zip format that increases
the size of certain header fields to 64 bits.
Support for Zip64 is <a href=#compatibility>by no means universal</a>,
but it is one of the more commonly implemented extensions.
As regards the compression ratio,
the effect of Zip64 is to
increase the size of a central directory header from
46 bytes to 58 bytes,
and the size of a local directory header from
30 bytes to 50 bytes.
Referring to
<a href=#eq-S_X_N_OPT>the formula</a>
for optimal expansion in the simplified model,
we see that a zip bomb in Zip64 format
still grows quadratically,
but more slowly because of the larger denominator—this
is visible in
<a href=#zipped_size>the figure below</a>
in the Zip64 line's
slightly lower vertical placement.
In exchange for the loss of compatibility
and slower growth,
we get the removal of all practical file size limits.
</p>
<p>
Suppose we want a zip bomb that expands to
<data value="4507981343026016">4.5 <abbr title=petabyte>PB</abbr></data>,
the same size that 42.zip recursively expands to.
How big must the zip file be?
Using binary search, we find that the smallest
zip file whose unzipped size exceeds the unzipped size of 42.zip
has a zipped size of
<data value="45876952">46 <abbr title=megabyte>MB</abbr></data>.
</p>
<div id=download-zbxl class=download>
<a href="zbxl.zip" download><img src=zip.png alt=""> zbxl.zip</a>
<span><data value="45876952">46 <abbr title=megabyte>MB</abbr></data> → <data value="4507981427706459">4.5 <abbr title=petabyte>PB</abbr></data> (Zip64, less compatible)</span>
<pre>zipbomb --mode=quoted_overlap --num-files=190023 --compressed-size=22982788 --zip64 > zbxl.zip</pre>
</div>
<p>
4.5 <abbr title=petabyte>PB</abbr> is roughly
the size of the data captured by the Event Horizon Telescope
to make the
<a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/597m7q/reddits-data-hoarders-are-freaking-out-over-all-that-black-hole-data">first image of a black hole</a>,
stacks and stacks of hard drives.
</p>
<p>
With Zip64, it's no longer practically interesting to
consider the maximum compression ratio,
because we can just keep increasing the zip file size,
and the compression ratio along with it,
until even the compressed zip file is prohibitively large.
An interesting threshold, though,
is
<data value="18446744073709551616">2<sup>64</sup> bytes</data>
(<data value="18446744073709551616">18 <abbr title=exabyte>EB</abbr></data> or
<data value="18446744073709551616">16 <abbr title=exbibyte>EiB</abbr></data>)—that
much data
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems#Limits">will not fit on most filesystems</a>.
Binary search finds the smallest zip bomb that produces at least that much output:
it contains <data value="12056313">12 million</data> files
and has a compressed kernel of <data value="1482284040">1.5 <abbr title=gigabyte>GB</abbr></data>.
The total size of the zip file is
<data value="2961656712">2.9 <abbr title=gigabyte>GB</abbr></data>
and it unzips to
<data value="18446744085437447493">2<sup>64</sup> + 11 727 895 877 bytes</data>,
having a compression ratio of over <data value="6228522033.190134">6.2 billion</data>.
I didn't make this one downloadable,
but you can generate it yourself using the <a href=#source>source code</a>.
It contains files so large that it uncovers
<a href="https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=929502">a bug</a>
in Info-ZIP UnZip 6.0.
</p>
<pre>
zipbomb --mode=quoted_overlap --num-files=12056313 --compressed-size=1482284040 --zip64 > zbxxl.zip
</pre>
<!--
# time python3 zipbomb - -mode=quoted_overlap - -num-files=12056313 - -compressed-size=1482284040 - -zip64 > zbxxl.zip
real 52m3.082s
user 51m50.728s
sys 0m11.940s
-->
</section>
<section id=bzip2>
<h2>Extension: bzip2</h2>
<aside>
<p>
bzip2 starts with a run-length encoding step
that reduces the length of a string of repeated bytes
by a factor of 51.
Then the data is separated into
<data value="900000">900 <abbr title=kilobyte>kB</abbr></data> blocks
and each block compressed individually.
Empirically, one block after run-length encoding
can compress down to 32 bytes.
900 000 × 51 / 32 = 1 434 375.
</p>
</aside>
<p>
DEFLATE is the most common compression algorithm
used in the zip format, but it is only one of many options.
Probably the second most common algorithm is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bzip2">bzip2</a>,
while not as compatible as DEFLATE,
is probably the second most commonly supported compression algorithm.
Empirically, bzip2 has a maximum compression ratio of about 1.4 million,
which allows for denser packing of the kernel.
Ignoring the loss of compatibility,
does bzip2 enable a more efficient zip bomb?
</p>
<p>
Yes—but only for small files.
The problem is that bzip2 does not have anything like the
<a href=#quote>non-compressed blocks</a> of DEFLATE
that we used to <a href=#quote>quote local file headers</a>.
So it is not possible to overlap files and reuse the kernel—each file must have
its own copy, and therefore the overall compression ratio
is no better than the ratio of any single file.
In <a href=#zipped_size>the figure</a> we see that
no-overlap bzip2 outperforms quoted DEFLATE
only for files under about a megabyte.
</p>
<p>
There is still hope for using bzip2—an
alternative means of local file header quoting
discussed in <a href=#extra>the next section</a>.
Additionally,
if you happen to know that a certain zip parser supports bzip2
<em>and</em> tolerates mismatched filenames,
then you can use the <a href=#overlap>full-overlap construction</a>,
which has no need for quoting.
</p>
<figure id=zipped_size>
<picture>
<source srcset=zipped_size.svg type="image/svg+xml">
<img src=zipped_size.png alt="Log–log plot of unzipped size versus zipped size for different zip file constructions: DEFLATE, bzip2, quoted DEFLATE, and 42.zip (recursive and non-recursive).">
</picture>
<figcaption>
Zipped size versus unzipped size for various zip bomb constructions.
Note the log–log scales.
Each construction is shown with and without Zip64.
The no-overlap constructions
have a linear rate of growth,
which is visible in the 1:1 slope of the lines.
The vertical offset of the bzip2 lines shows that the compression ratio
of bzip2 is about a thousand times greater than that of DEFLATE.
The quoted-DEFLATE constructions
have a quadratic rate of growth,
as evidenced by the 2:1 slope of the lines.
The Zip64 variant is slightly less efficient,
but permits output in excess of 281 TB.
The lines for extra-field-quoted bzip2
transition from quadratic to linear
upon reaching either the maximum file size
(<data value="65534">2<sup>32</sup> − 2 bytes</data>),
or the maximum number of files allowed by extra-field quoting.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</section>
<section id=extra>
<h2>Extension: extra-field quoting</h2>
<p>
So far we have used a feature of
DEFLATE to quote local file headers,
and we have just seen that the same trick
does not work with bzip2.
There is an alternative means of quoting,
somewhat more limited,
that only uses features of the zip format
and does not depend on the compression algorithm.
</p>
<p>
At the end of the local file header structure
there is a variable-length
<em>extra field</em> whose purpose is to store information
that doesn't fit into the ordinary fields of the header
(<a href="https://pkware.cachefly.net/webdocs/casestudies/APPNOTE.TXT">APPNOTE.TXT section 4.3.7</a>).
The extra information may include, for example,
a high-resolution timestamp or a Unix uid/gid;
Zip64 works by using the extra field.
The extra field is a length–value structure:
if we increase the length field without adding to the value,
then it will grow to include whatever
comes after it in the zip file—namely
the next local file header.
Each local file header "quotes" the local file headers that follow it
by enclosing them within its own extra field.
The benefits of extra-field quoting
over DEFLATE quoting
are threefold:
</p>
<ol>
<li>Extra-field quoting requires only 4 bytes of overhead,
not 5, leaving more room for the kernel.</li>
<li>Extra-field quoting does not increase the size of files,
which leaves more headroom for a bigger kernel when
operating at the limits of the zip format.</li>
<li>Extra-field quoting provides a way to combine quoting with bzip2.</li>
</ol>
<aside>
<p>
The <a href="https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/zipalign">zipalign</a> tool
from Android aligns files to 4-byte boundaries.
It works by
<a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/build/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/tools/zipalign/ZipEntry.cpp#215">padding the extra field with 0x00 bytes</a>.
Thus it could be considered to use header ID 0x0000,
which is "reserved for use by PKWARE."
But because it may add 0, 1, 2, or 3 bytes of padding,
and an extra field header is 4 bytes,
the extra fields it produces may be invalid anyway.
</p>
</aside>
<p>
Despite these benefits, extra-field quoting is less flexible
than DEFLATE quoting.
It does not chain:
each local file header must enclose not only the immediately next header
but <em>all</em> headers which follow.
The extra fields increase in length as they get closer
to the beginning of the zip file.
Because the extra field has a maximum length of
<data value="65535">2<sup>16</sup> − 1 bytes</data>,
it can only contain up to 1808
local file headers,
or 1170 with Zip64,
assuming that filenames are <a href=#filenames>allocated as described</a>.
(With DEFLATE,
you can use extra-field quoting for the earliest local file headers,
then switch to DEFLATE quoting for the remainder.)
Another problem is that, in order to conform
to the internal data structure of the extra field,
you must select a 16-bit <em>header ID</em>
(<a href="https://pkware.cachefly.net/webdocs/casestudies/APPNOTE.TXT">APPNOTE.TXT section 4.5.2</a>).
to precede the quoted data.
We want a header ID that will make parsers
ignore the quoted data, not try to interpret it
as meaningful metadata.
Zip parsers are supposed to ignore unknown header IDs,
so we could choose one at random,
but there is the risk that the ID may be allocated in the future,
breaking compatibility.
</p>
<p>
<a href=#zipped_size>The figure</a>
illustrates the possibility of combining extra-field quoting
with bzip2, with and without Zip64.
Both "extra-field-quoted bzip2" lines have a knee at which
the growth transitions from quadratic to linear.
In the non-Zip64 case, the knee occurs at the maximum uncompressed file size
(<data value="4294967294">2<sup>32</sup> − 2 bytes</data>);
after this point, one can only increase the number of files, not their size.
The line stops completely when the number of files reaches 1809,
and we run out of room in the
extra field.
In the Zip64 case, the knee occurs at 1171 files,
after which the size of files can be increased, but not their number.
Extra-field quoting may also be used with DEFLATE,
but the improvement is so slight
that it has been omitted from the figure.
It increases the compression ratio of
<!--
zbsm.zip 5461307620 / 42374 128883.45730872705
zbsm.extra.zip 5525059932 / 42374 130387.97215273516
>>> 130387.97215273516 / 128883.45730872705 - 1.0
0.01167345193420899
-->
zbsm.zip by 1.2%;
<!--
zblg.zip 281395456244934 / 9893525 28442385.9286689
zblg.extra.zip 281399207414622 / 9891773 28447802.77657221
>>> 28447802.77657221 / 28442385.9286689 - 1.0
0.00019044984189764413
-->
zblg.zip by 0.019%;
<!--
zbxl.zip 4507981427706459 / 45876952 98262444.01996146
zbxl.extra.zip 4507981392085269 / 45875782 98264949.29471217
>>> "%.20f" % (98264949.29471217 / 98262444.01996146 - 1.0)
'0.00002549575044352714'
-->
and zbxl.zip by 0.0025%.
</p>
</section>
<section id=discussion>
<h2>Discussion</h2>
<p>
In related work,
<a href="http://sar.informatik.hu-berlin.de/research/publications/index.htm#SAR-PR-2006-04">Plötz et al.</a>
used overlapping files to create a
near-self-replicating zip file.
Gynvael Coldwind
has <a href="https://gynvael.coldwind.pl/?id=682">previously suggested</a> (slide 47)
overlapping files.
<a href="https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity15/technical-sessions/presentation/pellegrino">Pellegrino et al.</a>
found systems vulnerable to compression bombs
and other resource exhaustion attacks
and listed common pitfalls in specification,
implementation, and configuration.
</p>
<p>
We have designed the quoted-overlap zip bomb construction for compatibility,
taking into consideration a number of implementation differences,
some of which are shown in <a href=#compatibility>the table below</a>.
The resulting construction is compatible with zip parsers that work
in the usual back-to-front way,
first consulting the central directory
and using it as an index of files.
Among these is the example
zip parser included in <a href="https://www.usenix.org/conference/osdi14/technical-sessions/presentation/bangert">Nail</a>,
which is automatically generated from a formal grammar.
The construction is not compatible, however,
with "streaming" parsers,
those that parse the zip file from beginning to end in one pass
without first reading the central directory.
By their nature, streaming parsers
do not permit any kind of file overlapping.
The most likely outcome is that they
will extract only the first file.
They may even raise an error besides,
as is the case with <a href="https://github.com/madler/sunzip">sunzip</a>,
which parses the central directory at the end and checks it for consistency
with the local file headers it has already seen.
</p>
<p>
If you need the extracted files to start with a certain prefix
(so that they will be identified as a certain file type, for example),
you can insert a data-carrying DEFLATE block just before the
block that quotes the next header.
Not every file has to participate in the bomb construction:
you can include ordinary files
alongside the bomb files
if you need the zip file to conform to some higher-level format.
(The <a href=#source>source code</a> has a <code>--template</code>
option to facilitate this use case.)
Many file formats use zip as a container;
examples are Java JAR, Android APK, and LibreOffice documents.
</p>
<p id=pdf>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF">PDF</a>
is in many ways similar to zip.
It has a cross-reference table at the end of the file
that points to objects earlier in the file,
and it supports DEFLATE compression of objects through
the FlateDecode filter.
Didier Stevens
<a href="https://blog.didierstevens.com/2008/05/19/pdf-stream-objects/">writes</a>
about having contained a 1 GB stream inside a
<data value="2642">2.6 kB</data> PDF file
by stacking FlateDecode filters.
If a PDF parser limits the amount of stacking,
then it is probably possible to use the DEFLATE quoting idea
to overlap PDF objects.
</p>
<aside>
<p>
The central directory is located indirectly
using another structure called the <em>end of central directory</em> (EOCD).
The EOCD ends in a variable-length comment field
and finding it requires scanning for a magic number.
libziparchive
<a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/libziparchive/zip_archive.cc#282">calls</a>
the process the
"traditional EOCD snipe hunt" :)
</p>
</aside>
<p id=mitigation>
Detecting the specific class of zip bomb we have developed in this article is easy:
look for overlapping files.
Mark Adler has written <a href="https://github.com/madler/unzip/commits/6519bf0f8a896851d9708da11e1b63c818238c8f">a patch</a>
for Info-ZIP UnZip that does just that.
<!-- updated:
https://github.com/madler/unzip/commit/6d351831be705cc26d897db44f878a978f4138fc
https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=963996
https://github.com/madler/unzip/commit/5e2efcd633a4a1fb95a129a75508e7d769e767be
https://github.com/madler/unzip/commit/5c572555cf5d80309a07c30cf7a54b2501493720
-->
In general, though, rejecting overlapping files
does not by itself make it safe to handle untrusted zip files.
There are zip bombs that do not rely on overlapping files,
and there are malicious zip files that are not bombs.
Furthermore, any such detection logic must
be implemented inside the parser itself,
not as a separate prefilter.
One of the details
omitted from <a href=#zip>the description of the zip format</a> is that
there is no single well-defined algorithm for locating
the central directory in a zip file:
two parsers may find two different central directories
and therefore
<a href="https://gynvael.coldwind.pl/?id=682">may not even agree on what files a zip file contains</a>
(slides 67–80).
Predicting the total uncompressed size
by summing the sizes of all files
does not work, in general,
because the sizes stored in metadata
<a href="https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity15/technical-sessions/presentation/pellegrino">may not match</a>
(§4.2.2)
the actual uncompressed sizes.
(See the "permits too-short file size" row in <a href=#compatibility>the compatibility table</a>.)
Robust protection against zip bombs
involves sandboxing the parser to limit
its use of time, memory, and disk space—just
as if you were processing image files,
or any other complex file format prone to parser bugs.
</p>
<table id=compatibility>
<caption>
<p>
Compatibility of selected zip parsers with various zip features,
edge cases,
and zip bomb constructions.
The background colors indicate a scale from <span class=y_to_n>less restrictive to more restrictive</span>.
For best compatibility,
use DEFLATE compression without Zip64,
match names in central directory headers and local file headers,
compute correct CRCs,
and avoid the maximum values of 32-bit and 16-bit fields.
</p>
</caption>
<!--
Open Packaging Conventions:
DEFLATE: yes (Table (C-3)
Zip64: yes (Table C-1, Table C-3)
bzip2: no (Table C-3)
permits mismatched filenames: no (C.1 Archive File Header Consistency)
permits incorrect CRC-32: unknown
permits file size of 0xffffffff: unknown
permits file count of 0xffff: unknown
https://www.ecma-international.org/news/TC45_current_work/Office%20Open%20XML%20Part%202%20-%20Open%20Packaging%20Conventions.pdf
-->
<!--
$ git clone https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core
$ cd core
$ git checkout android-9.0.0_r1
$ g++ -o unzip -std=c++17 -Iinclude -Ibase/include -Iliblog/include -Ilibutils/include -Ilibziparchive/include libziparchive/{zip_archive.cc,unzip.cpp} base/{strings.cpp,file.cpp,logging.cpp,stringprintf.cpp} libutils/FileMap.cpp libunwindstack/tests/LogFake.cpp -lz
-->
<thead>
<tr>
<td></td>
<th><a href="http://infozip.sourceforge.net/UnZip.html">Info-ZIP<br>UnZip 6.0</a></th>
<th><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/zipfile.html">Python 3.7<br>zipfile</a></th>
<th><a href="https://golang.org/pkg/archive/zip/">Go 1.12<br>archive/zip</a></th>
<th><a href="https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl">yauzl 2.10.0<br>(Node.js)</a></th>
<th><a href="https://github.com/jbangert/nail/tree/4bd9cc29c4092abe7a77f8294aff2337bba02ec5/examples/zip">Nail<br>examples/zip</a></th>
<th><a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/libziparchive">Android 9.0.0 r1<br>libziparchive</a></th>
<th><a href="https://github.com/madler/sunzip">sunzip 0.4</a><br>(streaming)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<!--
<td class= title=></td>
<td class=y title=yes>✓</td>
<td class=n title=no>✖</td>
-->
<tr>
<th>DEFLATE</th>
<td class=y title=yes>✓</td>
<td class=y title=yes><a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.7.0/Lib/zipfile.py#L57">✓</a></td>
<td class=y title=yes><a href="https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.12/src/archive/zip/struct.go#L31">✓</a></td>
<td class=y title=yes><a href="https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl/blob/2.10.0/index.js#L520-L521">✓</a></td>
<td class=y title=yes><a href="https://github.com/jbangert/nail/blob/4bd9cc29c4092abe7a77f8294aff2337bba02ec5/examples/zip/zip.c#L63">✓</a></td>
<td class=y title=yes><a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/libziparchive/zip_archive.cc#1059">✓</a></td>
<td class=y title=yes><a href="https://github.com/madler/sunzip/blob/v0.4/sunzip.c#L1256">✓</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Zip64</th>
<td class=y title=yes><a href="http://infozip.sourceforge.net/UnZip.html#Release">✓</a></td>
<td class=y title=yes><a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.7.0/Lib/zipfile.py#L186">✓</a></td>
<td class=y title=yes><a href="https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.12/src/archive/zip/reader.go#L519">✓</a></td>
<td class=y title="limited to the range of IEEE doubles"><a href="https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl/tree/2.10.0#limitted-zip64-support">✓</a></td>
<td class=n title=no><a href="https://github.com/jbangert/nail/blob/4bd9cc29c4092abe7a77f8294aff2337bba02ec5/examples/zip/zip.c#L103-L125">✖</a></td>
<td class=n title=no><a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/libziparchive/zip_archive.cc#168">✖</a></td>
<td class=y title=yes><a href="https://github.com/madler/sunzip/blob/v0.4/sunzip.c#L922">✓</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>bzip2</th>
<td class=y title=yes><a href="http://infozip.sourceforge.net/UnZip.html#Release">✓</a></td>
<td class=y title=yes><a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.7.0/Lib/zipfile.py#L58">✓</a></td>
<td class=n title="unless you provide an implementation with RegisterDecompressor"><a href="https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.12/src/archive/zip/struct.go#L28-L32">✖</a></td>
<td class=n title=no><a href="https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl/blob/2.10.0/index.js#L517-L525">✖</a></td>
<td class=n title=no><a href="https://github.com/jbangert/nail/blob/4bd9cc29c4092abe7a77f8294aff2337bba02ec5/examples/zip/zip.c#L86">✖</a></td>
<td class=n title=no><a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/libziparchive/zip_archive.cc#1061">✖</a></td>
<td class=y title=yes><a href="https://github.com/madler/sunzip/blob/v0.4/sunzip.c#L1256">✓</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>permits mismatched filenames</th>
<td class=m title="warns, then takes name from central directory">warns</td>
<td class=n><a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.7.0/Lib/zipfile.py#L1486-L1489"><abbr title=no>✖</abbr></a></td>
<td class=y title="ignores local file header metadata"><a href="https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.12/src/archive/zip/reader.go#L244">✓</a></td>
<td class=y title="ignores local file header metadata"><a href="https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl/tree/2.10.0#local-file-headers-are-ignored">✓</a></td>
<td class=y title="with a TODO to add the check"><a href="https://github.com/jbangert/nail/blob/4bd9cc29c4092abe7a77f8294aff2337bba02ec5/examples/zip/zip.nail#L49">✓</a></td>
<td class=n title=no><a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/libziparchive/zip_archive.cc#594">✖</a></td>
<td class=y title="ignores local file header filename"><a href="https://github.com/madler/sunzip/blob/v0.4/sunzip.c#L1268-L1269">✓</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>permits incorrect CRC-32</th>
<td class=m><abbr title="shows expected and actual CRC">warns</abbr></td>
<td class=n title=no><a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.7.0/Lib/zipfile.py#L893-L894">✖</a></td>
<td class=m title="CRC-32 ignored if set to 0"><a href="https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.12/src/archive/zip/reader.go#L219-L224">if zero</a></td>
<td class=y title=yes><a href="https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl/tree/2.10.0#no-crc-32-checking">✓</a></td>
<td class=n title=no><a href="https://github.com/jbangert/nail/blob/4bd9cc29c4092abe7a77f8294aff2337bba02ec5/examples/zip/zip.nail#L41">✖</a></td>
<td class=y title="with a compile-time bool to enable CRC checks; but does check for consistency between CDH CRC and data descriptor CRC"><a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/libziparchive/zip_archive.cc#52">✓</a></td>
<td class=n title=no><a href="https://github.com/madler/sunzip/blob/v0.4/sunzip.c#L1113-L1124">✖</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>permits too-short file size</th>
<td class=y title=yes>✓</td>
<td class=n title="permits uncompressed size field to be longer, but not shorter, than the actual size"><a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.7.0/Lib/zipfile.py#L772">✖</a></td>
<td class=n title=no><a href="https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.12/src/archive/zip/reader.go#L205-L207">✖</a></td>
<td class=n title=no><a href="https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl/blob/2.10.0/index.js#L641-L655">✖</a></td>
<td class=n title=no><a href="https://github.com/jbangert/nail/blob/4bd9cc29c4092abe7a77f8294aff2337bba02ec5/examples/zip/zip.nail#L47">✖</a></td>
<td class=n title=no><a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/libziparchive/zip_archive.cc#847">✖</a></td>
<td class=n title=no><a href="https://github.com/madler/sunzip/blob/v0.4/sunzip.c#L1113-L1124">✖</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>permits file size of 2<sup>32</sup> − 1</th>
<td class=y title=yes>✓</td>
<td class=y title="0xffffffff not treated as special"><a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.7.0/Lib/zipfile.py#L1311-L1313">✓</a></td>
<td class=y title="special case to allow file size of 0xffffffff, still disallows compressed size or local file header offset of 0xffffffff"><a href="https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.12/src/archive/zip/reader.go#L406-L414">✓</a></td>
<td class=n title="requires Zip64 Extended Information extra field when file size is 0xffffffff"><a href="https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl/issues/109">✖</a></td>
<td class=y title="no Zip64 support"><a href="https://github.com/jbangert/nail/blob/4bd9cc29c4092abe7a77f8294aff2337bba02ec5/examples/zip/zip.nail#L59">✓</a></td>
<td class=y title="no Zip64 support"><a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/libziparchive/zip_archive_common.h#95">✓</a></td>
<td class=y title="checks for Zip64 Extended Information extra field if file size is 0xffffffff, but does not require it"><a href="https://github.com/madler/sunzip/blob/v0.4/sunzip.c#L1275-L1277">✓</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>permits file count of 2<sup>16</sup> − 1</th>
<td class=y title="checks for Zip64 end of central directory locator independent of file count">✓</td>
<td class=y title="checks for Zip64 end of central directory locator independent of file count"><a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.7.0/Lib/zipfile.py#L258-L259">✓</a></td>
<td class=y title="looks for Zip64 end of central directory locator, but continues if not present"><a href="https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.12/src/archive/zip/reader.go#L502-L511">✓</a></td>
<td class=n title=no><a href="https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl/issues/108">✖</a></td>
<td class=y title="no Zip64 support"><a href="https://github.com/jbangert/nail/blob/4bd9cc29c4092abe7a77f8294aff2337bba02ec5/examples/zip/zip.nail#L79">✓</a></td>
<td class=y title="no Zip64 support"><a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/libziparchive/zip_archive_common.h#51">✓</a></td>
<td class=y title="Zip64 end of central directory locator is optional"><a href="https://github.com/madler/sunzip/blob/v0.4/sunzip.c#L1139">✓</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<!--
<tr>
<th>unzips recursively (42.zip)</th>
<td class=n title=no>✖</td>
<td class=n title=no>✖</td>
<td class=na title="is a library">N/A</td>
<td class=na title="is a library">N/A</td>
<td class=n title=no>✖</td>
<td class=n title=no>✖</td>
<td class=n title=no>✖</td>
</tr>
-->
<tr>
<th>unzips <a href=#overlap>overlap.zip</a></th>
<td class=m>warns</td>
<td class=n title=no>✖</td>
<td class=y title=yes>✓</td>
<td class=y title=yes>✓</td>
<td class=y title=yes>✓</td>
<td class=n title=no>✖</td>
<td class=n title=no>✖</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>unzips <a href=#allocation>zbsm.zip and zblg.zip</a></th>
<td class=y><abbr title=yes>✓</abbr></td>
<td class=y><abbr title=yes>✓</abbr></td>
<td class=y title=yes>✓</td>
<td class=y title=yes>✓</td>
<td class=y title="crashes because it tries to extract all into memory, but handles the construction">✓</td>
<td class=y title=yes>✓</td>
<td class=n title=no>✖</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>unzips <a href=#zip64>zbxl.zip</a></th>
<td class=y><abbr title=yes>✓</abbr></td>
<td class=y><abbr title=yes>✓</abbr></td>
<td class=y title=yes>✓</td>
<td class=y title=yes>✓</td>
<td class=n title="no Zip64 support">✖</td>
<td class=n title="no Zip64 support">✖</td>
<td class=n title=no>✖</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section id=credits>
<h2>Credits</h2>
<p>
I thank
<a href="https://madler.net/madler/">Mark Adler</a>,
<a href="https://bburky.com/">Blake Burkhart</a>,
<a href="https://gynvael.coldwind.pl/">Gynvael Coldwind</a>,
<a href="https://swtch.com/~rsc/">Russ Cox</a>,
<a href="https://www.brandonenright.net/">Brandon Enright</a>,
<a href="https://github.com/jorangreef">Joran Dirk Greef</a>,
<a href="https://idea.popcount.org/">Marek Majkowski</a>,
<a href="https://wolfesoftware.com/">Josh Wolfe</a>,
and the <a href="https://www.usenix.org/conference/woot19/">USENIX WOOT 2019</a> reviewers
for comments on this article or a draft.
Caolán McNamara evaluated the security impact
of the zip bombs in LibreOffice.
<a href="https://habr.com/users/m1rko/">@m1rko</a>
wrote a <a href="https://habr.com/ru/post/459254/">Russian translation</a>.
<a href="https://zerosun.top/">北岸冷若冰霜</a>
wrote a <a href="https://zerosun.top/2019/07/07/A-better-zip-bomb/">Chinese translation</a>.
Daniel Ketterer reported that the <code>--template</code> option
was broken after the addition of <a href=#giant-steps><code>--giant-steps</code></a>.
</p>
<p>
A version of this article
appeared at the
<a href="https://www.usenix.org/conference/woot19/presentation/fifield">USENIX WOOT 2019</a>
workshop.
The workshop talk
<a href="/talks/woot19-zipbomb/">video, slides, and transcript</a>
are available.
The <a href=#source>source code</a> of the paper is available.
The <a href="https://www.usenix.org/conference/woot19/call-for-artifacts">artifacts</a>
prepared for submission are <a href="zipbomb-woot19.zip">zipbomb-woot19.zip</a>.
</p>
<p>
Did you find a system that chokes on one of these zip bombs?
Did they help you demonstrate a vulnerability or
win a bug bounty?
<a href=#contact>Let me know</a> and I'll try to mention it here.
</p>
<dl>
<dt id=libreoffice>LibreOffice 6.1.5.2</dt>
<dd>
<p>
zblg.zip renamed to zblg.odt or zblg.docx
will cause LibreOffice to
create and delete a number of ~4 GB temporary files
as it attempts to determine the file format.
It does eventually finish, and it deletes
the temporary files as it goes,
so it's only a temporary DoS that doesn't fill up the disk.
Caolán McNamara replied to my bug report.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id=addons-server>Mozilla addons-server 2019.06.06</dt>
<dd>
<p>
I tried the zip bombs against a local installation of addons-server,
which is part of the software behind addons.mozilla.org.
The system handles it gracefully,
imposing a <a href="https://github.com/mozilla/addons-server/blob/2019.06.06/src/olympia/lib/settings_base.py#L1457-L1458">time limit</a>
of <time datetime=110s>110 s</time> on extraction.
The zip bomb expands as fast as the disk will let it up to the time limit,
but after that point the process is killed and the unzipped files
are eventually automatically cleaned up.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id=unzip>UnZip 6.0</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Mark Adler wrote
<a href="https://github.com/madler/unzip/commits/6519bf0f8a896851d9708da11e1b63c818238c8f">a patch</a>
for UnZip to detect this class of zip bomb.
</p>
<p>
<time>2019-07-05</time>:
I noticed that <a href="https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2019-13232">CVE-2019-13232</a>
was assigned for UnZip.
Personally, I would dispute that UnZip's (or any zip parser's)
ability to process a zip bomb of the kind discussed here
necessarily represents a security vulnerability, or even a bug.
It's a natural implementation and does not violate the specification
in any way that I can tell.
The type discussed in this article is only one type of zip bomb,
and there are many ways in which zip parsing can go wrong that are not bombs.
If you want to defend against resource exhaustion attacks,
you should <em>not</em> try to enumerate, detect, and block
every individual known attack;
rather you should impose external limits on time and other resources
so that the parser cannot misbehave too much,
no matter what kind of attack it faces.
There is nothing wrong with attempting to detect and reject certain
constructions as a first-pass optimization,
but you can't stop there.
If you do not eventually isolate and limit
operations on untrusted data, your system is likely still vulnerable.
Consider an analogy with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site_scripting">cross-site scripting</a> in HTML:
the right defense is not to try and filter out bytes that may be interpreted as code,
it's to escape everything properly.
</p>
<p>
Mark Adler's patch made its way into Debian in
<a href="https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=931433">bug #931433</a>.
<!-- Debian 8 "Jessie" https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2019/07/msg00005.html -->
There were some unanticipated consequences:
problems parsing certain Java JARs
(<a href="https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=931895">bug #931895</a>)
and problems with the mutant zip format of Firefox's omni.ja file
(<a href="https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=932404">bug #932404</a>).
SUSE decided
<a href="https://bugzilla.suse.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1140748#c2">not to do anything</a>
about CVE-2019-13232.
I think both Debian's and SUSE's choices are defensible.
</p>
<!-- https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1727761 -->
<!-- https://bugs.gentoo.org/691566 -->
</dd>
<dt id=ronomon>ronomon/zip</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Shortly after the publication of this article,
Joran Dirk Greef published a
<a href="https://github.com/ronomon/zip">restrictive zip parser</a> (JavaScript)
that prohibits irregularities such as overlapping files
or unused space between files.
While it may thereby reject certain valid zip files,
the idea is to ensure that any downstream parsers
will receive only clean, easy-to-parse files.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id=antivirus>antivirus engines</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Overall, it seems that malware scanners have slowly begun
to recognize zip bombs of this kind
(or at least the specific samples available for download)
as malicious.
It would be interesting to see whether the detection is robust or brittle.
You could reverse the order of the entries in the central directory, for example,
and see whether the zip files are still detected.
In the <a href=#source>source code</a>,
there's a recipe for generating zbsm.extra.zip,
which is like zbsm.zip except that it uses
<a href=#extra>extra-field quoting</a> instead of
<a href=#quote>DEFLATE quoting</a>—if you are a customer
of an AV service that detects zbsm.zip but not zbsm.extra.zip,
you should ask for an explanation.
Another simple variant is
<a href="spacer.txt">inserting spacer files between the bomb files</a>,
which may fool certain overlap-detection algorithms.
</p>
<p>
Twitter user @TVqQAAMAAAAEAAA
<a href="https://twitter.com/TVqQAAMAAAAEAAA/status/1146351962486476801">reports</a>
<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20190703141828/https:/twitter.com/TVqQAAMAAAAEAAA/status/1146351962486476801 -->
"McAfee AV on my test machine just exploded."
I haven't independently confirmed it, nor do I have details such as a version number.
</p>
<p>
Tavis Ormandy <a href="https://twitter.com/taviso/status/1146477576132542466">points out</a>
<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20190707044306/https://twitter.com/taviso/status/1146477576132542466 -->
that there are a number of "Timeout" results in
<a href="https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/f1dc920869794df3e258f42f9b99157104cd3f8c14394c1b9d043d6fcda14c0a/detection">the VirusTotal for zblg.zip</a>
<small><a href="vt-zblg-20190706.png">(screenshot <time>2019-07-06</time>)</a></small>.
<!-- Nor wayback machine nor archive.is worked on the virustotal site :(
https://web.archive.org/web/20190705165359/https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/f1dc920869794df3e258f42f9b99157104cd3f8c14394c1b9d043d6fcda14c0a/detection
https://web.archive.org/web/20190705170818/https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/fb4ff972d21189beec11e05109c4354d0cd6d3b629263d6c950cf8cc3f78bd99/detection
https://web.archive.org/web/20190705170924/https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/eafd8f574ea7fd0f345eaa19eae8d0d78d5323c8154592c850a2d78a86817744/detection
-->
<!-- but the old-browsers mode kinda works
https://www.virustotal.com/old-browsers/file/fb4ff972d21189beec11e05109c4354d0cd6d3b629263d6c950cf8cc3f78bd99
http://archivecaslytosk.onion/sgvC9
https://www.virustotal.com/old-browsers/file/f1dc920869794df3e258f42f9b99157104cd3f8c14394c1b9d043d6fcda14c0a
http://archivecaslytosk.onion/ywtHj
https://www.virustotal.com/old-browsers/file/eafd8f574ea7fd0f345eaa19eae8d0d78d5323c8154592c850a2d78a86817744
http://archivecaslytosk.onion/Xz7q3
-->
AhnLab-V3, ClamAV, DrWeb, Endgame, F-Secure, GData, K7AntiVirus, K7GW, MaxSecure, McAfee, McAfee-GW-Edition, Panda, Qihoo-360, Sophos ML, VBA32.
<a href="https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/fb4ff972d21189beec11e05109c4354d0cd6d3b629263d6c950cf8cc3f78bd99/detection">The results for zbsm.zip</a>
<small><a href="vt-zbsm-20190706.png">(screenshot <time>2019-07-06</time>)</a></small>
are similar, though with a different set of timed-out engines:
Baido, Bkav, ClamAV, CMC, DrWeb, Endgame, ESET-NOD32, F-Secure, GData, Kingsoft, McAfee-GW-Edition, NANO-Antivirus, Acronis.
Interestingly, there are no timeouts in
<a href="https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/eafd8f574ea7fd0f345eaa19eae8d0d78d5323c8154592c850a2d78a86817744/detection">the results for zbxl.zip</a>;
<small><a href="vt-zbxl-20190706.png">(screenshot <time>2019-07-06</time>)</a></small>
perhaps this means that some antivirus doesn't support Zip64?
</p>
<p>
Forum user 100 <a href="https://forum.eset.com/topic/20123-zip-bombs-with-zip64-not-detected/">reported</a>
that a certain ESET product did not detect zbxl.zip, possibly because it uses Zip64.
An update in the thread three days later showed the product being updated to detect it.
</p>
<p>
In <a href="https://bugzilla.clamav.net/show_bug.cgi?id=12356">ClamAV bug 12356</a>,
Hanno Böck reported that zblg.zip caused high CPU usage
in clamscan.
<a href="https://bugzilla.clamav.net/show_bug.cgi?id=12356#c5">An initial patch</a>
to detect overlapping files
<a href="https://seclists.org/oss-sec/2019/q3/121">turned out to be incomplete</a>
because it only checked adjacent pairs of files.
(I personally mishandled this issue
by posting details of a workaround on the bug tracker,
instead of reporting it privately.)
<a href="https://bugzilla.clamav.net/show_bug.cgi?id=12356#c14">A later patch</a>
imposed a time limit on file analysis.
</p>
<p id=flytech>
<time>2020-07-28</time>: FlyTech Videos presented a
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=peeYOqejWfg">video testing various zip bombs</a>,
including <a href=#zbxl>zbxl.zip</a>,
against Windows Defender, Windows Explorer, and 7-zip.
</p>
<p>
In my web server logs, I noticed a number of referers that
appear to point to bug trackers.
</p>
<ul>
<li>http://jira.athr.ru/browse/WEB-12882</li>
<li>https://project.avira.org/browse/ENGINE-2307</li>
<li>https://project.avira.org/browse/ENGINE-2363</li>
<li>https://topdesk-imp.cicapp.nl/tas/secure/mango/window/4</li>
<li>https://jira-eng-rtp3.cisco.com/jira/browse/AMP4E-4849</li>
<li>https://jira-eng-sjc1.cisco.com/jira/browse/CLAM-965</li>
<li>https://flightdataservices.atlassian.net/secure/RapidBoard.jspa?selectedIssue=FDS-136</li>
<li>https://projects.ucd.gpn.gov.uk/browse/VULN-1483</li>
<li>https://testrail-int.qa1.immunet.com/index.php?/cases/view/923720</li>
<li>http://redmine-int-prod.intranet.cnim.net/issues/5596</li>
<li>https://bugs.drweb.com/view.php?id=159759</li>
<li>https://dev-jira.dynatrace.org/browse/APM-188227</li>
<li>https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/CITnet/jira/browse/EPREL-2150</li>
<li>https://jira.egnyte-it.com/browse/IN-8480</li>
<li>https://jira.hq.eset.com/browse/CCDBL-1492</li>
<li>https://bugzilla.olympus.f5net.com/show_bug.cgi?id=819053</li>
<li>https://mantis.fortinet.com/bug_view_page.php?bug_id=0570222</li>
<li>https://redmine.joesecurity.org:64998/issues/4705</li>
<li>http://dev.maildev.jp/mantis/view.php?id=5839</li>
<li>https://confluence.managed.lu/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=47974242</li>
<li>https://jira-lvs.prod.mcafee.com/browse/TSWS-653</li>
<li>https://jira.modulbank.ru/browse/PV-33012</li>
<li>http://jira.netzwerk.intern:8080/browse/SALES-81</li>
<li>https://jira-hq.paloaltonetworks.local/browse/CON-43391</li>
<li>https://jira-hq.paloaltonetworks.local/browse/GSRT-11680</li>
<li>https://jira-hq.paloaltonetworks.local/browse/PAN-124201</li>
<li>https://paynearme.atlassian.net/browse/PNM-4494</li>
<li>https://jira.proofpoint.com/jira/browse/PE-29410</li>
<li>https://dev.pulsesecure.net/jira/browse/PRS-379163</li>
<li>https://qualtrics.atlassian.net/browse/APP-326</li>
<li>https://jira.sastdev.net/browse/CIS-2819</li>
<li>https://jira.sastdev.net/secure/RapidBoard.jspa?selectedIssue=EC-709</li>
<li>https://bugzilla.seeburger.de/show_bug.cgi?id=89294</li>
<li>https://svm.cert.siemens.com/auseno/create_edit_vulnerability.php?vulnid=48573</li>
<li>https://jira.sophos.net/browse/CPISSUE-6560</li>
<li>https://jira.vrt.sourcefire.com/browse/TT-1070</li>
<li>https://task.jarvis.trendmicro.com/browse/JPSE-10432</li>
<li>https://segjira.trendmicro.com:8443/browse/SEG-55636</li>
<li>https://segjira.trendmicro.com:8443/browse/SEG-58824</li>
<li>https://ucsc-cgl.atlassian.net/secure/RapidBoard.jspa?selectedIssue=SEAB-327</li>
<li>https://jira.withbc.com/browse/BC-43950</li>
<li>https://zscaler.zendesk.com/agent/tickets/849971</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id=browsers>web browsers</dt>
<dd>
<p>
I didn't directly experience this myself,
but reports online say that Chrome and Safari may automatically unzip
files after downloading.
