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<html> <head> <title>KateMonk</title> <meta name="MSSmartTagsPreventParsing" content="TRUE"> <meta name="Webmaster" content="Roger Burton West"> <meta name="Author" content="Kate Monk"> <meta name="Copyright" content="Copyright (c) 2001, all rights reserved"> <meta name="Keywords" content="Role Playing, Gaming, RPG, RPGs, Fantasy, Science Fiction, Horror"> </head> <body> <a name="top"> <center> </center> <p> <hr> </p> <center> <h1> Kate Monk's Onomastikon </h1> <h1> (Dictionary of Names) </h1> </center> <p> <font size="+2">This is a collection</font> of names from around the world which was initially intended to help provide character names for live role-players. It includes short historical backgrounds, male and female first names or personal names, and surnames or family names, from many countries and periods. The author is not an expert in onomastics or history so would like to apologise if any mistakes have been made. All names included are from genuine sources to the best of her knowledge, but this is not an academic study and should not be relied upon by re-enactment societies which require specific dates and instances of occurrence for the names they use. </p> <p> <font size="+2">New webmaster's note:</font> This onomastikon was compiled by Kate Monk and hosted by Sal Robertson at gaminggeeks.org. Since as of early July 2005 that site is not available, I have retrieved the content from web.archive.org, amended the HTML slightly, and offer it here. I have otherwise left Sal's and Ms. Monk's work unaltered. It is not the intent of this site to interfere with the copyright or authorship of Ms. Monk's onomastikon in any way, or to claim that anyone other than Ms. Monk compiled the information presented herein. -- Roger </p> <p> <hr> </p> <p><center></p><center><table BORDER CELLSPACING=1 cellpadding=7 width="75%"> <tr><td><a href="Index/Introduction.html">Introduction</A></td> <td>Background, aims and intentions</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="Index/Sources.html">Sources</A></td> <td>Booklist and acknowledgements</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="Celtic/index.html">Celtic</A></td> <td>Old Celtic, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Brittany, Cornwall, Isle of Man</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="England-Saxon/index.html">England-Saxon</A></td> <td>Dithematic and Monothematic Names, Bynames, Religion, Rulers</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="England-Medieval/index.html">England-Medieval</A></td> <td>Medieval, Norman, Biblical, Celtic, Greek, Latin, Norse, Saxon, Rarities, Surnames, Early Modern, Puritans, Rulers</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="England-Firstnames/index.html">England-First Names</A></td> <td>Variant Spellings, Modern Coinages, Surname Adaptations, Themes, Foreign Borrowings, Saints' Days, African-Americans, Linknames, Literary Inventions</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="England-Surnames/index.html">England-Surnames</A></td> <td>Bynames, Localities, Patronymics, Matronymics, Old English, Trades, Top 50</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="England-Colonies/index.html">England-Colonies</A></td> <td>Countries and States, Mayflower, West Indies, Pitcairn Island</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="Europe-Medieval/index.html">Europe-Medieval</A></td> <td>Byzantium, Goths, Huns, Franks, Song of Roland, Lombards, Germanic, Romany</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="Europe-Western/index.html">Europe-Western</A></td> <td>Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Basque</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="Europe-Eastern/index.html">Europe-Eastern</A></td> <td>Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, Greece, Former Yugoslavia</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="Europe-Scandinavia/index.html">Europe-Scandinavia</A></td> <td>Old Norse, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, Faroe Islands</td> </tr> </tr> <tr><td><a href="Former-Soviet-Union/index.html">Former Soviet Union</A></td> <td>Russia, Republics, Georgia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldavia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kirghizstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Baltic States</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="Ancient-World/index.html">Ancient World</A></td> <td>The East, Egypt, Greece, Rome</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="Africa/index.html">Africa</A></td> <td>Ancient, Northern, Eastern, Central, Western, Southern, Islands</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="America/index.html">America</A></td> <td>North American Indians/Native Americans <br>South American States, Inca, Maya, Aztec</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="India/index.html">India</A></td> <td>Hindu Names, Hindu Gods, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Sri Lanka, Maldives</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="Middle-East/index.html">Middle East</A></td> <td>Arab/Muslim - History, Rulers, Names, Male, Female <br>East - Iran, Turkey, Kurds, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan <br>Jewish/Israeli - Biblical, Yiddish, Modern, Various, Surnames</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="Orient/index.html">Orient</A></td> <td>China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan <br>Himalayas - Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal <br>Indochina - Thailand, Vietnam, Burma, Cambodia, Laos <br>South-East Asia - Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Philippines</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="Pacific/index.html">Pacific</A></td> <td>Polynesia - Polynesian Names, Fiji, French Polynesia/Tahiti, Samoa, Tonga, Cook Islands, Maori, Hawai'i, Easter Island, Australia <br>Micronesia - Federated States of Micronesia, Guam/Northern Marianas, Marshall Islands, Kiribati, Nauru, Belau <br>Melanesia - Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Tuvalu, Papua New Guinea</td> </tr> </table> </center> <h3>Dedication</h3> <p>As 'real' authors tend to put in a dedication I thought I'd better have one too -</p> <h3>This is for Red Lance!</h3> <p> <hr> </p> <p> <i><font size="+2">This collection of names</font> was compiled by Kate Monk and is ©1997, Kate Monk. </i></p> <p> <i><font size="+2">Copies</font> may be made for personal use only. </i></p><hr><p><a href="/">tekeli.li home</a>\|<a href="/onomastikon/">Onomastikon home</a></p></body></html>	KateMonk --- # Kate Monk's Onomastikon # (Dictionary of Names) This is a collection of names from around the world which was initially intended to help provide character names for live role-players. It includes short historical backgrounds, male and female first names or personal names, and surnames or family names, from many countries and periods. The author is not an expert in onomastics or history so would like to apologise if any mistakes have been made. All names included are from genuine sources to the best of her knowledge, but this is not an academic study and should not be relied upon by re-enactment societies which require specific dates and instances of occurrence for the names they use. New webmaster's note: This onomastikon was compiled by Kate Monk and hosted by Sal Robertson at gaminggeeks.org. Since as of early July 2005 that site is not available, I have retrieved the content from web.archive.org, amended the HTML slightly, and offer it here. I have otherwise left Sal's and Ms. Monk's work unaltered. It is not the intent of this site to interfere with the copyright or authorship of Ms. Monk's onomastikon in any way, or to claim that anyone other than Ms. Monk compiled the information presented herein. -- Roger --- \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| [Introduction](Index/Introduction.html) \| Background, aims and intentions \| \| [Sources](Index/Sources.html) \| Booklist and acknowledgements \| \| [Celtic](Celtic/index.html) \| Old Celtic, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Brittany, Cornwall, Isle of Man \| \| [England-Saxon](England-Saxon/index.html) \| Dithematic and Monothematic Names, Bynames, Religion, Rulers \| \| [England-Medieval](England-Medieval/index.html) \| Medieval, Norman, Biblical, Celtic, Greek, Latin, Norse, Saxon, Rarities, Surnames, Early Modern, Puritans, Rulers \| \| [England-First Names](England-Firstnames/index.html) \| Variant Spellings, Modern Coinages, Surname Adaptations, Themes, Foreign Borrowings, Saints' Days, African-Americans, Linknames, Literary Inventions \| \| [England-Surnames](England-Surnames/index.html) \| Bynames, Localities, Patronymics, Matronymics, Old English, Trades, Top 50 \| \| [England-Colonies](England-Colonies/index.html) \| Countries and States, Mayflower, West Indies, Pitcairn Island \| \| [Europe-Medieval](Europe-Medieval/index.html) \| Byzantium, Goths, Huns, Franks, Song of Roland, Lombards, Germanic, Romany \| \| [Europe-Western](Europe-Western/index.html) \| Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Basque \| \| [Europe-Eastern](Europe-Eastern/index.html) \| Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, Greece, Former Yugoslavia \| \| [Europe-Scandinavia](Europe-Scandinavia/index.html) \| Old Norse, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, Faroe Islands \| \| [Former Soviet Union](Former-Soviet-Union/index.html) \| Russia, Republics, Georgia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldavia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kirghizstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Baltic States \| \| [Ancient World](Ancient-World/index.html) \| The East, Egypt, Greece, Rome \| \| [Africa](Africa/index.html) \| Ancient, Northern, Eastern, Central, Western, Southern, Islands \| \| [America](America/index.html) \| North American Indians/Native Americans South American States, Inca, Maya, Aztec \| \| [India](India/index.html) \| Hindu Names, Hindu Gods, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Sri Lanka, Maldives \| \| [Middle East](Middle-East/index.html) \| Arab/Muslim - History, Rulers, Names, Male, Female East - Iran, Turkey, Kurds, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan Jewish/Israeli - Biblical, Yiddish, Modern, Various, Surnames \| \| [Orient](Orient/index.html) \| China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan Himalayas - Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal Indochina - Thailand, Vietnam, Burma, Cambodia, Laos South-East Asia - Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Philippines \| \| [Pacific](Pacific/index.html) \| Polynesia - Polynesian Names, Fiji, French Polynesia/Tahiti, Samoa, Tonga, Cook Islands, Maori, Hawai'i, Easter Island, Australia Micronesia - Federated States of Micronesia, Guam/Northern Marianas, Marshall Islands, Kiribati, Nauru, Belau Melanesia - Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Tuvalu, Papua New Guinea \| ### Dedication As 'real' authors tend to put in a dedication I thought I'd better have one too - ### This is for Red Lance! --- This collection of names was compiled by Kate Monk and is ©1997, Kate Monk. Copies may be made for personal use only. --- [tekeli.li home](/)\|[Onomastikon home](/onomastikon/)	http://tekeli.li/onomastikon/
<html> <head> <style type="text/css"> body { font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size:13px; } .nekotype td { font-size:9px; text-align:center; } .nekotype img { width:32px; height:32px; border:0px; } .nekotype a { border:1px solid white; } .nekotype a:hover { border:1px solid blue; } </style> <script language='JavaScript'> <!-- function anotherNeko(bActive) { x = Math.floor(Math.random() * box.boundWidth()); y = Math.floor(Math.random() * box.boundHeight()); scat = new Neko(x,y, bActive); } function catHerding() { for(var i = 0; i < 10; i++) { anotherNeko(true); } } //--> </script> <title>NEKO Welcome to the Web Neko Server!</title> </head> <body onload=""> <script> function getNekoType() { return document.location.search.replace(/\?/,""); } window.NekoType = getNekoType(); </script> <h1 id=nl><script src="https://webneko.net/n20171213.js"></script><a href="https://webneko.net" id=nl>Neko</a></h1> <h1 id=nl>The Neko home page</h1> <h1 id=nl>Welcome to the WebNeko home page</h1> <div style="float:right"><img src="nekocrossing_s.jpg" width="165" height="240"/></div> <h3>      It's Neko! (3.0)</h3> <p>Hi, I'm Neko. If you want to play chase the mouse, just click on me.. <br>To stop playing, click me again.</p> <p>Welcome to the Neko server! While you're here, you can: <ul> <li> <a href="" onclick="anotherNeko();return false;">Add another Neko</a> to a random place on the screen. </li> <li> Play the <a href="" onclick="catHerding();return false;">Cat Herding game!</a> (if your computer can take it...) </li> <li> Get the WebNeko <a href="http://www.elliesoft.co.uk/products/WebNeko/WebNeko.html">iPhone app</a> thanks to Trevor D'Arcy-Evans </li> <li> A <a href="https://i.imgur.com/9XvWKWw.gifv">real-life Neko herd</a>! </li> </ul> <p><br> Choose your Neko: <table class="nekotype"> <tr> <td><a href="?white"><img src="white/still.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?black"><img src="black/sleep1.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?gray"><img src="gray/alert.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?calico"><img src="calico/yawn.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?robot"><img src="robot/alert.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?peach"><img src="peach/serun2.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?colourful"><img src="colourful/still.gif"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Classic</td> <td>Black</td> <td>Gray</td> <td>Calico</td> <td>Robot<br>(by <a href="http://www.freewebs.com/sparkle_city/Neko.html">Choco</a>)</td> <td>Peach<br>(by <a href="http://myspace.com/xabbyxfloresx">Abby</a>)</td> <td>Colourful<br>(by <a href="https://dizzybunnies.tumblr.com/">Meagan</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="?earth"><img src="earth/serun1.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?air"><img src="air/sscratch1.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?water"><img src="water/itch1.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?fire"><img src="fire/erun1.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?spirit"><img src="spirit/still.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?rainbow"><img src="rainbow/sleep2.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?silversky"><img src="silversky/alert.gif"></a></td></tr> <tr> <td>Earth<br>(by <a href="http://www.freewebs.com/maegyn/neko.htm">Maegyn</a>)</td> <td>Air<br>(by <a href="http://www.freewebs.com/maegyn/neko.htm">Maegyn</a>)</td> <td>Water<br>(by <a href="http://www.freewebs.com/maegyn/neko.htm">Maegyn</a>)</td> <td>Fire<br>(by <a href="http://www.freewebs.com/maegyn/neko.htm">Maegyn</a>)</td> <td>Spirit<br>(by <a href="http://www.freewebs.com/maegyn/neko.htm">Maegyn</a>)</td> <td>Rainbow<br>(by <a href="http://micah.tornadowood.us/drupal/">^Eragon^</a>)</td> <td>Silversky<br>(by <a href="http://starclans-sanctuary.webs.com/">Silversky</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="?orange"><img src="orange/wrun2.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?ghetto"><img src="ghetto/itch1.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?neon"><img src="neon/nrun1.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?pink"><img src="pink/swrun2.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?ghost"><img src="ghost/lickpaw.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?lucky"><img src="lucky/wrun1.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?moka"><img src="moka/still.gif"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Orange<br>(by <a href="http://users.frii.com/suzannem/neko/">Suzannem</a>)</td> <td>Ghetto<br>(by <a href="http://www.poetrypoem.com/lilpoetman">Lil_Poet_Man</a>)</td> <td>Neon<br>(by <a href="http://www.poetrypoem.com/lilpoetman">Lil_Poet_Man</a>)</td> <td>Pink<br>(by <a href="http://myspace.com/xabbyxfloresx">Abby</a>)</td> <td>Ghost<br>(by <a href="http://myspace.com/xabbyxfloresx">Abby</a>)</td> <td>Lucky<br>(by <a href="http://mother-soul.com/paws">Waterypaws</a>)</td> <td>Moka<br>(by <a href="http://www.neko-fr.user.fr/">Benzamin</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="?usa"><img src="usa/srun2.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?rose"><img src="rose/itch2.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?blue"><img src="blue/escratch1.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?silver"><img src="silver/lickpaw.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?kuramecha"><img src="kuramecha/erun2.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?kina"><img src="kina/sleep2.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?ace"><img src="ace/nerun2.gif"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>U.S.A.!<br>(by <a href="http://www.poetrypoem.com/lilpoetman">Lil_Poet_Man</a>)</td> <td>Rose<br>(by <a href="http://myspace.com/xabbyxfloresx">Abby</a>)</td> <td>Blue<br>(by <a href="http://www.schmanke.com/">linus</a>)</td> <td>Silver<br>(by <a href="http://nekoamefuri.proboards81.com">Novaura</a>)</td> <td>Kuramecha<br>(by <a href="http://nekoamefuri.proboards81.com">Novaura</a>)</td> <td>Kina<br>(by <a href="http://www.catster.com/cats/158003">Claudia</a>)</td> <td>Ace<br>(by <a href="http://easyhippie.blogspot.com/">Ace</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="?spooky"><img src="spooky/sleep1.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?holiday"><img src="holiday/srun1.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?valentine"><img src="valentine/sleep2.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?marmalade"><img src="marmalade/nerun2.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?royal"><img src="royal/still.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?mermaid"><img src="mermaid/still.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?socks"><img src="socks/wrun2.gif"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Spooky<br>(by <a href="http://www.poetrypoem.com/lilpoetman">Lil_Poet_Man</a>)</td> <td>Holiday<br>(by <a href="http://www.poetrypoem.com/lilpoetman">Lil_Poet_Man</a>)</td> <td>Valentine<br>(by <a href="http://www.poetrypoem.com/lilpoetman">Lil_Poet_Man</a>)</td> <td>Marmalade<br>(by <a href="http://micah.tornadowood.us/drupal/">^Eragon^</a>)</td> <td>Royal<br>(by <a href="http://micah.tornadowood.us/drupal/">^Eragon^</a>)</td> <td>Mermaid<br>(by <a href="http://www.tehcompletelyrandomx2website.com/neko/NekoMermaid">Meli</a>)</td> <td>Socks<br>(by <a href="http://dontfeellikeit.tumblr.com/">Gracie</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="?dave"><img src="dave/alert.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?jess"><img src="jess/still.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?mike"><img src="mike/swrun2.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?lucy"><img src="lucy/erun1.gif"></a></td> <td><a href="?fancy"><img src="fancy/wrun2.gif"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dave<br>(by <a href="http://chosenkat.tumblr.com/">chosenkat</a>)</td> <td>Jess<br>(by <a href="http://the-mooseman.tumblr.com/">mooseman</a>)</td> <td>Mike<br>(<a href="http://bcb.cat">bcb.cat</a> fan art)</td> <td>Lucy<br>(<a href="http://bcb.cat">bcb.cat</a> fan art)</td> <td>Fancy<br>(by <a href="https://twitter.com/RTS105">Roland</a>)</td> </tr> </table> <div style="width:550px;border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-color:#aaaaff"> If you'd like to have a Neko on YOUR web page, <b>if your page supports <script></b>,<br>all you have to do is put this code into your .html file, as the first thing after the <body> tag:<br> </p> <div style="font-size:13px;width:550px;background-color: #ddddff"><p> <pre><script>NekoType="<span id="nekotype1">white</span>"</script> <h1 id=nl><script src="https://webneko.net/n20171213.js"></script><a href="https://webneko.net">Neko</a></h1></pre></p></div></div> <br> <div style="width:550px;border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-color:#ffaaaa"> If you have a <b>Xanga</b> page, the normal code above won't work. Instead, you can use Neko by going into the "Look and Feel" area, and putting the code below into your "Site Name" or "Tag Line" box, after the normal text. Or, if you are using a custom HTML header, put it in that box. </p> <div style="font-size:13px;width:550px;background-color: #ffdddd"><p> <pre><script>NekoType="<span id="nekotype2">white</span>"</script> <h1 id=nl><script>var s='script';document.write("<"+s+<br>" src=\"https://webneko.net/n20171213.js\"></"+s+">");</script><a <br>href="https://webneko.net">Neko</a></h1> </pre></p></div></div> <script> if(getNekoType() != "") { document.getElementById("nekotype1").innerHTML = getNekoType(); document.getElementById("nekotype2").innerHTML = getNekoType(); } </script> <p>Neko is <b>FREE</b> for anyone to use by using the above code links. <p> <b>NOTE: Some sites like MySpace</b> and many others don't let you use <script> tags at all. On those sites you will just see a link that says "Neko".<br> I can't help you if that is what your site does. You can still link to this site if you want =)<br> I say once again, <b>I cannot help you</b>.<br> <p> If you like Web Neko, please <a href="mailto:gb@sandgecko.net">let me know!</a> </p> <p> The original images and concept for Neko have been passed down through many forms of computer programs over the years. As I hear it, the first version originated on X-Windows. A nice history of Neko <b>was</b> available at the <a href="http://www.angelfire.com/ct/neko/">Neko Fan Page</a> but it was deleted (frowny face!). Here is an <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090322195013/http://www.angelfire.com/ct/neko/">old copy of it from archive.org</a>. </p> <p> Web Neko was made possible by a large dose of <a href="http://www.procrastinators.org">Procrastination</a>. Since you are a procrastinator too (or else, what are you doing here?) you may want to check out some of our other time-wasting pages at <a href="http://www.procrastinators.org">procrastinators.org</a> </p> </body> </html>	body { font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size:13px; } .nekotype td { font-size:9px; text-align:center; } .nekotype img { width:32px; height:32px; border:0px; } .nekotype a { border:1px solid white; } .nekotype a:hover { border:1px solid blue; } <!-- function anotherNeko(bActive) { x = Math.floor(Math.random() \* box.boundWidth()); y = Math.floor(Math.random() \* box.boundHeight()); scat = new Neko(x,y, bActive); } function catHerding() { for(var i = 0; i < 10; i++) { anotherNeko(true); } } //--> \NEKO\ Welcome to the Web Neko Server! function getNekoType() { return document.location.search.replace(/\?/,""); } window.NekoType = getNekoType(); # [Neko](https://webneko.net) # The Neko home page # Welcome to the WebNeko home page ![](nekocrossing_s.jpg) ### It's Neko! (3.0) Hi, I'm Neko. If you want to play chase the mouse, just click on me.. To stop playing, click me again. Welcome to the Neko server! While you're here, you can: * Add another Neko to a random place on the screen. * Play the Cat Herding game! (if your computer can take it...) * Get the WebNeko [iPhone app](http://www.elliesoft.co.uk/products/WebNeko/WebNeko.html) thanks to Trevor D'Arcy-Evans * A [real-life Neko herd](https://i.imgur.com/9XvWKWw.gifv)! Choose your Neko: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Classic \| Black \| Gray \| Calico \| Robot(by [Choco](http://www.freewebs.com/sparkle_city/Neko.html)) \| Peach(by [Abby](http://myspace.com/xabbyxfloresx)) \| Colourful(by [Meagan](https://dizzybunnies.tumblr.com/)) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Earth(by [Maegyn](http://www.freewebs.com/maegyn/neko.htm)) \| Air(by [Maegyn](http://www.freewebs.com/maegyn/neko.htm)) \| Water(by [Maegyn](http://www.freewebs.com/maegyn/neko.htm)) \| Fire(by [Maegyn](http://www.freewebs.com/maegyn/neko.htm)) \| Spirit(by [Maegyn](http://www.freewebs.com/maegyn/neko.htm)) \| Rainbow(by [^Eragon^](http://micah.tornadowood.us/drupal/)) \| Silversky(by [Silversky](http://starclans-sanctuary.webs.com/)) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Orange(by [Suzannem](http://users.frii.com/suzannem/neko/)) \| Ghetto(by [Lil\_Poet\_Man](http://www.poetrypoem.com/lilpoetman)) \| Neon(by [Lil\_Poet\_Man](http://www.poetrypoem.com/lilpoetman)) \| Pink(by [Abby](http://myspace.com/xabbyxfloresx)) \| Ghost(by [Abby](http://myspace.com/xabbyxfloresx)) \| Lucky(by [Waterypaws](http://mother-soul.com/paws)) \| Moka(by [Benzamin](http://www.neko-fr.user.fr/)) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| U.S.A.!(by [Lil\_Poet\_Man](http://www.poetrypoem.com/lilpoetman)) \| Rose(by [Abby](http://myspace.com/xabbyxfloresx)) \| Blue(by [linus](http://www.schmanke.com/)) \| Silver(by [Novaura](http://nekoamefuri.proboards81.com)) \| Kuramecha(by [Novaura](http://nekoamefuri.proboards81.com)) \| Kina(by [Claudia](http://www.catster.com/cats/158003)) \| Ace(by [Ace](http://easyhippie.blogspot.com/)) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Spooky(by [Lil\_Poet\_Man](http://www.poetrypoem.com/lilpoetman)) \| Holiday(by [Lil\_Poet\_Man](http://www.poetrypoem.com/lilpoetman)) \| Valentine(by [Lil\_Poet\_Man](http://www.poetrypoem.com/lilpoetman)) \| Marmalade(by [^Eragon^](http://micah.tornadowood.us/drupal/)) \| Royal(by [^Eragon^](http://micah.tornadowood.us/drupal/)) \| Mermaid(by [Meli](http://www.tehcompletelyrandomx2website.com/neko/NekoMermaid)) \| Socks(by [Gracie](http://dontfeellikeit.tumblr.com/)) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Dave(by [chosenkat](http://chosenkat.tumblr.com/)) \| Jess(by [mooseman](http://the-mooseman.tumblr.com/)) \| Mike([bcb.cat](http://bcb.cat) fan art) \| Lucy([bcb.cat](http://bcb.cat) fan art) \| Fancy(by [Roland](https://twitter.com/RTS105)) \| If you'd like to have a Neko on YOUR web page, if your page supports <script>, all you have to do is put this code into your .html file, as the first thing after the <body> tag: ``` <script>NekoType="white"</script> <h1 id=nl><script src="https://webneko.net/n20171213.js"></script><a href="https://webneko.net">Neko</a></h1> ``` If you have a Xanga page, the normal code above won't work. Instead, you can use Neko by going into the "Look and Feel" area, and putting the code below into your "Site Name" or "Tag Line" box, after the normal text. Or, if you are using a custom HTML header, put it in that box. ``` <script>NekoType="white"</script> <h1 id=nl><script>var s='script';document.write("<"+s+ " src=\"https://webneko.net/n20171213.js\"></"+s+">");</script><a href="https://webneko.net">Neko</a></h1> ``` if(getNekoType() != "") { document.getElementById("nekotype1").innerHTML = getNekoType(); document.getElementById("nekotype2").innerHTML = getNekoType(); } Neko is FREE for anyone to use by using the above code links. NOTE: Some sites like MySpace and many others don't let you use <script> tags at all. On those sites you will just see a link that says "Neko". I can't help you if that is what your site does. You can still link to this site if you want =) I say once again, I cannot help you. If you like Web Neko, please [let me know!](mailto:gb@sandgecko.net) The original images and concept for Neko have been passed down through many forms of computer programs over the years. As I hear it, the first version originated on X-Windows. A nice history of Neko was available at the [Neko Fan Page](http://www.angelfire.com/ct/neko/) but it was deleted (frowny face!). Here is an [old copy of it from archive.org](http://web.archive.org/web/20090322195013/http://www.angelfire.com/ct/neko/). Web Neko was made possible by a large dose of [Procrastination](http://www.procrastinators.org). Since you are a procrastinator too (or else, what are you doing here?) you may want to check out some of our other time-wasting pages at [procrastinators.org](http://www.procrastinators.org)	https://webneko.net/
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<a href="/register.aspx?questionid=">Register in under one minute</a> Already a member? <a href="/login.aspx?questionid=">Login</a></td><td align="right" style="color: 808080">244869 questions, 1084539 answers </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p style="font-size: 8pt; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px;"></p><p style="font-size: 8pt; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px;"></p><table bgcolor="c0c0c0" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5"><tr><td bgcolor="ffceff"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tr><td> <a href="/"><font style="font-size: 18; font-family: verdana;" color=""><b><formatted-url>DearCupid.<font color="" style="font-size: 17">ORG</font></formatted-url></b> relationship advice</font></a></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="white" align="center"></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="lightyellow"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tr height="40"><td align="left"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: verdana"><got-a><b>Got a relationship, dating, love or sex question? 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I confessed to him but through our university anonymous confession channel. Now he knew that somebody like him.. But how do I text him first?? Like we never even talk to each other and I'm pretty ... <span style="color: #999999; font-family: verdana; font-size: 11px"> (<b>82 words</b>) </span></p><p><a href="/question/boyfriends-admission-of-cheating-has-left-me-uncertain.html">Boyfriend's admission of cheating has left me uncertain</a><br><p style="font-size: 8pt; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> This question has <font style="background: FCC5E9">4 answers</font> - newest was posted 2 days ago </p><span style="color: #808080; font-family: verdana; font-size: 12px">23 December 2023</span><span style="color: #808080; font-family: verdana; font-size: 11px"></span><span style="color: #ff3399; font-family: verdana; font-size: 11px" title="Female"> (<b>F</b>) </span><span style="color: #808080; font-family: verdana; font-size: 11px"><img src="/images/flags/ca.gif" hspace="3" title="" alt=""> age 30-35</span> - Hello My boyfriend and I have been in a relationship about a year. He just admitted because of my work schedule he cheated once with an older woman he met online. He was very casual about it when telling me. I suspected something was up because he claimed to be sleeping a... <span style="color: #999999; font-family: verdana; font-size: 11px"> (<b>119 words</b>) </span></p><p><a href="/question/he-ated-we-broke-up-and-now-he.html">He cheated we broke up and now he wants to be mates</a><br><p style="font-size: 8pt; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> This question has <font style="background: FDDBF0">2 answers</font> - newest was posted 3 days ago </p><span style="color: #808080; font-family: verdana; font-size: 12px">22 December 2023</span><span style="color: #808080; font-family: verdana; font-size: 11px"></span><span style="color: #ff3399; font-family: verdana; font-size: 11px" title="Female"> (<b>F</b>) </span><span style="color: #808080; font-family: verdana; font-size: 11px"><img src="/images/flags/au.gif" hspace="3" title="" alt=""> age 26-29</span> - I just broke up with my boyfriend of a few years and I feel devastated. I really thought he was the one. I thought he was amazing and we had so many lovely times together and I thought we’d get married etc and I was so happy and I told him everything and he was always there ... <span style="color: #999999; font-family: verdana; font-size: 11px"> (<b>660 words</b>) </span></p><p><a href="/question/how-to-reframe-my-mind-for-healthy-datin.html">How to reframe my mind for healthy dating after toxic past</a><br><p style="font-size: 8pt; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> This question has <font style="background: FDE3F3">1 answer</font> - newest was posted 2 days ago </p><span style="color: #808080; font-family: verdana; font-size: 12px">22 December 2023</span><span style="color: #808080; font-family: verdana; font-size: 11px"></span><span style="color: #ff3399; font-family: verdana; font-size: 11px" title="Female"> (<b>F</b>) </span><span style="color: #808080; font-family: verdana; font-size: 11px"><img src="/images/flags/us.gif" hspace="3" alt="" title=""> age 22-25</span> - So if you see my previous posts I was in what I now consider a toxic relationship for almost 2 years. I will spare the details but I essentially felt used, discarded, and led-on by my ex-boyfriend who I considered to be a pretty nice guy. I'm not going to assume anything, but ... <span style="color: #999999; font-family: verdana; font-size: 11px"> (<b>393 words</b>) </span></p><p></p><h2>Archives (all questions):</h2><p></p><a href="/archives/2023/december/">December 2023</a> (14)<br><a href="/archives/2023/november/">November 2023</a> (22)<br><a href="/archives/2023/october/">October 2023</a> (32)<br><a href="/archives/2023/september/">September 2023</a> (35)<br><a href="/archives/2023/august/">August 2023</a> (37)<br><a href="/archives/2023/july/">July 2023</a> (43)<br><a href="/archives/2023/june/">June 2023</a> (47)<br><a href="/archives/2023/may/">May 2023</a> (40)<br><a href="/archives/2023/april/">April 2023</a> (24)<br><a href="/archives/2023/march/">March 2023</a> (30)<br><a href="/archives/2023/february/">February 2023</a> (35)<br><a href="/archives/2023/january/">January 2023</a> (43)<br><a href="/archives/2022/december/">December 2022</a> (33)<br><a href="/archives/2022/november/">November 2022</a> 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[Sitemap](/sitemap) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Dear Cupid: Relationship help and advice \| \| \| \| [How do I talk to my crush](/question/how-do-i-talk-to-my-crush.html) This question has 2 answers - newest was posted today 25 December 2023 (F) age 18-21 - I'm in university right now and I have a crush on someone from another major.. I confessed to him but through our university anonymous confession channel. Now he knew that somebody like him.. But how do I text him first?? Like we never even talk to each other and I'm pretty ... (82 words) [Boyfriend's admission of cheating has left me uncertain](/question/boyfriends-admission-of-cheating-has-left-me-uncertain.html) This question has 4 answers - newest was posted 2 days ago 23 December 2023 (F) age 30-35 - Hello My boyfriend and I have been in a relationship about a year. He just admitted because of my work schedule he cheated once with an older woman he met online. He was very casual about it when telling me. I suspected something was up because he claimed to be sleeping a... (119 words) [He cheated we broke up and now he wants to be mates](/question/he-ated-we-broke-up-and-now-he.html) This question has 2 answers - newest was posted 3 days ago 22 December 2023 (F) age 26-29 - I just broke up with my boyfriend of a few years and I feel devastated. I really thought he was the one. I thought he was amazing and we had so many lovely times together and I thought we’d get married etc and I was so happy and I told him everything and he was always there ... (660 words) [How to reframe my mind for healthy dating after toxic past](/question/how-to-reframe-my-mind-for-healthy-datin.html) This question has 1 answer - newest was posted 2 days ago 22 December 2023 (F) age 22-25 - So if you see my previous posts I was in what I now consider a toxic relationship for almost 2 years. I will spare the details but I essentially felt used, discarded, and led-on by my ex-boyfriend who I considered to be a pretty nice guy. I'm not going to assume anything, but ... 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You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA ==================================================/ // There are two objects defined in this file: // "slide" - contains all the information for a single slide // "slideshow" - consists of multiple slide objects and runs the slideshow //================================================== // slide object //================================================== function slide(src,link,text,target,attr) { // This is the constructor function for the slide object. // It is called automatically when you create a new slide object. // For example: // s = new slide(); // Image URL this.src = src; // Link URL this.link = link; // Text to display this.text = text; // Name of the target window ("_blank") this.target = target; // Custom duration for the slide, in milliseconds. // This is an optional parameter. // this.timeout = 3000 // Attributes for the target window: // width=n,height=n,resizable=yes or no,scrollbars=yes or no, // toolbar=yes or no,location=yes or no,directories=yes or no, // status=yes or no,menubar=yes or no,copyhistory=yes or no // Example: "width=200,height=300" this.attr = attr; // Create an image object for the slide if (document.images) { this.image = new Image(); } // Flag to tell when load() has already been called this.loaded = false; //-------------------------------------------------- this.load = function() { // This method loads the image for the slide if (!document.images) { return; } if (!this.loaded) { this.image.src = this.src; this.loaded = true; } } //-------------------------------------------------- this.hotlink = function() { // This method jumps to the slide's link. // If a window was specified for the slide, then it opens a new window. var mywindow; // If this slide does not have a link, do nothing if (!this.link) return; // Open the link in a separate window? if (this.target) { // If window attributes are specified, // use them to open the new window if (this.attr) { mywindow = window.open(this.link, this.target, this.attr); } else { // If window attributes are not specified, do not use them // (this will copy the attributes from the originating window) mywindow = window.open(this.link, this.target); } // Pop the window to the front if (mywindow && mywindow.focus) mywindow.focus(); } else { // Open the link in the current window location.href = this.link; } } } //================================================== // slideshow object //================================================== function slideshow( slideshowname ) { // This is the constructor function for the slideshow object. // It is called automatically when you create a new object. // For example: // ss = new slideshow("ss"); // Name of this object // (required if you want your slideshow to auto-play) // For example, "SLIDES1" this.name = slideshowname; // When we reach the last slide, should we loop around to start the // slideshow again? this.repeat = true; // Number of images to pre-fetch. // -1 = preload all images. // 0 = load each image is it is used. // n = pre-fetch n images ahead of the current image. // I recommend preloading all images unless you have large // images, or a large amount of images. this.prefetch = -1; // IMAGE element on your HTML page. // For example, document.images.SLIDES1IMG this.image; // ID of a DIV element on your HTML page that will contain the text. // For example, "slides2text" // Note: after you set this variable, you should call // the update() method to update the slideshow display. this.textid; // TEXTAREA element on your HTML page. // For example, document.SLIDES1FORM.SLIDES1TEXT // This is a depracated method for displaying the text, // but you might want to supply it for older browsers. this.textarea; // Milliseconds to pause between slides. // Individual slides can override this. this.timeout = 6000; // Hook functions to be called before and after updating the slide // this.pre_update_hook = function() { } // this.post_update_hook = function() { } // These are private variables this.slides = new Array(); this.current = 0; this.timeoutid = 0; //-------------------------------------------------- // Public methods //-------------------------------------------------- this.add_slide = function(slide) { // Add a slide to the slideshow. // For example: // SLIDES1.add_slide(new slide("s1.jpg", "link.html")) var i = this.slides.length; // Prefetch the slide image if necessary if (this.prefetch == -1) { slide.load(); } this.slides[i] = slide; } //-------------------------------------------------- this.play = function(timeout) { // This method implements the automatically running slideshow. // If you specify the "timeout" argument, then a new default // timeout will be set for the slideshow. // Make sure we're not already playing this.pause(); // If the timeout argument was specified (optional) // then make it the new default if (timeout) { this.timeout = timeout; } // If the current slide has a custom timeout, use it; // otherwise use the default timeout if (typeof this.slides[ this.current ].timeout != 'undefined') { timeout = this.slides[ this.current ].timeout; } else { timeout = this.timeout; } // After the timeout, call this.loop() this.timeoutid = setTimeout( this.name + ".loop()", timeout); } //-------------------------------------------------- this.pause = function() { // This method stops the slideshow if it is automatically running. if (this.timeoutid != 0) { clearTimeout(this.timeoutid); this.timeoutid = 0; } } //-------------------------------------------------- this.update = function() { // This method updates the slideshow image on the page // Make sure the slideshow has been initialized correctly if (! this.valid_image()) { return; } // Call the pre-update hook function if one was specified if (typeof this.pre_update_hook == 'function') { this.pre_update_hook(); } // Convenience variable for the current slide var slide = this.slides[ this.current ]; // Determine if the browser supports filters var dofilter = false; if (this.image && typeof this.image.filters != 'undefined' && typeof this.image.filters[0] != 'undefined') { dofilter = true; } // Load the slide image if necessary slide.load(); // Apply the filters for the image transition if (dofilter) { // If the user has specified a custom filter for this slide, // then set it now if (slide.filter && this.image.style && this.image.style.filter) { this.image.style.filter = slide.filter; } this.image.filters[0].Apply(); } // Update the image. this.image.src = slide.image.src; // Play the image transition filters if (dofilter) { this.image.filters[0].Play(); } // Update the text this.display_text(); // Call the post-update hook function if one was specified if (typeof this.post_update_hook == 'function') { this.post_update_hook(); } // Do we need to pre-fetch images? if (this.prefetch > 0) { var next, prev, count; // Pre-fetch the next slide image(s) next = this.current; prev = this.current; count = 0; do { // Get the next and previous slide number // Loop past the ends of the slideshow if necessary if (++next >= this.slides.length) next = 0; if (--prev < 0) prev = this.slides.length - 1; // Preload the slide image this.slides[next].load(); this.slides[prev].load(); // Keep going until we have fetched // the designated number of slides } while (++count < this.prefetch); } } //-------------------------------------------------- this.goto_slide = function(n) { // This method jumpts to the slide number you specify. // If you use slide number -1, then it jumps to the last slide. // You can use this to make links that go to a specific slide, // or to go to the beginning or end of the slideshow. // Examples: // onClick="myslides.goto_slide(0)" // onClick="myslides.goto_slide(-1)" // onClick="myslides.goto_slide(5)" if (n == -1) { n = this.slides.length - 1; } if (n < this.slides.length && n >= 0) { this.current = n; } this.update(); } //-------------------------------------------------- this.goto_random_slide = function(include_current) { // Picks a random slide (other than the current slide) and // displays it. // If the include_current parameter is true, // then // See also: shuffle() var i; // Make sure there is more than one slide if (this.slides.length > 1) { // Generate a random slide number, // but make sure it is not the current slide do { i = Math.floor(Math.random()this.slides.length); } while (i == this.current); // Display the slide this.goto_slide(i); } } //-------------------------------------------------- this.next = function() { // This method advances to the next slide. // Increment the image number if (this.current < this.slides.length - 1) { this.current++; } else if (this.repeat) { this.current = 0; } this.update(); } //-------------------------------------------------- this.previous = function() { // This method goes to the previous slide. // Decrement the image number if (this.current > 0) { this.current--; } else if (this.repeat) { this.current = this.slides.length - 1; } this.update(); } //-------------------------------------------------- this.shuffle = function() { // This method randomly shuffles the order of the slides. var i, i2, slides_copy, slides_randomized; // Create a copy of the array containing the slides // in sequential order slides_copy = new Array(); for (i = 0; i < this.slides.length; i++) { slides_copy[i] = this.slides[i]; } // Create a new array to contain the slides in random order slides_randomized = new Array(); // To populate the new array of slides in random order, // loop through the existing slides, picking a random // slide, removing it from the ordered list and adding it to // the random list. do { // Pick a random slide from those that remain i = Math.floor(Math.random()slides_copy.length); // Add the slide to the end of the randomized array slides_randomized[ slides_randomized.length ] = slides_copy[i]; // Remove the slide from the sequential array, // so it cannot be chosen again for (i2 = i + 1; i2 < slides_copy.length; i2++) { slides_copy[i2 - 1] = slides_copy[i2]; } slides_copy.length--; // Keep going until we have removed all the slides } while (slides_copy.length); // Now set the slides to the randomized array this.slides = slides_randomized; } //-------------------------------------------------- this.get_text = function() { // This method returns the text of the current slide return(this.slides[ this.current ].text); } //-------------------------------------------------- this.get_all_text = function(before_slide, after_slide) { // Return the text for all of the slides. // For the text of each slide, add "before_slide" in front of the // text, and "after_slide" after the text. // For example: // document.write("<ul>"); // document.write(s.get_all_text("<li>","\n")); // document.write("<\/ul>"); all_text = ""; // Loop through all the slides in the slideshow for (i=0; i < this.slides.length; i++) { slide = this.slides[i]; if (slide.text) { all_text += before_slide + slide.text + after_slide; } } return(all_text); } //-------------------------------------------------- this.display_text = function(text) { // Display the text for the current slide // If the "text" arg was not supplied (usually it isn't), // get the text from the slideshow if (!text) { text = this.slides[ this.current ].text; } // If a textarea has been specified, // then change the text displayed in it if (this.textarea && typeof this.textarea.value != 'undefined') { this.textarea.value = text; } // If a text id has been specified, // then change the contents of the HTML element if (this.textid) { r = this.getElementById(this.textid); if (!r) { return false; } if (typeof r.innerHTML == 'undefined') { return false; } // Update the text r.innerHTML = text; } } //-------------------------------------------------- this.hotlink = function() { // This method calls the hotlink() method for the current slide. this.slides[ this.current ].hotlink(); } //-------------------------------------------------- this.save_position = function(cookiename) { // Saves the position of the slideshow in a cookie, // so when you return to this page, the position in the slideshow // won't be lost. if (!cookiename) { cookiename = this.name + '_slideshow'; } document.cookie = cookiename + '=' + this.current; } //-------------------------------------------------- this.restore_position = function(cookiename) { // If you previously called slideshow_save_position(), // returns the slideshow to the previous state. //Get cookie code by Shelley Powers if (!cookiename) { cookiename = this.name + '_slideshow'; } var search = cookiename + "="; if (document.cookie.length > 0) { offset = document.cookie.indexOf(search); // if cookie exists if (offset != -1) { offset += search.length; // set index of beginning of value end = document.cookie.indexOf(";", offset); // set index of end of cookie value if (end == -1) end = document.cookie.length; this.current = parseInt(unescape(document.cookie.substring(offset, end))); } } } //-------------------------------------------------- this.noscript = function() { // This method is not for use as part of your slideshow, // but you can call it to get a plain HTML version of the slideshow // images and text. // You should copy the HTML and put it within a NOSCRIPT element, to // give non-javascript browsers access to your slideshow information. // This also ensures that your slideshow text and images are indexed // by search engines. $html = "\n"; // Loop through all the slides in the slideshow for (i=0; i < this.slides.length; i++) { slide = this.slides[i]; $html += '<P>'; if (slide.link) { $html += '<a href="' + slide.link + '">'; } $html += '<img src="' + slide.src + '" ALT="slideshow image">'; if (slide.link) { $html += "<\/a>"; } if (slide.text) { $html += "<BR>\n" + slide.text; } $html += "<\/P>" + "\n\n"; } // Make the HTML browser-safe $html = $html.replace(/\&/g, "&" ); $html = $html.replace(/</g, "<" ); $html = $html.replace(/>/g, ">" ); return('<pre>' + $html + '</pre>'); } //================================================== // Private methods //================================================== //-------------------------------------------------- this.loop = function() { // This method is for internal use only. // This method gets called automatically by a JavaScript timeout. // It advances to the next slide, then sets the next timeout. // If the next slide image has not completed loading yet, // then do not advance to the next slide yet. // Make sure the next slide image has finished loading if (this.current < this.slides.length - 1) { next_slide = this.slides[this.current + 1]; if (next_slide.image.complete == null \|\| next_slide.image.complete) { this.next(); } } else { // we're at the last slide this.next(); } // Keep playing the slideshow this.play( ); } //-------------------------------------------------- this.valid_image = function() { // Returns 1 if a valid image has been set for the slideshow if (!this.image) { return false; } else { return true; } } //-------------------------------------------------- this.getElementById = function(element_id) { // This method returns the element corresponding to the id if (document.getElementById) { return document.getElementById(element_id); } else if (document.all) { return document.all[element_id]; } else if (document.layers) { return document.layers[element_id]; } else { return undefined; } } //================================================== // Deprecated methods // I don't recommend the use of the following methods, // but they are included for backward compatibility. // You can delete them if you don't need them. //================================================== //-------------------------------------------------- this.set_image = function(imageobject) { // This method is deprecated; you should use // the following code instead: // s.image = document.images.myimagename; // s.update(); if (!document.images) return; this.image = imageobject; } //-------------------------------------------------- this.set_textarea = function(textareaobject) { // This method is deprecated; you should use // the following code instead: // s.textarea = document.form.textareaname; // s.update(); this.textarea = textareaobject; this.display_text(); } //-------------------------------------------------- this.set_textid = function(textidstr) { // This method is deprecated; you should use // the following code instead: // s.textid = "mytextid"; // s.update(); this.textid = textidstr; this.display_text(); } } //--> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- SLIDES = new slideshow("SLIDES"); SLIDES.timeout = 5500; SLIDES.prefetch = 1; SLIDES.repeat = true; s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/b2-revell-200.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Dave Thomas on 'That's Not How You Handle Secret, Compartmentalized Information. I Should Know.'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/secrets.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-si-weasel.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>War Of The Weasels Update! Skeptical Inquirer Vol. 44, No. 3 May/June 2020.</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/weaselsnew.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/surveyor-thumb.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Socorro Incident Update: The Surveyor Hypothesis</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/socorro.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/meeting-pix200.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<bNext Meeting December 13th, 2023: Dave Thomas on 'What's New in Flat Land?'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/meetings.htm#latest"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/Karl200.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>November 15th meeting: Karl Reineke on 'Astrophotography: Equipment, Methods & Results'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#reineke"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/frank-etscorn-200.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>September 20th meeting: Frank Etscorn, Inventor of the Nicotine Patch</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#etscorn"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/Archbold.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>August 9th meeting: Joe Archbold and Dave Thomas, on 'Looking Under the Hood of Wave/Particle Duality'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#archbold"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/radford-lizardman.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Benjamin Radford on 'Tracking the Lizard Man' (May 10th)</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#lizardman "; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/Mostafa200.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Prof. Mostafa Hassanalian on 'Biomimetics, and Bio-Inspired Aerial and Aquatic Robots' (April 12th)</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#mostafa "; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/relativity-geohegan.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>'Those Wacky Anti-Relativity Folks: Insights from John Geohegan, hosted by Dave Thomas' (March 8th)</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#hamdoon "; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/tramiel-thomas.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>'Doing Science With Your Camera,' with Leonard Tramiel and Dave Thomas (February 15th)</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#tramiel "; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/boslough_hoopes_thomas_cloak.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>A Look at Graham Hancock's 'Ancient Apocalypse' series, featuring Mark Boslough, John Hoopes, Dave Thomas and Ted Cloak (January 11th)</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#hancock "; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-frazier.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>December 14th NMSR Meeting: Celebrating the life of Kendrick Frazier, 1942 - 2022</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#frazier "; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/bartholomew200.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>October 12th NMSR Meeting: Robert Bartholomew on 'Solving the Havana Syndrome'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#havana "; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/kevin-folta.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>September 14th NMSR Meeting: Prof. Kevin Folta on 'Rounding Up Glyphosate Myths'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#kfolta "; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/three-lobe-drawing-200.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR August 10th Meeting: Dave Thomas on Non-Reversing Mirrors</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#srorrim "; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/eqlights-200.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR June 8th Meeting: Revisiting Earthquake Lights! Panel Presentation with Friedemann Freund, Alberto Enriquez, John Derr, and Dave Thomas</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#earthquakelights"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/soutter2.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR May 11th Meeting: Nicholas Lamar Soutter on 'War Update : Latest from the Ukraine and Covid Fronts'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#soutter2"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/gerbic.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR April 13th Meeting: Susan Gerbic on 'Science Activism does not stop during a world-wide pandemic, or How I spent my lockdown'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#gerbic"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/zelicoff.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR March 9th Meeting: 'Long COVID: Some unexpected and troubling findings as of early 2022'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#zelicoff"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/henrietta-lacks-200.png"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR January 9th Meeting: 'Henrietta Lacks, the HeLa Cell Line, and the Long Wait for Justice'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#helacells"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/jw1.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR Meeting, December 8, 2021: Light Rail Outlook with JW Madison</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#railsinc"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/tall-el-hammam.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR Meeting, November 10, 2021: Panel Discussion on Tall el-Hammam, Airbursts, and Sodom, with Dr. Mark Boslough</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#tall-el-hammam"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/crumpler2.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR Meeting, October 20, 2021: Larry Crumpler, with an Update from Mars: Perseverance, Ingenuity and More!!</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#crumplersmars"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/mick-west-uap.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR Meeting, July 14, 2021: Mick West on the Great 2021 UFO Flap!</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#greatufoflap"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/gmx-Unit.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Dave Thomas on 'They're Ba-ack! Magnetic Water Conditioning and Other Pseudoscience Zombies'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#pseudozombies"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/boslough_200.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>As seen on Jeopardy! April Fools and Alabama π with Dr. Mark Boslough</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#alabamapi"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/bforrest200.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Barbara Forrest on 'Thoughts on Kitzmiller 15 Years On'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#barbforrest"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/soutter2.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Nicholas Lamar Soutter on the Election, the Future of Science, and More!</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#soutter"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/CynthiaHall.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Cynthia Hall on 'The PRC and Climate Change: What's Taking So Long?'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#cynthiahall"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-solomon.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Tom Solomon on 'A Sustainable Economy Without Fracking'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#solomon"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-covid19panel.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Covid-19 Panel Discussion, with Coffee Brown, M.D. and Austin Moede, M.D. and Dave Thomas</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#covid19"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/Olivarez_Holly.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Holly Olivarez on 'The connection between Climate Change & COVID-19'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#olivarez"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-gover.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>James Gover's August 11th, 2021 presentation on 'Congress and Technology Development'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#jimgover2021"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-flatexpdtn.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR Expedition to M Mountain: Round Earth Proof at Last</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/flatter2.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-flat-earth.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Bruce Lacey, on 'A Flat Earther's Journey and Perspective'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/fe-lacey.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-evo-hurricane.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Why is NM's Public Education Department Gutting Science Standards?</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/ped2017.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-loftus-gmo.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Matthew Lee Loftus presentation on 'Genetically Engineered Food Opposition: the Gap between Science and Public Perception'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/GE-Food-Opposition.pdf"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-krqe2015.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>News 13 and Albuquerque Journal Succumb to Creationist Whining...</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/krqe2015.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-fraser.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Mark Fraser's UPDATED 2015 talk on 'Debunking Climate Denialists'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr_agw.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-matzke.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>The evolution of antievolution policies after Kitzmiller v. Dover, New Mexico Version</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/matzkestudy.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-magic.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>MIND READING ON THE INTERNET?<br />Try out NMSR's new Magic Trick!</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/magick1.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-footprint.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Taxpayers on the hook for UNM Bigfoot expedition? KRYDER TALK AT NMSR.</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/bigfoot.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-news.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>September 2023 NMSR Reports is Online! News, Puzzles, Meetings, Wave/Particle Duality Discussion, MORE!</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/pdfnews.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/Mario_Cruz.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Mario Cruz on 'AI Persuasive Technology and Social Media: A moral dilemma?'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#mariocruz"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-wacky.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Wacky Letters to NMSR</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/letters.htm#Latest"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-chem.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Kim Johnson's Chemtrail Analysis - <i>UPDATED</i></b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/mkjrept.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/dennis-lee.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Dennis Lee FOUND after 10 years!</b> There's a New Scam!</b>"); s.link = "http://www.nmsr.org/denislee.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-stork.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Strengths and Weaknesses</b> by P.S. Braterman</b>"); s.link = "http://www.nmsr.org/stork.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/trianglepuzz200.png"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR Puzzles! NOVEMBER 2023 PUZZLE - 'X the Unknown'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/puzzles.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/ernie.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>'The New Adventures of Ernie Electron' by Dave Thomas</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/ernie1.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add_slide(s); if (true) SLIDES.shuffle(); //--> </script> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td height="275"> <div style="text-align:center;"><a href="javascript:SLIDES.hotlink()"><img name="SLIDESIMG" src="slide-supplements.jpg" alt="Slideshow image" border="0"></a></div> <p></p><div id="SLIDESTEXT"><b>search for this, never find it</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- if (document.images) { SLIDES.image = document.images.SLIDESIMG; SLIDES.textid = "SLIDESTEXT"; SLIDES.update(); SLIDES.play(); } //--> </script> <p></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img src="rainbar.gif"></p> <!-- PI DAY <a href="http://www.piday.org/?ref=widget"><img src="http://www.piday.org/widgets/code/200x90Badge.gif.php" width="200" height="90" alt="Pi Day Countdown" border="0" /></a> <p style="text-align: center;"><img SRC="rainbar.gif" /></p> //--> <ul> <li> <img src="new!.gif"><a href="http://www.nmsr.org/flatter.htm" target="_blank">Flat Earth Claim that Sun Acts Like a "Spotlight" -- DISPROVED!</a></li> <li> <img src="new!.gif"><a href="http://www.nmsr.org/flatter2.htm" target="_blank">Simple, Inexpensive Experiment Proves Earth is Round!</a></li> <li> <img src="new!.gif"><a href="http://www.nmsr.org/flatter3.htm" target="_blank">On the Elat Earth, The Sun Never Sets!</a></li> <li> <img src="new!.gif"><a href="http://www.nmsr.org/flatter4.htm" target="_blank">On the Flat Earth, How High is the Sun?</a></li> <li><img src="new!.gif"><A HREF="http://www.nmsr.org/fe-lacey.htm">December 12th, 2018 NMSR Meeting: Bruce Lacey, on "A Flat Earther's Journey and Perspective"</A></li> <li><IMG SRC="new!.gif" ALIGN=bottom><a href="fe-lacey.htm#lacey_response">Bruce Laceys Response to January NMSR Reports</a></li> <li><IMG SRC="new!.gif" ALIGN=bottom><a href="fe-lacey.htm#closure">Closure, by Dave Thomas</a></li> </ul> <table style="text-align: center;" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 9pt;"> <img src="new!.gif"><a href="http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm">Videos</a> of Recent Meetings! <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#reineke" target="_blank">Karl Reineke on "Astrophotography" <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#etscorn" target="_blank">Frank Etscorn, Inventor of the Nicotine Patch" <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#archbold" target="_blank">Joe Archbold and Dave Thomas, on "Wave/Particle Duality" <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#lizardman" target="_blank">Benjamin Radford on "Tracking the Lizard Man" <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#mostafa" target="_blank">Prof. Mostafa Hassanalian on "Biomimetics, and Bio-Inspired Aerial and Aquatic Robots" <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#hamdoon" target="_blank">"Those Wacky Anti-Relativity Folks: Insights from John Geohegan, hosted by Dave Thomas" <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#tramiel" target="_blank">February 15th Meeting: Doing Science With Your Camera, with Leonard Tramiel and Dave Thomas</a> <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#hancock" target="_blank">January 11th Meeting: Review of Graham Hancock's "Ancient Apocalypse"</a> <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#frazier" target="_blank">December 14th Meeting: Celebrating the life of Kendrick Frazier, 1942 - 2022</a> <!