</p>
<ul>
<li><p><a href="https://habr.com/ru/post/459254/#comment_20369364">ittakir</a>: "Скачал самый маленький файл на 5GB, Chrome тут же начал его распаковывать, хотя его об этом не просили, ну и кушать процессор и диск." <i>"I downloaded the smallest file on 5GB, Chrome immediately began to unpack it, although it was not asked for it, well, to eat the processor and disk."</i></p></li>
<li><p><a href="https://old.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/c8ylxn/zblg_nonrecursive_zip_bomb_with_a_280000001_ratio/esrsxvi/">Rzah</a>: "Yet another reason why 'Open Safe files after downloading' is a stupid default setting for a web browser."</p></li>
</ul>
<p>
Chromium commit <a href="https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/f04d9b15bd1cba1433ad5453bc3ebff933d0e3bb">f04d9b15bd1cba1433ad5453bc3ebff933d0e3bb</a> is perhaps related:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>
Add metrics detecting anomalously high ZIP compression ratios
</p>
<p>
It's possible for a single ZIP entry to be very large, even if we only
scan small ZIP archives. These metrics will measure how often that occurs.
</p>
</blockquote>
</dd>
<dt id=filesystems>filesystems</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Something I didn't anticipate:
unzipping one of the bombs on a compressed filesystem can be relatively safe.
</p>
<ul>
<li><p><a href="https://old.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/cbvqzu/the_most_clever_zip_bomb_ever_made_explodes_a/etkazxk/">flying_gel</a>:
"If I unzip this onto a compressed zfs dataset, will the resulting file be small? Edit: Just did a small test with a 42KB->5.5GB zip bomb. I ended up with 165MB worth of files so while just 3% of the full bomb, it's still a 4028 times inflation. ... I only have the standard LZ4 compression enabled, no dedup."</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id=twitter>Twitter</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Links to this article had been widely shared on Twitter
since around <time>2019-07-02</time>,
but around <time>2019-07-20</time> it began showing
<a href="https://twitter.com/safety/unsafe_link_warning?unsafe_link=https://www.bamsoftware.com/hacks/zipbomb/">an "unsafe link" interstitial</a>
<small>(<a href="twitter-unsafe.png">screenshot</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190721031831/https://twitter.com/safety/unsafe_link_warning?unsafe_link=https://www.bamsoftware.com/hacks/zipbomb/">archive</a>)</small>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id=safebrowsing>Safe Browsing</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Sometime around <time>2019-07-23</time> it seems that this page,
and <em>every</em> page on a *.bamsoftware.com domain,
got added to the <a href="https://safebrowsing.google.com/">Safe Browsing</a>
service used by web browsers
to block malware and phishing sites.
<a href="https://transparencyreport.google.com/safe-browsing/search?url=bamsoftware.com">Site status check</a>,
<a href="safebrowsing-www.bamsoftware.com-20190724.png">block page screenshot</a>.
From a few quick checks, it looks like pages on bamsoftware.com
have been demoted or delisted on the google.com search engine as well.
</p>
<p>
The Safe Browsing block is a bit annoying,
because it disrupted <a href="https://snowflake.torproject.org/">Snowflake</a>,
a completely unrelated service that happened to use the domain
snowflake-broker.bamsoftware.com, which did not even host any files
but was strictly a web API server.
See <a href="https://bugs.torproject.org/31230">#31230 Firefox addon blocked from agent by Google Safe Browsing service</a>.
</p>
<p>
The Safe Browsing block seemed to end
on or before
<a href="transparencyreport.google-www.bamsoftware.com-20190816.png"><time>2019-08-16</time></a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id=xfinity>Xfinity xFi Protected Browsing</dt>
<dd>
<p>
On <time>2019-11-26</time>, I was informed
by Hooman Mohajeri Moghaddam
that the Comcast Xfinity xFi
<a href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/evm3qk/comcast-blocking-paypal-customers-say-forum-net-neutrality">"Protected Browsing"</a>
feature blocks the bamsoftware.com domain, including this page
(<a href="xfinity-blockpage.png">screenshot</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt id=dlang>D std.zip</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The D programming language
<a href="https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=20027">made a modification</a>
to the <a href="https://dlang.org/library/std/zip.html">std.zip module</a>
to detect overlapping files.
</p>
</dd>
<!-- https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=20027 -->
<!-- https://github.com/golang/go/issues/33026 https://github.com/golang/go/issues/33036 -->
<dt id=ios>Apple iOS and iPadOS</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Dzmitry Plotnikau sent me a report saying that
a zip bomb could use up all cache storage
on iPhones running iOS 12 and 13, even if only opened using "Quick look."
The exhaustion of storage could have various side effects,
including misbehaving apps, deletion of local cloud files, and OS crashes,
in some cases requiring a factory reset to remedy.
The bug was mitigated in iOS 14.0
(and likely other, contemporaneous point release of iOS and iPadOS).
See <a href="https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT211850">HT211850</a>
under the "libarchive" heading.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id=plea>
<h2>A final plea</h2>
<p>
It's time to put an end to Facebook.
Working there is not ethically neutral:
every day that you go into work, you are doing something wrong.
If you have a Facebook account, delete it.
If you work at Facebook, quit.
</p>
<p>
And let us not forget that the National Security Agency
must be destroyed.
</p>
</section>
</article>
</body>
</html>
|
A better zip bomb
article {
width: 75%;
max-width: 50rem;
}
a {
color: royalblue;
}
a.footnote {
text-decoration: none;
}
small, #comparison caption, .download pre {
font-size: 82%;
}
abbr {
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kbd {
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margin-top: 4rem;
}
date {
white-space: nowrap;
}
#summary {
margin: 0 auto;
padding: 1rem;
width: 80%;
background-color: whitesmoke;
}
#summary h2 {
font-size: inherit;
display: inline;
margin-right: 1em;
}
#summary h2 + \* {
display: inline;
}
#summary > :first-child {
margin-top: 0;
}
#summary :last-child {
margin-bottom: 0;
}
#source pre {
margin: 0;
}
table {
border-collapse: collapse;
}
table th, table td
{
padding: 0 0.5em;
white-space: nowrap;
font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
vertical-align: baseline;
}
table tr > :first-child {
padding-left: 0;
}
table caption {
text-align: inherit;
caption-side: bottom;
max-width: 50rem;
}
table caption:target {
background-color: lemonchiffon;
}
table caption ul {
list-style-type: "\* ";
}
.nonrec, .rec {
border-left-width: 0.5rem;
border-color: transparent;
background-clip: padding-box;
}
.top {
font-size: 110%;
}
thead th {
text-align: center;
}
tbody th, #comparison tbody td, .r {
text-align: right;
}
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margin: 1em 0;
padding: 0.5em;
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border-top: 1em solid white;
}
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width: 100%;
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}
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}
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}
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background-color: #94a7ca;
}
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background: linear-gradient(90deg, #fcf192, #94a7ca);
}
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# A better zip bomb
David Fifield
[david@bamsoftware.com](mailto:david@bamsoftware.com)
2019-07-02
updated 2019-07-03, 2019-07-05, 2019-07-06, 2019-07-08,
2019-07-18, 2019-07-20, 2019-07-22, 2019-07-24,
2019-08-05, 2019-08-19, 2019-08-22, 2019-10-14,
2019-10-18, 2019-10-30, [2019-11-28](#xfinity),
[2020-07-28](#flytech), 2021-01-21, 2021-02-02,
[2021-05-03](#ios), 2021-07-29,
[2023-05-18](#42.zip-tld)
## Summary
This article shows how to construct a
*non-recursive* [zip bomb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_bomb)
that achieves a high compression ratio by
overlapping files inside the zip container.
"Non-recursive" means that it does not rely on
a decompressor's recursively unpacking zip files nested within zip files:
it expands fully after a single round of decompression.
The output size increases quadratically in the input size,
reaching a compression ratio of over 28 million
(10 MB → 281 TB)
at the limits of the zip format.
Even greater expansion is possible using
64-bit extensions.
The construction uses only the most common compression algorithm, DEFLATE,
and is compatible with most zip parsers.
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| <zbsm.zip> | 42 kB | → | 5.5 GB |
| <zblg.zip> | 10 MB | → | 281 TB |
| <zbxl.zip> | 46 MB | → | 4.5 PB (Zip64, less compatible) |
Source code:
```
git clone https://www.bamsoftware.com/git/zipbomb.git
```
<zipbomb-20210121.zip>
Data and source for figures:
```
git clone https://www.bamsoftware.com/git/zipbomb-paper.git
```
[Presentation video](/talks/woot19-zipbomb/)
[Русский перевод](https://habr.com/ru/post/459254/) от [@m1rko](https://habr.com/en/users/m1rko/).
[中文翻译](https://zerosun.top/2019/07/07/A-better-zip-bomb/): 北岸冷若冰霜.
* There are two versions of 42.zip,
an [older version](https://web.archive.org/web/20120222083624/http://www.unforgettable.dk/) of 42 374 bytes,
and a [newer version](https://web.archive.org/web/20120301154142/http://www.unforgettable.dk/) of 42 838 bytes.
The difference is that the newer version requires a password before unzipping.
We compare only against the older version.
Here is a copy if you need it:
<42.zip>.
| | non-recursive | recursive |
| | zipped size | unzipped size | ratio | unzipped size | ratio |
| [Cox quine](https://research.swtch.com/zip) | 440 | 440 | 1.0 | ∞ | ∞ |
| [Ellingsen quine](https://web.archive.org/web/20160130230432/http://www.steike.com/code/useless/zip-file-quine/) | 28 809 | 42 569 | 1.5 | ∞ | ∞ |
| [42.zip](https://www.unforgettable.dk/) | [\*](#42-note)42 374 | 558 432 | 13.2 | 4 507 981 343 026 016 | 106 billion |
| this technique | 42 374 | 5 461 307 620 | 129 thousand | 5 461 307 620 | 129 thousand |
| this technique | 9 893 525 | 281 395 456 244 934 | 28 million | 281 395 456 244 934 | 28 million |
| this technique (Zip64) | 45 876 952 | 4 507 981 427 706 459 | 98 million | 4 507 981 427 706 459 | 98 million |
I would like to know/credit the maker of
42.zip but haven't been able to find a source—[let me know](#contact)
if you have any info.
There's a reference to 42.zip already in
[a vuln-dev post
from 2001-06-19](https://seclists.org/vuln-dev/2001/Jun/159).
On [2023-05-16](https://crt.sh/?id=9400699302)
there appeared <https://42.zip/>
using the then-new [.zip](https://domains.google/tld/zip/) TLD.
The web server there naturally serves a copy of 42.zip.
The Wayback Machine has a copy timestamped
[2023-05-16 16:51:08](https://web.archive.org/web/20230516165108/https://42.zip/).
I made a copy here: [42.zip](tld/42.zip).
This 42.zip is a little different than the one I compared against.
Its total compressed size is 42 790 bytes
rather than 42 374 bytes.
I suspect it is less original than the one I used,
the evidence from timestamps:
the timestamps increase as you go from the bottom level to the top,
but in the 42 790-byte file,
the top "lib" level jumps 8 hours backwards.
In fact, it is *exactly* 8 hours behind the 42.zip I used,
which makes me suspect that at some point
someone uncompressed and re-compressed the original in a different time zone.
By [2023-05-26](https://web.archive.org/web/20230526223103/http://42.zip/)
the zip bomb had gone and the server response changed to just `<html>hello</html>`.
| layer | 42 374 bytes | 42 790 bytes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| lib | 2000-03-28 21:40:54 | 2000-03-28 13:40:54 |
| book | 2000-03-28 21:38:30 | 2000-03-28 21:38:30 |
| chapter | 2000-03-28 21:36:28 | 2000-03-28 21:36:28 |
| doc | 2000-03-28 21:34:08 | 2000-03-28 21:34:08 |
| page | 2000-03-28 19:49:08 | 2000-03-28 19:49:08 |
| 0.dll | 2000-03-28 18:03:14 | 2000-03-28 18:03:14 |
Compression bombs that use the zip format
must cope with the fact that DEFLATE,
the compression algorithm most commonly supported by zip parsers,
[cannot achieve](https://www.zlib.net/zlib_tech.html) a compression ratio greater than 1032.
For this reason, zip bombs typically rely on recursive decompression,
nesting zip files within zip files to get an extra factor of 1032 with each layer.
But the trick only works on implementations that
unzip recursively, and most do not.
The best-known zip bomb,
[42.zip](https://www.unforgettable.dk/),
expands to a formidable 4.5 PB
if all six of its layers are recursively unzipped,
but a trifling 0.6 MB at the top layer.
Zip quines,
like those of [Ellingsen](https://web.archive.org/web/20160130230432/http://www.steike.com/code/useless/zip-file-quine/)
and [Cox](https://research.swtch.com/zip),
which contain a copy of themselves
and thus expand infinitely if recursively unzipped,
are likewise perfectly safe to unzip once.
This article shows how to construct a non-recursive zip bomb
whose compression ratio surpasses the DEFLATE limit of 1032.
It works by overlapping files inside the zip container,
in order to reference a "kernel" of highly compressed data
in multiple files,
without making multiple copies of it.
The zip bomb's output size grows quadratically in the input size; i.e.,
the compression ratio gets better as the bomb gets bigger.
The construction depends on features of both zip and DEFLATE—it
is not directly portable to other file formats or compression algorithms.
It is compatible with most zip parsers,
the exceptions being "streaming" parsers that
parse in one pass without first consulting the zip file's central directory.
We try to balance
two conflicting goals:
* Maximize the compression ratio.
We define the compression ratio as the the sum of the sizes
of all the files contained the in the zip file,
divided by the size of the zip file itself.
It does not count filenames or other filesystem metadata,
only contents.
* Be compatible.
Zip is a tricky format and parsers differ, especially
around edge cases and optional features.
Avoid taking advantage of tricks that only work with certain parsers.
We will remark on certain ways to increase the efficiency of the zip bomb
that come with some loss of compatibility.
## Structure of a zip file
A zip file consists of
a *central directory* which references
*files*.
![A block diagram of the structure of a zip file. The central directory header consists of three central directory headers labeled CDH[1] (README), CDH[1] (Makefile), and CDH[3] (demo.c). The central directory headers point backwards to three local file headers LFH[1] (README), LFH[2] (Makefile), and LFH[3] (demo.c). Each local file header is joined with file data. The three joined blocks of (local file header, file data) are labeled file 1, file 2, and file 3.](normal.png)
The central directory is at the end of the zip file.
It is a list of *central directory headers*.
Each central directory header contains metadata for a single file,
like its filename and CRC-32 checksum,
and a backwards pointer to a local file header.
A central directory header is 46 bytes long,
plus the length of the filename.
A file consists of a *local file header*
followed by compressed *file data*.
The local file header is 30 bytes long,
plus the length of the filename.
It contains a redundant copy
of the metadata from the central directory header,
and the compressed and uncompressed sizes of the file data
that follows.
Zip is a container format, not a compression algorithm.
Each file's data is compressed
using an algorithm specified in the metadata—usually [DEFLATE](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1951).
The many redundancies and ambiguities in the zip format
allow for all kinds of mischief.
The zip bomb is just scratching the surface.
Links for further reading:
* [Ten thousand security pitfalls: The ZIP file format](https://gynvael.coldwind.pl/?id=682), talk by Gynvael Coldwind
* [Zip - How not to design a file format](https://games.greggman.com/game/zip-rant/), by Gregg Tavares
* [Ambiguous zip parsing allows hiding add-on files from linter and reviewers](/sec/mozilla/#1534483), a vulnerability I found in addons.mozilla.org
This description of the zip format omits many details that
are not needed for understanding the zip bomb.
For full information,
refer to
[section 4.3 of APPNOTE.TXT](https://pkware.cachefly.net/webdocs/casestudies/APPNOTE.TXT)
or [The structure of a PKZip file](https://users.cs.jmu.edu/buchhofp/forensics/formats/pkzip.html) by Florian Buchholz,
or see the [source code](#source).
## The first insight: overlapping files
By compressing a long string of repeated bytes,
we can produce a *kernel*
of highly compressed data.
By itself, the kernel's compression ratio cannot
exceed the DEFLATE limit of 1032,
so we want a way to reuse the kernel in many files,
without making a separate copy of it in each file.
We can do it by overlapping files:
making many central directory headers point to
a single file, whose data is the kernel.
![A block diagram of a zip file with fully overlapping files. The central directory header consists of central directory headers CDH[1], CDH[2], ..., CDH[N−1], CDH[N], with filenames A, B, ..., Y, Z. There is a single local file header LFH[1] with filename A whose file data is a compressed kernel. Every one of the central directory headers points backwards to the same local file header, LFH[1]. The lone file is multiply labeled file 1, file 2, ..., file N−1, file N.](overlap.png)
Let's look at an example to see how this construction affects the compression ratio.
Suppose the kernel is 1000 bytes and
decompresses to 1 MB.
Then the first MB of output "costs"
1078 bytes of input:
* 31 bytes for a local file header (including a 1-byte filename)
* 47 bytes for a central directory header (including a 1-byte filename)
* 1000 bytes for the kernel itself
But every 1 MB of output
after the first costs only 47 bytes—we don't need another local file header or another copy of the kernel,
only an additional central directory header.
So while the first reference of the kernel has a compression ratio of
1 000 000 / 1078 ≈ 928,
each additional reference pulls the ratio closer to
1 000 000 / 47 ≈ 21 277.
A bigger kernel raises the ceiling.
The problem with this idea is a lack of compatibility.
Because many central directory headers point to a single local file header,
the metadata—specifically the filename—cannot match for every file.
Some parsers [balk at that](#compatibility).
[Info-ZIP UnZip](http://infozip.sourceforge.net/UnZip.html)
(the standard Unix `unzip` program)
extracts the files, but with warnings:
```
$ unzip overlap.zip
inflating: A
B: mismatching "local" filename (A),
continuing with "central" filename version
inflating: B
*...*
```
And the Python [zipfile](https://docs.python.org/3/library/zipfile.html) module
[throws an exception](https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.7.0/Lib/zipfile.py#L1486-L1489):
```
$ python3 -m zipfile -e overlap.zip .
Traceback (most recent call last):
*...*
\_\_main\_\_.BadZipFile: File name in directory 'B' and header b'A' differ.
```
Next we will see how to modify the construction
for consistency of filenames,
while still retaining most of the advantage
of overlapping files.
## The second insight: quoting local file headers
We need to separate the local file headers for each file,
while still reusing a single kernel.
Simply concatenating all the local file headers does not work,
because the zip parser will find a local file header
where it expects to find the beginning of a DEFLATE stream.
But the idea will work, with a minor modification.
We'll use a feature of DEFLATE, non-compressed blocks,
to "quote" local file headers
so that they appear to be part of the same DEFLATE stream
that terminates in the kernel.
Every local file header
(except the first)
will be interpreted in two ways:
as code (part of the structure of the zip file)
and as data (part of the contents of a file).
![A block diagram of a zip file with quoted local file headers. The central directory header consists of central directory headers CDH[1], CDH[2], ..., CDH[N−1], CDH[N], with filenames A, B, ..., Y, Z. The central directory headers point to corresponding local file headers LFH[1], LFH[2], ..., LFH[N−1], LFH[N] with filenames A, B, ..., Y, Z. The files are drawn and labeled to show that file 1 does not end before file 2 begins; rather file 1 contains file 2, file 2 contains file 3, and so on. There is a small green-colored space between LFH[1] and LFH[2], and between LFH[2] and LFH[3], etc., to stand for quoting the following local file header using an uncompressed DEFLATE block. The file data of the final file, whose local file header is LFH[N] and whose filename is Z, does not contain any other files, only the compressed kernel.](quote.png)
A DEFLATE stream is a sequence of
[blocks](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1951#section-3.2.3),
where each block may be compressed or non-compressed.
Compressed blocks are what we usually think of;
for example the kernel is one big compressed block.
But there are also non-compressed blocks,
which start with a
[5-byte header](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1951#section-3.2.4)
with a length field that means simply, "output the next n bytes verbatim."
Decompressing a non-compressed block means only stripping the 5-byte header.
Compressed and non-compressed blocks may be intermixed freely
in a DEFLATE stream.
The output is the concatenation of
decompressing all the blocks in order.
The "non-compressed" notion only has meaning at the DEFLATE layer;
the file data still counts as "compressed" at the zip layer,
no matter what kind of blocks are used.
It is easiest to understand this quoted-overlap construction from the inside out,
beginning with the last file and working backwards to the first.
Start by inserting the kernel, which will form the end of file data for every file.
Prepend a local file header LFHN
and add a central directory header CDHN that points to it.
Set the "compressed size" metadata field in the LFHN and CDHN to the compressed size of the kernel.
Now prepend a 5-byte non-compressed block header (colored green in the diagram)
whose length field is equal to the size of LFHN.
Prepend a second local file header LFHN−1
and add a central directory header CDHN−1 that points to it.
Set the "compressed size" metadata field in both of the new headers to the compressed size of the kernel
*plus* the size of the non-compressed block header (5 bytes)
*plus* the size of LFHN.
2019-08-22:
There's an additional minor optimization possible
that I didn't originally think of.
Instead of only quoting the immediately following local file header,
quote as many local file headers as possible—including
their own quoting blocks—up to the limit of
65535 bytes per non-compressed block.
The advantage is that the quoting blocks between local file headers
now additionally become part of the output file,
gaining 5 bytes of output for each one we manage to include.
It's a small optimization, gaining only 154 380 bytes
in zbsm.zip, or 0.003%.
(Far less than [extra-field quoting](#extra) gains.)
The `--giant-steps` option in the [source code](#source) activates this feature.
[](giant-steps.jpg)
The giant-steps feature only pays when you are not constrained by maximum output file size.
In zblg.zip, we actually want to slow file growth as much as possible
so that the smallest file, containing the kernel, can be as large as possible.
Using giant steps in zblg.zip actually decreases the compression ratio.
I credit [Kevin Farrow](https://twitter.com/kevinafarrow)
for sparking the idea for this enhancement
during a [dc303 talk](/talks/denhac-zipbomb/).
Carlos Javier González Cortés (Lethani) also hit on the idea in
[his article](https://hackinglethani.com/zip-bombs-iii/)
([Español](https://hackinglethani.com/es/bombas-zip-iii/))
on overlapped zip bombs.
At this point the zip file contains two files, named "Y" and "Z".
Let's walk through what a zip parser would see while parsing it.
Suppose the compressed size of the kernel is 1000 bytes
and the size of LFHN is 31 bytes.
We start at CDHN−1
and follow the pointer to LFHN−1.
The first file's filename is "Y" and
the compressed size of its file data is 1036 bytes.
Interpreting the next 1036 bytes as a DEFLATE stream,
we first encounter the 5-byte header of a non-compressed block
that says to copy the next 31 bytes.
We write the next 31 bytes,
which are LFHN,
which we decompress and append to file "Y".
Moving on in the DEFLATE stream, we find a compressed block (the kernel),
which we decompress to file "Y".
Now we have reached the end of the compressed data and are done with file "Y".
Proceeding to the next file, we follow the pointer from CDHN
to LFHN and find a file named "Z"
whose compressed size is 1000 bytes.
Interpreting those 1000 bytes as a DEFLATE stream,
we immediately encounter a compressed block (the kernel again)
and decompress it to the file "Z".
Now we have reached the end of the final file and are done.
The output file "Z" contains the decompressed kernel;
the output file "Y" is the same, but additionally prefixed by
the 31 bytes of
LFHN.
We complete the construction by repeating the quoting procedure
until the zip file contains the desired number of files.
Each new file adds a central directory header,
a local file header,
and a non-compressed block to quote the immediately succeeding local file header.
Compressed file data is generally a chain of DEFLATE non-compressed blocks
(the quoted local file headers)
followed by the compressed kernel.
Each byte in the kernel contributes about
1032 N to the output size,
because each byte is part of all N files.
The output files are not all the same size:
those that appear earlier in the zip file
are larger than those that appear later,
because they contain more quoted local file headers.
The contents of the output files are not particularly meaningful,
but no one said they had to make sense.
This quoted-overlap construction has better compatibility
than the full-overlap construction of the previous section,
but the compatibility comes at the expense of the compression ratio.
There, each added file cost only a central directory header;
here, it costs a central directory header,
a local file header,
and another 5 bytes for the quoting header.
## Optimization
Now that we have the basic zip bomb construction,
we will try to make it as efficient as possible.
We want to answer two questions:
* For a given zip file size, what is the maximum compression ratio?
* What is the maximum compression ratio, given the limits of the zip format?
### Kernel compression
It pays to compress the kernel as densely as possible,
because every decompressed byte gets magnified by a factor of N.
To that end, we use a custom DEFLATE compressor
called bulk\_deflate,
specialized for compressing
a string of repeated bytes.
All decent DEFLATE compressors will approach a compression ratio of 1032
when given an infinite stream of repeating bytes,
but we care more about specific finite sizes
than asymptotics.
bulk\_deflate compresses more data
into the same space than the general-purpose compressors:
about 26 kB more than zlib and Info-ZIP,
and about 15 kB more than
[Zopfli](https://github.com/google/zopfli),
a compressor that trades speed for density.
The price of bulk\_deflate's high compression ratio is a lack of generality.
bulk\_deflate can only compress strings of a single repeated byte,
and only those of specific lengths,
namely 517 + 258 k for integer k ≥ 0.
Besides compressing densely, bulk\_deflate is fast,
doing essentially constant work regardless of the input size,
aside from the work of actually writing out the compressed string.
### Filenames
Every byte spent on a filename is 2 bytes not spent on the kernel.
(2 because each filename appears twice, in the central directory header and the local file header.)
A filename byte results in, on average,
only (N + 1) / 4 bytes of output,
while a byte in the kernel counts for 1032 N.
For our purposes, filenames are mostly dead weight.
While filenames do contribute something to the output size
by virtue of being part of quoted local file headers,
a byte in a filename does not contribute nearly as much
as a byte in the kernel.
We want filenames to be as short as possible,
while keeping them all distinct,
and subject to compatibility considerations.
Examples:
[1](https://bugs.python.org/issue10614)
[2](https://bugs.python.org/issue10972)
[3](https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl/issues/84)
The first compatibility consideration is character encoding.
The zip format specification states that filenames
are to be interpreted as [CP 437](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_437),
or [UTF-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8) if a certain flag bit is set
([APPNOTE.TXT Appendix D](https://pkware.cachefly.net/webdocs/casestudies/APPNOTE.TXT)).
But this is a major point of incompatibility
across zip parsers,
which may interpret filenames as being in
some fixed or locale-specific encoding.
So for compatibility, we must limit ourselves to characters
that have the same encoding in both
CP 437 and UTF-8;
namely, the 95 printable characters of US-ASCII.
One thing I didn't consider is
[Windows
reserved filenames like "PRN" and "NUL"](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/fileio/naming-a-file#naming-conventions).
We are further restricted by filesystem naming limitations.
Some filesystems are case-insensitive, so "a" and "A" do not count as distinct names.
Common filesystems like FAT32
[prohibit certain characters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems#Limits)
like '\*' and '?'.
As a safe but not necessarily optimal compromise,
our zip bomb will use filenames consisting of characters
drawn from a 36-character alphabet
that does not
rely on case distinctions
or use special characters:
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Filenames are generated in the obvious way,
cycling each position through the possible characters
and adding a position on overflow:
"0", "1", "2", …, "Z",
"00", "01", "02", …, "0Z",
…,
"Z0", "Z1", "Z2", …, "ZZ",
"000", "001", "002", …
There are 36 filenames of length 1,
362 filenames of length 2, and so on.
The length of the nth filename is
⌊log36((n + 1) / (36 / 35))⌋ + 1.
Four bytes are enough to represent
1 727 604 distinct filenames.
Given that the N filenames in the zip file
are generally not all of the same length,
which way should we order them,
shortest to longest or longest to shortest?
A little reflection shows that it is better to
put the longest names last, because those names are the most quoted.
Ordering filenames longest last
adds over 900 MB of output
to [zblg.zip](#allocation),
compared to ordering them longest first.
It is a minor optimization, though,
as those 900 MB
comprise only 0.0003%
of the total output size.
### Kernel size
The quoted-overlap construction
allows us to place a compressed kernel of data,
and then cheaply copy it many times.
For a given zip file size X,
how much space should we devote to storing the kernel,
and how much to making copies?
To find the optimum balance,
we only have to optimize the single variable N,
the number of files in the zip file.
Every value of N requires
a certain amount of overhead for
central directory headers,
local file headers,
quoting block headers, and filenames.
All the remaining space can be taken up by the kernel.
Because N has to be an integer,
and you can only fit so many files
before the kernel size drops to zero,
it suffices to test every possible value of N
and select the one that yields the most output.
Applying the optimization procedure to X = 42 374,
the size of 42.zip,
finds a maximum at N = 250.
Those 250 files require 21 195 bytes of overhead,
leaving 21 179 bytes for the kernel.
A kernel of that size decompresses to 21 841 249 bytes
(a ratio of 1031.3).
The 250 copies of the decompressed kernel,
plus the little bit extra that comes from the quoted local file headers,
produces an overall unzipped output of
5 461 307 620 bytes
and a compression ratio of 129 thousand.
[ zbsm.zip](zbsm.zip)
42 kB → 5.5 GB
```
zipbomb --mode=quoted_overlap --num-files=250 --compressed-size=21179 > zbsm.zip
```
Optimization produced an almost even split
between the space allocated to the kernel
and the space allocated to file headers.
It is not a coincidence.
Let's look at a simplified model of the quoted-overlap construction.
In the simplified model,
we ignore filenames,
as well as the slight increase in output file size
due to quoting local file headers.
Analysis of the simplified model will show that the optimum
split between kernel and file headers is approximately even,
and that the output size grows quadratically
when allocation is optimal.
Define some constants and variables:
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| X | | zip file size (take as fixed) |
| N | | number of files in the zip file (variable to optimize) |
| CDH | = 46 | size of a central directory header (without filename) |
| LFH | = 30 | size of a local file header (without filename) |
| Q | = 5 | the size of DEFLATE non-compressed block header |
| C | ≈ 1032 | compression ratio of the kernel |
Let H(N)
be the amount of header overhead required by N files.
Refer to
[the diagram](#fig-quote)
to understand where this formula comes from.
| | |
| --- | --- |
| H(N) | = N ⋅ (CDH + LFH) + (N − 1) ⋅ Q |
The space remaining for the kernel is
X − H(N).
The total unzipped size
SX(N)
is the size of N copies
of the kernel,
decompressed at ratio C.
(In this simplified model we ignore
the minor additional expansion from quoted local file headers.)
| | |
| --- | --- |
| SX(N) | = (X − H(N)) C N |
| | = (X − (N ⋅ (CDH + LFH) + (N − 1) ⋅ Q)) C N |
| | = −(CDH + LFH + Q) C N2 + (X + Q) C N |
SX(N) is a polynomial in N,
so its maximum must be at a place where the derivative
S′X(N)
is zero.
Taking the derivative and finding the zero gives us
NOPT,
the optimal number of files.
| | |
| --- | --- |
| S′X(NOPT) | = −2 (CDH + LFH + Q) C NOPT + (X + Q) C |
| 0 = −2 (CDH + LFH + Q) C NOPT + (X + Q) C | |
| NOPT | = (X + Q) / (CDH + LFH + Q) / 2 |
H(NOPT)
gives the optimal amount of space to allocate for file headers.
It is independent of CDH, LFH, and C,
and is close to X / 2.
| | |
| --- | --- |
| H(NOPT) | = NOPT ⋅ (CDH + LFH) + (NOPT − 1) ⋅ Q |
| | = (X − Q) / 2 |
SX(NOPT)
is the total unzipped size
when the allocation is optimal.
From this we see that the output size grows quadratically
in the input size.
| | |
| --- | --- |
| SX(NOPT) | = (X + Q)2 C / (CDH + LFH + Q) / 4 |
It's a little more complicated,
because the precise limits depend on the implementation.
Python zipfile
[ignores](https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.7.0/Lib/zipfile.py#L1285-L1286)
the number of files.
Go archive/zip
[allows](https://github.com/golang/go/commit/38e512824336971bcb3d067ad46d01728501b959)
larger file counts, as long as they are equal in the lower 16 bits.
But for broad compatibility,
we have to stick to the limits as stated.
As we make the zip file larger,
eventually we run into the limits of the zip format.
A zip file can contain at most 216 − 1 files,
and each file can have an uncompressed size of at most 232 − 1 bytes.
Worse than that,
[some implementations](#compatibility)
take the maximum possible values
as an indicator of the presence of [64-bit extensions](#zip64),
so our limits are actually 216 − 2 and 232 − 2.
It happens that the first limit we hit is the one on uncompressed file size.
At a zip file size of 8 319 377 bytes,
naive optimization would give us a file count of 47 837
and a largest file of
232 + 311 bytes.
Accepting that we cannot increase N nor the size of the kernel without bound,
we would like find the maximum compression ratio achievable
while remaining within the limits of the zip format.
The way to proceed is to make the kernel as large as possible,
and have the maximum number of files.
Even though we can no longer maintain the roughly even split
between kernel and file headers,
each added file *does* increase the compression ratio—just
not as fast as it would if we were able to keep growing the kernel, too.
In fact, as we add files we will need to *decrease* the size of the kernel
to make room for the maximum file size
that gets slightly larger with each added file.
The plan results in a zip file
that contains 216 − 2 files and a kernel that decompresses
to 232 − 2 178 825 bytes.
Files get longer towards the beginning of the zip file—the
first and largest file decompresses to
232 − 56 bytes.
That is as close as we can get using the coarse
output sizes of bulk\_deflate—encoding
the final 54 bytes would cost more bytes than they are worth.
(The zip file as a whole has a compression ratio
of 28 million, and the final 54 bytes would gain
at most 54 ⋅ 1032 ⋅ (216 − 2) ≈ 36.5 million bytes,
so it only helps if the 54 bytes can be encoded
in 1 byte—I could not do it in less than 2.)
The output size of this zip bomb, 281 395 456 244 934 bytes,
is 99.97% of the theoretical maximum
(232 − 1) ⋅ (216 − 1).
Any major improvements to the compression ratio can only come
from reducing the input size,
not increasing the output size.
[ zblg.zip](zblg.zip)
10 MB → 281 TB
```
zipbomb --mode=quoted_overlap --num-files=65534 --max-uncompressed-size=4292788525 > zblg.zip
```
## Efficient CRC-32 computation
Among the metadata in the central directory header and local file header
is a
[CRC-32](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check)
checksum of the uncompressed file data.
This poses a problem, because directly calculating the CRC-32 of each file
requires doing work proportional to the total *unzipped* size,
which is large by design. (It's a zip bomb, after all.)
We would prefer to do work that in the worst case is
proportional to the *zipped* size.
Two factors work in our advantage:
all files share a common suffix (the kernel),
and the uncompressed kernel is a string of repeated bytes.
We will represent CRC-32 as a matrix product—this
will allow us not only to compute the checksum of the kernel quickly,
but also to reuse computation across files.
The technique described in this section is a slight extension of the
[`crc32_combine`](https://github.com/madler/zlib/blob/v1.2.11/crc32.c#L372)
function in zlib,
which Mark Adler explains
[here](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23122312/crc-calculation-of-a-mostly-static-data-stream/23126768#23126768).
You can model CRC-32 as a state machine that updates a 32-bit state register
for each incoming bit.
The basic update operations for a 0 bit and a 1 bit are:
```
uint32 crc32_update_0(uint32 state) {
// Shift out the least significant bit.
bit b = state & 1;
state = state >> 1;
// If the shifted-out bit was 1, XOR with the CRC-32 constant.
if (b == 1)
state = state ^ 0xedb88320;
return state;
}
uint32 crc32_update_1(uint32 state) {
// Do as for a 0 bit, then XOR with the CRC-32 constant.
return crc32_update_0(state) ^ 0xedb88320;
}
```
If you think of the state register as a 32-element binary vector,
and use XOR for addition and AND for multiplication, then
`crc32_update_0` is a
[linear transformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_map);
i.e., it can be represented as multiplication by a
32×32 binary
[transformation matrix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_matrix).
To see why, observe that multiplying a matrix by a vector
is just summing the columns of the matrix,
after multiplying each column by the corresponding element of the vector.
The shift operation `state >> 1`
is just taking each bit i of the state vector
and multiplying it by a vector that is 0 everywhere except at bit i − 1
(numbering the bits from right to left).
The conditional final XOR `state ^ 0xedb88320`
that only happens when bit `b` is 1
can instead be represented as first multiplying
`b` by 0xedb88320
and then XORing it into the state.
Furthermore, `crc32_update_1` is just
`crc32_update_0` plus (XOR) a constant.
That makes `crc32_update_1` an
[affine transformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_transformation):
a matrix multiplication followed by a translation (i.e., vector addition).
We can represent both the matrix multiplication and the translation
in a single step
if we enlarge the dimensions of the transformation matrix to 33×33
and append an extra element to the state vector that is always 1.
(This representation is called
[homogeneous coordinates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_matrix#Affine_transformations).)
M0| 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
M1| 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
The 33×33 transformation matrices M0 and M1 that compute
the CRC-32 state change effected by a 0 bit and a 1 bit respectively.
Column vectors are stored with the most significant bit at the bottom:
reading the first column from bottom to top, you see
the CRC-32 polynomial constant edb8832016 =
111011011011100010000011001000002.
The two matrices differ only in the final column, which represents a translation vector
in homogeneous coordinates.
In M0 the translation is zero and
in M1 it is edb8832016, the CRC-32 polynomial constant.
The 1's just above the diagonal represent the
shift operation `state >> 1`.
Both operations `crc32_update_0` and `crc32_update_1`
can be represented by a 33×33 transformation matrix.
The matrices M0 and M1 are shown.
The benefit of a matrix representation is that matrices compose.
Suppose we want to represent the state change effected by processing
the ASCII character 'a', whose binary representation is
011000012.
We can represent the cumulative CRC-32 state change of those 8 bits
in a single transformation matrix:
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Ma | = M0 M1 M1 M0 M0 M0 M0 M1 |
And we can represent the state change of a string of repeated 'a's
by multiplying many copies of Ma together—matrix exponentiation.
We can do matrix exponentiation quickly
using a [square-and-multiply](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring) algorithm,
which allows us to compute Mn
in only about log2 n steps.
For example, the matrix representing the state change
of a string of 9 'a's is
| | |
| --- | --- |
| (M`a`)9 | = M`a` M`a` M`a` M`a` M`a` M`a` M`a` M`a` M`a` |
| | = (M`a` M`a` M`a` M`a`)2 M`a` |
| | = ((M`a` M`a`)2)2 M`a` |
| | = (((M`a`)2)2)2 M`a` |
The square-and-multiply algorithm is useful
for computing Mkernel,
the matrix for the uncompressed kernel,
because the kernel is a string of repeated bytes.
To produce a CRC-32 checksum value from a matrix,
multiply the matrix by the zero vector.
(The zero vector in homogeneous coordinates, that is:
32 0's followed by a 1.
Here we omit the minor complication of pre- and post-conditioning the checksum.)
To compute the checksum for every file, we work backwards.
Start by initializing M := Mkernel.
The checksum of the kernel is also the checksum
of the final file, file N,
so multiply M by the zero vector and store the resulting checksum in
CDHN and LFHN.
The file data of file N − 1 is the same as the file data of file N,
but with an added prefix of LFHN.
So compute MLFHN,
the state change matrix for LFHN,
and update M := M MLFHN.
Now M represents the cumulative state change from processing
LFHN followed by the kernel.
Compute the checksum for file N − 1 by again multiplying M by the zero vector.
Continue the procedure, accumulating state change matrices into M,
until all the files have been processed.
## Extension: Zip64
[Earlier](#allocation) we hit a wall on expansion
due to limits of the zip format—it was impossible
to produce more than about 281 TB of output,
no matter how cleverly packed the zip file.
It is possible to surpass those limits
using [Zip64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_(file_format)#ZIP64),
an extension to the zip format that increases
the size of certain header fields to 64 bits.
Support for Zip64 is [by no means universal](#compatibility),
but it is one of the more commonly implemented extensions.
As regards the compression ratio,
the effect of Zip64 is to
increase the size of a central directory header from
46 bytes to 58 bytes,
and the size of a local directory header from
30 bytes to 50 bytes.
Referring to
[the formula](#eq-S_X_N_OPT)
for optimal expansion in the simplified model,
we see that a zip bomb in Zip64 format
still grows quadratically,
but more slowly because of the larger denominator—this
is visible in
[the figure below](#zipped_size)
in the Zip64 line's
slightly lower vertical placement.
In exchange for the loss of compatibility
and slower growth,
we get the removal of all practical file size limits.
Suppose we want a zip bomb that expands to
4.5 PB,
the same size that 42.zip recursively expands to.
How big must the zip file be?
Using binary search, we find that the smallest
zip file whose unzipped size exceeds the unzipped size of 42.zip
has a zipped size of
46 MB.
[ zbxl.zip](zbxl.zip)
46 MB → 4.5 PB (Zip64, less compatible)
```
zipbomb --mode=quoted_overlap --num-files=190023 --compressed-size=22982788 --zip64 > zbxl.zip
```
4.5 PB is roughly
the size of the data captured by the Event Horizon Telescope
to make the
[first image of a black hole](https://www.vice.com/en/article/597m7q/reddits-data-hoarders-are-freaking-out-over-all-that-black-hole-data),
stacks and stacks of hard drives.
With Zip64, it's no longer practically interesting to
consider the maximum compression ratio,
because we can just keep increasing the zip file size,
and the compression ratio along with it,
until even the compressed zip file is prohibitively large.
An interesting threshold, though,
is
264 bytes
(18 EB or
16 EiB)—that
much data
[will not fit on most filesystems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems#Limits).
Binary search finds the smallest zip bomb that produces at least that much output:
it contains 12 million files
and has a compressed kernel of 1.5 GB.
The total size of the zip file is
2.9 GB
and it unzips to
264 + 11 727 895 877 bytes,
having a compression ratio of over 6.2 billion.
I didn't make this one downloadable,
but you can generate it yourself using the [source code](#source).
It contains files so large that it uncovers
[a bug](https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=929502)
in Info-ZIP UnZip 6.0.
```
zipbomb --mode=quoted_overlap --num-files=12056313 --compressed-size=1482284040 --zip64 > zbxxl.zip
```
## Extension: bzip2
bzip2 starts with a run-length encoding step
that reduces the length of a string of repeated bytes
by a factor of 51.
Then the data is separated into
900 kB blocks
and each block compressed individually.
Empirically, one block after run-length encoding
can compress down to 32 bytes.
900 000 × 51 / 32 = 1 434 375.
DEFLATE is the most common compression algorithm
used in the zip format, but it is only one of many options.
Probably the second most common algorithm is [bzip2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bzip2),
while not as compatible as DEFLATE,
is probably the second most commonly supported compression algorithm.
Empirically, bzip2 has a maximum compression ratio of about 1.4 million,
which allows for denser packing of the kernel.
Ignoring the loss of compatibility,
does bzip2 enable a more efficient zip bomb?
Yes—but only for small files.
The problem is that bzip2 does not have anything like the
[non-compressed blocks](#quote) of DEFLATE
that we used to [quote local file headers](#quote).
So it is not possible to overlap files and reuse the kernel—each file must have
its own copy, and therefore the overall compression ratio
is no better than the ratio of any single file.
In [the figure](#zipped_size) we see that
no-overlap bzip2 outperforms quoted DEFLATE
only for files under about a megabyte.
There is still hope for using bzip2—an
alternative means of local file header quoting
discussed in [the next section](#extra).
Additionally,
if you happen to know that a certain zip parser supports bzip2
*and* tolerates mismatched filenames,
then you can use the [full-overlap construction](#overlap),
which has no need for quoting.
Zipped size versus unzipped size for various zip bomb constructions.
Note the log–log scales.
Each construction is shown with and without Zip64.
The no-overlap constructions
have a linear rate of growth,
which is visible in the 1:1 slope of the lines.
The vertical offset of the bzip2 lines shows that the compression ratio
of bzip2 is about a thousand times greater than that of DEFLATE.
The quoted-DEFLATE constructions
have a quadratic rate of growth,
as evidenced by the 2:1 slope of the lines.
The Zip64 variant is slightly less efficient,
but permits output in excess of 281 TB.
The lines for extra-field-quoted bzip2
transition from quadratic to linear
upon reaching either the maximum file size
(232 − 2 bytes),
or the maximum number of files allowed by extra-field quoting.
## Extension: extra-field quoting
So far we have used a feature of
DEFLATE to quote local file headers,
and we have just seen that the same trick
does not work with bzip2.
There is an alternative means of quoting,
somewhat more limited,
that only uses features of the zip format
and does not depend on the compression algorithm.
At the end of the local file header structure
there is a variable-length
*extra field* whose purpose is to store information
that doesn't fit into the ordinary fields of the header
([APPNOTE.TXT section 4.3.7](https://pkware.cachefly.net/webdocs/casestudies/APPNOTE.TXT)).
The extra information may include, for example,
a high-resolution timestamp or a Unix uid/gid;
Zip64 works by using the extra field.
The extra field is a length–value structure:
if we increase the length field without adding to the value,
then it will grow to include whatever
comes after it in the zip file—namely
the next local file header.
Each local file header "quotes" the local file headers that follow it
by enclosing them within its own extra field.
The benefits of extra-field quoting
over DEFLATE quoting
are threefold:
1. Extra-field quoting requires only 4 bytes of overhead,
not 5, leaving more room for the kernel.
2. Extra-field quoting does not increase the size of files,
which leaves more headroom for a bigger kernel when
operating at the limits of the zip format.
3. Extra-field quoting provides a way to combine quoting with bzip2.
The [zipalign](https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/zipalign) tool
from Android aligns files to 4-byte boundaries.
It works by
[padding the extra field with 0x00 bytes](https://android.googlesource.com/platform/build/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/tools/zipalign/ZipEntry.cpp#215).
Thus it could be considered to use header ID 0x0000,
which is "reserved for use by PKWARE."
But because it may add 0, 1, 2, or 3 bytes of padding,
and an extra field header is 4 bytes,
the extra fields it produces may be invalid anyway.
Despite these benefits, extra-field quoting is less flexible
than DEFLATE quoting.
It does not chain:
each local file header must enclose not only the immediately next header
but *all* headers which follow.
The extra fields increase in length as they get closer
to the beginning of the zip file.
Because the extra field has a maximum length of
216 − 1 bytes,
it can only contain up to 1808
local file headers,
or 1170 with Zip64,
assuming that filenames are [allocated as described](#filenames).
(With DEFLATE,
you can use extra-field quoting for the earliest local file headers,
then switch to DEFLATE quoting for the remainder.)
Another problem is that, in order to conform
to the internal data structure of the extra field,
you must select a 16-bit *header ID*
([APPNOTE.TXT section 4.5.2](https://pkware.cachefly.net/webdocs/casestudies/APPNOTE.TXT)).
to precede the quoted data.
We want a header ID that will make parsers
ignore the quoted data, not try to interpret it
as meaningful metadata.
Zip parsers are supposed to ignore unknown header IDs,
so we could choose one at random,
but there is the risk that the ID may be allocated in the future,
breaking compatibility.
[The figure](#zipped_size)
illustrates the possibility of combining extra-field quoting
with bzip2, with and without Zip64.
Both "extra-field-quoted bzip2" lines have a knee at which
the growth transitions from quadratic to linear.
In the non-Zip64 case, the knee occurs at the maximum uncompressed file size
(232 − 2 bytes);
after this point, one can only increase the number of files, not their size.
The line stops completely when the number of files reaches 1809,
and we run out of room in the
extra field.
In the Zip64 case, the knee occurs at 1171 files,
after which the size of files can be increased, but not their number.
Extra-field quoting may also be used with DEFLATE,
but the improvement is so slight
that it has been omitted from the figure.
It increases the compression ratio of
zbsm.zip by 1.2%;
zblg.zip by 0.019%;
and zbxl.zip by 0.0025%.
## Discussion
In related work,
[Plötz et al.](http://sar.informatik.hu-berlin.de/research/publications/index.htm#SAR-PR-2006-04)
used overlapping files to create a
near-self-replicating zip file.
Gynvael Coldwind
has [previously suggested](https://gynvael.coldwind.pl/?id=682) (slide 47)
overlapping files.
[Pellegrino et al.](https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity15/technical-sessions/presentation/pellegrino)
found systems vulnerable to compression bombs
and other resource exhaustion attacks
and listed common pitfalls in specification,
implementation, and configuration.
We have designed the quoted-overlap zip bomb construction for compatibility,
taking into consideration a number of implementation differences,
some of which are shown in [the table below](#compatibility).
The resulting construction is compatible with zip parsers that work
in the usual back-to-front way,
first consulting the central directory
and using it as an index of files.
Among these is the example
zip parser included in [Nail](https://www.usenix.org/conference/osdi14/technical-sessions/presentation/bangert),
which is automatically generated from a formal grammar.
The construction is not compatible, however,
with "streaming" parsers,
those that parse the zip file from beginning to end in one pass
without first reading the central directory.
By their nature, streaming parsers
do not permit any kind of file overlapping.
The most likely outcome is that they
will extract only the first file.
They may even raise an error besides,
as is the case with [sunzip](https://github.com/madler/sunzip),
which parses the central directory at the end and checks it for consistency
with the local file headers it has already seen.
If you need the extracted files to start with a certain prefix
(so that they will be identified as a certain file type, for example),
you can insert a data-carrying DEFLATE block just before the
block that quotes the next header.
Not every file has to participate in the bomb construction:
you can include ordinary files
alongside the bomb files
if you need the zip file to conform to some higher-level format.
(The [source code](#source) has a `--template`
option to facilitate this use case.)
Many file formats use zip as a container;
examples are Java JAR, Android APK, and LibreOffice documents.
[PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF)
is in many ways similar to zip.
It has a cross-reference table at the end of the file
that points to objects earlier in the file,
and it supports DEFLATE compression of objects through
the FlateDecode filter.
Didier Stevens
[writes](https://blog.didierstevens.com/2008/05/19/pdf-stream-objects/)
about having contained a 1 GB stream inside a
2.6 kB PDF file
by stacking FlateDecode filters.
If a PDF parser limits the amount of stacking,
then it is probably possible to use the DEFLATE quoting idea
to overlap PDF objects.
The central directory is located indirectly
using another structure called the *end of central directory* (EOCD).
The EOCD ends in a variable-length comment field
and finding it requires scanning for a magic number.
libziparchive
[calls](https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/libziparchive/zip_archive.cc#282)
the process the
"traditional EOCD snipe hunt" :)
Detecting the specific class of zip bomb we have developed in this article is easy:
look for overlapping files.
Mark Adler has written [a patch](https://github.com/madler/unzip/commits/6519bf0f8a896851d9708da11e1b63c818238c8f)
for Info-ZIP UnZip that does just that.
In general, though, rejecting overlapping files
does not by itself make it safe to handle untrusted zip files.
There are zip bombs that do not rely on overlapping files,
and there are malicious zip files that are not bombs.
Furthermore, any such detection logic must
be implemented inside the parser itself,
not as a separate prefilter.
One of the details
omitted from [the description of the zip format](#zip) is that
there is no single well-defined algorithm for locating
the central directory in a zip file:
two parsers may find two different central directories
and therefore
[may not even agree on what files a zip file contains](https://gynvael.coldwind.pl/?id=682)
(slides 67–80).
Predicting the total uncompressed size
by summing the sizes of all files
does not work, in general,
because the sizes stored in metadata
[may not match](https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity15/technical-sessions/presentation/pellegrino)
(§4.2.2)
the actual uncompressed sizes.
(See the "permits too-short file size" row in [the compatibility table](#compatibility).)
Robust protection against zip bombs
involves sandboxing the parser to limit
its use of time, memory, and disk space—just
as if you were processing image files,
or any other complex file format prone to parser bugs.
Compatibility of selected zip parsers with various zip features,
edge cases,
and zip bomb constructions.
The background colors indicate a scale from less restrictive to more restrictive.
For best compatibility,
use DEFLATE compression without Zip64,
match names in central directory headers and local file headers,
compute correct CRCs,
and avoid the maximum values of 32-bit and 16-bit fields.
| | [Info-ZIPUnZip 6.0](http://infozip.sourceforge.net/UnZip.html) | [Python 3.7zipfile](https://docs.python.org/3/library/zipfile.html) | [Go 1.12archive/zip](https://golang.org/pkg/archive/zip/) | [yauzl 2.10.0(Node.js)](https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl) | [Nailexamples/zip](https://github.com/jbangert/nail/tree/4bd9cc29c4092abe7a77f8294aff2337bba02ec5/examples/zip) | [Android 9.0.0 r1libziparchive](https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/libziparchive) | [sunzip 0.4](https://github.com/madler/sunzip)(streaming) |
| DEFLATE | ✓ | [✓](https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.7.0/Lib/zipfile.py#L57) | [✓](https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.12/src/archive/zip/struct.go#L31) | [✓](https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl/blob/2.10.0/index.js#L520-L521) | [✓](https://github.com/jbangert/nail/blob/4bd9cc29c4092abe7a77f8294aff2337bba02ec5/examples/zip/zip.c#L63) | [✓](https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/libziparchive/zip_archive.cc#1059) | [✓](https://github.com/madler/sunzip/blob/v0.4/sunzip.c#L1256) |
| Zip64 | [✓](http://infozip.sourceforge.net/UnZip.html#Release) | [✓](https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.7.0/Lib/zipfile.py#L186) | [✓](https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.12/src/archive/zip/reader.go#L519) | [✓](https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl/tree/2.10.0#limitted-zip64-support) | [✖](https://github.com/jbangert/nail/blob/4bd9cc29c4092abe7a77f8294aff2337bba02ec5/examples/zip/zip.c#L103-L125) | [✖](https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/libziparchive/zip_archive.cc#168) | [✓](https://github.com/madler/sunzip/blob/v0.4/sunzip.c#L922) |
| bzip2 | [✓](http://infozip.sourceforge.net/UnZip.html#Release) | [✓](https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.7.0/Lib/zipfile.py#L58) | [✖](https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.12/src/archive/zip/struct.go#L28-L32) | [✖](https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl/blob/2.10.0/index.js#L517-L525) | [✖](https://github.com/jbangert/nail/blob/4bd9cc29c4092abe7a77f8294aff2337bba02ec5/examples/zip/zip.c#L86) | [✖](https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/libziparchive/zip_archive.cc#1061) | [✓](https://github.com/madler/sunzip/blob/v0.4/sunzip.c#L1256) |
| permits mismatched filenames | warns | [✖](https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.7.0/Lib/zipfile.py#L1486-L1489) | [✓](https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.12/src/archive/zip/reader.go#L244) | [✓](https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl/tree/2.10.0#local-file-headers-are-ignored) | [✓](https://github.com/jbangert/nail/blob/4bd9cc29c4092abe7a77f8294aff2337bba02ec5/examples/zip/zip.nail#L49) | [✖](https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/libziparchive/zip_archive.cc#594) | [✓](https://github.com/madler/sunzip/blob/v0.4/sunzip.c#L1268-L1269) |
| permits incorrect CRC-32 | warns | [✖](https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.7.0/Lib/zipfile.py#L893-L894) | [if zero](https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.12/src/archive/zip/reader.go#L219-L224) | [✓](https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl/tree/2.10.0#no-crc-32-checking) | [✖](https://github.com/jbangert/nail/blob/4bd9cc29c4092abe7a77f8294aff2337bba02ec5/examples/zip/zip.nail#L41) | [✓](https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/libziparchive/zip_archive.cc#52) | [✖](https://github.com/madler/sunzip/blob/v0.4/sunzip.c#L1113-L1124) |
| permits too-short file size | ✓ | [✖](https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.7.0/Lib/zipfile.py#L772) | [✖](https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.12/src/archive/zip/reader.go#L205-L207) | [✖](https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl/blob/2.10.0/index.js#L641-L655) | [✖](https://github.com/jbangert/nail/blob/4bd9cc29c4092abe7a77f8294aff2337bba02ec5/examples/zip/zip.nail#L47) | [✖](https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/libziparchive/zip_archive.cc#847) | [✖](https://github.com/madler/sunzip/blob/v0.4/sunzip.c#L1113-L1124) |
| permits file size of 232 − 1 | ✓ | [✓](https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.7.0/Lib/zipfile.py#L1311-L1313) | [✓](https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.12/src/archive/zip/reader.go#L406-L414) | [✖](https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl/issues/109) | [✓](https://github.com/jbangert/nail/blob/4bd9cc29c4092abe7a77f8294aff2337bba02ec5/examples/zip/zip.nail#L59) | [✓](https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/libziparchive/zip_archive_common.h#95) | [✓](https://github.com/madler/sunzip/blob/v0.4/sunzip.c#L1275-L1277) |
| permits file count of 216 − 1 | ✓ | [✓](https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.7.0/Lib/zipfile.py#L258-L259) | [✓](https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.12/src/archive/zip/reader.go#L502-L511) | [✖](https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl/issues/108) | [✓](https://github.com/jbangert/nail/blob/4bd9cc29c4092abe7a77f8294aff2337bba02ec5/examples/zip/zip.nail#L79) | [✓](https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-9.0.0_r1/libziparchive/zip_archive_common.h#51) | [✓](https://github.com/madler/sunzip/blob/v0.4/sunzip.c#L1139) |
| unzips [overlap.zip](#overlap) | warns | ✖ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✖ | ✖ |
| unzips [zbsm.zip and zblg.zip](#allocation) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✖ |
| unzips [zbxl.zip](#zip64) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
## Credits
I thank
[Mark Adler](https://madler.net/madler/),
[Blake Burkhart](https://bburky.com/),
[Gynvael Coldwind](https://gynvael.coldwind.pl/),
[Russ Cox](https://swtch.com/~rsc/),
[Brandon Enright](https://www.brandonenright.net/),
[Joran Dirk Greef](https://github.com/jorangreef),
[Marek Majkowski](https://idea.popcount.org/),
[Josh Wolfe](https://wolfesoftware.com/),
and the [USENIX WOOT 2019](https://www.usenix.org/conference/woot19/) reviewers
for comments on this article or a draft.
Caolán McNamara evaluated the security impact
of the zip bombs in LibreOffice.
[@m1rko](https://habr.com/users/m1rko/)
wrote a [Russian translation](https://habr.com/ru/post/459254/).
[北岸冷若冰霜](https://zerosun.top/)
wrote a [Chinese translation](https://zerosun.top/2019/07/07/A-better-zip-bomb/).
Daniel Ketterer reported that the `--template` option
was broken after the addition of [`--giant-steps`](#giant-steps).
A version of this article
appeared at the
[USENIX WOOT 2019](https://www.usenix.org/conference/woot19/presentation/fifield)
workshop.
The workshop talk
[video, slides, and transcript](/talks/woot19-zipbomb/)
are available.
The [source code](#source) of the paper is available.
The [artifacts](https://www.usenix.org/conference/woot19/call-for-artifacts)
prepared for submission are <zipbomb-woot19.zip>.
Did you find a system that chokes on one of these zip bombs?
Did they help you demonstrate a vulnerability or
win a bug bounty?
[Let me know](#contact) and I'll try to mention it here.
LibreOffice 6.1.5.2
zblg.zip renamed to zblg.odt or zblg.docx
will cause LibreOffice to
create and delete a number of ~4 GB temporary files
as it attempts to determine the file format.
It does eventually finish, and it deletes
the temporary files as it goes,
so it's only a temporary DoS that doesn't fill up the disk.
Caolán McNamara replied to my bug report.
Mozilla addons-server 2019.06.06
I tried the zip bombs against a local installation of addons-server,
which is part of the software behind addons.mozilla.org.
The system handles it gracefully,
imposing a [time limit](https://github.com/mozilla/addons-server/blob/2019.06.06/src/olympia/lib/settings_base.py#L1457-L1458)
of 110 s on extraction.
The zip bomb expands as fast as the disk will let it up to the time limit,
but after that point the process is killed and the unzipped files
are eventually automatically cleaned up.
UnZip 6.0
Mark Adler wrote
[a patch](https://github.com/madler/unzip/commits/6519bf0f8a896851d9708da11e1b63c818238c8f)
for UnZip to detect this class of zip bomb.
2019-07-05:
I noticed that [CVE-2019-13232](https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2019-13232)
was assigned for UnZip.
Personally, I would dispute that UnZip's (or any zip parser's)
ability to process a zip bomb of the kind discussed here
necessarily represents a security vulnerability, or even a bug.
It's a natural implementation and does not violate the specification
in any way that I can tell.
The type discussed in this article is only one type of zip bomb,
and there are many ways in which zip parsing can go wrong that are not bombs.
If you want to defend against resource exhaustion attacks,
you should *not* try to enumerate, detect, and block
every individual known attack;
rather you should impose external limits on time and other resources
so that the parser cannot misbehave too much,
no matter what kind of attack it faces.
There is nothing wrong with attempting to detect and reject certain
constructions as a first-pass optimization,
but you can't stop there.
If you do not eventually isolate and limit
operations on untrusted data, your system is likely still vulnerable.
Consider an analogy with [cross-site scripting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site_scripting) in HTML:
the right defense is not to try and filter out bytes that may be interpreted as code,
it's to escape everything properly.
Mark Adler's patch made its way into Debian in
[bug #931433](https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=931433).
There were some unanticipated consequences:
problems parsing certain Java JARs
([bug #931895](https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=931895))
and problems with the mutant zip format of Firefox's omni.ja file
([bug #932404](https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=932404)).
SUSE decided
[not to do anything](https://bugzilla.suse.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1140748#c2)
about CVE-2019-13232.
I think both Debian's and SUSE's choices are defensible.
ronomon/zip
Shortly after the publication of this article,
Joran Dirk Greef published a
[restrictive zip parser](https://github.com/ronomon/zip) (JavaScript)
that prohibits irregularities such as overlapping files
or unused space between files.
While it may thereby reject certain valid zip files,
the idea is to ensure that any downstream parsers
will receive only clean, easy-to-parse files.
antivirus engines
Overall, it seems that malware scanners have slowly begun
to recognize zip bombs of this kind
(or at least the specific samples available for download)
as malicious.
It would be interesting to see whether the detection is robust or brittle.
You could reverse the order of the entries in the central directory, for example,
and see whether the zip files are still detected.
In the [source code](#source),
there's a recipe for generating zbsm.extra.zip,
which is like zbsm.zip except that it uses
[extra-field quoting](#extra) instead of
[DEFLATE quoting](#quote)—if you are a customer
of an AV service that detects zbsm.zip but not zbsm.extra.zip,
you should ask for an explanation.
Another simple variant is
[inserting spacer files between the bomb files](spacer.txt),
which may fool certain overlap-detection algorithms.
Twitter user @TVqQAAMAAAAEAAA
[reports](https://twitter.com/TVqQAAMAAAAEAAA/status/1146351962486476801)
"McAfee AV on my test machine just exploded."
I haven't independently confirmed it, nor do I have details such as a version number.
Tavis Ormandy [points out](https://twitter.com/taviso/status/1146477576132542466)
that there are a number of "Timeout" results in
[the VirusTotal for zblg.zip](https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/f1dc920869794df3e258f42f9b99157104cd3f8c14394c1b9d043d6fcda14c0a/detection)
[(screenshot 2019-07-06)](vt-zblg-20190706.png).
AhnLab-V3, ClamAV, DrWeb, Endgame, F-Secure, GData, K7AntiVirus, K7GW, MaxSecure, McAfee, McAfee-GW-Edition, Panda, Qihoo-360, Sophos ML, VBA32.
[The results for zbsm.zip](https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/fb4ff972d21189beec11e05109c4354d0cd6d3b629263d6c950cf8cc3f78bd99/detection)
[(screenshot 2019-07-06)](vt-zbsm-20190706.png)
are similar, though with a different set of timed-out engines:
Baido, Bkav, ClamAV, CMC, DrWeb, Endgame, ESET-NOD32, F-Secure, GData, Kingsoft, McAfee-GW-Edition, NANO-Antivirus, Acronis.
Interestingly, there are no timeouts in
[the results for zbxl.zip](https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/eafd8f574ea7fd0f345eaa19eae8d0d78d5323c8154592c850a2d78a86817744/detection);
[(screenshot 2019-07-06)](vt-zbxl-20190706.png)
perhaps this means that some antivirus doesn't support Zip64?
Forum user 100 [reported](https://forum.eset.com/topic/20123-zip-bombs-with-zip64-not-detected/)
that a certain ESET product did not detect zbxl.zip, possibly because it uses Zip64.
An update in the thread three days later showed the product being updated to detect it.
In [ClamAV bug 12356](https://bugzilla.clamav.net/show_bug.cgi?id=12356),
Hanno Böck reported that zblg.zip caused high CPU usage
in clamscan.
[An initial patch](https://bugzilla.clamav.net/show_bug.cgi?id=12356#c5)
to detect overlapping files
[turned out to be incomplete](https://seclists.org/oss-sec/2019/q3/121)
because it only checked adjacent pairs of files.
(I personally mishandled this issue
by posting details of a workaround on the bug tracker,
instead of reporting it privately.)
[A later patch](https://bugzilla.clamav.net/show_bug.cgi?id=12356#c14)
imposed a time limit on file analysis.
2020-07-28: FlyTech Videos presented a
[video testing various zip bombs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=peeYOqejWfg),
including [zbxl.zip](#zbxl),
against Windows Defender, Windows Explorer, and 7-zip.
In my web server logs, I noticed a number of referers that
appear to point to bug trackers.
* http://jira.athr.ru/browse/WEB-12882
* https://project.avira.org/browse/ENGINE-2307
* https://project.avira.org/browse/ENGINE-2363
* https://topdesk-imp.cicapp.nl/tas/secure/mango/window/4
* https://jira-eng-rtp3.cisco.com/jira/browse/AMP4E-4849
* https://jira-eng-sjc1.cisco.com/jira/browse/CLAM-965
* https://flightdataservices.atlassian.net/secure/RapidBoard.jspa?selectedIssue=FDS-136
* https://projects.ucd.gpn.gov.uk/browse/VULN-1483
* https://testrail-int.qa1.immunet.com/index.php?/cases/view/923720
* http://redmine-int-prod.intranet.cnim.net/issues/5596
* https://bugs.drweb.com/view.php?id=159759
* https://dev-jira.dynatrace.org/browse/APM-188227
* https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/CITnet/jira/browse/EPREL-2150
* https://jira.egnyte-it.com/browse/IN-8480
* https://jira.hq.eset.com/browse/CCDBL-1492
* https://bugzilla.olympus.f5net.com/show\_bug.cgi?id=819053
* https://mantis.fortinet.com/bug\_view\_page.php?bug\_id=0570222
* https://redmine.joesecurity.org:64998/issues/4705
* http://dev.maildev.jp/mantis/view.php?id=5839
* https://confluence.managed.lu/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=47974242
* https://jira-lvs.prod.mcafee.com/browse/TSWS-653
* https://jira.modulbank.ru/browse/PV-33012
* http://jira.netzwerk.intern:8080/browse/SALES-81
* https://jira-hq.paloaltonetworks.local/browse/CON-43391
* https://jira-hq.paloaltonetworks.local/browse/GSRT-11680
* https://jira-hq.paloaltonetworks.local/browse/PAN-124201
* https://paynearme.atlassian.net/browse/PNM-4494
* https://jira.proofpoint.com/jira/browse/PE-29410
* https://dev.pulsesecure.net/jira/browse/PRS-379163
* https://qualtrics.atlassian.net/browse/APP-326
* https://jira.sastdev.net/browse/CIS-2819
* https://jira.sastdev.net/secure/RapidBoard.jspa?selectedIssue=EC-709
* https://bugzilla.seeburger.de/show\_bug.cgi?id=89294
* https://svm.cert.siemens.com/auseno/create\_edit\_vulnerability.php?vulnid=48573
* https://jira.sophos.net/browse/CPISSUE-6560
* https://jira.vrt.sourcefire.com/browse/TT-1070
* https://task.jarvis.trendmicro.com/browse/JPSE-10432
* https://segjira.trendmicro.com:8443/browse/SEG-55636
* https://segjira.trendmicro.com:8443/browse/SEG-58824
* https://ucsc-cgl.atlassian.net/secure/RapidBoard.jspa?selectedIssue=SEAB-327
* https://jira.withbc.com/browse/BC-43950
* https://zscaler.zendesk.com/agent/tickets/849971
web browsers
I didn't directly experience this myself,
but reports online say that Chrome and Safari may automatically unzip
files after downloading.
* [ittakir](https://habr.com/ru/post/459254/#comment_20369364): "Скачал самый маленький файл на 5GB, Chrome тут же начал его распаковывать, хотя его об этом не просили, ну и кушать процессор и диск." *"I downloaded the smallest file on 5GB, Chrome immediately began to unpack it, although it was not asked for it, well, to eat the processor and disk."*
* [Rzah](https://old.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/c8ylxn/zblg_nonrecursive_zip_bomb_with_a_280000001_ratio/esrsxvi/): "Yet another reason why 'Open Safe files after downloading' is a stupid default setting for a web browser."
Chromium commit [f04d9b15bd1cba1433ad5453bc3ebff933d0e3bb](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/f04d9b15bd1cba1433ad5453bc3ebff933d0e3bb) is perhaps related:
>
>
> Add metrics detecting anomalously high ZIP compression ratios
>
>
>
>
> It's possible for a single ZIP entry to be very large, even if we only
> scan small ZIP archives. These metrics will measure how often that occurs.
>
>
>
>
filesystems
Something I didn't anticipate:
unzipping one of the bombs on a compressed filesystem can be relatively safe.
* [flying\_gel](https://old.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/cbvqzu/the_most_clever_zip_bomb_ever_made_explodes_a/etkazxk/):
"If I unzip this onto a compressed zfs dataset, will the resulting file be small? Edit: Just did a small test with a 42KB->5.5GB zip bomb. I ended up with 165MB worth of files so while just 3% of the full bomb, it's still a 4028 times inflation. ... I only have the standard LZ4 compression enabled, no dedup."
Twitter
Links to this article had been widely shared on Twitter
since around 2019-07-02,
but around 2019-07-20 it began showing
[an "unsafe link" interstitial](https://twitter.com/safety/unsafe_link_warning?unsafe_link=https://www.bamsoftware.com/hacks/zipbomb/)
([screenshot](twitter-unsafe.png), [archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20190721031831/https://twitter.com/safety/unsafe_link_warning?unsafe_link=https://www.bamsoftware.com/hacks/zipbomb/)).
Safe Browsing
Sometime around 2019-07-23 it seems that this page,
and *every* page on a \*.bamsoftware.com domain,
got added to the [Safe Browsing](https://safebrowsing.google.com/)
service used by web browsers
to block malware and phishing sites.
[Site status check](https://transparencyreport.google.com/safe-browsing/search?url=bamsoftware.com),
[block page screenshot](safebrowsing-www.bamsoftware.com-20190724.png).
From a few quick checks, it looks like pages on bamsoftware.com
have been demoted or delisted on the google.com search engine as well.
The Safe Browsing block is a bit annoying,
because it disrupted [Snowflake](https://snowflake.torproject.org/),
a completely unrelated service that happened to use the domain
snowflake-broker.bamsoftware.com, which did not even host any files
but was strictly a web API server.
See [#31230 Firefox addon blocked from agent by Google Safe Browsing service](https://bugs.torproject.org/31230).
The Safe Browsing block seemed to end
on or before
[2019-08-16](transparencyreport.google-www.bamsoftware.com-20190816.png).
Xfinity xFi Protected Browsing
On 2019-11-26, I was informed
by Hooman Mohajeri Moghaddam
that the Comcast Xfinity xFi
["Protected Browsing"](https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/evm3qk/comcast-blocking-paypal-customers-say-forum-net-neutrality)
feature blocks the bamsoftware.com domain, including this page
([screenshot](xfinity-blockpage.png)).
D std.zip
The D programming language
[made a modification](https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=20027)
to the [std.zip module](https://dlang.org/library/std/zip.html)
to detect overlapping files.
Apple iOS and iPadOS
Dzmitry Plotnikau sent me a report saying that
a zip bomb could use up all cache storage
on iPhones running iOS 12 and 13, even if only opened using "Quick look."
The exhaustion of storage could have various side effects,
including misbehaving apps, deletion of local cloud files, and OS crashes,
in some cases requiring a factory reset to remedy.
The bug was mitigated in iOS 14.0
(and likely other, contemporaneous point release of iOS and iPadOS).
See [HT211850](https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT211850)
under the "libarchive" heading.
## A final plea
It's time to put an end to Facebook.
Working there is not ethically neutral:
every day that you go into work, you are doing something wrong.
If you have a Facebook account, delete it.
If you work at Facebook, quit.
And let us not forget that the National Security Agency
must be destroyed.