-- <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#havana" target="_blank">October 12th Meeting: Robert Bartholomew on "The Myth of Havana Syndrome"</a> <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#kfolta" target="_blank">September 14th Meeting: Prof. Kevin Folta on "Rounding Up Glyphosate Myths"</a> <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#srorrim" target="_blank">August 10th meeting, Dave Thomas on "Non-Reversing Mirrors: Update"</a> <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#earthquakelights" target="_blank">June 8th meeting, Earthquake Lights Panel: Friedemann Freund, Alberto Enriquez, John Derr, & Dave Thomas</a> <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#zelicoff" target="_blank">March 9th Meeting: Al Zelicoff, Long COVID - Update</a> <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#soutter2" target="_blank">NMSR May 11th meeting: Nick Soutter</a> <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#gerbic" target="_blank">NMSR April 13th meeting: Susan Gerbic</a> <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#helacells" target="_blank">"Henrietta Lacks, the HeLa Cell Line, and the Long Wait for Justice"</a> <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#railsinc" target="_blank">"Light Rail Outlook with JW Madison"</a> <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#tall-el-hammam" target="_blank">"Tall el-Hammam, Airbursts, and Sodom, with Dr. Mark Boslough"</a> <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#crumplersmars" target="_blank">"Larry Crumpler, with an Update from Mars"</a> <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#ivermectin" target="_blank">"Panel Discussion: Ivermectin and Covid19"</a> <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#jimgover2021" target="_blank">"Congressional Technology Policies"</a> with James Gover <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#greatufoflap" target="_blank">The Great 2021 UFO Flap</a> with Mick West <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#summersocial" target="_blank">NMSR's</a> Summer Social <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#pseudozombies" target="_blank">Dave Thomas</a> on "They're Ba-ack! Magnetic Water Conditioning and Other Pseudoscience Zombies" <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#alabamapi" target="_blank">Mark Boslough</a> on Alabama π" <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#jimkirkland" target="_blank">Jim Kirkland</a> on "Feathering Utahraptor: History of Dromaeosaur Discoveries" <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#mariocruz" target="_blank">Mario Cruz</a> on 'AI Persuasive Technology and Social Media: A moral dilemma?' <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#barbforrest" target="_blank">Barbara Forrest</a> on 'Thoughts on Kitzmiller 15 Years On' <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#benradford" target="_blank">Ben Radford</a> on "Big - if True!", <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#soutter" target="_blank">Nicholas Lamar Soutter</a> on the Election, Future of Science; <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#cynthiahall" target="_blank">Cynthia Hall</a> on "The PRC and Climate Change, <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#solomon" target="_blank">Tom Solomon</a> on "A Sustainable Economy Without Fracking", <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#covid19" target="_blank">Panel Discussion on COVID-19</a> <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#olivarez" target="_blank">Holly Olivarez</a> on Climate Change and Covid19 <br /><a href="nmsr-hot.htm#jimgover" target="_blank">Jim Gover</a> on Economic Growth --> </td> <td> <img src="new!.gif"> <b><i><br /><a href="meetings.htm#latest" target="_blank">Next NMSR Meeting, January 10th, 2024</a> TBD <!-- <br /><img src="meeting-pix200.jpg"> --> </td> <td> <img src="new!.gif"><a href="http://www.nmsr.org/pdfnews.htm">NOVEMBER 2023 NMSR REPORTS ON-LINE</a> - News, Puzzles, Meetings, Invention of Nicotine Patch, Fall Haiku, MORE! </td> <td> <img src="new!.gif"><a href="http://www.nmsr.org/puzzles.htm">Puzzles</a><img src="new!.gif"><br> <b>NOVEMBER 2023 PUZZLE - "X the Unknown"</b><br><img src="trianglepuzz200.png" align="bottom" width="200" height = "100"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><img src="new!.gif"><b><a href="http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr911.htm">9-11 "Truth" Resources: Presentation Slides, Physics Videos, More! <br>Visit </a><a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/theNMSR" target="_blank">NMSR's YouTube Channel</a></b></td> <td><a href="http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr_agw.htm">NMSR's Anthropogenic Global Warming Fact Sheet</a><br> <br><img src="hot.gif"><br><a href="http://www.nmsr.org/FRASER_V2_Climate_talk_NMSR_2015.pdf" target="_blank">Mark Fraser's UPDATED 2015 talk on 'Debunking Climate Denialists'</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12pt;"><img src="new!.gif"><a href="http://www.nmsr.org/hancock.htm" target="_blank">Wondering about Graham Hancock and "Ancient Apocalypse"? Check this out FIRST!</a> <br><img src="hancock.jpg" height="100" width="278"></td> <td><img src="new!.gif"><a href="http://www.nmsr.org/SocorroStumper.htm" target="_BLANK">Solve This Week's Socorro Stumper (from El Defensor Chieftain)</a><img src="new!.gif"> <br><a href="http://www.nmsr.org/SocorroStumper.htm" target="_BLANK"><img src="SocorroStumperIcon.gif"></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="http://www.nmsr.org/goradio.htm"> Science Watch Podcasts</a> <img src="new!.gif"><b>NMSR Science Watch is now going to the Internet Archive!!!</b><img src="new!.gif"><br> <a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=sciencewatch%20AND%20collection%3Aopensource_audio"><img src="intarchive.jpg"> </a></td> <td> <ul>NMSR's Chemtrail Articles <li><a href="http://www.nmsr.org/chemtrls.htm" target="_blank">CHEMTRAIL FEARS THRIVE ON INTERNET</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.nmsr.org/mkjrept.htm" target="_blank">N.M. Physicist M. K. Johnson on Chemtrails</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.nmsr.org/pilotsvu.htm" target="_blank">"A Pilot's View" by Ian Wickson</a><p></p></li> </ul> <td> <a href="bigfoot.htm" target="_BLANK">Taxpayers on the hook for UNM Bigfoot expedition? Rob Kryder talked to NMSR on January 14, 2017. SEE MEETING SUMMARY.</a><img src="new!.gif"> <br /><img src="slide-footprint.jpg" width="162" height = "100"> </td><img src="new!.gif"> <td> <img src="new!.gif"><a href="http://www.nmsr.org/secrets.htm"><b> "Thats Not How You Handle Secret, Compartmentalized Information. I Should Know." by Dave Thomas</b></a> <br><img src="b2-revell-200.jpg" height="100" width="144"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><img src="new!.gif"><b>MIND READING ON THE INTERNET?<br><a href="http://www.nmsr.org/magick1.htm"> Try out NMSR's new Magic Trick!</a></b> </td> <td style="font-size: 12pt;"><img src="new!.gif"><a href="http://www.nmsr.org/denislee.htm" target="_blank">Dennis Lee is FOUND after 10 years! The NEW Scam!</a> <br><img src="dennis-lee.jpg" height="100" width="180"></td> <td> <b><a href="http://www.nmsr.org/eqlights.htm">"Beyond Earthquake Lights: Progress in Seismo-EM" by Alberto Enriquez</a></b> </td> <td> <p><b>Marshall Berman's Feb. 13th Darwin Day Talk "The 'Intelligently Designed' Attack on Science and Society" is <a href="http://www.nmsr.org/mberman.pdf">ON-LINE!</a></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="http://www.nmsr.org/sitemap.htm">Complete Site Map</a> </td> <td> <a href="http://www.nmsr.org/leg2011.htm" target="_blank">HOUSE BILL 302 has been TABLED! </a> </td> <td> <a href="http://www.nmsr.org/whatsnew.htm#jackson">Curious about Rio Rancho EX-Mayor Kevin Jackson?</a> </td> <td> <a href="http://www.nmsr.org/srchnmsr.htm">Search the Site</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="http://www.nmsr.org/biblecod.htm">The Bible Code</a> </td> <td> <a href="http://www.nmsr.org/roswell.htm">The Roswell Incident</a> </td> <td> <img src="new!.gif"><a href="http://www.nmsr.org/tvi-e102.htm">Evolution Science Links</a> </td> <td> <a href="http://www.nmsr.org/thelie.htm">The LIE: "NM is ID-Friendly"</a> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p style="text-align: center;"><img src="rainbar.gif"></p> <p style="text-align: center;"> </p><form action="" method="POST"> <input name="but1" value="CLICK HERE FOR A GUIDE TO INTELLIGENT DESIGN THEORY" onclick="alert('Sorry. There is no such theory. As long as you are asking for things that do not exist, why not ask for something worthwhile? Like wings to fly with? Or maybe legs with wheels?' );" type="button"> <p style="text-align: center;"><img src="rainbar.gif"></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b><i>DAVE THOMAS CAN BE REACHED AT </i></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="mailto:nmsrdaveATswcp.com">nmsrdaveATswcp.com</a> or <a href="mailto:alcazarusATyahoo.com">alcazarusATyahoo.com</a><br> (Help fight SPAM!  Please replace the AT's with @'s )</p> <p style="text-align: center;">NOTE - PLEASE USE A DESCRIPTIVE SUBJECT LINE!<br> E-MAILS WITH NO SUBJECT LINE, OR ONLY A ONE-WORD SUBJECT LINE,<br> WILL BE AUTOMATICALLY DELETED AS <b><i>SPAM</i></b>!</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img src="rainbar.gif"></p> <p style="text-align: center;">Last Update : November 18<sup>th</sup>, 2023</p> <p style="text-align: center;">All Content © 2023</p> <p style="text-align: center;">Webmaster: <a href="mailto:nmsrdaveATswcp.com%20%28Dave%20Thomas,%20NMSR%29">David E. Thomas</a> (Help fight SPAM! Please replace the AT with an @)</p> </body></html>	NMSR Home Page a:hover {color: red; font-weight: bold} ![](nmsr_sm.gif) *New Mexicans for Science and Reason* ![](rainbar.gif) What really happened in Roswell, New Mexico in 1947? Are there "hidden messages" from God encoded in the Torah? Is the government of the United States spraying deadly chemicals on its citizens? Is the Earth just 10,000 years old? If you wonder what New Mexico's scientists are saying about these and other questions, you've come to the right site! ![](rainbar.gif) [About NMSR](http://www.nmsr.org/about.htm) [Site Map](http://www.nmsr.org/sitemap.htm) ![](rainbar.gif) *What's New at NMSR?* <!-- /\==================================================\ $Id: slideshow.js,v 1.16 2003/10/14 12:39:00 pat Exp $ Copyright 2000-2003 Patrick Fitzgerald http://slideshow.barelyfitz.com/ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA \==================================================\/ // There are two objects defined in this file: // "slide" - contains all the information for a single slide // "slideshow" - consists of multiple slide objects and runs the slideshow //================================================== // slide object //================================================== function slide(src,link,text,target,attr) { // This is the constructor function for the slide object. // It is called automatically when you create a new slide object. // For example: // s = new slide(); // Image URL this.src = src; // Link URL this.link = link; // Text to display this.text = text; // Name of the target window ("\_blank") this.target = target; // Custom duration for the slide, in milliseconds. // This is an optional parameter. // this.timeout = 3000 // Attributes for the target window: // width=n,height=n,resizable=yes or no,scrollbars=yes or no, // toolbar=yes or no,location=yes or no,directories=yes or no, // status=yes or no,menubar=yes or no,copyhistory=yes or no // Example: "width=200,height=300" this.attr = attr; // Create an image object for the slide if (document.images) { this.image = new Image(); } // Flag to tell when load() has already been called this.loaded = false; //-------------------------------------------------- this.load = function() { // This method loads the image for the slide if (!document.images) { return; } if (!this.loaded) { this.image.src = this.src; this.loaded = true; } } //-------------------------------------------------- this.hotlink = function() { // This method jumps to the slide's link. // If a window was specified for the slide, then it opens a new window. var mywindow; // If this slide does not have a link, do nothing if (!this.link) return; // Open the link in a separate window? if (this.target) { // If window attributes are specified, // use them to open the new window if (this.attr) { mywindow = window.open(this.link, this.target, this.attr); } else { // If window attributes are not specified, do not use them // (this will copy the attributes from the originating window) mywindow = window.open(this.link, this.target); } // Pop the window to the front if (mywindow && mywindow.focus) mywindow.focus(); } else { // Open the link in the current window location.href = this.link; } } } //================================================== // slideshow object //================================================== function slideshow( slideshowname ) { // This is the constructor function for the slideshow object. // It is called automatically when you create a new object. // For example: // ss = new slideshow("ss"); // Name of this object // (required if you want your slideshow to auto-play) // For example, "SLIDES1" this.name = slideshowname; // When we reach the last slide, should we loop around to start the // slideshow again? this.repeat = true; // Number of images to pre-fetch. // -1 = preload all images. // 0 = load each image is it is used. // n = pre-fetch n images ahead of the current image. // I recommend preloading all images unless you have large // images, or a large amount of images. this.prefetch = -1; // IMAGE element on your HTML page. // For example, document.images.SLIDES1IMG this.image; // ID of a DIV element on your HTML page that will contain the text. // For example, "slides2text" // Note: after you set this variable, you should call // the update() method to update the slideshow display. this.textid; // TEXTAREA element on your HTML page. // For example, document.SLIDES1FORM.SLIDES1TEXT // This is a depracated method for displaying the text, // but you might want to supply it for older browsers. this.textarea; // Milliseconds to pause between slides. // Individual slides can override this. this.timeout = 6000; // Hook functions to be called before and after updating the slide // this.pre\_update\_hook = function() { } // this.post\_update\_hook = function() { } // These are private variables this.slides = new Array(); this.current = 0; this.timeoutid = 0; //-------------------------------------------------- // Public methods //-------------------------------------------------- this.add\_slide = function(slide) { // Add a slide to the slideshow. // For example: // SLIDES1.add\_slide(new slide("s1.jpg", "link.html")) var i = this.slides.length; // Prefetch the slide image if necessary if (this.prefetch == -1) { slide.load(); } this.slides[i] = slide; } //-------------------------------------------------- this.play = function(timeout) { // This method implements the automatically running slideshow. // If you specify the "timeout" argument, then a new default // timeout will be set for the slideshow. // Make sure we're not already playing this.pause(); // If the timeout argument was specified (optional) // then make it the new default if (timeout) { this.timeout = timeout; } // If the current slide has a custom timeout, use it; // otherwise use the default timeout if (typeof this.slides[ this.current ].timeout != 'undefined') { timeout = this.slides[ this.current ].timeout; } else { timeout = this.timeout; } // After the timeout, call this.loop() this.timeoutid = setTimeout( this.name + ".loop()", timeout); } //-------------------------------------------------- this.pause = function() { // This method stops the slideshow if it is automatically running. if (this.timeoutid != 0) { clearTimeout(this.timeoutid); this.timeoutid = 0; } } //-------------------------------------------------- this.update = function() { // This method updates the slideshow image on the page // Make sure the slideshow has been initialized correctly if (! this.valid\_image()) { return; } // Call the pre-update hook function if one was specified if (typeof this.pre\_update\_hook == 'function') { this.pre\_update\_hook(); } // Convenience variable for the current slide var slide = this.slides[ this.current ]; // Determine if the browser supports filters var dofilter = false; if (this.image && typeof this.image.filters != 'undefined' && typeof this.image.filters[0] != 'undefined') { dofilter = true; } // Load the slide image if necessary slide.load(); // Apply the filters for the image transition if (dofilter) { // If the user has specified a custom filter for this slide, // then set it now if (slide.filter && this.image.style && this.image.style.filter) { this.image.style.filter = slide.filter; } this.image.filters[0].Apply(); } // Update the image. this.image.src = slide.image.src; // Play the image transition filters if (dofilter) { this.image.filters[0].Play(); } // Update the text this.display\_text(); // Call the post-update hook function if one was specified if (typeof this.post\_update\_hook == 'function') { this.post\_update\_hook(); } // Do we need to pre-fetch images? if (this.prefetch > 0) { var next, prev, count; // Pre-fetch the next slide image(s) next = this.current; prev = this.current; count = 0; do { // Get the next and previous slide number // Loop past the ends of the slideshow if necessary if (++next >= this.slides.length) next = 0; if (--prev < 0) prev = this.slides.length - 1; // Preload the slide image this.slides[next].load(); this.slides[prev].load(); // Keep going until we have fetched // the designated number of slides } while (++count < this.prefetch); } } //-------------------------------------------------- this.goto\_slide = function(n) { // This method jumpts to the slide number you specify. // If you use slide number -1, then it jumps to the last slide. // You can use this to make links that go to a specific slide, // or to go to the beginning or end of the slideshow. // Examples: // onClick="myslides.goto\_slide(0)" // onClick="myslides.goto\_slide(-1)" // onClick="myslides.goto\_slide(5)" if (n == -1) { n = this.slides.length - 1; } if (n < this.slides.length && n >= 0) { this.current = n; } this.update(); } //-------------------------------------------------- this.goto\_random\_slide = function(include\_current) { // Picks a random slide (other than the current slide) and // displays it. // If the include\_current parameter is true, // then // See also: shuffle() var i; // Make sure there is more than one slide if (this.slides.length > 1) { // Generate a random slide number, // but make sure it is not the current slide do { i = Math.floor(Math.random()\this.slides.length); } while (i == this.current); // Display the slide this.goto\_slide(i); } } //-------------------------------------------------- this.next = function() { // This method advances to the next slide. // Increment the image number if (this.current < this.slides.length - 1) { this.current++; } else if (this.repeat) { this.current = 0; } this.update(); } //-------------------------------------------------- this.previous = function() { // This method goes to the previous slide. // Decrement the image number if (this.current > 0) { this.current--; } else if (this.repeat) { this.current = this.slides.length - 1; } this.update(); } //-------------------------------------------------- this.shuffle = function() { // This method randomly shuffles the order of the slides. var i, i2, slides\_copy, slides\_randomized; // Create a copy of the array containing the slides // in sequential order slides\_copy = new Array(); for (i = 0; i < this.slides.length; i++) { slides\_copy[i] = this.slides[i]; } // Create a new array to contain the slides in random order slides\_randomized = new Array(); // To populate the new array of slides in random order, // loop through the existing slides, picking a random // slide, removing it from the ordered list and adding it to // the random list. do { // Pick a random slide from those that remain i = Math.floor(Math.random()\slides\_copy.length); // Add the slide to the end of the randomized array slides\_randomized[ slides\_randomized.length ] = slides\_copy[i]; // Remove the slide from the sequential array, // so it cannot be chosen again for (i2 = i + 1; i2 < slides\_copy.length; i2++) { slides\_copy[i2 - 1] = slides\_copy[i2]; } slides\_copy.length--; // Keep going until we have removed all the slides } while (slides\_copy.length); // Now set the slides to the randomized array this.slides = slides\_randomized; } //-------------------------------------------------- this.get\_text = function() { // This method returns the text of the current slide return(this.slides[ this.current ].text); } //-------------------------------------------------- this.get\_all\_text = function(before\_slide, after\_slide) { // Return the text for all of the slides. // For the text of each slide, add "before\_slide" in front of the // text, and "after\_slide" after the text. // For example: // document.write("<ul>"); // document.write(s.get\_all\_text("<li>","\n")); // document.write("<\/ul>"); all\_text = ""; // Loop through all the slides in the slideshow for (i=0; i < this.slides.length; i++) { slide = this.slides[i]; if (slide.text) { all\_text += before\_slide + slide.text + after\_slide; } } return(all\_text); } //-------------------------------------------------- this.display\_text = function(text) { // Display the text for the current slide // If the "text" arg was not supplied (usually it isn't), // get the text from the slideshow if (!text) { text = this.slides[ this.current ].text; } // If a textarea has been specified, // then change the text displayed in it if (this.textarea && typeof this.textarea.value != 'undefined') { this.textarea.value = text; } // If a text id has been specified, // then change the contents of the HTML element if (this.textid) { r = this.getElementById(this.textid); if (!r) { return false; } if (typeof r.innerHTML == 'undefined') { return false; } // Update the text r.innerHTML = text; } } //-------------------------------------------------- this.hotlink = function() { // This method calls the hotlink() method for the current slide. this.slides[ this.current ].hotlink(); } //-------------------------------------------------- this.save\_position = function(cookiename) { // Saves the position of the slideshow in a cookie, // so when you return to this page, the position in the slideshow // won't be lost. if (!cookiename) { cookiename = this.name + '\_slideshow'; } document.cookie = cookiename + '=' + this.current; } //-------------------------------------------------- this.restore\_position = function(cookiename) { // If you previously called slideshow\_save\_position(), // returns the slideshow to the previous state. //Get cookie code by Shelley Powers if (!cookiename) { cookiename = this.name + '\_slideshow'; } var search = cookiename + "="; if (document.cookie.length > 0) { offset = document.cookie.indexOf(search); // if cookie exists if (offset != -1) { offset += search.length; // set index of beginning of value end = document.cookie.indexOf(";", offset); // set index of end of cookie value if (end == -1) end = document.cookie.length; this.current = parseInt(unescape(document.cookie.substring(offset, end))); } } } //-------------------------------------------------- this.noscript = function() { // This method is not for use as part of your slideshow, // but you can call it to get a plain HTML version of the slideshow // images and text. // You should copy the HTML and put it within a NOSCRIPT element, to // give non-javascript browsers access to your slideshow information. // This also ensures that your slideshow text and images are indexed // by search engines. $html = "\n"; // Loop through all the slides in the slideshow for (i=0; i < this.slides.length; i++) { slide = this.slides[i]; $html += '<P>'; if (slide.link) { $html += '<a href="' + slide.link + '">'; } $html += '<img src="' + slide.src + '" ALT="slideshow image">'; if (slide.link) { $html += "<\/a>"; } if (slide.text) { $html += "<BR>\n" + slide.text; } $html += "<\/P>" + "\n\n"; } // Make the HTML browser-safe $html = $html.replace(/\&/g, "&" ); $html = $html.replace(/</g, "<" ); $html = $html.replace(/>/g, ">" ); return('<pre>' + $html + '</pre>'); } //================================================== // Private methods //================================================== //-------------------------------------------------- this.loop = function() { // This method is for internal use only. // This method gets called automatically by a JavaScript timeout. // It advances to the next slide, then sets the next timeout. // If the next slide image has not completed loading yet, // then do not advance to the next slide yet. // Make sure the next slide image has finished loading if (this.current < this.slides.length - 1) { next\_slide = this.slides[this.current + 1]; if (next\_slide.image.complete == null \|\| next\_slide.image.complete) { this.next(); } } else { // we're at the last slide this.next(); } // Keep playing the slideshow this.play( ); } //-------------------------------------------------- this.valid\_image = function() { // Returns 1 if a valid image has been set for the slideshow if (!this.image) { return false; } else { return true; } } //-------------------------------------------------- this.getElementById = function(element\_id) { // This method returns the element corresponding to the id if (document.getElementById) { return document.getElementById(element\_id); } else if (document.all) { return document.all[element\_id]; } else if (document.layers) { return document.layers[element\_id]; } else { return undefined; } } //================================================== // Deprecated methods // I don't recommend the use of the following methods, // but they are included for backward compatibility. // You can delete them if you don't need them. //================================================== //-------------------------------------------------- this.set\_image = function(imageobject) { // This method is deprecated; you should use // the following code instead: // s.image = document.images.myimagename; // s.update(); if (!document.images) return; this.image = imageobject; } //-------------------------------------------------- this.set\_textarea = function(textareaobject) { // This method is deprecated; you should use // the following code instead: // s.textarea = document.form.textareaname; // s.update(); this.textarea = textareaobject; this.display\_text(); } //-------------------------------------------------- this.set\_textid = function(textidstr) { // This method is deprecated; you should use // the following code instead: // s.textid = "mytextid"; // s.update(); this.textid = textidstr; this.display\_text(); } } //--> <!-- SLIDES = new slideshow("SLIDES"); SLIDES.timeout = 5500; SLIDES.prefetch = 1; SLIDES.repeat = true; s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/b2-revell-200.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Dave Thomas on 'That's Not How You Handle Secret, Compartmentalized Information. I Should Know.'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/secrets.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-si-weasel.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>War Of The Weasels Update! Skeptical Inquirer Vol. 44, No. 3 May/June 2020.</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/weaselsnew.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/surveyor-thumb.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Socorro Incident Update: The Surveyor Hypothesis</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/socorro.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/meeting-pix200.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<bNext Meeting December 13th, 2023: Dave Thomas on 'What's New in Flat Land?'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/meetings.htm#latest"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/Karl200.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>November 15th meeting: Karl Reineke on 'Astrophotography: Equipment, Methods & Results'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#reineke"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/frank-etscorn-200.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>September 20th meeting: Frank Etscorn, Inventor of the Nicotine Patch</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#etscorn"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/Archbold.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>August 9th meeting: Joe Archbold and Dave Thomas, on 'Looking Under the Hood of Wave/Particle Duality'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#archbold"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/radford-lizardman.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Benjamin Radford on 'Tracking the Lizard Man' (May 10th)</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#lizardman "; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/Mostafa200.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Prof. Mostafa Hassanalian on 'Biomimetics, and Bio-Inspired Aerial and Aquatic Robots' (April 12th)</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#mostafa "; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/relativity-geohegan.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>'Those Wacky Anti-Relativity Folks: Insights from John Geohegan, hosted by Dave Thomas' (March 8th)</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#hamdoon "; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/tramiel-thomas.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>'Doing Science With Your Camera,' with Leonard Tramiel and Dave Thomas (February 15th)</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#tramiel "; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/boslough\_hoopes\_thomas\_cloak.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>A Look at Graham Hancock's 'Ancient Apocalypse' series, featuring Mark Boslough, John Hoopes, Dave Thomas and Ted Cloak (January 11th)</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#hancock "; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-frazier.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>December 14th NMSR Meeting: Celebrating the life of Kendrick Frazier, 1942 - 2022</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#frazier "; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/bartholomew200.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>October 12th NMSR Meeting: Robert Bartholomew on 'Solving the Havana Syndrome'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#havana "; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/kevin-folta.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>September 14th NMSR Meeting: Prof. Kevin Folta on 'Rounding Up Glyphosate Myths'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#kfolta "; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/three-lobe-drawing-200.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR August 10th Meeting: Dave Thomas on Non-Reversing Mirrors</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#srorrim "; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/eqlights-200.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR June 8th Meeting: Revisiting Earthquake Lights! Panel Presentation with Friedemann Freund, Alberto Enriquez, John Derr, and Dave Thomas</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#earthquakelights"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/soutter2.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR May 11th Meeting: Nicholas Lamar Soutter on 'War Update : Latest from the Ukraine and Covid Fronts'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#soutter2"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/gerbic.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR April 13th Meeting: Susan Gerbic on 'Science Activism does not stop during a world-wide pandemic, or How I spent my lockdown'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#gerbic"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/zelicoff.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR March 9th Meeting: 'Long COVID: Some unexpected and troubling findings as of early 2022'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#zelicoff"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/henrietta-lacks-200.png"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR January 9th Meeting: 'Henrietta Lacks, the HeLa Cell Line, and the Long Wait for Justice'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#helacells"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/jw1.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR Meeting, December 8, 2021: Light Rail Outlook with JW Madison</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#railsinc"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/tall-el-hammam.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR Meeting, November 10, 2021: Panel Discussion on Tall el-Hammam, Airbursts, and Sodom, with Dr. Mark Boslough</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#tall-el-hammam"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/crumpler2.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR Meeting, October 20, 2021: Larry Crumpler, with an Update from Mars: Perseverance, Ingenuity and More!!</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#crumplersmars"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/mick-west-uap.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR Meeting, July 14, 2021: Mick West on the Great 2021 UFO Flap!</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#greatufoflap"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/gmx-Unit.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Dave Thomas on 'They're Ba-ack! Magnetic Water Conditioning and Other Pseudoscience Zombies'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#pseudozombies"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/boslough\_200.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>As seen on Jeopardy! April Fools and Alabama π with Dr. Mark Boslough</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#alabamapi"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/bforrest200.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Barbara Forrest on 'Thoughts on Kitzmiller 15 Years On'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#barbforrest"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/soutter2.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Nicholas Lamar Soutter on the Election, the Future of Science, and More!</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#soutter"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/CynthiaHall.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Cynthia Hall on 'The PRC and Climate Change: What's Taking So Long?'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#cynthiahall"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-solomon.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Tom Solomon on 'A Sustainable Economy Without Fracking'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#solomon"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-covid19panel.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Covid-19 Panel Discussion, with Coffee Brown, M.D. and Austin Moede, M.D. and Dave Thomas</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#covid19"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/Olivarez\_Holly.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Holly Olivarez on 'The connection between Climate Change & COVID-19'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#olivarez"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-gover.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>James Gover's August 11th, 2021 presentation on 'Congress and Technology Development'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#jimgover2021"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-flatexpdtn.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR Expedition to M Mountain: Round Earth Proof at Last</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/flatter2.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-flat-earth.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Bruce Lacey, on 'A Flat Earther's Journey and Perspective'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/fe-lacey.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-evo-hurricane.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Why is NM's Public Education Department Gutting Science Standards?</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/ped2017.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-loftus-gmo.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Matthew Lee Loftus presentation on 'Genetically Engineered Food Opposition: the Gap between Science and Public Perception'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/GE-Food-Opposition.pdf"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-krqe2015.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>News 13 and Albuquerque Journal Succumb to Creationist Whining...</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/krqe2015.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-fraser.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Mark Fraser's UPDATED 2015 talk on 'Debunking Climate Denialists'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr\_agw.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-matzke.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>The evolution of antievolution policies after Kitzmiller v. Dover, New Mexico Version</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/matzkestudy.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-magic.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>MIND READING ON THE INTERNET?<br />Try out NMSR's new Magic Trick!</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/magick1.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-footprint.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Taxpayers on the hook for UNM Bigfoot expedition? KRYDER TALK AT NMSR.</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/bigfoot.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-news.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>September 2023 NMSR Reports is Online! News, Puzzles, Meetings, Wave/Particle Duality Discussion, MORE!</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/pdfnews.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/Mario\_Cruz.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Mario Cruz on 'AI Persuasive Technology and Social Media: A moral dilemma?'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm#mariocruz"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-wacky.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Wacky Letters to NMSR</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/letters.htm#Latest"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-chem.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Kim Johnson's Chemtrail Analysis - <i>UPDATED</i></b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/mkjrept.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/dennis-lee.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Dennis Lee FOUND after 10 years!</b> There's a New Scam!</b>"); s.link = "http://www.nmsr.org/denislee.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/slide-stork.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>Strengths and Weaknesses</b> by P.S. Braterman</b>"); s.link = "http://www.nmsr.org/stork.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/trianglepuzz200.png"; s.text = unescape("<b>NMSR Puzzles! NOVEMBER 2023 PUZZLE - 'X the Unknown'</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/puzzles.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); s = new slide(); s.src = "http://www.nmsr.org/ernie.jpg"; s.text = unescape("<b>'The New Adventures of Ernie Electron' by Dave Thomas</b>"); s.link = " http://www.nmsr.org/ernie1.htm"; s.target = ""; s.attr = ""; s.filter = ""; SLIDES.add\_slide(s); if (true) SLIDES.shuffle(); //--> \| \| \| --- \| \| [Slideshow image](javascript:SLIDES.hotlink()) search for this, never find it \| <!-- if (document.images) { SLIDES.image = document.images.SLIDESIMG; SLIDES.textid = "SLIDESTEXT"; SLIDES.update(); SLIDES.play(); } //--> ![](rainbar.gif) * ![](new!.gif)[Flat Earth Claim that Sun Acts Like a "Spotlight" -- DISPROVED!](http://www.nmsr.org/flatter.htm) * ![](new!.gif)[Simple, Inexpensive Experiment Proves Earth is Round!](http://www.nmsr.org/flatter2.htm) * ![](new!.gif)[On the Elat Earth, The Sun Never Sets!](http://www.nmsr.org/flatter3.htm) * ![](new!.gif)[On the Flat Earth, How High is the Sun?](http://www.nmsr.org/flatter4.htm) * ![](new!.gif)[December 12th, 2018 NMSR Meeting: Bruce Lacey, on "A Flat Earther's Journey and Perspective"](http://www.nmsr.org/fe-lacey.htm) * ![](new!.gif)[Bruce Laceys Response to January NMSR Reports](fe-lacey.htm#lacey_response) * ![](new!.gif)[Closure, by Dave Thomas](fe-lacey.htm#closure) \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| [Videos](http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr-hot.htm) of Recent Meetings! \| *[Next NMSR Meeting, January 10th, 2024](meetings.htm#latest) TBD* \| [NOVEMBER 2023 NMSR REPORTS ON-LINE](http://www.nmsr.org/pdfnews.htm) - News, Puzzles, Meetings, Invention of Nicotine Patch, Fall Haiku, MORE! \| [Puzzles](http://www.nmsr.org/puzzles.htm) NOVEMBER 2023 PUZZLE - "X the Unknown" \| \| [9-11 "Truth" Resources: Presentation Slides, Physics Videos, More! Visit](http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr911.htm) [NMSR's YouTube Channel](http://www.youtube.com/user/theNMSR) \| [NMSR's Anthropogenic Global Warming Fact Sheet](http://www.nmsr.org/nmsr_agw.htm) [Mark Fraser's UPDATED 2015 talk on 'Debunking Climate Denialists'](http://www.nmsr.org/FRASER_V2_Climate_talk_NMSR_2015.pdf) \| [Wondering about Graham Hancock and "Ancient Apocalypse"? Check this out FIRST!](http://www.nmsr.org/hancock.htm) \| [Solve This Week's Socorro Stumper (from El Defensor Chieftain)](http://www.nmsr.org/SocorroStumper.htm) \| \| [Science Watch Podcasts](http://www.nmsr.org/goradio.htm) NMSR Science Watch is now going to the Internet Archive!!! \| NMSR's Chemtrail Articles * [CHEMTRAIL FEARS THRIVE ON INTERNET](http://www.nmsr.org/chemtrls.htm) * [N.M. Physicist M. K. Johnson on Chemtrails](http://www.nmsr.org/mkjrept.htm) * ["A Pilot's View" by Ian Wickson](http://www.nmsr.org/pilotsvu.htm) [Taxpayers on the hook for UNM Bigfoot expedition? Rob Kryder talked to NMSR on January 14, 2017. SEE MEETING SUMMARY.](bigfoot.htm) \| ["Thats Not How You Handle Secret, Compartmentalized Information. I Should Know." by Dave Thomas](http://www.nmsr.org/secrets.htm) \| \| \| MIND READING ON THE INTERNET?[Try out NMSR's new Magic Trick!](http://www.nmsr.org/magick1.htm) \| [Dennis Lee is FOUND after 10 years! The NEW Scam!](http://www.nmsr.org/denislee.htm) \| ["Beyond Earthquake Lights: Progress in Seismo-EM" by Alberto Enriquez](http://www.nmsr.org/eqlights.htm) \| Marshall Berman's Feb. 13th Darwin Day Talk "The 'Intelligently Designed' Attack on Science and Society" is [ON-LINE!](http://www.nmsr.org/mberman.pdf) \| \| [Complete Site Map](http://www.nmsr.org/sitemap.htm) \| [HOUSE BILL 302 has been TABLED!](http://www.nmsr.org/leg2011.htm) \| [Curious about Rio Rancho EX-Mayor Kevin Jackson?](http://www.nmsr.org/whatsnew.htm#jackson) \| [Search the Site](http://www.nmsr.org/srchnmsr.htm) \| \| [The Bible Code](http://www.nmsr.org/biblecod.htm) \| [The Roswell Incident](http://www.nmsr.org/roswell.htm) \| [Evolution Science Links](http://www.nmsr.org/tvi-e102.htm) \| [The LIE: "NM is ID-Friendly"](http://www.nmsr.org/thelie.htm) \| ![](rainbar.gif) ![](rainbar.gif) *DAVE THOMAS CAN BE REACHED AT* [nmsrdaveATswcp.com](mailto:nmsrdaveATswcp.com) or [alcazarusATyahoo.com](mailto:alcazarusATyahoo.com) (Help fight SPAM! Please replace the AT's with @'s ) NOTE - PLEASE USE A DESCRIPTIVE SUBJECT LINE! E-MAILS WITH NO SUBJECT LINE, OR ONLY A ONE-WORD SUBJECT LINE, WILL BE AUTOMATICALLY DELETED AS *SPAM*! ![](rainbar.gif) Last Update : November 18th, 2023 All Content © 2023 Webmaster: [David E. Thomas](mailto:nmsrdaveATswcp.com%20%28Dave%20Thomas,%20NMSR%29) (Help fight SPAM! Please replace the AT with an @)	http://nmsr.org/
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<html><head><title>The Math Behind the Magic</title> <link rev="made" href="mailto:team-0@gamezero.com"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/team-0/graphics/main-style.css" type="text/css"> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" onLoad="if(top.location!=self.location) top.location=self.location"> <center> <p><img src="chip2.gif" alt="" width="160" height="103"></p> <h1>Processor Design</h1> <h2>Boolean Algebra-- The Fundamental Backbone</h2> </center> <h3>Forget the math you learned in Elementary School</h3> <p>Although there were some wonderfully usefull skills that they taught you as a child, the mathematics you learned does not hold true here. Most people starting in Microelectronic engineering <em>(or Semiconductor Design)</em> stumble with these concepts. The very start of boolean algebra is actually quite simple--in fact, it only involves 0's and 1's. Boolean algebra is a mathematical way to solve and optimise logic problems, involving only true (1) and false (0).</p> <p>Why only 0's and 1's? Because the electronic equipment that we will be using can not read complex voltages, or values--to a computer there is only on and off. On is symbolically true. In the actual computer this is usually any voltage that is greater than the threshold value (typically 2.2V) up to the max voltage (typically 5V). This range in voltages to represent true is necessary to allow for small powerlosses caused by resistance in the circuit, and other flucuations. Any value that is below the threshold value is considered to be false (0). By using voltages to determine true and false algorithms, we are making it possible to feed electricity through a circuit, and activate different stages. But we will touch more on this later.</p> <p>The very first thing that we need to learn to do using boolean algebra is count. The number system of 0's and 1's in boolean algebra is known as binary. Binary is very simple to learn. As you begin, you just keep carrying over the numbers... Here is an example-- <pre> 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 </pre> For our purposes, however many numbers (bits) you start with, that is as high as you can count.</p> <p>Now that we are used to only using 0's and 1's, we need to learn some very simple techniques--like addition and subtraction. Don't be fooled it is not as simple as you might think. The first step is addition, this should be very familiar. In fact, it is the same as the decimal math that you are used to. Here are a few examples. <pre> 0001 0100 1000 + 0010 + 0110 + 1000 ---- ---- ---- 0011 1010 1 0000 </pre> Pay close attention to the final case, where there is a "carry." This last floating 1 is to high to be included in the sequence, so our answer is "0000" with a carry, <em>not</em> "10000." This distinction is very important in boolean algebra, since in hardware each digit will be represented as a bit, and you can not increase the number of "bits" your processor can handle at a time. Ie-- if you have an 8-bit processor and you have a carry, you must have a way to handle that 9th digit, because only 8 can fit on the bus at one time. You don't need to worry about a bus yet, however. For now, just know that you can not have more bits than the number that you started with. This leads us into subtraction. This once simple action is not necessarily so easy anymore. Our processors really only do addition. In order to subtract, we need to add a negative. This is simple in concept, but here is where it gets tricky--there are no negatives in boolean algebra. This is why the 2's compliment number system was devised. Two's compliment is a way that lets us represent the entire numeric range in binary. This is done by taking the first significant bit and converting it for use similar to a +/- sign. A "1" proceeding a number means that number is negative, while a "0" means it is postive. Here are some examples: <pre> Decimal Binary 3 = 011 2 = 010 1 = 001 0 = 000 -1 = 111 -2 = 110 -3 = 101 -4 = 100 </pre> Keep in mind that when we are dealing with two's compliment numbers for subtraction, 111 does not represent the decimal "8", but rather a "-3." However, when we are adding, or not dealing with two's compliment, it does. Are you still with me? I hope so, because I'm sure by now you see the problem with two's compliment. If your processor can only handle 8 bits, in order to handle negative values, it can really only compute 7 numeric bits, and one signed bit! This limits the maximum word length that a CPU can handle. However, for now, we won't worry about that. What is more important is a way to have the processor compute the two's compliment number for itself. Luckily, this is very simple. There is one simple process that converts normal binary to two's compliment, and vice versa. All that you need to do is take your number, lets say 101, invert every number and add 1, like this: <pre> 0101 (Number in unsigned binary) 1010 (Bits inverted) + 0001 (Add a 1) ----- 1011 Your finished two's compliment number. </pre> You can see from here that this number is now a negative 101. Notice how I added a bit to the front to hold the sign. This gives us a 4 bit number. For our first processor, we will leave it as a 4-bit design, although adding more would be quite simple. The main advantage to this conversion scheme, is that it works both ways. Say we are complete with two's complement processing, and would like to return to normal-- just apply the method again-- <pre> 1011 (Number as two's compliment) 0100 (Bits inverted) + 0001 (Add a 1) ----- 0101 Your finished Unsigned Binary number </pre> Simple! Now that we understand how two's compliment works, we can move on to subtraction... see I told you it was not what you were used to! Okay, lets start with an example. <pre> 0100 Convert this 0100 Now represent 0100 Then complete 0100 -0011 to an addition +-0011 our negative + 1101 the addition! + 1101 ---- problem first ---- as 2's comp. ---- ---- = -> -> -> 1 0001 </pre> The decimal equivalent to what we just did was take 4-3=1. Only, you can see that we actually ran out of significant bits, causing a carry situation. If you were watching closely you would realize that this 2's complement scheme has a hole in it--overflows. This is a situation where an you actually run out of significant bits and the number <em>rolls over.</em> This is best shown with another example <pre> 5 Our decimal 0101 However in binary 5 +3 problem looks + 0011 the numbers end up +3 --- like this ------ like this, meaning --- 8 1000 -8 </pre> This common overflow problem can only be encountered when you are adding 2 numbers of the same sign (ie negative plus negative, or positive plus a positive.) What happens is, that the 2's compliment system is really a number "wheel" and the number follwing +7 is -8. If you were counting up in binary, the 2's compliment equivalent would look like this <pre> 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 +0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 </pre> Alrighty... By now I hope you have a light grasp on 2's compliment. As you use it more it gets much easier.</p> <h3>The Rules of the Game</h3> <p> Now that we understand the most basic of the boolean/binary functions, it is time to move onto logic. Logic is perhaps the single most straightforward topic you'll ever use. Digital circuit logic is something you have been practicing since you learned to talk, you just didn't know it. There are two <em>key</em> operators that you must learn first--'And' and 'Or'. The first operator, And, is represented by the multiplication symbol () in Boolean algebra, while Or is represented by the addition symbol (+). A few good examples of + and will clarify their usage <pre> 1 and 1 = 1 1 or 1 = 1 1 and 0 = 0 1 or 0 = 1 0 and 1 = 0 0 or 0 = 0 0 and 0 = 0 0 or 0 = 1 </pre> As you can see, for an And statement to be true, all of the statements must be true. For an Or statement, only one of the statements must be true. Now let's look at that very same problem represented in true Boolean algebra style. <pre> 1 * 1 = 1 1 + 1 = 1 1 * 0 = 0 1 + 0 = 1 0 * 1 = 0 0 + 0 = 0 0 * 0 = 0 0 + 0 = 1 </pre> There we have it! Boolean algebra! Now that we know that, there is really only a few small additional rules to hammer out. Instead of deriving all of the rules we will use, I am just going to give them to you. If you are ambitious enough, all of these rules can be proved using the boolean algebra techniques that you've already learned. <pre> <strong>The set B contains at least two elements a, b such that a does not equal b.</strong> <strong>Closure:</strong> For every a, b in B a + b is in B a * b is in B <strong>Commutative Laws</strong> For every a, b in B. a + b = b + a a * b = b * a <strong>Associative Laws:</strong> For every a, b, c in B (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) = a + b + c (a * b) * c = a * (b * c) = a * b * c <strong>Distributive Laws</strong>--<em>These are different than you are used to!</em> a + (b * c) = (a + b) * (a + c) a * (b + c) = (a * b) + (a * c) <strong>Compliment</strong> Where a' is the compliment of a a + a' = 1 a * a' = 0 <strong>Lemma 1:</strong> X + X = X <em>And through Duality X * X = X</em> <strong>Lemma 2:</strong> X + 1 = 1 <em>And through Duality X * 0 = 0</em> </pre> <p>This wraps up your basic starter course in Boolean Algebra. These basic skills will let you rapidly progress into the field of processor design! So why wait, join in on the next installment of <em>The Math Behind the Magic</em> where we begin to build logic circuits that will add, perform functions, and more!</p> <p><em><a href="index.html">Jump Back to the Processor Design Home Page</a></em></p> <center> <p><hr width="500" color="#C0C0C0" noshade> [ <a href="/gamezero/contents.html">New Contents</a> ]<br>[ <a href="/team-0/contents.html">Classic Contents</a> - <a href="/team-0/articles/">Articles</a> - <a href="/team-0/final_word/">Reviews</a> - <a href="/team-0/comics/">Comics</a> - <a href="/team-0/pro_page/">Codes</a> ]</p> <p class="footer">©Game Zero Magazine</p> <hr size="3" color="#C0C0C0" noshade> </center> <!-- Piwik --> <script type="text/javascript"> var _paq = _paq \|\| []; _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="//www.kitchencloset.com/piwik/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'piwik.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', 2]); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.defer=true; g.src=u+'piwik.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script> <noscript><p><img src="//www.kitchencloset.com/piwik/piwik.php?idsite=2" style="border:0;" alt="" /></p></noscript> <!-- End Piwik Code --> </body></html>	The Math Behind the Magic ![](chip2.gif) # Processor Design ## Boolean Algebra-- The Fundamental Backbone ### Forget the math you learned in Elementary School Although there were some wonderfully usefull skills that they taught you as a child, the mathematics you learned does not hold true here. Most people starting in Microelectronic engineering (or Semiconductor Design) stumble with these concepts. The very start of boolean algebra is actually quite simple--in fact, it only involves 0's and 1's. Boolean algebra is a mathematical way to solve and optimise logic problems, involving only true (1) and false (0). Why only 0's and 1's? Because the electronic equipment that we will be using can not read complex voltages, or values--to a computer there is only on and off. On is symbolically true. In the actual computer this is usually any voltage that is greater than the threshold value (typically 2.2V) up to the max voltage (typically 5V). This range in voltages to represent true is necessary to allow for small powerlosses caused by resistance in the circuit, and other flucuations. Any value that is below the threshold value is considered to be false (0). By using voltages to determine true and false algorithms, we are making it possible to feed electricity through a circuit, and activate different stages. But we will touch more on this later. The very first thing that we need to learn to do using boolean algebra is count. The number system of 0's and 1's in boolean algebra is known as binary. Binary is very simple to learn. As you begin, you just keep carrying over the numbers... Here is an example-- ``` 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 ``` For our purposes, however many numbers (bits) you start with, that is as high as you can count. Now that we are used to only using 0's and 1's, we need to learn some very simple techniques--like addition and subtraction. Don't be fooled it is not as simple as you might think. The first step is addition, this should be very familiar. In fact, it is the same as the decimal math that you are used to. Here are a few examples. ``` 0001 0100 1000 + 0010 + 0110 + 1000 ---- ---- ---- 0011 1010 1 0000 ``` Pay close attention to the final case, where there is a "carry." This last floating 1 is to high to be included in the sequence, so our answer is "0000" with a carry, not "10000." This distinction is very important in boolean algebra, since in hardware each digit will be represented as a bit, and you can not increase the number of "bits" your processor can handle at a time. Ie-- if you have an 8-bit processor and you have a carry, you must have a way to handle that 9th digit, because only 8 can fit on the bus at one time. You don't need to worry about a bus yet, however. For now, just know that you can not have more bits than the number that you started with. This leads us into subtraction. This once simple action is not necessarily so easy anymore. Our processors really only do addition. In order to subtract, we need to add a negative. This is simple in concept, but here is where it gets tricky--there are no negatives in boolean algebra. This is why the 2's compliment number system was devised. Two's compliment is a way that lets us represent the entire numeric range in binary. This is done by taking the first significant bit and converting it for use similar to a +/- sign. A "1" proceeding a number means that number is negative, while a "0" means it is postive. Here are some examples: ``` Decimal Binary 3 = 011 2 = 010 1 = 001 0 = 000 -1 = 111 -2 = 110 -3 = 101 -4 = 100 ``` Keep in mind that when we are dealing with two's compliment numbers for subtraction, 111 does not represent the decimal "8", but rather a "-3." However, when we are adding, or not dealing with two's compliment, it does. Are you still with me? I hope so, because I'm sure by now you see the problem with two's compliment. If your processor can only handle 8 bits, in order to handle negative values, it can really only compute 7 numeric bits, and one signed bit! This limits the maximum word length that a CPU can handle. However, for now, we won't worry about that. What is more important is a way to have the processor compute the two's compliment number for itself. Luckily, this is very simple. There is one simple process that converts normal binary to two's compliment, and vice versa. All that you need to do is take your number, lets say 101, invert every number and add 1, like this: ``` 0101 (Number in unsigned binary) 1010 (Bits inverted) + 0001 (Add a 1) ----- 1011 Your finished two's compliment number. ``` You can see from here that this number is now a negative 101. Notice how I added a bit to the front to hold the sign. This gives us a 4 bit number. For our first processor, we will leave it as a 4-bit design, although adding more would be quite simple. The main advantage to this conversion scheme, is that it works both ways. Say we are complete with two's complement processing, and would like to return to normal-- just apply the method again-- ``` 1011 (Number as two's compliment) 0100 (Bits inverted) + 0001 (Add a 1) ----- 0101 Your finished Unsigned Binary number ``` Simple! Now that we understand how two's compliment works, we can move on to subtraction... see I told you it was not what you were used to! Okay, lets start with an example. ``` 0100 Convert this 0100 Now represent 0100 Then complete 0100 -0011 to an addition +-0011 our negative + 1101 the addition! + 1101 ---- problem first ---- as 2's comp. ---- ---- = -> -> -> 1 0001 ``` The decimal equivalent to what we just did was take 4-3=1. Only, you can see that we actually ran out of significant bits, causing a carry situation. If you were watching closely you would realize that this 2's complement scheme has a hole in it--overflows. This is a situation where an you actually run out of significant bits and the number rolls over. This is best shown with another example ``` 5 Our decimal 0101 However in binary 5 +3 problem looks + 0011 the numbers end up +3 --- like this ------ like this, meaning --- 8 1000 -8 ``` This common overflow problem can only be encountered when you are adding 2 numbers of the same sign (ie negative plus negative, or positive plus a positive.) What happens is, that the 2's compliment system is really a number "wheel" and the number follwing +7 is -8. If you were counting up in binary, the 2's compliment equivalent would look like this ``` 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 +0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 ``` Alrighty... By now I hope you have a light grasp on 2's compliment. As you use it more it gets much easier. ### The Rules of the Game Now that we understand the most basic of the boolean/binary functions, it is time to move onto logic. Logic is perhaps the single most straightforward topic you'll ever use. Digital circuit logic is something you have been practicing since you learned to talk, you just didn't know it. There are two key operators that you must learn first--'And' and 'Or'. The first operator, And, is represented by the multiplication symbol (\) in Boolean algebra, while Or is represented by the addition symbol (+). A few good examples of + and \ will clarify their usage ``` 1 and 1 = 1 1 or 1 = 1 1 and 0 = 0 1 or 0 = 1 0 and 1 = 0 0 or 0 = 0 0 and 0 = 0 0 or 0 = 1 ``` As you can see, for an And statement to be true, all of the statements must be true. For an Or statement, only one of the statements must be true. Now let's look at that very same problem represented in true Boolean algebra style. ``` 1 * 1 = 1 1 + 1 = 1 1 * 0 = 0 1 + 0 = 1 0 * 1 = 0 0 + 0 = 0 0 * 0 = 0 0 + 0 = 1 ``` There we have it! Boolean algebra! Now that we know that, there is really only a few small additional rules to hammer out. Instead of deriving all of the rules we will use, I am just going to give them to you. If you are ambitious enough, all of these rules can be proved using the boolean algebra techniques that you've already learned. ``` The set B contains at least two elements a, b such that a does not equal b. Closure: For every a, b in B a + b is in B a * b is in B Commutative Laws For every a, b in B. a + b = b + a a * b = b * a Associative Laws: For every a, b, c in B (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) = a + b + c (a * b) * c = a * (b * c) = a * b * c Distributive Laws--These are different than you are used to! a + (b * c) = (a + b) * (a + c) a * (b + c) = (a * b) + (a * c) Compliment Where a' is the compliment of a a + a' = 1 a * a' = 0 Lemma 1: X + X = X And through Duality X \ X = X* Lemma 2: X + 1 = 1 And through Duality X \ 0 = 0* ``` This wraps up your basic starter course in Boolean Algebra. These basic skills will let you rapidly progress into the field of processor design! So why wait, join in on the next installment of The Math Behind the Magic where we begin to build logic circuits that will add, perform functions, and more! 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<html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <title>The Myth of Osiris and Isis by Whitney Bayuk</title> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 3.0"> <meta name="Microsoft Border" content="none"> </head> <body> <p><img src="images/gods1.jpg" align="right" alt="Seth, Isis, Osiris and Horus - Sculpted by Whitney Bayuk" border="0" width="404" height="374"><font face="Viner Hand ITC"><strong><u><big><big>The Myth of Osiris and Isis</big></big><br> </u>by Whitney Bayuk<br> Age 12</strong></font><font FACE="Viner Hand ITC" SIZE="4"></p> <p>Ancient Egyptians were very interesting people. They believed in many gods and myths that were made to explain the world and its wonders. One of the most famous families of gods is the children of Geb and Nut, who are; Osiris, Isis, Seth (also known as Set), and Nephthys. People probably know of these gods more than others because of the famous myth of Isis and Osiris. I will talk of this myth in this essay. Now I will begin my essay on this family of gods. </p> <p>Geb and Nut are the son and daughter of Shu and Tefnut. Geb was the Earth and Nut was the sky. It was believed that every night Nut swallowed the sun. Then in the morning, Nut would give birth to it like a child. </p> <p>Geb and Nut had two daughters and two sons. Isis and Nephthys were their daughters, and Set and Osiris were their sons. When they grew up, Nephthys married Set and Isis married Osiris. </p> <p>Osiris was given the fruit, plants, seeds, and rich soil. He later became the god of the underworld, being the first to have lived after death. Osiris was often shown as a bull or looking somewhat like a mummy.