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<h1 class="title"><font color="#339900">David A. Wheeler’s Personal Home Page</font></h1>
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Papers & projects on
<a href="#security">developing secure software</a>,
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<li><a name="security">Security</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="secure-programs/">Secure Programming for Linux and Unix HOWTO -- Creating Secure Software</a>
<img src="star.png" alt="[Popular]" width="12" height="11">
<li><a href="essays/law-security.html">What laws should be created to improve computer security?</a>
<li><a href="essays/learning-from-disaster.html">Learning from Disaster</a>
<li><a href="essays/bootstrap-sass-subversion.html"
>Subversion of bootstrap-sass</a>
<li><a href="essays/shellshock.html">Shellshock</a>
<li><a href="essays/heartbleed.html">How to Prevent the next Heartbleed</a>
<li><a href="essays/poodle-sslv3.html">POODLE attack against SSLv3</a>
<li><a href="essays/apple-goto-fail.html">The Apple goto fail vulnerability: lessons learned</a>
<li><a href="essays/cloud-security-virtualization-containers.html">Cloud Security: Virtualization, Containers, and Related Issues
<li><a href="essays/sony-lax.html">Sony Pictures, Lax Security, and Passwords</a>
<li><a href="https://www.ida.org/idamedia/Corporate/Files/Publications/IDA_Documents/ITSD/2019/P-9278.pdf"
><i>A Sample Security Assurance Case Pattern</i> by David A. Wheeler, December 2018</a> (external)
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<li><a href="https://www.ida.org/idamedia/Corporate/Files/Publications/IDA_Documents/ITSD/2019/P-9166.pdf"><i>Securely Using Software Assurance (SwA) Tools in the Software Development Environment</i> by David A. Wheeler and Daniel J. Reddy, IDA Paper P-9166, July 2018</a> (external)
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<li><a href="essays/open-security-definition.html">What is open security?</a>
<a href="essays/open-security-definition.pdf">[PDF]</a>
<a href="essays/open-security-definition.doc">[DOC]</a>
<li><a href="flawfinder/">flawfinder</a>, a source code scanner
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Filenames and Pathnames in Shell: How to do it correctly</a>
<li><a href="essays/securing-oss.pdf">Presentation: Securing Open Source Software</a> [<a href="essays/securing-oss.odp">Editable Slides</a>]<a href="#corefonts">*</a>
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<li><a href="essays/releasing-floss-software.html">Releasing Free/Libre/Open Source Software (FLOSS) for Source Installation</a>
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<li><a href="government_oss.pdf">What Should Governments Examine
in Acquiring COTS Open Source Software (OSS)?</a> (presentation)
<li><a href="essays/dod-oss.pdf">Presentation: Open Source Software and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)</a> <a href="essays/dod-oss.odp">[ODP]</a> <a href="essays/dod-oss.ppt">[PPT]</a>
<li><a href="essays/oss_200703.pdf">Presentation: Open Source Software (for U.S. Acquisitions) (2007-03)</a> [<a href="essays/oss_200703.odp">ODF</a>]<a href="#corefonts">*</a>
<a href="multimedia/oss_200703.ogg">[OGG]</a>
<a href="multimedia/oss_200703.mp3">[MP3]</a>
<a href="multimedia/oss_200703.flac">[FLAC]</a>
<li>
<a href="oss-dod-webinar2008.html">OSS and the DoD (2008 webinar)</a> / <a href="essays/dod-oss-qa.html">Questions and Answers, OSS and DoD</a>
<li><a href="essays/oss-government-acquisitions.html">Open Source Software (OSS) in U.S. Government Acquisitions</a> (this is a gentle introduction to FLOSS)
<img src="star.png" alt="[Popular]" width="12" height="11">
<li>
<a href="https://www.csiac.org/journal_article/publicly-releasing-open-source-software-developed-us-government">
“Publicly Releasing Open Source Software Developed for the U.S. Government”, <i>Journal of Software Technology</i>, Feb 2011, Vol. 14, Number 1</a>
</ul>
<li><a name="innovation">Software Innovations</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="innovation/innovation.html">The Most Important Software
Innovations</a>
<img src="star.png" alt="[Popular]" width="12" height="11">
<li><a href="innovation/microsoft.html">Microsoft, the Innovator?</a>
<li><a href="oss_fs_why.html#innovation">Innovation and OSS/FS</a>
</ul>
<li><a name="open-standards">Open Standards</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="essays/opendocument-open.html">Is OpenDocument an Open Standard? Yes!</a>
<li><a href="essays/open-standards-security.pdf">Presentation: Open Standards and Security</a> [<a href="essays/open-standards-security.odp">Editable Slides</a>]<a href="#corefonts">*</a>
<a href="multimedia/open-standards-security.ogg">[OGG]</a>
<a href="multimedia/open-standards-security.mp3">[MP3]</a>
<a href="multimedia/open-standards-security.flac">[FLAC]</a>
<li><a href="essays/open-standards-open-source.html">Open Standards, Open Source</a>
</ul>
<li><a name="spam">Countering Spam</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="essays/spam-email-password.html">Countering Spam Using Email Passwords</a>
<li><a href="essays/email-authentication-ftc.html">Comments on Email Authentication for Countering Spam</a>
<li><a href="guarded-email">Guarded Email Protocol</a>
</ul>
<li><a name="chess">Chess</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="chess-openings/">A Garden of Chess Openings</a>
<img src="star.png" alt="[Popular]" width="12" height="11">
<li><a href="essays/Fischer_Random_Chess.html">Fischer Random Chess (Chess960)</a>
<img src="star.png" alt="[Popular]" width="12" height="11">
<li><a href="misc/fen2wikipedia.html">FEN2Wikipedia</a>
<li>Famous chess games: The Game of the Century (<a href="misc/game_of_the_century.pgn">PGN</a>/<a href="misc/game_of_the_century.txt">Text</a>),
The Immortal Game (<a href="misc/immortal.pgn">PGN</a>/<a href="misc/immortal.txt">Text</a>),
The Evergreen Game (<a href="misc/evergreen.pgn">PGN</a>/<a href="misc/evergreen.txt">Text</a>),
Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1996, Game 1 (<a href="misc/deepblue-kasparov.pgn">PGN</a>/<a href="misc/deepblue-kasparov.txt">Text</a>)
</ul>
<li><a name="ada">Ada</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="lovelace/">Lovelace</a>, Ada95 tutorial
<img src="star.png" alt="[Popular]" width="12" height="11">
<li><a href="steelman/">Steelman papers</a>
</ul>
<li><a name="math">Mathematical Recreations</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="fourfours/">The Definitive Four Fours Answer Key</a>
<li><a href="essays/bases.html">Way Off Base</a>, discussing weird bases
<li><a href="essays/add-multiply.html">When Adding and Multiplying are the Same</a>
</ul>
<li><a name="formal-methods"></a><a href="formal_methods/">Formal Methods</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="formal_methods/how-to-prove-stuff.html">How to prove stuff automatically</a>
<li><a href="misc/simplify-hp-release.txt">Simplify released as open source software</a>
</ul>
<li><a name="text">Text Adventures / MUDs / Interactive Fiction (IF)</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="accuse/">Accuse</a>, text adventure puzzle-game
<li><a href="adventure/">Adventure/Colossal Cave</a>
<li><a href="anchorhead/">Anchorhead (Lovecraftian horror)</a>
<li><a href="bronze/bronze-transcript.html">Bronze (by Emily Short) transcript</a>
<li><a href="scepter-of-goth/scepter-of-goth.html">Scepter of Goth (history)</a>
</ul>
<li><a name="misc-essays">Miscellaneous Essays</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="essays/all-men-are-mortal.html">The Origin of All Men are Mortal</a>
<li><a href="essays/project-hail-mary-map.html">Project Hail Mary Stellar Map</a>
<li><a href="essays/project-hail-mary-starforce.html">Project Hail Mary and StarForce: Alpha Centauri</a>
<li><a href="essays/allsome.html">The Allsome Quantifier</a>
<li><a href="essays/good-morning.html">Say Good Morning if it is Morning Where You Are</a>
<li><a href="essays/intellectual-rights-not-intellectual-property.html">Intellectual Rights, not Intellectual Property</a>
<li><a href="essays/ask-not-holds-copyright.html">Ask Not Who Holds the Copyright</a>
<li><a href="essays/playstation-4-stuck-main-menu.html"
>Playstation 4 (PS4) Stuck on Game Main Menu (cannot play any game) - How to Fix</a>
<li><a href="essays/politicians-syllogism.html">Politician's Syllogism</a>
<li><a href="essays/checklists.html">Checklists are for Experts</a>
<li><a href="essays/hadoop-spark.ppt">Apache Hadoop and Spark (presentation)</a>
<li><a href="essays/make.html">Improving <tt>make</tt></a>
<li><a href="essays/world-builders.html">Man as the World-Builder</a>
<li><a href="essays/humans-batteries-matrix.html">Why are Humans used as Batteries in the Matrix?</a>
<li><a href="essays/matrix-party.html">How to Throw a Matrix Party</a>
<img src="star.png" alt="[Popular]" width="12" height="11">
<li><a href="essays/crystal-city.html">Crystal City Name Changes</a>
<li><a href="essays/move-spaceship-earth.html">Move Spaceship Earth!</a>
<li><a href="reviews.html">Reviews of Books, Movies, and Other Stuff</a>
<li><a href="essays/liberty-bill2.html">Liberty Bill 2</a>
<li><a href="essays/dc-in-maryland.html">Treat Washington, DC as Part of Maryland for Congressional Elections</a>
<li><a href="essays/adult-patrol-chant.html">Adult Patrol Chant</a>
<li><a href="essays/sight-reading.html">Writing Scores for Sight Reading</a>
<li><a href="misc/Gnossiene_No_1_Eric_Satie.pdf">Gnossiene No 1 by Erik Satie (PDF score for easy sight-reading)</a> (<a href="misc/Gnossiene_No_1_Eric_Satie.mscz">.mscz</a>)
<li><a href="misc.html">Miscellaneous links</a>
</ul>
<li><a name="sloc">Source Lines of Code (SLOC)</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="sloc/">Counting SLOC papers</a>,
inc. "More than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU/Linux’s size"
<img src="star.png" alt="[Popular]" width="12" height="11">
<li><a href="sloccount/">SLOCCount</a>, a program to measure SLOC
<img src="star.png" alt="[Popular]" width="12" height="11">
<li><a href="essays/linux-kernel-cost.html">Linux Kernel 2.6: It’s Worth More!</a>
</ul>
<li><a name="other-docs">Other Documents</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="franchises/">Geek Video Franchises</a>
<li><a href="misc/gmu-sample-format.odt">George Mason University (GMU)
Thesis/Dissertation Sample Document in OpenDocument format</a>
[<a href="misc/gmu-sample-format.pdf">PDF</a>]
</ul>
<li><a name="misc-software">Miscellaneous Software</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="totro.html">Totro</a>, a random name generator (also:
<a href="totro.pl">Totro.pl</a>)
<img src="star.png" alt="[Popular]" width="12" height="11">
<li><a href="auto-destdir/index.html">Auto-DESTDIR (automates installation)</a>
<li><a href="user-union/index.html">User-union (Union filesystem for unprivileged users)</a>
<li><a href="readable/index.html">Readable s-expressions and sweet-expressions for Lisp-like languages</a>
<li><a href="html2wikipedia/">html2wikipedia</a>
<li><a href="quoter/">quoter</a>, translates
HTML, SGML, and XML quotation marks
<li><a href="apple2/">Apple ][ stuff</a>
<li><a href="6502/">6502 development approaches</a>
</ul>
<li><a name="computer-essays">Computer-related essays</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="essays/dont-use-iso-14977-ebnf.html"
>Don’t Use ISO/IEC 14977 Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF)</a>
<li><a href="essays/software-patents.html">Eliminate Software Patents</a>
<li><a href="essays/dewitt-clause.html">The DeWitt clause’s censorship should be illegal</a>
<li><a href="essays/waterfall.html">The Waterfall Model</a>
<li><a href="essays/fixing-unix-linux-filenames.html">
Fixing Unix/Linux/POSIX Filenames (discusses newlines/tabs in file names, etc.)</a>
<li><a href="essays/open-files-urls.html">How to easily open files and URLs from the command line</a>
<li><a href="essays/make-it-simple-dewar.html">Make it Simple: A Tale about Robert Dewar</a>
<li><a href="autotools/index.html">Introduction to the Autotools (autoconf, automake, and libtool)</a>
<li><a href="essays/automating-destdir.html">Automating DESTDIR for packaging</a>
<li><a href="essays/python3-in-python2.html">Python 3 in Python 2</a>
<img src="star.png" alt="[Popular]" width="12" height="11">
<li><a href="essays/easy-cross-platform-gui.html">Easy and Cross-Platform GUI development FLOSS tools with Unix/Linux support</a>
<li><a href="essays/scm-security.html">SCM Security</a>
<img src="star.png" alt="[Popular]" width="12" height="11">
<li><a href="essays/debugging-agans.html">My review of
<cite>Debugging</cite> by David J. Agans</a>
<li><a href="essays/simple-markup.html">Simple and Readable Text Markup Languages vs. Rich Web Text Editing</a>
<li><a href="essays/quotes-in-html.html">Quotes in HTML</a>
<img src="star.png" alt="[Popular]" width="12" height="11">
<li><a href="essays/fedora-linux.html">Notes on Fedora Linux</a>
<li><a href="essays/virtualbox-fedora-linux.html">Virtualbox and Fedora Linux</a>
<li><a href="essays/apache-cac-configuration.html">Configuring Apache for Client Certificates (such as DoD CAC cards) on Red Hat Linux/CentOS</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="advmath/">High School Advanced Math/Precalculus info</a>
<li><a href="attic.html">My web attic</a> - where I put older things.
</ul>
<br>
<br>
Old blog entries:
<a href="blog/2004/">2004</a>
<a href="blog/2005/">2005</a>
<a href="blog/2006/">2006</a>
<a href="blog/2007/">2007</a>
<a href="blog/2008/">2008</a>
<a href="blog/2009/">2009</a>
<a href="blog/2010/">2010</a>
<a href="blog/2011/">2011</a>
<a href="blog/2012/">2012</a>
<a href="blog/2013/">2013</a>
<a href="blog/2014/">2014</a>
<a href="blog/2015/">2015</a>
<a href="blog/2016/">2016</a>
<a href="blog/2017/">2017</a>
<p>
<!-- For a little while we can remove this...
<p>
<a href="http://swpat.ffii.org/"><b>Europeans: oppose software patents!</b></a>
(see also:
<a href="http://EuropeSwPatentFree.internautas.org/">EuropeSwPatentFree</a>).
-->
<p>
You are viewing <a href="https://dwheeler.com">https://dwheeler.com</a>;
the <img src="star.png" alt="[Popular]" width="12" height="11"> mark
is attached to my most popular items.
This is my <i>personal</i> site; therefore,
<a name="disclaimer"></a>
this site’s content is not endorsed by David A. Wheeler’s employer,
government, or <a href="wiggles.html">guinea pig</a>.
Please feel free to directly link to any of my material that you find useful.
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The terms
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# David A. Wheeler’s Personal Home Page
>
> Papers & projects on
> [developing secure software](#security),
> [free / libre / open source software (OSS/FLOSS)](#oss),
> [software innovation](#innovation),
> & other interesting things...
>
[My Blog](blog/index.html) |
[Presentations](presentations.html) |
[About Site](aboutsite.html) |
[Search Site](search.html) |
[About Me](dwheeler.html) |
[Contact Me](contactme.html)
---
**Latest posts:**
[FLOSS Weekly #609!](https://www.dwheeler.com/blog/2020/12/13#floss-weekly-609)
[Report on the 2020 FOSS Contributor Survey](https://www.dwheeler.com/blog/2020/12/13#2020-foss-contributor-report)
[Secure Software Development Fundamentals](https://www.dwheeler.com/blog/2020/12/13#secure-software-development-fundamentals)
RSS Feed: [all](https://www.dwheeler.com/blog/index.rss) [FLOSS&Open Standards](https://www.dwheeler.com/blog/oss/index.rss) [security](https://www.dwheeler.com/blog/security/index.rss)
---
* Security
+ [Secure Programming for Linux and Unix HOWTO -- Creating Secure Software](secure-programs/)
![[Popular]](star.png)+ [What laws should be created to improve computer security?](essays/law-security.html)+ [Learning from Disaster](essays/learning-from-disaster.html)+ [Subversion of bootstrap-sass](essays/bootstrap-sass-subversion.html)+ [Shellshock](essays/shellshock.html)+ [How to Prevent the next Heartbleed](essays/heartbleed.html)+ [POODLE attack against SSLv3](essays/poodle-sslv3.html)+ [The Apple goto fail vulnerability: lessons learned](essays/apple-goto-fail.html)+ [Cloud Security: Virtualization, Containers, and Related Issues
+ [Sony Pictures, Lax Security, and Passwords](essays/sony-lax.html)+ [*A Sample Security Assurance Case Pattern* by David A. Wheeler, December 2018](https://www.ida.org/idamedia/Corporate/Files/Publications/IDA_Documents/ITSD/2019/P-9278.pdf) (external)
+ [*Securely Using Software Assurance (SwA) Tools in the Software Development Environment* by David A. Wheeler and Daniel J. Reddy, IDA Paper P-9166, July 2018](https://www.ida.org/idamedia/Corporate/Files/Publications/IDA_Documents/ITSD/2019/P-9166.pdf) (external)
+ [What is open security?](essays/open-security-definition.html)
[[PDF]](essays/open-security-definition.pdf)
[[DOC]](essays/open-security-definition.doc)+ [flawfinder](flawfinder/), a source code scanner
![[Popular]](star.png)+ [Securing Microsoft Windows (for Home & Small Business Users)](essays/securing-windows.html) ![[Popular]](star.png)+ [Filenames and Pathnames in Shell: How to do it correctly](essays/filenames-in-shell.html)+ [Presentation: Securing Open Source Software](essays/securing-oss.pdf) [[Editable Slides](essays/securing-oss.odp)][\*](#corefonts)+ [Presentation: Open Source Software and Software Assurance (Security)](essays/oss_software_assurance.pdf) [[Editable Slides](essays/oss_software_assurance.odp)][\*](#corefonts) ![[Popular]](star.png)+ [SCM Security](essays/scm-security.html)
![[Popular]](star.png)+ [Countering Trusting Trust through Diverse Double-Compiling (countering Trojan Horse attacks on Compilers)](trusting-trust)+ [Regular expression (regex) demo](misc/regex.html)+ [Easier Email Security is on the Way?](essays/easy-email-sec.html)+ ["Techniques for Cyber Attack Attribution"
by David A. Wheeler (Oct 2003)
(discusses attacker traceback / source tracking on a TCP/IP-based Internet)](http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA468859)
(external)](essays/cloud-security-virtualization-containers.html)* Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS or FLOSS)
+ [Why OSS/FS? Look at the Numbers! (Paper)](oss_fs_why.html)
![[Popular]](star.png)+ [Why FLOSS? Look at the Numbers! (Presentation)](numbers/)
![[Popular]](star.png)+ [FLOSS is commercial software](essays/commercial-floss.html)
![[Popular]](star.png)+ [How to Evaluate OSS/FS Programs](oss_fs_eval.html)
![[Popular]](star.png)+ [Generally Recognized as Mature (GRAM) OSS/FS Programs](gram.html)+ [Make Your Open Source
Software GPL-Compatible. Or Else](essays/gpl-compatible.html)
![[Popular]](star.png)+ [Open Source Software (OSS or FLOSS) and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)](essays/oss-dod-overview-2012-08-15.ppt)+ [Government Open Source Released Software](government-oss-released/) (external page)
+ [Releasing Free/Libre/Open Source Software (FLOSS) for Source Installation](essays/releasing-floss-software.html)+ [FLOSS License Slide](essays/floss-license-slide.html)+ [High Assurance (for Security or Safety) and Free-Libre / Open Source Software (FLOSS)... with Lots on Formal Methods (aka high confidence or high integrity)](essays/high-assurance-floss.html)+ [OSS/FS References](oss_fs_refs.html)+ [What Should Governments Examine
in Acquiring COTS Open Source Software (OSS)?](government_oss.pdf) (presentation)
+ [Presentation: Open Source Software and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)](essays/dod-oss.pdf) [[ODP]](essays/dod-oss.odp) [[PPT]](essays/dod-oss.ppt)+ [Presentation: Open Source Software (for U.S. Acquisitions) (2007-03)](essays/oss_200703.pdf) [[ODF](essays/oss_200703.odp)][\*](#corefonts)
[[OGG]](multimedia/oss_200703.ogg)
[[MP3]](multimedia/oss_200703.mp3)
[[FLAC]](multimedia/oss_200703.flac)+ [OSS and the DoD (2008 webinar)](oss-dod-webinar2008.html) / [Questions and Answers, OSS and DoD](essays/dod-oss-qa.html)+ [Open Source Software (OSS) in U.S. Government Acquisitions](essays/oss-government-acquisitions.html) (this is a gentle introduction to FLOSS)
![[Popular]](star.png)+ [“Publicly Releasing Open Source Software Developed for the U.S. Government”, *Journal of Software Technology*, Feb 2011, Vol. 14, Number 1](https://www.csiac.org/journal_article/publicly-releasing-open-source-software-developed-us-government)* Software Innovations
+ [The Most Important Software
Innovations](innovation/innovation.html)
![[Popular]](star.png)+ [Microsoft, the Innovator?](innovation/microsoft.html)+ [Innovation and OSS/FS](oss_fs_why.html#innovation)* Open Standards
+ [Is OpenDocument an Open Standard? Yes!](essays/opendocument-open.html)+ [Presentation: Open Standards and Security](essays/open-standards-security.pdf) [[Editable Slides](essays/open-standards-security.odp)][\*](#corefonts)
[[OGG]](multimedia/open-standards-security.ogg)
[[MP3]](multimedia/open-standards-security.mp3)
[[FLAC]](multimedia/open-standards-security.flac)+ [Open Standards, Open Source](essays/open-standards-open-source.html)* Countering Spam
+ [Countering Spam Using Email Passwords](essays/spam-email-password.html)+ [Comments on Email Authentication for Countering Spam](essays/email-authentication-ftc.html)+ [Guarded Email Protocol](guarded-email)* Chess
+ [A Garden of Chess Openings](chess-openings/)
![[Popular]](star.png)+ [Fischer Random Chess (Chess960)](essays/Fischer_Random_Chess.html)
![[Popular]](star.png)+ [FEN2Wikipedia](misc/fen2wikipedia.html)+ Famous chess games: The Game of the Century ([PGN](misc/game_of_the_century.pgn)/[Text](misc/game_of_the_century.txt)),
The Immortal Game ([PGN](misc/immortal.pgn)/[Text](misc/immortal.txt)),
The Evergreen Game ([PGN](misc/evergreen.pgn)/[Text](misc/evergreen.txt)),
Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1996, Game 1 ([PGN](misc/deepblue-kasparov.pgn)/[Text](misc/deepblue-kasparov.txt))* Ada
+ [Lovelace](lovelace/), Ada95 tutorial
![[Popular]](star.png)+ [Steelman papers](steelman/)* Mathematical Recreations
+ [The Definitive Four Fours Answer Key](fourfours/)+ [Way Off Base](essays/bases.html), discussing weird bases
+ [When Adding and Multiplying are the Same](essays/add-multiply.html)* [Formal Methods](formal_methods/)
+ [How to prove stuff automatically](formal_methods/how-to-prove-stuff.html)+ [Simplify released as open source software](misc/simplify-hp-release.txt)* Text Adventures / MUDs / Interactive Fiction (IF)
+ [Accuse](accuse/), text adventure puzzle-game
+ [Adventure/Colossal Cave](adventure/)+ [Anchorhead (Lovecraftian horror)](anchorhead/)+ [Bronze (by Emily Short) transcript](bronze/bronze-transcript.html)+ [Scepter of Goth (history)](scepter-of-goth/scepter-of-goth.html)* Miscellaneous Essays
+ [The Origin of All Men are Mortal](essays/all-men-are-mortal.html)+ [Project Hail Mary Stellar Map](essays/project-hail-mary-map.html)+ [Project Hail Mary and StarForce: Alpha Centauri](essays/project-hail-mary-starforce.html)+ [The Allsome Quantifier](essays/allsome.html)+ [Say Good Morning if it is Morning Where You Are](essays/good-morning.html)+ [Intellectual Rights, not Intellectual Property](essays/intellectual-rights-not-intellectual-property.html)+ [Ask Not Who Holds the Copyright](essays/ask-not-holds-copyright.html)+ [Playstation 4 (PS4) Stuck on Game Main Menu (cannot play any game) - How to Fix](essays/playstation-4-stuck-main-menu.html)+ [Politician's Syllogism](essays/politicians-syllogism.html)+ [Checklists are for Experts](essays/checklists.html)+ [Apache Hadoop and Spark (presentation)](essays/hadoop-spark.ppt)+ [Improving make](essays/make.html)+ [Man as the World-Builder](essays/world-builders.html)+ [Why are Humans used as Batteries in the Matrix?](essays/humans-batteries-matrix.html)+ [How to Throw a Matrix Party](essays/matrix-party.html)
![[Popular]](star.png)+ [Crystal City Name Changes](essays/crystal-city.html)+ [Move Spaceship Earth!](essays/move-spaceship-earth.html)+ [Reviews of Books, Movies, and Other Stuff](reviews.html)+ [Liberty Bill 2](essays/liberty-bill2.html)+ [Treat Washington, DC as Part of Maryland for Congressional Elections](essays/dc-in-maryland.html)+ [Adult Patrol Chant](essays/adult-patrol-chant.html)+ [Writing Scores for Sight Reading](essays/sight-reading.html)+ [Gnossiene No 1 by Erik Satie (PDF score for easy sight-reading)](misc/Gnossiene_No_1_Eric_Satie.pdf) ([.mscz](misc/Gnossiene_No_1_Eric_Satie.mscz))
+ [Miscellaneous links](misc.html)* Source Lines of Code (SLOC)
+ [Counting SLOC papers](sloc/),
inc. "More than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU/Linux’s size"
![[Popular]](star.png)+ [SLOCCount](sloccount/), a program to measure SLOC
![[Popular]](star.png)+ [Linux Kernel 2.6: It’s Worth More!](essays/linux-kernel-cost.html)* Other Documents
+ [Geek Video Franchises](franchises/)+ [George Mason University (GMU)
Thesis/Dissertation Sample Document in OpenDocument format](misc/gmu-sample-format.odt)
[[PDF](misc/gmu-sample-format.pdf)]* Miscellaneous Software
+ [Totro](totro.html), a random name generator (also:
[Totro.pl](totro.pl))
![[Popular]](star.png)+ [Auto-DESTDIR (automates installation)](auto-destdir/index.html)+ [User-union (Union filesystem for unprivileged users)](user-union/index.html)+ [Readable s-expressions and sweet-expressions for Lisp-like languages](readable/index.html)+ [html2wikipedia](html2wikipedia/)+ [quoter](quoter/), translates
HTML, SGML, and XML quotation marks
+ [Apple ][ stuff](apple2/)+ [6502 development approaches](6502/)* Computer-related essays
+ [Don’t Use ISO/IEC 14977 Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF)](essays/dont-use-iso-14977-ebnf.html)+ [Eliminate Software Patents](essays/software-patents.html)+ [The DeWitt clause’s censorship should be illegal](essays/dewitt-clause.html)+ [The Waterfall Model](essays/waterfall.html)+ [Fixing Unix/Linux/POSIX Filenames (discusses newlines/tabs in file names, etc.)](essays/fixing-unix-linux-filenames.html)+ [How to easily open files and URLs from the command line](essays/open-files-urls.html)+ [Make it Simple: A Tale about Robert Dewar](essays/make-it-simple-dewar.html)+ [Introduction to the Autotools (autoconf, automake, and libtool)](autotools/index.html)+ [Automating DESTDIR for packaging](essays/automating-destdir.html)+ [Python 3 in Python 2](essays/python3-in-python2.html)
![[Popular]](star.png)+ [Easy and Cross-Platform GUI development FLOSS tools with Unix/Linux support](essays/easy-cross-platform-gui.html)+ [SCM Security](essays/scm-security.html)
![[Popular]](star.png)+ [My review of
Debugging by David J. Agans](essays/debugging-agans.html)+ [Simple and Readable Text Markup Languages vs. Rich Web Text Editing](essays/simple-markup.html)+ [Quotes in HTML](essays/quotes-in-html.html)
![[Popular]](star.png)+ [Notes on Fedora Linux](essays/fedora-linux.html)+ [Virtualbox and Fedora Linux](essays/virtualbox-fedora-linux.html)+ [Configuring Apache for Client Certificates (such as DoD CAC cards) on Red Hat Linux/CentOS](essays/apache-cac-configuration.html)* [High School Advanced Math/Precalculus info](advmath/)* [My web attic](attic.html) - where I put older things.
Old blog entries:
[2004](blog/2004/)
[2005](blog/2005/)
[2006](blog/2006/)
[2007](blog/2007/)
[2008](blog/2008/)
[2009](blog/2009/)
[2010](blog/2010/)
[2011](blog/2011/)
[2012](blog/2012/)
[2013](blog/2013/)
[2014](blog/2014/)
[2015](blog/2015/)
[2016](blog/2016/)
[2017](blog/2017/)
You are viewing <https://dwheeler.com>;
the ![[Popular]](star.png) mark
is attached to my most popular items.
This is my *personal* site; therefore,
this site’s content is not endorsed by David A. Wheeler’s employer,
government, or [guinea pig](wiggles.html).
Please feel free to directly link to any of my material that you find useful.
See [about site](aboutsite.html) for information on DMCA
takedown notices and other similar information.
The terms
[dwheeler.com (TM) and www.dwheeler.com (TM)
are trademarks of David A. Wheeler.](aboutsite.html#trademark)
I’m a Christian;
[more information about Christianity is available](xian.html).
Pbatengf, lbh'ir qrpbqrq zl frperg zrffntr. Fbeel, ab cevmrf.
[](http://www.spreadfirefox.com/?q=affiliates&id=31988&t=60)
| https://dwheeler.com/ |
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<b>Welcome</b><br>
<img src="layout/divider.png"><br>
<p>
Welcome to the Graphic Designer's Studio, a resource to browse my past portfolio,
creations, and find free images and downloads for your own designs.
</p>
<p>
This site is now a historical resource, and isn't being actively updated. I've enjoyed
running the site, receiving feedback, the design community, and being graciously given the
opportunity to be
creative for a living. Please feel free to use the resources that have collected on this
site.
</p>
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<center><font size=2 face="arial">
<a href="/freeimages/">Free Images</a> |
<a href="/creations/">Creations</a> |
<a href="/webdesign/">Web Design</a> |
<a href="/portfolio/">Portfolio</a> |
<a href="/tips_tricks/">Tips & Tricks</a> |
<a href="/downloads">Downloads</a> |
<a href="/links/">Web Links</a><br>
</td>
</tr></table>
<center>
<div id="copyright">© 1998 <a href="https://www.philcrosby.com">Phil Crosby</a>
</div>
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| |
| | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | [Home](/) | | [Contact](/contact) | | [Guestbook](/guestbook) | |
|
| [Free Images](/freeimages/)
[Creations](/creations/)
[Web Design](/webdesign/)
[Portfolio](/portfolio/)
[Tips & Tricks](/tips_tricks/)
[Downloads](/downloads/)
[Web Links](/links/) |
| |
| --- |
| |
| |
**Welcome**
Welcome to the Graphic Designer's Studio, a resource to browse my past portfolio,
creations, and find free images and downloads for your own designs.
This site is now a historical resource, and isn't being actively updated. I've enjoyed
running the site, receiving feedback, the design community, and being graciously given the
opportunity to be
creative for a living. Please feel free to use the resources that have collected on this
site.
| | |
| --- | --- |
| | |
<!--
var sc\_project=1222284;
var sc\_invisible=1;
var sc\_partition=10;
var sc\_security="e42cb21b";
//-->
[free stats](http://www.statcounter.com/)
| |
|
[Free Images](/freeimages/) |
[Creations](/creations/) |
[Web Design](/webdesign/) |
[Portfolio](/portfolio/) |
[Tips & Tricks](/tips_tricks/) |
[Downloads](/downloads) |
[Web Links](/links/)
|
© 1998 [Phil Crosby](https://www.philcrosby.com)
loadGoogleAnalytics("UA-8598167-1");
browser\_name = navigator.appName;
browser\_version = parseFloat(navigator.appVersion);
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|
| https://www.graphics-design.com/ |
<head><title>Not Acceptable!</title></head><body><h1>Not Acceptable!</h1><p>An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server. This error was generated by Mod_Security.</p></body></html> | Not Acceptable!# Not Acceptable!
An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server. This error was generated by Mod\_Security.
| https://www.mathpages.com/ |
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Krellan.Com</TITLE>
<LINK REL="SHORTCUT ICON" HREF="favicon.ico">
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<CENTER>
<P>
<H1>Krellan.Com</H1>
</P>
</CENTER>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="18">
<TR>
<TD>
<P>
<A HREF="me"><IMG
SRC="pics/krellan2003a128.jpg" WIDTH="128" HEIGHT="128"
ALT="By popular request, I finally have a picture of myself online...."
ALIGN="right" BORDER="1"></A>
Welcome to <I>Krellan.Com</I>.
<BR>
This is the personal homepage of Josh Lehan.
</P>
<P>
I live in the
<A HREF="http://www.sfgate.com/"
>Bay Area</A>, with my boyfriend
<A HREF="http://www.teloria.org/eric/"
>Eric</A>.
</P>
<P>Like many in the industry, I was recently laid off. I am looking
for software engineering work.
<BR>Here
is my <A HREF="resume">résumé</A>, and also a
<A HREF="portfolio">portfolio</A> of work I have done in the past.
</P>
<P>
<I>Content:</I>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="demento"
>Dr. Demento</A>! The
reason radio was invented.
<LI>Splash <A HREF="splash"
>Open Source</A> Page — I made this while
working at Splash.
It
contains Linux programming information, including patches we made
to the Linux kernel and some user programs.
The company has since been bought
out by <A HREF="http://www.efi.com/"
>EFI</A>.
<LI>My
<A HREF="ddrpad"
>Double Pad Mod</A> — instructions
for modifying two dancepads to create a large
sturdy dancefloor! This is
for the
<A HREF="http://www.ddrfreak.com/"
>Dance Dance Revolution</A> game for
PlayStation.
<LI>Another doctor I like —
<A HREF="pinball"
>Doctor Who</A>! I have
made a
<A HREF="pinball"
>conversion</A> of the Doctor Who
<A HREF="http://www.missingpiece.com/pinball/drwho/"
>pinball machine</A> for
<A HREF="http://www.randydavis.com/vp/"
>Visual Pinball</A>.
<LI>Here are some old
<A HREF="rant" >rants</A> I wrote
about topics that interest
me — particularly computers, online audio, and civil liberties.
<LI>Lately, I have started keeping a
<A HREF="http://www.livejournal.com/users/krellan/"
>blog</A>! I often get a good brainstorm or other
idea that I feel strongly about, and it feels good to write it out
and get my feelings out for the world to see.
</UL>
</P>
<P>I used to maintain the <A HREF="demento"
>Dr. Demento</A> link
above — for over 10 years, this page was one
of the best sources to find Internet radio stations that play the show!
</P>
<P>
Click this address to email me:
<A HREF="mailto:in_at_krellanSPAM_dot_com"><IMG
SRC="http://krellan.com/pics/emailaddress.gif"
WIDTH="95" HEIGHT="15"
ALT="in_at_krellanSPAM_dot_com"
BORDER="0"></A> (spam-protected, please edit).
<BR>
<FONT SIZE="-1">
Apologies for having this email address as a graphic, and for
having a link that requires manual editing. This
had to be done, in order to protect the address from spammers
using automated programs to gather email addresses from text.
</FONT>
</P>
<P>
<script type="text/javascript"><!--
google_ad_client = "pub-5077629360461214";
/* HomeWidebar */
google_ad_slot = "2332855885";
google_ad_width = 728;
google_ad_height = 90;
//-->
</script>
<script type="text/javascript"
src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js">
</script>
</P>
</TD>
<TD>
<!-- This space for rent -->
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</BODY>
</HTML>
|
Krellan.Com
# Krellan.Com
| | |
| --- | --- |
|
[By popular request, I finally have a picture of myself online....](me)
Welcome to *Krellan.Com*.
This is the personal homepage of Josh Lehan.
I live in the
[Bay Area](http://www.sfgate.com/), with my boyfriend
[Eric](http://www.teloria.org/eric/).
Like many in the industry, I was recently laid off. I am looking
for software engineering work.
Here
is my [résumé](resume), and also a
<portfolio> of work I have done in the past.
*Content:*
* [Dr. Demento](demento)! The
reason radio was invented.
* Splash [Open Source](splash) Page — I made this while
working at Splash.
It
contains Linux programming information, including patches we made
to the Linux kernel and some user programs.
The company has since been bought
out by [EFI](http://www.efi.com/).
* My
[Double Pad Mod](ddrpad) — instructions
for modifying two dancepads to create a large
sturdy dancefloor! This is
for the
[Dance Dance Revolution](http://www.ddrfreak.com/) game for
PlayStation.
* Another doctor I like —
[Doctor Who](pinball)! I have
made a
[conversion](pinball) of the Doctor Who
[pinball machine](http://www.missingpiece.com/pinball/drwho/) for
[Visual Pinball](http://www.randydavis.com/vp/).
* Here are some old
[rants](rant) I wrote
about topics that interest
me — particularly computers, online audio, and civil liberties.
* Lately, I have started keeping a
[blog](http://www.livejournal.com/users/krellan/)! I often get a good brainstorm or other
idea that I feel strongly about, and it feels good to write it out
and get my feelings out for the world to see.
I used to maintain the [Dr. Demento](demento) link
above — for over 10 years, this page was one
of the best sources to find Internet radio stations that play the show!
Click this address to email me:
[in_at_krellanSPAM_dot_com](mailto:in_at_krellanSPAM_dot_com) (spam-protected, please edit).
Apologies for having this email address as a graphic, and for
having a link that requires manual editing. This
had to be done, in order to protect the address from spammers
using automated programs to gather email addresses from text.
<!--
google\_ad\_client = "pub-5077629360461214";
/\* HomeWidebar \*/
google\_ad\_slot = "2332855885";
google\_ad\_width = 728;
google\_ad\_height = 90;
//-->
| |
| http://www.krellan.com/ |
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 5.0">
<meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document">
<title>The Alien Vs. Predator Lair</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#000000" text="#ffffff">
<center><noscript><a href="http://www.ztnetstore.com/">xbox to pc usb</a></noscript>
</center>
<p align="center"><img border="0" src="title.jpg" width="384"
height="160"></p>
<p align="center"><img border="0" src="title2.jpg" width="309"
height="400"></p>
<p align="left"> <font size="4">Welcome to The Alien
Vs. Predator Lair, the only (as far as I know) website on the internet
dedicated to this kick-ass game. At least the FIRST. Aliens
vs. Predator continues the great tradition of Capcom for excellent
side-scroller games. It builds on the legacy of Final Fight, one
of the first classic fighting games that attempted to bring a realistic
touch to graphics and fighting games. Many other fighting games
have followed this tradition (Streets of Rage, Captain Commando, Ninja
Turtles, etc.) but somehow this game continues to have a great replay
value for me. Maybe it is the fact that you can play as the
Predators, that invincible race of interstellar fighters.
Whatever it is, the great graphics, suspenseful soundtrack, and
non-stop gameplay make Alien Vs. Predator Arcade a classic fighting
game for all time. It is my hope that this
humble website will provide all the information, tools, and files
needed for the
full enjoyment of this great game. </font></p>
<p align="center"><a href="avpenemies.htm">
<img border="0" src="avpenemies.jpg" width="150" height="30"></a><a
href="avpitems.htm"><img border="0" src="avpitems.jpg" width="150"
height="30"></a><a href="avpmultimedia.htm"><img border="0"
src="avpmultimedia.jpg" width="150" height="30"></a><a
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<h1>Myth of Atlantis</h1>
<p class="subHeading">The background</p>
<small>(written by K. Eichhorn. Original article <a href="http://www.philognosie.net/index.php/article/articleview/301/">here</a>)</small>
<h2>Prologue</h2>
<p>Atlantis... how many times did we already hear this word, but- what is it really? Many fairytales are told about a so called "sunk continent" and mix up with speculations over a prehistoric super-civilization with nukes or the imagination of mega-cities on the ground of the ocean. But where does the story come from? This essay will let you know who is the original author of the Atlantis-report and gives a short glimpse on the newest reseach results. </p>
<h2>Atlantis... marketplace of the prophetes </h2>
<p>It is extraordinary important to know, that this subject is discussed by several totally different groups. Nearly noone is aware of the fact that the famous greek philosopher Plato (427-347 B.C.) is the author of the genuine texts. They are a part of Plato's final work, that can be estimated as a kind of encyclopedia, in which he tries to summarize the whole knowledge of the ancient times. These two short cutouts, named "Timaios" and "Kritias" are the only text that <strong>surely</strong> refer to the theme Atlantis!</p>
<img class="imageLeft" alt="author of the Atlantis-narration" title="author of the Atlantis-narration" src="Atlantis-images/Platon.gif" style="width: 189px; height: 283px;">
<p>There are other ancient documents that seem to have a certain similarity to Plato's description, but if a passage out of Homer's Odyssee (900 B.C.) that describes the country of the "Phäaken" means the same is absolutely not assured. Neither the reports of Herodot of Halikarnassos nor the big flood story out of the bible may be compared to Plato's original texts, because no provable relationship can be taken for guaranted. This is the reason why it has to be explicitely noticed, that nothing else but Plato's reports are the only historic source for a scientific research dealing with the subject Atlantis.</p>
<p> Mainly responsible for the confusion about Atlantis is the camp of the esoteric-scene. In the twenties of the last century a magician named Edgar Cayce inspired his audience as a wonder doctor and hypnotist. While having mysterious seances he made the prophecy that Atlantis will reappear in front of the island Bimini at the end of the century. He said Atlantis was destoyed by nuclear weapons and described some strange Aircrafts. Additionally Madame Helena Blavatzki, who was the founder of the theosophic doctrine related the fictional islands "Lemuria" and "Mu" to Atlantis and was later on supported by other self-styled channel-medias. If their transmission from the herafter have a real background or describing "another" Atlantis can not be decided--- but as a matter of fact they have nothing to do with Plato's genuine manuscripts. </p>
<p>These two influences led automatically to an explosive mixture out of real science, half-heartet curiosity and esoteric speculation. The subject Atlantis degenerated to a chaotic myth for mentally disturbed people and other weired personel. And finally the abuse for ideologic reasons, as well as numerous freely invented phantasy-films extinguished all kind of seriousness from this historic narration.<br />
This essay will help to transform the existing confusion into knowledge.</p>
<h2>Atlantis... the real origin</h2>
<p>With about 70 years Plato writes down his mainwork, that is a summary of knowledge of his times. It consits out of the collection dealing with the pytharogrean medicine, physiology, psychology and astronomy. Only two pasages out of this work, the dialogues "Timaios" and "Kritias" name for the first time ever in the history of literature the word "Atlantis". Everything, that follows in later times dealing with the expression Atlantis is based on Plato's description as a model. But this term is explicitely declared by Plato as a translation from the egyptian language and the original meaning is totally unknown (the greek translation is "daughter of Atlas"). But where did Plato get his informations from? </p>
<img class="imageLeft" title="view to Atlantis" alt="view to Atlantis" src="Atlantis-images/Gibraltar.gif" style="border: 0px solid ; height: 312px; width: 322px;">
<p>Plato himself names the source of his informations within the dialogues. It was Solon (640-559 v.Chr.), another historic person and one of the founders of the athenic state-democracy. He brought these texts from a voyage to egypt. Confirmed by the genealogic researches of John Davies, Solon was the grandfather of Kritias, while Kritias was the uncle of Plato. Solons notes have been handed over between these historic persons until they were finally used in Plato's mainwork.</p>
<p>About Solon there are many details known. He was famous for his numerous travels, that he undertook as a tradesman. In order to get to know the customs, the law and the history of foreign cultures he went about 560 B.C. to egypt, where he visited the town "Sais" in the delta of the river Nile. There has been the "Temple of Neith", that had the image of beeing the most important university of this epoch. In this temple he found some statues with engraved texts dealing with Atlantis. He asked the priests about this story and was abundantly answered by them. By using further papyrus-rolls they told him the story about Atlantis. Out of these informations he made the paper, that was later on given to his great-nevew Plato.</p>
<p>The existance of the Temple of Neith has already been proved by archeological excavations. Solon's trip to the haven of Naucratis, that is in a distance of 16 kilometres to the ancient town Sais is historicly confirmed. About 300 B.C. "Crantor of Soloi" also travels to this temple and witnesses to have seen this particular papyrus-rolls, before the romans destroyedthe temple about three centuries later. </p>
<h2>The basic content of Timaios and Kritias</h2>
<p>First of all we have to remark that for an estimation of the real content of Plato's texts, any influence of the Atlantis-hysteria of the 20th century must be completely excluded. In order to do that, it is necessary to use translations that have been made before 1920. This is the case for the book "Emergency Atlantis", that uses a transmission into the german language out of the year 1856, done by Hieronymus Mueller in Leipzig (Germany).</p>
<p>The dialogue "Timaios" is a talk between Sokrates and Timaios, wherein Timaios tells what Kritias said about Solon's sojourn in Sais. Solon shall have been told by the egyptian priests, that the greek culture is much older than they thought themselves. Their mythologie is nothing else but a fairytale and the reason for it is, that the knowledge of the real circumstances got lost 9.000 years before (i.e. Date of Solon's stay minus 9.000 = 9.560 B.C.)