</p> <p>Set was given the desert and sands, where nothing could grow. He caused the sandstorms and swirling sand in the desert. He liked the darkness at night and the salt in the sea. He could take the form of a crocodile, an ass, or a hippopotamus. </p> <p>Nephthys and Isis were very close. They were so close they were like the same person. Nephthys liked the darkness and the dark moon, whilst Isis liked the light and the full and new moon. Isis could be a cow, star or tree. She controlled the dew, rain, and moisture. Nephthys was the goddess of the underworld. She was also the mother of Anubis with Set or Osiris, depending on the version of the story. Isis was the mother of Horus with Osiris. Anubis is often shown as a jackal, and Horus is shown as a hawk. </p> <p>The myth of Osiris and Isis is a very long one, but I will tell it as simply as I can. </p> <p>Set was very jealous of Osiris because he was more important than him. He decided to make an evil plan to kill him. He threw a party. At the party, there was a beautiful chest there. Set promised that whoever fit into the chest perfectly would get to keep it. Nobody knew that he had secretly made it the perfect size for Osiris. Everyone tried it but would not fit. When Osiris tried it, Set slammed it closed and nailed it shut. He threw it into the Nile to be swept away. Isis was heart broken and immediately set off to find him. </p> <p>Meanwhile, the casket had been swept onto shore. A tree had grown op around it, enclosing it in its trunk. Then the tree had been cut down and was used as a pillar for the palace of King Byblos. Isis found this out and came there in disguise. Byblos saw her and begged her to take care of his child. Isis grew quite fond of the child and decided to make him immortal. So every night she would throw him onto magical fires to burn away all that was mortal about him. Then Isis would turn herself into a swallow and fly around the pillar weeping for her spouse. Unexpectedly one day Byblos came home and saw his child in the fires and blew them out. Isis became angry and told him that now his son could never become immortal. He apologized and asked what he could do to make it up to her. Isis asked for the pillar and he let her have it. She removed the casket and wept upon it. Then she brought it home and when no one was looking, she opened it up. She turned into a bird called a kite and flapped her mighty wings. The wind her beating wings created gave him the Breath of Life for one day. During this time, she conceived her son Horus from him. Then she concealed the casket among long reeds. She went away to secretly give birth to her son. </p> <p>Unfortunately, one night Set was hunting and he saw the familiar chest. He was furious and tore up the body into fourteen pieces. Then he scattered the pieces all over Egypt so no one could restore them. </p> <p>Isis was inconsolable. She immediately began searching for the pieces in hopes of putting them back together. Nephthys also helped her. Nephthys felt sorry for her and infuriated with Set for doing such an awful thing. Anubis, Nephthys's son, also helped. He was like a jackal and was good at finding things. Eventually, they found all the parts but one, which they made a model of. They put all the parts together and Osiris looked as he had before. </p> <p>Isis then performed rituals and, with the help of Anubis, she brought him back to life. Osiris was sent to rule the underworld, being the only person to live after death. He ruled it as he had once ruled the Earth. The sun, Ra, would wake him up every night after everyone had gone asleep. </p> <p>Isis then went back to raise her son. He grew up in secrecy hidden in the reeds. Then, when he was old enough, Horus often took the form of a hawk. Horus decided to take revenge on Set for the murder of his father. </p> <p>He fought him for three days and three nights until Thoth came between them. He knew the difference between right and wrong and took them both to the Court of Law. They listened to Horus's side of the story. Then they listened to Set's side of the story but no one believed him. Then the verdict was given. Set was guilty and sentenced to carrying the boat that held the sun across the sky. He had to overcome he serpent of darkness that tried to eat the sun. </p> <p>Then Horus got the privilege of taking his father's place ruling the Earth as Osiris had once done. The story does not end here, but this is the main part of the story that is most known and most important.</p> <p>That is the tale of the family of Nut and Geb. They played a very important part in Ancient Egyptian mythology. This Is a wonderful story and I hope that you enjoyed it and learned a lot. </font></p> <p><font face="Viner Hand ITC" size="5"><u><strong>Bibliography</strong></u></font></p> <p><font face="Viner Hand ITC" size="4">Jules Cashfor, T<u>he Myth of Osiris and Isis</u>, 1993, Barefoot Books Ltd., Bristol</font></p> <p><font face="Viner Hand ITC" size="4">Gerladine Harris, <u>Gods and Pharaohs from Egyptian Mythology</u>, 1983, Shocken Books, NY</font></p> <p align="center"><strong><font size="4">Copyright (c) 1999 - Whitney Bayuk<br> <em>All Rights Reserved </em></font></strong></p> <p align="center"><a href="index.htm" target="_top"><font face="Viner Hand ITC"><big><strong>Return To Guardian's Ancient Egypt Kids Connection</strong></big></font></a></p> <p align="center"><a href="http://guardians.net/egypt/" target="_top"><img src="../banners/ge-banner1.jpg" alt="CLICK to Enter Guardian's Egypt" border="0" hspace="2" width="468" height="72"></a><br> <a href="http://guardians.net/egypt" target="_top"><font face="Viner Hand ITC"><strong>Click To Enter Guardian's Egypt</strong></font></a></p> <p align="center"><font face="Viner Hand ITC"><strong><!--webbot bot="HitCounter" i-image="2" i-digits="0" PREVIEW="<strong>[Hit Counter]</strong>" u-custom i-resetvalue="0" startspan --><img src="../../_vti_bin/fpcount.exe/?Page=egypt/kids/myth_of_osiris_and_isis.htm\|Image=2" alt="Hit Counter"><!--webbot bot="HitCounter" endspan i-checksum="54660" --></strong></font></p> </body> </html>	The Myth of Osiris and Isis by Whitney Bayuk ![Seth, Isis, Osiris and Horus - Sculpted by Whitney Bayuk](images/gods1.jpg)The Myth of Osiris and Isis by Whitney Bayuk Age 12 Ancient Egyptians were very interesting people. They believed in many gods and myths that were made to explain the world and its wonders. One of the most famous families of gods is the children of Geb and Nut, who are; Osiris, Isis, Seth (also known as Set), and Nephthys. People probably know of these gods more than others because of the famous myth of Isis and Osiris. I will talk of this myth in this essay. Now I will begin my essay on this family of gods. Geb and Nut are the son and daughter of Shu and Tefnut. Geb was the Earth and Nut was the sky. It was believed that every night Nut swallowed the sun. Then in the morning, Nut would give birth to it like a child. Geb and Nut had two daughters and two sons. Isis and Nephthys were their daughters, and Set and Osiris were their sons. When they grew up, Nephthys married Set and Isis married Osiris. Osiris was given the fruit, plants, seeds, and rich soil. He later became the god of the underworld, being the first to have lived after death. Osiris was often shown as a bull or looking somewhat like a mummy. Set was given the desert and sands, where nothing could grow. He caused the sandstorms and swirling sand in the desert. He liked the darkness at night and the salt in the sea. He could take the form of a crocodile, an ass, or a hippopotamus. Nephthys and Isis were very close. They were so close they were like the same person. Nephthys liked the darkness and the dark moon, whilst Isis liked the light and the full and new moon. Isis could be a cow, star or tree. She controlled the dew, rain, and moisture. Nephthys was the goddess of the underworld. She was also the mother of Anubis with Set or Osiris, depending on the version of the story. Isis was the mother of Horus with Osiris. Anubis is often shown as a jackal, and Horus is shown as a hawk. The myth of Osiris and Isis is a very long one, but I will tell it as simply as I can. Set was very jealous of Osiris because he was more important than him. He decided to make an evil plan to kill him. He threw a party. At the party, there was a beautiful chest there. Set promised that whoever fit into the chest perfectly would get to keep it. Nobody knew that he had secretly made it the perfect size for Osiris. Everyone tried it but would not fit. When Osiris tried it, Set slammed it closed and nailed it shut. He threw it into the Nile to be swept away. Isis was heart broken and immediately set off to find him. Meanwhile, the casket had been swept onto shore. A tree had grown op around it, enclosing it in its trunk. Then the tree had been cut down and was used as a pillar for the palace of King Byblos. Isis found this out and came there in disguise. Byblos saw her and begged her to take care of his child. Isis grew quite fond of the child and decided to make him immortal. So every night she would throw him onto magical fires to burn away all that was mortal about him. Then Isis would turn herself into a swallow and fly around the pillar weeping for her spouse. Unexpectedly one day Byblos came home and saw his child in the fires and blew them out. Isis became angry and told him that now his son could never become immortal. He apologized and asked what he could do to make it up to her. Isis asked for the pillar and he let her have it. She removed the casket and wept upon it. Then she brought it home and when no one was looking, she opened it up. She turned into a bird called a kite and flapped her mighty wings. The wind her beating wings created gave him the Breath of Life for one day. During this time, she conceived her son Horus from him. Then she concealed the casket among long reeds. She went away to secretly give birth to her son. Unfortunately, one night Set was hunting and he saw the familiar chest. He was furious and tore up the body into fourteen pieces. Then he scattered the pieces all over Egypt so no one could restore them. Isis was inconsolable. She immediately began searching for the pieces in hopes of putting them back together. Nephthys also helped her. Nephthys felt sorry for her and infuriated with Set for doing such an awful thing. Anubis, Nephthys's son, also helped. He was like a jackal and was good at finding things. Eventually, they found all the parts but one, which they made a model of. They put all the parts together and Osiris looked as he had before. Isis then performed rituals and, with the help of Anubis, she brought him back to life. Osiris was sent to rule the underworld, being the only person to live after death. He ruled it as he had once ruled the Earth. The sun, Ra, would wake him up every night after everyone had gone asleep. Isis then went back to raise her son. He grew up in secrecy hidden in the reeds. Then, when he was old enough, Horus often took the form of a hawk. Horus decided to take revenge on Set for the murder of his father. He fought him for three days and three nights until Thoth came between them. He knew the difference between right and wrong and took them both to the Court of Law. They listened to Horus's side of the story. Then they listened to Set's side of the story but no one believed him. Then the verdict was given. Set was guilty and sentenced to carrying the boat that held the sun across the sky. He had to overcome he serpent of darkness that tried to eat the sun. Then Horus got the privilege of taking his father's place ruling the Earth as Osiris had once done. The story does not end here, but this is the main part of the story that is most known and most important. That is the tale of the family of Nut and Geb. They played a very important part in Ancient Egyptian mythology. This Is a wonderful story and I hope that you enjoyed it and learned a lot. Bibliography Jules Cashfor, The Myth of Osiris and Isis, 1993, Barefoot Books Ltd., Bristol Gerladine Harris, Gods and Pharaohs from Egyptian Mythology, 1983, Shocken Books, NY *Copyright (c) 1999 - Whitney Bayuk All Rights Reserved* [Return To Guardian's Ancient Egypt Kids Connection](index.htm) [![CLICK to Enter Guardian's Egypt](../banners/ge-banner1.jpg)](http://guardians.net/egypt/) [Click To Enter Guardian's Egypt](http://guardians.net/egypt) ![Hit Counter](../../_vti_bin/fpcount.exe/?Page=egypt/kids/myth_of_osiris_and_isis.htm\|Image=2)**	http://guardians.net/egypt/kids/myth_of_osiris_and_isis.htm
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html> <head> <title>Temporal Anomalies in Popular Time Travel Movies</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <meta http-equiv="KeyWords" content="time, travel, temporal, anomaly, N-jump, paradox, infinity, loop, sawtooth, snap, Multiverser, movie"> <meta name="Author" content="M. 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Wells' The Time Machine</a><br> <a href="jacket.html"> The Jacket</a><br> <a href="safety.html"> Safety Not Guaranteed</a><br> <a href="phila1.html"> The Philadelphia Experiment</a><br> <a href="phila2.html">     The Philadelphia Experiment II</a><br> <a href="aftertime.html"> Time After Time</a><br> <a href="timecop.html"> TimeCop</a><br> <a href="about.html"> About Time</a><br> <a href="freebirds.html"> Free Birds</a><br> <a href="xmen.html"> X-Men:  Days of Future Past</a><br> <a href="edge.html"> Edge of Tomorrow</a><br> <a href="peabody.html"> Mr. Peabody & Sherman</a><br> <a href="predestination.html"> Predestination</a><br> <a href="almanac.html"> Project Almanac</a><br> <a href="41.html"> 41</a><br> <a href="lapse.html"> Time Lapse</a><br> <a href="synchron.html"> Synchronicity</a><br> <a href="paradox.html"> Paradox</a><br> <a href="homen.html"> O Homem Do Futuro<br>     a.k.a. The Man from the Future</a><br> <a href="abby.html"> Abby Sen</a><br> <a href="whenwe.html"> When We First Met</a><br> <a href="yesterday.html"> See You Yesterday</a><br> <a href="mirage.html"> Mirage</a><br> <a href="history.html"> The History of Time Travel</a> <br> <div class="movies-head">Theory Pages</div> <div class="movies-sub">in no particular order</div> <br> <a href="theory.html"> Discussing Time Travel Theory</a><br> <a href="timeprim.html"> A Primer on Time</a><br> <a href="science.html"> The Science of Time Travel</a><br> <a href="brothers.html"> The Two Brothers</a><br> <a href="sheet.html"> The Spreadsheet Illustration</a><br> <a href="cause.html"> The Uncaused Cause</a><br> <a href="suicide.html"> Mass Suicide and the Grandfather Paradox</a><br> <a href="2DTime.html"> Toward Two-Dimensional Time</a><br> <a href="critique.html"> A Critique of the Spreadsheet Theory</a><br> <a href="response.html"> Response to A Critique</a><br> <a href="theory101.html"> Temporal Theory 101</a><br> <a href="theoryQ.html"> Temporal Theory Questions<br>  (From The Examiner)</a><br> <a href="theory102.html"> Temporal Theory 102</a><br> <br> <div class="movies-head">Miscellaneous Articles</div> <div class="movies-sub">in original publication sequence except for indices inserted at correct points in the historic flow</div> <br> <a href="misc.html"> Miscellany</a><br> <a href="classics.html"> Temporal Anomalies Classics</a><br> <a href="index2009.html"> Temporal Anomalies Index 2009</a><br> <a href="backback.html"> Back to the Future Nationwide<br>  Theatrical Showing This Evening</a><br> <a href="bullock.html"> People Magazine's Woman of the Year<br>  Sandra Bullock<br>    featured in time travel films</a><br> <a href="index2010.html"> Temporal Anomalies Index 2010</a><br> <a href="sourceopens.html"> Source Code Opens April 1, 2011</a><br> <a href="future11.html"> Future Time Travel Film Analyses--2011</a><br> <a href="tv.html"> Why Not Analyze<br>  Time Travel Television Shows?</a><br> <a href="mib3a.html"> Men in Black III Remakes History</a><br> <a href="index2011.html"> Temporal Anomalies Index 2011</a><br> <a href="best01.html"> (Some of) The Best Time Travel Movies<br>  You Might Have Missed</a><br> <a href="mib3d.html"> Men in Black III May 25th U.S. debut<br>  midnight shows tonight</a><br> <a href="future12.html"> Future Time Travel Film Analyses--2012</a><br> <a href="index2012.html"> Temporal Anomalies Index 2012</a><br> <a href="best02.html"> (Some of) The Best Time Travel Movies<br>  for Children</a><br> <a href="films13.html"> Films Currently Showing, November 2013</a><br> <a href="future14.html"> Upcoming Time Travel Films,<br>  from February 2014</a><br> <a href="best03.html"> (Some of) The Best Time Travel<br>  Romance Movies</a><br> <a href="future15.html"> Upcoming time travel films,<br>  from December 2014</a><br> <a href="index2014.html"> Temporal Anomalies Index 2014</a><br> <a href="best04.html"> (Some of) The Best Time Travel Comedies</a><br> <a href="best05.html"> (Some of) The Best Time Travel Thrillers</a><br> <br> <div class="movies-head">Conversation</div> <div class="movies-sub">Not Letters</div> <br> <a href="letters.html"> Conversation</a><br> <a href="time01.htm">Chuck Buckley's Time Travel Problem:<br>  First Response</a><br> <a href="time02.htm">Chuck Buckley's Time Travel Problem:<br>  Second Response</a><br> <a href="time03.htm">Chuck Buckley's Time Travel Problem:<br>  Third Response</a><br> <a href="time04.htm">Chuck Buckley's Time Travel Problem:<br>  Fourth Response</a><br> <a href="vazor01.html">Vazor's Time Travel Questions:<br>  First Response</a><br> <br> <div class="movies-head">Conversation</div> <div class="movies-sub">Letters</div> <br> <a href="letter01.html">Doctor TOC, 12 Monkeys Fixed Timeline</a><br> <a href="letter02.html">Doctor TOC, Woman on Plane</a><br> <a href="letter03.html">JKrapf007, Evil Dead 2 Not a Remake</a><br> <a href="letter04.html">Nathro, Evil Dead 2 a Sequel</a><br> <a href="letter05.html">JKrapf007, Travel Before Your Birth</a><br> <a href="letter06.html">Nathro, More About Evil Dead</a><br> <a href="letter07.html">Sauce96, Terminator and Star Trek</a><br> <a href="letter08.html">Sauce96, Presenting an Original Story</a><br> <a href="letter09.html">Sauce96, Defending Paradox</a><br> <a href="letter10.html">Muhammed, A Line from 12 Monkeys</a><br> <a href="letter11.html">Holger Thiemann, 12 Monkeys Fixed Time</a><br> <a href="letter12.html">Chad Hadsell, Local Infinity Loops</a><br> <a href="letter13.html">Chad Hadsell, Time an Abstraction</a><br> <a href="letter14.html">Holger Thiemann, Testing the Theory</a><br> <a href="letter15.html">Chad Hadsell, Travel to the Future</a><br> <a href="letter16.html">Chad Hadsell, Erasing Future Self</a><br> <a href="letter17.html">Holger Thiemann, Temporal Duplicates</a><br> <a href="letter18.html">Gecko, 12 Monkeys Analysis Incorrect</a><br> <a href="letter19.html">Jason Seiler, 12 Monkeys Static Time</a><br> <a href="letter20.html">Jason Seiler, Metaphysics Class Links</a><br> <a href="letter21.html">Etienne Rouette, Woman on Plane</a><br> <a href="letter22.html">Matthew Potts, Woman on Plane</a><br> <a href="letter23.html">Bart, Parallel Universe Theory</a><br> <a href="letter24.html">Bart, Clarification</a><br> <a href="letter25.html">Illumin8, Spreadsheets</a><br> <br> <div class="movies-head">Copyright Information</div> <br> The temporal anomaly terminology used here is drawn from Appendix 11:  Temporal Anomalies of <a href="../publish/refrules.html"><i>Multiverser</i></a> from Valdron Inc, and is illustrated on the home page of this web site.  This site is part of <a href="../index.html">M. J. Young Net</a>. <p><a href="../publish/">Books by the Author</a>. </div> <center><a href="http://www.mjyoung.net/publish/time.html"><img src="../imgsrc/eg.jpg"><br><i><u>The Book</u></i></a></center><br> <div class="heading">Temporal Anomalies in Time Travel Movies</div> <div class="reviews">unravels</div> <div class="title">Problems in Time</div> <br> <div class="reviews"><a NAME="Start"></a>Time travel has been a staple in Science Fiction since H.G. Wells.  Unfortunately, much of what passes for intelligence in this area is poorly considered.</div> <br> <a name="anomalies"> <font class="section">Anomalies</font></a> <div class="section"> <p>For example, it is not possible to return to the past without changing the past in some way; nor is it possible<a href="../imgsrc/quantum.mid"><img SRC="../imgsrc/music.jpg" height=25 width=100 align=RIGHT></a> to change the future based on information from the future.  Doctor Who realized early on that changes to history were hazardous, and avoided them assiduously. <img SRC="../imgsrc/evenhori.gif" height=110 width=90 align=LEFT>Movies built on a time travel theme frequently become dissatisfying when the thread of time is closely examined.  In <a href="mill.html">Millennium</a>, once the era in which the time machine exists is destroyed, aren't all of those rescued survivors returned to their own times?  In <a href="monkeys.html">The Twelve Monkeys</a>, doesn't it appear that the disaster which the main character was to prevent <table align=right cols=1><tr><td><center><a href="http://www.scifi.com/sfw/issue292/site.html"><img SRC="../imgsrc/smsite.gif" height=65 width=219><br>Sci-Fi Weekly<br>Site of the Week</a></center></td></tr></table>would not have happened had he not interfered?  In Timecop, would any of that have happened had it not happened?  Even the venerable <a href="startrek.html">StarTrek</a> has created numerous anomalies which it has failed to resolve.  Pasts which are dependent upon futures dependent upon those pasts should make us cringe.  However, from time to time something works.  This web page has long attempted to examine some of the best, worst, and other examples of these.</p> <div class="right"> <a href="#top">Back to top of page.</a> </div> </div> <br> <br> <a name="movies"> <font class="section">Movies</font></a> <div class="section"> <p>This section once listed and briefly described all the movies analyzed in the order in which they were analyzed.  Maintaining that has become prohibitive.  The full list, with links, is to the right.</p> <p>It should be clarified concerning the movie analyses that they are not really in a <i>random</i> order, but the order is not always entirely consistent, either.  The first analysis published was <i>Terminator</i>, the then-two-part Schwarzenegger thriller in a single page.  On its heels we posted <i>Back to the Future</i> in three parts, and continued in very much the order you see on the list to the right.  However, we received a letter from a reader and so included the addendum to <i>Terminator</i>, listing it with the original film, and when, sometime later, we added an analysis of <i>Terminator 3:  Judgment Day</i>, we listed it with its predecessors.  Thus the system has continued much on that order, that each new analysis was added at the bottom of the list unless it was a sequel to a previously analyzed film.</p> <p>We did not always do it that way, but more recently decided that those sequels which were listed further down ought to be moved up with their prequels.</p> <p>There is some logic to this methodology, and it works in both directions.  On the one hand, many points that were fundamental to understanding what was eventually named <i>Replacement Theory</i> were first presented in the earlier movies, and even later as new significant points were recognized they would first appear in newly posted film analyses.  That meant analyses of later films were assuming that you had read the analyses of earlier films, and you would need to know which ones were the earlier films.  We made an effort to link from the later films to the earlier films, citing the previous explanations, but it still helps to have read the early material first.</p> <p>On the other hand, the more of these we did the more details we noticed.  Early analyses did not often address whether a film worked under a theory other than replacement theory (fixed time or multiple dimension), as the point was to present how replacement theory resolved those films.  The genetic problem was not discussed for quite a few years.  Similarly, problems with recall devices, solutions to predestination paradoxes--a lot of the theory stuff--appears later.  We were learning while we were writing.</p> <p>Of the early materials, all were written exclusively by me (although sometimes I bounced ideas off of others, most commonly Kyler C. B. Young, who is perhaps the best analyst I know in this subject, sometimes others) except for <i>Final Countdown</i>, which was done by John "A1Nut" Cross, who had been one of the most dedicated readers of the site and asked many questions.  I did take something of an editorial/oversight position on that, raising issues I was not sure he had addressed adequately and helping get it in shape for publication, but the work, and its solutions, is his.</p> <p>It should also be noted that beginning with <i>Primer</i>, that is, immediately after <i>Deja Vu</i>, there was a format change.  Up to that time, all analyses were done as single articles, some very long; <i>Primer</i> was the first analysis written to be published at The Examiner.  Because of that site's emphasis on many shorter articles, our analyses were serialized, and from that point up through <i>Project Almanac</i> the "sections" of the present web pages were, with some edits, the original articles as they appeared there.  That makes them somewhat more independent, although some of the "last time we wrote" material has been excised in many cases.  <i>Terminator Genisys</i> was being analyzed at the time of the transition back to this site, so it retains some of the formatting of that approach.</p> <p>There is also a page of <a href="other.html">other films</a>, movies of which I am aware are time travel films but were not treated here for a long time, some of which are now analyzed, others which might be, and others which probably will not be.  Preliminary comments on each are given.  I attempt to update it, adding films as I become aware of them and removing them as pages are created for them, but some films will probably stay on that list for quite some time.</p> <div class="right"> <a href="#top">Back to top of page.</a> </div> </div> <br> <br> <a name="theory"> <font class="section">Time Travel Theory</font></a> <div class="section"> <p><table align=right cols 1><tr><td><div align=right><font size=-1><a name="Picture"></a><i>A picture is worth a thousand words...<br><b>Temporal Anomalies</b><br><img src="../imgsrc/anom.jpg"><br>Image drawn from Appendix 11:  Temporal Anomalies,<br>in <a href="../publish/refrules.html">Multiverser:  Referee's Rules</a> from Valdron Inc,<br>Used by permission.<br>For information about Multiverser write to <a href="mailto:referee@mjyoung.net?From Temporal Anomalies">Referee@MJYoung.net</a><br>or visit the web sites.</div></td></tr></table> <p>The section <a href="theory.html">Discussing Time Travel Theory</a> has been greatly expanded thanks to our work at The Examiner.  The old articles are still here (and are still worth reading and often cited in our analyses), but during our tenure at the other site we were called upon to do a "Theory 101" series.  This was followed by answers to questions and a "Theory 102" series addressing some of the same and some new issues.  You will find everything here from what happens if you kill your grandfather to the Novikov Self-consistency Principle, Schrödinger's Cat, and the Butterfly Effect.  Nearly all of these are items that have arisen frequently in letters.  All the web pages are linked in the column to the right at the top of this page, the section on theory appearing below the list of movies analyzed.</p> <p>Again, all the articles in the theory section are written by me except one, <i>A Critique of the Spreadsheet Theory by Sergiy Koshkin</i>, which I agreed to post to my site at the time.  Sergiy wrote another response, which was published at Gaming Outpost, a site which quite sadly is no longer available.</p> <p>I still answer letters, at <a href="mailto:mjyoung@mjyoung.net?From-Temporal-Anomalies">MJYoung@MJYoung.Net</a>, although I should caveat that I have become notoriously bad at checking my e-mail.  I do answer everything when I get to it, but I often get to it only once or twice a month.  It is fastest to reach me through my Facebook account, and I have other social network site presences linked from the M. J. Young Net home page.</p> <p>For what it's worth, material on this site has been recommended reading in college courses on metaphysics, and I have been consulted on a number of scripts for various time travel productions.  I'll let you know when any of them are produced.</p> <p>I should also say what I find myself explaining to people:  I am a proponent of <b>Replacement Theory</b>, and my work here is primary aimed at showing how it works and why it is the best theory of time for resolving time travel issues yet devised.  I understand Fixed Time Theory and various forms of Multiple Dimension Theory, all of which are presented and discussed in the theory section and sometimes referenced in the movies and other pages.  Don't confuse me for an impartial source, though:  I have examined the theories and come to a conclusion, and my analyses of movies are primarily asking how the events would work under Replacement Theory, not what theory the authors are trying to use (although I do consider that in most cases, particularly in later analyses).</p> <div class="right"> <a href="#top">Back to top of page.</a> </div> </div> <br> <br> <a name="pages"> <font class="section">Other Pages</font></a> <div class="section"> <p>Several other pages of interest appear on the site, worth your attention.</p> <p>There is a section of correspondence, renamed <a href="letters.html">communication</a> and including in addition to a few of the many letters written about pages on this site some materials that appeared on other web sites, all with answers from me.  You will find those indexed in that right hand menu column above.</p> <p>A collection of <a href="misc.html">miscellaneous pages</a> arose while I was writing for The Examiner.  These included time travel movie news items, anticipated release dates of films, and other rather "dated" materials, but also included a few "best of" articles in which I attempted to identify time travel movies I thought were worth watching for various reasons.  That, too, is indexed in that column.</p> <p><a href="barbecue.html"><i>The Perpetual Barbecue</i></a> is a short story by the author of this site, originally published in the defunct RPG Review, in which time travel causes a day to repeat itself, for better and for worse.</p> <p>There was a guestbook which you are invited to <a href="geobook.html">read</a>; regretably, Yahoo! discontinued support for signing these when they bought GeoCities (one of many reasons we are no longer at GeoCities)--but you get a faster response from me if you use <a href="mailto:mjyoung@mjyoung.net?subject=Temporal-Anomalies-Home-Page">e-mail</a> anyway. <p>And if you're wondering who wrote this stuff, there is a page <a href="author.html">about the author</a> with a bit of information and some links.</p> <div class="right"> <a href="#top">Back to top of page.</a> </div> </div> <br> <br> <a name="off"> <font class="section">Off Site</font></a> <div class="section"> <p>For a long time there were articles and interactions on other web sites.  Most of those are now gone, and are missed.  Chuck Buckley had posed some time travel problems, and answers were provided based on the time travel theories found here.  His side of the consersation is lost, but my answers are still posted on this site, <a href="time01.htm">here</a>, <a href="time02.htm">here</a>, <a href="time03.htm">here</a>, and <a href="time04.htm">here</a>.  Mr. Buckley also had a collection of time travel links, also gone.</p> <p>The theory article posted here as <i><a href="2DTime.html">Toward Two Dimensional Time</a></i> was originally published at Gaming Outpost under the title <i>A Draft:  Toward Two-Dimenensional Time</i>, and there was some discussion there.  Mr. Sergei Koshkin, who contributed to this site <i><a href="critique.html">A Critique of the Spreadsheet Theory by Sergei Koshkin</a></i>, also posted a second article there under the title <i>A critique of the replacement theory of time travel</i>, to which I responded in the discussion area there.  Unfortunately, Gaming Outpost is gone; we have some weak hope of obtaining materials that were once published there, but it is weak.</p> <div class="right"> <a href="#top">Back to top of page.</a> </div> </div> <br> <br> <center><a href="../special.html"><img src="../imgsrc/special.gif" alt="See what's special right now at Valdron"></a> </body> </html>	Temporal Anomalies in Popular Time Travel Movies div.section {background-color: rgb(220,220,220);} Support This Site Your contribution via [Patreon](https://www.patreon.com/MJYoung) or [PayPal Me](https://paypal.me/markjosephyoung) keeps this site and its author alive. Thank you. Temporal Anomalies [Main Page](index.htm) [Discussing Time Travel Theory](theory.html) [Miscellany](misc.html) [Conversation](letters.html) [Other Films](other.html) [Perpetual Barbecue](barbecue.html) [About the Author](author.html) [Contact the Author](mailto:mjyoung@mjyoung.net?subject=Temporal-Anomalies) See also entries under the [Temporal Anomalies/Time Travel](http://www.mjyoung.net/weblog/index.php/category/temporal-anomaliestime-travel/) category of the [mark Joseph "young"](http://www.mjyoung.net/weblog/) web log elsewhere on this site. Quick Jumps [Anomalies](#anomalies) [Movies](#movies) [Time Travel Theory](#theory) [Other Pages](#pages) [Off Site](#off) Movies Analyzed in order examined [Terminator](terminat.html) [Addendum to Terminator](termina1.html) [Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines](termina3.html) [Terminator Recap](termrecap.html) [Terminator Salvation](termin04.html) [Terminator Genisys](TermGen.html) [Terminator: Dark Fate](TermDark.html) [Back To The Future](back1.html) [Back To The Future II](back2.html) [Back To The Future III](back3.html) [Millennium](mill.html) [Star Trek Introduction [Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home](stvoyage.html) [Star Trek: Generations](stgen.html) [Star Trek: First Contact](stcontac.html) [Star Trek (2009)](ST2009.html) [12 Monkeys](monkeys.html) [Addendum to 12 Monkeys](monkeys1.html) [Flight Of The Navigator](flight.html) [Flight Of The Navigator Addendum](flight1.html) [Army of Darkness](army.html) [Lost In Space](lost.html) [Peggy Sue Got Married](peggy.html) [Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure](bill.html) [Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey](ted.html) [Frequency](frequenc.html) [Planet of the Apes](apes.html) [Kate and Leopold](kate.html) [Somewhere In Time](somewher.html) [The Time Machine](machine.html) [Minority Report](minority.html) [Happy Accidents](happy.html) [The Final Countdown](countdow.html) [Donnie Darko](darko.html) [S. Darko](sdarko.html) [Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban](potter.html) [Deja Vu](dejavu.html) [Primer](prim.html) [Primer Questions](primQ.html) [Bender's Big Score](bender.html) [Popular Christmas Movies](holiday.html) [The Butterfly Effect](butter1.html) [The Butterfly Effect 2](butter2.html) [The Butterfly Effect 3: Revelations](butter3.html) [The Last Mimzy](mimzy.html) [The Lake House](lake.html) [The Time Traveler's Wife](wife.html) [The Hot Tub Time Machine](hottub.html) [Premonition](premon.html) [Los Cronocrimines a.k.a. TimeCrimes](timecrim.html) [Timeline](timeline.html) [A Sound of Thundrer](thunder.html) [Next](next.html) [Frequently Asked Questions About Time Travel](frequent.html) [Source Code](source.html) [Warlock](warlock.html) [Blackadder Back & Forth](blackadder.html) [Watchmen](watchmen.html) [Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III](turtles.html) [11 Minutes Ago](11.html) [Men in Black III](mib.html) [La Jetée](jetee.html) [Triangle](triangle.html) [Midnight in Paris](paris.html) [Meet the Robinsons](robinsons.html) [Looper](looper.html) [H. G. Wells' The Time Machine](wells.html) [The Jacket](jacket.html) [Safety Not Guaranteed](safety.html) [The Philadelphia Experiment](phila1.html) [The Philadelphia Experiment II](phila2.html) [Time After Time](aftertime.html) [TimeCop](timecop.html) [About Time](about.html) [Free Birds](freebirds.html) [X-Men: Days of Future Past](xmen.html) [Edge of Tomorrow](edge.html) [Mr. Peabody & Sherman](peabody.html) [Predestination](predestination.html) [Project Almanac](almanac.html) [41](41.html) [Time Lapse](lapse.html) [Synchronicity](synchron.html) [Paradox](paradox.html) [O Homem Do Futuro a.k.a. The Man from the Future](homen.html) [Abby Sen](abby.html) [When We First Met](whenwe.html) [See You Yesterday](yesterday.html) [Mirage](mirage.html) [The History of Time Travel](history.html) Theory Pages in no particular order [Discussing Time Travel Theory](theory.html) [A Primer on Time](timeprim.html) [The Science of Time Travel](science.html) [The Two Brothers](brothers.html) [The Spreadsheet Illustration](sheet.html) [The Uncaused Cause](cause.html) [Mass Suicide and the Grandfather Paradox](suicide.html) [Toward Two-Dimensional Time](2DTime.html) [A Critique of the Spreadsheet Theory](critique.html) [Response to A Critique](response.html) [Temporal Theory 101](theory101.html) [Temporal Theory Questions (From The Examiner)](theoryQ.html) [Temporal Theory 102](theory102.html) Miscellaneous Articles in original publication sequence except for indices inserted at correct points in the historic flow [Miscellany](misc.html) [Temporal Anomalies Classics](classics.html) [Temporal Anomalies Index 2009](index2009.html) [Back to the Future Nationwide Theatrical Showing This Evening](backback.html) [People Magazine's Woman of the Year Sandra Bullock featured in time travel films](bullock.html) [Temporal Anomalies Index 2010](index2010.html) [Source Code Opens April 1, 2011](sourceopens.html) [Future Time Travel Film Analyses--2011](future11.html) [Why Not Analyze Time Travel Television Shows?](tv.html) [Men in Black III Remakes History](mib3a.html) [Temporal Anomalies Index 2011](index2011.html) [(Some of) The Best Time Travel Movies You Might Have Missed](best01.html) [Men in Black III May 25th U.S. debut midnight shows tonight](mib3d.html) [Future Time Travel Film Analyses--2012](future12.html) [Temporal Anomalies Index 2012](index2012.html) [(Some of) The Best Time Travel Movies for Children](best02.html) [Films Currently Showing, November 2013](films13.html) [Upcoming Time Travel Films, from February 2014](future14.html) [(Some of) The Best Time Travel Romance Movies](best03.html) [Upcoming time travel films, from December 2014](future15.html) [Temporal Anomalies Index 2014](index2014.html) [(Some of) The Best Time Travel Comedies](best04.html) [(Some of) The Best Time Travel Thrillers](best05.html) Conversation Not Letters [Conversation](letters.html) [Chuck Buckley's Time Travel Problem: First Response](time01.htm) [Chuck Buckley's Time Travel Problem: Second Response](time02.htm) [Chuck Buckley's Time Travel Problem: Third Response](time03.htm) [Chuck Buckley's Time Travel Problem: Fourth Response](time04.htm) [Vazor's Time Travel Questions: First Response](vazor01.html) Conversation Letters [Doctor TOC, 12 Monkeys Fixed Timeline](letter01.html) [Doctor TOC, Woman on Plane](letter02.html) [JKrapf007, Evil Dead 2 Not a Remake](letter03.html) [Nathro, Evil Dead 2 a Sequel](letter04.html) [JKrapf007, Travel Before Your Birth](letter05.html) [Nathro, More About Evil Dead](letter06.html) [Sauce96, Terminator and Star Trek](letter07.html) [Sauce96, Presenting an Original Story](letter08.html) [Sauce96, Defending Paradox](letter09.html) [Muhammed, A Line from 12 Monkeys](letter10.html) [Holger Thiemann, 12 Monkeys Fixed Time](letter11.html) [Chad Hadsell, Local Infinity Loops](letter12.html) [Chad Hadsell, Time an Abstraction](letter13.html) [Holger Thiemann, Testing the Theory](letter14.html) [Chad Hadsell, Travel to the Future](letter15.html) [Chad Hadsell, Erasing Future Self](letter16.html) [Holger Thiemann, Temporal Duplicates](letter17.html) [Gecko, 12 Monkeys Analysis Incorrect](letter18.html) [Jason Seiler, 12 Monkeys Static Time](letter19.html) [Jason Seiler, Metaphysics Class Links](letter20.html) [Etienne Rouette, Woman on Plane](letter21.html) [Matthew Potts, Woman on Plane](letter22.html) [Bart, Parallel Universe Theory](letter23.html) [Bart, Clarification](letter24.html) [Illumin8, Spreadsheets](letter25.html) Copyright Information The temporal anomaly terminology used here is drawn from Appendix 11: Temporal Anomalies of [Multiverser](../publish/refrules.html) from Valdron Inc, and is illustrated on the home page of this web site. This site is part of [M. J. Young Net](../index.html). [Books by the Author](../publish/).](startrek.html) [![](../imgsrc/eg.jpg) The Book](http://www.mjyoung.net/publish/time.html) Temporal Anomalies in Time Travel Movies unravels Problems in Time Time travel has been a staple in Science Fiction since H.G. Wells. Unfortunately, much of what passes for intelligence in this area is poorly considered. Anomalies For example, it is not possible to return to the past without changing the past in some way; nor is it possible[![](../imgsrc/music.jpg)](../imgsrc/quantum.mid) to change the future based on information from the future. Doctor Who realized early on that changes to history were hazardous, and avoided them assiduously. ![](../imgsrc/evenhori.gif)Movies built on a time travel theme frequently become dissatisfying when the thread of time is closely examined. In [Millennium](mill.html), once the era in which the time machine exists is destroyed, aren't all of those rescued survivors returned to their own times? In [The Twelve Monkeys](monkeys.html), doesn't it appear that the disaster which the main character was to prevent \| \| \| --- \| \| [Sci-Fi WeeklySite of the Week](http://www.scifi.com/sfw/issue292/site.html) \| would not have happened had he not interfered? In Timecop, would any of that have happened had it not happened? Even the venerable [StarTrek](startrek.html) has created numerous anomalies which it has failed to resolve. Pasts which are dependent upon futures dependent upon those pasts should make us cringe. However, from time to time something works. This web page has long attempted to examine some of the best, worst, and other examples of these. [Back to top of page.](#top) Movies This section once listed and briefly described all the movies analyzed in the order in which they were analyzed. Maintaining that has become prohibitive. The full list, with links, is to the right. It should be clarified concerning the movie analyses that they are not really in a random order, but the order is not always entirely consistent, either. The first analysis published was Terminator, the then-two-part Schwarzenegger thriller in a single page. On its heels we posted Back to the Future in three parts, and continued in very much the order you see on the list to the right. However, we received a letter from a reader and so included the addendum to Terminator, listing it with the original film, and when, sometime later, we added an analysis of Terminator 3: Judgment Day, we listed it with its predecessors. Thus the system has continued much on that order, that each new analysis was added at the bottom of the list unless it was a sequel to a previously analyzed film. We did not always do it that way, but more recently decided that those sequels which were listed further down ought to be moved up with their prequels. There is some logic to this methodology, and it works in both directions. On the one hand, many points that were fundamental to understanding what was eventually named Replacement Theory were first presented in the earlier movies, and even later as new significant points were recognized they would first appear in newly posted film analyses. That meant analyses of later films were assuming that you had read the analyses of earlier films, and you would need to know which ones were the earlier films. We made an effort to link from the later films to the earlier films, citing the previous explanations, but it still helps to have read the early material first. On the other hand, the more of these we did the more details we noticed. Early analyses did not often address whether a film worked under a theory other than replacement theory (fixed time or multiple dimension), as the point was to present how replacement theory resolved those films. The genetic problem was not discussed for quite a few years. Similarly, problems with recall devices, solutions to predestination paradoxes--a lot of the theory stuff--appears later. We were learning while we were writing. Of the early materials, all were written exclusively by me (although sometimes I bounced ideas off of others, most commonly Kyler C. B. Young, who is perhaps the best analyst I know in this subject, sometimes others) except for Final Countdown, which was done by John "A1Nut" Cross, who had been one of the most dedicated readers of the site and asked many questions. I did take something of an editorial/oversight position on that, raising issues I was not sure he had addressed adequately and helping get it in shape for publication, but the work, and its solutions, is his. It should also be noted that beginning with Primer, that is, immediately after Deja Vu, there was a format change. Up to that time, all analyses were done as single articles, some very long; Primer was the first analysis written to be published at The Examiner. Because of that site's emphasis on many shorter articles, our analyses were serialized, and from that point up through Project Almanac the "sections" of the present web pages were, with some edits, the original articles as they appeared there. That makes them somewhat more independent, although some of the "last time we wrote" material has been excised in many cases. Terminator Genisys was being analyzed at the time of the transition back to this site, so it retains some of the formatting of that approach. There is also a page of [other films](other.html), movies of which I am aware are time travel films but were not treated here for a long time, some of which are now analyzed, others which might be, and others which probably will not be. Preliminary comments on each are given. I attempt to update it, adding films as I become aware of them and removing them as pages are created for them, but some films will probably stay on that list for quite some time. [Back to top of page.](#top) Time Travel Theory \| \| \| --- \| \| A picture is worth a thousand words...Temporal AnomaliesImage drawn from Appendix 11: Temporal Anomalies,in [Multiverser: Referee's Rules](../publish/refrules.html) from Valdron Inc,Used by permission.For information about Multiverser write to [Referee@MJYoung.net](mailto:referee@mjyoung.net?From Temporal Anomalies)or visit the web sites. \| The section [Discussing Time Travel Theory](theory.html) has been greatly expanded thanks to our work at The Examiner. The old articles are still here (and are still worth reading and often cited in our analyses), but during our tenure at the other site we were called upon to do a "Theory 101" series. This was followed by answers to questions and a "Theory 102" series addressing some of the same and some new issues. You will find everything here from what happens if you kill your grandfather to the Novikov Self-consistency Principle, Schrödinger's Cat, and the Butterfly Effect. Nearly all of these are items that have arisen frequently in letters. All the web pages are linked in the column to the right at the top of this page, the section on theory appearing below the list of movies analyzed. Again, all the articles in the theory section are written by me except one, A Critique of the Spreadsheet Theory by Sergiy Koshkin, which I agreed to post to my site at the time. Sergiy wrote another response, which was published at Gaming Outpost, a site which quite sadly is no longer available. I still answer letters, at [MJYoung@MJYoung.Net](mailto:mjyoung@mjyoung.net?From-Temporal-Anomalies), although I should caveat that I have become notoriously bad at checking my e-mail. I do answer everything when I get to it, but I often get to it only once or twice a month. It is fastest to reach me through my Facebook account, and I have other social network site presences linked from the M. J. Young Net home page. For what it's worth, material on this site has been recommended reading in college courses on metaphysics, and I have been consulted on a number of scripts for various time travel productions. I'll let you know when any of them are produced. I should also say what I find myself explaining to people: I am a proponent of Replacement Theory, and my work here is primary aimed at showing how it works and why it is the best theory of time for resolving time travel issues yet devised. I understand Fixed Time Theory and various forms of Multiple Dimension Theory, all of which are presented and discussed in the theory section and sometimes referenced in the movies and other pages. Don't confuse me for an impartial source, though: I have examined the theories and come to a conclusion, and my analyses of movies are primarily asking how the events would work under Replacement Theory, not what theory the authors are trying to use (although I do consider that in most cases, particularly in later analyses). [Back to top of page.](#top) Other Pages Several other pages of interest appear on the site, worth your attention. There is a section of correspondence, renamed [communication](letters.html) and including in addition to a few of the many letters written about pages on this site some materials that appeared on other web sites, all with answers from me. You will find those indexed in that right hand menu column above. A collection of [miscellaneous pages](misc.html) arose while I was writing for The Examiner. These included time travel movie news items, anticipated release dates of films, and other rather "dated" materials, but also included a few "best of" articles in which I attempted to identify time travel movies I thought were worth watching for various reasons. That, too, is indexed in that column. [The Perpetual Barbecue](barbecue.html) is a short story by the author of this site, originally published in the defunct RPG Review, in which time travel causes a day to repeat itself, for better and for worse. There was a guestbook which you are invited to [read](geobook.html); regretably, Yahoo! discontinued support for signing these when they bought GeoCities (one of many reasons we are no longer at GeoCities)--but you get a faster response from me if you use [e-mail](mailto:mjyoung@mjyoung.net?subject=Temporal-Anomalies-Home-Page) anyway. And if you're wondering who wrote this stuff, there is a page [about the author](author.html) with a bit of information and some links. [Back to top of page.](#top) Off Site For a long time there were articles and interactions on other web sites. Most of those are now gone, and are missed. Chuck Buckley had posed some time travel problems, and answers were provided based on the time travel theories found here. His side of the consersation is lost, but my answers are still posted on this site, [here](time01.htm), [here](time02.htm), [here](time03.htm), and [here](time04.htm). Mr. Buckley also had a collection of time travel links, also gone. The theory article posted here as [Toward Two Dimensional Time](2DTime.html) was originally published at Gaming Outpost under the title A Draft: Toward Two-Dimenensional Time, and there was some discussion there. Mr. Sergei Koshkin, who contributed to this site [A Critique of the Spreadsheet Theory by Sergei Koshkin](critique.html), also posted a second article there under the title A critique of the replacement theory of time travel, to which I responded in the discussion area there. Unfortunately, Gaming Outpost is gone; we have some weak hope of obtaining materials that were once published there, but it is weak. [Back to top of page.](#top) [![See what's special right now at Valdron](../imgsrc/special.gif)](../special.html)	http://www.mjyoung.net/time/
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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1027"> <o:colormenu v:ext="edit" fillcolor="#fc9"/> </o:shapedefaults></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFCC99" lang=EN-US link=maroon vlink=purple style='tab-interval: .5in'> <div class=WordSection1> <p><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=1 cellspacing=1 cellpadding=0 width=764 style='width:764.25pt;mso-cellspacing:1.0pt;margin-left:.25pt;mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <tr 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<table class=MsoNormalTable border=1 cellspacing=1 cellpadding=0 width=764 style='width:764.25pt;mso-cellspacing:1.0pt;margin-left:.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td width="9%" valign=top style='width:9.16%;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'> <p><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><a href="http://www.mst.edu/~chaman/home/frontpage.html"><span style='font-family:Helvetica;color:blue'>Home</span></a></span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:blue'> </span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><br> <a href="http://www.mst.edu/~chaman/home/courses.html"><span style='font-family:Helvetica;color:blue'>Courses</span></a></span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:blue'> </span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><br> <a href="http://www.mst.edu/~chaman/home/research.html"><span style='font-family:Helvetica;color:blue'>Research</span></a></span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:blue'> </span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><br> <a href="http://www.mst.edu/~chaman/home/publications.html"><span style='font-family:Helvetica;color:blue'>Publications</span></a></span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:blue'> </span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><br> <a href="http://www.cs.mst.edu/"><span style='font-family:Helvetica; color:blue'>CSC <span class=SpellE>Dept</span></span></a></span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:blue'> </span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:blue'><br> <a href="http://www.mst.edu"><span style='font-family:Helvetica; color:blue'>MST</span></a></span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Helvetica;color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td width="90%" valign=top style='width:90.44%;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellpadding=0 style='mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow: yes'> <td style='padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellpadding=0 style='mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow: yes'> <td style='padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom: .0001pt;text-align:center'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:blue'><a href="mailto:chaman@mst.edu"><span style='color: blue;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><img border=0 width=57 height=67 id="_x0000_i1025" src="http://www.mst.edu/~chaman/gifs/email_a.gif"></span></a></span><span style='font-family:Helvetica;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:blue'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:blue'>chaman@mst.edu<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:blue'><a href="mailto:chaman@mst.edu"><span style='color:blue;text-decoration: none;text-underline:none'><img border=0 width=109 height=37 id="_x0000_i1026" src="http://www.mst.edu/~chaman/gifs/email2_.gif"></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td style='padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=1 cellpadding=0 width=524 style='width:523.95pt;mso-cellspacing:1.5pt;border:outset 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:2.0pt 2.0pt 2.0pt 2.0pt'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow: yes'> <td width="69%" style='width:69.1%;border:inset red 1.0pt; mso-border-alt:inset red .75pt;background:white;padding:2.0pt 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--- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| chaman@mst.edu \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| [Home](http://www.mst.edu/~chaman/home/frontpage.html)[Courses](http://www.mst.edu/~chaman/home/courses.html)[Research](http://www.mst.edu/~chaman/home/research.html)[Publications](http://www.mst.edu/~chaman/home/publications.html)[CSC Dept](http://www.cs.mst.edu/)[MST](http://www.mst.edu) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| chaman@mst.edu \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| [icture](http://www.mst.edu/~chaman/gifs/chaman.gif) Chaman L . Sabharwal Ph.D. (Univ of Illinois Urbana-Champaign) 1967 Professor in Computer Scienceif !supportLineBreakNewLine endif \| Voice Mail(573) 341-6353 Fax (573) 341-4501 if !supportLineBreakNewLine endif \| \| \| \| \| \|	https://web.mst.edu/~chaman/
<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>N-Wheeled Vehicles.</TITLE> <META NAME="description" CONTENT="Douglas Self,"> <META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="Douglas Self, Monotrace, Scripps-Booth Bi-Autogo, Cerreti Motocar, Moore Car, Verdon Roe car, Whitwood-OEC Monocar"> <meta charset="windows-1252"> </HEAD> <BODY BACKGROUND="../../stained.jpg"> <A NAME="top"></A> <TABLE BORDER=0 WIDTH=100%> <TR><TD><H5 ALIGN=LEFT> <script type="text/javascript"><!-- google_ad_client = "pub-2721236369523622"; //234x60, created 12/27/07 Chan 5 Retrotech- Transport google_ad_slot = "6850692984"; google_ad_width = 234; google_ad_height = 60; //--></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> <TD ALIGN=CENTER><FONT FACE="ARIAL" COLOR=#444444><H1>N-Wheeled Vehicles</FONT></H1> <TD ALIGN=RIGHT> <script type="text/javascript"><!-- google_ad_client = "pub-2721236369523622"; //234x60, created 12/27/07 Chan 5 Retrotech- Transport google_ad_slot = "6850692984"; google_ad_width = 234; google_ad_height = 60; //--></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </TABLE> <P> <TABLE BORDER=0 WIDTH=100%> <TR><TD><H5 ALIGN=LEFT><FONT FACE=arial,helvetica>Gallery opened 6 Mar 2018<BR> <BR> <FONT COLOR=RED>Updated: 22 Dec 2023<BR> <BR> Spectrum Pursuit Vehicle added <A HREF="#spv">here</A>. (10 wheels) <P> </FONT> <TD WIDTH=50% ALIGN=CENTER><FONT FACE=arial,helvetica><H5> <CENTER> <P> CONTENTS OF THIS PAGE <P> <TABLE BORDER=0> <TR><TD><FONT FACE=arial,helvetica><H5> <UL> <LI><A HREF="#1">One wheel </A><FONT COLOR=RED> Updated</FONT> <LI><A HREF="#2">Two wheels</A> <LI><A HREF="#3">Three wheels</A><FONT COLOR=RED> Updated</FONT> <LI><A HREF="#4">Four wheels</A><FONT COLOR=RED> Updated</FONT> <LI><A HREF="#5">Five wheels</A> <LI><A HREF="#6">Six wheels</A> <LI><A HREF="#7">Seven wheels</A><FONT COLOR=RED> </FONT> <LI><A HREF="#8">Eight wheels</A><FONT COLOR=RED> </FONT> <LI><A HREF="#9">Nine wheels</A> <LI><A HREF="#10">Ten wheels</A><FONT COLOR=RED> Updated</FONT> <LI><A HREF="#11">Eleven wheels</A> <LI><A HREF="#12">Twelve wheels</A><FONT COLOR=RED> </FONT> <LI><A HREF="#14">Fourteen wheels</A><FONT COLOR=RED> NEW</FONT> <LI><A HREF="#16">Sixteen wheels</A> <LI><A HREF="#18">Eighteen wheels</A><FONT COLOR=RED> </FONT> <LI><A HREF="#24">Twenty-four wheels</A><FONT COLOR=RED> </FONT> <LI><A HREF="#26">Twenty-six wheels</A> <LI><A HREF="#30">Thirty wheels</A><FONT COLOR=RED> NEW</FONT> <LI><A HREF="#40">Forty wheels</A><FONT COLOR=RED> NEW</FONT> <LI><A HREF="#72">Seventy-two wheels minimum</A><FONT COLOR=RED> NEW</FONT> </UL> </TABLE> <TD ALIGN=RIGHT><A HREF="../../../index.htm"><IMG SRC="../../../home40.gif" ALT="Back to Home Page" BORDER=0><A HREF="../../museum.htm"><IMG SRC="../../backtomuseum.gif" ALT="Back to The Loco Index" BORDER=0></A> </TABLE> <FONT FACE="ARIAL"><B><H5> There is very little doubt that in almost all circumstances the correct number of <A HREF="https://www.partsgeek.com/parts/wheel.html">wheels for a car</A> is <I>four</I>. That has of course not stopped keen inventors from trying either more or less, and here you see some of the results. <P> This page confines itself to the unconventional. Goods <A HREF="http://arxiv-export-lb.library.cornell.edu/abs/1402.1843">vehicles</A> with six or more wheels are of course very common. Tracks are not counted as wheels; this matters because there are various vehicles with a mixture of wheels and tracks. <P> <A NAME="1"> <HR WIDTH=70%> <P> ONE WHEEL <P> I don't think there is any rational way you could call a vehicle with one wheel a car. The Museum has an extensive collection of <A HREF="../motorwhl/motorwhl.htm">monowheels</A>, but very few of them have any form of bodywork and the majority can only carry one person. A possible candidate might be the <A HREF="../motorwhl/motorwhl3.htm#tank">monowheel tank</A> (preferably as the civilian version). <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="popsciwheel1a.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: A civilian version of the monowheel tank: 1933<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This design's claim to be a one-wheeled car is somewhat undermined by the two hefty stabiliser wheels at the back. It appears however that these can be raised by a lever once you've got up speed. Other objections are that the steering is by handlebars rather than a steering-wheel, and that it seems to be strictly a one-seater. <P> Anyhow, that's the best I can do for the moment, but I suspect that a trawl through the covers of Popular Science and similiar journals would soon throw up something that could claim more plausibly to be a one-wheeled car. <P> This is an artist's impression and it is extremely unlikely that it was ever built. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="Killen-Strait ad 1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Killen-Strait tractor: date unknown<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> I hope we can all agree that this a one-wheeled vehicle, and it is certainly not a monowheel. There may be an excellent agricultural reason for this configuration, but I have no idea what it is. Can anyone help? <P> I am also unsure of the advantage of steering with the little track; it does not appear to be powered. <P> Googling "Killen-Strait tractor" gets you a lot on the Killen-Strait Armoured Tractor, built in Britain in 1915, which is often considered to be the first armoured tracked vehicle, rather than this one-wheel farming tractor. The Killen-Strait Armoured Tractor was all-track (including a little one at the front for steering, again) and it has a <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killen-Strait_armoured_tractor">Wikipedia</A> page. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="Killen-Strait ad 2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Killen-Strait tractor: date unknown<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This is taken from a photograph, and is clearly the source of the drawing above. I have so far found no other images or info on what is a most interesting machine. <P> This picture shows a helpful direction arrow on the top of the steerable track. This presumably means that the front track was not visible from the driving position. Steering was by worm and pinion, and so multi-turn; that may have had something to do with it. Research suggests it was a guide to the driver keeping the front track in its furrow. <P> I wonder if it had that one wheel to save money? Tracks are complicated and expensive to make. </TABLE> <A NAME="holt"> <P> Now, the nwheel vehicle game (Mornington Crescent!) depends on what rules you decide to follow. If you don't count tracks as wheels, then: <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="holt midget-18 Model-K 1915.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Holt Midget-18 Model-K tractor: 1915<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Ignoring the tracks, this is clearly a one-wheel vehicle. This means of steering (one wonders how effective it was) was adopted to avoid the difficulties of steering with just the tracks, which as any tank designer can tell you, involves complicated clutches and differentials. <P> Note the red directional pointer above the front wheel. </TABLE> <A NAME="yub"> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="Yuba ball tread 12-20.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Yuba Ball Tread 12-20 tractor: date unknown<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Like the Holt Midget-18 above, this tractor had twin tracks riding on two rows of large steel balls, instead of pins and rollers. The water-cooled engine ran on petrol (or somewhat heavier 'distillate') and had magneto ignition with Newton Automatic spark advance. '12-20' meant a 20 HP engine with 12 HP available at the drawbar. <P> You can read the instruction manual <A HREF="https://californiarevealed.org/islandora/object/cavpp%3A47497">here</A>. It gives no clue what 'Ball Tread' refers to, but it seems to mean just the use of ball bearings in the tracks, which is emphasised in the manual. Manufacture of the Yuba ceased in 1921, and by 1931 production of ball-tread tractors ceased completely. <P> The Ball Tread Co. began building tracked tractors in Detroit in 1912. The tractor shown here is believed to have been the company�s first product. The company also produced an 18-35 model. In 1914, the Yuba Construction Co. of Marysville, California bought out the Ball Tread company and relocated operations to California. </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="belt"> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="Beltrail Model-B 12-20.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Beltrail Model-B 12-20 tractor: date unknown<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This machine had the very unusual set-up of just one track running underneath the vehicle. At first sight looks as if it might be another case of just one wheel plus tracks, like the Killen-Strait tractor above, but there could very well be another wheel behind the engine. I am suspicious and am searching for other photographs. </TABLE> <A NAME="bean"> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="bean-trackpull-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Bean Trackpull tractor: date unknown<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Bean Trackpull also had a single central track. You can see the advantage; if you can make it work you've immediately eliminated dozens of track parts. There are two steering-wheels; the top on does the actual steering by swivelling the rear wheel assembly (how effective was that?) The lower wheel apparently operated the clutch. The engine was rated at 6 to 10 HP. According to their adverts, Bean claimed this machine was the equivalent of six horses. <P> On the basis of we-don't-count-tracks-here this is a two-wheeled vehicle, but I want to keep it next to the central-tracked Beltrail Model-B. <P> There is more info <A HREF="https://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/21st-february-1918/18/the-bean-track-pull-tractor">here</A>. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="bean-trackpull-4.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Bean Trackpull tractor: 1918<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Trackpull was aimed at orchards and vineyards; it could move between trees planted closely together. The picture shows how the rear wheels could be set at 90 degrees to the track, so the machine could turn around in its own length. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="bean-trackpull-3.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Bean Trackpull tractor: 1918<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="2"> <HR WIDTH=70%> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 2 WHEELS <P> If we permit ourselves the luxury of two wheels for a car, then we find ourselves with a good number of genuine candidates. <P> Two-wheeled cars with gyroscopes are dealt with <A HREF="..\gyrocars\schilovs.htm">here</A> and <A HREF="..\gyrocars\gyrocar.htm">here</A>. <P> Two-wheeled cars without gyroscopes are dealt with on the <A HREF="..\2wheelcar\2wheelcar.htm">2-wheeled car</A> page. These cars all have one wheel at the front and one at the back. <P> If you have two wheels side-by-side then you have a <A HREF="..\diwheel\diwheel.htm">diwheel</A>. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="popscidi.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Bryant diwheel: 1938<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Museum has a large collection of diwheels, but this artist's impression is the nearest it gets to an actual car. This design (which I am quite sure no one attempted to build) certainly has bodywork and clearly seats at least two people; probably more judging by the windows halfway along the cabin. Note the rudder at the back for high-speed steering. You can read more this vehicle on <A HREF="../diwheel/diwheel.htm#pop">this page</A>. <P> It is far from clear how you would change a wheel should you suffer a puncture. This design has not been tested for practicality. </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="3"> <HR WIDTH=70%> <P> <H3>3 WHEELS</H3> <P> There have been a huge number of three-wheeled cars. Here only a few especially significant or odd designs are displayed. <P> 3 WHEELS: A C SOCIABLE: 1911 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="AC1913.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The A C Sociable: 1907-14<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The A C Sociable was a very successful early three-wheeler. It adopted what is usually considered to be the most stable configuration- two wheels in front and one at the back, like the <A HREF="#morg">Morgan</A>. Driver and passenger sat side-by-side, making conversation easier, and so this was called the 'sociable' configuration. The original name was Auto Carriers Ltd. <P> It had a 5.5 HP 631 cc air-cooled side-valve single-cylinder engine, and a two-speed epicyclic gearbox, with no reverse gear; final drive was by chain to the rear wheel. The front axle was solid with semi-elliptic leaf springs, while the single rear wheel had dual quarter-elliptic leaf springs. Brakes operated on the transmission and the rear wheel. The wheelbase was 70 inches. <P> This model has a luggage-box on the rear body. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="AC2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The A C Sociable: 1907-14<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> An A C Sociable from the other side. <P> The A C Sociable has an entry on the A C <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Cars#AC_Sociable">Wikipedia</A> page. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="AC3.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The A C Sociable: 1907-14<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Economical motoring. Date of picture unknown. </TABLE> <A NAME="acs"> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="AC4.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The A C Sociable: 1907-14<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> With the hood up. Location and date of picture unknown. This AC Sociable dates from 1912. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="AC5.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The A C Sociable: 1907-14<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Location and date of picture unknown. </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="frt"> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="french-trike-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Unidentified French tricycle: 19??<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This French tricycle is vaguely reminiscent of a tractor, with its headlight peering out from between protective bars. <P> The machine remains unidentified. An image search has yielded nothing. Can anyone help? <P> Photographed at the annual <A HREF="https://www.motorcycle.com/events/griffith-park-sidecar-rally-report">Griffith Park Sidecar Rally</A>, year unknown. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="french-trike-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Unidentified French tricycle: 19??<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This looks like a lot of vehicle to carry just one person. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="french-trike-3.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Unidentified French tricycle: 19??<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> GERMAN PHANOMOBIL THREE-WHEELER: 1910 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="chinese-three.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Phanomobil three-wheeler: circa 1910?<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This beautiful image was sent to me by one of my correspondents. Three Japanese ladies sit in a remarkable three-wheeled vehicle, now identified as a German Phanomobil. A few thousand of these vehicles were produced between 1907 and 1927. There is an excellent site describing the reconstruction of a Phanomobil <A HREF="http://phanomobil.co.uk/">here</A>. <P> The engine is mounted over the front wheel and drives it by a chain. Clearly the whole thing is swivelled by the tiller, which must have been hard work. Given the distance between the tiller and the pivot the turning circle must have been rather large. The cylinder on top of the tiller looks as if it is a telescopic sight for accurately aiming the vehicle, but it is actually a lubricating oil tank. </TABLE> <P> There appear to be two exhaust pipes leading to a cylindrical silencer under the headlight, and on top there are two tall pillars that appear to have springs around them; they are probably automatic inlet valves. This suggested a two-cylinder in-line engine, and it is now confirmed that it was a 1290 cc twin in-line unit. <P> There are two pipes to the right of the engine that look as if they are for water-cooling, but the engine barrel is finned for air-cooling. There is a rod on the left side of the engine that looks as if it connects to a magneto (on its side) and probably controlled the ignition advance/retard. <P> There is more information <A HREF="http://www.histo-tech.de/index.php?getlang=de&menuid=26&reporeid=31">here</A> and <A HREF="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robur-Werke">here</A>. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="Phanomob-VAN-1912-louman-mus a.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Phanomobil van: 1912<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Phanomobils were produced in many forms, including fire engines and carrier-pigeon transports. This delivery van is at the <A HREF="https://www.louwmanmuseum.nl/en/Ontdekken/Ontdek-de-collectie/phanomobil-van">Louwman Museum</A> at The Hague in Holland. <P> There are considerable differences in the engine installation; note the two fans, more shrouding of the drive-chain, and a sideways-firing exhaust that must have annoyed people, not least because the exhaust from the cylinders appears to go straight into it without any form of silencer. There are two spark plugs per cylinder, driven by the magneto sitting just above the exhaust pipe. <P> Also, the two tall pillars (inlet valves?) visible on the picture above and below seem to be missing. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="phanomobil fire eng.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: A Phanomobil fire engine: date unknown<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="1912-Phanmobile new-zealand museum.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: A 1912 Phanomobil in a New Zealand museum<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Like the Phanomobil van above, there are two cooling fans. </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="cyk"> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 3 WHEELS: CYKLON AND CYKLONETTE: 1899-1924 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="CYKLON_01 a.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Cyklon tricycle: 1899<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This early machine was the forerunner of the Cyklonette described below. It was designed by Franz Louis H�ttel; (1862-??) he went on to design both the Cyklonette and the Ph�nomobil. (also below) The front wheel is driven by a leather-covered rope; this can be slackened by a lever on the right side of the handle bars to act as a clutch. Somehow leather-covered rope doesn't sound as if it would be free from slipping. <P> The 4-stroke engine has an automatic inlet valve. The carburettor is of the surface type; the induction stroke pulls air out of the top of the fuel tank, through an elegantly curved pipe leading to a brass drum with 2 handles; presumably a throttle, and a mixture control which admitted extra air. <A HREF="http://earlymotor.com/leon/misc/html/surface.htm">Surface carburettors</A> relied on simple evaporation, rather than atomising nozzles, and were not very effective; they were essentially extinct by 1904. Ignition is powered by a battery in the box below the seat and behind the fuel tank. Another curved pipe leads down to the top of the engine cylinder, the automatic inlet valve being inside it. There is pedal drive to the rear wheels by a block chain. <P> There are some biographical details of Franz H�ttel <A HREF="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz34251.html">here</A>. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="cyklon-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Cyklon Cyklonette 3-wheeler from Berlin, out in the country: 1930<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Until now this machine was billed as a Phanomobil. It looks very similiar to the machine in Japan. (above) It has a chain drive on the left side of the front wheel, just like the Phanomobil. I suggest it would have fooled anybody. <P> However, I am informed it is actually a Cyklon Cyklonette, made from 1904 to 1924. This is a still from the film <I>Die Drei von der Tankstelle</I> (1930) meaning "The Three from the Gas-Station". There is a brief <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyklon">Wikipedia</A> page. <P> Of the film: "The gas station attendant Heinz R�hmann from the gas station Kuckuck dedicates himself to a three-wheeled cyclonette. This economical vehicle was built in Berlin between 1904 and 1924". <P> Many thanks to Nils Moh for pointing out the error and providing the information. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="cycklon-4a.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Cyklon Cyklonette preserved: 1930<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The location is unknown. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="cyklonette-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Cyklon Cyklonette 3-wheeler: 1930<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This is another still from the film, presumably set at the Gas-Station of the film title. <P> </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="cyklon-3.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Cyklon Cyklonette 3-wheeler: 1930<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This still gives a better picture of the Cyklonette. <P> </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> JACKSON 3-WHEELER: 1910 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="3-wheel.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Jackson three-wheeler: 1910<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This car has now been identified by Paul Dunlop as a three-wheeler made by Robert Reynold Jackson & Co Ltd in Notting Hill, London. Fifty of these cars were ordered for use in Costa Rica, where the unmade roads were so deeply rutted it was impossible to steer a car as the front wheels could not swivel. The idea was that the front wheel would travel on the ground between the two ruts and so be able to steer. It has not yet been confirmed that the cars were successfully delivered. <P> The vehicle was considered unusual enough to attract some attention in British and German periodicals in 1910. Normally Jackson made conventional four-wheel cars, often with parts imported from De Dion in France. <P> The signboard in the background carries the address '26 High St, Notting Hill Gate', presumably close to the location of the Jackson factory. <P> The Jackson Company has a page in <A HREF="https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/R._Reynold_Jackson_and_Co">Graces Guide</A>. <P> Mr Jackson also has a bio page in <A HREF="https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Robert_Reynold_Jackson">Graces Guide</A>. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="Jackson-1910-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Jackson three-wheeler: 1910<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Another view at the same location. <P> Source: Unidentified magazine </TABLE> <P> <!-- . It was a Jackson car built by R. Reynold Jackson & Co., Ltd. in Notting Hill. Its odd 3-wheeled layout was designed specifically for use in Costa Rica � where roads at the time were said to be so rutted as to make it practically impossible to steer a four-wheeled car. The single front wheel was supposed to make the car easier to steer in such conditions. Robert Reynold Jackson (1871-1947) was born in Ipswich. He first appears in the motor industry in 1900 as the secretary of the Yorkshire Motor Car Manufacturing Co in Bradford. In 1900 he moved to London and imported American cars � mainly the Buckmobile, Century and Covert makes. By 1903 he had established R. Reynold Jackson & Co. and was manufacturing cars under his own name. These were probably largely made from parts imported from Lacoste & Battmann, with De Dion-Bouton engines. Jackson followed some strange ventures into cars with unconventional single-cylinder long-stroke engines � so long that the driver had almost to peer around the bonnet � such as the 1909 Black Demon racer with engine dimensions of 104 x 213 mm under a slipper-shaped bonnet coming to a sharp point. Otherwise, the company produced perfectly normal vehicles: photos of a 1907 dog-cart with De Dion power and a 1909 doctor�s car with a four-cylinder Aster engine were typical products for the time. And then came the Costa Rica car. A British magazine merely commented on its ability to operate where no metalled roads existed, and that fifty examples were to be delivered. A German magazine, however, attempted to explain the physics of such rutted roads. Their conclusion had some logic: the ruts from four-wheeled vehicles were so deep that two steered wheels could not climb out of them when turning. The central wheel could rest upon the �mound� in the middle and therefore steer the car. They did, however, admit that a car with a single front wheel far out front would lack stability at higher speeds. It all seemed rather tenuous � but an order for fifty cars is an order for fifty cars, not to be sneezed at. --> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <!-- 1912 September. Images and some description of the new three-wheeled car with 10-14hp JAP engine.1912 September. Trial of the 20-hp car.[3] 1912 October. Details of the three-wheeler with a two-cylinder 10-14hp JAP engine. (in addition to the 13-16hp four-cylinder car.[4] --> 3 WHEELS: THE TSAR TANK: 1915 <P> <TABLE WIDTH=100%> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="tsar-3.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Tsar tank: 1915<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Tsar tank was probably the biggest three-wheeler ever built. It was prototyped by Imperial Russia, but proved wholly impractical. <P> This image (I am not sure if it is a model or a rendering) gives a much clearer view of the Tsar-tank's construction than the few photographs that exist. There was a circular turret on top of the main body; it appears to have four guns at 90-degree spacing, so presumably did not traverse. The turret is too small to hold a decent-sized gun, and the field of fire is restricted as the turret is below the top of the front wheels. There is also a turret with at least one gun underneath the main body, with an even more restricted field of fire, and two further guns mounted in sponsons on each side. <P> The rear wheel, or roller, looks as if it may be divided in three, so technically you could call it a five-wheel vehicle. I think it's clear however, that this is basically a three-wheeler. <P> There is more on the Tsar tank on the <A HREF="../oddtank/oddtank.htm">unusual tanks</A> page. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 3 WHEELS: HARPER RUNABOUT: 1921 <P> The Harper Runabout was developed by Robert O Harper, and manufactured by Avro produced from 1921 to 1926. (Around this time Avro were experimenting with <A HREF="../2wheelcar/2wheelcar.htm#vrc">two-wheeled cars</A>) <P> The Harper Runabout has a <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Runabout">Wikipedia page</A> but it has little information. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="Harper_Runabout SciMus1921.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Harper runabout: 1921-24<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The engine was a single-cylinder two-stroke Villiers of 269cc, which developed 2.5 HP, and drove the rear wheels by chain, via a three-speed gearbox. Starting was accomplished by a pull-up lever on the left hand side of the driver, which could be operated from a sitting position. This lever also functioned as a ratchet hand brake. <P> Science Museum collection. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="Harper_Runabout SciMus1921-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Harper runabout: 1921-24<FONT COLOR=BLACK> There were quarter-elliptical springs on all three wheels, which were of pressed steel. Remarkably for the time, there were disc brakes on all three wheels. It was capable of an economical 100 mpg running at 40 mph. <P> A common complaint was that the Harper looked a bit too much like a bath chair. (a contemporary invalid carriage) <P> A total of about 500 machines were produced. This example from 1921 is in the Science Museum collection. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="harper-ad.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Advert for The Harper runabout<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The 'Brief Specification' gives some more technical details of the Harper. Note the acetylene lighting with an intriguing 'shaking grid generator'. I would like to know more about that... but Google is silent on the subject. <P> And it is NOT a camouflaged motorcycle! Definitely not! </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="Harper-art-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Harper runabout<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This seems to be some sort of entry in a trade catalogue rather than an impartial article. <P> The 'emergency extra seat', which somehow does not sound too alluring, allowed a passenger to sit behind the driver, facing backwards. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 3 WHEELS: THE SCOTT SOCIABLE: 1921-25 <P> The Scott Sociable was a very odd sort of three-wheeled car manufactured from 1921 to 1925 by the Scott Autocar Company of Bradford, Yorkshire. This was an offshoot of the well-known and respected Scott Motorcycle Company. <P> In the course of World War I Alfred Scott developed sidecar machine gun carriers. They were not very successful. After the war he tried a similiar configuration for civilian transport. There emerged a highly asymmetrical three-wheel car with two wheels in line, with a third wheel out to the side and slightly behind the other rear wheel. (Overcoming the puncture drawback noted just above), though that was not the reason)The configuration resembled that of a motorcycle and sidecar combination, but looked very wrong. It looked just like a car with a wheel missing, and apparently handled like one. It was originally announced in 1916 as the Sociable, but production was postponed until 1921. About 200 were made before production stopped in 1924. The cost of a complete Sociable was �273 in 1921, falling to �135 by 1924. <P> Driver and passenger sat side-by-side; and this was called the 'sociable' configuration. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="sociable5.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Scott Sociable: 1921-25<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This picture demonstrates all too clearly that the Scott Sociable just <I>looked wrong</I>, as if it was poised on the point of falling on its nose. <P> The Sociable had a triangulated tubular steel frame, and a proper steering wheel acting by rack and pinion on the front wheel. It was powered the Scott Company's own water-cooled 578 cc twin-cylinder two-stroke engine driving through a three-speed gearbox to the offside rear wheel only, by shaft; there was no differential, and no reverse gear. It has been recorded that turning was dangerous at speed; I'll bet it was. <P> There are many, many, three-wheeled vehicles in the world. This may be the oddest. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="sociable3.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Scott Sociable: 1922<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This Scott clearly dates from 1922. <P> According to Timothy Jacobs, author of <I>Lemons- The World's Worst Cars</I>, "It had some of the characteristics of a motorcycle-and-sidecar arrangement, but without the flexibility, and could be extraordinarily treacherous to drive." I believe it. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <!-- 3 WHEELS: VINCENT BANTAM <P> The well-known motorcycle manufacturers Vincent <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC=".jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The : 1922<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> --> 3 WHEELS: THE GOLIATH PIONIER <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="pionier.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Goliath Pionier: 1931-34<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The very neat Goliath Pionier was manufactured by Goliath Werke Borgward & Co. GmbH. in response to the poor economic conditions in Germany at the time. It could be driven without a licence and was exempt from car tax. It was superior to its competitors and was successful until an improving German economy made it less desirable. A total of 4000 were made. <P> It was powered by a single-cylinder two-stroke engine of 198 cc (5.5 HP claimed at 3200 rpm) or 247 cc. (7 HP claimed) The gearbox had three forward speeds <P> It has a good <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath_Pionier">Wikipedia</A> page. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="F400.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Goliath F400 freight three-wheeler: 1933-35<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Goliath F400 was a freight version of the Pionier. It was powered by an air-cooled two-cylinder two-stroke engine giving 12 to 13.6 hp from a 396 cc displacement. <P> It has a <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath_F400">Wikipedia</A> page. </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="3in"> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 3 WHEELS IN LINE SLINGER MOTORCYCLE: 1901 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="3-wheel singer.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Three wheels in line Slinger motorcycle: 1901<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This unique motorcycle is powered by a 499cc De Dion engine. The radiator is the round thing with the vertical pipes. The actual cylinder is on the other side of it. The first stage of the drive is a chain, and the second stage is another chain on the hidden side of the machine. It has a surface carburettor and coil ignition. It has no clutch and no gearbox, which must have compromised the performance. Apparently it could reach 35 mph in 1901. <P> The exact meaning of 'compensated steering' is opaque, but there is a link from the front fork of the bicycle to the front fork of the mini-motorbike assembly. Note that the mini-motorbike swivels freely with respect to the bicycle, and is directed by steering the front wheel. <P> The machine was built in 1901, by W. (Billy) Slinger, an electrical engineer from Settle, Yorkshire. It took six years to build; and no others were constructed. Just what Mr Slinger was aiming at is unclear. The man in this picture is J P Smith, who owned the machine in 1949. <P> There is more info here <A HREF="http://justacarguy.blogspot.com/2017/09/allright-i-have-no-damn-idea-steve-ever.html">here</A>. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="slinger-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Three wheels in line Slinger motorcycle: 1901<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> J P Smith of Keighley sets off on his Slinger 1901 at the start of the 22nd <A HREF="https://sunbeam-mcc.co.uk/events/the-pioneer-run/#:~:text=The%20Pioneer%20Run%20continues%20to,built%20between%201905%20and%201909">Pioneer Run</A> of the Sunbeam Motorcycle Club. According to my calculations this was in 1958 or 1962, but I am ready to be corrected. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="slinger-3.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Three wheels in line Slinger motorcycle: 1901. Location & date unknown<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Amazingly the machine still exists. You can even see a video of J P Smith riding it taken during the 1955 <A HREF="https://www.banbury-run.co.uk/">Banbury Run</A>, on <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3QzRVGTeSwY">YouTube</A>. It appears the whole mini-bike at the front swivels as a rigid unit, but it is hard to be sure. YouTube gives the date of construction as 1903. <P> The grey box contains the petrol tank in its upper section, as shown by the location of the petrol pipe. It is not known what was in the lower section; water for the cooling system, perhaps? </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="slinger-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Three wheels in line Slinger motorcycle: 1901<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Pretty good proof that it still runs! </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="slinger-brighton.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Three wheels in line Slinger motorcycle: 1901<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This is the Slinger at the Finish Line of the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run in 2019. It is now owned by Mr Daniel Ward, who is presumably pictured here. Since he is unlikely to have pushed this awkward machine very far, I think we can assume it completed the Run under its own power. <P> It is not on the list of entrants for the 2022 Run. </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="triptr"> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 3 WHEELS: PEUGEOT TRIPORTEUR <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="triporteur-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Peugeot Triporteur: 1953<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Peugeot Triporteur was essentially a three-wheeled single-cylinder motorbike for carrying small loads. This is an original example that has been faithfully restored; it dates from early 1953. <P> The earlier 53TM 100 cc model could carry 120 kg in the crate at the front; the later 55TN 125cc model could carry 150 kg. Maximum speed was 45 km/hr. Production was from 1939 to 1959. <P> </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="triporteur-4.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Peugeot Triporteur: 1953<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The engines were 2-stroke with flywheel magneto ignition. Lubrication was by petroil mixture. There was a 3-speed gearbox by operated by a lever on the petrol tank. Primary and secondary transmissions was by chains. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="triporteur-3.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Peugeot Triporteur: 1953<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This example appears to have a duct for air-cooling around the cylinder. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="triporteur-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Peugeot Triporteur: 1939<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Contemporary advert for the Peugeot Triporteur. </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="bs4"> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 3 WHEELS: BROUGH SUPERIOR MOTORCYCLE WITH DOUBLE REAR WHEELS <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="brough-superior-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Brough Superior motorcycle with double rear wheels: 1932<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Brough Superior Austin Four was a limited-production motorcycle designed and manufactured by Brough Superior of Nottingham, Britain; it was built from 1932 to 1934. Only ten were built, of which nine survive. Unusually, it was powered by a proven Austin 4-cylinder sidevalve, water-cooled motor of 747cc. Brough increased the Austin engine displacement to 797 cc and replaced the cylinder head with a light alloy version which gave more horsepower, presumably by increasing the compression ratio. The rear wheels were shaft driven from a standard Austin 7 three-speed gearbox, (plus reverse) with a crown wheel and pinion mounted between the two rear wheels. You might think that twin rear wheels would make the handling tricky, but the Museum Staff have not so far found any evidence for this. <P> The twin rear wheels make it a three-wheeled vehicle, though legally it was still classed as a motorcycle because the rear wheel centres were less than 24 inches apart. The machine was primarily intended for sidecar work, which would presumably yield a four-wheel vehicle. <P> The Brough Superior Austin Four has a <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brough_Superior_Austin_Four">Wikipedia</A> page. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 3 WHEELS: MODIFIED M4 SHERMAN TANK: 1944 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="bigwheel-armcar.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: M4 Sherman tank modified for mine-clearing: 1944<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This is an M4 T10 mine clearing prototype built by the USA in 1944, based on a <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_Sherman">M4 Sherman tank</A>. The original intention was to install engines in the two front wheels, but initial testing was done without them. It weighed 52 tons, and the front wheels were 8 feet in diameter, while the rear roller was 6 feet in diameter. It's nickname was indeed 'tricycle'. <P> I'm prepared to call this a three-wheeler because the 'rear wheel' appears to be a single roller running the width of the vehicle. The big open-tread front wheels were designed to set off landmines, like the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_flail">mine flail</A> vehicles of WW2. <P> There are a good number of imaginary vehicle pictures that have been created by Photoshop, and you have to be careful. This looks like it could one of them, but research confirms it is genuine. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="bigwheel-armcar-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: M4 Sherman tank modified for mine-clearing: 1944<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The front wheels were driven by the tank sprocket-wheels engaging with internal teeth on the inside of the wheel; these can just be seen on the wheel at the extreme left. The star-shaped teeth on a shafts engaging with the metal tread were for clearing the wheels of debris, incuding explosive debris. There is another such shaft for the rear roller. I originally said they were for propulsion; many thanks to Bill Todd for pointing out this infelicity. <P> The prototype was reconfigured to use the tank's internal engine, and the underside was reinforced with 25mm steel plate. The M4A2 had 55 inches of ground clearance. The total width of the cleared path was 153 inches. (the front wheels had a width of 36.5 inches each) The tank could only reach 3 km/h when mine clearing, but on the road it could make 10 km/h. In June 1944 the T10 was tested, but it became clear that it was just too heavy to be practical. <P> The idea never got past this single prototype. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 3 WHEELS: RELIANT ROBIN: 2018 <P> Three-wheeled cars are not considered very unusual in Great Britain at least, though they are now becoming rare. Historically, three-wheeler production was encouraged by lower road tax than four-wheel cars, and because they could be legally driven with a motorcycle licence. (The latter legal situation changed recently) <P> The major 3-wheeler manufacturers in Great Britain were Reliant and <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp%27s_Commercials">Bond</A>. Ultimately Reliant bought out Bond, and it was Reliant that produced the famous <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_Bug">Bond Bug</A>. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="reliant-1a.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: A Reliant Robin: 2018<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliant_Robin">Reliant Robin</A> was first produced in October 1973 to direct replace the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliant_Regal">Reliant Regal</A> <P> The Reliant Robin had a water-cooled engine (originally only 750cc) under the hatch at the front, driving the back axle via a conventional propshaft and differential. The last Robin came off the production lines in 2002, the last batch of 65 having leather seats, alloy wheels, and walnut dashboards. Now that is class. <P> This Reliant lives a couple of steets away from me, and there is (or was) another living only half a mile away. I see one driving around occasionally, but have not so far been alert enough to spot which it is. <P> The crash-worthiness of a fibreglass-bodied car is not great. As was demonstrated when a friend of mine was killed in a Robin. <P> Author's photograph: Jan 2018 </TABLE> <A NAME="morg"> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 3 WHEELS: MORGAN <P> The Morgan company began selling three-wheelers with one wheel at the rear and a V-twin engine at the front in 1911, and continued until 1952. The company announced that production of a version using a Harley-Davidson V-twin would be restarted in 2012, but the production models actually used an S&S engine. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="morgan.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Morgan three-wheeler: 2012<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This is a three-wheeler of a rather different stamp. It is powered by a big V-twin engine at the front (yes, I suppose that is obvious) that drives the rear wheel. <P> There is a <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Motor_Company">Wikipedia page</A> on Morgan. </TABLE> <P> A perhaps non-obvious drawback of three-wheelers is that since you are making three tracks on the road, the chances of encountering a randomly-placed nail are increased by 50%. <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 3 WHEELS: LOMAX 223 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="Lomax-223.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Lomax three-wheeler: 1982<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Lomax three-wheeler is a British kit car in the same configuration as the Morgan, with two wheels at the front and one at the back. It has a fibreglass body mounted on a Citro�n 2CV or Citro�n Dyane floorpan. In later versions a steel tube chassis was introduced to replace the floorplan. The first Lomax 223's were powered by a Citroen 2CV 602cc engine, which is a horizontally-opposed air-cooled twin. <P> The Lomax is still in limited production at <A HREF="http://www.sportsandleisurecars.co.uk/">Cradley Motor Works</A>, but production seems to be winding down. <P> The <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomax_(auto)">Lomax</A> has a Wikipedia page. <P> </TABLE> <A NAME="4"> <HR WIDTH=70%> <P> <H3>4 WHEELS:</H3> <P> 4 WHEELS: THE SUNBEAM-MABLEY: 1901 <P> As noted at the start, there is pretty near universal agreement that the best number of wheels for a car is four. There's not much point in looking at ordinary cars here, but you can have four wheels and be unconventional about where you put them. A classic example is the Sunbeam-Mabley: <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="1901_sunbeam-3.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Sunbeam-Mabley: 1901<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This car was the first produced by the famous Sunbeam company. They bought in a design from a certain Maxwell Mabley-Smith, whose day job was designing ornamental ironwork. There is variation in the spelling, with Mabberley and Maberley both about on the Web. Mabley is the correct version. <P> The Sunbeam had one wheel at the front, one at each side, and one at the rear; this is often described as a diamond configuration, but in fact the front and back wheels were not in line. The layout was similiar to that of Starley's Coventry Rotary <A HREF="../quadcycle/quadcycle.htm#cov">quadracycle</A>. The car was powered by a single-cylinder 2.75 HP De Dion engine mounted next to the front wheel, but it did not drive this wheel at all. A belt from the engine ran backwards to a 2-speed gearbox and differential; chain drives ran from this to the two unsprung side wheels. <P> The seating was as unorthodox as the wheel placement. Two people sat close together on the front seat, facing the side of the road; the driver sat behind them, steering with a tiller and facing the opposite side of the road. This all sounds very unnatural; the natural tendency would be to twist round to look in the direction in which you are going. This is especially a good idea if you are the driver. Note that extra seat backs have been added at the corners of this version to make the twisting a bit less uncomfortable. </TABLE> <P> A small-diameter exhaust pipe goes round in an elegant semi-circle, then heads toward the rear. In the previous update I said 'Note the red-lined petrol tank mounted on the far side of the car' but it now appears it is a radiator header tank. Looking at the fins on the cylinder I assumed that the engine was air-cooled, but closer investigation shows that the cylinder head only is water-cooled and there is a four-row gilled-tube radiator mounted just above the engine. The petrol tank was somehow fitted in between the driver and the passsengers; for the time being the exact location remains enigmatic, but it must be reasonably high up for gravity feed to the carburettor. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="sunbeam-mabley-EL713a.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Sunbeam-Mabley: 1901<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This is another Sunbeam-Mabley; the engine here appears to be wholly water-cooled. This machine was sold by auction at Sotheby's on 23rd October 1969. <P> The auctioneer's blurb states that the engine is partly air-cooled and partly water-cooled, but this does not square with the appearance of the engine, which looks to be wholly water-jacketed. <P> The blurb states that the engine power was 2.75 HP, from a 74mm bore and 76mm stroke; the capacity was 327cc and the inlet valve was automatic. It also states that ignition was by <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trembler_coil">trembler coil</A>, but that looks like a magneto on the front to me. Its price when new was stated as �130. <P> The Museum staff have so far not been able to find out what it sold for in 1969. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="Sunbeam1a.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Sunbeam-Mabley: 1901<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This is a contemporary picture of the Sunbeam-Mabley. No extra seat backs here. <P> The engine here seems to have a water-cooled head and a finned cylinder barrel for air cooling. No radiator header tank is visible, and the radiator has six rows instead of four. No magneto is visible; I suspect the writer of the auctioneer's blurb mentioned above was working from this picture. <P> Remarkably the Sunbeam-Mabley had some success; several hundred were sold in 1901 and 1902 at �130 each. It was still in the Sunbeam catalogue in early 1904, offering a single cylinder 327 cc engine 74 x 76 mm to run at 1,800 rpm. Weight 4� cwt. (which is very light) The price then was �120. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="mabley-auctio-65p3.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Sunbeam-Mabley AR39: 1901<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This Sunbeam-Mabley was sold at auction for �65,000 in November 2011, which presents a good advance on the initial purchase price of �130. <P> The cylindrical silencer can be seen just ahead of the centre wheel. <P> AR39 has successfully taken part in the London-Brighton veteran car run. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="sm-auct-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Sunbeam-Mabley AR39: 1901<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> It was this photograph that made it clear that the engine was partly water-cooled and partly air-cooled. It also shows that the tank at the front is a water header tank and not the petrol tank. <P> On the top of the cylinder head, in a copper housing is an automatic inlet valve; it opened against a light spring on the induction stroke. Simple but not conducive to good engine breathing. A black right-angle induction manifold connects it to the carburettor; immediately to the right is the polished copper float-chamber. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="sm-auct-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Sunbeam-Mabley AR39: 1901<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Here the wide pulley on the engine crankshaft can be seen; the belt is not fitted. <P> Just to the left of the cylinder barrel can be seen two control rods; presumably they work the throttle and choke on the carburettor. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="sunbeamcar12.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: A Sunbeam-Mabley at the Sunbeam works<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The engine arrangements look rather different here, but the photograph is not clear enough to make out any details. <P> The date is unknown but must have been in the period 1901 - 1904. </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="vic"> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 4 WHEELS: THE VICKERS-WOLSELEY STAFF CAR: 1926 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="vickers-wolseley-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Vickers-Wolseley Staff Car: 1926<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This is another attempt to combine the advantages of wheels and tracks. It was a conversion- a rather radical conversion- of a Wolseley touring car. Here the wheels are raised so the vehicle travels on its tracks. <P> Source: <I>Miltary Transport of WW1</I> by C Ellis and D Bishop, Blandford Press 1970. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="vickers-wolseley-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Vickers-Wolseley Staff Car: 1926<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Here the wheels are lowered for road use. The track system is rigidly attached to the car body. The design was not a success, proving complicated and expensive; there were doubts about its stability. The idea was tried again in 1927 on what might be regarded as an armoured car, but that also was not proceeded with. <P> Source: <I>Miltary Transport of WW1</I> by C Ellis and D Bishop, Blandford Press 1970. </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="side"> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 4 WHEELS: SIDEWAYS PARKING IN 1927 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="four-wheel-sideways.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Sideways parking: 1927<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> You can see a video <A HREF="https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/video/1920s-man-driving-car-with-wheels-that-turn-stock-video-footage/529-119">here</A> of a car with the front wheels set at right angles to the usual direction of motion. When the front of the car has been swung out sideways, the front wheels swivel outwards to the normal configuration. <P> The car is believed to be a Citro�n B12 Torpedo, and the location Paris. However there is <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S5R368iX7iI">another video</A> that gives the location as Arras in France. <P> This sort of thing has never caught on, presumably because the extra weight and complication was too great compared with the limited number of times it would have been useful. <P> Source: Pathe newsreel issued 2nd May 1927. More info <A HREF="https://www.britishpathe.com/video/parking-problem-solved">here</A>. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="four-wheel-sideways-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Sideways parking: 1927<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> There is no sign of any extra mechanism around the stub axles; this suggests the wheel-swivelling was done by altering the effective length of the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering">track-rod</A>. (tie-rod) There is also no sign of front-wheel drive, which suggests that the car was swivelled by causing the rear wheels to turn in opposite directions, requiring an extra gearbox. <P> A related concept is the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-turn_mower">zero-turn lawnmower</A>, which can turn around on the spot. Some of these have five wheels... </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="strid"> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 4 WHEELS: SWEDISH STRIDSVAGN FM/30 L-30 CONVERTIBLE TANK/ARMOURED-CAR: 1931 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="fm30-4.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Stridsvagn FM/30 L-30 convertible tank/armored-car: 1931<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Shown here with the wheels down. <P> This remarkable vehicle certainly has four wheels, but it also has a pair of caterpillar tracks. It also has a complicated history. <P> The vehicle was designed and constructed by the German engineer <A HREF="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Vollmer">Joseph Vollmer</A>, who was at the time co-owner of the German Automobile Construction Company (DAC). The manufacture of tanks was forbidden in the German Reich due to the Treaty of Versailles. To evade this, the the GHH (Gute Hoffnungs-H�tte) steelworks group, based in Oberhausen had acquired the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB_Landsverk">Landsverk company</A> in Landskrona, Sweden. Vehicles and engines were designed and then sold as complete factory drawings against future royalty payments. <P> The FM30 had a 150 HP engine, weighed 11.5 tons and could exceed 45 mph (75 km/h) on the road using its wheels, and 20 mph (35 km/h) across country using its tracks. To convert to tracked operation, both sets of wheels were raised until the top of them were level with the tank deck. The transition to wheeled mode took about 30 seconds and could be done on the move. The armour was proof only against small-arms fire. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="fm30-8.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Stridsvagn FM/30 L-30 convertible tank/armored-car: 1931<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Shown here with the wheels up. <P> The armament was a Bofors 37mm gun (122 rounds carried) and 6.5mm machine-gun. (4000 rounds carried) For some reason the machine-gun was mounted in a short fat cylinder. Note the hatch on each side of the turret. <P> Perhaps predictably, the dual-drive system was complex to manufacture and too fragile for military use. Tests took place in 1935-36, but the single example was relegated to training until 1940. It has been preserved and can be seen in the Swedish Arsenalen Museum in Str�ngn�s. Their website is <A HREF="https://arsenalen.se/en/">here</A>. <P> There is a very short <A HREF="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Landsverk_L-30">Wikipedia</A> page for the FM/30. <P> </TABLE> <P <A NAME="fm29"> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 4/6 WHEELS: SWEDISH FM-29 ARMOURED-CAR: 1932 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="fm29-4.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Swedish FM29 armoured car: 1932<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This Swedish armoured car design resembled the German one just below in that it had four wheels in normal use, plus two spare wheels which were mounted so they contacted the ground in rough country and prevent the vehicle getting stuck; it's another case of 'is this a 4 or 6-wheeled vehicle'?. The four main wheels were driven and steered at each end. <P> The wheels in the picture are hidden behind the pentagonal armour plates. The rear of the vehicle is towards the camera, and tyres contacting the road can be seen at each end- but the middle pentagonal plate has no tyre visible under it. The phrase 'rear of the vehicle' is a bit of a doubtful one in this case: the FM29 had a driver and controls at each end, allowing for some spectacularly rapid retreats. <P> You may be worried that this armoured car appears to be equipped with a pair of torpedo tubes. In fact the two circular hatches cover the headlights; the headlights at the 'rear of the vehicle'. <P> Only one example was ever completed; the design proved too big and heavy, and too expensive. <P> Many thanks to Tulle R�nnmyr for bringing this vehicle to my attention. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="fm29-5.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Swedish FM29 armoured car chassis: 1932<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The FM29 demonstrates its ability to deal with a hump, though the spare wheels aren't actually doing anything at the moment. It also gives a very good view of the front and back driving positions. <P> The disc wheels formed part of the protection of the crew. The engine can be seen at the rear of the vehicle. (To the right) <P> Many thanks to Tulle R�nnmyr for bringing this vehicle to my attention. </TABLE> <A NAME="admk"> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 4 WHEELS: THE ADMK MULUS: 1935 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="ADMK-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The ADMK Mulus with all four wheels up: 1935<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Austrian ADMK Mulus was a light machine-gun carrier vehicle that, like the <A HREF="#strid">Stridsvagn FM/30</A> above, could proceed either on its tracks or on its four wheels. It does not qualify as a tankette because it had no armour at all. <P> The front wheels could be swung upward on their gear-driven suspension arms. They could then be removed and put into brackets at the rear of the vehicle. The rear wheels could also be removed, but this was a more complicated process that required driving the tracks up onto blocks. <P> It has been written that a unique feature was that the front arms acted as a framework for the driver's seat, but so far no information on how this worked has been found. <P> It was first produced in prototype quantities in 1935, and continued in production until 1938. Total production was 334 units; 302 of them in 1936. The Mulus was taken over by the German army after the 1938 <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss">Anschluss</A>, but does not seem to have had much use, probably because it was underpowered, only having a 20 HP engine to move a 1.5 ton vehicle. Some were used in training for <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion">Operation Sealion</A>. <P> The Mulus has a short <A HREF="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADMK_Mulus">Wikipedia</A> page. In German, but Google Translate does a good job. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="ADMK-1.gif"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The ADMK Mulus with the front wheels only down: 1935<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> <UL> <LI>Weight: 1.56 tons <LI>Engine: Daimler air-cooled 4 cylinder 20 HP <LI>Speed: On tracks 10 mph, on wheels 27 mph </UL> <P> </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="ADMK-9.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The ADMK Mulus with all four wheels down: 1935<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Here a two-wheeled trailer is towed. <P> </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <A NAME="rr7"> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 4 WHEELS: THE AUSTRIAN RR7: 1936 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="RR7-3.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Austrian RR7: 1936<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The RR7 was another wheeled/tracked vehicle from Austria. It was developed in 1936 by the Swiss <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurer">Saurer Company</A> to serve as an artillery tractor. The changeover from wheels to tracks could be done while the vehicle was moving at a slow speed. <P> After testing, an order was an order was placed in 1937, but only 12 vehicles were built before the 1938 <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss">Anschluss</A>. After this manufacture continued, and a total of 140 units were built; there might have been more, but the RR7 had poor handling and was difficult to steer. <P> The new German name for the RR7 was Sd Kfz 254. It had a 4-cylinder 70 HP diesel engine. <P> There is a short <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sd.Kfz._254">Wikipedia</A> page on the Sd Kfz 254. </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="ein"> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 4/6 WHEELS: MIDDLE-WEIGHT AND HEAVY EINHEITS-PKW 1936 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="foursix-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Middle-weight Einheits-PKW with central wheels: 1936<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Between 1936 and 1943 the Wehrmacht was supplied with Einheits-PKW (German for 'standard passenger cars') in the three versions; light, medium and heavy. These vehicles were supposed to provide cross-country mobility. They proved too complicated and expensive, their place being taken by the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_K%C3%BCbelwagen">Volkswagen Kubelwagon</A>, which proved capable of dealing with rough terrain despite only having two-wheel drive. <P> Shown here is the middle-weight version. On each side a spare wheel was mounted on a bearing, so it could rotate freely if it contacted the ground and so prevented the chassis grounding. While this feature seems rather ingenious, it must have failed to earn its keep as it was removed in 1940 to simplify the bodywork and make more room inside. <P> So- is that four wheels or six? <P> Many thanks to Bernd F and Pavel Panenka for drawing this machine to my attention. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="foursix-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Heavy-weight Einheits-PKW with central wheels: 1936<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This is very much the same as the middle-weight version, though the spare wheels are recessed further into the bodywork. <P> So- is that four wheels or six? Nobody's counting the two wheels on the gun being towed. <P> Many thanks to Bernd F and Pavel Panenka for drawing this machine to my attention. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 3/4 WHEELS: THE HAYWOOD LHW SPECIAL: 1938 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="1938-Haywood-LHW.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Haywood LHW Special: 1938<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Haywood special was designed to exploit a feature of the rules in the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Six_Days_Enduro">International Six Days Trial</A> held in Wales in 1938. The trials were intended for motorcycles and motorcycle-sidecar combinations, the latter having three wheels. According to the rules two wheels counted as one providing they were less than a foot (30 cm) apart. The special was based on an Austin Seven, and was built by three men called Lloyd, Hughes & Williams, and hence the LHW. <P> No information has so far been found as to how successful this scheme was, or what their fellow-competitors thought about it, but the Museum staff are on the case. <P> The car has been preserved and is currently owned by Iain Richardson. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="haywood-LHW-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Haywood LHW Special: 1938<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Austin Seven axle was cut down until only the differential remained. <P> </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="haywood-LHW-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Haywood LHW Special: 1938<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> A contemporary picture of the Haywood LHW Special. <P> </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="amb"> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 4 WHEELS: HOME GUARD AMBULANCE: 1941 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="ambulance-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Home Guard diamond configuration ambulance: 10 August 1941<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Home Guard was a local defence organisation formed in Great Britain at the start of the Second World War. This one-person ambulance was intended for the transport of victims of war gases. (a threat which never materialised) It looks like a delivery tricycle with a much extended load carrier, supported by an extra wheel at the front. <P> It is not entirely clear how the steering worked. It looks as though the front section swivelled with respect to the rear of the tricycle, and moving it to change direction would need a lot of muscular exertion; the front wheel appears to be simply a castor. The wheels make up a diamond pattern like that of the <A HREF="#4">Sunbeam-Mabley</A> at the start of this section. <P> There is an odd-shaped box on the front, of unknown function. <P> Note curtains that can be let down on each side to keep out gas. Also, with gas in mind the rider is wearing his <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_box_respirator">box respirator</A> on his chest. <P> This picture is about on the Net, with claims it was the first ever ambulance; this is of course nonsense. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <P> 4 WHEELS: PININFARINA-X PROJECT: 1960 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="pinifarina-X.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Pininfarina-X project: 1960<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Pininfarina-X project showcased its low-drag body design, with a drag coefficient of only 0.23, far superior to the ordinary cars of the time. Batista Pininfarina worked with aerodynamics expert Professor Alberto Morelli. To achieve such low drag the front of the car had to be narrow, leading to this unorthodox layout with one wheel in front, two at the side, and one at the rear. The front wheel did the steering and the rear wheel all the driving. <P> A 1089cc Fiat engine was installed at an angle in the rear of the car. This odd arrangement was made necessary by the rear three wheels being close together. This must have made for an assymetrical weight distribution and one wonders if that affected the handlng. <P> The project was a successful technology demonstrator up to a point, but a single front wheel was never going to be acceptable in mainstream motoring. The car was eventually bought by a collector and still exists. <P> You can find more information <A HREF="https://newatlas.com/1960-pininfarina-x-concept-car-auction/35369/">here</A>. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 4 WHEELS: SQUARE-WHEELED PICKUP <P> You're not going to get a car with four conventionally-placed wheels on this page, unless there's something very funny about the wheels. I think this car qualifies; it has four <I>square</I> wheels. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="square.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Square wheels on a four-wheel pickup<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This is from a Mythbusters episode. Interestingly the jolting gets less as speed increases because the wheels are bouncing from one corner to the opposite one, the intermediate corner not touching the ground. <P> There is a <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIN8Q_4iaxU">YouTube</A> video, posted in 2016. <P> It is slightly disturbing that this is far from a unique occurrence of square wheels. Typing 'square wheels' into YouTube produces scooters, bicycles, tricycles, tractors, motorbikes and skateboards, all with square wheels. <P> Presumably the ultimate Perverse Wheel would be an equilateral triangle. </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="5"> <HR WIDTH=70%> <P> <H3>5 WHEELS</H3> <P> 5 WHEELS: THE PENTACYCLE <P> This is not strictly a car or motor vehicle, but when you are looking for 5-wheeled vehicles you can't afford to be too fussy. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="pentacycle-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Burstow's Pentacycle: 1882<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Pentacycle was designed for delivering the post; it was patented by architect Edward Burstow (1821-91) in 1882. He is otherwise unknown to the Internet. It underwent trials with postmen in Horsham, England, and they apparently liked it, but apparently other areas were less enthusiatic and it was not adopted. Edward Burstow is buried in Denne Road Cemetery, Horsham. He was also responsible for designing the Corn Exchange, West Street, Horsham. <P> The thinking behind the design is obscure. The use of a large driving wheel avoided using gears or a chain to get up a decent speed, as in a <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny-farthing">penny-farthing</A>, but at that date gearing was starting to be adopted. The use of what are essentially four stabiliser wheels to protect the health of the postman (going head-first over the front of a penny-farthing could easily be fatal) is laudable, but since there is no suspension, it would seem that it would be impossible to keep all five wheels on the ground, especially given the state of the roads at that time. If the centre wheel failed to grip the road you would go nowhere. <P> The machine steers on both the front and rear little wheels; otherwise it would probably have never got round corners at all. Note the lever to the right and below the pedals that changes the direction of the steering action so that the small-wheel axles steer in opposite directions. <P> The Pentacycle was often described as the 'hen and chickens' machine because it allegedly resembled a hen surrounded by four chicks. <P> The <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentacycle">Pentacycle</A> has a Wikipedia page. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="pentacycle-5.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Burstow's Pentacycle: 1882<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This cigarette card suggests that the official name for the machine was 'centre cycle', and other sources confirm this. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="pentacycle-4a.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Burstow's Pentacycle: 1882<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This is one of the very few contemporary photograph of a centre cycle in use. The machine appears to be fitted with shelves rather than baskets, and there are two pouches strapped to the frame on the left. <P> According to the <A HREF="https://www.postalmuseum.org/blog/audio-guide-stories/">Postal Museum</A>: "Postmen complained that the cycle wore out their trousers in the crotch, leaving them with holes in their uniform. Since they had to pay for their own uniforms, they refused to use the cycle and it was consigned to the scrap heap." <P> Sounds like the design of the saddle could have been improved. Why wasn't it? </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="pentacycle-7 horsham fleet.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Horsham fleet of centre-cycles: 1882<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> There appear to be at least two, and possibly three sizes of centre-wheel shown here. <P> This photograph seems to have been taken at the same location as the one just above; presumably it was the yard of the Horsham Post office. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="burstow-patent.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The USA patent for the centre-cycle: 1881<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Edward Burstow clearly thought it was worthwhile to get a US patent for his machine. <P> The upper diagram shows the levers connecting the steering wheels at back and front. There is however no sign of the lever which caused the small-wheel axles to steer in opposite directions. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 5 WHEELS: THE PHELPS TRACTOR <P> Finding a car with five wheels was always going to be a challenge. However the Museum staff are not easily defeated... <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="1901 Phelps-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Advert for the The Phelps Tractor: 1901<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Phelps Tractor was an ingenious idea that failed to become popular. The steam-powered propelling section was a three-wheeled unit controlled by steering rods from behind. Presumably this was to reassure potential purchasers who were more used to driving horses and wanted no truck with new-fangled notions like steering wheels. <P> The propelling unit could be coupled to a carriage (Combination 2) or a parcel wagon (Combination 3, with extra storage over the engine compartment) or any other suitable trailer unit. This included sledges. <P> The advert at left describes how to steer, start, stop, and reverse, with the useful feature that the engine stops if the rods or reins are dropped or otherwise released entirely. <P> It think the top version has a reasonable claim to be a 5-wheeled car; you couldn't drive the tractor unit around by itself. The claim of the lower version to be a 7-wheeled car is more dubious, as the trailer is essentially a separate vehicle. <P> There seems to be much doubt as to whether this machine was actually built- there appear to be no photographs. I have grave doubts as to the practicality of fitting a 10-HP steam engine, complete with fuel and water tanks, in an enclosure the size of that shown in the top picture. Significantly, no chimney is shown to carry away the boiler exhaust gases, and there is no sign of an air-cooled condenser, which would be a sizable item. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 5 WHEELS: A TRUE FIVE-WHEELED CAR <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="5-wheel-2 Pop Mech Mar1911.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Car with central fifth wheel: 1911<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> While there could be argument about some of the vehicles in this section, this is I think beyond dispute a true five-wheeled car. Details are sadly lacking but it appears that the amount of load taken by the fifth wheel could be adjusted as the vehicle moved along. <P> The inventor claims "the elimination of compensating gears and complicated mechanism". I suspect 'compensating gears' means a differential on the driving axle; close examination of the photograph shows there is a chain drive to the fifth wheel, but no chains going to the rear axle. It therefore appears that the fifth wheel was the sole means of propulsion, which might be expected to cause problems with traction. It is not easy to see what good having a variable load on this wheel would do; using a block-and-tackle in the mechanism suggests a certain lack of mechanical sophistication. In all, it does not appear to me to be a good idea. <P> Source: <I>Popular Mechanics</I> March 1911. Many thanks to Kerry Stiff for drawing this machine to my attention. </TABLE> <A NAME="detroit"> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 5 WHEELS: THE DETROIT TRACTOR <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="detroit-tractor-1913.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Advert for the Detroit Tractor: 1913<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Phelps Tractor was not unique in its rein-control. The Detroit Tractor (which judging by these photographs really was built) had a more practical internal-combustion engine. It is not clear why the towing pole was so long- it may have been something to do with using unmodified horse-drawn ploughs, etc. <P> I appreciate that neither of these configurations qualify as a 5-wheeled car, though they might as 6-wheeled and 4-wheeled. But I thought it best to show them here for comparison with the Phelps tractor just above. <P> The Detroit Tractor Company was an overshoot of Baker & Baker of Royal Oak, Michigan. It was set up in March 1913 to build Baker tractors, but a few years later moved to Lafayette, Indiana where this machine was built. It was described as 'a line-drive tractor of the universal frame design'. Presumably 'line-drive' refers to the rein-control system, but I don't understand about the 'universal frame design'. <P> From an automobile trade journal 1913 </TABLE> <P> You wait ages for a 5-wheeled car and then three come along at once... more research revealed these beauties below: <P> <A NAME="smith"> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <A NAME="smith"> 5 WHEELS: THE SMITH FLYER <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="smith-flyer2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Smith Flyer: 1917<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Smith Flyer was a four-wheel buckboard with a Smith Motor-wheel attached at the back. It seems to have been intended for fun rather than serious transport. <P> Nonetheless, I feel obliged to point an obvious snag. The fifth wheel is clearly hinged to the back of the vehicle, to allow it follow irregularities in the road. Thus only the weight of engine and one wheel is available for adhesion. The traction abilities must have diabolical. <P> It is often cited as the cheapest car ever sold, but that means stretching the definition of 'car' to breaking point. It was no competition for the Model-T Ford, which could be had for a few hundred dollars more. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="smith-flyer.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Smith Flyer: 1917<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The caption is informative. However, in the list of its desirable features (I like the 'natural woodwork') there is no mention of... brakes. There is no mention of suspension either; there wasn't any beyond the flexing of the chassis. It does however have front and rear mudguards. <P> I marvel at the idea of raising the whole engine and wheel to declutch; this is less practical with a V8. There is no mention of a throttle control, which would have required a Bowden cable; it says 'Control is under the thumb on the steering wheel', which I take to mean an ignition cutout switch. And there certainly wasn't a gearbox. <P> Sorry about the moire. Nothing to be done at this stage. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="auto redbug smith.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TR><TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Above: The Smith Flyer: 1917<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This magnificent photograph captures a Smith Flyer superbly. The Smith Motor-wheel with its distinctive two mounting horns, has in this case a belt-driven 4-blade cooling fan.<BR> The diagonal wire attached to the engine is presumably the 'clutch control' for raising the engine and wheel off the road. <P> </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="smith-red.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: A Smith Flyer: picture date unknown<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Pictured at what appears to be a tractor rally. This restored Flyer has a 5-blade belt-driven cooling fan. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="smith-motorwheel-ad.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Smith Motor Wheel: 1914<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This shows the conventional application of the Smith Motor Wheel; you bolted it to the side of your bicycle converting it into a sort of tricycle. The Smith Motor Wheel first appeared in 1914. <P> The Smith Motor Wheel was an ingenious design. The disc wheel was driven directly from the cam-shaft, which was geared down 8:1 to give a suitable drive ratio. However the camshaft of a 4-stroke engine must rotate at half engine-speed; Smith got round this by having four lobes rather than one on each cam. This ingenious idea was borrowed from the Wall Motor Wheel, invented in England in 1910, of which Smith had bought the US manufacturing rights. The Wall Motor Wheel used a 4:1 reduction ratio and a two-lobed exhaust cam; the inlet valve was automatic. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 5 WHEELS: SIDEWAYS PARKING IN 1924 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="Pop Mech Dec 1924 big.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Parking with a fifth Wheel: 1924<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Once again an earlier implementation of five-wheel parking has been discovered. Lowering the fifth wheel and turning it in either direction was done by wire cables and a pulley on the engine. No further details currently known. <P> Source: <I>Popular Mechanics</I> for Dec 1924, p892 </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 5 WHEELS: SIDEWAYS PARKING IN 1933 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="five-wheel-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Parking with a fifth Wheel: 1933<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> It has emerged that the Brookes Walker Fifth Wheel (see just below) was not the first of its kind. This picture is taken from a video posted on Facebook by <I>Road & Track</I> magazine. The mechanism is activated by the driver pulling a rod out of the dashboard. Quite what is activated is currently unknown, but probably hydraulics. Close examination shows that the fifth wheel is driven by a chain. <P> The mechanism works quickly and smoothly, and looks like a first-class job of engineering. <P> You can see the video <A HREF="https://www.facebook.com/RoadandTrack/videos/drop-down-fifth-wheel-for-parallel-parking/10156138914136091/">here</A>. <P> The only information in the soundtrack is that the inventor lived in California; this is confirmed by the licence plate, which also gives the date of 1933. The car is a four-door Packard. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="five-wheel-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Parking with a fifth Wheel: 1930s<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The activating control pulled fully out of the dashboard. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 5 WHEELS: RACING CAR IN 1933 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="5-wheel Pop Sci July 1933.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Fifth Wheel for safe tyre testing: 1950s<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The text pretty much says it all. <P> Source: <I>Popular Science</I> July 1933, p12 </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 5 WHEELS: SIDEWAYS PARKING IN 1938-1952 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="5-wheel.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Brookes Walker Fifth Wheel: 1950s<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The huge barge-like cars produced in the USA in the 50's were hard to park in spaces of limited size. Here is one attempted solution; a fifth wheel that lefts the normal rear wheels off the road and allows the back of the car to go sideways. It could be argued that the car was a three-wheeler during this operation, as only three wheels were actually touching the road. A hydraulic cylinder lowered the fifth wheel, which was then rotated by a friction roller driven from the rear axle. <P> For a long time nothing was currently known beyond the existence of this photograph. It can now be revealed that this Cadillac is using the Park-Car concept invented by Brooks Walker in the 1930s. US patent 2,139,341 was applied for in 1932 but only granted in 1938. <P> Now you may object to carrying around the weight of an extra wheel just to help with parking. But the beauty of the concept is that it doubles as the spare wheel, and the only extra weight is that of the raise/lower mechanism. <P> There is a video of the fifth wheel in operation on <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ki9otMeiRP0">YouTube</A>. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="US 2139341.gif"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: US patent 2,139,341, granted 1938<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The fifth wheel 22 swings down on a radius arm 25, actuated by the hydraulic cylinder 31. The big spring 38 looks as if it is intended to retract the fifth wheel if the hydraulics fail. <P> The fifth wheel is driven by friction roller held against its tread; this is driven by the chain 45, from the shaft 43. This shaft is driven by another friction roller 41 bearing on the rear tyre 40. <P> I have my doubts about this drive system: <UL> <LI>There are two friction rollers here that need to have a good grip on their respective tyres. How well is that going to work in the wet?<BR><IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <LI>The friction roller 41 bears not on the tread of its tyre but on its sidewall. Tyre sidewalls are not designed for that sort of duty and would quickly wear and become dangerous- on the inside sidewall which is hard to inspect.<BR><IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <LI>Finally, what about the differential? Once both rear wheels are of the ground, trying to apply power through tyre 40 is just going to make the opposite rear wheel spin uselessly. </UL> </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="life1.gif"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Fifth Wheel: 1950s<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This installation takes up most of the room in the boot (trunk) and apparently the petrol tank has also had to be moved- quite a major rebuild. <P> From a Life article, 17 Nov 1952 (The issue that reported the victory of Eisenhower over Adlai Stevenson) </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="life2.gif"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Fifth Wheel: 1950s<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This photograph shows chain drive to the fifth wheel, alleged taken from the propellor shaft, though it is far from clear exactly how that worked. <P> Not to be pedantic, but I can only see one hydraulic cylinder here, at bottom right. The other tubular things are parts of the bracket holding the fifth wheel. <P> From the Life article of 17 Nov 1952 </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="life3.gif"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Fifth Wheel: 1950s<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> <P> From the Life article of 17 Nov 1952 </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="life4.gif"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Fifth Wheel: 1950s<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Multiple-exposure photography demonstrates the parking process. The car on the left can get into a much smaller parking space by swinging its rear in. <P> From the Life article of 17 Nov 1952 </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="1953 Packard.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Fifth Wheel: 1953 Packard<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This 1953 Packard Cavalier was converted by Brooks Walker and used as his personal transportation; it still survives. This time the fifth wheel lives outside the boot, (trunk) which leaves the luggage space intact. Presumably moving the petrol tank was also not necessary. Definitely a more practical proposition. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="packard2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Fifth Wheel: 1953 Packard<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> According to the latest information I can find, the Packard is currently owned by William Swaney of Pennsylvania, who bought it in December 2005. The hydraulic system has been rebuilt, and is fully operational, so the car can go round in complete circles if the owner so desires. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 5 WHEELS BY HOBART BROWN- THE LOWELL KINETIC SCULPTURE RACE: 1969 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="hobart-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Five-wheeler by Hobart Brown: 1969<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The first <A HREF="https://lowellkinetic.com/history/">Lowell Kinetic Sculpture Race</A> was held in 1969 in Ferndale, California. Local artist <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_Brown">Hobart Brown</A> modified his son Justin's tricycle by adding two more wheels, though it's hard to see much trace of a tricycle here apart from the two big wheels. There is pedal drive to the front wheel by a chain. <P> The little wheel at the back seems to be collapsing under the strain. <P> There was a 2003 article on Hobart Brown in the <A HREF="https://www.northcoastjournal.com/052203/artbeat0522.html">North Coast Journal</A>. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="kinetic-museum-pentacycle.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Five-wheeler by Hobart Brown: 1969<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Brown pentacycle is preserved in the a kinetic sculpture museum. I think it's <A HREF="http://www.avam.org/our-visionaries/hobart-brown.shtml">this one</A>. <P> That bent wheel still hasn't been fixed. Perhaps it's part of the artistic effect. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="hobart-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Five-wheeler by Hobart Brown: 1969<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The caption says it all. <P> Don Clausen has a <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_H._Clausen">Wikipedia</A> page. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 5 WHEELS BY ZARKA AND VINCENT LAMOUROUX: 2001 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="Z&L pentacycle-1.jpg" WIDTH=800><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Five-wheeler by Raphael Zarka and Vincent Lamouroux: 2001<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This pentacycle was designed with one specific application in mind; it was to ride along the abandoned track of the French <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9rotrain">Aerotrain</A> project. It does look as if this is a unique case where five wheels really are required. Two of the balloon-like wheels support the rear of the pentacycle on the ground, while the single wheel at the front supports it on top of the big concrete rail. The two wheels on vertical axles guide the pentacycle laterally. <P> There is more info <A HREF="http://www.sixmania.fr/pentacycle-de-raphael-zarka-et-vincent-lamouroux-2001/">here</A>. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 5 WHEELS BY MICHAEL SALERNO: 2008 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="salerno-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Five wheeled bike built by Michael Salerno: 2008<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The machine was in course of construction by Michael Salerno when this photograph was taken; the chain is missing. A sequence of photographs describe the construction process on <A HREF="https://www.flickr.com/photos/tripletlads/albums/72157605475489713">Flickr</A>. <P> There seems to be no suspension so the question arises of how often all five wheels will be touching the ground. <P> This image is also on a site promoting the music of Jaapur and Machoo <A HREF="https://jaapur.bandcamp.com/track/pentacycle">here</A>. They have a track called Pentacycle. Don't listen it, it's bad. In fact, it's terrible. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="salerno-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Five-wheeler by Michael Salerno: 2008<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The machine in one version of 'finished', with handlebars. They were later replaced by a miniature ship's wheel. <P> Note the fancy backrest. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 5 WHEELS IN EGYPT: 2014 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="egypt.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Brooks Walker idea reborn.<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This modification was done in Egypt. The car is an old-style Renault 5. I use to have a Renault 5TS, and it was a good and fast car. But I was tempted away by the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_205">Peugeot 205 GTi</A>; (1.6 litre version) lovely car, wish I still had it. <P> There is a video of the fifth wheel doing its stuff on <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUHQS3rS_lI">YouTube</A>. It was uploaded in 2014 </TABLE> <P> The more fastidious of readers may be complaining at this point that the Brooks Walker fifth-wheel and its Egyptian successor may be using a bright idea, but it does not have all five wheels on the ground at the same time, and so does not count as a five-wheeled car any more than does a four-wheel car with a spare wheel in the boot. See if I care. <P> Be aware that the term 'fifth wheel' is often used to describe the horizontal turntable on which an articulated trailer pivots. See <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth-wheel_coupling">Wikipedia</A>. <P> There is also the idiom "About as much use as a fifth wheel." which makes no sense because there are times when a spare wheel really comes in handy. <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 5 WHEELS IN VIETNAM: 2016 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="red1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Five wheeled car in Vietnam: 2016<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Nothing is known about this vehicle except the video on YouTube, entitled '5 wheel super-car of the man Vietnam', which presumably at least locates the country. At any rate they drive on the right. If anyone knows any more I would be glad to hear it. <P> There is a video of the car driving off at <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kccfWcyM-xk">YouTube</A>. It sounds like it's powered by a motorcycle engine. <P> Date of construction currently unknown. The video was posted in May 2016 </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="red2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Five wheeled car in Vietnam: 2016<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The back wheel looks like the rear wheel from a heavy motorcycle to me. <P> </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="viet-4.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: More views of the Vietnamese five-wheeled car: 2016<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This <A HREF="https://autopro.com.vn/van-hoa-xe/bat-ngo-co-xe-do-5-banh-cua-nguoi-viet-20150515021820023.chn">article</A> (dated 15 May 2015) when translated, says the builder is a Mr. Nguyen Van Thang, who apparently has no formal engineering or mechanical training. <P> A distinctly impressive achievement! <P> </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="7-gator.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Five-wheeled John Deere vehicle: current<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This is a John Deere <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deere_Gator">Gator</A>, in a five-wheeled version. Stu tells me it is most often seen transporting injured American football players from the field. Gator are made in a variety of configurations, with either four, five or six wheels. You can see a 5-wheel Gator in the first part of this <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4kYioXFlph8">YouTube</A> video. <P> Thanks to Stu Riegel for bringing this to my attention. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <!-- <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOtNY4dZX7c">YouTube</A> pentacycle (5 wheels, 4 people) --> <A NAME="6"> <HR WIDTH=70%> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <H3>6 WHEELS</H3> <P> <A NAME="art"> 6 WHEELS: ARTICULATED CARRIAGE PULLED BY HEILMANN TRACTOR: 1898 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="artic.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Carriage pulled by Heilmann tractor: 1898<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Early cars were naturally based on horse-drawn vehicles, but this design takes that philosophy further than most. The horses are here replaced by a 4-wheel tractor unit. <P> This remarkable vehicle has now been identified as the landau of <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia">Grand Duke Alexis of Russia</A>, drawn by a Heilmann electric tractor circa 1898. <P> That is the same Heilmann who produced a remarkable <A HREF="../../locoloco/heilmann/heilmann.htm">steam-electric locomotive</A>. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 6 WHEELS: THE PULLMAN CAR 1903 <P> The Pullman marque was manufactured in Pennsylvania by the York Motor Car Company from 1905 to 1917. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="pullman.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Pullman car: 1903<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Here's one way to arrange six wheels on a car. This wheel configuration is very rare, and was thought to be unique until the Lorraine Dietrich car (below) was discovered. When the middle wheels encountered a high spot in the road, the car had an unhappy tendency to rock back and forwards. <P> The Pullman car was not a success. It crashed into a telegraph pole within a year of its construction, very probably due to instability in the steering behaviour. Its parts were used in more conventional cars. The year of building is usually given as 1903, which seems to indicate it was prototype built before Pullman went into mass production in 1905. <P> Pullman went bankrupt and ceased operations in 1917. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 6 WHEELS: THE PRATT CAR 1907 <P> Charles T. Pratt of Frankfort, New York, was like Reeves, an industrialist, owning the Pratt Chuck Works. He built this 6-wheeled one-off, with a 'triple phaeton' body. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="pratt6wheeler.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Charles T Pratt car: 1907<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The car was powered by an unidentified 75 HP engine. Its wheelbase - presumably measured between front and rear axles - was 168 inches. The <I>Horseless Age</I> wrote: <P> <TABLE ALIGN=CENTER WIDTH=90%> <TR><TD><H5> "The wheels are mounted on lengthwise members, which are pivoted to the rear springs in each side. By this mode of support much less shock is transmitted to the body of the car than is ordinarily the case, since inequalities in the road, causing a rise or depression of one of the four wheels, will raise or depress the body spring by only half that amount, provided the other wheel on the same side remains on the level." </TABLE> </TABLE> <P> Pratt told the press that he built the car only for his own use, but nontheless he took out two patents: US 842,245 - (Running Gear for Automobiles) in January 1907, and US 888,737 - (Automobile Running-Gear) in May 1908. <P> Unlike the Sextoauto, this six-wheeler apparently used both forward and centre axles for steering and the rear axle for propulsion. Since the 'centre' wheel is well towards the back this does not sound like a very practical proposition, but that is what is shown in US 842,245. <P> Searching for Pratt cars will only bring up George and Bill Pratt, who began car production in 1909. There appears to be no connection. <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 6 WHEELS: THE LORRAINE DIETRICH CAR 1908 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="lordiet-1908-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Lorraine Dietrich: 1908<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This six-wheeled car was produced by the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine-Dietrich">Soci�t� Lorraine Dietrich</A> apparently in 1908, though one source states 1903/4. The makers described it as an 'omnibus'. The rear section was stated to be a <I>fourgon</I> or baggage-van. <P> It had a 40 HP engine and a maximum speed of 55 to 62 mph (90-100 km/hr) and according to some accounts driven by the four rear wheels. This needs confirmation- the chain drive to the centre wheels can be seen just to the left of the tyre, but not so any chains to the rear axle. However if you had rear wheels, surely you would drive them? Other accounts suggest that the rear wheels were steerable, but not driven. <P> The first and third axles could slide axially, which was claimed to allow a very small turning-circle, equivalent to that of a car half the length. It sounds like that might make for some interesting handling. However contemporary writers enquired anxiously about the true size of its turning circle. <P> Just above the driver's position, a <A HREF="../../COMMS/voicepipe/voicepipe.htm">speaking tube</A> can be seen. This allowed the passengers to give the driver instructions without the inconvenience of opening a window. <P> Thanks to Pavel Panenko for bringing this vehicle to my attention. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="Lorraine-Dietrich-6-roues.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Lorraine Dietrich: 1908<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Another view of the Lorraine Dietrich six-wheeled car. It was commissioned by <A HREF="http://lafayette.org.uk/eck3504a.html">Baron Herrmann von Eckhardstein</A>, [1864-1933] who was first secretary at the German embassy in London from 1891 to 1901. Though never the ambassador, as the first secretary he performed most of the functions of one. <P> The car boasted a silver sink with hot and cold running water, electric lighting and heating, and a dashboard fitted with every imaginable instrument. The <I>fourgon</I> actually held a fully equipped kitchen in which Emil, the chef, prepared gourmet meals. Entry to this kitchen was naturally via a tradesman's entrance at the rear of the car. <P> The car is said to have had a wheelbase of 3.80 metres; this is presumably the distance between adjacent axles, rather than the overall wheelbase. The six-wheel suspension was based on a patent owned by <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcat-M%C3%A9ry">Turcat-M�ry</A>, motor manufacturers from 1899 until 1928. <P> </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="lor-diet-1910.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Lorraine Dietrich: 1910<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This diagram of the six-wheel arrangement was published in a book in 1910. There are four linked leaf-springs on each side. The inner pair of springs pivot on the chassis at their centres. <P> The sprocket for the chain drive is shown as a circle just to the right of the centre wheel; the chain is not shown. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="lordiet-lorry-1907-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Lorraine Dietrich: 1908<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The six-wheeled car appears to have been preceded by this unconventional six-wheel lorry.This is one of the many Lorraine-Dietrich lorries that brought supplies to the 400,000 troops engaged in the <A HREF="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_man%C5%93uvres">Grandes Southwestern maneuvers</A> in France in 1907. <P> The four leaf springs visible are arranged as in the diagram above; in this case the driving chain sprocket is ahead of the centre axle. No drive chain to the rear wheel is visble. <P> The centre wheels are bigger than the front and rear, and their tyres are bigger too, supporting the idea that only the centre wheels were driven. Also, different size wheels at the back would have required a different gear ratio to drive them. Add to this that if the rear wheels HAD to be steerable, to get an acceptable turning radius with the axle layout, applying power to them as well is going to give you all the difficulties of front-wheel drive technology- specifically a need for constant-velocity joints. Perhaps this is why the idea did not thrive- it limits you to just driving the centre axle, which is not going to give good traction. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="turcat-mery-1905.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Turcat-Mery six-wheel charabanc: 1905<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This six-wheel prototype was built by <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcat-M%C3%A9ry">Turcat-M�ry</A> in 1905. The patent involved was actually granted to Charles Lindecker of Briancon in France. Presumably Turcat-M�ry had bought the patent or taken out a licence to exploit it. <P> This photograph shows the middle axle in a hole; note how the inner ends of the springs on the front and rear axles have been raised, reducing the load on them. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="lindecker-patent-fig4.gif"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Six-wheel suspension from Charles Lindecker's US patent 838,343: 1906<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The patent shows four methods of interconnecting the suspension of the three axles so that they will take equal shares of the load even if the ground is uneven; all are the same in principle but the fourth method, shown here, is the simplest mechanically, and the one used by Turcat-Mery and Lorraine Dietrich. <P> Here the springs 4 do double duty as balance levers, transferring loads to and from the front and rear axles; they are pivoted on the chassis at their centres, indicated by two small circles. The centre axle is located by the radius arm 9; when the centre axle encounters a hole, it tends to sink, which causes springs 4 to swivel on their pivots and raise the inner ends of springs 3 by means of the little links. This reduces the load on the front and rear axles. <P> The load distribution could be changed by varying the lengths of the suspension components. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 6 WHEELS: THE SEXTOAUTO 1912 <P> The Reeves Sexto-Auto actually came after the Reeves Octo-Auto, described below. Faced with no orders at all for the Octo-Auto, Reeves claimed he could "Get as good results with six wheels as with eight" which rather invites the question of why he used eight in the first place. The Sexto-Auto involved rather more rebuilding than just removing the Octo-Auto's front axle, as the axle behind it has been moved forward to a position under the radiator. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="sexto Reeves-1912.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Reeves Sexto-Auto: 1912<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> I am very doubtful if 'Tire trouble and expense actually reduced' was a realistic claim. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="sexto Reeves-1912-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Reeves Sexto-Auto: 1912<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The only Sexto-Auto ever built. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="sexto Reeves-1912-3.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Reeves Sexto-Auto: 1912<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> It's all very well claiming that there is 'No shock, no jolt, no rebound', but how is that actually accomplished? Even if we accept that four wheels at the back give a much superior ride, the front two wheels are entirely conventional and so you would presumably get the usual amount of shock, jolt, and rebound from them. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 6 WHEELS: THE MELBOURNE FIRE ENGINE: 1916 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="melbourne-fire-engine-1916.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Horse-drawn Melbourne fire engine converted to motor drive: 1916<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This bizarre vehicle was built by shortening a heavy touring car, by moving its rear axle to just behind the gearbox, removing the rear wheels, and fixing it to the chassis side-members. The rear springs were reversed and rested on the front axle of the fire engine. That is the middle set of wheels visible; they were chain-driven from what had been the car rear axle. <P> The original front axle of the fire-engine swivelled, and this was presumably retained to avoid a long rigid wheelbase, so it was effectively an articulated vehicle. It was built because there had been a spate of serious accidents when people tried to tow fire-engines with cars. <P> From the Melbourne Herald (Australia) for Monday 23 Oct 1916. See <A HREF="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/26345197">here</A>. <P> Thanks to Ben Hurkett for drawing this to my attention. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="melbourne-fire-engine-1916-hires.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Horse-drawn Melbourne fire engine converted to motor drive: 1916<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Here's a rather better picture that hasn't been through newspaper rotogravure. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 6 WHEELS: THE CLARIN-MUSTAD: 1917 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="1917 Clarin-Mustad.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Clarin-Mustad: 1917<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This Norwegian car was a one of two six-wheelers built in the years 1916-1917 by <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Clarin_Hovind_Mustad#Automobile_pioneer">Hans Clarin Hovind Mustad</A>, one of the earliest automotive pioneers in Norway. <P> The front wheels steered, the middle wheels were both steered and driven, and the rear wheels simply driven. This car is supposed to be the first to be fitted with <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headlamp#Directional_headlamps">directional headlights</A> swivelled by the steering, though it is not mentioned on the Wikipedia page. <P> The wheelbase between the front and rear axles was 4.37 m and the weight was about of 3 tons. <P> One of these cars is said to be in the <A HREF="https://www.tekniskmuseum.no/">Norwegian Museum of Science and Industry </A> in Oslo, though it appears not to be viewable on their website. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="clarin chassis 3.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Clarin-Mustad chassis: 1917<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Yes, it can deal with three bricks. <P> The Clarin-Mustad shamelessly displays its front <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_axle">beam axle</A>. Such axles were common in early cars because of their simplicity, but the disadvantages are the lack of independent wheel movement and the high unsprung weight as the whole axle is unsprung. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="1927 Mustad open.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Open Mustad car: 1927<FONT COLOR=BLACK> </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <A NAME="h6a"> <P> 6 WHEELS: THE HISPANO-SUIZA H6A: 1922 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="h6a.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Hispano-Suiza H6A: 1921<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Based on the standard H6 Hispano-Suiza, this unique car was built for <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece">Constantine I</A>, the King of Greece. Regrettably he had to abdicate in 1922 before taking delivery, and it was bought by the film director D. W. Griffith for $35,000. It appeared in the 1933 film "My Lips Betray" and some war films. It is now at the <A HREF="http://www.forneymuseum.org/FE_HispanoSuiza.html">Forney Museum</A> in Denver. <P> The car is believed to have been built in Barcelona, and the body designed and built by Leon Rubay. <P> The H6 in general has a <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_H6">Wikipedia</A> page. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <A NAME="apc"> <P> 6 WHEELS??: THE FRENCH AMC SCHNEIDER P 16: 1925 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="Schneider-AMC-P16-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The AMC Schneider P16: 1925<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> I don't think there is any rational way you could call this a 6-wheeled vehicle, but the very prominent nose-roller on this half-track relates to the French vehicles further on in this section. Of course once you let in tracked vehicles, you could have endless discussions as to whether you should count just the big wheels/sprockets at each end or all of the track roadwheels as well. Let's not bother. <P> The P16 was developed in 1924 by Citro�n from the earlier Citro�n-K�gresse Mod�le 1923. Both employed the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9gresse_track">K�gresse track</A>, A K�gresse track uses rubber or canvas in a continuous flexible belt rather than interlocking metal segments, as in conventional tracks. <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_K%C3%A9gresse">Adolphe K�gresse</A> was a French military engineer. <P> This half-track was classified by the French as an armoured car rather than a tank. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <A NAME="gaz"> <P> 6 WHEELS: THE GAZ-21 6X6 PROTOTYPE: 1927 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="GAZ-21-prototype-6x6-1927.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The GAZ-21 6x6 prototype: 1927<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The GAZ-21 6x6 was a Russian off-road prototype based on the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAZ-21">GAZ-21</A> civilian saloon car. Very little information is available. <P> Referring to Wikipedia's <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GAZ_vehicles">List of GAZ vehicles</A> we also find the GAZ-AAA - 6x4 2-ton truck, produced from 1934 to 1943. It was a three axle version of the GAZ-AA. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <A NAME="mb34"> <P> 6 WHEELS: THE MERCEDES-BENZ G4 W31: 1934 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="MercedesBenz-G4-W31 a.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Mercedes-Benz G4: 1934<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Mercedes-Benz G4 Type-W31 was a six-wheeled staff/command car built for the Wehrmacht in 1934, designed to cope with off-road conditions. Only 57 were built, of which only three completely original specimens are known to exist, one of them belonging to the Spanish royal family. <P> All versions had eight-cylinder inline engine, driving the rear four wheels through self-locking differentials. The rear wheels were attached to two rigid axles suspended by semi-elliptic leaf springs. The first three years of production had 5018 cc engines delivering 100 HP. Later engine capacity was increased to 5252 cc and then 5401 cc. <P> This car has a <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W31">Wikipedia</A> page. <P> Thanks to John Bevan for drawing this car to my attention. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <A NAME="off"> <P> 6 WHEELS: THE LORRAINE MILITARY VEHICLES: 1931/34 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="lorraine-offroad-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Lorraine-Dietrich VLTT 72: 1931<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> It should be simple enough to say how many wheels a vehicle has; and then you come across something like this. Does this count as six wheels or eight? <P> This vehicle is a VLTT (Voiture de Liason Tout Terraine) Lorraine 72, built under licence from <A HREF="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_(company)">Tatra</A> by Lorraine-Dietrich for the French forces. Images of this vehicle and others with the same chin-mounted axle are not hard to find if you know what you are looking for, but nonetheless none of the sources examined by the Museum staff even mention the very obvious extra wheels. It appears the idea is to make crossing ditches easier, as the extra wheels would help the front of the car to rise up the far side of the ditch. <P> Presumably the two chin wheels were not powered, as they have no tread on; they are purely to stop the vehicle burying its nose in the ground. There also appears to be no room under the extended starting-handle for any drive mechanism. <P> We have met the Lorraine-Dietrich company before, making six-wheeled lorries. See 1908 above. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="lorraine-offroad-3.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Lorraine-Dietrich VLTT 72: 1931<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> At least one VLTT 72 has been preserved; location and date of photo not currently known. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="lorraine-offroad-4.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Lorraine-Dietrich VLTT 72: 1931<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The rear of the preserved VLTT 72. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="lorraine-offroad-2a.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Lorraine-Dietrich VDP 24: 1934<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This vehicle, a fast troop transporter, was also built under licence from Tatra. Testing began in 1934 and the VDP 24 was issued to the services in 1937. <P> Now there are four wheels on the chin axle, much more heavily constructed. So is that six wheels or ten? <P> Here the chin wheels <I>are</I> treaded. It is not currently known if they were powered. <P> The weight was 3.78 tonnes loaded and 2.72 tonnes empty. Length was 4.84m and height 2.08m. Ithad a four-cylinder engine of 4710 cc giving 55 HP and a maximum speed of 65 km/hr. It could carry ten men in total. It had no built-in armament but two hatches in the roof allowed for possible mounting of AA guns. <P> VDP srands for 'Voiture de Dragons Port�s' which Google translate renders as 'Car of dragons worn'; this is unhelpful. I think it means 'car for mechanised dragoons'. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="lorraine28-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Lorraine-Dietrich 28: 1938<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Lorraine 28 radio truck was a variation on the VDP 24. Here is one taking part in a parade in Paris in the ominous year of 1938. Note white-wall tyres on both the big and the little wheels. <P> An inherent problem with this idea is the need to carry around two sizes of spare wheel. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <A NAME="sko"> <P> 6 WHEELS: THE SKODA 903 1936 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="skoda 903 superb 1938.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Skoda 903: 1936<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This military vehicle, the <A HREF="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_903">Skoda 903</A> (page in Czech) was developed from the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Superb_(1934%E2%80%931949)">Skoda Superb</A>. (1934-1949) for the Czech Army. Three were built initially; a later version was built in 1939, totalling 42 vehicles.. <P> The <A HREF="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto"> Skoda</A> plant at Mlad� Boleslav is the largest production plant in the Czech Republic. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <A NAME="aaa"> <P> 6 WHEELS: THE GAZ-AAAA Prototype: 1936 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="gaz-aaaa.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: GAZ-AAAA prototype: 1936<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This Russian military prototype, the GAZ-AAAA, had six normal wheels plus two more just behind the front pair. Images of this vehicle are very rare, but there is a <A HREF="https://youtu.be/JOjIiiDw6xg">YouTube</A> video that shows the GAZ-AAAA in action for a few seconds around 38:35, and this image is taken from there. <P> Presumably the extra two wheels are spares; those carried on the <A HREF="#ein">middle and heavy Einheits-PKW</A> did double-duty as while they did not normally contact the road, they stopped the vehicle grounding on humps. These extra wheels are close behind the front pair and it is hard to see how they could have fulfilled an anti-grounding function. <P> Referring to Wikipedia's <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GAZ_vehicles">List of GAZ vehicles</A> it appears that only one prototype was built. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <A NAME="s35"> <P> 6 WHEELS: THE LAFFLY S35T ARTILLERY TRACTOR: 1937 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="LAFFLY s35T-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Laffly S35T 1937<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This <A HREF="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffly_S35T">Laffly S35T</A> artillery tractor also challenges definition. Do you call this six wheels or ten? <P> It has six normal wheels, two little wheels on the chin like the Lorrain vehicles- plus another two little wheels between the front and middle main axles, presumably to stop the chassis grounding on bumps. The first vehicles were delivered to the French army in 1937. <P> All six of the main wheels were driven, but only the front two steered. <P> The <A HREF="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffly">Laffly</A> Company, founded in 1912, were major manufacturers of of heavy vehicles like trucks and buses in the 1920s and 1930s. Laffly made other military vehicles with one or two extra little-wheel axles, such as the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffly_S15">S15</A> and the <A HREF="http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww2/france/Laffly_S15_W15.php">W15 TCC</A>. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="LAFFLY s35T-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Laffly S35T 1937<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This picture of a Laffly S35T demonstrates that there were four wheels on the chin axle. So, do you call this six wheels or twelve? I am assuming the axle under the cab carries only two little wheels because of restricted space. The little wheels had no suspension, but were rigidly attached. <P Other versions had just two little wheels on the chin axle. <P> This Laffly S35T is still in the hands of the French- note the caps on the men. After the fall of France they were used by the Germans. <P> The main wheels are here fitted with snow chains. Since it's not winter (the men are in their shirt-sleeves) I wonder if there some traction problems. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 6 WHEELS: THE VAUXHALL VILLIERS: 1938 <P> Another approach to putting six wheels on your car is double tyres on the rear axle. The <A HREF="https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/january-1937/8/vauxhall-villiers">Vauxhall Villiers</A> racing car had a 3000cc 300 HP supercharged engine, and dual rear wheels were tried by driver and entrepreneur <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Mays">Raymond Mays</A> in the hope of better traction in hill-climb races. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="vauxhall.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Vauxhall Villiers: 1938<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Vauxhall Villiers was sucessful at hill-climbing and sprint races, but it was known to be a very tricky car to handle. Here Raymond Mays grimly clutches the steering wheel. <P> You could argue all day if this really counts as six wheels rather than four wheels, but let's not. <P> Why anyone thought that holding up a grimy sheet behind the car would make a better picture is unknown. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 6 WHEELS: THE PAT CLANCY SPECIAL: 1948 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="clancy-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Pat Clancy Special: 1948<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This six-wheeled car was built to compete in the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_500">Indianapolis 500</A>. The Clancy Special made its first appearance in the race in 1948, driven by Billy DeVore; it qualified 21st and finished 12th, 10 laps behind the winner but unquestionably a brave effort for an unconventional car. <P> In May 1949 it raced at the Indy 500 again, but retired after 65 laps with a broken driveshaft. It was then converted to a four-wheeler. <P> Pat Clancy was a Memphis trucking fleet operator. His thinking was that since dual rear axles worked well on heavy trucks, they would also work well on racing cars. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="replica.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Pat Clancy Special replica: build date unknown<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This is a replica of the six-wheeled Clancy car, built by A J Watson. It has an Offenhauser engine. <P> </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <A NAME="han"> 6 WHEELS: THE HANNIBAL TWIN-8: 1964 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="Hannibal8-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Hannibal Twin-8: 1964<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This is Professor Fate's Hannibal Twin-8 car from the 1965 movie <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Race">The Great Race</A>. Jack Lemmon played the evil Professor Fate, opposite good guy Tony Curtis. (I saw it when it came out and I remember it as a good film) Sources differ as to whether three, five, or six were built, which is at least two more than some of the machines in this gallery. However it seems likely that only two of the cars were fully functional. <P> Unusual features are that the bodywork really can be raised 9 feet above the chassis by hydraulic rams, and there was a fully functional smoke screen generator. However, the retractable brass cannon pointing out of the front is not likely to fire anything other than a small pyrotechnic, and the nose that could be made to glow red-hot (for melting snow drifts) was just a lighting effect. <P> This machine is worth studying, because it was rather more than just a movie prop. The Hannibal Twin-8's were custom built by Warner Bros from the ground up at a cost of $150,000 in 1965 money, which was about three times what a house went for back then. (It is not currently clear if that was the cost each or for the three; I suspect the latter) <P> Power is from a Corvair flat-6 with a 3-speed manual gearbox; all four of the rear wheels are powered by a chain drive. The Hannibal Twin-8 remains in its original and un-restored condition just as it was last used on the movie set. It is still fully operational, and it actually runs and drives. It even has a 1965 assigned VIN and could be titled, registered and driven over the road. <P> The exact significance of the name is obscure. I seem to recall that the fictional car was supposed to have twin engnes, but attempts by the Museum staff to confirm this have so far failed. As for the '8' surely they didn't mean twin V8 engines? <P> There is a video of Jack Lemmon extolling the features of the Hannibal Twin-8 on <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lzaj0bdduHM">YouTube</A>. The car appears at 0:40. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="hannibal-up.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Hannibal Twin-8: 1964<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Demonstrating the Hannibal Twin-8's ability to rise above things. I'm not sure if you can safely do this while driving along... </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <A NAME="tyr"> <P> 6 WHEELS: THE TYRELL P34: 1975 <P> The Tyrell P34 was a six-wheeled Formula 1 racing car first unveiled in 1975. It was first tried on the track at Silverstone on 8th October 1975. After much testing, Tyrrell decided to build two more 6-wheel cars to race in the 1976 season. <P> The idea behind the P34 was the use of front tyres that would fit in with the streamlining. This would have two effects; this would be to lower overall drag and also provide smoother airflow to the rear wing. The wheels were only 10 inches (250 mm) in diameter, and because of the small contact patch with the road, four were required to give good cornering. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="tyrrell-p34.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Tyrell P34 driven by Depailler: 1976<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The high point of the P34 story was the 1976 Swedish Grand Prix; Jody Scheckter and Patrick Depailler finished first and second in their P34's. Scheckter remains the only driver ever to win a race in a six-wheeled car. <P> However various handling problems emerged and Tyrell's design for the 1978 season had four wheels. One P34 has survived and is often seen at historic racing events. <P> Looks like daylight under that rear wheel. <P> There is a <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrrell_P34">Wikipedia</A> page for the P34. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <A NAME="pan"> <P> 6 WHEELS: THE PANTHER SIX: 1977 <P> This Six was built by the retro-sportscar manufacturer <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther_Westwinds">Panther</A>, owned by <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jankel">Robert Jankel</A>. Top speed was claimed at 200 mph, but Panther went bankrupt before any were sold. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="panther-2a.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Panther Six: 1977<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Panther Six is mid-engined with a 8.2 litre Cadillac V8 powerplant with twin turbochargers. Only two cars were built, one white and one in black, and both are known to still be in existence. The rear wheels are fitted with 265/50 VR16 tyres, and the two pairs of steering front wheels with 205/40 VR13 tyres. In the tyre codes the 16 and the 13 give the diameter of the wheel rim; it is therefore necessary to carry around two spare wheels of different sizes. <P> The Panther Six has a <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther_6">Wikipedia</A> page. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 6 WHEELS: THE WOLFRACE SONIC: 1981 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="Wolfrace-Sonic-1981-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Wolfrace Sonic: 1981<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This remarkable vehicle was built by Wolfrace to promote their alloy wheels. And what better way to do that than produce a car with more wheels than normal? <P> It was powered by two Rover V8 engines, apparently controlled by a throttle-by-wire system. There was a spaceframe chassis, and rear-wheel drive through a Jaguar rear-axle and differential. Despite the immense length of the Batmobile-style body, it was only a two seater. It was designed by <A HREF="https://www.nick-butler.co.uk/">Nick Butler</A> and was a big budget project costing about �100,000. <P> On the 2nd of March 2015 the Sonic was sold on Ebay for �18,100 to an unknown buyer. <P> I am glad to report that <A HREF="https://www.wolfrace.com/">Wolfrace</A> are alive and well. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 6/8 WHEELS: THE CHRYSLER VOYAGER III: 1989 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="chrysler-voyager.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Chrysler Voyager III concept car: 1989<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The idea here was to combine a small car suitable for solo commuting with a big van that could haul the whole family around on vacations. It was shown at the 1990 North American Auto Show. <P> The front car detached and ran on four wheels; it had seating for three in individual bucket seats, arranged in a single row. (which surely must have made the 'small car' rather wide) It was powered by a three-cylinder engine fuelled by propane and driving the front wheels. <P> The detachable rear section provided seating for eight more passengers, making 11 occupants in all. It was to be powered an independent 2.2 litre four-cylinder engine, with the two engines were linked electronically. For maximum fuel economy, use of the rear engine was intended to be optional when the segments were joined, but it is hard to believe a three-cylinder engine could safely move the combination. When both engines were in use the two-engine configuration gave the Voyager all-wheel drive traction, so presumably both rear axles were driven. <P> You are probably wondering what happens to the rear wheels of the front unit; they retracted underneath the Voyager III when the two halves were joined, with aerodynamic skirts covering the open wheel wells. So... is that four wheels, six wheels, or eight wheels? <P> All of this was obviously heavy and expensive to manufacture, and had the crippling snag that it would certainly have been cheaper to buy a small car and a big van separately; having two complete vehicles is clearly far more flexible. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="chrysler-voyager-cab.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Chrysler Voyager III concept car: 1989<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This is the small-car section, with its rear wheels in action. It was powered by a three-cylinder engine running on propane. The wheelbase of the fully-assembled Voyager III was 122 inches, and the overall length 199 inches. <P> There is a <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Voyager_3">Wikipedia</A> page, where the car is referred to as 'the Plymouth Voyager 3'. <P> The car is referred to as the 'worst concept car of all time' <A HREF="https://jalopnik.com/whats-the-worst-concept-car-of-all-time-5840176">here</A>. I'm not arguing. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 6 WHEELS: THE COVINI C6W: 2004 <P> The Covini is a The Covini C6W is a six-wheeled Italian sports coup�. It is claimed that it was directly inspired by the 1976 Tyrrell P34 above. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="covini.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Covini C6W: 2004<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> In 2004 the C6W was first shown in prototype form. Small-scale production began in 2005 at the rate of 6-8 cars per year, and is believed to be still continuing. The car has 4200 cc 8-cylinder engine mounted at the rear and a claimed top speed of 186 mph. The transmission is a 6-speed manual box. <P> </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <A NAME="fab"> <P> 6 WHEELS: FAB-1: 2013 <P> Lady Penelope was the posh piece of tottie in the Thunderbirds TV show. She drove around in a shocking-pink Rolls-Royce with six wheels, usually chaffeured by Parker, a reformed burglar. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="FAB_1 Miraikan,Tokyo 2013.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Lady Penelope's FAB-1: 2013<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> There were various versions of FAB-1; this late version is at a show in Toykyo in 2013. Note Parker driving and Lady Penelope in the back. <P> In case you're wondering, 'Fab!' short for 'Fabulous!' was a common exclamation in the Swinging Sixties. </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="7"> <HR WIDTH=70%> <P> <H3>7 WHEELS</H3> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="7-wheel.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Car with one axle supported by a four-wheel truck: date unknown<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> It has taken a long time, but at last we have what can fairly be called a seven-wheeled car. Not surprisingly the man looks rather thoughtful. One hopes he was not expected to do any rear-wheel steering. <P> The car is left-hand drive so this is presumably somewhere in Europe, in a place where traffic regulations are not taken too seriously. Obviously it is front-wheel drive as well. Stu Riegel says it is a <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oka_(automobile)">Lada Oka</A> and it appears to have Russian plates. <P> The Oka was a reasonable cheap car, except that it was famously uncrashworthy. It was nicknamed "The capsule of death". In a crash test, done by by the Russian ARCAP safety assessment program, the car received a 0 stars rating out of a possible 4. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="7-wheel-Indonesia.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Seven-wheeled vehicle in Indonesia: date unknown<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> If you are unconvinced by the example above, here is a vehicle that has all seven wheels permanently attached. There are two wheels on the far side of the vehicle and five wheels on this side. The engine can be seen above and to the left of the rear wheel, and below the green frame. Note the petrol can. <P> Good to note that they are all wearing helmets. <P> Idiosyncratic modifications are common in Indonesia. </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="8"> <HR WIDTH=70%> <P> <H3>8 WHEELS</H3> <P> 8 WHEELS: THE OCTOAUTO: 1910 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="octoauto3.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: A magnificent photograph of the Reeves Octo-Auto: 1910<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Reeves Octo-Auto was a 1910 Overland modified by <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Reeves">Milton Reeves</A>. It had a 40 HP engine and was more than 20 feet long, carrying four passengers. It was a commercial failure. <P> Unfortunately this picture reveals nothing about how the suspension was arranged. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="octoauto.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Reeves Octo-Auto: 1910<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This is not much more informative about the suspension, though we can see a conventional axle for the front two wheels. <P> Clearly taken at the same time as the photograph above. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="Reeves-1911-4.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Reeves Octo-Auto: 1910<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This suggests that the front axle was simply held by two struts running backwards.<BR> (see left front wheel) <P> </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="octoauto2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Reeves Octo-Auto: 1910<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The ad copy claims 'blowouts practically eliminated', though I would have thought that having twice as many tyres could only increase your chance of picking up a nail. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="reeves.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Reeves Octo-Auto: 1910<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Another picture of the Octo-Auto at an unknown location. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 8 WHEELS: MERCEDES-BENX PERSONNEL CARRIER <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="mercedes-benz 1927.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Mercedes-Benz eight-wheeler: 1927<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The MTw 1 amphibous personnel carrier from Mercedes-Benz. All eight wheels were driven, and it looks as though both front and back wheels were steerable. This is a test chassis from 1927/28. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 8 WHEELS: MAGIRUS PERSONNEL CARRIER <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="magirus-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Magirus ARW eight-wheeler: 1927<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This vehicle was designed to the same spec as the Mercedes above; it was amphibous. All eight wheels were driven, and both front and back wheels were steerable. There were once again driving positions at both front and back to facilitate rapid retreats. <P> It never went into mass production as it was too expensive to build. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 8 WHEELS: THE RIMMEK CAR <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="8-wheel-rimmek-a.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Rimmek eight-wheeler in Berlin: 1935<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> In 1935 German engineer Gotthard Rimmek patented his first eight-wheeled model. The first prototype was a converted <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennabor">Brennabor</A> car in 1925. <P> This was followed by a more sophisticated conversion of a German <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adler_Diplomat">Adler Diplomat</A>, a big six-cylinder 3-litre saloon introduced in 1934. The conversion boasted 'oscillation parallelograms in a progressive suspension" and when I find what that means I'll let you know. <P> Those steering arms look a bit flimsy... </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="8-wheel-rimmek-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Rimmek eight-wheeler in Berlin: 1935<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Rimmek applied for a German patent in March 1926, and patent DE452836C 'Kraftfahrzeug mit zwei vorn und hinten angeordneten abgefederten Radachsenpaaren' was granted in November 1927. The title just means 'Motor vehicle with two front and rear sprung pairs of wheel axles' which tells us nothing more. <P> Apart from this no further history of the Rimmek cars has been discovered by the Museum Staff. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="8-wheel-rimmek-3.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Rimmek eight-wheeler: Magazine article<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This looks as though it came from Popular Mechanics, or a similiar publication. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="8-wheel-rimmek-4.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Rimmek eight-wheeler in Siemensstadt, Berlin: 1935?<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The location is the intersection of Goebelstra�e and Quellweg in Siemensstadt, in the north-west of Berlin. The area is called Siemensstadt as it was purpose-built housing for the employees of the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens">Siemens</A> electrics works.<BR> As for Goebelstra�e it is named after the inventor <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_G%C3%B6bel">Heinrich Goebel</A>. <P> Things have not changed much there; see Google <A HREF="https://www.google.com/maps/@52.5396843,13.2709273,3a,75y,155.55h,94.84t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sLTIRfYtcmEUK5NcHstYD6Q!2e0!7i13312!8i6656">streetview</A>. <P> For some reason the photograph was taken on the tilt. <P> This remarkable piece of geographical detective work was done by Bernd F, to whom much thanks </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="rimmek-news-1.gif"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Rimmek eight-wheeler as reported in an Australian newspaper: 1935<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The report claims that "...most road shocks in motoring are caused by rebounds from the bumps as the wheels drop into potholes, these are almost eliminated... as one wheel passes over the pothole, its neighbour is still on level ground, holding the car on its straight, smooth passage." <P> I appreciate that road-building standards in Australia in 1935 may have been different from what they are now, but I am not wholly convinced this is an accurate description of car suspension dynamics. It does however seem to give some insight into what Rimmek was aiming at. <P> However this is contradicted by the magazine piece just above, which suggests that improved traction in mud and sand was the aim. <P> From the Northern Times (Carnarvon, WA) for 18 Sept 1935 </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 8 WHEELS: THE T-13 HORNET B TRACKLESS TANK: 1940 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="T13-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The T-13 Hornet B Trackless Tank: 1940<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The T-13 Hornet B was a heavy eight-wheel armored car/tank, developed in the late 30's as a private venture by the Trackless Tank Corporation. The rear six wheels were driven, giving an 8�6 format. The Hornet weighed 7.5 tons with a turret fitted. The prototype (seen here) did not have the turret mounted, just a small machine-gun position. <P> The Hornet was trialled by the USA, British and Australian armed forces, but only a few were sold. <P> Many heavy armoured cars had eight wheels. Examples are the German 8-Wheeled Sd.Kfz.232 and the Panhard EBR 75. <P> There is more information <A HREF="http://ftr.wot-news.com/2014/06/24/us-t-13-hornet-b/">here</A>. There does not appear to be a Wikipedia page. <P> </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 8 WHEELS: THE RAIL TRUCK: 19?? <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="railtruck a.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The rail truck: 19??