Timaios repeats the conversation between Solon and the priests, that deals with military actions between the proto-greeks and the atlantic people. The atlantic people are described as an advanced culture that managed to dominate the whole mediteranian area at this time. Later on their island shall has been extinguished by a flood and a giant earthquake.</p>
<p>In the dialogue "Kritias" this historicel person talks about what he already heard as a child from his grandfather Solon. He emphasizes that all the names are translations and the audience should not wonder why the atlantic-people had hellenic names. After that starts an extraordinarily detailed description of the island Atlantis, as well as facts about position, form, climate, mineral resources, fauna, and so on. In the same pecision is the capital of Atlantis described, even with exact measurements. It follows a portray of the customs of the atlantic-people, as well as for the number and equipment for the complete army. It ends up with special rituals of the royals and is not exceedable in the sharpness of description.</p>
<p>Both dialogues together fill less than 6 pages. Even though that is already all they are extremely exact and deliver incredible particularities about dimensions, topographics, geology, meteorology and a number of other scientific disciplines. Not only the placement of texts in Plato's encyclopedia leads to the conclusion that this narration is a historic report. Several times, within the dialogues, the protagonists themselves explicitely say that this is not an invented fairytale, but the historic truth.</p>
<h2>Newest researches</h2>
<p>The following passage is based on the work of an anonymus author named a.petit and may be seen as a clear recommendation. In his manuscript "Emergency Atlantis" he easily reveals some central mistakes that have been made while searching for the so called "sunk" Atlantis. This book will be an emergency for 2.400 years of science, too.
Here some examples;</p>
<p>By analysing the genuine texts in a linguistic way a.petit can prove that Atlantis never has been designated as a continent. Instead it is described as an island with a plateau of a certain size (550x370 kilometres).</p>
<img class="imageRight" title="the island Atlantis" alt="the island Atlantis" src="Atlantis-images/island-370-550.gif"
style="border: 0px solid ; height: 179px; width: 255px;" />
<p>There is just one single expression that can lead to a misinterpretation. But this only if you do not use a translation that is written before1920. In later editions you can read "(Atlantis was) <em>...an island, that was <strong>bigger</strong> than Asia and Libya together...</em>"</p>
<p>But the real meaning, as you can find it in Hieronymus Mueller's translation is</p>
<p>"(Atlantis was) <em>...an island, that was <strong>more mighty</strong> than Asia and Libya together...</em>"</p>
<p>The greek word that is written at this position in Plato's genuine texts is "<strong>meizon</strong>". And this word has the meaning of "more important" and "more mighty"!!! Already at this point of analysis all the encyclopedias that list Atlantis as a continent should be corrected! </p>
<p>Additionally must be remarked that Atlantis does not have to be situated in the atlantic-ocean, because these waters got their name (as well as the atlas-mountains) a long time later- and this because of the interpretation of the narration of Plato. The first mentioning of the atlantic- ocean is made by Herodot of Halikarnassos (484-425 B.C.) He had the imagination that the whole world was surrounded by an unknown ocean that he called "Atlantic" (greek: Atlantìs thálassa =Ocean of Atlas). But at the same time he describes "atlantic-people" who live in the south-east of the Atlas-Mountains that are situated at the mediterranian coast in Libya (!)</p>
<p>The reason for the estimation Plato's Atlantic-Ocean is the one of today is a textpassage where you can read that Atlantis should have been situated "beyond" the Pillars of Heracles. This is undoubtely a later designation for Gibraltar (Spain), but in the origin it is just an expression for any sea-strait. For example for the ancient haven of Cyprus, too.
Another point is that Plato has written in his texts "pro stoma", what not only means beyond, but also means "in front of" the Pillars of Heracles. So the conclusion that Atlantis was in the atlantic-ocean of our modern times is not necessarily right.</p>
<p>In the Atlantis-text there is the speach of a landscape named "Gadeiros", that is for many people equal to the greek expression "Gadeiros". This is todays spanish city of "Cadiz", next to the Pillars of Heracles. But those who keep it for the same forget, that Plato explicetely says that "Gadeiros" an expression out of the unknown atlantic language is. And that is why it can never be greek!!!</p>
<p>Anyway "Gadeiros" was a landscape in the size of a whole kingdom and everything else, but an ancient city. So this is another resultless trace that confused the science until now.</p>
<p>If we analyse the words Plato uses in his texts it is conspicious that he uses the expression "sea" for everything that is liquid. If saltwater, drinkwater, rivers or rain - he does not care. This is the reason why the sentence "<em>... Atlantis sank in the sea ...</em>" gets a totally different meaning. Atlantis does not have to have sunk in a salty ocean, Atlantis can be destroyed by nothing but rain and inondations! </p>
<p>Especially when we read the sentence with its context we get another astonishing result. The whole sentence is<br />
"<em>But afterwards occurred violent <strong>earthquakes</strong> and <strong>floods</strong> and in a single day and night of misfortune all your warlike men were swallowed by the earth (the first greeks), and the island of Atlantis <strong>in like manner</strong> disappeared in the depths of the sea ...</em>" </p>
<p>What does that mean?<br />
If the the ancient Greece was <strong>only</strong> destoyed by earthquakes and flood, and their landmass did <strong>not</strong> lower (like it is said in the texts), and Atlantis was destroyed <strong>in like manner</strong>, the Atlantis-island did not sink, either! But in the next sentence follows the most interesting confirmation of this thesis;</p>
<p><em>... For which reason the sea in those parts is impassable and impenetrable, because there is a shoal of mud in the way; and this was caused by the subsidence of the soil.</em>"(equivalent to H. Mueller 1856)</p>
<p>After the catastrophe the island Atlantis can not have been lower, than the sea which is now burried by its soil. But the text also sais Atlantis was just no more accessible- that means logically not sunk!</p>
<p>After the catastrophe the island Atlantis can not have been lower, than the sea which is now burried by its soil. But the text also sais Atlantis was just no more accessible- that means logically not sunk!</p>
<p><strong>.....Atlantis still existed after the catastrophe !!!</strong></p>
<h2>Result</h2>
<p>These were only some of the astonishing reconnaissances, but the series fills -like I already mentioned- a whole book. This is why I recommend to an interested audience the manuscript of an anonymus author, who works under the pseudonym a.petit. It will help to clean up the phantastic fictions about Atlantis. He himself possesses even more incredible evidences and claims to be as surprised as I am, or you will be....</p>
<p>K.H. Eichhorn</p>
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The Myth Atlantis - Expedition to Atlantis
Expedition to
[Atlantis](/ "Expedition to Atlantis")
[Proofs for Atlantis.](/ "Proofs for Atlantis")
The expedition-reports
[Project Atlantis.](Project-Atlantis.html "Project Atlantis [The story]")
The story
[Myth of Atlantis.](Myth-of-Atlantis.html "Myth of Atlantis. [The background]")
The background
[Hypothesis Atlantis.](Hypothesis-Atlantis.html "Hypothesis Atlantis [The content of the texts]")
The content of the texts
[Where is Atlantis?](Where-is-Atlantis.html "Where is Atlantis? [Maps and satellite-images]")
Maps and satellite-images
[Emergency Atlantis.](Emergency-Atlantis.html "Emergency Atlantis [The book]")
The book
[The author.](The-author.html "The author [A short interview]")
A short interview
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Contact / Disclaimer
[explore Atlantis...](explore-Atlantis.html "explore Atlantis... [Google Maps]")
Google Maps
[Specials](Atlantis-Special.html "This ist the place for little John :)))")
# Myth of Atlantis
The background
(written by K. Eichhorn. Original article [here](http://www.philognosie.net/index.php/article/articleview/301/))
## Prologue
Atlantis... how many times did we already hear this word, but- what is it really? Many fairytales are told about a so called "sunk continent" and mix up with speculations over a prehistoric super-civilization with nukes or the imagination of mega-cities on the ground of the ocean. But where does the story come from? This essay will let you know who is the original author of the Atlantis-report and gives a short glimpse on the newest reseach results.
## Atlantis... marketplace of the prophetes
It is extraordinary important to know, that this subject is discussed by several totally different groups. Nearly noone is aware of the fact that the famous greek philosopher Plato (427-347 B.C.) is the author of the genuine texts. They are a part of Plato's final work, that can be estimated as a kind of encyclopedia, in which he tries to summarize the whole knowledge of the ancient times. These two short cutouts, named "Timaios" and "Kritias" are the only text that **surely** refer to the theme Atlantis!
There are other ancient documents that seem to have a certain similarity to Plato's description, but if a passage out of Homer's Odyssee (900 B.C.) that describes the country of the "Phäaken" means the same is absolutely not assured. Neither the reports of Herodot of Halikarnassos nor the big flood story out of the bible may be compared to Plato's original texts, because no provable relationship can be taken for guaranted. This is the reason why it has to be explicitely noticed, that nothing else but Plato's reports are the only historic source for a scientific research dealing with the subject Atlantis.
Mainly responsible for the confusion about Atlantis is the camp of the esoteric-scene. In the twenties of the last century a magician named Edgar Cayce inspired his audience as a wonder doctor and hypnotist. While having mysterious seances he made the prophecy that Atlantis will reappear in front of the island Bimini at the end of the century. He said Atlantis was destoyed by nuclear weapons and described some strange Aircrafts. Additionally Madame Helena Blavatzki, who was the founder of the theosophic doctrine related the fictional islands "Lemuria" and "Mu" to Atlantis and was later on supported by other self-styled channel-medias. If their transmission from the herafter have a real background or describing "another" Atlantis can not be decided--- but as a matter of fact they have nothing to do with Plato's genuine manuscripts.
These two influences led automatically to an explosive mixture out of real science, half-heartet curiosity and esoteric speculation. The subject Atlantis degenerated to a chaotic myth for mentally disturbed people and other weired personel. And finally the abuse for ideologic reasons, as well as numerous freely invented phantasy-films extinguished all kind of seriousness from this historic narration.
This essay will help to transform the existing confusion into knowledge.
## Atlantis... the real origin
With about 70 years Plato writes down his mainwork, that is a summary of knowledge of his times. It consits out of the collection dealing with the pytharogrean medicine, physiology, psychology and astronomy. Only two pasages out of this work, the dialogues "Timaios" and "Kritias" name for the first time ever in the history of literature the word "Atlantis". Everything, that follows in later times dealing with the expression Atlantis is based on Plato's description as a model. But this term is explicitely declared by Plato as a translation from the egyptian language and the original meaning is totally unknown (the greek translation is "daughter of Atlas"). But where did Plato get his informations from?
Plato himself names the source of his informations within the dialogues. It was Solon (640-559 v.Chr.), another historic person and one of the founders of the athenic state-democracy. He brought these texts from a voyage to egypt. Confirmed by the genealogic researches of John Davies, Solon was the grandfather of Kritias, while Kritias was the uncle of Plato. Solons notes have been handed over between these historic persons until they were finally used in Plato's mainwork.
About Solon there are many details known. He was famous for his numerous travels, that he undertook as a tradesman. In order to get to know the customs, the law and the history of foreign cultures he went about 560 B.C. to egypt, where he visited the town "Sais" in the delta of the river Nile. There has been the "Temple of Neith", that had the image of beeing the most important university of this epoch. In this temple he found some statues with engraved texts dealing with Atlantis. He asked the priests about this story and was abundantly answered by them. By using further papyrus-rolls they told him the story about Atlantis. Out of these informations he made the paper, that was later on given to his great-nevew Plato.
The existance of the Temple of Neith has already been proved by archeological excavations. Solon's trip to the haven of Naucratis, that is in a distance of 16 kilometres to the ancient town Sais is historicly confirmed. About 300 B.C. "Crantor of Soloi" also travels to this temple and witnesses to have seen this particular papyrus-rolls, before the romans destroyedthe temple about three centuries later.
## The basic content of Timaios and Kritias
First of all we have to remark that for an estimation of the real content of Plato's texts, any influence of the Atlantis-hysteria of the 20th century must be completely excluded. In order to do that, it is necessary to use translations that have been made before 1920. This is the case for the book "Emergency Atlantis", that uses a transmission into the german language out of the year 1856, done by Hieronymus Mueller in Leipzig (Germany).
The dialogue "Timaios" is a talk between Sokrates and Timaios, wherein Timaios tells what Kritias said about Solon's sojourn in Sais. Solon shall have been told by the egyptian priests, that the greek culture is much older than they thought themselves. Their mythologie is nothing else but a fairytale and the reason for it is, that the knowledge of the real circumstances got lost 9.000 years before (i.e. Date of Solon's stay minus 9.000 = 9.560 B.C.)
Timaios repeats the conversation between Solon and the priests, that deals with military actions between the proto-greeks and the atlantic people. The atlantic people are described as an advanced culture that managed to dominate the whole mediteranian area at this time. Later on their island shall has been extinguished by a flood and a giant earthquake.
In the dialogue "Kritias" this historicel person talks about what he already heard as a child from his grandfather Solon. He emphasizes that all the names are translations and the audience should not wonder why the atlantic-people had hellenic names. After that starts an extraordinarily detailed description of the island Atlantis, as well as facts about position, form, climate, mineral resources, fauna, and so on. In the same pecision is the capital of Atlantis described, even with exact measurements. It follows a portray of the customs of the atlantic-people, as well as for the number and equipment for the complete army. It ends up with special rituals of the royals and is not exceedable in the sharpness of description.
Both dialogues together fill less than 6 pages. Even though that is already all they are extremely exact and deliver incredible particularities about dimensions, topographics, geology, meteorology and a number of other scientific disciplines. Not only the placement of texts in Plato's encyclopedia leads to the conclusion that this narration is a historic report. Several times, within the dialogues, the protagonists themselves explicitely say that this is not an invented fairytale, but the historic truth.
## Newest researches
The following passage is based on the work of an anonymus author named a.petit and may be seen as a clear recommendation. In his manuscript "Emergency Atlantis" he easily reveals some central mistakes that have been made while searching for the so called "sunk" Atlantis. This book will be an emergency for 2.400 years of science, too.
Here some examples;
By analysing the genuine texts in a linguistic way a.petit can prove that Atlantis never has been designated as a continent. Instead it is described as an island with a plateau of a certain size (550x370 kilometres).
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<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b><a href="birds/petrel/petrels.html">Petrels</a></b></font></div>
</td>
<td width="91" height="35">
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b><a href="birds/sniper/pipers.html"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Pipers</b></font></a></b></font></div>
</td>
<td width="96" height="35">
<div align="center"><font color="#0000FF" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b><a href="birds/seagulls/seagulls.html">Seagulls</a></b></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b></b></font></div>
</td>
<td width="104" height="35">
<div align="center"><font color="#0000FF" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b></b></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2" color="#0000FF"><a href="birds/varsler/varslere.html">Shrikes</a></font></b></font></div>
</td>
<td width="113" height="35">
<div align="center"><font color="#0000FF" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b></b></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b><a href="birds/song/song.html">Songbirds</a></b></font></div>
</td>
<td width="90" height="35">
<div align="center"><font color="#0000FF" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><a href="bcsvaner.html"></a></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2" color="#0000FF"><a href="birds/svaler/svaler.html">Swallows</a></font></b></font></div>
</td>
<td width="102" height="35">
<div align="center"><font color="#0000FF" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><a href="bcsvaner.html"><b>Swans</b></a></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b></b></font></div>
</td>
<td width="110" height="35">
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2" color="#0000FF"><b><b><a href="birds/terne/tern.html">Terns</a></b></b></font></b></font></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="98" height="25">
<div align="center"><b><b><font size="2"><font size="2"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b></b></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2" color="#0000FF"><a href="birds/st-trost/thrush.html">Thrush</a></font></b></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font></font></font></b></b></div>
</td>
<td width="91" height="25">
<div align="center"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b><b><font size="2"><font size="2"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b><a href="birds/meiser/tits.html">Tits</a></b></font></font></font></b></b></font></div>
</td>
<td width="96" height="25">
<div align="center"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2" color="#0000FF"><a href="birds/spett/woodp.html">Woodpeckers</a></font></b></font></div>
</td>
<td width="104" height="25">
<div align="center"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>more</b></font></div>
</td>
<td width="113" height="25">
<div align="center"><a href="birds/sniper/pipers.html"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font></a>to</div>
</td>
<td width="90" height="25">
<div align="center"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>come</b></font></div>
</td>
<td width="102" height="25">
<div align="center"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2" color="#0000FF"><b><b></b></b></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2" color="#0000FF"><a href="asia/kuiburi2.html">Birds
of<br>
Thailand </a></font><font color="#000099"></font></b></font></div>
</td>
<td width="110" height="25">
<div align="center"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b><font color="#000099"><a href="birds/birdstax.html">List
of <br>
bird-.families</a> </font></b></font></div>
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</tr>
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<div align="center"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#0000FF"><b><b><b><a href="birds/ducks/grav.html">Common
<br>
Shelducks</a><b></b></b></b></b></font></div>
</td>
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<div align="center"><font color="#0000FF" size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b><b><b><a href="asia/elegant.html">Birds
of<br>
Sangihe Is.</a></b></b></b></font></div>
</td>
<td width="96" height="25">
<div align="center"><font color="#0000FF" size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b><b><b><a href="../t/menorca/birds-e.html">The
Birds<br>
on Menorca</a></b></b></b></font></div>
</td>
<td width="104" height="25">
<div align="center"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#0000FF"><b><a href="../t/china/yun-birds.html">Birdlife
in<br>
Yunnan, China</a></b></font></div>
</td>
<td width="113" height="25">
<div align="center"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#0000FF"><a href="hb2005/page1.html"><b>Cranes
at <br>
Lake Hornborga</b></a></font></div>
</td>
<td width="90" height="25">
<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2" color="#0000FF"><b><a href="birds/ducks/teal-oc.html">Teal-ducks
in Oceania</a></b></font></div>
</td>
<td width="102" height="25">
<div align="center"><font color="#0000FF" size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b><a href="birds/ducks/teal-am.html">Teal-ducks
in America</a></b></font></div>
</td>
<td width="110" height="25">
<div align="center"><font color="#0000FF" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><b><a href="birds/ducks/mandarin.html">Mandarin
Duck<br>
and other ducks</a></b></font></div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<a href="anim/zoo.html" target="_blank"><img src="pics/ZOO1-t.jpg" width="165" height="99" border="0"></a><br>
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<div align="center"><img src="vlad/pics/mpicchuorhids.jpg" width="200" height="150"></div>
</td>
<td width="391" height="146">
<div align="center"><font size="4">One of our largest projects
so far:</font><font size="5"><br>
</font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><b><font color="#0000FF" size="6"><i><font size="5"><a href="vlad/andes-mnu.html"><font size="4">Fauna
and Nature of Andes, South America</font></a></font></i></font></b></font><font size="5"><br>
<font size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b><font size="2">Text
in Norwegian, but lots of pictures <br>
and links to english language pages<br>
<font color="#0000FF" size="5"><a href="vlad/escotia1.html">Scotia
Sea</a></font><br>
Whales - seals - penguins and much more<br>
<a href="vlad/escotia1.html"><img src="../flag/eu_eflag.gif" width="20" height="15" border="0"></a>
<a href="vlad/scotia1.html"><img src="../flag/eu_nflag.gif" width="20" height="15" border="0"></a>
</font></b></font></font></div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<img src="pics/sunsetwood.jpg" width="600" height="450"><br>
<font color="#990000" size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b><font color="#0000FF">just
couln't help it - had to show you this one, too.....</font></b></font><br>
<br>
<br>
<img src="../v/pics/sol.jpg" width="500" height="375"> </div>
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BIRDS</a><br>
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|
Our Beautiful World: Fauna and Nature
[](../v/redir/redir_1.htm)
| |
| --- |
| ***Our
Beautiful World*** |
***Fauna
and Nature* [](bcnature-n.html)**
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| |
| --- |
| **The
Great Pacific Garbage Patch.
[Read
more here](birds/sniper/plastic.html)
Ducks - or no Ducks? Is that a question to day? [Read
more here](globwarm/ducks-or-not.html)
Migrating birds and the risks. [Read
more here](birds/sniper/migration.html)** |
| | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ****[bukkm.gif](../n/bcanimal.html)
ANIMALS**** | ******[birdm.jpg](../n/bcbirds.html)
**********[BIRDS](../n/bcbirds.html)**********
500++****** | **[solenvir.jpg
ENVIRONMENT](../v/bcenviro.html)** | **[flower.jpg
FLOWERS](bcflora.html)
nå over 225** | **[dolphin.gif
SEALIFE](bcsealif.html)** | **[globe.gif
TRAVEL](../t/bctravel.html)** **[NORWEGIAN NATURE](../t/nphoto.html)** | |
| | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **[Animals
in Africa](africa/africani_e.html)** | **[Animals
in Antarctic](antarctic/antarcani.html)** | **[Animals
in Asia](asia/asianani-e.html)** | **[Gorillas
in the Sun](vlad/gorilla.html)** | **[Animals
in
Latin-America](latinam/latinani.html)** | **[Animals
in Kamchatka](../t/kamchat/animals.html)** | **[Virunga
Nat.Park](../v/volcan/virunga/virunga.html)** | **[Somali
Wildlife](africa/somaliwildlife.html)** |
| **[Ngoro
Nat.Park](ngoro/ngoro.html)** | **[Assam's
Giant bees](asia/apisassam.html)** | **[Reindeer
in Finland](../t/rv17/suomi0.html)** | **[Dow
Gardens
Michigan, USA](northam/dow1.html)** | ****[Ice
melting.
Icebear loose](globwarm/eicebearloss.html)**** | ****[The
Four
Seasons](seasons.html)**** | **[Autumn
Picture gallery](autumn/autumn-e.html)** | ********[Sangay
Nat.Park](latinam/tapir.html)******** |
| | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **[Macroglossum
stellatarum](emacroglo.html)** | **[Arbol
del Tule
Mexico](latinam/arboltule.html)** | ****[Scotia
Sea
Wildlife](vlad/escotia1.html)**** | ******[Pangolins
of
Asia & Africa](africa/pangolin.html)****** | **[This
also is
Lake Hornborga](hornborga/hbmenu-e.html)** | ******[The
Fauna
of Surtsey](surtsey/esurtmenu.html)****** | ****[Antelopes
and Gazelles](africa/antilope.html)**** | ****[Butterflies](bf/bf1.html)**** |
| | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **[Kui
Buri NP
Thailand](asia/kuiburi.html)** | **[Gruidae
all 15
Cranes](birds/cranes/gruidae.html)** | [**Cranes
crossing
Himalaya**](cranes/sarus.html#virgo) | [**Ducks
-
or no Ducks?**](../n/globwarm/ducks-or-not.html) | [**Migrating
Birds and Risks**](birds/sniper/migration.html) | **[Iguacu
National Park](latinam/iguacunp.html)** | | **[North
American
Animals](northam/northamani.html)** |
| ****[Winter
Wonderland](bcwinter.html)**** | ****[Whales
and
Dolphines](whale/whale.html)**** | ****[Tree-
kangaroos](austral/kangaroo.html)**** | **[Fauna
of
Kazakhstan](../t/kazakh/kazakh-3.html)** | **[Fauna
of
Changbaisan](../t/china/changbai.html)** | **[Fauna
of
Karo-province](../t/indo/karo-2.html)** | ********[Environment](../v/bcenviro.html)******** | ******[Geyser ******and******
the rifzone](geysir/egeysir.html)****** |
| | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **[Albatrosses](birds/albatross/albatross.html)** | **[Chats](birds/chats/chats.html)** | **[Cormorants](birds/skarv/skarv.html)** | **[Doves](birds/duer/duer.html)** | **[Ducks](birds/ducks/ducks-e.html)** | **[Eagles](birds/eagle/eagles.html)** | **[Falcons](birds/falker/falcons.html)** | **[Finches](birds/finker/finches.html)** |
| **[Flycatchers](birds/fluesnapp/flycatchers.html)** | **[Geese](birds/geese/geese.html)** | **[Grouse](birds/skogsfugl/grouse.html)** | ******[Hawks](birds/hawk/accipiter.html)****** | **[Lapwings](birds/vipe/viper.html)** | **[Owls](birds/owl/owls.html)** | **[Passeridae](birds/passeri.html)** | **[Penguins](birds/penguin/penguins.html)** |
| **[Petrels](birds/petrel/petrels.html)** | **[**Pipers**](birds/sniper/pipers.html)** | **[Seagulls](birds/seagulls/seagulls.html)** | **[Shrikes](birds/varsler/varslere.html)** | **[Songbirds](birds/song/song.html)** | **[Swallows](birds/svaler/svaler.html)** | [**Swans**](bcsvaner.html) | ******[Terns](birds/terne/tern.html)****** |
| ******[Thrush](birds/st-trost/thrush.html)****** | ******[Tits](birds/meiser/tits.html)****** | **[Woodpeckers](birds/spett/woodp.html)** | **more** | to | **come** | **[Birds
of
Thailand](asia/kuiburi2.html)** | **[List
of
bird-.families](birds/birdstax.html)** |
| ******[Common
Shelducks](birds/ducks/grav.html)****** | ******[Birds
of
Sangihe Is.](asia/elegant.html)****** | ******[The
Birds
on Menorca](../t/menorca/birds-e.html)****** | **[Birdlife
in
Yunnan, China](../t/china/yun-birds.html)** | [**Cranes
at
Lake Hornborga**](hb2005/page1.html) | **[Teal-ducks
in Oceania](birds/ducks/teal-oc.html)** | **[Teal-ducks
in America](birds/ducks/teal-am.html)** | **[Mandarin
Duck
and other ducks](birds/ducks/mandarin.html)** |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| | One of our largest projects
so far:
***[Fauna
and Nature of Andes, South America](vlad/andes-mnu.html)***
**Text
in Norwegian, but lots of pictures
and links to english language pages
[Scotia
Sea](vlad/escotia1.html)
Whales - seals - penguins and much more** |
**just
couln't help it - had to show you this one, too.....**
| |
| --- |
| **all pictures: © www.vulkaner.no
unless otherwise stated.** |
|
|
[**Text Menu - Quick Guide
to pages**](../v/bctree.html)
| | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **[bukkm.gif
ANIMALS](bcanimal.html)
over 250** | **[birdm.jpg
BIRDS](bcbirds.html)
over 500** | **[flower.jpg
FLOWERS](bcflora.html)
over 225** | **[dolphin.gif
SEALIFE](bcsealif.html)** | **[globe.gif
TRAVEL](../t/bctravel_e.html)** | **[globe.gif
VOLCANO](../v/volcan/vulkinfo2.html)** |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| [Google](http://www.google.com/) |
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<td width=767 height=150 colspan=14 rowspan=1 valign=top align=left><a href="http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page1.html">
<img alt="UFO Research Center banner" width=767 height=150 border=0 src="http://uforc.com/seti/mars/images/uforc-icon2.JPG"></a>
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<img alt="image of Mars; The red planet" width=141 height=141 border=0 src="http://uforc.com/seti/mars/wpx83igd.GIF">
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<p align=left><font face="Arial" size=4>INTRODUCTION TO MARS THE RED PLANET</p></font>
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<p align=left><font face="Arial" size=4>What you are about to read and see is the culmination of 20 years of research into the mysteries of Mars. We present you with the evidence. It will show that Mars was inhabited at one time. Mars may still be inhabited by some form of intelligence. Irregardless of the facts, Mars remains an enigma to this day.</p></font>
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<img width=214 height=211 border=0 src="http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/images/m1101534_raw_ds_detail_x4_slw1.jpg" alt="Crashed Martian UFO; a MUFO"></a>
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<a href="http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page2.html">
<font face="Arial" size=4>WITNESS THE MARS UFOs - MUFOs</p></a></font>
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<p align=left><font face="Arial" size=4>This object buried (left) is what is referred to as a Mars UFO. This accounts for many of the unknown objects found in and around the planet. It is just one of the many images that we have collected over the years. The Mars UFO story details the fascinating discovery and evolution of our research into this perplexing issue. Is this evidence of intelligent life on Mars? We present the information and you decide!
<br><a name="check it out" target="_blank" href="http://uforc.com/blocking-frames-VII.htm">
Click here for NASA cover-up using blocking frames.</a></p></font>
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<img alt="The Ancient Arrow Project" width=109 height=194 border=0 src="http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/images/img35.gif">
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<p align=left><font face="Arial" size=4>THE HOMOSAPIENS HYBRID THEORY</p></font>
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<p align=left><font face="Arial" size=4>Biblical texts suggest that the earth was visited by space men that came to earth and interbred with Earth women. The archeological record contains evidence of a highly advanced civilization that existed long before recorded history. This is what academia <I>does not</I> <I>want you to know</I> about our "pre-historic" record.</p></font>
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<img alt="The Giza Complex" width=243 height=186 border=0 src="http://www.uforc.com/imagemap/img05.gif"></a>
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<a href="http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page4.html">
<p align=left><font face="Arial" size=4>THE EARTH COLONIZATION THEORY: EGYPT & CYDONIA</p></a></font>
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<p align=left><font face="Arial" size=4>Another word for Mars is Egypt. Unravel the mysterious connection between the pyramids of
Giza (Earth) and the plains of Cydonia (Mars). No one can explain the mysterious power emanating from a pyramid shape and its purpose or function. Could it be possible that these pyramids were used as some form of teleportation device, between Earth and Mars?</p></font>
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<img alt="A UFO Mother-ship aka cigar/lozenge-shaped craft" width=222 height=114 border=0 src="http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/images/img43.gif">
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<a href="http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page5.html">
<p align=left><font face="Arial" size=4>CIGAR-SHAPED UFO - MOTHER SHIP OR H2O TRANSPORT</p></a></font>
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<p align=left><font face="Arial" size=4>This odd, cigar-shaped UFO was photographed here on Earth. We have come into possession of an image that shows the same type of object over the Martian surface. Explore our hypothesis that these lozenge-shaped craft act as immense tankers used to transport water to a dying, inhospitable world.</p></font>
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<p align=left><font face="Arial" size=4>UNINVITED VISITORS</p></font>
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<p align=left><font face="Arial" size=2>This unknown object is considered by some to be an extraterrestrial conveyance. One possible explanation is that they are used to transport water to Mars! Here's why..</p></font>
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<a href="http://www.angelfire.com/journal/UFORCE2000AVSE/MACAImages/MarsAnomaly.jpg">
<img alt="Evidence of hydro stream" width=188 height=188 border=0 src="http://www.uforc.com/imagemap/img07.gif"></a>
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<a href="http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page3.html">
<p align=left><font face="Arial" size=4>WATER ON MARS PRESENTS THE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE</p></a></font>
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<p align=left><font face="Arial" size=4>A recent announcement by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has confirmed what uforc investigators already knew.. There is water in abundance on Marsl Possibly enough H2O to support life. Is there water present on the Red Planet? Here are some clues to get you started. See "Water water everywhere but is there a drop to drink?"</p></font>
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<a href="http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/images/img49.gif">
<img alt="Mars Rover" width=213 height=171 border=0 src="http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/images/img48.gif"></a>
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<a href="http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page6.html">
<p align=left><font face="Arial" size=4>VISIT THE MARS ROVER IMAGE GALLERY</p></a></font>
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<p align=left><font face="Arial" size=4>The USA has been sending probes to our neighboring planet for decades. These machines are marvels of modern engineering. Take a closer look at
NASA's latest probe that they call 'Rover.' Our files the slide show 'nasa reveals tricks o' the trade.'</p></font>
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<a href="http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page7.html">
<p align=left><font face="Arial" size=4>UFORC.COM AND THE UFO RESEARCH CENTER</p></a></font>
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<p align=left><font face="Arial" size=4>Join us in our quest to find the truth about Mars,
What is NASA really hiding? The answer may surprise you. Please take a moment of your time to
read the credits, and more about the UFO Research Center. We welcome your input
at uforc.com</p></font>
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<div align="center">
<br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica" size="4">
<a href="http://uforc.com/blocking-frames-VII.htm" target="_blank" title="See what's NASA Hiding?? Link will open in a new window.">
SEE OUR SLIDE SHOW: NASA REVEALS TRICKS O' THE TRADE</a></font>
<br>
<br>
<center><b><font face="Arial, Helvetica" size="4">Navigate our site</center></b>
<center><b><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page1.html">page1</a> | <a href="http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page2.html">page2</a></b></font><b><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
| <a href="http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page3.html">page3</a></b></font><b><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
| <a href="http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page4.html">page4</a></b></font><b><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
| <a href="http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page5.html">page5</a></b></font><b><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
| <a href="http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page6.html">page6</a></b></font><b><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
| <a href="http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page7.html">page7</a></center>
<PRE></PRE>
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[UFORC.COM SETI]MARS...THE TRUTH IS IN HERE - MAIN DIRECTORY
[](https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/ufos-a-scientific-inquiry-christopher-montgomery/1006167276?ean=9781644622711)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| | | [UFO Research Center banner](http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page1.html) | |
| | |
| | | image of Mars; The red planet | |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | |
| | INTRODUCTION TO MARS THE RED PLANET |
|
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| --- | --- | --- |
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| | What you are about to read and see is the culmination of 20 years of research into the mysteries of Mars. We present you with the evidence. It will show that Mars was inhabited at one time. Mars may still be inhabited by some form of intelligence. Irregardless of the facts, Mars remains an enigma to this day. | |
| | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
| | | [Crashed Martian UFO; a MUFO](http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/m1101534_raw_ds_detail_x4_slw1-jpg.html) | |
| | | |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| |
[WITNESS THE MARS UFOs - MUFOs](http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page2.html) | |
| | |
| |
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| | | |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| | This object buried (left) is what is referred to as a Mars UFO. This accounts for many of the unknown objects found in and around the planet. It is just one of the many images that we have collected over the years. The Mars UFO story details the fascinating discovery and evolution of our research into this perplexing issue. Is this evidence of intelligent life on Mars? We present the information and you decide!
[Click here for NASA cover-up using blocking frames.](http://uforc.com/blocking-frames-VII.htm) | |
| | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
| | | The Ancient Arrow Project | |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | THE HOMOSAPIENS HYBRID THEORY | |
| |
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| | | |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | |
| | Biblical texts suggest that the earth was visited by space men that came to earth and interbred with Earth women. The archeological record contains evidence of a highly advanced civilization that existed long before recorded history. This is what academia *does not* *want you to know* about our "pre-historic" record. | |
| | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
| | [The Giza Complex](http://www.uforc.com/imagemap/img05.gif) | |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | |
| | [THE EARTH COLONIZATION THEORY: EGYPT & CYDONIA](http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page4.html) | |
| | |
| |
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| | |
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| --- | --- | --- |
| | | |
| | Another word for Mars is Egypt. Unravel the mysterious connection between the pyramids of
Giza (Earth) and the plains of Cydonia (Mars). No one can explain the mysterious power emanating from a pyramid shape and its purpose or function. Could it be possible that these pyramids were used as some form of teleportation device, between Earth and Mars? | |
| | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
| | | A UFO Mother-ship aka cigar/lozenge-shaped craft | |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | |
| | [CIGAR-SHAPED UFO - MOTHER SHIP OR H2O TRANSPORT](http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page5.html) | |
| | |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
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| --- | --- | --- |
| | | |
| | This odd, cigar-shaped UFO was photographed here on Earth. We have come into possession of an image that shows the same type of object over the Martian surface. Explore our hypothesis that these lozenge-shaped craft act as immense tankers used to transport water to a dying, inhospitable world. | |
| | |
| |
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| --- | --- | --- |
| | | |
| | UNINVITED VISITORS | |
| | |
| | |
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| | |
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| --- | --- | --- |
| | | |
| | This unknown object is considered by some to be an extraterrestrial conveyance. One possible explanation is that they are used to transport water to Mars! Here's why.. | |
| | |
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| | |
| | | [Evidence of hydro stream](http://www.angelfire.com/journal/UFORCE2000AVSE/MACAImages/MarsAnomaly.jpg) | |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | |
| | [WATER ON MARS PRESENTS THE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE](http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page3.html) | |
| | |
| |
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| --- | --- | --- |
| | | |
| | A recent announcement by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has confirmed what uforc investigators already knew.. There is water in abundance on Marsl Possibly enough H2O to support life. Is there water present on the Red Planet? Here are some clues to get you started. See "Water water everywhere but is there a drop to drink?" | |
| | |
| |
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| | |
| | | [Mars Rover](http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/images/img49.gif) | |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | |
| | [VISIT THE MARS ROVER IMAGE GALLERY](http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page6.html) | |
| | |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | |
| | The USA has been sending probes to our neighboring planet for decades. These machines are marvels of modern engineering. Take a closer look at
NASA's latest probe that they call 'Rover.' Our files the slide show 'nasa reveals tricks o' the trade.' | |
| | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
| | | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | |
| | [UFORC.COM AND THE UFO RESEARCH CENTER](http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page7.html) | |
| | |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | |
| | Join us in our quest to find the truth about Mars,
What is NASA really hiding? The answer may surprise you. Please take a moment of your time to
read the credits, and more about the UFO Research Center. We welcome your input
at uforc.com | |
| | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
[SEE OUR SLIDE SHOW: NASA REVEALS TRICKS O' THE TRADE](http://uforc.com/blocking-frames-VII.htm "See what's NASA Hiding?? Link will open in a new window.")
**Navigate our site**
**[page1](http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page1.html) | [page2](http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page2.html)** **| [page3](http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page3.html)** **| [page4](http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page4.html)** **| [page5](http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page5.html)** **| [page6](http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page6.html)** **| [page7](http://www.uforc.com/seti/mars/page7.html)**
Join the conversation. Hit us up on Twitter! [@uforc](https://twitter.com/uforc "will open a new window").
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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, All Other Rights Apply.
### This page was updated on Febuary 12, 2020
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<title>Texture Boundary Detection for Real-Time Tracking</title>
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<h1 align="center">Texture Boundary Detection for Tracking Applications<br>
</h1>
<div>
<p align="center"><strong>Ali Shahrokni, Tom Drummond and Pascal Fua</strong></p>
</div>
<p>
</p>
<p><br>
<br>
</p>
<p>Most of the tracking techniques used to determine the pose of an
object
in a sequence rely on the fact that silhouettes can be extracted using
relatively simple algorithms such as background subtraction or standard
edge- and gradient-based techniques. However, in practice, this rarely
is the case and these silhouette extraction methods can be very
brittle.
They tend to fail in the presence of highly textured objects and
clutter,
which produce too many irrelevant edges. In such situations, it is
advantageous to detect texture boundaries instead. However, because
texture segmentation techniques usually require computing statistics
over image patches, they are more useful for detection in a single
image than for tracking.
</p>
<p>Alternatively, we can use all the assumptions that are applicable
to our tracking problem to simplify the problem a bit. More precisely
we can start from the estimated projection of a 3-D object model
and performs a line search in the direction perpendicular to the
projected
edges. This allow us to compute the most probable location of a texture
boundary on the search line to which we refer to as scanline. The
main idea behind scanline texture boundary detection is illustrated
in Figure<a href="#cap:The-principles-of">1</a> where we which to find
the point
on the yellow lines for which the probability of texture crossing
is maximum. This is expressed in terms of the product of the
conditional
probabilities of pixel sequences on both side of a given point along
the scanline given an estimate of the texture model at both sides.
This estimate can be updated as we are going through the scanline.
This concept is formalized in detail in the subsequent sections and
is based on the paper by Shahrokni et. al.[<a
href="node11.html#Shahrokni04a">1</a>].
</p>
<div align="center"><a name="cap:The-principles-of"></a><a name="410"></a>
<table>
<caption align="bottom"><strong>Figure 1:</strong>
The principles of scanline boundary
detection. (a) scanlines that are used to search for the texture
crossing points and (b) the detected points on the boundary. </caption>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div align="center">
<table cellpadding="3" align="center">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center"><img width="561" height="453"
align="bottom" border="0" src="img3.png"
alt="\includegraphics[height=10cm, keepaspectratio]{scanline1.eps}"></td>
<td align="center"><img width="452" height="453"
align="bottom" border="0" src="img4.png"
alt="\includegraphics[%
height=10cm,
keepaspectratio]{baboon_r1.eps}"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">(a)</td>
<td align="center">(b)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<br>
</p>
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<li><a name="tex2html7" href="node1.html">Maximum A Posteriori
Texture Boundary Detection </a>
<ul>
<li><a name="tex2html8" href="node2.html">Texture Estimation</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="tex2html9" href="node3.html">texture represented
by histograms.</a> </li>
<li><a name="tex2html10" href="node4.html">texture
represented by transition matrix.</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<br>
</li>
<li><a name="tex2html11" href="node5.html">Texture Boundary Detection
by Maximizing the distance between two
textures</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="tex2html12" href="node6.html">Texture Distance</a>
<ul>
<li><a name="tex2html13" href="node7.html">Parametric
approaches:</a> </li>
<li><a name="tex2html14" href="node8.html">non parametric
measures:</a> </li>
<li><a name="tex2html15" href="node9.html">Selection of the
right distances</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="tex2html16" href="node10.html">Measure of Confidence</a>
</li>
</ul>
<br>
</li>
<li><a name="tex2html17" href="node11.html">Bibliography</a> </li>
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<address><a href="mailto:ali.shahrokni@epfl.ch">Ali Shahrokni
</a>2004-06-21
</address>
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Texture Boundary Detection for Real-Time Tracking
[](node1.html)  
**Next:** [Maximum A
Posteriori Texture](node1.html)
# Texture Boundary Detection for Tracking Applications
**Ali Shahrokni, Tom Drummond and Pascal Fua**
Most of the tracking techniques used to determine the pose of an
object
in a sequence rely on the fact that silhouettes can be extracted using
relatively simple algorithms such as background subtraction or standard
edge- and gradient-based techniques. However, in practice, this rarely
is the case and these silhouette extraction methods can be very
brittle.
They tend to fail in the presence of highly textured objects and
clutter,
which produce too many irrelevant edges. In such situations, it is
advantageous to detect texture boundaries instead. However, because
texture segmentation techniques usually require computing statistics
over image patches, they are more useful for detection in a single
image than for tracking.
Alternatively, we can use all the assumptions that are applicable
to our tracking problem to simplify the problem a bit. More precisely
we can start from the estimated projection of a 3-D object model
and performs a line search in the direction perpendicular to the
projected
edges. This allow us to compute the most probable location of a texture
boundary on the search line to which we refer to as scanline. The
main idea behind scanline texture boundary detection is illustrated
in Figure[1](#cap:The-principles-of) where we which to find
the point
on the yellow lines for which the probability of texture crossing
is maximum. This is expressed in terms of the product of the
conditional
probabilities of pixel sequences on both side of a given point along
the scanline given an estimate of the texture model at both sides.
This estimate can be updated as we are going through the scanline.
This concept is formalized in detail in the subsequent sections and
is based on the paper by Shahrokni et. al.[[1](node11.html#Shahrokni04a)].
**Figure 1:**
The principles of scanline boundary
detection. (a) scanlines that are used to search for the texture
crossing points and (b) the detected points on the boundary. |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \includegraphics[height=10cm, keepaspectratio]{scanline1.eps} | \includegraphics[%
height=10cm,
keepaspectratio]{baboon_r1.eps} |
| (a) | (b) |
|
---
* [Maximum A Posteriori
Texture Boundary Detection](node1.html)
+ [Texture Estimation](node2.html)
- [texture represented
by histograms.](node3.html)
- [texture
represented by transition matrix.](node4.html)
* [Texture Boundary Detection
by Maximizing the distance between two
textures](node5.html)
+ [Texture Distance](node6.html)
- [Parametric
approaches:](node7.html)
- [non parametric
measures:](node8.html)
- [Selection of the
right distances](node9.html)
+ [Measure of Confidence](node10.html)
* [Bibliography](node11.html)
* [About this document ...](node12.html)
---
[](node1.html)  
**Next:** [Maximum A
Posteriori Texture](node1.html)
[Ali Shahrokni](mailto:ali.shahrokni@epfl.ch)2004-06-21
| https://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/CVonline/LOCAL_COPIES/SHAHROKNI1/texture.html |
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<!Converted with LaTeX2HTML 95 (Thu Jan 19 1995) by Nikos Drakos (nikos@cbl.leeds.ac.uk), CBLU, University of Leeds >
<HEAD>
<TITLE>The Network Administrators' Guide</TITLE>
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<BR> <HR> <P>
<P>
<P>
<P>
<H1>The Network Administrators' Guide</H1>
<P><STRONG>Olaf Kirch</STRONG><P>
<P>
<P>
<em>
For Britta
<P>
</em>
<P>
<P>
<IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="img2.gif">
<P>
<BR> <HR>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1459 HREF="node1.html#SECTION00100000000000000000">Contents</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1460 HREF="node2.html#SECTION00200000000000000000">List of Figures</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1461 HREF="node3.html#SECTION00300000000000000000"> Introduction to Networking</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1462 HREF="node4.html#SECTION00310000000000000000"> History</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1463 HREF="node5.html#SECTION00320000000000000000"> UUCP Networks</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1464 HREF="node6.html#SECTION00321000000000000000"> How to Use UUCP</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1465 HREF="node7.html#SECTION00330000000000000000"> TCP/IP Networks</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1466 HREF="node8.html#SECTION00331000000000000000"> Introduction to TCP/IP-Networks</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1467 HREF="node9.html#SECTION00332000000000000000"> Ethernets</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1468 HREF="node10.html#SECTION00333000000000000000"> Other Types of Hardware</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1469 HREF="node11.html#SECTION00334000000000000000"> The Internet Protocol</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1470 HREF="node12.html#SECTION00335000000000000000"> IP over Serial Lines</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1471 HREF="node13.html#SECTION00336000000000000000"> The Transmission Control Protocol</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1472 HREF="node14.html#SECTION00337000000000000000"> The User Datagram Protocol</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1473 HREF="node15.html#SECTION00338000000000000000"> More on Ports</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1474 HREF="node16.html#SECTION00339000000000000000"> The Socket Library</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1475 HREF="node17.html#SECTION00340000000000000000"> Networking</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1476 HREF="node18.html#SECTION00341000000000000000"> Different Streaks of Development</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1477 HREF="node19.html#SECTION00342000000000000000"> Where to Get the Code</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1478 HREF="node20.html#SECTION00350000000000000000"> Maintaining Your System</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1479 HREF="node21.html#SECTION00351000000000000000"> System Security</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1480 HREF="node22.html#SECTION00360000000000000000"> Outlook on the Following Chapters</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1481 HREF="node23.html#SECTION00400000000000000000"> Issues of TCP/IP Networking</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1482 HREF="node24.html#SECTION00410000000000000000"> Networking Interfaces</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1483 HREF="node25.html#SECTION00420000000000000000"> IP Addresses</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1484 HREF="node26.html#SECTION00430000000000000000"> Address Resolution</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1485 HREF="node27.html#SECTION00440000000000000000"> IP Routing</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1486 HREF="node28.html#SECTION00441000000000000000"> IP Networks</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1487 HREF="node29.html#SECTION00442000000000000000"> Subnetworks</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1488 HREF="node30.html#SECTION00443000000000000000"> Gateways</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1489 HREF="node31.html#SECTION00444000000000000000"> The Routing Table</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1490 HREF="node32.html#SECTION00445000000000000000"> Metric Values</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1491 HREF="node33.html#SECTION00450000000000000000"> The Internet Control Message Protocol</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1492 HREF="node34.html#SECTION00460000000000000000"> The Domain Name System</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1493 HREF="node35.html#SECTION00461000000000000000"> Hostname Resolution</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1494 HREF="node36.html#SECTION00462000000000000000"> Enter DNS</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1495 HREF="node37.html#SECTION00463000000000000000"> Name Lookups with DNS</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1496 HREF="node38.html#SECTION00464000000000000000"> Domain Name Servers</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1497 HREF="node39.html#SECTION00465000000000000000"> The DNS Database</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1498 HREF="node40.html#SECTION00466000000000000000"> Reverse Lookups</A>
</UL>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1499 HREF="node41.html#SECTION00500000000000000000"> Configuring the Networking Hardware</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1500 HREF="node42.html#SECTION00510000000000000000"> Devices, Drivers, and all that</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1501 HREF="node43.html#SECTION00520000000000000000"> Kernel Configuration</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1502 HREF="node44.html#SECTION00521000000000000000"> Kernel Options in 1.0 and Higher</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1503 HREF="node45.html#SECTION00522000000000000000"> Kernel Options in 1.1.14 and Higher</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1504 HREF="node46.html#SECTION00530000000000000000"> A Tour of Network Devices</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1505 HREF="node47.html#SECTION00540000000000000000"> Ethernet Installation</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1506 HREF="node48.html#SECTION00541000000000000000"> Ethernet Cabling</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1507 HREF="node49.html#SECTION00542000000000000000"> Supported Boards</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1508 HREF="node50.html#SECTION00543000000000000000"> Ethernet Autoprobing</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1509 HREF="node51.html#SECTION00550000000000000000"> The PLIP Driver</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1510 HREF="node52.html#SECTION00560000000000000000"> The SLIP and PPP Drivers</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1511 HREF="node53.html#SECTION00600000000000000000"> Setting up the Serial Hardware</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1512 HREF="node54.html#SECTION00610000000000000000"> Communication Software for Modem Links</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1513 HREF="node55.html#SECTION00620000000000000000"> Introduction to Serial Devices</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1514 HREF="node56.html#SECTION00630000000000000000"> Accessing Serial Devices</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1515 HREF="node57.html#SECTION00640000000000000000"> Serial Hardware</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1516 HREF="node58.html#SECTION00700000000000000000"> Configuring TCP/IP Networking</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1517 HREF="node59.html#SECTION00710000000000000000"> Setting up the proc Filesystem</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1518 HREF="node60.html#SECTION00720000000000000000"> Installing the Binaries</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1519 HREF="node61.html#SECTION00730000000000000000"> Another Example</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1520 HREF="node62.html#SECTION00740000000000000000"> Setting the Hostname</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1521 HREF="node63.html#SECTION00750000000000000000"> Assigning IP Addresses</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1522 HREF="node64.html#SECTION00760000000000000000"> Writing hosts and networks Files</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1523 HREF="node65.html#SECTION00770000000000000000"> Interface Configuration for IP</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1524 HREF="node66.html#SECTION00771000000000000000"> The Loopback Interface</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1525 HREF="node67.html#SECTION00772000000000000000"> Ethernet Interfaces</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1526 HREF="node68.html#SECTION00773000000000000000"> Routing through a Gateway</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1527 HREF="node69.html#SECTION00774000000000000000"> Configuring a Gateway</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1528 HREF="node70.html#SECTION00775000000000000000"> The PLIP Interface</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1529 HREF="node71.html#SECTION00776000000000000000"> The SLIP and PPP Interface</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1530 HREF="node72.html#SECTION00777000000000000000"> The Dummy Interface</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1531 HREF="node73.html#SECTION00780000000000000000"> All About ifconfig</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1532 HREF="node74.html#SECTION00790000000000000000"> Checking with netstat</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1533 HREF="node75.html#SECTION00791000000000000000"> Displaying the Routing Table</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1534 HREF="node76.html#SECTION00792000000000000000"> Displaying Interface Statistics</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1535 HREF="node77.html#SECTION00793000000000000000"> Displaying Connections</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1536 HREF="node78.html#SECTION007100000000000000000"> Checking the ARP Tables</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1537 HREF="node79.html#SECTION007110000000000000000"> The Future</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1538 HREF="node80.html#SECTION00800000000000000000"> Name Service and Resolver Configuraton</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1539 HREF="node81.html#SECTION00810000000000000000"> The Resolver Library</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1540 HREF="node82.html#SECTION00811000000000000000"> The host.conf File</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1541 HREF="node83.html#SECTION00812000000000000000"> Resolver Environment Variables</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1542 HREF="node84.html#SECTION00813000000000000000"> Configuring Name Server Lookups --- resolv.conf</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1543 HREF="node85.html#SECTION00814000000000000000"> Resolver Robustness</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1544 HREF="node86.html#SECTION00820000000000000000"> Running named</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1545 HREF="node87.html#SECTION00821000000000000000"> The named.boot File</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1546 HREF="node88.html#SECTION00822000000000000000"> The DNS Database Files</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1547 HREF="node89.html#SECTION00823000000000000000"> Writing the Master Files</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1548 HREF="node90.html#SECTION00824000000000000000"> Verifying the Name Server Setup</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1549 HREF="node91.html#SECTION00825000000000000000"> Other Useful Tools</A>
</UL>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1550 HREF="node92.html#SECTION00900000000000000000"> Serial Line IP</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1551 HREF="node93.html#SECTION00910000000000000000"> General Requirements</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1552 HREF="node94.html#SECTION00920000000000000000"> SLIP Operation</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1553 HREF="node95.html#SECTION00930000000000000000"> Using dip</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1554 HREF="node96.html#SECTION00931000000000000000"> A Sample Script</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1555 HREF="node97.html#SECTION00932000000000000000"> A dip Reference</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1556 HREF="node98.html#SECTION00932100000000000000"> The Modem Commands</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1557 HREF="node99.html#SECTION00932200000000000000"> echo and term</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1558 HREF="node100.html#SECTION00932300000000000000"> The get Command</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1559 HREF="node101.html#SECTION00932400000000000000"> The print Command</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1560 HREF="node102.html#SECTION00932500000000000000"> Variable Names</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1561 HREF="node103.html#SECTION00932600000000000000"> The if and goto Commands</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1562 HREF="node104.html#SECTION00932700000000000000"> send, wait and sleep</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1563 HREF="node105.html#SECTION00932800000000000000"> mode and default</A>
</UL>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1564 HREF="node106.html#SECTION00940000000000000000"> Running in Server Mode</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1565 HREF="node107.html#SECTION001000000000000000000"> Various Network Applications</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1566 HREF="node108.html#SECTION001010000000000000000"> The inetd Super-Server</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1567 HREF="node109.html#SECTION001020000000000000000"> The tcpd access control facility</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1568 HREF="node110.html#SECTION001030000000000000000"> The services and protocols Files</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1569 HREF="node111.html#SECTION001040000000000000000"> Remote Procedure Call</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1570 HREF="node112.html#SECTION001050000000000000000"> Configuring the r Commands</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1571 HREF="node113.html#SECTION001100000000000000000"> The Network Information System</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1572 HREF="node114.html#SECTION001110000000000000000"> Getting Acquainted with NIS</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1573 HREF="node115.html#SECTION001120000000000000000"> NIS versus NIS+ </A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1574 HREF="node116.html#SECTION001130000000000000000"> The Client Side of NIS</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1575 HREF="node117.html#SECTION001140000000000000000"> Running a NIS Server</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1576 HREF="node118.html#SECTION001150000000000000000"> Setting up a NIS Client with NYS</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1577 HREF="node119.html#SECTION001160000000000000000"> Choosing the Right Maps</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1578 HREF="node120.html#SECTION001170000000000000000"> Using the passwd and group Maps</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1579 HREF="node121.html#SECTION001180000000000000000"> Using NIS with Shadow Support</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1580 HREF="node122.html#SECTION001190000000000000000"> Using the Traditional NIS Code</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1581 HREF="node123.html#SECTION001200000000000000000"> Managing Taylor UUCP</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1582 HREF="node124.html#SECTION001210000000000000000"> History</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1583 HREF="node125.html#SECTION001211000000000000000"> More Information on UUCP</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1584 HREF="node126.html#SECTION001220000000000000000"> Introduction</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1585 HREF="node127.html#SECTION001221000000000000000"> Layout of UUCP Transfers and Remote Execution</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1586 HREF="node128.html#SECTION001222000000000000000"> The Inner Workings of uucico</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1587 HREF="node129.html#SECTION001223000000000000000"> uucico Command Line Options</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1588 HREF="node130.html#SECTION001230000000000000000"> UUCP Configuration Files</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1589 HREF="node131.html#SECTION001231000000000000000"> A Gentle Introduction to Taylor UUCP</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1590 HREF="node132.html#SECTION001232000000000000000"> What UUCP Needs to Know</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1591 HREF="node133.html#SECTION001233000000000000000"> Site Naming</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1592 HREF="node134.html#SECTION001234000000000000000"> Taylor Configuration Files</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1593 HREF="node135.html#SECTION001235000000000000000"> General Configuration Options -- the config File</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1594 HREF="node136.html#SECTION001236000000000000000"> How to Tell UUCP about other Systems -- the sys File</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1595 HREF="node137.html#SECTION001236100000000000000"> System Name</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1596 HREF="node138.html#SECTION001236200000000000000"> Telephone Number</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1597 HREF="node139.html#SECTION001236300000000000000"> Port and Speed</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1598 HREF="node140.html#SECTION001236400000000000000"> The Login Chat</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1599 HREF="node141.html#SECTION001236500000000000000"> Alternates</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1600 HREF="node142.html#SECTION001236600000000000000"> Restricting Call Times</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1601 HREF="node143.html#SECTION001237000000000000000"> What Devices there are -- the port File</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1602 HREF="node144.html#SECTION001238000000000000000"> How to Dial a Number -- the dial File</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1603 HREF="node145.html#SECTION001239000000000000000"> UUCP Over TCP</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1604 HREF="node146.html#SECTION0012310000000000000000"> Using a Direct Connection</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1605 HREF="node147.html#SECTION001240000000000000000"> The Do's and Dont's of UUCP -- Tuning Permissions</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1606 HREF="node148.html#SECTION001241000000000000000"> Command Execution</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1607 HREF="node149.html#SECTION001242000000000000000"> File Transfers</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1608 HREF="node150.html#SECTION001243000000000000000"> Forwarding</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1609 HREF="node151.html#SECTION001250000000000000000"> Setting up your System for Dialing in</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1610 HREF="node152.html#SECTION001251000000000000000"> Setting up getty</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1611 HREF="node153.html#SECTION001252000000000000000"> Providing UUCP Accounts</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1612 HREF="node154.html#SECTION001253000000000000000"> Protecting Yourself Against Swindlers</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1613 HREF="node155.html#SECTION001254000000000000000"> Be Paranoid -- Call Sequence Checks</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1614 HREF="node156.html#SECTION001255000000000000000"> Anonymous UUCP</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1615 HREF="node157.html#SECTION001260000000000000000"> UUCP Low-Level Protocols</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1616 HREF="node158.html#SECTION001261000000000000000"> Protocol Overview</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1617 HREF="node159.html#SECTION001262000000000000000"> Tuning the Transmission Protocol</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1618 HREF="node160.html#SECTION001263000000000000000"> Selecting Specific Protocols</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1619 HREF="node161.html#SECTION001270000000000000000"> Troubleshooting</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1620 HREF="node162.html#SECTION001280000000000000000"> Log Files</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1621 HREF="node163.html#SECTION001300000000000000000"> Electronic Mail</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1622 HREF="node164.html#SECTION001310000000000000000"> What is a Mail Message?</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1623 HREF="node165.html#SECTION001320000000000000000"> How is Mail Delivered?</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1624 HREF="node166.html#SECTION001330000000000000000"> Email Addresses</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1625 HREF="node167.html#SECTION001340000000000000000"> How does Mail Routing Work?</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1626 HREF="node168.html#SECTION001341000000000000000"> Mail Routing on the Internet</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1627 HREF="node169.html#SECTION001342000000000000000"> Mail Routing in the UUCP World</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1628 HREF="node170.html#SECTION001343000000000000000"> Mixing UUCP and RFC 822</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1629 HREF="node171.html#SECTION001350000000000000000"> Pathalias and Map File Format</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1630 HREF="node172.html#SECTION001360000000000000000"> Configuring elm</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1631 HREF="node173.html#SECTION001361000000000000000"> Global elm Options</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1632 HREF="node174.html#SECTION001362000000000000000"> National Character Sets</A>
</UL>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1633 HREF="node175.html#SECTION001400000000000000000"> Getting smail Up and Running</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1634 HREF="node176.html#SECTION001410000000000000000"> UUCP Setup</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1635 HREF="node177.html#SECTION001420000000000000000"> Setup for a LAN</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1636 HREF="node178.html#SECTION001421000000000000000"> Writing the Configuration Files</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1637 HREF="node179.html#SECTION001422000000000000000"> Running smail</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1638 HREF="node180.html#SECTION001430000000000000000"> If You Don't Get Through...</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1639 HREF="node181.html#SECTION001431000000000000000"> Compiling smail</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1640 HREF="node182.html#SECTION001440000000000000000"> Mail Delivery Modes</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1641 HREF="node183.html#SECTION001450000000000000000"> Miscellaneous config Options</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1642 HREF="node184.html#SECTION001460000000000000000"> Message Routing and Delivery</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1643 HREF="node185.html#SECTION001470000000000000000"> Routing Messages</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1644 HREF="node186.html#SECTION001471000000000000000"> The paths database</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1645 HREF="node187.html#SECTION001480000000000000000"> Delivering Messages to Local Addresses</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1646 HREF="node188.html#SECTION001481000000000000000"> Local Users</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1647 HREF="node189.html#SECTION001482000000000000000"> Forwarding</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1648 HREF="node190.html#SECTION001483000000000000000"> Alias Files</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1649 HREF="node191.html#SECTION001484000000000000000"> Mailing Lists</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1650 HREF="node192.html#SECTION001490000000000000000"> UUCP-based Transports</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1651 HREF="node193.html#SECTION0014100000000000000000"> SMTP-based Transports</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1652 HREF="node194.html#SECTION0014110000000000000000"> Hostname Qualification</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1653 HREF="node195.html#SECTION001500000000000000000"> Sendmail+IDA</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1654 HREF="node196.html#SECTION001510000000000000000"> Introduction to Sendmail+IDA</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1655 HREF="node197.html#SECTION001520000000000000000"> Configuration Files --- Overview</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1656 HREF="node198.html#SECTION001530000000000000000"> The sendmail.cf File</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1657 HREF="node199.html#SECTION001531000000000000000"> An Example sendmail.m4 File</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1658 HREF="node200.html#SECTION001532000000000000000"> Typically Used sendmail.m4 Parameters</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1659 HREF="node201.html#SECTION001532100000000000000"> Items that Define Paths</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1660 HREF="node202.html#SECTION001532200000000000000"> Defining the Local Mailer</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1661 HREF="node203.html#SECTION001532300000000000000"> Dealing with Bounced Mail</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1662 HREF="node204.html#SECTION001532400000000000000"> Domain Name Service Related Items</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1663 HREF="node205.html#SECTION001532500000000000000"> Defining Names the Local System is Known by</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1664 HREF="node206.html#SECTION001532600000000000000"> UUCP-Related Items</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1665 HREF="node207.html#SECTION001532700000000000000"> Relay Systems and Mailers</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1666 HREF="node208.html#SECTION001532800000000000000"> The Various Configuration Tables</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1667 HREF="node209.html#SECTION001532900000000000000"> The Master Sendmail.mc File</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1668 HREF="node210.html#SECTION0015321000000000000000"> So Which Entries are Really Required?</A>
</UL>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1669 HREF="node211.html#SECTION001540000000000000000"> A Tour of Sendmail+IDA Tables</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1670 HREF="node212.html#SECTION001541000000000000000"> mailertable</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1671 HREF="node213.html#SECTION001542000000000000000"> uucpxtable</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1672 HREF="node214.html#SECTION001543000000000000000"> pathtable</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1673 HREF="node215.html#SECTION001544000000000000000"> domaintable</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1674 HREF="node216.html#SECTION001545000000000000000"> aliases</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1675 HREF="node217.html#SECTION001546000000000000000"> Rarely Used Tables</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1676 HREF="node218.html#SECTION001550000000000000000"> Installing sendmail</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1677 HREF="node219.html#SECTION001551000000000000000"> Extracting the binary distribution</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1678 HREF="node220.html#SECTION001552000000000000000"> Building sendmail.cf</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1679 HREF="node221.html#SECTION001553000000000000000"> Testing the sendmail.cf file</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1680 HREF="node222.html#SECTION001554000000000000000"> Putting it all together -
Integration Testing sendmail.cf and the tables</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1681 HREF="node223.html#SECTION001560000000000000000"> Administrivia and Stupid Mail Tricks</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1682 HREF="node224.html#SECTION001561000000000000000"> Forwarding Mail to a Relay Host</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1683 HREF="node225.html#SECTION001562000000000000000"> Forcing Mail into Misconfigured Remote Sites</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1684 HREF="node226.html#SECTION001563000000000000000"> Forcing Mail to be Transferred via UUCP</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1685 HREF="node227.html#SECTION001564000000000000000"> Preventing Mail from Being Delivered via UUCP</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1686 HREF="node228.html#SECTION001565000000000000000"> Running the Sendmail Queue on Demand</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1687 HREF="node229.html#SECTION001566000000000000000"> Reporting Mail Statistics</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1688 HREF="node230.html#SECTION001570000000000000000"> Mixing and Matching Binary Distributions</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1689 HREF="node231.html#SECTION001580000000000000000"> Where to Get More Information</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1690 HREF="node232.html#SECTION001600000000000000000"> Netnews</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1691 HREF="node233.html#SECTION001610000000000000000"> Usenet History</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1692 HREF="node234.html#SECTION001620000000000000000"> What is Usenet, Anyway?</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1693 HREF="node235.html#SECTION001630000000000000000"> How Does Usenet Handle News?</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1694 HREF="node236.html#SECTION001700000000000000000"> C News</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1695 HREF="node237.html#SECTION001710000000000000000"> Delivering News</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1696 HREF="node238.html#SECTION001720000000000000000"> Installation</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1697 HREF="node239.html#SECTION001730000000000000000"> The sys file</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1698 HREF="node240.html#SECTION001740000000000000000"> The active file</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1699 HREF="node241.html#SECTION001750000000000000000"> Article Batching</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1700 HREF="node242.html#SECTION001760000000000000000"> Expiring News</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1701 HREF="node243.html#SECTION001770000000000000000"> Miscellaneous Files</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1702 HREF="node244.html#SECTION001780000000000000000"> Control Messages</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1703 HREF="node245.html#SECTION001781000000000000000"> The cancel Message</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1704 HREF="node246.html#SECTION001782000000000000000"> newgroup and rmgroup</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1705 HREF="node247.html#SECTION001783000000000000000"> The checkgroups Message</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1706 HREF="node248.html#SECTION001784000000000000000"> sendsys, version, and senduuname</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1707 HREF="node249.html#SECTION001790000000000000000"> C News in an NFS Environment</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1708 HREF="node250.html#SECTION0017100000000000000000"> Maintenance Tools and Tasks</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1709 HREF="node251.html#SECTION001800000000000000000"> A Description of NNTP</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1710 HREF="node252.html#SECTION001810000000000000000"> Introduction</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1711 HREF="node253.html#SECTION001820000000000000000"> Installing the NNTP server</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1712 HREF="node254.html#SECTION001830000000000000000"> Restricting NNTP Access</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1713 HREF="node255.html#SECTION001840000000000000000"> NNTP Authorization</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1714 HREF="node256.html#SECTION001850000000000000000"> nntpd Interaction with C News</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1715 HREF="node257.html#SECTION001900000000000000000"> Newsreader Configuration</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1716 HREF="node258.html#SECTION001910000000000000000"> tin Configuration</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1717 HREF="node259.html#SECTION001920000000000000000"> trn Configuration</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1718 HREF="node260.html#SECTION001930000000000000000"> nn Configuration</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1719 HREF="node261.html#SECTION002000000000000000000"> A Null Printer Cable for PLIP</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1720 HREF="node262.html#SECTION002100000000000000000"> Sample smail Configuration Files</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1721 HREF="node263.html#SECTION002200000000000000000"> The GNU General Public License</A>
<UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1722 HREF="node264.html#SECTION002210000000000000000"> Preamble</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1723 HREF="node265.html#SECTION002220000000000000000"> Terms and Conditions for Copying, Distribution, and Modification</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1724 HREF="node266.html#SECTION002230000000000000000"> Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs</A>
</UL>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1725 HREF="node267.html#SECTION002300000000000000000">Index</A>
<LI> <A NAME=tex2html1726 HREF="node268.html#SECTION002400000000000000000"> About this document ... </A>
</UL>
<BR> <HR>
<P><ADDRESS>
<I>root (Andrea Pellizzon) <BR>
Thu Oct 19 10:26:44 MET 1995</I>
</ADDRESS>
</BODY>
|
The Network Administrators' Guide
---
[](node1.html)   [](node1.html) [](node267.html)
**Next:** [Contents](node1.html)
---
# The Network Administrators' Guide
**Olaf Kirch**
*For Britta*
---
* [Contents](node1.html#SECTION00100000000000000000)* [List of Figures](node2.html#SECTION00200000000000000000)* [Introduction to Networking](node3.html#SECTION00300000000000000000)
+ [History](node4.html#SECTION00310000000000000000)+ [UUCP Networks](node5.html#SECTION00320000000000000000)
- [How to Use UUCP](node6.html#SECTION00321000000000000000)+ [TCP/IP Networks](node7.html#SECTION00330000000000000000)
- [Introduction to TCP/IP-Networks](node8.html#SECTION00331000000000000000)- [Ethernets](node9.html#SECTION00332000000000000000)- [Other Types of Hardware](node10.html#SECTION00333000000000000000)- [The Internet Protocol](node11.html#SECTION00334000000000000000)- [IP over Serial Lines](node12.html#SECTION00335000000000000000)- [The Transmission Control Protocol](node13.html#SECTION00336000000000000000)- [The User Datagram Protocol](node14.html#SECTION00337000000000000000)- [More on Ports](node15.html#SECTION00338000000000000000)- [The Socket Library](node16.html#SECTION00339000000000000000)+ [Networking](node17.html#SECTION00340000000000000000)
- [Different Streaks of Development](node18.html#SECTION00341000000000000000)- [Where to Get the Code](node19.html#SECTION00342000000000000000)+ [Maintaining Your System](node20.html#SECTION00350000000000000000)
- [System Security](node21.html#SECTION00351000000000000000)+ [Outlook on the Following Chapters](node22.html#SECTION00360000000000000000)* [Issues of TCP/IP Networking](node23.html#SECTION00400000000000000000)
+ [Networking Interfaces](node24.html#SECTION00410000000000000000)+ [IP Addresses](node25.html#SECTION00420000000000000000)+ [Address Resolution](node26.html#SECTION00430000000000000000)+ [IP Routing](node27.html#SECTION00440000000000000000)
- [IP Networks](node28.html#SECTION00441000000000000000)- [Subnetworks](node29.html#SECTION00442000000000000000)- [Gateways](node30.html#SECTION00443000000000000000)- [The Routing Table](node31.html#SECTION00444000000000000000)- [Metric Values](node32.html#SECTION00445000000000000000)+ [The Internet Control Message Protocol](node33.html#SECTION00450000000000000000)+ [The Domain Name System](node34.html#SECTION00460000000000000000)
- [Hostname Resolution](node35.html#SECTION00461000000000000000)- [Enter DNS](node36.html#SECTION00462000000000000000)- [Name Lookups with DNS](node37.html#SECTION00463000000000000000)- [Domain Name Servers](node38.html#SECTION00464000000000000000)- [The DNS Database](node39.html#SECTION00465000000000000000)- [Reverse Lookups](node40.html#SECTION00466000000000000000)* [Configuring the Networking Hardware](node41.html#SECTION00500000000000000000)
+ [Devices, Drivers, and all that](node42.html#SECTION00510000000000000000)+ [Kernel Configuration](node43.html#SECTION00520000000000000000)
- [Kernel Options in 1.0 and Higher](node44.html#SECTION00521000000000000000)- [Kernel Options in 1.1.14 and Higher](node45.html#SECTION00522000000000000000)+ [A Tour of Network Devices](node46.html#SECTION00530000000000000000)+ [Ethernet Installation](node47.html#SECTION00540000000000000000)
- [Ethernet Cabling](node48.html#SECTION00541000000000000000)- [Supported Boards](node49.html#SECTION00542000000000000000)- [Ethernet Autoprobing](node50.html#SECTION00543000000000000000)+ [The PLIP Driver](node51.html#SECTION00550000000000000000)+ [The SLIP and PPP Drivers](node52.html#SECTION00560000000000000000)* [Setting up the Serial Hardware](node53.html#SECTION00600000000000000000)
+ [Communication Software for Modem Links](node54.html#SECTION00610000000000000000)+ [Introduction to Serial Devices](node55.html#SECTION00620000000000000000)+ [Accessing Serial Devices](node56.html#SECTION00630000000000000000)+ [Serial Hardware](node57.html#SECTION00640000000000000000)* [Configuring TCP/IP Networking](node58.html#SECTION00700000000000000000)
+ [Setting up the proc Filesystem](node59.html#SECTION00710000000000000000)+ [Installing the Binaries](node60.html#SECTION00720000000000000000)+ [Another Example](node61.html#SECTION00730000000000000000)+ [Setting the Hostname](node62.html#SECTION00740000000000000000)+ [Assigning IP Addresses](node63.html#SECTION00750000000000000000)+ [Writing hosts and networks Files](node64.html#SECTION00760000000000000000)+ [Interface Configuration for IP](node65.html#SECTION00770000000000000000)
- [The Loopback Interface](node66.html#SECTION00771000000000000000)- [Ethernet Interfaces](node67.html#SECTION00772000000000000000)- [Routing through a Gateway](node68.html#SECTION00773000000000000000)- [Configuring a Gateway](node69.html#SECTION00774000000000000000)- [The PLIP Interface](node70.html#SECTION00775000000000000000)- [The SLIP and PPP Interface](node71.html#SECTION00776000000000000000)- [The Dummy Interface](node72.html#SECTION00777000000000000000)+ [All About ifconfig](node73.html#SECTION00780000000000000000)+ [Checking with netstat](node74.html#SECTION00790000000000000000)
- [Displaying the Routing Table](node75.html#SECTION00791000000000000000)- [Displaying Interface Statistics](node76.html#SECTION00792000000000000000)- [Displaying Connections](node77.html#SECTION00793000000000000000)+ [Checking the ARP Tables](node78.html#SECTION007100000000000000000)+ [The Future](node79.html#SECTION007110000000000000000)* [Name Service and Resolver Configuraton](node80.html#SECTION00800000000000000000)
+ [The Resolver Library](node81.html#SECTION00810000000000000000)
- [The host.conf File](node82.html#SECTION00811000000000000000)- [Resolver Environment Variables](node83.html#SECTION00812000000000000000)- [Configuring Name Server Lookups --- resolv.conf](node84.html#SECTION00813000000000000000)- [Resolver Robustness](node85.html#SECTION00814000000000000000)+ [Running named](node86.html#SECTION00820000000000000000)
- [The named.boot File](node87.html#SECTION00821000000000000000)- [The DNS Database Files](node88.html#SECTION00822000000000000000)- [Writing the Master Files](node89.html#SECTION00823000000000000000)- [Verifying the Name Server Setup](node90.html#SECTION00824000000000000000)- [Other Useful Tools](node91.html#SECTION00825000000000000000)* [Serial Line IP](node92.html#SECTION00900000000000000000)
+ [General Requirements](node93.html#SECTION00910000000000000000)+ [SLIP Operation](node94.html#SECTION00920000000000000000)+ [Using dip](node95.html#SECTION00930000000000000000)
- [A Sample Script](node96.html#SECTION00931000000000000000)- [A dip Reference](node97.html#SECTION00932000000000000000)
* [The Modem Commands](node98.html#SECTION00932100000000000000)* [echo and term](node99.html#SECTION00932200000000000000)* [The get Command](node100.html#SECTION00932300000000000000)* [The print Command](node101.html#SECTION00932400000000000000)* [Variable Names](node102.html#SECTION00932500000000000000)* [The if and goto Commands](node103.html#SECTION00932600000000000000)* [send, wait and sleep](node104.html#SECTION00932700000000000000)* [mode and default](node105.html#SECTION00932800000000000000)+ [Running in Server Mode](node106.html#SECTION00940000000000000000)* [Various Network Applications](node107.html#SECTION001000000000000000000)
+ [The inetd Super-Server](node108.html#SECTION001010000000000000000)+ [The tcpd access control facility](node109.html#SECTION001020000000000000000)+ [The services and protocols Files](node110.html#SECTION001030000000000000000)+ [Remote Procedure Call](node111.html#SECTION001040000000000000000)+ [Configuring the r Commands](node112.html#SECTION001050000000000000000)* [The Network Information System](node113.html#SECTION001100000000000000000)
+ [Getting Acquainted with NIS](node114.html#SECTION001110000000000000000)+ [NIS versus NIS+](node115.html#SECTION001120000000000000000) + [The Client Side of NIS](node116.html#SECTION001130000000000000000)+ [Running a NIS Server](node117.html#SECTION001140000000000000000)+ [Setting up a NIS Client with NYS](node118.html#SECTION001150000000000000000)+ [Choosing the Right Maps](node119.html#SECTION001160000000000000000)+ [Using the passwd and group Maps](node120.html#SECTION001170000000000000000)+ [Using NIS with Shadow Support](node121.html#SECTION001180000000000000000)+ [Using the Traditional NIS Code](node122.html#SECTION001190000000000000000)* [Managing Taylor UUCP](node123.html#SECTION001200000000000000000)
+ [History](node124.html#SECTION001210000000000000000)
- [More Information on UUCP](node125.html#SECTION001211000000000000000)+ [Introduction](node126.html#SECTION001220000000000000000)
- [Layout of UUCP Transfers and Remote Execution](node127.html#SECTION001221000000000000000)- [The Inner Workings of uucico](node128.html#SECTION001222000000000000000)- [uucico Command Line Options](node129.html#SECTION001223000000000000000)+ [UUCP Configuration Files](node130.html#SECTION001230000000000000000)
- [A Gentle Introduction to Taylor UUCP](node131.html#SECTION001231000000000000000)- [What UUCP Needs to Know](node132.html#SECTION001232000000000000000)- [Site Naming](node133.html#SECTION001233000000000000000)- [Taylor Configuration Files](node134.html#SECTION001234000000000000000)- [General Configuration Options -- the config File](node135.html#SECTION001235000000000000000)- [How to Tell UUCP about other Systems -- the sys File](node136.html#SECTION001236000000000000000)
* [System Name](node137.html#SECTION001236100000000000000)* [Telephone Number](node138.html#SECTION001236200000000000000)* [Port and Speed](node139.html#SECTION001236300000000000000)* [The Login Chat](node140.html#SECTION001236400000000000000)* [Alternates](node141.html#SECTION001236500000000000000)* [Restricting Call Times](node142.html#SECTION001236600000000000000)- [What Devices there are -- the port File](node143.html#SECTION001237000000000000000)- [How to Dial a Number -- the dial File](node144.html#SECTION001238000000000000000)- [UUCP Over TCP](node145.html#SECTION001239000000000000000)- [Using a Direct Connection](node146.html#SECTION0012310000000000000000)+ [The Do's and Dont's of UUCP -- Tuning Permissions](node147.html#SECTION001240000000000000000)
- [Command Execution](node148.html#SECTION001241000000000000000)- [File Transfers](node149.html#SECTION001242000000000000000)- [Forwarding](node150.html#SECTION001243000000000000000)+ [Setting up your System for Dialing in](node151.html#SECTION001250000000000000000)
- [Setting up getty](node152.html#SECTION001251000000000000000)- [Providing UUCP Accounts](node153.html#SECTION001252000000000000000)- [Protecting Yourself Against Swindlers](node154.html#SECTION001253000000000000000)- [Be Paranoid -- Call Sequence Checks](node155.html#SECTION001254000000000000000)- [Anonymous UUCP](node156.html#SECTION001255000000000000000)+ [UUCP Low-Level Protocols](node157.html#SECTION001260000000000000000)
- [Protocol Overview](node158.html#SECTION001261000000000000000)- [Tuning the Transmission Protocol](node159.html#SECTION001262000000000000000)- [Selecting Specific Protocols](node160.html#SECTION001263000000000000000)+ [Troubleshooting](node161.html#SECTION001270000000000000000)+ [Log Files](node162.html#SECTION001280000000000000000)* [Electronic Mail](node163.html#SECTION001300000000000000000)
+ [What is a Mail Message?](node164.html#SECTION001310000000000000000)+ [How is Mail Delivered?](node165.html#SECTION001320000000000000000)+ [Email Addresses](node166.html#SECTION001330000000000000000)+ [How does Mail Routing Work?](node167.html#SECTION001340000000000000000)
- [Mail Routing on the Internet](node168.html#SECTION001341000000000000000)- [Mail Routing in the UUCP World](node169.html#SECTION001342000000000000000)- [Mixing UUCP and RFC 822](node170.html#SECTION001343000000000000000)+ [Pathalias and Map File Format](node171.html#SECTION001350000000000000000)+ [Configuring elm](node172.html#SECTION001360000000000000000)
- [Global elm Options](node173.html#SECTION001361000000000000000)- [National Character Sets](node174.html#SECTION001362000000000000000)* [Getting smail Up and Running](node175.html#SECTION001400000000000000000)
+ [UUCP Setup](node176.html#SECTION001410000000000000000)+ [Setup for a LAN](node177.html#SECTION001420000000000000000)
- [Writing the Configuration Files](node178.html#SECTION001421000000000000000)- [Running smail](node179.html#SECTION001422000000000000000)+ [If You Don't Get Through...](node180.html#SECTION001430000000000000000)
- [Compiling smail](node181.html#SECTION001431000000000000000)+ [Mail Delivery Modes](node182.html#SECTION001440000000000000000)+ [Miscellaneous config Options](node183.html#SECTION001450000000000000000)+ [Message Routing and Delivery](node184.html#SECTION001460000000000000000)+ [Routing Messages](node185.html#SECTION001470000000000000000)
- [The paths database](node186.html#SECTION001471000000000000000)+ [Delivering Messages to Local Addresses](node187.html#SECTION001480000000000000000)
- [Local Users](node188.html#SECTION001481000000000000000)- [Forwarding](node189.html#SECTION001482000000000000000)- [Alias Files](node190.html#SECTION001483000000000000000)- [Mailing Lists](node191.html#SECTION001484000000000000000)+ [UUCP-based Transports](node192.html#SECTION001490000000000000000)+ [SMTP-based Transports](node193.html#SECTION0014100000000000000000)+ [Hostname Qualification](node194.html#SECTION0014110000000000000000)* [Sendmail+IDA](node195.html#SECTION001500000000000000000)
+ [Introduction to Sendmail+IDA](node196.html#SECTION001510000000000000000)+ [Configuration Files --- Overview](node197.html#SECTION001520000000000000000)+ [The sendmail.cf File](node198.html#SECTION001530000000000000000)
- [An Example sendmail.m4 File](node199.html#SECTION001531000000000000000)- [Typically Used sendmail.m4 Parameters](node200.html#SECTION001532000000000000000)
* [Items that Define Paths](node201.html#SECTION001532100000000000000)* [Defining the Local Mailer](node202.html#SECTION001532200000000000000)* [Dealing with Bounced Mail](node203.html#SECTION001532300000000000000)* [Domain Name Service Related Items](node204.html#SECTION001532400000000000000)* [Defining Names the Local System is Known by](node205.html#SECTION001532500000000000000)* [UUCP-Related Items](node206.html#SECTION001532600000000000000)* [Relay Systems and Mailers](node207.html#SECTION001532700000000000000)* [The Various Configuration Tables](node208.html#SECTION001532800000000000000)* [The Master Sendmail.mc File](node209.html#SECTION001532900000000000000)* [So Which Entries are Really Required?](node210.html#SECTION0015321000000000000000)+ [A Tour of Sendmail+IDA Tables](node211.html#SECTION001540000000000000000)
- [mailertable](node212.html#SECTION001541000000000000000)- [uucpxtable](node213.html#SECTION001542000000000000000)- [pathtable](node214.html#SECTION001543000000000000000)- [domaintable](node215.html#SECTION001544000000000000000)- [aliases](node216.html#SECTION001545000000000000000)- [Rarely Used Tables](node217.html#SECTION001546000000000000000)+ [Installing sendmail](node218.html#SECTION001550000000000000000)
- [Extracting the binary distribution](node219.html#SECTION001551000000000000000)- [Building sendmail.cf](node220.html#SECTION001552000000000000000)- [Testing the sendmail.cf file](node221.html#SECTION001553000000000000000)- [Putting it all together -
Integration Testing sendmail.cf and the tables](node222.html#SECTION001554000000000000000)+ [Administrivia and Stupid Mail Tricks](node223.html#SECTION001560000000000000000)
- [Forwarding Mail to a Relay Host](node224.html#SECTION001561000000000000000)- [Forcing Mail into Misconfigured Remote Sites](node225.html#SECTION001562000000000000000)- [Forcing Mail to be Transferred via UUCP](node226.html#SECTION001563000000000000000)- [Preventing Mail from Being Delivered via UUCP](node227.html#SECTION001564000000000000000)- [Running the Sendmail Queue on Demand](node228.html#SECTION001565000000000000000)- [Reporting Mail Statistics](node229.html#SECTION001566000000000000000)+ [Mixing and Matching Binary Distributions](node230.html#SECTION001570000000000000000)+ [Where to Get More Information](node231.html#SECTION001580000000000000000)* [Netnews](node232.html#SECTION001600000000000000000)
+ [Usenet History](node233.html#SECTION001610000000000000000)+ [What is Usenet, Anyway?](node234.html#SECTION001620000000000000000)+ [How Does Usenet Handle News?](node235.html#SECTION001630000000000000000)* [C News](node236.html#SECTION001700000000000000000)
+ [Delivering News](node237.html#SECTION001710000000000000000)+ [Installation](node238.html#SECTION001720000000000000000)+ [The sys file](node239.html#SECTION001730000000000000000)+ [The active file](node240.html#SECTION001740000000000000000)+ [Article Batching](node241.html#SECTION001750000000000000000)+ [Expiring News](node242.html#SECTION001760000000000000000)+ [Miscellaneous Files](node243.html#SECTION001770000000000000000)+ [Control Messages](node244.html#SECTION001780000000000000000)
- [The cancel Message](node245.html#SECTION001781000000000000000)- [newgroup and rmgroup](node246.html#SECTION001782000000000000000)- [The checkgroups Message](node247.html#SECTION001783000000000000000)- [sendsys, version, and senduuname](node248.html#SECTION001784000000000000000)+ [C News in an NFS Environment](node249.html#SECTION001790000000000000000)+ [Maintenance Tools and Tasks](node250.html#SECTION0017100000000000000000)* [A Description of NNTP](node251.html#SECTION001800000000000000000)
+ [Introduction](node252.html#SECTION001810000000000000000)+ [Installing the NNTP server](node253.html#SECTION001820000000000000000)+ [Restricting NNTP Access](node254.html#SECTION001830000000000000000)+ [NNTP Authorization](node255.html#SECTION001840000000000000000)+ [nntpd Interaction with C News](node256.html#SECTION001850000000000000000)* [Newsreader Configuration](node257.html#SECTION001900000000000000000)
+ [tin Configuration](node258.html#SECTION001910000000000000000)+ [trn Configuration](node259.html#SECTION001920000000000000000)+ [nn Configuration](node260.html#SECTION001930000000000000000)* [A Null Printer Cable for PLIP](node261.html#SECTION002000000000000000000)* [Sample smail Configuration Files](node262.html#SECTION002100000000000000000)* [The GNU General Public License](node263.html#SECTION002200000000000000000)
+ [Preamble](node264.html#SECTION002210000000000000000)+ [Terms and Conditions for Copying, Distribution, and Modification](node265.html#SECTION002220000000000000000)+ [Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs](node266.html#SECTION002230000000000000000)* [Index](node267.html#SECTION002300000000000000000)* [About this document ...](node268.html#SECTION002400000000000000000)
---
*root (Andrea Pellizzon)
Thu Oct 19 10:26:44 MET 1995*
| http://www.dmsa.unipd.it/andreap/nag/nag.html |
<html>
<head>
<title>Two tricks for reviving old hardware</title>
<style type=text/css>
body { font-family: helvetica; font-size: 100%;}
img { margin-bottom: 5px; margin-right: 10px;}
</style>
</head>
<table align=center><td width=1100>
<h1>Reviving a stuck hard drive</h1>
<table align=left><td>
<img src="stiction1.jpg" width=320 height=234><p>
<img src="stiction2.jpg" width=320 height=254>
</table>
Back in the late 1980's, a common problem, especially with some Seagate drives
was something called "stiction". After not spinning for a few days, the drive
head would become stuck to the platter, so that the hard drive was unable to spin up.
<p>
I thought stiction was a thing of the past, until I recently tried to power up an
old laptop computer I hadn't powered up for five years. I could tell that the
hard drive in the laptop was not spinning.
<p>
I had nothing to lose, so I tried my old trick of getting drives unstuck -
by vigorously twisting (shaking in an angular kind of way) the whole laptop
computer. You can shake a removed hard drive much better than a whole computer,
but shaking of the computer was enough with in this case.
<p>
For PC's, its best to remove the hard drive. Grab the hard drive as shown,
then vigorously shake it back and forth. The shaking should be a twisting motion
rather than a back and forth. The twisting should be such that the laptop hard drive
stays in its plane. Imagine if it were lying flat on a table - turning it back and forth
while still on the table - that sort of motion, but not on the table.
<p>
If you aren't confident, you might want to do this over a couch or a bed, just in
case it slips from your hands. It should only take a few shakes back and forth
to get it unstuck.
<p>
Only do this to hard drives that won't spin up. You can always hear a bit of
a whine, and a bit of vibration out of a drive that is spinning, but if you don't
hear that, then its not spinning, and you might want to try this.
<p>
Finally, stiction only happens if the hard drive has NOT been used for at least
a day. So if the hard drive spontaneously won't spin anymore, its something else.
<br clear=left>
<hr>
<p>
<h1 id="reflow">Reflowing the solder</h1>
<table><td>
<img src="reflow.jpg" width=400 height=241 align=left>
Having the solder connections crack and lose connectivity is one of the more
common failure modes of electronic devices. This is especially true for
small devices that tend to get banged around a lot.
<p>
The solder failure problem has gotten a bit worse since everyone switched to lead
free solder about 10 years ago. The problem with lead free solder is that it
just isn't as ductile as the old solder with a little bit of lead in it.
<p>
I had a USB to IDE adapter that ceased working on me. With nothing to lose, I figured
the odds of the failure being a solder problem was not improbable.
With nothing to lose, I used my heat gun, and heated up the area where most of
the connections were quite a lot. And by quite a lot I mean hot enough that the
plastic connectors started to melt. But remember, the chips are designed to
withstand the kind of heat that melts the solder - that is after all how the
thing was put together in the first place.
<p>
You could also try to heat your circuit boards up in a toaster oven. But you'd have
to remove any wires and plastic parts first before doing this, whereas the heat
gun is a bit more localized.
<p>
In the case of this board, this barbaric technique got it working again.
<p>
<hr>
Back to <a href="index.html">technical hacks</a><p>
</tabe>
|
Two tricks for reviving old hardware
body { font-family: helvetica; font-size: 100%;}
img { margin-bottom: 5px; margin-right: 10px;}
Reviving a stuck hard drive
|
Back in the late 1980's, a common problem, especially with some Seagate drives
was something called "stiction". After not spinning for a few days, the drive
head would become stuck to the platter, so that the hard drive was unable to spin up.
I thought stiction was a thing of the past, until I recently tried to power up an
old laptop computer I hadn't powered up for five years. I could tell that the
hard drive in the laptop was not spinning.
I had nothing to lose, so I tried my old trick of getting drives unstuck -
by vigorously twisting (shaking in an angular kind of way) the whole laptop
computer. You can shake a removed hard drive much better than a whole computer,
but shaking of the computer was enough with in this case.
For PC's, its best to remove the hard drive. Grab the hard drive as shown,
then vigorously shake it back and forth. The shaking should be a twisting motion
rather than a back and forth. The twisting should be such that the laptop hard drive
stays in its plane. Imagine if it were lying flat on a table - turning it back and forth
while still on the table - that sort of motion, but not on the table.
If you aren't confident, you might want to do this over a couch or a bed, just in
case it slips from your hands. It should only take a few shakes back and forth
to get it unstuck.
Only do this to hard drives that won't spin up. You can always hear a bit of
a whine, and a bit of vibration out of a drive that is spinning, but if you don't
hear that, then its not spinning, and you might want to try this.
Finally, stiction only happens if the hard drive has NOT been used for at least
a day. So if the hard drive spontaneously won't spin anymore, its something else.
---
Reflowing the solder
Having the solder connections crack and lose connectivity is one of the more
common failure modes of electronic devices. This is especially true for
small devices that tend to get banged around a lot.
The solder failure problem has gotten a bit worse since everyone switched to lead
free solder about 10 years ago. The problem with lead free solder is that it
just isn't as ductile as the old solder with a little bit of lead in it.
I had a USB to IDE adapter that ceased working on me. With nothing to lose, I figured
the odds of the failure being a solder problem was not improbable.
With nothing to lose, I used my heat gun, and heated up the area where most of
the connections were quite a lot. And by quite a lot I mean hot enough that the
plastic connectors started to melt. But remember, the chips are designed to
withstand the kind of heat that melts the solder - that is after all how the
thing was put together in the first place.
You could also try to heat your circuit boards up in a toaster oven. But you'd have
to remove any wires and plastic parts first before doing this, whereas the heat
gun is a bit more localized.
In the case of this board, this barbaric technique got it working again.
---
Back to [technical hacks](index.html)
|
|
| https://www.sentex.ca/~mwandel/tech/repair.html |
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Art Bits from HyperCard | mariteaux</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../global.css">
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<meta name="description" content="Do you remember HyperCard? I ripped all the graphics from it for your enjoyment. All...700+ of them.">
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<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/web/mari_v2/apple-touch-icon.png">
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<main>
<a href="../../junk/">< Return to the junk pile</a>
<h1>Art Bits from HyperCard</h1>
<!--[12:16 PM] mariteaux: gonna see if i can just make a file list and do some find and replace stuff to make them all <img>
[12:16 PM] mariteaux: because if i have to type out 700+ file names i'm going to slit my wrists
[12:16 PM] mariteaux: but aside from that
[12:16 PM] mariteaux: should be good
[12:17 PM] capy: hell yeah
crunchy mac makes cammy happy, but also causes him to self harm
700 image filenames
wew lad
[12:18 PM] mariteaux: cammy comes into somnolescent
"guys i cutted myself owie"-->
<p>Long-time Macintosh users likely remember <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperCard">HyperCard</a>, Apple's strange hypermedia system that was sorta like a cross between index cards, web pages, and 90s interactive edutainment software. HyperCard left a pretty big legacy for the Web to come, influencing everything from JavaScript to wikis to the pointing finger thing for links on pages to fuckin' <cite>Myst</cite>.</p>
<p>Apple packaged in some sample HyperCard stacks to get people up to speed with the software, including one called "Art Bits", which included a ton of sample clip art for use in your own stacks. This stack is fantastic for showing off just how much Apple could do with two colors.</p>
<img src="artbits.png" alt="The front of the Art Bits stack" title="The front of the Art Bits stack" class="centerimg">
<p>Slowly, painfully, torturously, methodically—I've clipped out over 700 of these fucking things and stuck them on this page at their original size for your use and enjoyment. <!--This is gonna be hell on my logs--> The entire thing is still less than 300kb, after all the PNGs are optimized, but regardless, I'm not responsible if it's really slow.</p> <!--Took about five days total. Also, fun fact, these PNGs would all fit on a 400k single-sided Mac floppy, the real early ones.-->
<!--"CAMMY WHY DOES NOTHING HAVE AN ALT ATTRIBUTE WHAT'S WRONG WITH YOU WHAT HAPPENED TO BUILDING WEB PAGES THAT VALIDATE YOU HYPOCRITE--"-->
<!--Right, so in short, 700+ alt attribs on every single last image is an absolutely painful thought and I'm not going through with that. So no, this page doesn't validate. Given that it's all images, I can't imagine blind people have much of a use for it in the first place. I'm well aware, you're not that smart.-->
<!--And yes, someone complained because I forgot an alt on one image in the past, so I'm covering my bases.-->
<section id="navigation">
<h2>Skip to a section:</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#beasts">Beasts</a></li>
<li><a href="#buildings">Buildings</a></li>
<li><a href="#media">Communication and media</a></li>
<li><a href="#hypercard">Hypercard Miscellany</a></li>
<li><a href="#icons">Icon ideas</a></li>
<li><a href="#macintosh">Macintosh miscellany</a></li>
<li><a href="#science">Nature and science</a></li>
<li><a href="#misc">Odds and ends</a></li>
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</section>
<section id="beasts">
<h2>Beasts</h2>
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<img src="beasts/5_butterfly.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/5_cat.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/5_dai.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/5_dog.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/5_frog.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/5_hai.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/5_lasso.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/5_parasol.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/5_pencil.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/5_tennis.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/6_beluga.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/6_catfish.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/6_corner.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/6_craba.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/6_crabb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/6_dead.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/6_family.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/6_finn.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/6_fisha.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/6_fishb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/6_fishhook.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/6_happy.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/6_lanternfish.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/6_racistfish.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/6_shark.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/6_swim.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/6_tardfish.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/6_trail.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/6_watermelon.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="beasts/6_whale.png" class="pixelated">
<p><a href="#top">Back to top</a></p>
</section>
<section id="buildings">
<hr>
<h2>Buildings</h2>
<img src="buildings/birdhouse.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="buildings/buildings.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="buildings/cage.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="buildings/castle.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="buildings/city.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="buildings/column.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="buildings/cottage.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="buildings/doorstep.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="buildings/ionic.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="buildings/pillara.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="buildings/pillarb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="buildings/townhouse.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="buildings/trees.png" class="pixelated">
<p><a href="#top">Back to top</a></p>
</section>
<section id="media">
<hr>
<h2>Communication and media</h2>
<img src="media/1_cabinet.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/1_cardfile.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/1_clipart.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/1_envelope_big.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/1_envelope_small.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/1_envelopes.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/1_fileview.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/1_letter.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/1_mail.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/1_pile_addresses.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/1_pile_envelopes.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/1_pile_folders.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/1_pile_mixed.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/1_point.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/1_reports.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/1_shoebox.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/1_speed.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_busy.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_cardfile.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_dark_numbers.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_dark_phonedial.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_dark_phoneglobe.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_dark_phonenoise.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_dark_pound.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_dark_stripes.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_globeclock.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_handset_curled.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_handset_straight.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_journal.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_note.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_notepad.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_notes.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_pencil.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_phone.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_phone_compact.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_phone_cord.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_phone_dial.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_phone_globe.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_phone_iso.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_phone_offhook.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_phone_ring.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_phone_small.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/2_phone_white.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_book.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_book_dark.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_book_open.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_book_small.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_boombox.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_cd_big.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_cd_small.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_disk_big.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_disk_iso.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_disk_medium.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_disk_pile.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_disk_small.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_loudspeaker.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_projector.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_receiver.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_remote.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_speaker.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_tape_small.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_tapea.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_tapeb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_tv.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_tv_portable.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="media/3_tv_rabbitears.png" class="pixelated">
<p><a href="#top">Back to top</a></p>
</section>
<section id="hypercard">
<hr>
<h2>HyperCard miscellany</h2>
<img src="hypercard/balloon.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/button_balloon.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/button_card.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/button_cursor.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/card.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/card_idea.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/card_question.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/hypercard_balloon.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/hypercard_blank.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/hypercard_file.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/hypercard_menubar.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/hypercard_menus.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/hypercard_note.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/note.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/note_idea.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/numbers.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/organizer.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/pencil.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/stack.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/stack_big.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/stack_dark.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/stack_falling.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/stack_important.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/stack_pick.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/stack_pictures.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/stack_question.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/stack_small.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/stack_space.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/stack2.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/stack3.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="hypercard/stack4.png" class="pixelated">
<p><p><a href="#top">Back to top</a></p></p>
</section>
<section id="icons">
<hr>
<h2>Icon ideas</h2>
<img src="icons/1_arrow1_down.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow1_left.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow1_return.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow1_right.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow1_up.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow2_left.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow2_return.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow2_right.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow3_left.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow3_return.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow3_right.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow4_left.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow4_return.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow4_right.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow5_left.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow5_return.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow5_right.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow6_left.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow6_return.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow6_right.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow7_left.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow7_return.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_arrow7_right.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_big.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_eject.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_end1.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_end2.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_home01.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_home02.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_home03.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_home04.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_home05.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_home06.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_home07.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_home08.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_home09.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_home10.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_home11.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_home12.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_home13.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_home14.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_home15.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_home16.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_left1.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_left2.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_left3.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_left4.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_left5.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_left6.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_left7.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_left8.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_left9.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_no.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_pause.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_play.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_return1.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_return2.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_return3.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_return4.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_return5.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_rewind.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_right1.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_right2.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_right3.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_right4.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_right5.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_right6.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_right7.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_right8.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_right9.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_seekforward.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_skipahead.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_skipback.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_small.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_start1.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_start2.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_stop.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_yes1.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_yes2.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/1_yes3.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_abstract_compact.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_abstract_file.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_abstract_home.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_abstract_laserwriter.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_abstract_macii.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_abstract_offhook.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_abstract_onhook.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_abstract_point.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_abstract_speech.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_abstract_write.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_book.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_compact_offhook.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_compact_onhook.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_dark_clock.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_dark_home.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_dark_left.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_dark_offhook.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_dark_question.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_dark_return.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_dark_right.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_dark_search.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_dark_speech.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_daybook.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_four.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_home_embossed.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_mac.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_mac_sound.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_mac_speech.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_mail.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_mail_compose.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_one.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_question1.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_question2.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_question3.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_baby.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_book.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_calendar.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_castle.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_clipbook.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_clock.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_coffee.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_compact.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_cursor.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_daybook.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_file.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_home.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_houses.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_left.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_lock.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_music.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_phone.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_point.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_question.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_return.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_right.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_small_speech.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_speech_embossed.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_sun.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_three.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_two.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="icons/2_washingmachine.png" class="pixelated">
<p><a href="#top">Back to top</a></p>
</section>
<section id="macintosh">
<hr>
<h2>Macintosh miscellany</h2>
<img src="macintosh/1_compact.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/1_ii.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/1_iici.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/1_iifx.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/1_iix.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/1_monitor.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/1_portable.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/1_screen.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/2_laserwriter.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/2_macintosh.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_adb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_adb_dongle.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_bidirectional.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_closed.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_compactsmall.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_daisy.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_db25.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_db25_connector.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_dc37_connector.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_de9.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_file.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_floppy.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_floppydrive.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_folder.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_harddisk.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_icon.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_imagewriter.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_keyboard.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_laserwriter.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_macsmall.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_minidin.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_open.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_parallel_dongle.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_plus.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_printer.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_screensmall.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_se.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_video_connector.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="macintosh/3_wire.png" class="pixelated">
<p><a href="#top">Back to top</a></p>
</section>
<section id="science">
<hr>
<h2>Nature and science</h2>
<img src="science/1_atom.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/1_cone.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/1_cylindera.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/1_cylinderb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/1_earth.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/1_jupiter.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/1_mars.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/1_mercury.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/1_neptune.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/1_orb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/1_pyramid.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/1_rocket.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/1_saturn.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/1_sphere_large.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/1_sphere_small.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/1_torus.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/1_uranus.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/1_venus.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/1_volcano.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/1_wedge.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/2_apple.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/2_fish.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/2_horse.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/2_human.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/3_apple.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/3_fish.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/3_horse.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="science/3_human.png" class="pixelated">
<p><a href="#top">Back to top</a></p>
</section>
<section id="misc">
<hr>
<h2>Odds and ends</h2>
<img src="misc/1_cake.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/1_cheese.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/1_cherry.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/1_coffeea.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/1_coffeeb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/1_hand.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/1_moon.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/1_mousetrap.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/1_pencil.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/1_pie.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/1_pineapple.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/1_pretzel.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/1_satchel.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/2_blender.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/2_book.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/2_coffeemaker.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/2_fridge.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/2_journal.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/2_library.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/2_lightbulb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/2_mail.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/2_microwave.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/2_people.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/2_police.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/2_sun.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/2_toaster.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/2_tv.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/3_chair.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/3_eiffel.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/3_explosion.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/3_fleurdelis.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/3_hand.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/3_knife.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/3_puzzle.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/3_suna.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/3_sunb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/3_tree.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/4_bow.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/4_clean.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/4_clockman.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/4_heart.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/4_key.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/4_pan.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/4_robot_head.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/4_robota.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/4_robotb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/4_robotc.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/4_shoe.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/4_sunglasses.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/4_wrench.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/5_alarmclock.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/5_binder.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/5_boxa.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/5_boxb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/5_boxc.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/5_eraser.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/5_globe.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/5_glue.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/5_measure.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/5_pen.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/5_pencil.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/5_pin.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/5_ruler.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/5_staplera.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/5_staplerb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/5_tapea.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/5_tapeb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="misc/5_thermometer.png" class="pixelated">
<p><a href="#top">Back to top</a></p>
</section>
<section id="people">
<hr>
<h2>People</h2>
<img src="people/1_bee.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/1_businessa.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/1_businessb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/1_businessc.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/1_businessd.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/1_businesse.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/1_dancea.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/1_danceb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/1_dancec.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/1_family.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/1_father.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/1_kids.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/1_macintosh.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/1_mother.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/1_newspaper.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/1_newspapera.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/1_newspaperb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/1_scholar.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/1_stretch.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/1_teacher.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/2_chef.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/2_doughnut.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/2_question.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/2_skeletons.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/2_twist.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/2_waiter.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/3_ah.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/3_cabinet.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/3_coffee.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/3_dog.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/3_hey.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/3_macintosh.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/3_mask.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/3_plate.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/4_alert.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/4_baby.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/4_baker.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/4_climber.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/4_egyptian.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/4_fish.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/4_framea.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/4_frameb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/4_jester.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/4_magic.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/4_papers.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/4_phone.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/4_sick.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="people/4_suitcase.png" class="pixelated">
<p><a href="#top">Back to top</a></p>
</section>
<section id="small">
<hr>
<h2>Small treasures</h2>
<img src="small/1_boot.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_building.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_cactus.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_car.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_contract.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_dancing.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_fort.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_frame.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_heel.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_horse.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_horseshoe.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_house.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_jigsaw.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_key.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_leggy.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_library.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_macii.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_moon.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_napoleon.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_pavillion.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_phone.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_plane.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_pump.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_question.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_sack.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_scale.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_scape.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_shoes.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_snake.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_stack.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_stamp1.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_stamp2.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_stamp3.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_stamp4.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_stove.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_thefuck.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_trumpet.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/1_utensils.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_bee.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_bird3.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_boat.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_bomb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_builder.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_bulb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_chair.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_clock.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_coffee.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_couple.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_crab.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_crane.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_crow.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_cup.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_dance.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_death.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_disk.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_dog.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_duck.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_dynamite.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_egyptian.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_farm.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_fish.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_fish2.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_fox.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_gay.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_girl.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_gonzo.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_heart.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_idunno.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_jigsaw.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_juggle.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_jumprope.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_leaf.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_monkey.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_moon.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_owl.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_paintbrush.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_pineapple.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_pirate.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_plane.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_projector.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_run.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_saints.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_scale.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_scholar.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_scissors.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_screwdriver.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_shade.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_skeleton.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_slug.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_stand.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_steal.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_superstition.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_talk.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_truck.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_vulture.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/2_walk.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_acorn.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_anteater.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_armored.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_ass.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_bike.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_bird1.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_bird2.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_bird3.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_bird4.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_boat.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_boots.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_borb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_bulb.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_butterfly.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_cactus.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_cake.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_camel.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_canoe.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_car.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_car1.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_car2.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_cart.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_cart2.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_clef.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_compact.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_dino1.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_dino2.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_dog.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_elephant.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_evil.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_fish.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_giraffe.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_happy.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_hat.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_home.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_horse.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_house.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_igloo.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_keyboard.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_moose.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_mouse.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_ostrich.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_owl.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_phone.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_piano.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_pitcher.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_plane.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_rooster.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_scale.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_scorpion.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_skull.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_snake1.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_snake2.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_squirrel.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_staff.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_train.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_wagon1.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_wagon2.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="small/3_wheelbarrow.png" class="pixelated">
<p><a href="#top">Back to top</a></p>
</section>
<section id="transportation">
<hr>
<h2>Transportation</h2>
<img src="transportation/bike.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="transportation/biplane.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="transportation/blacktruck.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="transportation/car.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="transportation/caravan.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="transportation/convertible.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="transportation/fishingboat.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="transportation/hefuckswithhisnose.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="transportation/nyoom.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="transportation/road.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="transportation/sailboat.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="transportation/sailboat_simple.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="transportation/sedan.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="transportation/sportscar.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="transportation/stationwagon.png" class="pixelated">
<img src="transportation/truck.png" class="pixelated">
<p><a href="#top">Back to top</a></p>
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Art Bits from HyperCard | mariteaux
[< Return to the junk pile](../../junk/)
# Art Bits from HyperCard
Long-time Macintosh users likely remember [HyperCard](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperCard), Apple's strange hypermedia system that was sorta like a cross between index cards, web pages, and 90s interactive edutainment software. HyperCard left a pretty big legacy for the Web to come, influencing everything from JavaScript to wikis to the pointing finger thing for links on pages to fuckin' Myst.
Apple packaged in some sample HyperCard stacks to get people up to speed with the software, including one called "Art Bits", which included a ton of sample clip art for use in your own stacks. This stack is fantastic for showing off just how much Apple could do with two colors.
Slowly, painfully, torturously, methodically—I've clipped out over 700 of these fucking things and stuck them on this page at their original size for your use and enjoyment. The entire thing is still less than 300kb, after all the PNGs are optimized, but regardless, I'm not responsible if it's really slow.
## Skip to a section:
* [Beasts](#beasts)
* [Buildings](#buildings)
* [Communication and media](#media)
* [Hypercard Miscellany](#hypercard)
* [Icon ideas](#icons)
* [Macintosh miscellany](#macintosh)
* [Nature and science](#science)
* [Odds and ends](#misc)
* [People](#people)
* [Small treasures](#small)
* [Transportation](#transportation)
## Beasts
[Back to top](#top)
---
## Buildings
[Back to top](#top)
---
## Communication and media
[Back to top](#top)
---
## HyperCard miscellany
[Back to top](#top)
---
## Icon ideas
[Back to top](#top)
---
## Macintosh miscellany
[Back to top](#top)
---
## Nature and science
[Back to top](#top)
---
## Odds and ends
[Back to top](#top)
---
## People
[Back to top](#top)
---
## Small treasures
[Back to top](#top)
---
## Transportation
[Back to top](#top)
---
| http://archives.somnolescent.net/web/mari_v2/junk/hypercard/ |
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<h1>Newsmaker: Turning on the World Wide Web</h1>
<p>By Paul Festa<br/>Staff Writer, CNET News.com<p>
Published: December 10, 2001 4:00 AM PST<p>
<a href="http://news.cnet.com/2008-1082-276771.html?hhTest=1" target="_blank">http://news.cnet.com/2008-1082-276771.html?hhTest=1</a><p>
<img src="https://www.swcs.com.au/paulkunz.jpg" width="205" height="170" alt="Paul Kunz" align="left">
<b> The commonly held image of the American Web pioneer is that of a
twenty-something, bespectacled computer geek hunched over his Unix box in the wee hours of the morning, surrounded by the detritus of heavily caffeinated drinks and junk food while deep in pursuit of worldwide information domination and IPO riches.</b>
<p>
This country's actual Web pioneer, by contrast, had smaller things on his mind when he launched the first Web server and Web page on U.S. soil. Much smaller, in fact: electrons.</p><p>
It was at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (<a href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu/" target="blank">SLAC</a>) that particle physicist <a
href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu/grp/ek/people/kunz.htm" target="blank">Paul Kunz</a>
wrote and posted the first American Web page 10 years ago today. As an aside to his work smashing and studying subatomic particles, Kunz set up the first Web server outside Western Europe as a way of providing easier access to a database of scientific paper abstracts.
</p><p>
Researchers, long frustrated by more cumbersome protocols and interfaces for accessing distant computers over the Internet and other computer networks, took to the new World Wide Web with alacrity. Ambitious computer geeks, followed by venture capitalists, curious Web surfers and IPO speculators, were not far behind.
</p><p>
Kunz didn't invent the Web--that credit goes to Tim Berners-Lee, an English researcher then working at the CERN laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland, and
now heading the World Wide Web Consortium (<a
href="http://www.w3.org/" target="blank">W3C</a>), a pre-eminent standards body. But with his powerful, practical demonstration of the Web's potential, Kunz arguably set off a chain of events that turned the Web into a staple: first of academic research, and ultimately of everyday life.</p><p>
Kunz spoke to CNET News.com from his office at SLAC (where he and colleagues refer to themselves as SLACers) about the dawn of the Web in America.</p><p>
<b>Q: How is it that an atom smasher like yourself created the first U.S. Web page?
</b> <br>
A: I was visiting the laboratory called CERN, in Geneva, Switzerland--a big international lab funded by European countries--and a guy by the name of Tim Berners-Lee asked me to come see him demonstrate the application he'd just written called the World Wide Web. It was written on a NeXT computer. There were only a few of us out there using them so we had to stick together. On Friday, Sept. 13, 1991, he showed me his Web browser that he had written on NeXT, with hypertext. I was terribly interested in that.</p><p>
<b>What interested you?
</b> <br>
The first Web browser was more than just a browser: It had the ability to do a search on a remote machine. That's the key to the Web--the ability to do searches. He did a search on the mainframe IBM computer, and the help system gave back pointers as to where to find documents you might
be searching for. That gave me the idea: If he could do searches, then I could do that too. I had a database online at SLAC that needed an interface
to the Internet. That database is called <a
href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/" target="blank">SPIRES</a>.</p><p>
When I saw what Tim Berners-Lee had done, I said, "This is all well and
good, but will it work over the Internet?" And Tim said, "Of course--it's
designed for that." I said, "Show me." But he said the only problem is that
all the Web servers in the world were in that same building. So what we did
was we uploaded this browser software to my computer at SLAC, six thousand
miles away, and then we ran the browser (<i>on the remote screen - Editor</i>) and pushed all the windows back to
his machine at CERN.
</p><p>
The NeXT computers had that capability, to run an
application on a computer and push the windows to another computer (<i>i.e. a local screen - Editor</i>). It was
a way for us to test how well the Web would work over the Internet. Would
it be slow, would it be fast? We had no way of doing that without operating a Web browser by remote control.</p><p>
<b>This was the first demonstration of the World Wide Web in action?</b><br>
Anything we did had to go from SLAC to CERN and back again. I believe that
was the first time Tim Berners-Lee saw the (Web) work on the Internet. So I
told him I would start a Web server at SLAC as soon as I got back, and the
idea I had in mind was that we had a database at SLAC that contained at
the time 200,000 references to papers that were written in the field of
high-energy physics (HEP). Each entry contained authors, titles,
keywords--this database was heavily used by the HEP community, thousands of
users in 40 different countries.</p><p>
<b>So it was already accessible over computer networks.
</b><br>
Yes, but it was rather difficult to use because you were always
logging onto a foreign machine, and the database commands were not very
user-friendly. And the database was not accessible to the Internet. So what
I planned to do was use the Web as a more friendly interface so that people
throughout the world could do searches, just like I saw with that help
system at CERN.</p><p>
When I got back to the U.S., I gave the job to someone else and nothing
happened for two months. I had something more important to do--I was
working on another NeXT application, something that at the time seemed more
important than putting the Web server up. Two months later, Tim reminded me
that I was supposed to launch the demo, and said he was going to a
hypertext conference. And that's why it wasn't until Dec. 12 that I
finally finished the job and got the page up.</p><p>
<b>What was the substance of that
first Web page?
</b> <br>
What you could do with that <a
href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu/history/earlyweb/firstpages.shtml" target="blank">home page</a> was two things. The
BINLIST link would allow you to do a search onto the SLAC online phone book
and get phone numbers and e-mail addresses. The second link, called HEP,
was an interface to a pre-print database. People would send a copy of their
paper to various institutes before it got published, and that was called a
pre-print.</p><p>
<b>What did you use by way of a browser in those early days?
</b> <br>
The only browsers available were on the NeXT machine. The only
other thing you could use was the line-mode browser, like your DOS shell.
Microsoft called it a command prompt. All people who did not have a NeXT
machine would see was text. Wherever there was a link you'd find a number,
and you'd have to type in the link.</p><p>
But even that was an improvement over the way people used to interface with
SPIRES. So I sent an e-mail to Tim Berners-Lee, saying, "Our server's up and
running, give it a try." This would be Dec. 13. Tim
wrote back and said, "Great, congratulations. But your pages don't look
very pretty." </p><p>
<b>What happened next?
</b><br>
The next most important event happened a month later, Jan.
15, 1992. There was a workshop in La Londe, France, on advanced computing
techniques for high-energy and nuclear physics. At that workshop, Tim
Berners-Lee gave the first demo of the Web outside of the CERN laboratory.
The attendance of the workshop was about 200 physicists from around the
world, and he gave a demonstration that started off with his technology,
showing what you could do, like a sales pitch. But the grand finale of this
demo was that he connected to the SLAC database using his browser, and this
opened people's eyes. Their jaws just dropped. They knew the database, and
they saw how easy it was to access it from this town in southern France.</p><p>
You had these 200 people, who were coming from maybe 100 or more
different institutes from around the world, and imagine how anxious they
were to get back home and show their colleagues! That was a giant push in
advancing the Web. It not only existed, but it had something useful on it.</p><p>
<b>What was your traffic like in those early days?
</b> <br>
It immediately started picking up once that conference was over.
It took people awhile to figure out where to get a browser, but once they
did, traffic started picking up. CERN had their own pre-print database, but
it didn't take long before more CERN physicists were using the SLAC
database 6,000 miles away than the CERN database, because (the Web
interface) was more friendly.</p><p>
<b>So this idea of friendliness is the key to the Web's success?</b> <br>
I think so. The early information on the Web may have been
available by other means, but could mere mortals actually handle it? You
usually found yourself on some foreign computer, you didn't know the
commands, there was always some syntax you couldn't quite remember. There
are two things about the Web: It makes things easier with visual clues, and
what you see and do doesn't depend on what computer is hosting the service.</p><p>
<b>What happened with browser development after your Web page went up?
There's some confusion over who invented the first browser, or the first
browser with a graphical interface.
</b><br>
The only graphical browser available was for the NeXT machines,
which were not that popular. I think there were fewer than 100,000 sold.
Everybody else had a line-mode browser. And Tim Berners-Lee and <a
href="http://www.w3.org/People.html#Cailliau" target="blank">Robert Cailliau</a> were too
busy promoting the Web to write a graphical browser for Unix. They hoped
that the idea of the Web would spread and somebody else would do that work. </p><p>
<b>Did you go on to become an ace Web designer?
</b><br>
No. I was too busy with my other projects. I handed it
over to the chief librarian and told her she'd have to find some help to
keep it going. I told her frankly that I didn't want to spend my time doing
a lot of that but that she could find help from other people in the lab. </p><P>
That group of people who helped her were called the <a
href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu/history/earlyweb/wizards.shtml" target="blank">Web
Wizards</a>. Tony Johnson was one of the people at that workshop. He
started working much more closely with the Web and created the first
dynamic Web pages, or pages that were dynamically created in response to
the query, as opposed to static pages that are written up. That was an
innovation--nobody had done that before he did it.</P><p>
He was also interested in the graphics. He wanted a browser that would work
under X-Windows (the Unix windowing system). Tony was interested in having
not only a browser, but a browser that could do graphics.</p><p>
<b>What was (Netscape Communications co-founder) Marc Andreessen's
contribution?</b><br>
Marc picked it up and tried it out. Tony the other day showed us
the e-mail he got from Marc, saying, "Congratulations, this is super," and
then giving him a list of about 10 bugs. Over the next few days, he got an
additional 10 messages from Marc with bug reports and additional features
Marc wanted. At this point Tony felt he didn't want to work on the browser
full time, and got out of the business. Marc took over. Once Mosaic came
out from the NCSA, it really started moving.</p><p>
<b>But it all started among a bunch of physicists.</b><br>
It really had to start somewhere, and it all started here in high-energy physics. </p><p>
<b>High-energy physics means atom smashing?</b><br>
We don't do atoms anymore; they're too big. We smash particles.
At SLAC we work on electrons. At Fermilab they do protons.</p><p>
<b>How did the first graphical browsers get started?</b><br>
In parallel with all of our Web development there was an effort
going on at Los Alamos. We had a pre-print server, so you'd get the
pre-prints. That's OK, but if you were going to put the whole paper on the
Web the figures in the papers needed graphics to be displayed. So the
motivation to have a browser that would do graphics was pretty strong.</p><p>
<b>What's the worst thing about how the Web has developed, from a
structural/architectural perspective?</b><br>
I don't want to answer that question, because it's been so
remarkably successful with hardly any glitches. The whole Internet itself
was designed by a group of people sitting on the network with less than 256
computers. The original ARPAnet protocol, the predecessor of TCP/IP, could
only support 256 computers. When they realized it was going to run out,
they made the plans and did the testing, and since then things haven't
really changed.</p><p>
We've gone from tens of thousands of computers to millions of computers
today without a major glitch. When you design systems, it's hard to design
them to be scalable. That's a very hard thing to do, and they did a very,
very good job. The same holds (true) for the Web itself. I don't think Tim
Berners-Lee imagined that every high school, news station and airline would
have a Web server. And yet it scaled that far without any fundamental
change in how it works.</p><p>
<b>It's hard to think about the last 10 years and say there weren't any
glitches.</b><br>
Of course, along the way there are tricks that hackers like to
do for fun that put some glitches in things. But this has always been
relatively minor compared to the ways that it scaled from the original
imaginings of its authors.</p><p>
<b>When did the Web become a central or daily part of the average
scientist's life and work? When did it become ubiquitous in science?
</b> <br>
Of course (the academic community) took to it immediately. It
was obvious to everybody that this was the better way. It was an easy sell.
This is an example of the science community solving problems for themselves
with a residual benefit to the rest of the world. My bottom line is that
you must have a healthy, adequately funded scientific community, because
we're solving problems you don't even know you have yet. And the Web is one
of the most outstanding examples of that.
<p>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/WorldWideWeb.html" target="_blank">Click here</a> for a look at Tim Berners-Lee's WorldWideWeb browser, the first web client.
<p><b>**End of article</b></p>
</body>
</html> |
Turning on the World Wide Web - CNET News.com
p,br,li,td,th{font-family: Arial; font-size: 20.0px;}
# Newsmaker: Turning on the World Wide Web
By Paul Festa
Staff Writer, CNET News.com
Published: December 10, 2001 4:00 AM PST
<http://news.cnet.com/2008-1082-276771.html?hhTest=1>
**The commonly held image of the American Web pioneer is that of a
twenty-something, bespectacled computer geek hunched over his Unix box in the wee hours of the morning, surrounded by the detritus of heavily caffeinated drinks and junk food while deep in pursuit of worldwide information domination and IPO riches.**
This country's actual Web pioneer, by contrast, had smaller things on his mind when he launched the first Web server and Web page on U.S. soil. Much smaller, in fact: electrons.
It was at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ([SLAC](http://www.slac.stanford.edu/)) that particle physicist [Paul Kunz](http://www.slac.stanford.edu/grp/ek/people/kunz.htm)
wrote and posted the first American Web page 10 years ago today. As an aside to his work smashing and studying subatomic particles, Kunz set up the first Web server outside Western Europe as a way of providing easier access to a database of scientific paper abstracts.
Researchers, long frustrated by more cumbersome protocols and interfaces for accessing distant computers over the Internet and other computer networks, took to the new World Wide Web with alacrity. Ambitious computer geeks, followed by venture capitalists, curious Web surfers and IPO speculators, were not far behind.
Kunz didn't invent the Web--that credit goes to Tim Berners-Lee, an English researcher then working at the CERN laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland, and
now heading the World Wide Web Consortium ([W3C](http://www.w3.org/)), a pre-eminent standards body. But with his powerful, practical demonstration of the Web's potential, Kunz arguably set off a chain of events that turned the Web into a staple: first of academic research, and ultimately of everyday life.
Kunz spoke to CNET News.com from his office at SLAC (where he and colleagues refer to themselves as SLACers) about the dawn of the Web in America.
**Q: How is it that an atom smasher like yourself created the first U.S. Web page?**
A: I was visiting the laboratory called CERN, in Geneva, Switzerland--a big international lab funded by European countries--and a guy by the name of Tim Berners-Lee asked me to come see him demonstrate the application he'd just written called the World Wide Web. It was written on a NeXT computer. There were only a few of us out there using them so we had to stick together. On Friday, Sept. 13, 1991, he showed me his Web browser that he had written on NeXT, with hypertext. I was terribly interested in that.
**What interested you?**
The first Web browser was more than just a browser: It had the ability to do a search on a remote machine. That's the key to the Web--the ability to do searches. He did a search on the mainframe IBM computer, and the help system gave back pointers as to where to find documents you might
be searching for. That gave me the idea: If he could do searches, then I could do that too. I had a database online at SLAC that needed an interface
to the Internet. That database is called [SPIRES](http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/).
When I saw what Tim Berners-Lee had done, I said, "This is all well and
good, but will it work over the Internet?" And Tim said, "Of course--it's
designed for that." I said, "Show me." But he said the only problem is that
all the Web servers in the world were in that same building. So what we did
was we uploaded this browser software to my computer at SLAC, six thousand
miles away, and then we ran the browser (*on the remote screen - Editor*) and pushed all the windows back to
his machine at CERN.
The NeXT computers had that capability, to run an
application on a computer and push the windows to another computer (*i.e. a local screen - Editor*). It was
a way for us to test how well the Web would work over the Internet. Would
it be slow, would it be fast? We had no way of doing that without operating a Web browser by remote control.
**This was the first demonstration of the World Wide Web in action?**
Anything we did had to go from SLAC to CERN and back again. I believe that
was the first time Tim Berners-Lee saw the (Web) work on the Internet. So I
told him I would start a Web server at SLAC as soon as I got back, and the
idea I had in mind was that we had a database at SLAC that contained at
the time 200,000 references to papers that were written in the field of
high-energy physics (HEP). Each entry contained authors, titles,
keywords--this database was heavily used by the HEP community, thousands of
users in 40 different countries.
**So it was already accessible over computer networks.**
Yes, but it was rather difficult to use because you were always
logging onto a foreign machine, and the database commands were not very
user-friendly. And the database was not accessible to the Internet. So what
I planned to do was use the Web as a more friendly interface so that people
throughout the world could do searches, just like I saw with that help
system at CERN.
When I got back to the U.S., I gave the job to someone else and nothing
happened for two months. I had something more important to do--I was
working on another NeXT application, something that at the time seemed more
important than putting the Web server up. Two months later, Tim reminded me
that I was supposed to launch the demo, and said he was going to a
hypertext conference. And that's why it wasn't until Dec. 12 that I
finally finished the job and got the page up.
**What was the substance of that
first Web page?**
What you could do with that [home page](http://www.slac.stanford.edu/history/earlyweb/firstpages.shtml) was two things. The
BINLIST link would allow you to do a search onto the SLAC online phone book
and get phone numbers and e-mail addresses. The second link, called HEP,
was an interface to a pre-print database. People would send a copy of their
paper to various institutes before it got published, and that was called a
pre-print.
**What did you use by way of a browser in those early days?**
The only browsers available were on the NeXT machine. The only
other thing you could use was the line-mode browser, like your DOS shell.
Microsoft called it a command prompt. All people who did not have a NeXT
machine would see was text. Wherever there was a link you'd find a number,
and you'd have to type in the link.
But even that was an improvement over the way people used to interface with
SPIRES. So I sent an e-mail to Tim Berners-Lee, saying, "Our server's up and
running, give it a try." This would be Dec. 13. Tim
wrote back and said, "Great, congratulations. But your pages don't look
very pretty."
**What happened next?**
The next most important event happened a month later, Jan.
15, 1992. There was a workshop in La Londe, France, on advanced computing
techniques for high-energy and nuclear physics. At that workshop, Tim
Berners-Lee gave the first demo of the Web outside of the CERN laboratory.
The attendance of the workshop was about 200 physicists from around the
world, and he gave a demonstration that started off with his technology,
showing what you could do, like a sales pitch. But the grand finale of this
demo was that he connected to the SLAC database using his browser, and this
opened people's eyes. Their jaws just dropped. They knew the database, and
they saw how easy it was to access it from this town in southern France.
You had these 200 people, who were coming from maybe 100 or more
different institutes from around the world, and imagine how anxious they
were to get back home and show their colleagues! That was a giant push in
advancing the Web. It not only existed, but it had something useful on it.
**What was your traffic like in those early days?**
It immediately started picking up once that conference was over.
It took people awhile to figure out where to get a browser, but once they
did, traffic started picking up. CERN had their own pre-print database, but
it didn't take long before more CERN physicists were using the SLAC
database 6,000 miles away than the CERN database, because (the Web
interface) was more friendly.
**So this idea of friendliness is the key to the Web's success?**
I think so. The early information on the Web may have been
available by other means, but could mere mortals actually handle it? You
usually found yourself on some foreign computer, you didn't know the
commands, there was always some syntax you couldn't quite remember. There
are two things about the Web: It makes things easier with visual clues, and
what you see and do doesn't depend on what computer is hosting the service.
**What happened with browser development after your Web page went up?
There's some confusion over who invented the first browser, or the first
browser with a graphical interface.**
The only graphical browser available was for the NeXT machines,
which were not that popular. I think there were fewer than 100,000 sold.
Everybody else had a line-mode browser. And Tim Berners-Lee and [Robert Cailliau](http://www.w3.org/People.html#Cailliau) were too
busy promoting the Web to write a graphical browser for Unix. They hoped
that the idea of the Web would spread and somebody else would do that work.
**Did you go on to become an ace Web designer?**
No. I was too busy with my other projects. I handed it
over to the chief librarian and told her she'd have to find some help to
keep it going. I told her frankly that I didn't want to spend my time doing
a lot of that but that she could find help from other people in the lab.
That group of people who helped her were called the [Web
Wizards](http://www.slac.stanford.edu/history/earlyweb/wizards.shtml). Tony Johnson was one of the people at that workshop. He
started working much more closely with the Web and created the first
dynamic Web pages, or pages that were dynamically created in response to
the query, as opposed to static pages that are written up. That was an
innovation--nobody had done that before he did it.
He was also interested in the graphics. He wanted a browser that would work
under X-Windows (the Unix windowing system). Tony was interested in having
not only a browser, but a browser that could do graphics.
**What was (Netscape Communications co-founder) Marc Andreessen's
contribution?**
Marc picked it up and tried it out. Tony the other day showed us
the e-mail he got from Marc, saying, "Congratulations, this is super," and
then giving him a list of about 10 bugs. Over the next few days, he got an
additional 10 messages from Marc with bug reports and additional features
Marc wanted. At this point Tony felt he didn't want to work on the browser
full time, and got out of the business. Marc took over. Once Mosaic came
out from the NCSA, it really started moving.
**But it all started among a bunch of physicists.**
It really had to start somewhere, and it all started here in high-energy physics.
**High-energy physics means atom smashing?**
We don't do atoms anymore; they're too big. We smash particles.
At SLAC we work on electrons. At Fermilab they do protons.
**How did the first graphical browsers get started?**
In parallel with all of our Web development there was an effort
going on at Los Alamos. We had a pre-print server, so you'd get the
pre-prints. That's OK, but if you were going to put the whole paper on the
Web the figures in the papers needed graphics to be displayed. So the
motivation to have a browser that would do graphics was pretty strong.
**What's the worst thing about how the Web has developed, from a
structural/architectural perspective?**
I don't want to answer that question, because it's been so
remarkably successful with hardly any glitches. The whole Internet itself
was designed by a group of people sitting on the network with less than 256
computers. The original ARPAnet protocol, the predecessor of TCP/IP, could
only support 256 computers. When they realized it was going to run out,
they made the plans and did the testing, and since then things haven't
really changed.
We've gone from tens of thousands of computers to millions of computers
today without a major glitch. When you design systems, it's hard to design
them to be scalable. That's a very hard thing to do, and they did a very,
very good job. The same holds (true) for the Web itself. I don't think Tim
Berners-Lee imagined that every high school, news station and airline would
have a Web server. And yet it scaled that far without any fundamental
change in how it works.
**It's hard to think about the last 10 years and say there weren't any
glitches.**
Of course, along the way there are tricks that hackers like to
do for fun that put some glitches in things. But this has always been
relatively minor compared to the ways that it scaled from the original
imaginings of its authors.
**When did the Web become a central or daily part of the average
scientist's life and work? When did it become ubiquitous in science?**
Of course (the academic community) took to it immediately. It
was obvious to everybody that this was the better way. It was an easy sell.
This is an example of the science community solving problems for themselves
with a residual benefit to the rest of the world. My bottom line is that
you must have a healthy, adequately funded scientific community, because
we're solving problems you don't even know you have yet. And the Web is one
of the most outstanding examples of that.
[Click here](http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/WorldWideWeb.html) for a look at Tim Berners-Lee's WorldWideWeb browser, the first web client.
**\*\*End of article**
| https://www.swcs.com.au/kunz.htm |
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<H1><IMG src="nq_ban.gif" height=60 width=468> <B><FONT size=+2>THE CORE
RULES OF NETIQUETTE</FONT></B></H1>
<P>The Core Rules of Netiquette are excerpted from the book <B><I>Netiquette</I></B>
by Virginia Shea. Click on each rule for elaboration. </P>
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**THE CORE
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The Core Rules of Netiquette are excerpted from the book ***Netiquette***
by Virginia Shea. Click on each rule for elaboration. * **[Introduction](introduction.html)**
* **[Rule 1: Remember the Human](rule1.html)**
* **[Rule 2: Adhere to the same standards of behavior
online that you follow in real life](rule2.html)**
* **[Rule 3: Know where you are in cyberspace](rule3.html)**
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---
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<HTML>
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<TITLE>CNN - O.J. Simpson Trial</TITLE>
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<A HREF="/US/9609/25/simpson/"><IMG SRC="/US/9609/25/simpson/simpson.generic.jpg" ALT="Simpson" ALIGN=RIGHT WIDTH="157" HEIGHT="133" BORDER="0"></A>
<h2>Simpson judge OKs jury prospects who admit bias</H2>
<P> The pool of prospective jurors in the O.J. Simpson civil trial split along racial lines Tuesday, with whites saying Simpson was probably guilty of murder and African-Americans saying he is innocent.
<BR>
<A HREF="/US/9609/25/simpson/">-Full story-</A></P>
<BR CLEAR=ALL><HR WIDTH=40%>
<!---------------------------------------------------------------------->
<Center>
<P><Table Cellpadding=1>
<TR align=center valign=top>
<td><A HREF="verdict/index.html">The Verdict</a></td>
<td><A HREF="suspect/index.html">The Suspect</a></td>
<td><A HREF="victims/index.html">The Victims</a></td>
</tr>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="verdict/index.html">
<IMG hspace=5 vspace=5 BORDER=0
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width=84
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</Table></p>
<HR WIDTH=75%>
<P><Table Cellpadding=1>
<TR align=center valign=top>
<td><A HREF="murder/index.html">The Murder</a></td>
<td><A HREF="arrest/index.html">The Arrest</a></td>
<td><A HREF="evidence/index.html">The Evidence</A></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<TD><A HREF="murder/index.html">
<IMG hspace=5 vspace=5 BORDER=0 SRC="images/murder.gif"
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width=97
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width=97
height=84></A></td>
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</Table></p>
<HR WIDTH=75%>
<P><Table Cellpadding=1>
<TR align=center valign=top>
<td><A HREF="players/index.html">The Players</A></td>
<td><A HREF="trial/index.html">The Trial</A></td>
<td><A HREF="otherviews.html">Other Views</A></td>
</tr>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="players/index.html">
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height=56></A></td>
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width=103
height=69></A></td>
</TR>
</Table></p>
</Center>
<br clear=all>
<H4>More stories</H4>
<UL>
<li><A HREF="/US/9606/12/simpson.cast/index.html">Two years later, Simpson story still being played out</A> - June 12
<li><A HREF="/US/9605/29/oj.investigation/index.html">PIs offer Simpson free sleuthing</A> - May 29
<li><A HREF="/US/9605/26/simspon.wir/index.html">Simpson depositions winding down</A> - May 26
<li><A HREF="/US/9605/15/oj.oxford/index.html">Simpson defends himself at Oxford</A> - May 15
<li><A HREF="/US/9605/14/simpson.lien/index.html">IRS slaps lien on O.J. Simpson's mansion</A> - May 14
<li><a href="/US/9604/29/fuhrman.advancer/index.html">Fuhrman mum in deposition for Simpson civil suit</a> - April 29
<LI><a href="/US/9604/02/simpson/index.html">Nicole Simpson planned sexual encounter with Goldman, friend says</a> - April 2
<LI><a href="/US/9604/01/simpson_juror/index.html">Former O.J. juror says she was victim of jury tampering</a> - April 1
<LI><a href="/US/OJ/daily/9603/30/index.html">Officials probing possible jury tampering in Simpson trial</a> - March 30
<LI><a href="/US/OJ/daily/9603/26/index.html">Furhman deposition delayed in Simpson case</a> - March 26
<LI><A HREF="/US/OJ/daily/9603/16/index.html">Darden criticizes most players in Simpson case, but not Clark</A> - March 16
<li><A HREF="/US/OJ/daily/9603/05/index.html">Simpson recalls day of murders</A> - March 5
<li><A HREF="/US/OJ/daily/9603/03/index.html">Simpson denies events in ex-wife's diary</A> - March 3
<li><A HREF="/US/OJ/daily/9603/01/index.html">Simpson trial date moved to September</A> - March 1
<li><A HREF="/US/OJ/daily/9602/28/simpson/index.html">'Kato' says Nicole predicted her murder</A> - February 28
<LI><A HREF="/US/OJ/daily/9602/28/simpson_attorney/index.html">Simpson's attorney angry over publicity</A> - February 28
<li><a href="/US/OJ/daily/9602/27/index.html">No settlement, Goldman family says</a> - February 27
<li><A HREF="/US/OJ/daily/9602/06/he_said/index.html">O.J.: He said...They said</A> - February 6
<LI><A HREF="/US/OJ/daily/9602/05/goldman.html">Kim Goldman says she hates O.J.</A> - February 5
<li><A HREF="/US/OJ/daily/9602/05/deposition/index.html">Simpson case: Goldmans to be questioned</A> - February 5
<LI><A HREF="/US/OJ/daily/9602/05/oj_burden_proof/index.html">Simpson makes spontaneous call to "Burden of Proof"</A> - February 5
<LI><A HREF="/US/OJ/daily/9602/05/oj_burden_proof/index.html">O.J. talks to CNN: Simpson makes spontaneous call to "Burden of Proof"</A> - February 5
<LI><A HREF="/US/OJ/daily/9602/05/goldman.html">Ron Goldman's sister questioned about her brother</A> - February 5
<li><A HREF="/US/OJ/daily/9602/05/deposition/index.html">Simpson case: Goldmans to be questioned</A> - February 5
<li><A HREF="/US/OJ/daily/9602/03/index.html">Simpson: Nicole invented abuse charges</A> - February 3
<li><A HREF="/US/OJ/daily/9601/01-31/index.html">Source: Simpson alibi conflicts with limo driver's testimony</A> - January 31
<li><A HREF="/US/OJ/daily/9601/01-26/index.html">Simpson deposition postponed for a week</A> - January 26
<li><A HREF="daily/9601/01-25/interview/index.html">Simpson: 'I couldn't kill anyone'</A> - January 25
<li><A HREF="/US/OJ/daily/9601/01-24/index.html">Simpson keeps low profile during day 3 of deposition</A> - January 24
<li><A HREF="daily/9601/01-23/pm/index.html">Goldman says hopes lifted by Simpson questioning</A> - January 23
<li><A HREF="daily/9601/01-23/index.html">Simpson begins deposition in wrongful death suits</A> - January 23
<LI><A HREF="/US/OJ/daily/9601/01-22/index.html">Simpson arrives to begin deposition</A> - January 22
<LI><A HREF="/US/OJ/daily/9601/01-21/index.html">O.J. Simpson to speak to the court in civil cases</A> - January 21
<LI><A HREF="/US/Newsbriefs/9601/01-16/index.html#3">Judge clears hurdle to Simpson deposition</A> - January 16
<li><A HREF="daily/9601/01-05/index.html">O.J. Simpson deposition postponed</A> - January 5
</UL>
<HR>
<H2>The Verdict</H2>
<ul>
<li>A multi-media view of the verdict:
<A HREF="daily/9510/10-03/gallery/gallery1.html"><IMG SRC="/icon/picture.icon.gif" ALT="|Images |" ALIGN=absmiddle border=1></A>
<A HREF="daily/9510/10-04/sounds/index.html"><IMG
SRC="/icon/sndicon.gif" ALT=" Sounds |" ALIGN=absmiddle border=1></A>
<A HREF="daily/9510/10-04/movies/index.html"><IMG
SRC="/icon/movicon.gif" ALT=" Movies |" ALIGN=absmiddle border=1></A>
<LI><A HREF="daily/9510/10-04/poll/index.html"><IMG
SRC="daily/9510/10-04/poll/poll_logo_icon.gif" ALT="poll logo"
ALIGN=absmiddle WIDTH=27 HEIGHT=25 border=0 hspace=3>Simpson
verdict opinion poll</A>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><A HREF="daily/9510/10-04/jurors_speak/index.html">Jurors say evidence made the case for Simpson</A> - October 4
<li><A HREF="verdict/reaction/index.html">Sobbing, elation at Simpson verdict</A> - October 3
<LI><a href="verdict/prosecution/index.html">The case for the prosecution</A> - October 3
<LI><a href="verdict/defense/index.html">The case for the defense</A> - October 3
<LI><a href="verdict/index.html">The verdict: how the defense prevailed</A> - October 3
<LI><a href="daily/9510/10-03/figures/index.html">The numbers behind the case</A> - October 3
<LI><A HREF="daily/9510/10-03/index.html">"Trial of the century" ends with Simpson's acquittal</A> - October 3
</ul>
<H4>The Reaction</H4>
<ul>
<LI><A HREF="daily/9510/10-04/women_react/index.html">Many women outraged at O.J. verdict</A> - October 4
<li><A HREF="daily/9510/10-04/mcdermott/index.html">Simpson camp rejoices while adversaries grieve</A> - October 4
<li><A HREF="verdict/world/index.html">Simpson trial draws jeers 'round the world</A>
<li><A HREF="verdict/political/index.html">Politicians speak out on Simpson verdict</A> - October 3
<li><A HREF="daily/9510/10-03/home/index.html">Champagne and
hugs greet Simpson at home</A> - October 3
</ul>
<H4>What's Next</H4>
<ul>
<LI><A HREF="daily/9510/10-04/kids/index.html">Simpson may get custody of the children</A> - October 4
<LI><A HREF="daily/9510/10-04/whats_next/index.html">What's next for O.J.?</A> - October 4
<LI><A HREF="/SHOWBIZ/misc/9510/image_handlers/index.html">Simpson trial's bit players become deal makers</A> - October 3
<li><A HREF="daily/9510/10-03/fuhrman/index.html">Justice Department looks into Fuhrman tapes</A> - October 3
</UL>
<BR CLEAR=ALL>
<hr width=40%>
<BR CLEAR=ALL>
<P><B><A HREF="more.html">More Simpson stories</A></B></P>
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<B>View <A HREF="/US/OJ/feedback/feedback.html">comments from other
users on the trial verdict.</A></B>
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CNN - O.J. Simpson Trial
[](/US/OJ/MAPS/OJ_main.map)
[](/US/9609/25/simpson/)
## Simpson judge OKs jury prospects who admit bias
The pool of prospective jurors in the O.J. Simpson civil trial split along racial lines Tuesday, with whites saying Simpson was probably guilty of murder and African-Americans saying he is innocent.
[-Full story-](/US/9609/25/simpson/)
---
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [The Verdict](verdict/index.html) | [The Suspect](suspect/index.html) | [The Victims](victims/index.html) |
| | | |
---
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [The Murder](murder/index.html) | [The Arrest](arrest/index.html) | [The Evidence](evidence/index.html) |
| | | |
---
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [The Players](players/index.html) | [The Trial](trial/index.html) | [Other Views](otherviews.html) |
| | | |
#### More stories
* [Two years later, Simpson story still being played out](/US/9606/12/simpson.cast/index.html) - June 12
* [PIs offer Simpson free sleuthing](/US/9605/29/oj.investigation/index.html) - May 29
* [Simpson depositions winding down](/US/9605/26/simspon.wir/index.html) - May 26
* [Simpson defends himself at Oxford](/US/9605/15/oj.oxford/index.html) - May 15
* [IRS slaps lien on O.J. Simpson's mansion](/US/9605/14/simpson.lien/index.html) - May 14
* [Fuhrman mum in deposition for Simpson civil suit](/US/9604/29/fuhrman.advancer/index.html) - April 29
* [Nicole Simpson planned sexual encounter with Goldman, friend says](/US/9604/02/simpson/index.html) - April 2
* [Former O.J. juror says she was victim of jury tampering](/US/9604/01/simpson_juror/index.html) - April 1
* [Officials probing possible jury tampering in Simpson trial](/US/OJ/daily/9603/30/index.html) - March 30
* [Furhman deposition delayed in Simpson case](/US/OJ/daily/9603/26/index.html) - March 26
* [Darden criticizes most players in Simpson case, but not Clark](/US/OJ/daily/9603/16/index.html) - March 16
* [Simpson recalls day of murders](/US/OJ/daily/9603/05/index.html) - March 5
* [Simpson denies events in ex-wife's diary](/US/OJ/daily/9603/03/index.html) - March 3
* [Simpson trial date moved to September](/US/OJ/daily/9603/01/index.html) - March 1
* ['Kato' says Nicole predicted her murder](/US/OJ/daily/9602/28/simpson/index.html) - February 28
* [Simpson's attorney angry over publicity](/US/OJ/daily/9602/28/simpson_attorney/index.html) - February 28
* [No settlement, Goldman family says](/US/OJ/daily/9602/27/index.html) - February 27
* [O.J.: He said...They said](/US/OJ/daily/9602/06/he_said/index.html) - February 6
* [Kim Goldman says she hates O.J.](/US/OJ/daily/9602/05/goldman.html) - February 5
* [Simpson case: Goldmans to be questioned](/US/OJ/daily/9602/05/deposition/index.html) - February 5
* [Simpson makes spontaneous call to "Burden of Proof"](/US/OJ/daily/9602/05/oj_burden_proof/index.html) - February 5
* [O.J. talks to CNN: Simpson makes spontaneous call to "Burden of Proof"](/US/OJ/daily/9602/05/oj_burden_proof/index.html) - February 5
* [Ron Goldman's sister questioned about her brother](/US/OJ/daily/9602/05/goldman.html) - February 5
* [Simpson case: Goldmans to be questioned](/US/OJ/daily/9602/05/deposition/index.html) - February 5
* [Simpson: Nicole invented abuse charges](/US/OJ/daily/9602/03/index.html) - February 3
* [Source: Simpson alibi conflicts with limo driver's testimony](/US/OJ/daily/9601/01-31/index.html) - January 31
* [Simpson deposition postponed for a week](/US/OJ/daily/9601/01-26/index.html) - January 26
* [Simpson: 'I couldn't kill anyone'](daily/9601/01-25/interview/index.html) - January 25
* [Simpson keeps low profile during day 3 of deposition](/US/OJ/daily/9601/01-24/index.html) - January 24
* [Goldman says hopes lifted by Simpson questioning](daily/9601/01-23/pm/index.html) - January 23
* [Simpson begins deposition in wrongful death suits](daily/9601/01-23/index.html) - January 23
* [Simpson arrives to begin deposition](/US/OJ/daily/9601/01-22/index.html) - January 22
* [O.J. Simpson to speak to the court in civil cases](/US/OJ/daily/9601/01-21/index.html) - January 21
* [Judge clears hurdle to Simpson deposition](/US/Newsbriefs/9601/01-16/index.html#3) - January 16
* [O.J. Simpson deposition postponed](daily/9601/01-05/index.html) - January 5
---
## The Verdict
* A multi-media view of the verdict:
[](daily/9510/10-03/gallery/gallery1.html)
[](daily/9510/10-04/sounds/index.html)
[](daily/9510/10-04/movies/index.html)* [Simpson
verdict opinion poll](daily/9510/10-04/poll/index.html)
* [Jurors say evidence made the case for Simpson](daily/9510/10-04/jurors_speak/index.html) - October 4
* [Sobbing, elation at Simpson verdict](verdict/reaction/index.html) - October 3
* [The case for the prosecution](verdict/prosecution/index.html) - October 3
* [The case for the defense](verdict/defense/index.html) - October 3
* [The verdict: how the defense prevailed](verdict/index.html) - October 3
* [The numbers behind the case](daily/9510/10-03/figures/index.html) - October 3
* ["Trial of the century" ends with Simpson's acquittal](daily/9510/10-03/index.html) - October 3
#### The Reaction
* [Many women outraged at O.J. verdict](daily/9510/10-04/women_react/index.html) - October 4
* [Simpson camp rejoices while adversaries grieve](daily/9510/10-04/mcdermott/index.html) - October 4
* [Simpson trial draws jeers 'round the world](verdict/world/index.html)* [Politicians speak out on Simpson verdict](verdict/political/index.html) - October 3
* [Champagne and
hugs greet Simpson at home](daily/9510/10-03/home/index.html) - October 3
#### What's Next
* [Simpson may get custody of the children](daily/9510/10-04/kids/index.html) - October 4
* [What's next for O.J.?](daily/9510/10-04/whats_next/index.html) - October 4
* [Simpson trial's bit players become deal makers](/SHOWBIZ/misc/9510/image_handlers/index.html) - October 3
* [Justice Department looks into Fuhrman tapes](daily/9510/10-03/fuhrman/index.html) - October 3
---
**[More Simpson stories](more.html)**
### What do you think?
**View [comments from other
users on the trial verdict.](/US/OJ/feedback/feedback.html)**
---
---
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<h1 align="center">Vintage Computing</h1>
<table class="directory">
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/s100/s100-icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="s100.html">Playing with S-100 Computers</a><br/><br/>
<span>
Links to entries for my various S-100 projects, including DIY boards, assembly of S100Computer.com/N8VEM hobby boards, and the restoration of my Cromemco Z-2D and CompuPro 8/16 systems.
</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/dec/dec_logo.png"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="dec.html">Digital Equipment Corporation Systems</a><br/><br/>
<span>
Operating and maintaing DEC computer systems, big and small. Ranging from embedded LSI-11/2 based systems to computationally "large" multiuser UNIX systems and physically large systems with core memory and a separate rack worth of external storage.
</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/osi/osi_logo.png"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="osi.html">Ohio Scientific Systems</a><br/><br/>
<span>
Started by a husband and wife team and ended by their divorce, Ohio Scientific produced interesting home and business computers in the 1970s and early 1980s. Restoration, maintenance, and related projects for my Challenger III triple-processor system.
</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/sun/sun_logo.png"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="sun.html">Sun Microsystems</a><br/><br/>
<span>
Founded in 1982 at Stanford University, Sun Microsystems produced UNIX workstations, servers, UNIX-like operating systems, and other software until their acquisition by Oracle in 2010. Their hardware lives on, sometimes still performing useful, modern tasks.
</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/xtide/xtide-icon.jpg"/></td>
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<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="xt-ide.html">XT-IDE Information and Projects</a><br/><br/>
<span>
The XT-IDE began as a VC Forums/N8VEM project to build an open source 8-bit ISA IDE controller and has progressed through several major developments. Here you'll find information on past XT-IDE runs as well as the new revisions and addons we're working on.
</span>
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</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/sdk80/sdk80_cleanup_icon.jpg"/></td>
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<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="sdk80.html">Intel MCS-80 System Design Kit (SDK-80)</a><br/><br/>
<span>
Information and projects related to the Intel MCS-80 System Design Kit, or SDK-80. This was Intel's rapid development board for the MCS-80 family, which centers around the Intel 8080 processor. It provides a basic 8080 system with ROM monitor, which is interfaced over a serial link. Plenty of prototype area was provided for user expansion and experiments, making it popular in educational environments.
</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/mtu_visable_memory_repair-icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2023/04/05/mtu-visable-memory-repair">MTU Visable Memory Repair</a><br/><br/>
<span>The MTU Visable Memory is a bitmapped video board for KIM-1 and compatible computers. It uses an 8K x 8 bank of DRAM in a dual-ported configuration, displaying the actual bit-for-bit contents of memory on the screen, rather than converting to characters or using graphics elements. This one was repaired for a customer.</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/ampro_series100-icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2022/11/30/ampro-series100">Ampro Series 100 Repair</a><br/><br/>
<span>Ampro produced a well-known series of single board computers called Little Boards. The first was the Little Board Z80 and is of course Zilog Z80 based. They also made a chassis for this SBC, the Series 100. This one gets a full cleanup and repair.</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/shiva_lanrover-icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2022/10/28/shiva-lanrover">Shiva LanRover/E PLUS</a><br/><br/>
<span>The Shiva LanRover/E PLUS is a fairly standard remote access/dialin/dialout/terminal server from the 90s. It requires firmware loads from the network but fortunately those files have been preserved! Let's take a look at some minor cleanup and repairs, and what it takes to bring up the LanRover/E PLUS.</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/va_linux_server-icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2022/10/27/va-linux-server">VA Linux FullOn 2x2 Server Cleanup</a><br/><br/>
<span>This server was the first "proper" server I owned. It was bought cheaply online, a leftover from the dot-com bubble. It sat unused for many years in my parents' basement, now it gets cleaned up and put back to work.</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/sontec_forth_computer-icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2022/09/28/sontec-forth-computer">Sontec FORTH Computer</a><br/><br/>
<span>ITI Audio/Sontec is known for analog audio mastering equipment. During the 1980s, they designed and prototyped a series of FORTH computers intended to control a mastering product which was eventually cancelled. This writeup takes a look at some of the extant prototypes.</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/kim1_boards_past-icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2022/09/18/kim1-boards-past">KIM-1 Boards of the Past</a><br/><br/>
<span>In Summer 2008, I was working for a surplus components dealer while on break from college. I came across a number of KIM-1 systems, all which have been sold by this point. Here's a look at those systems.</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/miller_m80-icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2022/09/15/miller-m80">Miller Technology M80 Single Board Computer</a><br/><br/>
<span>Cleanup, repair, and testing of a Miller Technology M80 single board computer. This little SBC is Z80 based, includes ROM, RAM, and parallel I/O, and could be supplied with a ROM monitor which bit-banged serial using some of the GPIO.</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/identicon_8080-icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2022/09/14/identicon-8080">Identicon 8080 Processor Board</a><br/><br/>
<span>Identicon produced a wide range of barcode scanning equipment starting in the 1960s. Their products eventually included microprocessor control, one of them must have used this Intel 8080 based processor board. Sometime in 2012, a friend acquired several of these boards in a scrap lot, and we hacked on them.</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/z80_homebrew-icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2022/09/01/z80-homebrew">Hand Built Z80 System</a><br/><br/>
<span>This hand built Z80 computer was purchased from a friend at VCF East 2018. He'd found it at an estate sale in Albany, NY. It is an interesting and very well-built system.</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/kaypro2_repair-icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2022/06/29/kaypro2-repair">Kaypro II Repair</a><br/><br/>
<span>I've had this Kaypro II since 2010. It was a local pick-up deal and came with documentation, software, a Kaypro-branded Diablo printer, and even the black faux leather carrying cover! The machine had been stored very poorly, and is only now fully functional.</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/6507_sbc_icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2022/06/22/6507-sbc">Omega Micro Systems OMS-02 6507 Single Board Computer</a><br/><br/>
<span>Bill O'Neill traded me one of his OMS-02 6507 based single-board computer in 2011 for one of my 8085 SBC rev 2 bare boards. We'll take a look at it, clean up the original build a little, and do some 6502 development with it.</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/alspa_aci2_icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2019/06/14/alspa-aci2">Alspa ACI-2 CP/M System</a><br/><br/>
<span>The Alspa ACI-2 is a somewhat uncommon integrated CP/M system. At first glance, it appears to be just an external drive box for 8" floppy drives; however, the enclosure contains a full Z80 system with 64K of RAM and three serial ports! It's pretty quick, and the disk controller handles double-density, for around 600K per disk.</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/hp_700_43-icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2018/07/31/hp-700-43">Fixing the HP 700/43 Terminal</a><br/><br/>
<span>A recent equipment pick-up had included a HP 700/43 serial terminal with keyboard. The terminal appeared to work, but the power button wouldn't stay latched in the on position, a common problem especially with vintage CRT monitors and terminals. The terminal was disassembled to replace the switch, which actually ended up being repaired instead. While open, the RIFA line filter "smoke caps" were also replaced, and everything cleaned.</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/siig_s286-icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2018/07/01/siig-s286">SIIG MiniSys S286 Small Form Factor PC</a><br/><br/>
<span>I'd been casually looking for a SIIG MiniSys S286 since about 1998. The S286 is a 286 AT-compatible PC about the size of a narrow shoebox. With onboard IDE, floppy, VGA, serial, and parallel, and a single 16-bit ISA slot, it's a fairly useful AT-class machine in a very small box!</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/f8_kit-icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2018/07/01/fairchild-f8-kit">Fairchild F8 Evaluation Kit</a><br/><br/>
<span>The Fairchild F8 Kit was Fairchild's engineering evaluation tool for the F8 CPU set. The F8 has an interesting architecture, it's a CPU produced on LSI chips, but it requires more than one chip. This F8 Kit came in a heap of scrap and was a complete basket case when acquired. It now works once again.</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/gw-1244-1_icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2018/03/17/gw-1244-1">GW-1244-1, a Maintainable Replacement for the Dallas DS1244 32K NVRAM/RTC</a><br/><br/>
<span>A piece of legacy networking hardware was losing its NVRAM on poweroff, and turned out to contain a Dallas DS1244 NVRAM with Phantom RTC. This module is still made, but is expensive and has its lithium power source potted in the module. Rather than buying an unmaintainable replacement, I designed a compatible replacement module.</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/ds1387_rebuild_icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2017/07/27/ds1387-rebuild">Rebuilding the Dallas DS1387 RTC/NVRAM Module</a><br/><br/>
<span>A 486 industrial computer on the repair bench had a dead DS1387 RTC/NVRAM, which is no longer produced. The DS1387 is a potted module containing a DS1385 IC, a crystal, and a lithium cell. Over time, the lithium cell dies, and the module will no longer keep time or NVRAM contents. Fortunately, others before me had figured out the locations of the buried battery pins and provided their solutions. Here's my fix!</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/lego_logo-icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2016/09/12/lego-logo-interface">Building a Lego TC Logo 9767 Interface</a><br/><br/>
<span>The VCF Museum at InfoAge Science Center recently acquired a Lego TC Logo kit. While it included the IBM PC compatible ISA interface, the Lego 9767 interface card was missing. Fortunately, it is a simple card and is already well-documented on the Internet. A good excuse to lay out an Apple II protoboard though!</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/cdos-icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2014/02/07/cromemco-cdos-tools">Cromemco CDOS Tools</a><br/><br/>
<span>With a Cromemco 4FDC and no boot media, getting a functional system was not entirely straightforward. Tools exist for bare-metal bootstrapping CDOS with a 16FDC, but they're incompatible with the 4FDC. Fortunately, there was enough existing work and experience in the area to hack together a solution!</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/disk_box-icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2013/01/11/5-25-disk-box">External 5.25" Disk Box</a><br/><br/>
<span>This disk box was purchased to serve as a universal disk box for various projects. It came without drives and required a bit of creativity to safely mount both linear power supply boards.</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/a2cpm-icon.jpg"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2010/11/09/48-hours-apple-iie">48 Hours of Apple IIe Hacking</a><br/><br/>
<span>I finally got time to play with an Apple IIe I'd picked up cheaply. Getting CP/M running with a Microsoft SoftCard clone was easy...but getting new files to CP/M wasn't!</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="128px">
<td width="50px"><img src="images/vintage-misc/disk-icon.png"/></td>
<td>
<div style="width: 95%; margin-left: auto;">
<a href="/~glitch/2010/10/25/walnut-creek-cpm">Walnut Creek CP/M Archive CD-ROM via BitTorrent</a><br/><br/>
<span>A friend of mine sent me a full image of the last Walnut Creek CP/M archive distribution on CD-ROM. I've created a BitTorrent tracker for it and uploaded it on 25 October 2010 -- 16 years from its release.</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br/>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
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