<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This vehicle is included here because it has many odd features. Whether it was intended for rail and road use, or just rail, is hard to determine. It is certainly sitting on tracks, but it looks as though it has tyres inside the railway wheels. The railway wheels seem to have outside flanges, which is not how railways usually work, as it makes constructing points etc much more difficult. <P> The two rear axles are coupled with a rod exactly as in steam engine practice. The two front axles with the small wheels look rather like a locomotive bogie, but there seems very little room for such a bogie to swivel. How would it steer when on the road? <P> It says "RAIL TRUCK" on the door but no other text is legible. The location is probably the USA, judging by the transformer on a pole in the centre background. <P> Nothing is known about the machine; a reverse image search yields no info. If anyone knows anything about this odd machine, I will be very glad to hear it. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 8 WHEELS: ADVERTISING FANTASY: 1950s <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="supercushion a.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Advert for Goodyear Super Cushion tyres: 1950s?<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This wholly imaginary vehicle is designed to emphasise how much testing went into the tyres' development. <P> I wrote here: 'Despite diligent googling of 'super cushion tyre company' no trace of a 1950's company has been found.' The next day several emails arrived pointing out that Super Cushion was not a tyre company, but a brand of bias-ply tyre sold by Goodyear from the mid-late 1950s to the early 1960s. <P> However you can buy <A HREF="http://www.tyreandwheelsolutions.com/sg-revolution/information">super cushion</A> tyres today, though interestingly they are solid tyres for earth-moving equipment. <P> Thanks to Yukisdad for the image, and to all my Super Cushion correspondents. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 8 WHEELS: THE HOME-BUILT OCTO-ROD: 1961 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="octo-1960s.jpg" WIDTH=800><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Octo-rod eight-wheeled car: 1961<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This vehicle has been identified by Paul Dunlop as the Octo-rod, built by Enoch Johnson of Red Wing, Minnesota, between 1946 and 1961. <P> One can only speculate as to why the driver (presumably Mr Johnson) is looking so grim. <P> The design of the wheels suggest Mercedes parts may have been involved. <P> Thanks to Paul Dunlop for identifying this vehicle. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="octo-rod-1.jpg" WIDTH=800><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Octo-rod eight-wheeled car: 1961<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Octo-rod was powered by a 1951 Dodge Red Ram Hemi V8 engine of 5.4 Litres, developing 180 HP. No other mechanical details are known; there's no doubt that all four front wheels steered but it is not known if both rear axles were driven. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="octo-rod-2.jpg" WIDTH=800><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Octo-rod eight-wheeled car: 1961<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Octo-rod 8-wheel car is today on display at the <A HREF="http://www.pioneerautoshow.com/">Pioneer Auto Museum</A> in Murdo, South Dakota. <P> Many more pictures of the Octo-rod can be see <A HREF="http://www.sixmania.fr/octo-rod-enoch-johnson-1961/">here</A>. The car was featured in <I>Hot Rod</I> magazine at some point. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 8 WHEELS: THE ELIICA: 2004 <P> The Eliica was and is (the project appears to be in continuous development) electric car developed by Keio University in Japan, first shown in 2004. It uses lithium-ion batteries. It is allegedly faster than a Porsche 911 Turbo. Despite its large size it only seats four people. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="eliica-8a.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Eliica: 2004<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Eliica has eight wheels, supposedly to improve traction. They are smaller than normal car wheels, allowing the vehicles to be closer to the ground for better aerodynamics and stability. Each of the eight wheels is driven by a 60 kW (80 hp) electric motor, giving 480 kW (640 hp) eight wheel drive in total, with regenerative braking to recover energy. The four front wheels steer. Each of the eight wheels has a disc brake. <P> Eight-wheel drive might in theory allow the Eliica to deal with all kinds of road surfaces, but the low ground clearance suggests that off-road operation is not a sensible option. Smooth acceleration of about 0.8 g is claimed. <P> The Eliica is a development of the earlier KAZ (Keio Advanced Zero-emission vehicle), which was a 6.7 m (22 ft) limousine-sized 8-wheel 8-person electric vehicle prototype announced in 2003. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> EIGHT-WHEELED TRACTORS <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="Ford-tractor-8-wheel.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Ford eight-wheeled tractor<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> If you're dealing with soft soil, one solution is a four-wheel-drive tractor with two tyres on each axle. This is a Ford </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="International-tractor-8-wheel.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Eight-wheeled tractor by International<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Note that the wheels here are spaced about a foot apart, presumably to spread the weight out as much as possible. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <A NAME="M1070"> <P> 8 WHEELS: THE OSHKOSH M1070 TRACTOR: 1992 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="M1070.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Oshkosh eight-wheeled tractor<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This tractor unit is in service with the US and British Armies, usually hauling tank-transporter trailers. <P> Both front and the rearmost axle are powered and steer. Production commenced in 1992. The M1070 has a <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh_M1070">Wikipedia </A> page. <!- The M1000 has 40 wheels (215/75R 17.5 tires) across five axle lines, these with two half-width axles per line. Each axle has hydraulic pendular suspension providing a 254 mm stroke with lateral oscillation accommodating surface undulations. A hydraulic suspension system is also provided on the pivoting gooseneck to equalise fifth wheel loads. Weight of the M1000 is 22,882 kg. Payload according to the U.S. Army is 63,560 kg, although the manufacturer quotes 80,000 kg at reduced speeds. Overall length is 15.8 m, deck length is 10.58 m; deck width is 3.05 m, 3.66 m for a wide deck version.[13][14] --> </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="9"> <HR WIDTH=70%> <P> <H3>9 WHEELS</H3> <P> The search for a nine-wheeled vehicle is over. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="nine-wheel-bike-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Nonacycle: 2001<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This semi-recumbent 'bicycle' was built by Rick Unger in Autumn 2001, to be auctioned off at a <A HREF="http://patchwork.org/">Patchwork Central</A> Holiday Sale in November 2001. However, the reserve price of $500 was not met. The frame was built up from twenty feet of exhaust pipe. <P> At the front there are four small wheels on each side, plus one normal one at the back, making nine. Steering is by the two levers. It is not practical transport; the tiny wheels will be stopped by the smallest obstruction, and since they appear to have solid tyres, it's going to be a rough ride. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="nine-wheel-bike-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Nonacycle: 2001<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Call me picky, but I don't see any sign of brakes here. Maybe that's why it didn't sell. <P> No sign of gears either. </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="10"> <HR WIDTH=70%> <P> <H3>10 WHEELS</H3> <P> 10 WHEELS: THE <I>MILLES-PATTES</I> <P> No problem at all. This car- and I submit it is more a car than anything else- was built by Michelin in 1972, when they were major shareholders of the Citroen company. It is officially called the Citroen DS PLR break, where PLR stands for Poids Lourd Rapide</I> meaning heavy fast truck. It was built as a way of safely testing of truck tyres at speed on a real road. Unofficially it is known as the <I>mille pattes</I> or 'thousand paws', which is the French word for centipede, not, as you might expect, millipede. I feel obliged to point out that no millipede has as many as 1000 feet; the record is up to 750, for <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illacme_plenipes">Illacme plenipes</A>. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="mille-pattes-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The <I>mille pattes</I> tyre-testing car: 1972<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The <I>mille pattes</I> has four wheels at the front, and six wheels at the back. Why so many? Because the vehicle was loaded down with lead until it weighed 9.5 tons; this was so that realistic truck loadings could be placed on the tyre under test. A strong metal casing retained tyre fragments if it disintegrated, and the ten other wheels allowed control to be maintained if that happened. In fact it was only ever used on a closed test circuit. <P> The car used as many standard parts as possible, and so bears a distinct resemblance to a Citroen DS. The tyre to be tested was installed in the centre of the car, shown open in this picture. <P> It is powered by two 454 Big-Block Chevrolet engines, one of which drove the rear six wheels, and the other the tyre under test. Top speed is over 110 mph. <P> The <I>mille pattes</I> has a <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_PLR">Wikipedia</A> page. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="mille-pattes.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The <I>mille pattes</I> tyre-testing car: 1972<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Here one of the side-panels has been removed, showing the enclosure for the tyre under test. <P> You can learn more about this wonderful vehicle <A HREF="https://www.carthrottle.com/post/citroen-centipede-10-wheeled-tyre-testing-monstrosity/">here</A>. <P> There is a video on <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PziuQKNq1fo">YouTube</A>. <P> Die cast models were made in 1972 and sometimes surface on <A HREF="https://www.ebay.co.uk/p/CITROEN-DS-1000-Mille-Pattes-MICHELIN-Research-1-43-ALTAYA-Orange/1142819205">Ebay</A>. </TABLE> <P> The <I>mille pattes</I> is no longer used for tyre testing but remains in use as a promotional vehicle. It spends most of its time at the Michelin Museum in Clermont-Ferrand. <P> Many thanks to Sean O'Brien for bringing this remarkable machine to my attention. <P> <A NAME="spv"> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="spv.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Spectrum Pursuit Vehicle: 1967<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Spectrum Pursuit Vehicle (SPV) is a fictional 10-wheeled attack and pursuit vehicle that featured prominently in Gerry and Sylvia Anderson's science-fiction television series <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Scarlet_and_the_Mysterons">Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons</A>. (1967) Only the first, third and fifth axles were powered, and these carried larger wheels. The maximum speed was a rather unlikely 200 or 250 mph, depending on episode. A notable feature was that the crew of two faced backwards (for better crash protection) and drove using a television screen and front-mounted camera; this was an awkward decision as it had to be explained several times in the series. <P> The SPV was usually manned by Captain Blue and Captain Scarlet; Captain Blue was a skilled SPV driver, but Captain Scarlet crashed several times. Fortunately he was Indestructable. <P> The SPV has a <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_Pursuit_Vehicle">Wikipedia</A> page. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 10 WHEELS: THE 45-FOOT CADILLAC LIMOUSINE <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="cadillac-45.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: 10-wheeled 'Cadillac'. Date unknown<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Built by Jay Ohrberg. (see below) Unfortunately no technical details are currently available. <P> </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 10 WHEELS: THE FERRARI F40 <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="ferrari-f40.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: 10-wheeled 'Ferrari'. Date unknown<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Four wheels at the front and six at the back. <P> Built by Jay Ohrberg. (see below) Unfortunately no technical details are currently available. <P> </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="11"> <HR WIDTH=70%> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 11 WHEELS: THE <I>MILLES-PATTES</I> AGAIN <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="mille tyre.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Truck tyre installed in the <I>mille pattes</I> for testing: 197?<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Well, I'm quite sure you saw this coming. The <I>milles-pattes</I> car has eleven wheels on the road when a truck tyre is installed for testing. In the <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PziuQKNq1fo">YouTube</A> video a test tyre is fitted. <P> </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="12"> <HR WIDTH=70%> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 12 WHEELS: THE DESERT RENAULT MH <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="renault-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The desert Renault MH car: 1923<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The Renault MH was designed to cope with desert conditions, having three axles, each carrying four wheels, to give low ground pressure. It also had a large ground clearance. Only the rear two axles were driven. Note a spare wheel either side of the bonnet, and two more spare tyres on the roof. Renault were doing things throughly. <P> I think this is indisputably a 12-wheeled vehicle. It was a response to Citroen, who in 1922 sent out tracked vehicles to cross the Sahara. At the time there were no railways joining north and southern Africa. <P> If you're wondering about the forward-facing louvres on the bonnet sides, they are to let air into the radiator, which in Renault cars of this era were <I>behind</I> the engine. <P> At the end of 1923, the first mission was accomplished�an overland drive from Touggourt in Algeria to Tozeur in Tunisia in two days. In January 1924 the Gradis-Estienne expedition linked Algeria to Niger. </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> 12 WHEELS: THE AUSTRIAN ADGZ <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="ADGZ-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The Austrian ADGZ armoured car: 1934<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The ADGZ was a heavy armoured car developed by the Austrian firm of Steyr. It was intended for 'internal security duties' which no doubt covered a multitude of sins. A total of 27 were built between 1935 and 1937; after the 1938 <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss">Anschluss</A> they were taken over by the Germans. <P> This vehicle caught the attention of the Museum Staff because of the unusual configuration with the two middle axles close together. Investigation showed that in fact it had not eight wheels, as it first appeared, but twelve, as the two middle axles each carried four wheels. I'm certainly prepared to accept this as a twelve-wheeled car. <P> Another interesting feature of the ADGZ, which it shared with the <A HREF="#fm29">Swedish FM29</A> armoured car of 1932, was that it was designed with rapid retreat in mind. The body was essentially symmetric with a driver, headlights, and an <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_34">M34</A> machine gun at each end, with a dual transmission so that the drivers could rapidly switch roles. The engine was at the rear. The turret carried a 20mm <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_cm_KwK_30">KwK 35 L/45</A> autocannon. </TABLE> <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="ADGZ-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: An ADGZ armoured car in the Sudetenland: 1938<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Here it is just possible to make out the second wheel on one of the middle axles. The turret had a double hatch on top, which could be fully opened, as shown here. <P> The Sudetenland was the northern, southern, and western areas of what was then Czechoslovakia. It was annexed by Germany in 1938 </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <P> 12 WHEELS: THE MAZ-547 MISSILE TRANSPORTER <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="MAZ-547_2009_G1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: 12-wheeled Russian missile transporter: 2009<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The MAZ-547 transporter is a six-axle version of the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAZ-7310">MAZ-7310</A> 8x8 artillery tractor, designed to carry the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSD-10_Pioneer">RSD-10 Pioneer</A> medium-range missile. <P> </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="14"> <HR WIDTH=70%> <P> 14 WHEELS: MULTI-RIDER DELIVERY BIKE <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="multi-delivery.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: 14-wheeled delivery bike: date unknown<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> As far as I can tell there are seven wheels at the back as well, but it's not very clear. Nothing known at present. And yes, it is stretching the definition of a car. <P> Google reverse image search yields nothing. </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="16"> <HR WIDTH=70%> <P> 16 WHEELS: RUSSIAN MISSILE TRANSPORTER <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="missile-1a.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Russian 16-wheel missile transporter: Moscow Parade rehearsal 2012<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> It has only just occurred to me that missile transporters have a lot of wheels. This is a Russian <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MZKT-79221">MZKT-79221 transporter</A>. It is powered by a 800HP V12 diesel engine. <P> It carries a RT-2PM2 Topol-M ICBM. <P> </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="18"> <HR WIDTH=70%> <P> 18 WHEELS: THE 72-FOOT CADILLAC LIMOUSINE <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="cadillac-72.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Jay Ohrberg 18-wheel Cadillac: date unknown<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Here we have six front wheels, and twelve rear wheels, for a meritorious total of eighteen. You may be wondering why twelve wheels are required to support the rear of the car; it's because that's where the swimming pool is. <P> Built by Jay Ohrberg. (see below) Unfortunately no technical details are currently available. <P> </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="24"> <HR WIDTH=70%> <P> 24 WHEELS: THE AMERICAN DREAM LIMOUSINE <P> Jay Ohrberg of Burbank, California, is an American constructor of special cars, including several Batmobiles and KITT from Knight Rider. This 100-foot vehicle is accepted by the <A HREF="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-car">Guinness book of Records</A> as the world's longest car. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="American dream-2.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The American Dream 24-wheel car: 1986<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Here we have six front wheels, eight middle wheels, and ten rear wheels, for a grand total of 24 wheels. <P> This is not photoshopping. Many more pictures of the American Dream can be seen at Jay Ohrberg's <A HREF="http://www.jayohrberg.com/American_Dream_100ft.html">website</A>. There is a helipad at the rear of the limo, over the rear wheels, with a helicopter sitting on it. <P> The car deteriorated in storage <A HREF="https://www.autotrader.com/car-news/sad-fate-worlds-longest-limo-259630">for some time</A>. <P> Jay Ohrberg has a <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Ohrberg">Wikipedia page</A>. <P> I asked Mr Ohrberg by email for permission to post a pic or two, but have had no answer so far. </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="26"> <HR WIDTH=70%> <P> 26 WHEELS: THE AMERICAN DREAM LIMOUSINE <P> I am glad to report that the American Dream has been fully restored. An article in <A HREF="https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/with-26-wheels-and-seating-for-75-the-american-dream-is-officially-the-world-s-longest-limo-ar195274.html">topspeed.com</A> says several times that wheels have been added to make a total of 26, buy this cannot be seen in contemporary photographs. <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="26-wheel-1.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: The American Dream 24-wheel car: 1986<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> Here we still seem to have six front wheels, eight middle wheels, and ten rear wheels, for total of 24 wheels. There are only three axles at the front, there is not another wheel hidden behind the golf cart. Perhaps the answer is that one axle now has 4 wheels on it. <P> The car is now officially the longest car in the world. At the right (rear) can be seen the helipad, the swimming pool, and the miniature golf course. </TABLE> <P> <A NAME="30"> <HR WIDTH=70%> <P> 30 WHEELS: COZAD TRACTOR & TRAILER <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="80-85-ton-9-axle-stretch-deck-booster-trailer.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Cozad 9-axle-stretch-deck-booster-trailer: 2022<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This tractor-trailer combination is designed to move big loads weighing up to 80-85 tons. There are two single wheels at the front of the tractor and two axles carrying a total of 8 wheels at the rear. The trailer has six axles, each carrying four wheels; on each side there are two wheels outside the chassis side-member and two inside. That adds up to 30 wheels <P> There are more pictures and technical drawings at the <A HREF="https://cozadtrailers.com/en/trailers/80-ton/9-axle-stretch-deck-booster-trailer/">Cozad</A> website. <P> </TABLE> <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <A NAME="40"> <HR WIDTH=70%> <P> 40 WHEELS: M1000 TRAILER <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="M1000.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: M1000 trailer: 2022<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> The M1000 has 40 wheels (215/75R 17.5 tires) on five axles, with four wheels on each side of of each axle. Each axle has hydraulic suspension providing a 254 mm travel. The M1000 is weighs 22,882 kg. Payload according to the US Army is 63,560 kg, though the manufacturer quotes 80,000 kg at reduced speeds. </TABLE> <P> The overall length is 15.8 m, deck length 10.58 m; deck width 3.05 m, or 3.66 m for a wide deck version. <P> The M1000 is hauled by the <A HREF="#M1070">M1070</A> 8-wheel tractor <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <A NAME="72"> <HR WIDTH=70%> <P> 72 WHEELS MINIMUM: THREE TRACTORS & A TRAILER <P> <TABLE> <TR><TD><IMG SRC="abnormal.jpg"><TD WIDTH=1%> <TD><FONT COLOR=BROWN><H5>Left: Rotran Set headed by a Nicolas Tractomas Truck: South Africa 2015<FONT COLOR=BLACK> <P> This Abnormal Vehicle is a Rotran Set headed by a Nicolas Tractomas Truck, and two International Pacific tractors [Ex South African Railways] with a Girder Beam carried on two Multi Axle Nicolas Trailers. <P> </TABLE> <P> If I've counted correctly, 38 wheels are visible in the picture, on one side. So there must be at least 76 wheels when we include those on the other side. However most of the wheels will be at least double and may very well be fourfold as in the 30-wheeler shown above. If we assume all wheels are double (and none fourfold) except for the single steering wheels on the two International Pacific tractors, we get a total of 76 - 4 = 72 wheels. Impressive. <P> Now all we have to do is decide if this train counts a 'one vehicle'. <P> This may not be the limit; there may be bigger trailers out there. <P> <IMG SRC="../../clear1.gif"> <P> <TABLE WIDTH=100%> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> <script type="text/javascript"><!-- google_ad_client = "pub-2721236369523622"; //234x60, created 12/27/07 Chan 5 Retrotech- Transport google_ad_slot = "6850692984"; google_ad_width = 234; google_ad_height = 60; //--></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> <TD ALIGN=CENTER><A HREF="../../../index.htm"><IMG SRC="../../../home40.gif" ALT="Back to Home Page" BORDER=0><A HREF="../../museum.htm"><IMG SRC="../../backtomuseum.gif" ALT="Back to The Museum Entrance" BORDER=0><A HREF="#top"><IMG SRC="../../../cont40.gif" ALT="Top of this page" BORDER=0></A> </TABLE> <P> <HR WIDTH=70%> </BODY> </HTML>	N-Wheeled Vehicles. \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| <!-- google\_ad\_client = "pub-2721236369523622"; //234x60, created 12/27/07 Chan 5 Retrotech- Transport google\_ad\_slot = "6850692984"; google\_ad\_width = 234; google\_ad\_height = 60; //--> N-Wheeled Vehicles <!-- google\_ad\_client = "pub-2721236369523622"; //234x60, created 12/27/07 Chan 5 Retrotech- Transport google\_ad\_slot = "6850692984"; google\_ad\_width = 234; google\_ad\_height = 60; //--> \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Gallery opened 6 Mar 2018 Updated: 22 Dec 2023 Spectrum Pursuit Vehicle added [here](#spv). (10 wheels) CONTENTS OF THIS PAGE \| \| \| --- \| \| * [One wheel](#1) Updated* [Two wheels](#2)* [Three wheels](#3) Updated* [Four wheels](#4) Updated* [Five wheels](#5)* [Six wheels](#6)* [Seven wheels](#7) * [Eight wheels](#8) * [Nine wheels](#9)* [Ten wheels](#10) Updated* [Eleven wheels](#11)* [Twelve wheels](#12) * [Fourteen wheels](#14) NEW* [Sixteen wheels](#16)* [Eighteen wheels](#18) * [Twenty-four wheels](#24) * [Twenty-six wheels](#26)* [Thirty wheels](#30) NEW* [Forty wheels](#40) NEW* [Seventy-two wheels minimum](#72) NEW \| [Back to Home Page[Back to The Loco Index](../../museum.htm)](../../../index.htm) \| \| \| *##### There is very little doubt that in almost all circumstances the correct number of [wheels for a car](https://www.partsgeek.com/parts/wheel.html) is four. That has of course not stopped keen inventors from trying either more or less, and here you see some of the results. This page confines itself to the unconventional. Goods [vehicles](http://arxiv-export-lb.library.cornell.edu/abs/1402.1843) with six or more wheels are of course very common. Tracks are not counted as wheels; this matters because there are various vehicles with a mixture of wheels and tracks. --- ONE WHEEL I don't think there is any rational way you could call a vehicle with one wheel a car. The Museum has an extensive collection of [monowheels](../motorwhl/motorwhl.htm), but very few of them have any form of bodywork and the majority can only carry one person. A possible candidate might be the [monowheel tank](../motorwhl/motorwhl3.htm#tank) (preferably as the civilian version). \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: A civilian version of the monowheel tank: 1933 This design's claim to be a one-wheeled car is somewhat undermined by the two hefty stabiliser wheels at the back. It appears however that these can be raised by a lever once you've got up speed. Other objections are that the steering is by handlebars rather than a steering-wheel, and that it seems to be strictly a one-seater. Anyhow, that's the best I can do for the moment, but I suspect that a trawl through the covers of Popular Science and similiar journals would soon throw up something that could claim more plausibly to be a one-wheeled car. This is an artist's impression and it is extremely unlikely that it was ever built. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Killen-Strait tractor: date unknown I hope we can all agree that this a one-wheeled vehicle, and it is certainly not a monowheel. There may be an excellent agricultural reason for this configuration, but I have no idea what it is. Can anyone help? I am also unsure of the advantage of steering with the little track; it does not appear to be powered. Googling "Killen-Strait tractor" gets you a lot on the Killen-Strait Armoured Tractor, built in Britain in 1915, which is often considered to be the first armoured tracked vehicle, rather than this one-wheel farming tractor. The Killen-Strait Armoured Tractor was all-track (including a little one at the front for steering, again) and it has a [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killen-Strait_armoured_tractor) page. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Killen-Strait tractor: date unknown This is taken from a photograph, and is clearly the source of the drawing above. I have so far found no other images or info on what is a most interesting machine. This picture shows a helpful direction arrow on the top of the steerable track. This presumably means that the front track was not visible from the driving position. Steering was by worm and pinion, and so multi-turn; that may have had something to do with it. Research suggests it was a guide to the driver keeping the front track in its furrow. I wonder if it had that one wheel to save money? Tracks are complicated and expensive to make. \| \| \| Now, the nwheel vehicle game (Mornington Crescent!) depends on what rules you decide to follow. If you don't count tracks as wheels, then: \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Holt Midget-18 Model-K tractor: 1915 Ignoring the tracks, this is clearly a one-wheel vehicle. This means of steering (one wonders how effective it was) was adopted to avoid the difficulties of steering with just the tracks, which as any tank designer can tell you, involves complicated clutches and differentials. Note the red directional pointer above the front wheel. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Yuba Ball Tread 12-20 tractor: date unknown Like the Holt Midget-18 above, this tractor had twin tracks riding on two rows of large steel balls, instead of pins and rollers. The water-cooled engine ran on petrol (or somewhat heavier 'distillate') and had magneto ignition with Newton Automatic spark advance. '12-20' meant a 20 HP engine with 12 HP available at the drawbar. You can read the instruction manual [here](https://californiarevealed.org/islandora/object/cavpp%3A47497). It gives no clue what 'Ball Tread' refers to, but it seems to mean just the use of ball bearings in the tracks, which is emphasised in the manual. Manufacture of the Yuba ceased in 1921, and by 1931 production of ball-tread tractors ceased completely. The Ball Tread Co. began building tracked tractors in Detroit in 1912. The tractor shown here is believed to have been the company�s first product. The company also produced an 18-35 model. In 1914, the Yuba Construction Co. of Marysville, California bought out the Ball Tread company and relocated operations to California. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Beltrail Model-B 12-20 tractor: date unknown This machine had the very unusual set-up of just one track running underneath the vehicle. At first sight looks as if it might be another case of just one wheel plus tracks, like the Killen-Strait tractor above, but there could very well be another wheel behind the engine. I am suspicious and am searching for other photographs. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Bean Trackpull tractor: date unknown The Bean Trackpull also had a single central track. You can see the advantage; if you can make it work you've immediately eliminated dozens of track parts. There are two steering-wheels; the top on does the actual steering by swivelling the rear wheel assembly (how effective was that?) The lower wheel apparently operated the clutch. The engine was rated at 6 to 10 HP. According to their adverts, Bean claimed this machine was the equivalent of six horses. On the basis of we-don't-count-tracks-here this is a two-wheeled vehicle, but I want to keep it next to the central-tracked Beltrail Model-B. There is more info [here](https://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/21st-february-1918/18/the-bean-track-pull-tractor). \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Bean Trackpull tractor: 1918 The Trackpull was aimed at orchards and vineyards; it could move between trees planted closely together. The picture shows how the rear wheels could be set at 90 degrees to the track, so the machine could turn around in its own length. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Bean Trackpull tractor: 1918 \| \| \| --- 2 WHEELS If we permit ourselves the luxury of two wheels for a car, then we find ourselves with a good number of genuine candidates. Two-wheeled cars with gyroscopes are dealt with [here](..\gyrocars\schilovs.htm) and [here](..\gyrocars\gyrocar.htm). Two-wheeled cars without gyroscopes are dealt with on the [2-wheeled car](..\2wheelcar\2wheelcar.htm) page. These cars all have one wheel at the front and one at the back. If you have two wheels side-by-side then you have a [diwheel](..\diwheel\diwheel.htm). \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Bryant diwheel: 1938 The Museum has a large collection of diwheels, but this artist's impression is the nearest it gets to an actual car. This design (which I am quite sure no one attempted to build) certainly has bodywork and clearly seats at least two people; probably more judging by the windows halfway along the cabin. Note the rudder at the back for high-speed steering. You can read more this vehicle on [this page](../diwheel/diwheel.htm#pop). It is far from clear how you would change a wheel should you suffer a puncture. This design has not been tested for practicality. \| \| \| --- 3 WHEELS There have been a huge number of three-wheeled cars. Here only a few especially significant or odd designs are displayed. 3 WHEELS: A C SOCIABLE: 1911 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The A C Sociable: 1907-14 The A C Sociable was a very successful early three-wheeler. It adopted what is usually considered to be the most stable configuration- two wheels in front and one at the back, like the [Morgan](#morg). Driver and passenger sat side-by-side, making conversation easier, and so this was called the 'sociable' configuration. The original name was Auto Carriers Ltd. It had a 5.5 HP 631 cc air-cooled side-valve single-cylinder engine, and a two-speed epicyclic gearbox, with no reverse gear; final drive was by chain to the rear wheel. The front axle was solid with semi-elliptic leaf springs, while the single rear wheel had dual quarter-elliptic leaf springs. Brakes operated on the transmission and the rear wheel. The wheelbase was 70 inches. This model has a luggage-box on the rear body. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The A C Sociable: 1907-14 An A C Sociable from the other side. The A C Sociable has an entry on the A C [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Cars#AC_Sociable) page. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The A C Sociable: 1907-14 Economical motoring. Date of picture unknown. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The A C Sociable: 1907-14 With the hood up. Location and date of picture unknown. This AC Sociable dates from 1912. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The A C Sociable: 1907-14 Location and date of picture unknown. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Unidentified French tricycle: 19?? This French tricycle is vaguely reminiscent of a tractor, with its headlight peering out from between protective bars. The machine remains unidentified. An image search has yielded nothing. Can anyone help? Photographed at the annual [Griffith Park Sidecar Rally](https://www.motorcycle.com/events/griffith-park-sidecar-rally-report), year unknown. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Unidentified French tricycle: 19?? This looks like a lot of vehicle to carry just one person. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Unidentified French tricycle: 19?? \| \| \| GERMAN PHANOMOBIL THREE-WHEELER: 1910 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Phanomobil three-wheeler: circa 1910? This beautiful image was sent to me by one of my correspondents. Three Japanese ladies sit in a remarkable three-wheeled vehicle, now identified as a German Phanomobil. A few thousand of these vehicles were produced between 1907 and 1927. There is an excellent site describing the reconstruction of a Phanomobil [here](http://phanomobil.co.uk/). The engine is mounted over the front wheel and drives it by a chain. Clearly the whole thing is swivelled by the tiller, which must have been hard work. Given the distance between the tiller and the pivot the turning circle must have been rather large. The cylinder on top of the tiller looks as if it is a telescopic sight for accurately aiming the vehicle, but it is actually a lubricating oil tank. \| \| \| There appear to be two exhaust pipes leading to a cylindrical silencer under the headlight, and on top there are two tall pillars that appear to have springs around them; they are probably automatic inlet valves. This suggested a two-cylinder in-line engine, and it is now confirmed that it was a 1290 cc twin in-line unit. There are two pipes to the right of the engine that look as if they are for water-cooling, but the engine barrel is finned for air-cooling. There is a rod on the left side of the engine that looks as if it connects to a magneto (on its side) and probably controlled the ignition advance/retard. There is more information [here](http://www.histo-tech.de/index.php?getlang=de&menuid=26&reporeid=31) and [here](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robur-Werke). \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Phanomobil van: 1912 Phanomobils were produced in many forms, including fire engines and carrier-pigeon transports. This delivery van is at the [Louwman Museum](https://www.louwmanmuseum.nl/en/Ontdekken/Ontdek-de-collectie/phanomobil-van) at The Hague in Holland. There are considerable differences in the engine installation; note the two fans, more shrouding of the drive-chain, and a sideways-firing exhaust that must have annoyed people, not least because the exhaust from the cylinders appears to go straight into it without any form of silencer. There are two spark plugs per cylinder, driven by the magneto sitting just above the exhaust pipe. Also, the two tall pillars (inlet valves?) visible on the picture above and below seem to be missing. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: A Phanomobil fire engine: date unknown \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: A 1912 Phanomobil in a New Zealand museum Like the Phanomobil van above, there are two cooling fans. \| \| \| 3 WHEELS: CYKLON AND CYKLONETTE: 1899-1924 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Cyklon tricycle: 1899 This early machine was the forerunner of the Cyklonette described below. It was designed by Franz Louis H�ttel; (1862-??) he went on to design both the Cyklonette and the Ph�nomobil. (also below) The front wheel is driven by a leather-covered rope; this can be slackened by a lever on the right side of the handle bars to act as a clutch. Somehow leather-covered rope doesn't sound as if it would be free from slipping. The 4-stroke engine has an automatic inlet valve. The carburettor is of the surface type; the induction stroke pulls air out of the top of the fuel tank, through an elegantly curved pipe leading to a brass drum with 2 handles; presumably a throttle, and a mixture control which admitted extra air. [Surface carburettors](http://earlymotor.com/leon/misc/html/surface.htm) relied on simple evaporation, rather than atomising nozzles, and were not very effective; they were essentially extinct by 1904. Ignition is powered by a battery in the box below the seat and behind the fuel tank. Another curved pipe leads down to the top of the engine cylinder, the automatic inlet valve being inside it. There is pedal drive to the rear wheels by a block chain. There are some biographical details of Franz H�ttel [here](https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz34251.html). \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Cyklon Cyklonette 3-wheeler from Berlin, out in the country: 1930 Until now this machine was billed as a Phanomobil. It looks very similiar to the machine in Japan. (above) It has a chain drive on the left side of the front wheel, just like the Phanomobil. I suggest it would have fooled anybody. However, I am informed it is actually a Cyklon Cyklonette, made from 1904 to 1924. This is a still from the film Die Drei von der Tankstelle* (1930) meaning "The Three from the Gas-Station". There is a brief [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyklon) page. Of the film: "The gas station attendant Heinz R�hmann from the gas station Kuckuck dedicates himself to a three-wheeled cyclonette. This economical vehicle was built in Berlin between 1904 and 1924". Many thanks to Nils Moh for pointing out the error and providing the information. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Cyklon Cyklonette preserved: 1930 The location is unknown. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Cyklon Cyklonette 3-wheeler: 1930 This is another still from the film, presumably set at the Gas-Station of the film title. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Cyklon Cyklonette 3-wheeler: 1930 This still gives a better picture of the Cyklonette. \| \| \| JACKSON 3-WHEELER: 1910 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Jackson three-wheeler: 1910 This car has now been identified by Paul Dunlop as a three-wheeler made by Robert Reynold Jackson & Co Ltd in Notting Hill, London. Fifty of these cars were ordered for use in Costa Rica, where the unmade roads were so deeply rutted it was impossible to steer a car as the front wheels could not swivel. The idea was that the front wheel would travel on the ground between the two ruts and so be able to steer. It has not yet been confirmed that the cars were successfully delivered. The vehicle was considered unusual enough to attract some attention in British and German periodicals in 1910. Normally Jackson made conventional four-wheel cars, often with parts imported from De Dion in France. The signboard in the background carries the address '26 High St, Notting Hill Gate', presumably close to the location of the Jackson factory. The Jackson Company has a page in [Graces Guide](https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/R._Reynold_Jackson_and_Co). Mr Jackson also has a bio page in [Graces Guide](https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Robert_Reynold_Jackson). \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Jackson three-wheeler: 1910 Another view at the same location. Source: Unidentified magazine \| \| \| 3 WHEELS: THE TSAR TANK: 1915 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Tsar tank: 1915 The Tsar tank was probably the biggest three-wheeler ever built. It was prototyped by Imperial Russia, but proved wholly impractical. This image (I am not sure if it is a model or a rendering) gives a much clearer view of the Tsar-tank's construction than the few photographs that exist. There was a circular turret on top of the main body; it appears to have four guns at 90-degree spacing, so presumably did not traverse. The turret is too small to hold a decent-sized gun, and the field of fire is restricted as the turret is below the top of the front wheels. There is also a turret with at least one gun underneath the main body, with an even more restricted field of fire, and two further guns mounted in sponsons on each side. The rear wheel, or roller, looks as if it may be divided in three, so technically you could call it a five-wheel vehicle. I think it's clear however, that this is basically a three-wheeler. There is more on the Tsar tank on the [unusual tanks](../oddtank/oddtank.htm) page. \| \| \| 3 WHEELS: HARPER RUNABOUT: 1921 The Harper Runabout was developed by Robert O Harper, and manufactured by Avro produced from 1921 to 1926. (Around this time Avro were experimenting with [two-wheeled cars](../2wheelcar/2wheelcar.htm#vrc)) The Harper Runabout has a [Wikipedia page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Runabout) but it has little information. \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Harper runabout: 1921-24 The engine was a single-cylinder two-stroke Villiers of 269cc, which developed 2.5 HP, and drove the rear wheels by chain, via a three-speed gearbox. Starting was accomplished by a pull-up lever on the left hand side of the driver, which could be operated from a sitting position. This lever also functioned as a ratchet hand brake. Science Museum collection. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Harper runabout: 1921-24 There were quarter-elliptical springs on all three wheels, which were of pressed steel. Remarkably for the time, there were disc brakes on all three wheels. It was capable of an economical 100 mpg running at 40 mph. A common complaint was that the Harper looked a bit too much like a bath chair. (a contemporary invalid carriage) A total of about 500 machines were produced. This example from 1921 is in the Science Museum collection. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Advert for The Harper runabout The 'Brief Specification' gives some more technical details of the Harper. Note the acetylene lighting with an intriguing 'shaking grid generator'. I would like to know more about that... but Google is silent on the subject. And it is NOT a camouflaged motorcycle! Definitely not! \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Harper runabout This seems to be some sort of entry in a trade catalogue rather than an impartial article. The 'emergency extra seat', which somehow does not sound too alluring, allowed a passenger to sit behind the driver, facing backwards. \| \| \| 3 WHEELS: THE SCOTT SOCIABLE: 1921-25 The Scott Sociable was a very odd sort of three-wheeled car manufactured from 1921 to 1925 by the Scott Autocar Company of Bradford, Yorkshire. This was an offshoot of the well-known and respected Scott Motorcycle Company. In the course of World War I Alfred Scott developed sidecar machine gun carriers. They were not very successful. After the war he tried a similiar configuration for civilian transport. There emerged a highly asymmetrical three-wheel car with two wheels in line, with a third wheel out to the side and slightly behind the other rear wheel. (Overcoming the puncture drawback noted just above), though that was not the reason)The configuration resembled that of a motorcycle and sidecar combination, but looked very wrong. It looked just like a car with a wheel missing, and apparently handled like one. It was originally announced in 1916 as the Sociable, but production was postponed until 1921. About 200 were made before production stopped in 1924. The cost of a complete Sociable was �273 in 1921, falling to �135 by 1924. Driver and passenger sat side-by-side; and this was called the 'sociable' configuration. \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Scott Sociable: 1921-25 This picture demonstrates all too clearly that the Scott Sociable just looked wrong, as if it was poised on the point of falling on its nose. The Sociable had a triangulated tubular steel frame, and a proper steering wheel acting by rack and pinion on the front wheel. It was powered the Scott Company's own water-cooled 578 cc twin-cylinder two-stroke engine driving through a three-speed gearbox to the offside rear wheel only, by shaft; there was no differential, and no reverse gear. It has been recorded that turning was dangerous at speed; I'll bet it was. There are many, many, three-wheeled vehicles in the world. This may be the oddest. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Scott Sociable: 1922 This Scott clearly dates from 1922. According to Timothy Jacobs, author of Lemons- The World's Worst Cars, "It had some of the characteristics of a motorcycle-and-sidecar arrangement, but without the flexibility, and could be extraordinarily treacherous to drive." I believe it. \| \| \| 3 WHEELS: THE GOLIATH PIONIER \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Goliath Pionier: 1931-34 The very neat Goliath Pionier was manufactured by Goliath Werke Borgward & Co. GmbH. in response to the poor economic conditions in Germany at the time. It could be driven without a licence and was exempt from car tax. It was superior to its competitors and was successful until an improving German economy made it less desirable. A total of 4000 were made. It was powered by a single-cylinder two-stroke engine of 198 cc (5.5 HP claimed at 3200 rpm) or 247 cc. (7 HP claimed) The gearbox had three forward speeds It has a good [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath_Pionier) page. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Goliath F400 freight three-wheeler: 1933-35 The Goliath F400 was a freight version of the Pionier. It was powered by an air-cooled two-cylinder two-stroke engine giving 12 to 13.6 hp from a 396 cc displacement. It has a [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath_F400) page. \| \| \| 3 WHEELS IN LINE SLINGER MOTORCYCLE: 1901 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Three wheels in line Slinger motorcycle: 1901 This unique motorcycle is powered by a 499cc De Dion engine. The radiator is the round thing with the vertical pipes. The actual cylinder is on the other side of it. The first stage of the drive is a chain, and the second stage is another chain on the hidden side of the machine. It has a surface carburettor and coil ignition. It has no clutch and no gearbox, which must have compromised the performance. Apparently it could reach 35 mph in 1901. The exact meaning of 'compensated steering' is opaque, but there is a link from the front fork of the bicycle to the front fork of the mini-motorbike assembly. Note that the mini-motorbike swivels freely with respect to the bicycle, and is directed by steering the front wheel. The machine was built in 1901, by W. (Billy) Slinger, an electrical engineer from Settle, Yorkshire. It took six years to build; and no others were constructed. Just what Mr Slinger was aiming at is unclear. The man in this picture is J P Smith, who owned the machine in 1949. There is more info here [here](http://justacarguy.blogspot.com/2017/09/allright-i-have-no-damn-idea-steve-ever.html). \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Three wheels in line Slinger motorcycle: 1901 J P Smith of Keighley sets off on his Slinger 1901 at the start of the 22nd [Pioneer Run](https://sunbeam-mcc.co.uk/events/the-pioneer-run/#:~:text=The%20Pioneer%20Run%20continues%20to,built%20between%201905%20and%201909) of the Sunbeam Motorcycle Club. According to my calculations this was in 1958 or 1962, but I am ready to be corrected. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Three wheels in line Slinger motorcycle: 1901. Location & date unknown Amazingly the machine still exists. You can even see a video of J P Smith riding it taken during the 1955 [Banbury Run](https://www.banbury-run.co.uk/), on [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3QzRVGTeSwY). It appears the whole mini-bike at the front swivels as a rigid unit, but it is hard to be sure. YouTube gives the date of construction as 1903. The grey box contains the petrol tank in its upper section, as shown by the location of the petrol pipe. It is not known what was in the lower section; water for the cooling system, perhaps? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Three wheels in line Slinger motorcycle: 1901 Pretty good proof that it still runs! \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Three wheels in line Slinger motorcycle: 1901 This is the Slinger at the Finish Line of the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run in 2019. It is now owned by Mr Daniel Ward, who is presumably pictured here. Since he is unlikely to have pushed this awkward machine very far, I think we can assume it completed the Run under its own power. It is not on the list of entrants for the 2022 Run. \| \| \| 3 WHEELS: PEUGEOT TRIPORTEUR \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Peugeot Triporteur: 1953 The Peugeot Triporteur was essentially a three-wheeled single-cylinder motorbike for carrying small loads. This is an original example that has been faithfully restored; it dates from early 1953. The earlier 53TM 100 cc model could carry 120 kg in the crate at the front; the later 55TN 125cc model could carry 150 kg. Maximum speed was 45 km/hr. Production was from 1939 to 1959. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Peugeot Triporteur: 1953 The engines were 2-stroke with flywheel magneto ignition. Lubrication was by petroil mixture. There was a 3-speed gearbox by operated by a lever on the petrol tank. Primary and secondary transmissions was by chains. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Peugeot Triporteur: 1953 This example appears to have a duct for air-cooling around the cylinder. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Peugeot Triporteur: 1939 Contemporary advert for the Peugeot Triporteur. \| \| \| 3 WHEELS: BROUGH SUPERIOR MOTORCYCLE WITH DOUBLE REAR WHEELS \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Brough Superior motorcycle with double rear wheels: 1932 The Brough Superior Austin Four was a limited-production motorcycle designed and manufactured by Brough Superior of Nottingham, Britain; it was built from 1932 to 1934. Only ten were built, of which nine survive. Unusually, it was powered by a proven Austin 4-cylinder sidevalve, water-cooled motor of 747cc. Brough increased the Austin engine displacement to 797 cc and replaced the cylinder head with a light alloy version which gave more horsepower, presumably by increasing the compression ratio. The rear wheels were shaft driven from a standard Austin 7 three-speed gearbox, (plus reverse) with a crown wheel and pinion mounted between the two rear wheels. You might think that twin rear wheels would make the handling tricky, but the Museum Staff have not so far found any evidence for this. The twin rear wheels make it a three-wheeled vehicle, though legally it was still classed as a motorcycle because the rear wheel centres were less than 24 inches apart. The machine was primarily intended for sidecar work, which would presumably yield a four-wheel vehicle. The Brough Superior Austin Four has a [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brough_Superior_Austin_Four) page. \| \| \| 3 WHEELS: MODIFIED M4 SHERMAN TANK: 1944 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: M4 Sherman tank modified for mine-clearing: 1944 This is an M4 T10 mine clearing prototype built by the USA in 1944, based on a [M4 Sherman tank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_Sherman). The original intention was to install engines in the two front wheels, but initial testing was done without them. It weighed 52 tons, and the front wheels were 8 feet in diameter, while the rear roller was 6 feet in diameter. It's nickname was indeed 'tricycle'. I'm prepared to call this a three-wheeler because the 'rear wheel' appears to be a single roller running the width of the vehicle. The big open-tread front wheels were designed to set off landmines, like the [mine flail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_flail) vehicles of WW2. There are a good number of imaginary vehicle pictures that have been created by Photoshop, and you have to be careful. This looks like it could one of them, but research confirms it is genuine. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: M4 Sherman tank modified for mine-clearing: 1944 The front wheels were driven by the tank sprocket-wheels engaging with internal teeth on the inside of the wheel; these can just be seen on the wheel at the extreme left. The star-shaped teeth on a shafts engaging with the metal tread were for clearing the wheels of debris, incuding explosive debris. There is another such shaft for the rear roller. I originally said they were for propulsion; many thanks to Bill Todd for pointing out this infelicity. The prototype was reconfigured to use the tank's internal engine, and the underside was reinforced with 25mm steel plate. The M4A2 had 55 inches of ground clearance. The total width of the cleared path was 153 inches. (the front wheels had a width of 36.5 inches each) The tank could only reach 3 km/h when mine clearing, but on the road it could make 10 km/h. In June 1944 the T10 was tested, but it became clear that it was just too heavy to be practical. The idea never got past this single prototype. \| \| \| 3 WHEELS: RELIANT ROBIN: 2018 Three-wheeled cars are not considered very unusual in Great Britain at least, though they are now becoming rare. Historically, three-wheeler production was encouraged by lower road tax than four-wheel cars, and because they could be legally driven with a motorcycle licence. (The latter legal situation changed recently) The major 3-wheeler manufacturers in Great Britain were Reliant and [Bond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp%27s_Commercials). Ultimately Reliant bought out Bond, and it was Reliant that produced the famous [Bond Bug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_Bug). \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: A Reliant Robin: 2018 The [Reliant Robin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliant_Robin) was first produced in October 1973 to direct replace the [Reliant Regal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliant_Regal) The Reliant Robin had a water-cooled engine (originally only 750cc) under the hatch at the front, driving the back axle via a conventional propshaft and differential. The last Robin came off the production lines in 2002, the last batch of 65 having leather seats, alloy wheels, and walnut dashboards. Now that is class. This Reliant lives a couple of steets away from me, and there is (or was) another living only half a mile away. I see one driving around occasionally, but have not so far been alert enough to spot which it is. The crash-worthiness of a fibreglass-bodied car is not great. As was demonstrated when a friend of mine was killed in a Robin. Author's photograph: Jan 2018 \| \| \| 3 WHEELS: MORGAN The Morgan company began selling three-wheelers with one wheel at the rear and a V-twin engine at the front in 1911, and continued until 1952. The company announced that production of a version using a Harley-Davidson V-twin would be restarted in 2012, but the production models actually used an S&S engine. \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Morgan three-wheeler: 2012 This is a three-wheeler of a rather different stamp. It is powered by a big V-twin engine at the front (yes, I suppose that is obvious) that drives the rear wheel. There is a [Wikipedia page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Motor_Company) on Morgan. \| \| \| A perhaps non-obvious drawback of three-wheelers is that since you are making three tracks on the road, the chances of encountering a randomly-placed nail are increased by 50%. 3 WHEELS: LOMAX 223 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Lomax three-wheeler: 1982 The Lomax three-wheeler is a British kit car in the same configuration as the Morgan, with two wheels at the front and one at the back. It has a fibreglass body mounted on a Citro�n 2CV or Citro�n Dyane floorpan. In later versions a steel tube chassis was introduced to replace the floorplan. The first Lomax 223's were powered by a Citroen 2CV 602cc engine, which is a horizontally-opposed air-cooled twin. The Lomax is still in limited production at [Cradley Motor Works](http://www.sportsandleisurecars.co.uk/), but production seems to be winding down. The [Lomax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomax_(auto)) has a Wikipedia page. \| \| \| --- 4 WHEELS: 4 WHEELS: THE SUNBEAM-MABLEY: 1901 As noted at the start, there is pretty near universal agreement that the best number of wheels for a car is four. There's not much point in looking at ordinary cars here, but you can have four wheels and be unconventional about where you put them. A classic example is the Sunbeam-Mabley: \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Sunbeam-Mabley: 1901 This car was the first produced by the famous Sunbeam company. They bought in a design from a certain Maxwell Mabley-Smith, whose day job was designing ornamental ironwork. There is variation in the spelling, with Mabberley and Maberley both about on the Web. Mabley is the correct version. The Sunbeam had one wheel at the front, one at each side, and one at the rear; this is often described as a diamond configuration, but in fact the front and back wheels were not in line. The layout was similiar to that of Starley's Coventry Rotary [quadracycle](../quadcycle/quadcycle.htm#cov). The car was powered by a single-cylinder 2.75 HP De Dion engine mounted next to the front wheel, but it did not drive this wheel at all. A belt from the engine ran backwards to a 2-speed gearbox and differential; chain drives ran from this to the two unsprung side wheels. The seating was as unorthodox as the wheel placement. Two people sat close together on the front seat, facing the side of the road; the driver sat behind them, steering with a tiller and facing the opposite side of the road. This all sounds very unnatural; the natural tendency would be to twist round to look in the direction in which you are going. This is especially a good idea if you are the driver. Note that extra seat backs have been added at the corners of this version to make the twisting a bit less uncomfortable. \| \| \| A small-diameter exhaust pipe goes round in an elegant semi-circle, then heads toward the rear. In the previous update I said 'Note the red-lined petrol tank mounted on the far side of the car' but it now appears it is a radiator header tank. Looking at the fins on the cylinder I assumed that the engine was air-cooled, but closer investigation shows that the cylinder head only is water-cooled and there is a four-row gilled-tube radiator mounted just above the engine. The petrol tank was somehow fitted in between the driver and the passsengers; for the time being the exact location remains enigmatic, but it must be reasonably high up for gravity feed to the carburettor. \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Sunbeam-Mabley: 1901 This is another Sunbeam-Mabley; the engine here appears to be wholly water-cooled. This machine was sold by auction at Sotheby's on 23rd October 1969. The auctioneer's blurb states that the engine is partly air-cooled and partly water-cooled, but this does not square with the appearance of the engine, which looks to be wholly water-jacketed. The blurb states that the engine power was 2.75 HP, from a 74mm bore and 76mm stroke; the capacity was 327cc and the inlet valve was automatic. It also states that ignition was by [trembler coil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trembler_coil), but that looks like a magneto on the front to me. Its price when new was stated as �130. The Museum staff have so far not been able to find out what it sold for in 1969. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Sunbeam-Mabley: 1901 This is a contemporary picture of the Sunbeam-Mabley. No extra seat backs here. The engine here seems to have a water-cooled head and a finned cylinder barrel for air cooling. No radiator header tank is visible, and the radiator has six rows instead of four. No magneto is visible; I suspect the writer of the auctioneer's blurb mentioned above was working from this picture. Remarkably the Sunbeam-Mabley had some success; several hundred were sold in 1901 and 1902 at �130 each. It was still in the Sunbeam catalogue in early 1904, offering a single cylinder 327 cc engine 74 x 76 mm to run at 1,800 rpm. Weight 4� cwt. (which is very light) The price then was �120. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Sunbeam-Mabley AR39: 1901 This Sunbeam-Mabley was sold at auction for �65,000 in November 2011, which presents a good advance on the initial purchase price of �130. The cylindrical silencer can be seen just ahead of the centre wheel. AR39 has successfully taken part in the London-Brighton veteran car run. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Sunbeam-Mabley AR39: 1901 It was this photograph that made it clear that the engine was partly water-cooled and partly air-cooled. It also shows that the tank at the front is a water header tank and not the petrol tank. On the top of the cylinder head, in a copper housing is an automatic inlet valve; it opened against a light spring on the induction stroke. Simple but not conducive to good engine breathing. A black right-angle induction manifold connects it to the carburettor; immediately to the right is the polished copper float-chamber. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Sunbeam-Mabley AR39: 1901 Here the wide pulley on the engine crankshaft can be seen; the belt is not fitted. Just to the left of the cylinder barrel can be seen two control rods; presumably they work the throttle and choke on the carburettor. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: A Sunbeam-Mabley at the Sunbeam works The engine arrangements look rather different here, but the photograph is not clear enough to make out any details. The date is unknown but must have been in the period 1901 - 1904. \| \| \| 4 WHEELS: THE VICKERS-WOLSELEY STAFF CAR: 1926 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Vickers-Wolseley Staff Car: 1926 This is another attempt to combine the advantages of wheels and tracks. It was a conversion- a rather radical conversion- of a Wolseley touring car. Here the wheels are raised so the vehicle travels on its tracks. Source: Miltary Transport of WW1 by C Ellis and D Bishop, Blandford Press 1970. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Vickers-Wolseley Staff Car: 1926 Here the wheels are lowered for road use. The track system is rigidly attached to the car body. The design was not a success, proving complicated and expensive; there were doubts about its stability. The idea was tried again in 1927 on what might be regarded as an armoured car, but that also was not proceeded with. Source: Miltary Transport of WW1 by C Ellis and D Bishop, Blandford Press 1970. \| \| \| 4 WHEELS: SIDEWAYS PARKING IN 1927 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Sideways parking: 1927 You can see a video [here](https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/video/1920s-man-driving-car-with-wheels-that-turn-stock-video-footage/529-119) of a car with the front wheels set at right angles to the usual direction of motion. When the front of the car has been swung out sideways, the front wheels swivel outwards to the normal configuration. The car is believed to be a Citro�n B12 Torpedo, and the location Paris. However there is [another video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S5R368iX7iI) that gives the location as Arras in France. This sort of thing has never caught on, presumably because the extra weight and complication was too great compared with the limited number of times it would have been useful. Source: Pathe newsreel issued 2nd May 1927. More info [here](https://www.britishpathe.com/video/parking-problem-solved). \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Sideways parking: 1927 There is no sign of any extra mechanism around the stub axles; this suggests the wheel-swivelling was done by altering the effective length of the [track-rod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering). (tie-rod) There is also no sign of front-wheel drive, which suggests that the car was swivelled by causing the rear wheels to turn in opposite directions, requiring an extra gearbox. A related concept is the [zero-turn lawnmower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-turn_mower), which can turn around on the spot. Some of these have five wheels... \| \| \| 4 WHEELS: SWEDISH STRIDSVAGN FM/30 L-30 CONVERTIBLE TANK/ARMOURED-CAR: 1931 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Stridsvagn FM/30 L-30 convertible tank/armored-car: 1931 Shown here with the wheels down. This remarkable vehicle certainly has four wheels, but it also has a pair of caterpillar tracks. It also has a complicated history. The vehicle was designed and constructed by the German engineer [Joseph Vollmer](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Vollmer), who was at the time co-owner of the German Automobile Construction Company (DAC). The manufacture of tanks was forbidden in the German Reich due to the Treaty of Versailles. To evade this, the the GHH (Gute Hoffnungs-H�tte) steelworks group, based in Oberhausen had acquired the [Landsverk company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB_Landsverk) in Landskrona, Sweden. Vehicles and engines were designed and then sold as complete factory drawings against future royalty payments. The FM30 had a 150 HP engine, weighed 11.5 tons and could exceed 45 mph (75 km/h) on the road using its wheels, and 20 mph (35 km/h) across country using its tracks. To convert to tracked operation, both sets of wheels were raised until the top of them were level with the tank deck. The transition to wheeled mode took about 30 seconds and could be done on the move. The armour was proof only against small-arms fire. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Stridsvagn FM/30 L-30 convertible tank/armored-car: 1931 Shown here with the wheels up. The armament was a Bofors 37mm gun (122 rounds carried) and 6.5mm machine-gun. (4000 rounds carried) For some reason the machine-gun was mounted in a short fat cylinder. Note the hatch on each side of the turret. Perhaps predictably, the dual-drive system was complex to manufacture and too fragile for military use. Tests took place in 1935-36, but the single example was relegated to training until 1940. It has been preserved and can be seen in the Swedish Arsenalen Museum in Str�ngn�s. Their website is [here](https://arsenalen.se/en/). There is a very short [Wikipedia](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Landsverk_L-30) page for the FM/30. \| \| \| 4/6 WHEELS: SWEDISH FM-29 ARMOURED-CAR: 1932 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Swedish FM29 armoured car: 1932 This Swedish armoured car design resembled the German one just below in that it had four wheels in normal use, plus two spare wheels which were mounted so they contacted the ground in rough country and prevent the vehicle getting stuck; it's another case of 'is this a 4 or 6-wheeled vehicle'?. The four main wheels were driven and steered at each end. The wheels in the picture are hidden behind the pentagonal armour plates. The rear of the vehicle is towards the camera, and tyres contacting the road can be seen at each end- but the middle pentagonal plate has no tyre visible under it. The phrase 'rear of the vehicle' is a bit of a doubtful one in this case: the FM29 had a driver and controls at each end, allowing for some spectacularly rapid retreats. You may be worried that this armoured car appears to be equipped with a pair of torpedo tubes. In fact the two circular hatches cover the headlights; the headlights at the 'rear of the vehicle'. Only one example was ever completed; the design proved too big and heavy, and too expensive. Many thanks to Tulle R�nnmyr for bringing this vehicle to my attention. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Swedish FM29 armoured car chassis: 1932 The FM29 demonstrates its ability to deal with a hump, though the spare wheels aren't actually doing anything at the moment. It also gives a very good view of the front and back driving positions. The disc wheels formed part of the protection of the crew. The engine can be seen at the rear of the vehicle. (To the right) Many thanks to Tulle R�nnmyr for bringing this vehicle to my attention. \| \| \| 4 WHEELS: THE ADMK MULUS: 1935 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The ADMK Mulus with all four wheels up: 1935 The Austrian ADMK Mulus was a light machine-gun carrier vehicle that, like the [Stridsvagn FM/30](#strid) above, could proceed either on its tracks or on its four wheels. It does not qualify as a tankette because it had no armour at all. The front wheels could be swung upward on their gear-driven suspension arms. They could then be removed and put into brackets at the rear of the vehicle. The rear wheels could also be removed, but this was a more complicated process that required driving the tracks up onto blocks. It has been written that a unique feature was that the front arms acted as a framework for the driver's seat, but so far no information on how this worked has been found. It was first produced in prototype quantities in 1935, and continued in production until 1938. Total production was 334 units; 302 of them in 1936. The Mulus was taken over by the German army after the 1938 [Anschluss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss), but does not seem to have had much use, probably because it was underpowered, only having a 20 HP engine to move a 1.5 ton vehicle. Some were used in training for [Operation Sealion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion). The Mulus has a short [Wikipedia](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADMK_Mulus) page. In German, but Google Translate does a good job. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The ADMK Mulus with the front wheels only down: 1935 * Weight: 1.56 tons * Engine: Daimler air-cooled 4 cylinder 20 HP * Speed: On tracks 10 mph, on wheels 27 mph \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The ADMK Mulus with all four wheels down: 1935 Here a two-wheeled trailer is towed. \| \| \| 4 WHEELS: THE AUSTRIAN RR7: 1936 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Austrian RR7: 1936 The RR7 was another wheeled/tracked vehicle from Austria. It was developed in 1936 by the Swiss [Saurer Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurer) to serve as an artillery tractor. The changeover from wheels to tracks could be done while the vehicle was moving at a slow speed. After testing, an order was an order was placed in 1937, but only 12 vehicles were built before the 1938 [Anschluss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss). After this manufacture continued, and a total of 140 units were built; there might have been more, but the RR7 had poor handling and was difficult to steer. The new German name for the RR7 was Sd Kfz 254. It had a 4-cylinder 70 HP diesel engine. There is a short [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sd.Kfz._254) page on the Sd Kfz 254. \| \| \| 4/6 WHEELS: MIDDLE-WEIGHT AND HEAVY EINHEITS-PKW 1936 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Middle-weight Einheits-PKW with central wheels: 1936 Between 1936 and 1943 the Wehrmacht was supplied with Einheits-PKW (German for 'standard passenger cars') in the three versions; light, medium and heavy. These vehicles were supposed to provide cross-country mobility. They proved too complicated and expensive, their place being taken by the [Volkswagen Kubelwagon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_K%C3%BCbelwagen), which proved capable of dealing with rough terrain despite only having two-wheel drive. Shown here is the middle-weight version. On each side a spare wheel was mounted on a bearing, so it could rotate freely if it contacted the ground and so prevented the chassis grounding. While this feature seems rather ingenious, it must have failed to earn its keep as it was removed in 1940 to simplify the bodywork and make more room inside. So- is that four wheels or six? Many thanks to Bernd F and Pavel Panenka for drawing this machine to my attention. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Heavy-weight Einheits-PKW with central wheels: 1936 This is very much the same as the middle-weight version, though the spare wheels are recessed further into the bodywork. So- is that four wheels or six? Nobody's counting the two wheels on the gun being towed. Many thanks to Bernd F and Pavel Panenka for drawing this machine to my attention. \| \| \| 3/4 WHEELS: THE HAYWOOD LHW SPECIAL: 1938 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Haywood LHW Special: 1938 The Haywood special was designed to exploit a feature of the rules in the [International Six Days Trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Six_Days_Enduro) held in Wales in 1938. The trials were intended for motorcycles and motorcycle-sidecar combinations, the latter having three wheels. According to the rules two wheels counted as one providing they were less than a foot (30 cm) apart. The special was based on an Austin Seven, and was built by three men called Lloyd, Hughes & Williams, and hence the LHW. No information has so far been found as to how successful this scheme was, or what their fellow-competitors thought about it, but the Museum staff are on the case. The car has been preserved and is currently owned by Iain Richardson. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Haywood LHW Special: 1938 The Austin Seven axle was cut down until only the differential remained. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Haywood LHW Special: 1938 A contemporary picture of the Haywood LHW Special. \| \| \| 4 WHEELS: HOME GUARD AMBULANCE: 1941 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Home Guard diamond configuration ambulance: 10 August 1941 The Home Guard was a local defence organisation formed in Great Britain at the start of the Second World War. This one-person ambulance was intended for the transport of victims of war gases. (a threat which never materialised) It looks like a delivery tricycle with a much extended load carrier, supported by an extra wheel at the front. It is not entirely clear how the steering worked. It looks as though the front section swivelled with respect to the rear of the tricycle, and moving it to change direction would need a lot of muscular exertion; the front wheel appears to be simply a castor. The wheels make up a diamond pattern like that of the [Sunbeam-Mabley](#4) at the start of this section. There is an odd-shaped box on the front, of unknown function. Note curtains that can be let down on each side to keep out gas. Also, with gas in mind the rider is wearing his [box respirator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_box_respirator) on his chest. This picture is about on the Net, with claims it was the first ever ambulance; this is of course nonsense. \| \| \| 4 WHEELS: PININFARINA-X PROJECT: 1960 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Pininfarina-X project: 1960 The Pininfarina-X project showcased its low-drag body design, with a drag coefficient of only 0.23, far superior to the ordinary cars of the time. Batista Pininfarina worked with aerodynamics expert Professor Alberto Morelli. To achieve such low drag the front of the car had to be narrow, leading to this unorthodox layout with one wheel in front, two at the side, and one at the rear. The front wheel did the steering and the rear wheel all the driving. A 1089cc Fiat engine was installed at an angle in the rear of the car. This odd arrangement was made necessary by the rear three wheels being close together. This must have made for an assymetrical weight distribution and one wonders if that affected the handlng. The project was a successful technology demonstrator up to a point, but a single front wheel was never going to be acceptable in mainstream motoring. The car was eventually bought by a collector and still exists. You can find more information [here](https://newatlas.com/1960-pininfarina-x-concept-car-auction/35369/). \| \| \| 4 WHEELS: SQUARE-WHEELED PICKUP You're not going to get a car with four conventionally-placed wheels on this page, unless there's something very funny about the wheels. I think this car qualifies; it has four square wheels. \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Square wheels on a four-wheel pickup This is from a Mythbusters episode. Interestingly the jolting gets less as speed increases because the wheels are bouncing from one corner to the opposite one, the intermediate corner not touching the ground. There is a [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIN8Q_4iaxU) video, posted in 2016. It is slightly disturbing that this is far from a unique occurrence of square wheels. Typing 'square wheels' into YouTube produces scooters, bicycles, tricycles, tractors, motorbikes and skateboards, all with square wheels. Presumably the ultimate Perverse Wheel would be an equilateral triangle. \| \| \| --- 5 WHEELS 5 WHEELS: THE PENTACYCLE This is not strictly a car or motor vehicle, but when you are looking for 5-wheeled vehicles you can't afford to be too fussy. \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Burstow's Pentacycle: 1882 The Pentacycle was designed for delivering the post; it was patented by architect Edward Burstow (1821-91) in 1882. He is otherwise unknown to the Internet. It underwent trials with postmen in Horsham, England, and they apparently liked it, but apparently other areas were less enthusiatic and it was not adopted. Edward Burstow is buried in Denne Road Cemetery, Horsham. He was also responsible for designing the Corn Exchange, West Street, Horsham. The thinking behind the design is obscure. The use of a large driving wheel avoided using gears or a chain to get up a decent speed, as in a [penny-farthing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny-farthing), but at that date gearing was starting to be adopted. The use of what are essentially four stabiliser wheels to protect the health of the postman (going head-first over the front of a penny-farthing could easily be fatal) is laudable, but since there is no suspension, it would seem that it would be impossible to keep all five wheels on the ground, especially given the state of the roads at that time. If the centre wheel failed to grip the road you would go nowhere. The machine steers on both the front and rear little wheels; otherwise it would probably have never got round corners at all. Note the lever to the right and below the pedals that changes the direction of the steering action so that the small-wheel axles steer in opposite directions. The Pentacycle was often described as the 'hen and chickens' machine because it allegedly resembled a hen surrounded by four chicks. The [Pentacycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentacycle) has a Wikipedia page. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Burstow's Pentacycle: 1882 This cigarette card suggests that the official name for the machine was 'centre cycle', and other sources confirm this. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Burstow's Pentacycle: 1882 This is one of the very few contemporary photograph of a centre cycle in use. The machine appears to be fitted with shelves rather than baskets, and there are two pouches strapped to the frame on the left. According to the [Postal Museum](https://www.postalmuseum.org/blog/audio-guide-stories/): "Postmen complained that the cycle wore out their trousers in the crotch, leaving them with holes in their uniform. Since they had to pay for their own uniforms, they refused to use the cycle and it was consigned to the scrap heap." Sounds like the design of the saddle could have been improved. Why wasn't it? \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Horsham fleet of centre-cycles: 1882 There appear to be at least two, and possibly three sizes of centre-wheel shown here. This photograph seems to have been taken at the same location as the one just above; presumably it was the yard of the Horsham Post office. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The USA patent for the centre-cycle: 1881 Edward Burstow clearly thought it was worthwhile to get a US patent for his machine. The upper diagram shows the levers connecting the steering wheels at back and front. There is however no sign of the lever which caused the small-wheel axles to steer in opposite directions. \| \| \| 5 WHEELS: THE PHELPS TRACTOR Finding a car with five wheels was always going to be a challenge. However the Museum staff are not easily defeated... \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Advert for the The Phelps Tractor: 1901 The Phelps Tractor was an ingenious idea that failed to become popular. The steam-powered propelling section was a three-wheeled unit controlled by steering rods from behind. Presumably this was to reassure potential purchasers who were more used to driving horses and wanted no truck with new-fangled notions like steering wheels. The propelling unit could be coupled to a carriage (Combination 2) or a parcel wagon (Combination 3, with extra storage over the engine compartment) or any other suitable trailer unit. This included sledges. The advert at left describes how to steer, start, stop, and reverse, with the useful feature that the engine stops if the rods or reins are dropped or otherwise released entirely. It think the top version has a reasonable claim to be a 5-wheeled car; you couldn't drive the tractor unit around by itself. The claim of the lower version to be a 7-wheeled car is more dubious, as the trailer is essentially a separate vehicle. There seems to be much doubt as to whether this machine was actually built- there appear to be no photographs. I have grave doubts as to the practicality of fitting a 10-HP steam engine, complete with fuel and water tanks, in an enclosure the size of that shown in the top picture. Significantly, no chimney is shown to carry away the boiler exhaust gases, and there is no sign of an air-cooled condenser, which would be a sizable item. \| \| \| 5 WHEELS: A TRUE FIVE-WHEELED CAR \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Car with central fifth wheel: 1911 While there could be argument about some of the vehicles in this section, this is I think beyond dispute a true five-wheeled car. Details are sadly lacking but it appears that the amount of load taken by the fifth wheel could be adjusted as the vehicle moved along. The inventor claims "the elimination of compensating gears and complicated mechanism". I suspect 'compensating gears' means a differential on the driving axle; close examination of the photograph shows there is a chain drive to the fifth wheel, but no chains going to the rear axle. It therefore appears that the fifth wheel was the sole means of propulsion, which might be expected to cause problems with traction. It is not easy to see what good having a variable load on this wheel would do; using a block-and-tackle in the mechanism suggests a certain lack of mechanical sophistication. In all, it does not appear to me to be a good idea. Source: Popular Mechanics March 1911. Many thanks to Kerry Stiff for drawing this machine to my attention. \| \| \| 5 WHEELS: THE DETROIT TRACTOR \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Advert for the Detroit Tractor: 1913 The Phelps Tractor was not unique in its rein-control. The Detroit Tractor (which judging by these photographs really was built) had a more practical internal-combustion engine. It is not clear why the towing pole was so long- it may have been something to do with using unmodified horse-drawn ploughs, etc. I appreciate that neither of these configurations qualify as a 5-wheeled car, though they might as 6-wheeled and 4-wheeled. But I thought it best to show them here for comparison with the Phelps tractor just above. The Detroit Tractor Company was an overshoot of Baker & Baker of Royal Oak, Michigan. It was set up in March 1913 to build Baker tractors, but a few years later moved to Lafayette, Indiana where this machine was built. It was described as 'a line-drive tractor of the universal frame design'. Presumably 'line-drive' refers to the rein-control system, but I don't understand about the 'universal frame design'. From an automobile trade journal 1913 \| \| \| You wait ages for a 5-wheeled car and then three come along at once... more research revealed these beauties below: 5 WHEELS: THE SMITH FLYER \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Smith Flyer: 1917 The Smith Flyer was a four-wheel buckboard with a Smith Motor-wheel attached at the back. It seems to have been intended for fun rather than serious transport. Nonetheless, I feel obliged to point an obvious snag. The fifth wheel is clearly hinged to the back of the vehicle, to allow it follow irregularities in the road. Thus only the weight of engine and one wheel is available for adhesion. The traction abilities must have diabolical. It is often cited as the cheapest car ever sold, but that means stretching the definition of 'car' to breaking point. It was no competition for the Model-T Ford, which could be had for a few hundred dollars more. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Smith Flyer: 1917 The caption is informative. However, in the list of its desirable features (I like the 'natural woodwork') there is no mention of... brakes. There is no mention of suspension either; there wasn't any beyond the flexing of the chassis. It does however have front and rear mudguards. I marvel at the idea of raising the whole engine and wheel to declutch; this is less practical with a V8. There is no mention of a throttle control, which would have required a Bowden cable; it says 'Control is under the thumb on the steering wheel', which I take to mean an ignition cutout switch. And there certainly wasn't a gearbox. Sorry about the moire. Nothing to be done at this stage. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| Above: The Smith Flyer: 1917 This magnificent photograph captures a Smith Flyer superbly. The Smith Motor-wheel with its distinctive two mounting horns, has in this case a belt-driven 4-blade cooling fan. The diagonal wire attached to the engine is presumably the 'clutch control' for raising the engine and wheel off the road. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: A Smith Flyer: picture date unknown Pictured at what appears to be a tractor rally. This restored Flyer has a 5-blade belt-driven cooling fan. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Smith Motor Wheel: 1914 This shows the conventional application of the Smith Motor Wheel; you bolted it to the side of your bicycle converting it into a sort of tricycle. The Smith Motor Wheel first appeared in 1914. The Smith Motor Wheel was an ingenious design. The disc wheel was driven directly from the cam-shaft, which was geared down 8:1 to give a suitable drive ratio. However the camshaft of a 4-stroke engine must rotate at half engine-speed; Smith got round this by having four lobes rather than one on each cam. This ingenious idea was borrowed from the Wall Motor Wheel, invented in England in 1910, of which Smith had bought the US manufacturing rights. The Wall Motor Wheel used a 4:1 reduction ratio and a two-lobed exhaust cam; the inlet valve was automatic. \| \| \| 5 WHEELS: SIDEWAYS PARKING IN 1924 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Parking with a fifth Wheel: 1924 Once again an earlier implementation of five-wheel parking has been discovered. Lowering the fifth wheel and turning it in either direction was done by wire cables and a pulley on the engine. No further details currently known. Source: Popular Mechanics for Dec 1924, p892 \| \| \| 5 WHEELS: SIDEWAYS PARKING IN 1933 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Parking with a fifth Wheel: 1933 It has emerged that the Brookes Walker Fifth Wheel (see just below) was not the first of its kind. This picture is taken from a video posted on Facebook by Road & Track magazine. The mechanism is activated by the driver pulling a rod out of the dashboard. Quite what is activated is currently unknown, but probably hydraulics. Close examination shows that the fifth wheel is driven by a chain. The mechanism works quickly and smoothly, and looks like a first-class job of engineering. You can see the video [here](https://www.facebook.com/RoadandTrack/videos/drop-down-fifth-wheel-for-parallel-parking/10156138914136091/). The only information in the soundtrack is that the inventor lived in California; this is confirmed by the licence plate, which also gives the date of 1933. The car is a four-door Packard. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Parking with a fifth Wheel: 1930s The activating control pulled fully out of the dashboard. \| \| \| 5 WHEELS: RACING CAR IN 1933 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Fifth Wheel for safe tyre testing: 1950s The text pretty much says it all. Source: Popular Science July 1933, p12 \| \| \| 5 WHEELS: SIDEWAYS PARKING IN 1938-1952 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Brookes Walker Fifth Wheel: 1950s The huge barge-like cars produced in the USA in the 50's were hard to park in spaces of limited size. Here is one attempted solution; a fifth wheel that lefts the normal rear wheels off the road and allows the back of the car to go sideways. It could be argued that the car was a three-wheeler during this operation, as only three wheels were actually touching the road. A hydraulic cylinder lowered the fifth wheel, which was then rotated by a friction roller driven from the rear axle. For a long time nothing was currently known beyond the existence of this photograph. It can now be revealed that this Cadillac is using the Park-Car concept invented by Brooks Walker in the 1930s. US patent 2,139,341 was applied for in 1932 but only granted in 1938. Now you may object to carrying around the weight of an extra wheel just to help with parking. But the beauty of the concept is that it doubles as the spare wheel, and the only extra weight is that of the raise/lower mechanism. There is a video of the fifth wheel in operation on [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ki9otMeiRP0). \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: US patent 2,139,341, granted 1938 The fifth wheel 22 swings down on a radius arm 25, actuated by the hydraulic cylinder 31. The big spring 38 looks as if it is intended to retract the fifth wheel if the hydraulics fail. The fifth wheel is driven by friction roller held against its tread; this is driven by the chain 45, from the shaft 43. This shaft is driven by another friction roller 41 bearing on the rear tyre 40. I have my doubts about this drive system: * There are two friction rollers here that need to have a good grip on their respective tyres. How well is that going to work in the wet?* The friction roller 41 bears not on the tread of its tyre but on its sidewall. Tyre sidewalls are not designed for that sort of duty and would quickly wear and become dangerous- on the inside sidewall which is hard to inspect.* Finally, what about the differential? Once both rear wheels are of the ground, trying to apply power through tyre 40 is just going to make the opposite rear wheel spin uselessly. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Fifth Wheel: 1950s This installation takes up most of the room in the boot (trunk) and apparently the petrol tank has also had to be moved- quite a major rebuild. From a Life article, 17 Nov 1952 (The issue that reported the victory of Eisenhower over Adlai Stevenson) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Fifth Wheel: 1950s This photograph shows chain drive to the fifth wheel, alleged taken from the propellor shaft, though it is far from clear exactly how that worked. Not to be pedantic, but I can only see one hydraulic cylinder here, at bottom right. The other tubular things are parts of the bracket holding the fifth wheel. From the Life article of 17 Nov 1952 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Fifth Wheel: 1950s From the Life article of 17 Nov 1952 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Fifth Wheel: 1950s Multiple-exposure photography demonstrates the parking process. The car on the left can get into a much smaller parking space by swinging its rear in. From the Life article of 17 Nov 1952 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Fifth Wheel: 1953 Packard This 1953 Packard Cavalier was converted by Brooks Walker and used as his personal transportation; it still survives. This time the fifth wheel lives outside the boot, (trunk) which leaves the luggage space intact. Presumably moving the petrol tank was also not necessary. Definitely a more practical proposition. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Fifth Wheel: 1953 Packard According to the latest information I can find, the Packard is currently owned by William Swaney of Pennsylvania, who bought it in December 2005. The hydraulic system has been rebuilt, and is fully operational, so the car can go round in complete circles if the owner so desires. \| \| \| 5 WHEELS BY HOBART BROWN- THE LOWELL KINETIC SCULPTURE RACE: 1969 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Five-wheeler by Hobart Brown: 1969 The first [Lowell Kinetic Sculpture Race](https://lowellkinetic.com/history/) was held in 1969 in Ferndale, California. Local artist [Hobart Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_Brown) modified his son Justin's tricycle by adding two more wheels, though it's hard to see much trace of a tricycle here apart from the two big wheels. There is pedal drive to the front wheel by a chain. The little wheel at the back seems to be collapsing under the strain. There was a 2003 article on Hobart Brown in the [North Coast Journal](https://www.northcoastjournal.com/052203/artbeat0522.html). \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Five-wheeler by Hobart Brown: 1969 The Brown pentacycle is preserved in the a kinetic sculpture museum. I think it's [this one](http://www.avam.org/our-visionaries/hobart-brown.shtml). That bent wheel still hasn't been fixed. Perhaps it's part of the artistic effect. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Five-wheeler by Hobart Brown: 1969 The caption says it all. Don Clausen has a [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_H._Clausen) page. \| \| \| 5 WHEELS BY ZARKA AND VINCENT LAMOUROUX: 2001 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Five-wheeler by Raphael Zarka and Vincent Lamouroux: 2001 This pentacycle was designed with one specific application in mind; it was to ride along the abandoned track of the French [Aerotrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9rotrain) project. It does look as if this is a unique case where five wheels really are required. Two of the balloon-like wheels support the rear of the pentacycle on the ground, while the single wheel at the front supports it on top of the big concrete rail. The two wheels on vertical axles guide the pentacycle laterally. There is more info [here](http://www.sixmania.fr/pentacycle-de-raphael-zarka-et-vincent-lamouroux-2001/). \| \| \| 5 WHEELS BY MICHAEL SALERNO: 2008 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Five wheeled bike built by Michael Salerno: 2008 The machine was in course of construction by Michael Salerno when this photograph was taken; the chain is missing. A sequence of photographs describe the construction process on [Flickr](https://www.flickr.com/photos/tripletlads/albums/72157605475489713). There seems to be no suspension so the question arises of how often all five wheels will be touching the ground. This image is also on a site promoting the music of Jaapur and Machoo [here](https://jaapur.bandcamp.com/track/pentacycle). They have a track called Pentacycle. Don't listen it, it's bad. In fact, it's terrible. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Five-wheeler by Michael Salerno: 2008 The machine in one version of 'finished', with handlebars. They were later replaced by a miniature ship's wheel. Note the fancy backrest. \| \| \| 5 WHEELS IN EGYPT: 2014 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Brooks Walker idea reborn. This modification was done in Egypt. The car is an old-style Renault 5. I use to have a Renault 5TS, and it was a good and fast car. But I was tempted away by the [Peugeot 205 GTi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_205); (1.6 litre version) lovely car, wish I still had it. There is a video of the fifth wheel doing its stuff on [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUHQS3rS_lI). It was uploaded in 2014 \| \| \| The more fastidious of readers may be complaining at this point that the Brooks Walker fifth-wheel and its Egyptian successor may be using a bright idea, but it does not have all five wheels on the ground at the same time, and so does not count as a five-wheeled car any more than does a four-wheel car with a spare wheel in the boot. See if I care. Be aware that the term 'fifth wheel' is often used to describe the horizontal turntable on which an articulated trailer pivots. See [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth-wheel_coupling). There is also the idiom "About as much use as a fifth wheel." which makes no sense because there are times when a spare wheel really comes in handy. 5 WHEELS IN VIETNAM: 2016 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Five wheeled car in Vietnam: 2016 Nothing is known about this vehicle except the video on YouTube, entitled '5 wheel super-car of the man Vietnam', which presumably at least locates the country. At any rate they drive on the right. If anyone knows any more I would be glad to hear it. There is a video of the car driving off at [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kccfWcyM-xk). It sounds like it's powered by a motorcycle engine. Date of construction currently unknown. The video was posted in May 2016 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Five wheeled car in Vietnam: 2016 The back wheel looks like the rear wheel from a heavy motorcycle to me. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: More views of the Vietnamese five-wheeled car: 2016 This [article](https://autopro.com.vn/van-hoa-xe/bat-ngo-co-xe-do-5-banh-cua-nguoi-viet-20150515021820023.chn) (dated 15 May 2015) when translated, says the builder is a Mr. Nguyen Van Thang, who apparently has no formal engineering or mechanical training. A distinctly impressive achievement! \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Five-wheeled John Deere vehicle: current This is a John Deere [Gator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deere_Gator), in a five-wheeled version. Stu tells me it is most often seen transporting injured American football players from the field. Gator are made in a variety of configurations, with either four, five or six wheels. You can see a 5-wheel Gator in the first part of this [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4kYioXFlph8) video. Thanks to Stu Riegel for bringing this to my attention. \| \| \| --- 6 WHEELS 6 WHEELS: ARTICULATED CARRIAGE PULLED BY HEILMANN TRACTOR: 1898 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Carriage pulled by Heilmann tractor: 1898 Early cars were naturally based on horse-drawn vehicles, but this design takes that philosophy further than most. The horses are here replaced by a 4-wheel tractor unit. This remarkable vehicle has now been identified as the landau of [Grand Duke Alexis of Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia), drawn by a Heilmann electric tractor circa 1898. That is the same Heilmann who produced a remarkable [steam-electric locomotive](../../locoloco/heilmann/heilmann.htm). \| \| \| 6 WHEELS: THE PULLMAN CAR 1903 The Pullman marque was manufactured in Pennsylvania by the York Motor Car Company from 1905 to 1917. \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Pullman car: 1903 Here's one way to arrange six wheels on a car. This wheel configuration is very rare, and was thought to be unique until the Lorraine Dietrich car (below) was discovered. When the middle wheels encountered a high spot in the road, the car had an unhappy tendency to rock back and forwards. The Pullman car was not a success. It crashed into a telegraph pole within a year of its construction, very probably due to instability in the steering behaviour. Its parts were used in more conventional cars. The year of building is usually given as 1903, which seems to indicate it was prototype built before Pullman went into mass production in 1905. Pullman went bankrupt and ceased operations in 1917. \| \| \| 6 WHEELS: THE PRATT CAR 1907 Charles T. Pratt of Frankfort, New York, was like Reeves, an industrialist, owning the Pratt Chuck Works. He built this 6-wheeled one-off, with a 'triple phaeton' body. \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Charles T Pratt car: 1907 The car was powered by an unidentified 75 HP engine. Its wheelbase - presumably measured between front and rear axles - was 168 inches. The Horseless Age wrote: \| \| \| --- \| \| "The wheels are mounted on lengthwise members, which are pivoted to the rear springs in each side. By this mode of support much less shock is transmitted to the body of the car than is ordinarily the case, since inequalities in the road, causing a rise or depression of one of the four wheels, will raise or depress the body spring by only half that amount, provided the other wheel on the same side remains on the level." \| \| \| \| Pratt told the press that he built the car only for his own use, but nontheless he took out two patents: US 842,245 - (Running Gear for Automobiles) in January 1907, and US 888,737 - (Automobile Running-Gear) in May 1908. Unlike the Sextoauto, this six-wheeler apparently used both forward and centre axles for steering and the rear axle for propulsion. Since the 'centre' wheel is well towards the back this does not sound like a very practical proposition, but that is what is shown in US 842,245. Searching for Pratt cars will only bring up George and Bill Pratt, who began car production in 1909. There appears to be no connection. 6 WHEELS: THE LORRAINE DIETRICH CAR 1908 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Lorraine Dietrich: 1908 This six-wheeled car was produced by the [Soci�t� Lorraine Dietrich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine-Dietrich) apparently in 1908, though one source states 1903/4. The makers described it as an 'omnibus'. The rear section was stated to be a fourgon or baggage-van. It had a 40 HP engine and a maximum speed of 55 to 62 mph (90-100 km/hr) and according to some accounts driven by the four rear wheels. This needs confirmation- the chain drive to the centre wheels can be seen just to the left of the tyre, but not so any chains to the rear axle. However if you had rear wheels, surely you would drive them? Other accounts suggest that the rear wheels were steerable, but not driven. The first and third axles could slide axially, which was claimed to allow a very small turning-circle, equivalent to that of a car half the length. It sounds like that might make for some interesting handling. However contemporary writers enquired anxiously about the true size of its turning circle. Just above the driver's position, a [speaking tube](../../COMMS/voicepipe/voicepipe.htm) can be seen. This allowed the passengers to give the driver instructions without the inconvenience of opening a window. Thanks to Pavel Panenko for bringing this vehicle to my attention. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Lorraine Dietrich: 1908 Another view of the Lorraine Dietrich six-wheeled car. It was commissioned by [Baron Herrmann von Eckhardstein](http://lafayette.org.uk/eck3504a.html), [1864-1933] who was first secretary at the German embassy in London from 1891 to 1901. Though never the ambassador, as the first secretary he performed most of the functions of one. The car boasted a silver sink with hot and cold running water, electric lighting and heating, and a dashboard fitted with every imaginable instrument. The fourgon actually held a fully equipped kitchen in which Emil, the chef, prepared gourmet meals. Entry to this kitchen was naturally via a tradesman's entrance at the rear of the car. The car is said to have had a wheelbase of 3.80 metres; this is presumably the distance between adjacent axles, rather than the overall wheelbase. The six-wheel suspension was based on a patent owned by [Turcat-M�ry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcat-M%C3%A9ry), motor manufacturers from 1899 until 1928. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Lorraine Dietrich: 1910 This diagram of the six-wheel arrangement was published in a book in 1910. There are four linked leaf-springs on each side. The inner pair of springs pivot on the chassis at their centres. The sprocket for the chain drive is shown as a circle just to the right of the centre wheel; the chain is not shown. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Lorraine Dietrich: 1908 The six-wheeled car appears to have been preceded by this unconventional six-wheel lorry.This is one of the many Lorraine-Dietrich lorries that brought supplies to the 400,000 troops engaged in the [Grandes Southwestern maneuvers](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_man%C5%93uvres) in France in 1907. The four leaf springs visible are arranged as in the diagram above; in this case the driving chain sprocket is ahead of the centre axle. No drive chain to the rear wheel is visble. The centre wheels are bigger than the front and rear, and their tyres are bigger too, supporting the idea that only the centre wheels were driven. Also, different size wheels at the back would have required a different gear ratio to drive them. Add to this that if the rear wheels HAD to be steerable, to get an acceptable turning radius with the axle layout, applying power to them as well is going to give you all the difficulties of front-wheel drive technology- specifically a need for constant-velocity joints. Perhaps this is why the idea did not thrive- it limits you to just driving the centre axle, which is not going to give good traction. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Turcat-Mery six-wheel charabanc: 1905 This six-wheel prototype was built by [Turcat-M�ry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcat-M%C3%A9ry) in 1905. The patent involved was actually granted to Charles Lindecker of Briancon in France. Presumably Turcat-M�ry had bought the patent or taken out a licence to exploit it. This photograph shows the middle axle in a hole; note how the inner ends of the springs on the front and rear axles have been raised, reducing the load on them. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Six-wheel suspension from Charles Lindecker's US patent 838,343: 1906 The patent shows four methods of interconnecting the suspension of the three axles so that they will take equal shares of the load even if the ground is uneven; all are the same in principle but the fourth method, shown here, is the simplest mechanically, and the one used by Turcat-Mery and Lorraine Dietrich. Here the springs 4 do double duty as balance levers, transferring loads to and from the front and rear axles; they are pivoted on the chassis at their centres, indicated by two small circles. The centre axle is located by the radius arm 9; when the centre axle encounters a hole, it tends to sink, which causes springs 4 to swivel on their pivots and raise the inner ends of springs 3 by means of the little links. This reduces the load on the front and rear axles. The load distribution could be changed by varying the lengths of the suspension components. \| \| \| 6 WHEELS: THE SEXTOAUTO 1912 The Reeves Sexto-Auto actually came after the Reeves Octo-Auto, described below. Faced with no orders at all for the Octo-Auto, Reeves claimed he could "Get as good results with six wheels as with eight" which rather invites the question of why he used eight in the first place. The Sexto-Auto involved rather more rebuilding than just removing the Octo-Auto's front axle, as the axle behind it has been moved forward to a position under the radiator. \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Reeves Sexto-Auto: 1912 I am very doubtful if 'Tire trouble and expense actually reduced' was a realistic claim. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Reeves Sexto-Auto: 1912 The only Sexto-Auto ever built. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Reeves Sexto-Auto: 1912 It's all very well claiming that there is 'No shock, no jolt, no rebound', but how is that actually accomplished? Even if we accept that four wheels at the back give a much superior ride, the front two wheels are entirely conventional and so you would presumably get the usual amount of shock, jolt, and rebound from them. \| \| \| 6 WHEELS: THE MELBOURNE FIRE ENGINE: 1916 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Horse-drawn Melbourne fire engine converted to motor drive: 1916 This bizarre vehicle was built by shortening a heavy touring car, by moving its rear axle to just behind the gearbox, removing the rear wheels, and fixing it to the chassis side-members. The rear springs were reversed and rested on the front axle of the fire engine. That is the middle set of wheels visible; they were chain-driven from what had been the car rear axle. The original front axle of the fire-engine swivelled, and this was presumably retained to avoid a long rigid wheelbase, so it was effectively an articulated vehicle. It was built because there had been a spate of serious accidents when people tried to tow fire-engines with cars. From the Melbourne Herald (Australia) for Monday 23 Oct 1916. See [here](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/26345197). Thanks to Ben Hurkett for drawing this to my attention. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Horse-drawn Melbourne fire engine converted to motor drive: 1916 Here's a rather better picture that hasn't been through newspaper rotogravure. \| \| \| 6 WHEELS: THE CLARIN-MUSTAD: 1917 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Clarin-Mustad: 1917 This Norwegian car was a one of two six-wheelers built in the years 1916-1917 by [Hans Clarin Hovind Mustad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Clarin_Hovind_Mustad#Automobile_pioneer), one of the earliest automotive pioneers in Norway. The front wheels steered, the middle wheels were both steered and driven, and the rear wheels simply driven. This car is supposed to be the first to be fitted with [directional headlights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headlamp#Directional_headlamps) swivelled by the steering, though it is not mentioned on the Wikipedia page. The wheelbase between the front and rear axles was 4.37 m and the weight was about of 3 tons. One of these cars is said to be in the [Norwegian Museum of Science and Industry](https://www.tekniskmuseum.no/) in Oslo, though it appears not to be viewable on their website. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Clarin-Mustad chassis: 1917 Yes, it can deal with three bricks. The Clarin-Mustad shamelessly displays its front [beam axle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_axle). Such axles were common in early cars because of their simplicity, but the disadvantages are the lack of independent wheel movement and the high unsprung weight as the whole axle is unsprung. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Open Mustad car: 1927 \| \| \| 6 WHEELS: THE HISPANO-SUIZA H6A: 1922 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Hispano-Suiza H6A: 1921 Based on the standard H6 Hispano-Suiza, this unique car was built for [Constantine I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece), the King of Greece. Regrettably he had to abdicate in 1922 before taking delivery, and it was bought by the film director D. W. Griffith for $35,000. It appeared in the 1933 film "My Lips Betray" and some war films. It is now at the [Forney Museum](http://www.forneymuseum.org/FE_HispanoSuiza.html) in Denver. The car is believed to have been built in Barcelona, and the body designed and built by Leon Rubay. The H6 in general has a [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_H6) page. \| \| \| 6 WHEELS??: THE FRENCH AMC SCHNEIDER P 16: 1925 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The AMC Schneider P16: 1925 I don't think there is any rational way you could call this a 6-wheeled vehicle, but the very prominent nose-roller on this half-track relates to the French vehicles further on in this section. Of course once you let in tracked vehicles, you could have endless discussions as to whether you should count just the big wheels/sprockets at each end or all of the track roadwheels as well. Let's not bother. The P16 was developed in 1924 by Citro�n from the earlier Citro�n-K�gresse Mod�le 1923. Both employed the [K�gresse track](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9gresse_track), A K�gresse track uses rubber or canvas in a continuous flexible belt rather than interlocking metal segments, as in conventional tracks. [Adolphe K�gresse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_K%C3%A9gresse) was a French military engineer. This half-track was classified by the French as an armoured car rather than a tank. \| \| \| 6 WHEELS: THE GAZ-21 6X6 PROTOTYPE: 1927 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The GAZ-21 6x6 prototype: 1927 The GAZ-21 6x6 was a Russian off-road prototype based on the [GAZ-21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAZ-21) civilian saloon car. Very little information is available. Referring to Wikipedia's [List of GAZ vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GAZ_vehicles) we also find the GAZ-AAA - 6x4 2-ton truck, produced from 1934 to 1943. It was a three axle version of the GAZ-AA. \| \| \| 6 WHEELS: THE MERCEDES-BENZ G4 W31: 1934 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Mercedes-Benz G4: 1934 The Mercedes-Benz G4 Type-W31 was a six-wheeled staff/command car built for the Wehrmacht in 1934, designed to cope with off-road conditions. Only 57 were built, of which only three completely original specimens are known to exist, one of them belonging to the Spanish royal family. All versions had eight-cylinder inline engine, driving the rear four wheels through self-locking differentials. The rear wheels were attached to two rigid axles suspended by semi-elliptic leaf springs. The first three years of production had 5018 cc engines delivering 100 HP. Later engine capacity was increased to 5252 cc and then 5401 cc. This car has a [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W31) page. Thanks to John Bevan for drawing this car to my attention. \| \| \| 6 WHEELS: THE LORRAINE MILITARY VEHICLES: 1931/34 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Lorraine-Dietrich VLTT 72: 1931 It should be simple enough to say how many wheels a vehicle has; and then you come across something like this. Does this count as six wheels or eight? This vehicle is a VLTT (Voiture de Liason Tout Terraine) Lorraine 72, built under licence from [Tatra](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_(company)) by Lorraine-Dietrich for the French forces. Images of this vehicle and others with the same chin-mounted axle are not hard to find if you know what you are looking for, but nonetheless none of the sources examined by the Museum staff even mention the very obvious extra wheels. It appears the idea is to make crossing ditches easier, as the extra wheels would help the front of the car to rise up the far side of the ditch. Presumably the two chin wheels were not powered, as they have no tread on; they are purely to stop the vehicle burying its nose in the ground. There also appears to be no room under the extended starting-handle for any drive mechanism. We have met the Lorraine-Dietrich company before, making six-wheeled lorries. See 1908 above. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Lorraine-Dietrich VLTT 72: 1931 At least one VLTT 72 has been preserved; location and date of photo not currently known. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Lorraine-Dietrich VLTT 72: 1931 The rear of the preserved VLTT 72. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Lorraine-Dietrich VDP 24: 1934 This vehicle, a fast troop transporter, was also built under licence from Tatra. Testing began in 1934 and the VDP 24 was issued to the services in 1937. Now there are four wheels on the chin axle, much more heavily constructed. So is that six wheels or ten? Here the chin wheels are treaded. It is not currently known if they were powered. The weight was 3.78 tonnes loaded and 2.72 tonnes empty. Length was 4.84m and height 2.08m. Ithad a four-cylinder engine of 4710 cc giving 55 HP and a maximum speed of 65 km/hr. It could carry ten men in total. It had no built-in armament but two hatches in the roof allowed for possible mounting of AA guns. VDP srands for 'Voiture de Dragons Port�s' which Google translate renders as 'Car of dragons worn'; this is unhelpful. I think it means 'car for mechanised dragoons'. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Lorraine-Dietrich 28: 1938 The Lorraine 28 radio truck was a variation on the VDP 24. Here is one taking part in a parade in Paris in the ominous year of 1938. Note white-wall tyres on both the big and the little wheels. An inherent problem with this idea is the need to carry around two sizes of spare wheel. \| \| \| 6 WHEELS: THE SKODA 903 1936 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Skoda 903: 1936 This military vehicle, the [Skoda 903](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_903) (page in Czech) was developed from the [Skoda Superb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Superb_(1934%E2%80%931949)). (1934-1949) for the Czech Army. Three were built initially; a later version was built in 1939, totalling 42 vehicles.. The [Skoda](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto) plant at Mlad� Boleslav is the largest production plant in the Czech Republic. \| \| \| 6 WHEELS: THE GAZ-AAAA Prototype: 1936 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: GAZ-AAAA prototype: 1936 This Russian military prototype, the GAZ-AAAA, had six normal wheels plus two more just behind the front pair. Images of this vehicle are very rare, but there is a [YouTube](https://youtu.be/JOjIiiDw6xg) video that shows the GAZ-AAAA in action for a few seconds around 38:35, and this image is taken from there. Presumably the extra two wheels are spares; those carried on the [middle and heavy Einheits-PKW](#ein) did double-duty as while they did not normally contact the road, they stopped the vehicle grounding on humps. These extra wheels are close behind the front pair and it is hard to see how they could have fulfilled an anti-grounding function. Referring to Wikipedia's [List of GAZ vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GAZ_vehicles) it appears that only one prototype was built. \| \| \| 6 WHEELS: THE LAFFLY S35T ARTILLERY TRACTOR: 1937 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Laffly S35T 1937 This [Laffly S35T](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffly_S35T) artillery tractor also challenges definition. Do you call this six wheels or ten? It has six normal wheels, two little wheels on the chin like the Lorrain vehicles- plus another two little wheels between the front and middle main axles, presumably to stop the chassis grounding on bumps. The first vehicles were delivered to the French army in 1937. All six of the main wheels were driven, but only the front two steered. The [Laffly](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffly) Company, founded in 1912, were major manufacturers of of heavy vehicles like trucks and buses in the 1920s and 1930s. Laffly made other military vehicles with one or two extra little-wheel axles, such as the [S15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffly_S15) and the [W15 TCC](http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww2/france/Laffly_S15_W15.php). \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Laffly S35T 1937 This picture of a Laffly S35T demonstrates that there were four wheels on the chin axle. So, do you call this six wheels or twelve? I am assuming the axle under the cab carries only two little wheels because of restricted space. The little wheels had no suspension, but were rigidly attached. This Laffly S35T is still in the hands of the French- note the caps on the men. After the fall of France they were used by the Germans. The main wheels are here fitted with snow chains. Since it's not winter (the men are in their shirt-sleeves) I wonder if there some traction problems. \| \| \| 6 WHEELS: THE VAUXHALL VILLIERS: 1938 Another approach to putting six wheels on your car is double tyres on the rear axle. The [Vauxhall Villiers](https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/january-1937/8/vauxhall-villiers) racing car had a 3000cc 300 HP supercharged engine, and dual rear wheels were tried by driver and entrepreneur [Raymond Mays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Mays) in the hope of better traction in hill-climb races. \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Vauxhall Villiers: 1938 The Vauxhall Villiers was sucessful at hill-climbing and sprint races, but it was known to be a very tricky car to handle. Here Raymond Mays grimly clutches the steering wheel. You could argue all day if this really counts as six wheels rather than four wheels, but let's not. Why anyone thought that holding up a grimy sheet behind the car would make a better picture is unknown. \| \| \| 6 WHEELS: THE PAT CLANCY SPECIAL: 1948 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Pat Clancy Special: 1948 This six-wheeled car was built to compete in the [Indianapolis 500](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_500). The Clancy Special made its first appearance in the race in 1948, driven by Billy DeVore; it qualified 21st and finished 12th, 10 laps behind the winner but unquestionably a brave effort for an unconventional car. In May 1949 it raced at the Indy 500 again, but retired after 65 laps with a broken driveshaft. It was then converted to a four-wheeler. Pat Clancy was a Memphis trucking fleet operator. His thinking was that since dual rear axles worked well on heavy trucks, they would also work well on racing cars. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Pat Clancy Special replica: build date unknown This is a replica of the six-wheeled Clancy car, built by A J Watson. It has an Offenhauser engine. \| \| \| 6 WHEELS: THE HANNIBAL TWIN-8: 1964 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Hannibal Twin-8: 1964 This is Professor Fate's Hannibal Twin-8 car from the 1965 movie [The Great Race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Race). Jack Lemmon played the evil Professor Fate, opposite good guy Tony Curtis. (I saw it when it came out and I remember it as a good film) Sources differ as to whether three, five, or six were built, which is at least two more than some of the machines in this gallery. However it seems likely that only two of the cars were fully functional. Unusual features are that the bodywork really can be raised 9 feet above the chassis by hydraulic rams, and there was a fully functional smoke screen generator. However, the retractable brass cannon pointing out of the front is not likely to fire anything other than a small pyrotechnic, and the nose that could be made to glow red-hot (for melting snow drifts) was just a lighting effect. This machine is worth studying, because it was rather more than just a movie prop. The Hannibal Twin-8's were custom built by Warner Bros from the ground up at a cost of $150,000 in 1965 money, which was about three times what a house went for back then. (It is not currently clear if that was the cost each or for the three; I suspect the latter) Power is from a Corvair flat-6 with a 3-speed manual gearbox; all four of the rear wheels are powered by a chain drive. The Hannibal Twin-8 remains in its original and un-restored condition just as it was last used on the movie set. It is still fully operational, and it actually runs and drives. It even has a 1965 assigned VIN and could be titled, registered and driven over the road. The exact significance of the name is obscure. I seem to recall that the fictional car was supposed to have twin engnes, but attempts by the Museum staff to confirm this have so far failed. As for the '8' surely they didn't mean twin V8 engines? There is a video of Jack Lemmon extolling the features of the Hannibal Twin-8 on [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lzaj0bdduHM). The car appears at 0:40. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Hannibal Twin-8: 1964 Demonstrating the Hannibal Twin-8's ability to rise above things. I'm not sure if you can safely do this while driving along... \| \| \| 6 WHEELS: THE TYRELL P34: 1975 The Tyrell P34 was a six-wheeled Formula 1 racing car first unveiled in 1975. It was first tried on the track at Silverstone on 8th October 1975. After much testing, Tyrrell decided to build two more 6-wheel cars to race in the 1976 season. The idea behind the P34 was the use of front tyres that would fit in with the streamlining. This would have two effects; this would be to lower overall drag and also provide smoother airflow to the rear wing. The wheels were only 10 inches (250 mm) in diameter, and because of the small contact patch with the road, four were required to give good cornering. \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Tyrell P34 driven by Depailler: 1976 The high point of the P34 story was the 1976 Swedish Grand Prix; Jody Scheckter and Patrick Depailler finished first and second in their P34's. Scheckter remains the only driver ever to win a race in a six-wheeled car. However various handling problems emerged and Tyrell's design for the 1978 season had four wheels. One P34 has survived and is often seen at historic racing events. Looks like daylight under that rear wheel. There is a [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrrell_P34) page for the P34. \| \| \| 6 WHEELS: THE PANTHER SIX: 1977 This Six was built by the retro-sportscar manufacturer [Panther](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther_Westwinds), owned by [Robert Jankel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jankel). Top speed was claimed at 200 mph, but Panther went bankrupt before any were sold. \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Panther Six: 1977 The Panther Six is mid-engined with a 8.2 litre Cadillac V8 powerplant with twin turbochargers. Only two cars were built, one white and one in black, and both are known to still be in existence. The rear wheels are fitted with 265/50 VR16 tyres, and the two pairs of steering front wheels with 205/40 VR13 tyres. In the tyre codes the 16 and the 13 give the diameter of the wheel rim; it is therefore necessary to carry around two spare wheels of different sizes. The Panther Six has a [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther_6) page. \| \| \| 6 WHEELS: THE WOLFRACE SONIC: 1981 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Wolfrace Sonic: 1981 This remarkable vehicle was built by Wolfrace to promote their alloy wheels. And what better way to do that than produce a car with more wheels than normal? It was powered by two Rover V8 engines, apparently controlled by a throttle-by-wire system. There was a spaceframe chassis, and rear-wheel drive through a Jaguar rear-axle and differential. Despite the immense length of the Batmobile-style body, it was only a two seater. It was designed by [Nick Butler](https://www.nick-butler.co.uk/) and was a big budget project costing about �100,000. On the 2nd of March 2015 the Sonic was sold on Ebay for �18,100 to an unknown buyer. I am glad to report that [Wolfrace](https://www.wolfrace.com/) are alive and well. \| \| \| 6/8 WHEELS: THE CHRYSLER VOYAGER III: 1989 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Chrysler Voyager III concept car: 1989 The idea here was to combine a small car suitable for solo commuting with a big van that could haul the whole family around on vacations. It was shown at the 1990 North American Auto Show. The front car detached and ran on four wheels; it had seating for three in individual bucket seats, arranged in a single row. (which surely must have made the 'small car' rather wide) It was powered by a three-cylinder engine fuelled by propane and driving the front wheels. The detachable rear section provided seating for eight more passengers, making 11 occupants in all. It was to be powered an independent 2.2 litre four-cylinder engine, with the two engines were linked electronically. For maximum fuel economy, use of the rear engine was intended to be optional when the segments were joined, but it is hard to believe a three-cylinder engine could safely move the combination. When both engines were in use the two-engine configuration gave the Voyager all-wheel drive traction, so presumably both rear axles were driven. You are probably wondering what happens to the rear wheels of the front unit; they retracted underneath the Voyager III when the two halves were joined, with aerodynamic skirts covering the open wheel wells. So... is that four wheels, six wheels, or eight wheels? All of this was obviously heavy and expensive to manufacture, and had the crippling snag that it would certainly have been cheaper to buy a small car and a big van separately; having two complete vehicles is clearly far more flexible. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Chrysler Voyager III concept car: 1989 This is the small-car section, with its rear wheels in action. It was powered by a three-cylinder engine running on propane. The wheelbase of the fully-assembled Voyager III was 122 inches, and the overall length 199 inches. There is a [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Voyager_3) page, where the car is referred to as 'the Plymouth Voyager 3'. The car is referred to as the 'worst concept car of all time' [here](https://jalopnik.com/whats-the-worst-concept-car-of-all-time-5840176). I'm not arguing. \| \| \| 6 WHEELS: THE COVINI C6W: 2004 The Covini is a The Covini C6W is a six-wheeled Italian sports coup�. It is claimed that it was directly inspired by the 1976 Tyrrell P34 above. \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Covini C6W: 2004 In 2004 the C6W was first shown in prototype form. Small-scale production began in 2005 at the rate of 6-8 cars per year, and is believed to be still continuing. The car has 4200 cc 8-cylinder engine mounted at the rear and a claimed top speed of 186 mph. The transmission is a 6-speed manual box. \| \| \| 6 WHEELS: FAB-1: 2013 Lady Penelope was the posh piece of tottie in the Thunderbirds TV show. She drove around in a shocking-pink Rolls-Royce with six wheels, usually chaffeured by Parker, a reformed burglar. \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Lady Penelope's FAB-1: 2013 There were various versions of FAB-1; this late version is at a show in Toykyo in 2013. Note Parker driving and Lady Penelope in the back. In case you're wondering, 'Fab!' short for 'Fabulous!' was a common exclamation in the Swinging Sixties. \| \| \| --- 7 WHEELS \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Car with one axle supported by a four-wheel truck: date unknown It has taken a long time, but at last we have what can fairly be called a seven-wheeled car. Not surprisingly the man looks rather thoughtful. One hopes he was not expected to do any rear-wheel steering. The car is left-hand drive so this is presumably somewhere in Europe, in a place where traffic regulations are not taken too seriously. Obviously it is front-wheel drive as well. Stu Riegel says it is a [Lada Oka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oka_(automobile)) and it appears to have Russian plates. The Oka was a reasonable cheap car, except that it was famously uncrashworthy. It was nicknamed "The capsule of death". In a crash test, done by by the Russian ARCAP safety assessment program, the car received a 0 stars rating out of a possible 4. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Seven-wheeled vehicle in Indonesia: date unknown If you are unconvinced by the example above, here is a vehicle that has all seven wheels permanently attached. There are two wheels on the far side of the vehicle and five wheels on this side. The engine can be seen above and to the left of the rear wheel, and below the green frame. Note the petrol can. Good to note that they are all wearing helmets. Idiosyncratic modifications are common in Indonesia. \| \| \| --- 8 WHEELS 8 WHEELS: THE OCTOAUTO: 1910 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: A magnificent photograph of the Reeves Octo-Auto: 1910 The Reeves Octo-Auto was a 1910 Overland modified by [Milton Reeves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Reeves). It had a 40 HP engine and was more than 20 feet long, carrying four passengers. It was a commercial failure. Unfortunately this picture reveals nothing about how the suspension was arranged. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Reeves Octo-Auto: 1910 This is not much more informative about the suspension, though we can see a conventional axle for the front two wheels. Clearly taken at the same time as the photograph above. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Reeves Octo-Auto: 1910 This suggests that the front axle was simply held by two struts running backwards. (see left front wheel) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Reeves Octo-Auto: 1910 The ad copy claims 'blowouts practically eliminated', though I would have thought that having twice as many tyres could only increase your chance of picking up a nail. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Reeves Octo-Auto: 1910 Another picture of the Octo-Auto at an unknown location. \| \| \| 8 WHEELS: MERCEDES-BENX PERSONNEL CARRIER \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Mercedes-Benz eight-wheeler: 1927 The MTw 1 amphibous personnel carrier from Mercedes-Benz. All eight wheels were driven, and it looks as though both front and back wheels were steerable. This is a test chassis from 1927/28. \| \| \| 8 WHEELS: MAGIRUS PERSONNEL CARRIER \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Magirus ARW eight-wheeler: 1927 This vehicle was designed to the same spec as the Mercedes above; it was amphibous. All eight wheels were driven, and both front and back wheels were steerable. There were once again driving positions at both front and back to facilitate rapid retreats. It never went into mass production as it was too expensive to build. \| \| \| 8 WHEELS: THE RIMMEK CAR \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Rimmek eight-wheeler in Berlin: 1935 In 1935 German engineer Gotthard Rimmek patented his first eight-wheeled model. The first prototype was a converted [Brennabor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennabor) car in 1925. This was followed by a more sophisticated conversion of a German [Adler Diplomat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adler_Diplomat), a big six-cylinder 3-litre saloon introduced in 1934. The conversion boasted 'oscillation parallelograms in a progressive suspension" and when I find what that means I'll let you know. Those steering arms look a bit flimsy... \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Rimmek eight-wheeler in Berlin: 1935 Rimmek applied for a German patent in March 1926, and patent DE452836C 'Kraftfahrzeug mit zwei vorn und hinten angeordneten abgefederten Radachsenpaaren' was granted in November 1927. The title just means 'Motor vehicle with two front and rear sprung pairs of wheel axles' which tells us nothing more. Apart from this no further history of the Rimmek cars has been discovered by the Museum Staff. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Rimmek eight-wheeler: Magazine article This looks as though it came from Popular Mechanics, or a similiar publication. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Rimmek eight-wheeler in Siemensstadt, Berlin: 1935? The location is the intersection of Goebelstra�e and Quellweg in Siemensstadt, in the north-west of Berlin. The area is called Siemensstadt as it was purpose-built housing for the employees of the [Siemens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens) electrics works. As for Goebelstra�e it is named after the inventor [Heinrich Goebel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_G%C3%B6bel). Things have not changed much there; see Google [streetview](https://www.google.com/maps/@52.5396843,13.2709273,3a,75y,155.55h,94.84t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sLTIRfYtcmEUK5NcHstYD6Q!2e0!7i13312!8i6656). For some reason the photograph was taken on the tilt. This remarkable piece of geographical detective work was done by Bernd F, to whom much thanks \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Rimmek eight-wheeler as reported in an Australian newspaper: 1935 The report claims that "...most road shocks in motoring are caused by rebounds from the bumps as the wheels drop into potholes, these are almost eliminated... as one wheel passes over the pothole, its neighbour is still on level ground, holding the car on its straight, smooth passage." I appreciate that road-building standards in Australia in 1935 may have been different from what they are now, but I am not wholly convinced this is an accurate description of car suspension dynamics. It does however seem to give some insight into what Rimmek was aiming at. However this is contradicted by the magazine piece just above, which suggests that improved traction in mud and sand was the aim. From the Northern Times (Carnarvon, WA) for 18 Sept 1935 \| \| \| 8 WHEELS: THE T-13 HORNET B TRACKLESS TANK: 1940 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The T-13 Hornet B Trackless Tank: 1940 The T-13 Hornet B was a heavy eight-wheel armored car/tank, developed in the late 30's as a private venture by the Trackless Tank Corporation. The rear six wheels were driven, giving an 8�6 format. The Hornet weighed 7.5 tons with a turret fitted. The prototype (seen here) did not have the turret mounted, just a small machine-gun position. The Hornet was trialled by the USA, British and Australian armed forces, but only a few were sold. Many heavy armoured cars had eight wheels. Examples are the German 8-Wheeled Sd.Kfz.232 and the Panhard EBR 75. There is more information [here](http://ftr.wot-news.com/2014/06/24/us-t-13-hornet-b/). There does not appear to be a Wikipedia page. \| \| \| 8 WHEELS: THE RAIL TRUCK: 19?? \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The rail truck: 19?? This vehicle is included here because it has many odd features. Whether it was intended for rail and road use, or just rail, is hard to determine. It is certainly sitting on tracks, but it looks as though it has tyres inside the railway wheels. The railway wheels seem to have outside flanges, which is not how railways usually work, as it makes constructing points etc much more difficult. The two rear axles are coupled with a rod exactly as in steam engine practice. The two front axles with the small wheels look rather like a locomotive bogie, but there seems very little room for such a bogie to swivel. How would it steer when on the road? It says "RAIL TRUCK" on the door but no other text is legible. The location is probably the USA, judging by the transformer on a pole in the centre background. Nothing is known about the machine; a reverse image search yields no info. If anyone knows anything about this odd machine, I will be very glad to hear it. \| \| \| 8 WHEELS: ADVERTISING FANTASY: 1950s \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Advert for Goodyear Super Cushion tyres: 1950s? This wholly imaginary vehicle is designed to emphasise how much testing went into the tyres' development. I wrote here: 'Despite diligent googling of 'super cushion tyre company' no trace of a 1950's company has been found.' The next day several emails arrived pointing out that Super Cushion was not a tyre company, but a brand of bias-ply tyre sold by Goodyear from the mid-late 1950s to the early 1960s. However you can buy [super cushion](http://www.tyreandwheelsolutions.com/sg-revolution/information) tyres today, though interestingly they are solid tyres for earth-moving equipment. Thanks to Yukisdad for the image, and to all my Super Cushion correspondents. \| \| \| 8 WHEELS: THE HOME-BUILT OCTO-ROD: 1961 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Octo-rod eight-wheeled car: 1961 This vehicle has been identified by Paul Dunlop as the Octo-rod, built by Enoch Johnson of Red Wing, Minnesota, between 1946 and 1961. One can only speculate as to why the driver (presumably Mr Johnson) is looking so grim. The design of the wheels suggest Mercedes parts may have been involved. Thanks to Paul Dunlop for identifying this vehicle. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Octo-rod eight-wheeled car: 1961 The Octo-rod was powered by a 1951 Dodge Red Ram Hemi V8 engine of 5.4 Litres, developing 180 HP. No other mechanical details are known; there's no doubt that all four front wheels steered but it is not known if both rear axles were driven. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Octo-rod eight-wheeled car: 1961 The Octo-rod 8-wheel car is today on display at the [Pioneer Auto Museum](http://www.pioneerautoshow.com/) in Murdo, South Dakota. Many more pictures of the Octo-rod can be see [here](http://www.sixmania.fr/octo-rod-enoch-johnson-1961/). The car was featured in Hot Rod magazine at some point. \| \| \| 8 WHEELS: THE ELIICA: 2004 The Eliica was and is (the project appears to be in continuous development) electric car developed by Keio University in Japan, first shown in 2004. It uses lithium-ion batteries. It is allegedly faster than a Porsche 911 Turbo. Despite its large size it only seats four people. \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Eliica: 2004 The Eliica has eight wheels, supposedly to improve traction. They are smaller than normal car wheels, allowing the vehicles to be closer to the ground for better aerodynamics and stability. Each of the eight wheels is driven by a 60 kW (80 hp) electric motor, giving 480 kW (640 hp) eight wheel drive in total, with regenerative braking to recover energy. The four front wheels steer. Each of the eight wheels has a disc brake. Eight-wheel drive might in theory allow the Eliica to deal with all kinds of road surfaces, but the low ground clearance suggests that off-road operation is not a sensible option. Smooth acceleration of about 0.8 g is claimed. The Eliica is a development of the earlier KAZ (Keio Advanced Zero-emission vehicle), which was a 6.7 m (22 ft) limousine-sized 8-wheel 8-person electric vehicle prototype announced in 2003. \| \| \| EIGHT-WHEELED TRACTORS \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Ford eight-wheeled tractor If you're dealing with soft soil, one solution is a four-wheel-drive tractor with two tyres on each axle. This is a Ford \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Eight-wheeled tractor by International Note that the wheels here are spaced about a foot apart, presumably to spread the weight out as much as possible. \| \| \| 8 WHEELS: THE OSHKOSH M1070 TRACTOR: 1992 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Oshkosh eight-wheeled tractor This tractor unit is in service with the US and British Armies, usually hauling tank-transporter trailers. Both front and the rearmost axle are powered and steer. Production commenced in 1992. The M1070 has a [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh_M1070) page. \| \| \| --- 9 WHEELS The search for a nine-wheeled vehicle is over. \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Nonacycle: 2001 This semi-recumbent 'bicycle' was built by Rick Unger in Autumn 2001, to be auctioned off at a [Patchwork Central](http://patchwork.org/) Holiday Sale in November 2001. However, the reserve price of $500 was not met. The frame was built up from twenty feet of exhaust pipe. At the front there are four small wheels on each side, plus one normal one at the back, making nine. Steering is by the two levers. It is not practical transport; the tiny wheels will be stopped by the smallest obstruction, and since they appear to have solid tyres, it's going to be a rough ride. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Nonacycle: 2001 Call me picky, but I don't see any sign of brakes here. Maybe that's why it didn't sell. No sign of gears either. \| \| \| --- 10 WHEELS 10 WHEELS: THE MILLES-PATTES No problem at all. This car- and I submit it is more a car than anything else- was built by Michelin in 1972, when they were major shareholders of the Citroen company. It is officially called the Citroen DS PLR break, where PLR stands for Poids Lourd Rapide meaning heavy fast truck. It was built as a way of safely testing of truck tyres at speed on a real road. Unofficially it is known as the mille pattes or 'thousand paws', which is the French word for centipede, not, as you might expect, millipede. I feel obliged to point out that no millipede has as many as 1000 feet; the record is up to 750, for [Illacme plenipes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illacme_plenipes). \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The mille pattes tyre-testing car: 1972 The mille pattes has four wheels at the front, and six wheels at the back. Why so many? Because the vehicle was loaded down with lead until it weighed 9.5 tons; this was so that realistic truck loadings could be placed on the tyre under test. A strong metal casing retained tyre fragments if it disintegrated, and the ten other wheels allowed control to be maintained if that happened. In fact it was only ever used on a closed test circuit. The car used as many standard parts as possible, and so bears a distinct resemblance to a Citroen DS. The tyre to be tested was installed in the centre of the car, shown open in this picture. It is powered by two 454 Big-Block Chevrolet engines, one of which drove the rear six wheels, and the other the tyre under test. Top speed is over 110 mph. The mille pattes has a [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_PLR) page. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The mille pattes tyre-testing car: 1972 Here one of the side-panels has been removed, showing the enclosure for the tyre under test. You can learn more about this wonderful vehicle [here](https://www.carthrottle.com/post/citroen-centipede-10-wheeled-tyre-testing-monstrosity/). There is a video on [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PziuQKNq1fo). Die cast models were made in 1972 and sometimes surface on [Ebay](https://www.ebay.co.uk/p/CITROEN-DS-1000-Mille-Pattes-MICHELIN-Research-1-43-ALTAYA-Orange/1142819205). \| \| \| The mille pattes is no longer used for tyre testing but remains in use as a promotional vehicle. It spends most of its time at the Michelin Museum in Clermont-Ferrand. Many thanks to Sean O'Brien for bringing this remarkable machine to my attention. \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Spectrum Pursuit Vehicle: 1967 The Spectrum Pursuit Vehicle (SPV) is a fictional 10-wheeled attack and pursuit vehicle that featured prominently in Gerry and Sylvia Anderson's science-fiction television series [Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Scarlet_and_the_Mysterons). (1967) Only the first, third and fifth axles were powered, and these carried larger wheels. The maximum speed was a rather unlikely 200 or 250 mph, depending on episode. A notable feature was that the crew of two faced backwards (for better crash protection) and drove using a television screen and front-mounted camera; this was an awkward decision as it had to be explained several times in the series. The SPV was usually manned by Captain Blue and Captain Scarlet; Captain Blue was a skilled SPV driver, but Captain Scarlet crashed several times. Fortunately he was Indestructable. The SPV has a [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_Pursuit_Vehicle) page. \| \| \| 10 WHEELS: THE 45-FOOT CADILLAC LIMOUSINE \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: 10-wheeled 'Cadillac'. Date unknown Built by Jay Ohrberg. (see below) Unfortunately no technical details are currently available. \| \| \| 10 WHEELS: THE FERRARI F40 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: 10-wheeled 'Ferrari'. Date unknown Four wheels at the front and six at the back. Built by Jay Ohrberg. (see below) Unfortunately no technical details are currently available. \| \| \| --- 11 WHEELS: THE MILLES-PATTES AGAIN \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Truck tyre installed in the mille pattes for testing: 197? Well, I'm quite sure you saw this coming. The milles-pattes car has eleven wheels on the road when a truck tyre is installed for testing. In the [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PziuQKNq1fo) video a test tyre is fitted. \| \| \| --- 12 WHEELS: THE DESERT RENAULT MH \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The desert Renault MH car: 1923 The Renault MH was designed to cope with desert conditions, having three axles, each carrying four wheels, to give low ground pressure. It also had a large ground clearance. Only the rear two axles were driven. Note a spare wheel either side of the bonnet, and two more spare tyres on the roof. Renault were doing things throughly. I think this is indisputably a 12-wheeled vehicle. It was a response to Citroen, who in 1922 sent out tracked vehicles to cross the Sahara. At the time there were no railways joining north and southern Africa. If you're wondering about the forward-facing louvres on the bonnet sides, they are to let air into the radiator, which in Renault cars of this era were behind the engine. At the end of 1923, the first mission was accomplished�an overland drive from Touggourt in Algeria to Tozeur in Tunisia in two days. In January 1924 the Gradis-Estienne expedition linked Algeria to Niger. \| \| \| 12 WHEELS: THE AUSTRIAN ADGZ \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The Austrian ADGZ armoured car: 1934 The ADGZ was a heavy armoured car developed by the Austrian firm of Steyr. It was intended for 'internal security duties' which no doubt covered a multitude of sins. A total of 27 were built between 1935 and 1937; after the 1938 [Anschluss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss) they were taken over by the Germans. This vehicle caught the attention of the Museum Staff because of the unusual configuration with the two middle axles close together. Investigation showed that in fact it had not eight wheels, as it first appeared, but twelve, as the two middle axles each carried four wheels. I'm certainly prepared to accept this as a twelve-wheeled car. Another interesting feature of the ADGZ, which it shared with the [Swedish FM29](#fm29) armoured car of 1932, was that it was designed with rapid retreat in mind. The body was essentially symmetric with a driver, headlights, and an [M34](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_34) machine gun at each end, with a dual transmission so that the drivers could rapidly switch roles. The engine was at the rear. The turret carried a 20mm [KwK 35 L/45](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_cm_KwK_30) autocannon. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: An ADGZ armoured car in the Sudetenland: 1938 Here it is just possible to make out the second wheel on one of the middle axles. The turret had a double hatch on top, which could be fully opened, as shown here. The Sudetenland was the northern, southern, and western areas of what was then Czechoslovakia. It was annexed by Germany in 1938 \| \| \| 12 WHEELS: THE MAZ-547 MISSILE TRANSPORTER \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: 12-wheeled Russian missile transporter: 2009 The MAZ-547 transporter is a six-axle version of the [MAZ-7310](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAZ-7310) 8x8 artillery tractor, designed to carry the [RSD-10 Pioneer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSD-10_Pioneer) medium-range missile. \| \| \| --- 14 WHEELS: MULTI-RIDER DELIVERY BIKE \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: 14-wheeled delivery bike: date unknown As far as I can tell there are seven wheels at the back as well, but it's not very clear. Nothing known at present. And yes, it is stretching the definition of a car. Google reverse image search yields nothing. \| \| \| --- 16 WHEELS: RUSSIAN MISSILE TRANSPORTER \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Russian 16-wheel missile transporter: Moscow Parade rehearsal 2012 It has only just occurred to me that missile transporters have a lot of wheels. This is a Russian [MZKT-79221 transporter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MZKT-79221). It is powered by a 800HP V12 diesel engine. It carries a RT-2PM2 Topol-M ICBM. \| \| \| --- 18 WHEELS: THE 72-FOOT CADILLAC LIMOUSINE \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Jay Ohrberg 18-wheel Cadillac: date unknown Here we have six front wheels, and twelve rear wheels, for a meritorious total of eighteen. You may be wondering why twelve wheels are required to support the rear of the car; it's because that's where the swimming pool is. Built by Jay Ohrberg. (see below) Unfortunately no technical details are currently available. \| \| \| --- 24 WHEELS: THE AMERICAN DREAM LIMOUSINE Jay Ohrberg of Burbank, California, is an American constructor of special cars, including several Batmobiles and KITT from Knight Rider. This 100-foot vehicle is accepted by the [Guinness book of Records](http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-car) as the world's longest car. \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The American Dream 24-wheel car: 1986 Here we have six front wheels, eight middle wheels, and ten rear wheels, for a grand total of 24 wheels. This is not photoshopping. Many more pictures of the American Dream can be seen at Jay Ohrberg's [website](http://www.jayohrberg.com/American_Dream_100ft.html). There is a helipad at the rear of the limo, over the rear wheels, with a helicopter sitting on it. The car deteriorated in storage [for some time](https://www.autotrader.com/car-news/sad-fate-worlds-longest-limo-259630). Jay Ohrberg has a [Wikipedia page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Ohrberg). I asked Mr Ohrberg by email for permission to post a pic or two, but have had no answer so far. \| \| \| --- 26 WHEELS: THE AMERICAN DREAM LIMOUSINE I am glad to report that the American Dream has been fully restored. An article in [topspeed.com](https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/with-26-wheels-and-seating-for-75-the-american-dream-is-officially-the-world-s-longest-limo-ar195274.html) says several times that wheels have been added to make a total of 26, buy this cannot be seen in contemporary photographs. \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: The American Dream 24-wheel car: 1986 Here we still seem to have six front wheels, eight middle wheels, and ten rear wheels, for total of 24 wheels. There are only three axles at the front, there is not another wheel hidden behind the golf cart. Perhaps the answer is that one axle now has 4 wheels on it. The car is now officially the longest car in the world. At the right (rear) can be seen the helipad, the swimming pool, and the miniature golf course. \| \| \| --- 30 WHEELS: COZAD TRACTOR & TRAILER \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Cozad 9-axle-stretch-deck-booster-trailer: 2022 This tractor-trailer combination is designed to move big loads weighing up to 80-85 tons. There are two single wheels at the front of the tractor and two axles carrying a total of 8 wheels at the rear. The trailer has six axles, each carrying four wheels; on each side there are two wheels outside the chassis side-member and two inside. That adds up to 30 wheels There are more pictures and technical drawings at the [Cozad](https://cozadtrailers.com/en/trailers/80-ton/9-axle-stretch-deck-booster-trailer/) website. \| \| \| --- 40 WHEELS: M1000 TRAILER \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: M1000 trailer: 2022 The M1000 has 40 wheels (215/75R 17.5 tires) on five axles, with four wheels on each side of of each axle. Each axle has hydraulic suspension providing a 254 mm travel. The M1000 is weighs 22,882 kg. Payload according to the US Army is 63,560 kg, though the manufacturer quotes 80,000 kg at reduced speeds. \| \| \| The overall length is 15.8 m, deck length 10.58 m; deck width 3.05 m, or 3.66 m for a wide deck version. The M1000 is hauled by the [M1070](#M1070) 8-wheel tractor --- 72 WHEELS MINIMUM: THREE TRACTORS & A TRAILER \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Left: Rotran Set headed by a Nicolas Tractomas Truck: South Africa 2015 This Abnormal Vehicle is a Rotran Set headed by a Nicolas Tractomas Truck, and two International Pacific tractors [Ex South African Railways] with a Girder Beam carried on two Multi Axle Nicolas Trailers. \| \| \| If I've counted correctly, 38 wheels are visible in the picture, on one side. So there must be at least 76 wheels when we include those on the other side. However most of the wheels will be at least double and may very well be fourfold as in the 30-wheeler shown above. If we assume all wheels are double (and none fourfold) except for the single steering wheels on the two International Pacific tractors, we get a total of 76 - 4 = 72 wheels. Impressive. Now all we have to do is decide if this train counts a 'one vehicle'. This may not be the limit; there may be bigger trailers out there. \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| <!-- google\_ad\_client = "pub-2721236369523622"; //234x60, created 12/27/07 Chan 5 Retrotech- Transport google\_ad\_slot = "6850692984"; google\_ad\_width = 234; google\_ad\_height = 60; //--> [Back to Home Page[Back to The Museum Entrance[Top of this page](#top)](../../museum.htm)](../../../index.htm) \| \| ---**	http://www.douglas-self.com/MUSEUM/TRANSPORT/nwheelcar/nwheelcar.htm
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PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: #cc0099; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 16.25pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/library.html"><b>Online LIBRARY</a> </span></b> </a></span></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 16.75pt"> <td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BACKGROUND: red; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 16.75pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/index.html#faq">FAQ</a></span></b> </p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 25.5pt"> <td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; PADDING-TOP: 0in; HEIGHT: 25.5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal"> <img id="_x0000_i1029" height="235" src="https://ashidakim.com/pics/stone.jpg" width="136" border="0" /> </p></td></tr></tbody> </table><p class="MsoNormal" /> </td><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 8px; PADDING-LEFT: 8px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; PADDING-TOP: 0in"> </td> <td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; PADDING-TOP: 0in"><div class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><hr align="center" width="100%" color="#c6a646" noshade="true" size="2" /> </div> <p><img height="550" src="https://ashidakim.com/pics/Kim-stance.jpg" width="300" align="left" style="margin-right: 10px;" /></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"/><span style="COLOR: red">"I am the Ninja, himself, who thinks, loves, fights and performs the glitter magical work for the mystic Laughing Light. And, that's a fact, Jack! </p> <p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"/><span style="COLOR: red">There are a lot of internet wannabees and keyboard commandos who have made themselves meaningless careers by trashing me and calling me a <a href="https://ashidakim.com/Fake.html"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"/><span style="COLOR: red">Fake and a Fraud...</a></p> <p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"/><span style="COLOR: red">But, not to my face! <a href="https://ashidakim.com/10k.html"> <span style="COLOR: red">$10,000 Challenge</a></p> <p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"/><span style="COLOR: red">Because not one of them has a tenth my skill!</p> </p> <br> <p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"/><span style="COLOR: red"> "I have travelled all over the world teaching martial arts. I am legend. <a href="https://ashidakim.com/hbbwt.html"><span style="COLOR: red"> Have Black Belt-Will Travel</span> </a></p> <p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"/><span style="COLOR: red"> "Here are some of the special skills that none of my critics can duplicate:</p> <ul style="padding-left:325px"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: 10 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Xw5wjwVkFc&t=36s"><span style="COLOR: red">Kata Dante-Dance of the Deadly Hands</span></a></span> </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3l3y3B4cls0 "><span style="COLOR: red">Iron Fist of the Ninja-Hand into the Steel Trap</span></a></span> </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tl3QF3t58Rk"><span style="COLOR: red">Ninja Levitation-Flying Without Wings</span></a></span> </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7Iqz9VAfH0"><span style="COLOR: red">Sign of the Ninja-Invisible Tattoo</span></a></span> </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cu1IhjN0iTc"><span style="COLOR: red">Kumite-Exhibition Bout in South Africa</span></a></span> </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7l2uUP-JS8I"><span style="COLOR: red">Enter the NINJA!</span></a></span> </li> </ul> <p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"/><span style="COLOR: red"> "Like many who trained in Ninjitsu my teachers were secret, <a href="https://dojopress.com/catalogbk132.html "><span style="COLOR: red"> Guru and the Ninja</a>, because the Art of <a href="https://dojopress.com/catalogbk28.html "><span style="COLOR: red"> Stealth</a> and <a href="https://ashidakim.com/AlternativeIII.html"><span style="COLOR: red"> Espionage</a> was forbidden.</p> <p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"/><span style="COLOR: red"> "In the 1980s <a href="https://ashidakim.com/HowKimMetHayes.html"><span style="COLOR: red"> Stephen Hayes </a> broke the Code of Silence and began teaching his style of Ninjutsu to the public. There was a thirst for knowledge. </p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"/><span style="COLOR: red">So, <a href="https://dojopress.com/catalog/paladin-press"><span style="COLOR: red"> Paladin Press</a> published several books of mine. <a href="https://dojopress.com/catalogbk36.html"><span style="COLOR: red"> Secrets of the Ninja</a>, <a href="https://dojopress.com/catalogbk3.html"><span style="COLOR: red"> Ninja Mind Control</a>, <a href="https://dojopress.com/catalogbk14.html"><span style="COLOR: red"> Hands of Death</a>, <a href="https://dojopress.com/catalogbk9.html"><span style="COLOR: red"> Forbidden Fighting Techniques</a> and more. All of which are considered classics and have stood the test of time." </p> <br> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> This is the Official Website of the One and Only Ashida Kim. Because the Internet has become so corrupted by trolls and hackers and impersonators, Master Kim does not participate in any blogs, chat rooms or forums than his own <a href="https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/ashidakimmessageboard/"><span style="COLOR: red"> Message Board</a>. Any posts or profiles made in his name or with his likeness are a violation of International Copyright Law and subject to prosecution. DOJO Press is the only legal distributor of Ashida Kim books and videos. There are so-called "file sharing" websites that give away and sell his books. There are at least fifteen "legitimate" publishing companies that have made their fortunes pirating his intellectual property for the last forty years without paying him even the paltry royalties they promised. We ask all loyal fans and friends of Ashida Kim to boycott these vendors, and report them to us for legal action.<br> <br><br> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://dojopress.com/">Visit<span style="COLOR: red"> DOJO Press</span> for a complete listing of Ashida Kim Books and DVDs! </a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://dojopress.com//catalogbk5.html"> <span style="COLOR: red"> Latest Release from DOJO Press-</span> HOW TO BE A BADASS!</a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/stb.html"> FREE!<span style="COLOR: red"> STEAL THIS BOOK!</span> Everyone Else Has!</a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/SelfDefense.html"> FREE!<span style="COLOR: red"> Instant Self-Defense!</span> Learn to fight back and LIVE!</a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-most-dangerous-publisher-in-america"> The Rise and Fall of the Most Dangerous Publisher in America</a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Eo_eoFJYyo"> Ashida Kim is Best!-Antony Cummins</a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://waxingonoff.blogspot.com/2014/07/what-all-martial-artists-can-learnfrom.html?showComment=1564937413755#c5322151553056209981"> Waxing On-Waxing Off</a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MEl4S6jDy6I"> Interview with Sensei Ashida Kim</a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/Legend.html"> The Man Behind the Legend</a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/AKUnmasked.html"> Ashida Kim UNMASKED!</a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/HowKimMetHayes.html"> When Ashida Kim Met Stephen Hayes</a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/movie-credits.html"> Ashida Kim Movie Credits</a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/ghfc2024.html"> 2024 Chinese New Year Message</a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/history.html"> History of the Black Dragon Ninja</a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/Sensei Speaks.html"> Sensei Speaks</a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://dojopress.com/catalogms3.html"> International Fighting Arts Association</a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/HallofFame.html"> Black Dragon Hall of Honors</a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/Lex2012.html"> Black Dragon Fighting Society Reunion-2012</a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/Gathering2022.html"> Gathering 2022</a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/Gathering2021.html"> Gathering 2021</a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/Gathering2020.html"> Gathering 2020</a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/Richmond2019.html"> Richmond 2019</a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/Richmond2018.html"> Richmond 2018</a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/Lexington 2017.html"> Lexington Gathering 2017</a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/50thAnniversary.html"> 50th Anniversary 2016</a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/HomecomingChicago2015.html"> Homecoming Chicago 2015</a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/ThereBeDragons.html"> There Be Dragons... 2014</a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/ShinjaHoH2013.html"> SMAU Hall of Honors 2013</a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/HoH2012.html"> SMAU Hall of Honors 2012</a> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/10.10.10.html"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> A Gathering of Dragons</span></a> </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/EmeraldCoast2009.html"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> Emerald Coast Seminar 2009</span></a> </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/HoF2009.html"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> Hall of Fame 2009</span></a> </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/Kajukenbo2009.html"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> Kajukenbo Seminar 2009</span></a> </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/Grandmaster2008.html"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> Grandmaster Seminar 2008</span></a> </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/autograph.html"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> Autographed Picture of Ashida Kim</span></a> </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/Akonwar.html"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> Ashida Kim on War</span></a> </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/politics.html"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Dojo Politics</a> </span></a> </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/FacebookIsForBullies.html"> Facebook is for BULLIES!</a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/shitlist.html"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> Official S*t List</span></a> </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/interview2.html"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> Interview with Sensei James Brown, 1993</span></a> </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> <a href="https://ashidakim.com/interview1.html">Interview with American Mensa, 1991</a> </span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><a href="mailto:dojopress@aol.com"> <strong>Send email to Ashida Kim</strong>! DOJOPress@aol.com</a> </li></ul><h2> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Postal Address:<pre><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>Ashida Kim</b></pre> <pre><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>c/o The DOJO</b></pre> <pre><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>P.O. Box 209</b></pre> <pre><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>Lake Alfred FL 33850-0209 USA</b></pre> </span></td></tr></tbody></table></p> <hr align="center" width="100%" color="#c6a646" noshade="true" size="2" /> <div class="content text-center text-large" style="color: #fff; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0 auto; max-width: 940px; padding: 0 20px; text-align: center;"> <div class="catalog-suggest"> <h5 style="font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px;">You might also enjoy from DOJO Press:</h5> <div class="tag-area" style="margin-bottom: 40px; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://dojopress.com/new-releases">New Releases</a> <a href="https://dojopress.com/catalog/classic-ninja-titles">Classic Ninja Titles</a> <a href="https://dojopress.com/catalog/invisible-fist">Invisible Fist</a> <a href="https://dojopress.com/catalog/stealth-and-invisibility">Stealth and Invisibility</a> <a href="https://dojopress.com/catalog/dim-mak">Dim Mak</a> <a 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mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt">FAQ</span></b></a></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Why does Ashida Kim spell " Ninjitsu" with an "i" instead of a "u"?</span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> </span></p><p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Ashida Kim replies:</span> </b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> "Yes, the "modified Hepburn" system of Romanization that you may have learned in school would transliterate it as "ninjutsu." But, back in the '60s and 70s, when I was getting started with martial arts, "jitsu" was the preferred spelling, such as "jujitsu." And, indeed, the MMA guys still use that spelling convention today. Ninja and Ninjitsu are Japanese words. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">There is no 'Japanese alphabet,' they use 'kanji' or 'ideograms' (picture writing) to express these words. So, it is a matter of pronunciation when translated into English. </span> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Some people make a big deal out of whether to spell jitsu with an 'i' or a 'u' as in jutsu. But it really matters little. The same kanji that mean 'Silent Way' in Japan, mean 'calmness in the face of adversity' in Chinese." </span></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">How do we know about Ninja, anyway, if theyâre so secret? </span></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Ashida Kim replies:</span></b></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> The Tokugawa government (1600s â 1800s) hired former Ninja as security. Our knowledge of Ninja today largely comes from that. Additionally, after the Oda clan destroyed the Iga province Ninja in the 1500s, some escaped and set up shop elsewhere. </span></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Some so-called Ninja have said:</span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> "Ashida Kim will never take off his mask, because he is a fake and a coward..." </span></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Ashida Kim replies:</span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> "I have often appeared unmasked in my books and articles about myself. But, as usual, people who already have their minds made up disregard such evidence. Any who think I am not for real are welcome to come and get a lesson in etiquette, fisticuffs included. </span></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Is that the purpose of your $10,000 Challenge?</span></b> </span></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Ashida Kim replies:</span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"></b>"Yes, because I am the Black Dragon Fighting Society Flyweight Champion. I am over sixty years old, five-foot six inches tall, from parts unknown, weight unknown. I have been paid to fight and I have fought for money. So I am a professional boxer. I had to hurt a lot of people to get that belt. When I won it I retired because I had learned the most valuable lesson of the martial arts, that I didn't want to hurt people any more. Martial arts are not about fighting, they are about being a better person. That was in 1968. Since then I have practiced Ninjitsu, the most passive and non-violent martial art known to man. And, tried to make up for some of the harm I did when I was young and irresponsible. For that, I have been prosecuted, persecuted, slandered, libeled, swindled, beat up and beat down. But, of all the Ninja that appeared in the eighties, I am the only one that remains. I have been fighting bullies all my life and I must be pretty good at it because I'm still here. And, in my younger days, I accepted challenges from a lot of martial art and internet wannabees. Most of whom never showed up at the appointed time and place, then bragged about how they had "punked me out" with their clever trick. So, if it is that important to these people, if I am such a threat to humanity they think they must take it upon themselves to get destroy me, then let them put their money where their mouth is and get in the ring. Otherwise they are are not serious and are just flapping their gums to hear themselves talk." </span></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">What does Ashida Kim think of Masaaki Hatsumi?</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> </span></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Ashida Kim replies:</span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> "I have never met Hatsumi-Sensei. From what I have read and had reported, he is much like myself. I would be honored to meet him, but his boys never invited me to any of the Ninja Summits they had with the other people they called pretenders. Nor do I feel the need to make a pilgrimage to introduce myself for recognition that is fleeting at best. To my knowledge, he has never spoken against me, so I will not speak against him; nor any other martial artist. The Eleventh Commandment is 'Thou shalt not speak ill of a fellow Black Belt.' So it is written, so let it be done." </span></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Many of your critics say that you are the worst martial artist they ever heard of. Why is that?</span></b></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14pt">Ashida Kim replies:</span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> " Ah! But they have heard of me! And do you know WHY? Because, my books are so good the publishers have been stealing and selling them all over the world for the last thirty years. My books are responsible for the personal fortunes of three different men. None of whom are martial artists or entitled to a nickel of it. Secrets of the Ninja and Ninja Mind Control have been translated into 23 different languages THAT WE KNOW OF! The covers and authorship and royalties for Secrets of Invisibility and Book of the Ninja have been changed at least five times and sold worldwide by people who don't know their butt from a hot rock! While the royalties are diverted to a "new author" by "re-copyrighting" all my best selling books by claiming that "new material was added," so it all looks legal. I am the only one who can add new material! They did nothing! All of the DOJO Press editions contain information withheld from the swindletrs and thieves who would misuse it like this. My "publishers" once sent me some copies of "overseas editions" from Germany and Italy. Initially they said they would include one in Japanese. When it didn't arrive I asked about it and was told that they had "made a mistake and there were no Japanese editions." But there are, and Chinese and Polish and more. Not paying these royalties is a breach of contract. But, no lawyer will touch it because "copyright law is complicated." Besides, even if I didn't get paid for it, I am the most famous Ninja author of all time. That is how you know if what you are doing is good! If it makes so much money that the publishers steal it all to make themselves rich. Now, a lot of internet trolls like to call me the "food stamp Ninja" because they know I have been robbed like this and have no money. And, still that isn't enough for them. But, I tell you now, not all treasure is silver and gold. Things that are highly valued, like knowledge, will always be preserved and shared with those who seek it out. Perhaps that is why no one ever heard of THEM! Because they have nothing to offer. While I have continued to work, have written thirty more books since going independent and have been able to help a lot of people. I often get letters saying that some simple self-defense technique from one of my books saved someone's life. Or,that a passage from Ninja Mind Control or Way of the Mind Gate helped someone to understand some difficulty they were having. And that, my friends, is worth more than all the treasure I never had. " </span></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Aren't you often called a fraud? </span></b></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Ashida Kim replies:</span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> " Yes, I have armies of critics, mostly people who are jealous of what small success I have achieved, calling me a fraud and a fake. Years after I left Paladin Press, however, some of its people as well as websites promoting what they see as "competing martial arts systems" (actually competing businesses), have gone out their way to attack me and defame my character. But, if what I teach or had to say did not have value they would not feel the need to compete with me, nor would my best selling book <i>Secrets of the Ninja</i> be back in print through their subsidiary companies. " </span></p><p><b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Why do they act this way? </span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> </span></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Ashida Kim replies:</span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> " This type of "hive mentality" is common among martial arts cults who seek to empower the group leader(s) by proclaiming to be the sole source of the "truth" and declare all others as frauds. It is my sincere belief that people have and will continue to find value in my humble literary efforts and use it to better themselves. I do not own the truth nor does anyone else. If you find value in what I have learned and share use it, and if not disregard it. I am not a great man, but I have been taught by great men. I only wish to offer some tools for you to become better on your own. As Gichin Funakoshi said,"Kara-te is not about being better than the other fighter. It is about being better than yesterday. " </span></p><p><b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-UJqQyeqEU">Is Ashida Kim your real name?</a> </span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> </span></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Ashida Kim replies:</span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> " I am known by many names..." This is the one I have chosen. When I was starting out in martial arts it was common for people to be given nicknames. Just as Kwai Chang Caine was affectionately called "grasshopper" by his favorite teacher and tall guys were called "shorty," most of these monikers have some tall tale or sarcastic remark behind them. In my early days I practiced Shotokan Kara-te. At one tournament I attended I was paired against a Japanese a little bigger than myself. When the match started he grinned at me and said I had the biggest feet he had ever seen. I looked down and he hit me. It was an old trick to score an easy point against an inexperienced player like myself. We lined up again and when he came in I pulled a spinning back kick on him and caught him under the chin. That stunned him and the match was over. The next time I saw him he introduced me to all his friends and bragged about how I had chipped his tooth and knocked him out. They dubbed me "ashi-da, the big-foot." When I learned Ninjitsu, I was inducted into the Kimitake clan. Which has been abbreviated to Kim for simplicity. It is not uncommon for professional fighters to have such "ring names," nor for authors to employ a "nom d' plume" to protect their identities. Mark Twain's "real" name was Samuel Clemens. Does that make Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn any less classic literature? " </span></p><p><b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-UJqQyeqEU">Who was Ashida Kim's teacher?</a></span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> </span></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Ashida Kim replies:</span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> "My Sensei's name, as given in <u>Forbidden Fighting Techniques</u>, (one of the many titles Paladin Press has stolen from me), was Shendai. Does that help? What difference does it make? My teacher will not fight for me. Nor will any certificate shield me from harm. I am who I am, a traveler on the Way. I have had many teachers and many friends, but I learned what I know through patience, practice, and perseverance. The Ninja have a saying, "Train yourself and be your own master." </span></p><p><b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">What is the difference between Ninpo and Ninjitsu?</span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> </span></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Ashida Kim replies:</span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> "The difference is that Ninpo was a 'knock-off name' used by many Bujinkan instructors to distance themselves from their former masters when they finally caught on to the scam and broke away to form their own clubs. Nin-'po' at best would be translated as 'silent [nin] - arts ["po" in Japanese, "pu" in Chinese]'. Please note that this term, 'pu', was first used by myself in 'Secrets of the Ninja'." [Likewise, there was no such term as "Ninja-To" to describe the characteristic, short, straight, sword of the Ninja until 1980 when Master Kim used it in Book of the Ninja. Although it is now commonly used by "experts!" Before that time it was known as "shinobi gatana"- Sword of Darkness.] </span></p><p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Isn't Ninjitsu illegal?</span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> </span></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Ashida Kim replies:</span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> "Ninjitsu is illegal in some countries and at different periods in history. But then, every martial art has some part of its history when it was outlawed, so this is not uncommon. But, a martial artist has the power of life and death in his hands. It is a great responsibility. Sometimes those on the Warrior Quest place themselves in harm's way to defend the helpless, to test themselves, or in self defense. If they kill an attacker with their bare hands or some exotic weapon, their style or that weapon is almost certainly to be declared outlaw or prohibited because of its very effectiveness. Likewise, some styles, like Ninjitsu in the late 20th century, were so secret that the very speaking of the name could get you into trouble. Sort of a 'self-imposed' martial arts exile, dating from the time of the first Shogun, who used Ninja agents to wage and win his war, then declared them enemies of the state and tried to exterminate them and their families out of existence. Later on, he did the same thing against the Samurai, who had been his army against the Ninja. As you can see, being declared illegal is quite often a matter of politics. No genocidal war has ever completely eliminated a tribe or clan. But, once the 'ice was broken' when Black Belt magazine began publishing articles about it, a staggering number of 'forbidden and utterly secret ryu (schools)' seemed to have not only survived, but indeed flourished, because Ninja schools started popping up all over the place and everybody was a master. When I learned it, it was so I could be spy. It wasn't spoken of, EVER! I never claimed to be more than a 3rd Dan, which makes me roughly equivalent to an army Captain. Although I have often been misquoted." </span></p><p><b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Will you prescribe a workout for me?</span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> </span></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Ashida Kim replies:</span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> "People who ask this question are generally looking for some 'standard exercise program', but I don't do that. Any exercise is good and one must tailor the workout to the mission. If I were in the Ring, for instance, I'd have to regulate my diet and do a lot of running for stamina. When I'm a bouncer, I practice drinking and smoking. The trick with such things is not to get 'locked in' and think you 'must' do thus and so all the time. Workouts grow, evolve, change with time. That is also a reflection of how you are growing, learning, etc. I am often asked 'where to begin.' I always answer the same way, 'with a single step.' Choose that which interests you, start with that. It will lead to all the rest. Eventually, you will be where you started and you can make that take as long as you want. Unlike other teachers, I will not require that you conform to some imaginary pattern that is subject to change at any moment. Do what you are doing, do what you think is right, that is the Path. As for advice on how to proceed, it is simple, Be Kind. Live in harmony with nature. As for training, practice what interests you, don't get locked into a specific workout, let yourself grow and change and become the best person you can be." </span></p><p><b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Can I come live with you and do chores, in exchange for free room, board, and training, like in the Shaolin days?</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> </span></p><p><b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Ashida Kim replies:</span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> "At the present time we do not have an Apprenticeship Program. That sort of thing was more in vogue before there were public schools. Parents used to essentially 'sell' their children to the artisans to learn a trade and get an education. However, we are now working on the <a href="https://ashidakim.com/temple2001.html">Ninja Temple</a> in the hope of one day being able to host this sort of live-in program. Some of the instructors on our <a href="https://ashidakim.com/directory.html">DOJO Directory</a> offer private lessons and seminars, others have home study courses. You might try e-mailing them. Of course, there is always DOJO Press and the Academy of Martial Arts <a href="https://dojopress.com/memberships.html">Video Testing Program</a> that WE initiated before any other school would even permit it." </span></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Will you send me on a mission?</span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> </span></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Ashida Kim replies:</span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> "See the <a href="https://ashidakim.com/shitlist.html">Shit List</a>." </span></p> <p><b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Why can't I find the Koga (or Iga) region on my map of Japan?</span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> </span></p> <p><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt">Ashida Kim replies:</span></b> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt"> "Koga was the southern portion of the Omi prefecture, which is today known as Shiga. The Iga prefecture is now known as Mie. Both are in the vicinity of Kyoto, the old capitol of Japan, and Osaka, where the 'White Heron' castle is located, home to the Koga Ninja Museum." </span></p> </div> <div class="content text-center text-large" style="margin: 0 auto; max-width: 940px; padding: 30px 20px; text-align: center;"> <div class="catalog-suggest"> <div> <a href="https://dojopress.com"><img src="https://ashidakim.com/pics/ban-DP.jpg" alt="DOJO Press" width="230" height="65"></a> <a href="https://ashidakim.com"><img src="https://ashidakim.com/pics/ban-AK.jpg" alt="Ashida Kim" width="230" height="65"></a> </div> </div> </div> <p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center"> [ <a href="https://ashidakim.com">Home</a> \| <a href="https://dojopress.com/catalog">Books and Videos</a> \| <a href="mailto:dojopress@aol.com">Email</a> ] </p> </body> </html>	Ashida Kim <!-- /\* Font Definitions \/ @font-face {font-family:Tahoma; panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; 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font-family:Symbol;} ol {margin-bottom:0in;} ul {margin-bottom:0in;} --> .tag-area { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: space-between; } .tag-area a, .tag-area a:visited { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #b5945b; border-radius: 6px; color: #000; font-family: Fort,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500; margin: 0 10px 10px 0; padding: 10px 16px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; } .tag-area a:active, .tag-area a:hover { background-color: #e6e6e6; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .tag-area a { margin: 0 0 10px 0; width: 100%; } } \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| Ashida Kim Homepage \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| [Message Board](https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/ashidakimmessageboard/) \| \| [NINJA Forum](https://dojo.press/) \| \| [NINJA Temple](https://ashidakim.com/temple2001.html) \| \| \| [NINJA Network](https://ashidakim.com/ninja.network.html) \| \| [Ninja Throwing Star](https://ashidakim.com/NinjaThrowingStar.html) \| \| [Fantasy Ninja](https://ashidakim.com/FantasyNinja.html) \| \| [Fighting Ninja](https://ashidakim.com/HowToDefend.html) \| \| [Ninja Security Poster](https://ashidakim.com/NinjaSecurityPoster.html) \| \| [DOJO Membership](https://dojopress.com/memberships.html) \| \| [DOJO Directory](https://ashidakim.com/directory.html) \| \| [DOJO Press Homepage](https://dojopress.com/dojopresshome.pg.html) \| \| [Books & Videos](https://dojopress.com/catalog) \| \| [Featured SENSEI](https://dojopress.com/msg1.html) \| \| [Company PROFILE](https://dojopress.com/contactus.html) \| \| [DOJO Press Publishing](https://dojopress.com/msg2.html) \| \| [Inquiries](mailto:dojopress@aol.com) \| \| [101 Zen Koans](https://ashidakim.com/zenkoans) \| \| [Crypto-Quote Game](https://ashidakim.com/crypto.html) \| \| [Daily Sudoku Puzzle](https://sudoku.com.au/) \| \| [Online LIBRARY](https://ashidakim.com/library.html) \| \| [FAQ](https://ashidakim.com/index.html#faq)* \| \| \| \| --- "I am the Ninja, himself, who thinks, loves, fights and performs the glitter magical work for the mystic Laughing Light. And, that's a fact, Jack! There are a lot of internet wannabees and keyboard commandos who have made themselves meaningless careers by trashing me and calling me a [Fake and a Fraud...](https://ashidakim.com/Fake.html) But, not to my face! [$10,000 Challenge](https://ashidakim.com/10k.html) Because not one of them has a tenth my skill! "I have travelled all over the world teaching martial arts. I am legend. [Have Black Belt-Will Travel](https://ashidakim.com/hbbwt.html) "Here are some of the special skills that none of my critics can duplicate: * [Kata Dante-Dance of the Deadly Hands](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Xw5wjwVkFc&t=36s) * [Iron Fist of the Ninja-Hand into the Steel Trap](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3l3y3B4cls0 ) * [Ninja Levitation-Flying Without Wings](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tl3QF3t58Rk) * [Sign of the Ninja-Invisible Tattoo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7Iqz9VAfH0) * [Kumite-Exhibition Bout in South Africa](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cu1IhjN0iTc) * [Enter the NINJA!](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7l2uUP-JS8I) "Like many who trained in Ninjitsu my teachers were secret, [Guru and the Ninja](https://dojopress.com/catalogbk132.html ), because the Art of [Stealth](https://dojopress.com/catalogbk28.html ) and [Espionage](https://ashidakim.com/AlternativeIII.html) was forbidden. "In the 1980s [Stephen Hayes](https://ashidakim.com/HowKimMetHayes.html) broke the Code of Silence and began teaching his style of Ninjutsu to the public. There was a thirst for knowledge. So, [Paladin Press](https://dojopress.com/catalog/paladin-press) published several books of mine. [Secrets of the Ninja](https://dojopress.com/catalogbk36.html), [Ninja Mind Control](https://dojopress.com/catalogbk3.html), [Hands of Death](https://dojopress.com/catalogbk14.html), [Forbidden Fighting Techniques](https://dojopress.com/catalogbk9.html) and more. All of which are considered classics and have stood the test of time." * This is the Official Website of the One and Only Ashida Kim. Because the Internet has become so corrupted by trolls and hackers and impersonators, Master Kim does not participate in any blogs, chat rooms or forums than his own [Message Board](https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/ashidakimmessageboard/). Any posts or profiles made in his name or with his likeness are a violation of International Copyright Law and subject to prosecution. DOJO Press is the only legal distributor of Ashida Kim books and videos. There are so-called "file sharing" websites that give away and sell his books. There are at least fifteen "legitimate" publishing companies that have made their fortunes pirating his intellectual property for the last forty years without paying him even the paltry royalties they promised. We ask all loyal fans and friends of Ashida Kim to boycott these vendors, and report them to us for legal action. * [Visit DOJO Press for a complete listing of Ashida Kim Books and DVDs!](https://dojopress.com/) * [Latest Release from DOJO Press- HOW TO BE A BADASS!](https://dojopress.com//catalogbk5.html) * [FREE! STEAL THIS BOOK! Everyone Else Has!](https://ashidakim.com/stb.html) * [FREE! Instant Self-Defense! Learn to fight back and LIVE!](https://ashidakim.com/SelfDefense.html) * [The Rise and Fall of the Most Dangerous Publisher in America](https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-most-dangerous-publisher-in-america) * [Ashida Kim is Best!-Antony Cummins](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Eo_eoFJYyo) * [Waxing On-Waxing Off](https://waxingonoff.blogspot.com/2014/07/what-all-martial-artists-can-learnfrom.html?showComment=1564937413755#c5322151553056209981) * [Interview with Sensei Ashida Kim](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MEl4S6jDy6I) * [The Man Behind the Legend](https://ashidakim.com/Legend.html) * [Ashida Kim UNMASKED!](https://ashidakim.com/AKUnmasked.html) * [When Ashida Kim Met Stephen Hayes](https://ashidakim.com/HowKimMetHayes.html) * [Ashida Kim Movie Credits](https://ashidakim.com/movie-credits.html) * [2024 Chinese New Year Message](https://ashidakim.com/ghfc2024.html) * [History of the Black Dragon Ninja](https://ashidakim.com/history.html) * [Sensei Speaks](https://ashidakim.com/Sensei Speaks.html) * [International Fighting Arts Association](https://dojopress.com/catalogms3.html) * [Black Dragon Hall of Honors](https://ashidakim.com/HallofFame.html) * [Black Dragon Fighting Society Reunion-2012](https://ashidakim.com/Lex2012.html) * [Gathering 2022](https://ashidakim.com/Gathering2022.html) * [Gathering 2021](https://ashidakim.com/Gathering2021.html) * [Gathering 2020](https://ashidakim.com/Gathering2020.html) * [Richmond 2019](https://ashidakim.com/Richmond2019.html) * [Richmond 2018](https://ashidakim.com/Richmond2018.html) * [Lexington Gathering 2017](https://ashidakim.com/Lexington 2017.html) * [50th Anniversary 2016](https://ashidakim.com/50thAnniversary.html) * [Homecoming Chicago 2015](https://ashidakim.com/HomecomingChicago2015.html) * [There Be Dragons... 2014](https://ashidakim.com/ThereBeDragons.html) * [SMAU Hall of Honors 2013](https://ashidakim.com/ShinjaHoH2013.html) * [SMAU Hall of Honors 2012](https://ashidakim.com/HoH2012.html) * [A Gathering of Dragons](https://ashidakim.com/10.10.10.html) * [Emerald Coast Seminar 2009](https://ashidakim.com/EmeraldCoast2009.html) * [Hall of Fame 2009](https://ashidakim.com/HoF2009.html) * [Kajukenbo Seminar 2009](https://ashidakim.com/Kajukenbo2009.html) * [Grandmaster Seminar 2008](https://ashidakim.com/Grandmaster2008.html) * [Autographed Picture of Ashida Kim](https://ashidakim.com/autograph.html) * [Ashida Kim on War](https://ashidakim.com/Akonwar.html) * [Dojo Politics](https://ashidakim.com/politics.html) * [Facebook is for BULLIES!](https://ashidakim.com/FacebookIsForBullies.html) * [Official S\\t List](https://ashidakim.com/shitlist.html) * [Interview with Sensei James Brown, 1993](https://ashidakim.com/interview2.html) * [Interview with American Mensa, 1991](https://ashidakim.com/interview1.html) * [Send email to Ashida Kim! DOJOPress@aol.com](mailto:dojopress@aol.com) Postal Address: ``` Ashida Kim ``` ``` c/o The DOJO ``` ``` P.O. Box 209 ``` ``` Lake Alfred FL 33850-0209 USA ``` \| --- ##### You might also enjoy from DOJO Press: [New Releases](https://dojopress.com/new-releases) [Classic Ninja Titles](https://dojopress.com/catalog/classic-ninja-titles) [Invisible Fist](https://dojopress.com/catalog/invisible-fist) [Stealth and Invisibility](https://dojopress.com/catalog/stealth-and-invisibility) [Dim Mak](https://dojopress.com/catalog/dim-mak) [CIA](https://dojopress.com/catalog/cia) [Instant Self-Defense](https://dojopress.com/catalog/instant-self-defense) [Ninja Alchemy](https://dojopress.com/catalog/ninja-alchemy) [Ninja Magic](https://dojopress.com/catalog/ninja-magic) [Ninja Weapons](https://dojopress.com/catalog/ninja-weapons) [Dragon Lady of the Ninja](https://dojopress.com/catalog/dragon-lady-of-the-ninja) [Other Ninja Schools](https://dojopress.com/catalog/other-ninja-schools) [Black Dragon Page](https://dojopress.com/catalog/black-dragon-page) [Grandmaster Lawrence Day](https://dojopress.com/catalog/grandmaster-lawrence-day) [Shihan Ernie Reynolds](https://dojopress.com/catalog/shihan-ernie-reynolds) [Soke Michael Robinson](https://dojopress.com/catalog/soke-michael-robinson) [Shihan Jeremy Schmidt](https://dojopress.com/catalog/shihan-jeremy-schmidt) [Master of Komuso Ryu](https://dojopress.com/catalog/master-of-komuso-ryu) [DOJO Training Manuals](https://dojopress.com/catalog/dojo-training-manuals) [Ultimate Fighting](https://dojopress.com/catalog/ultimate-fighting) [MMA](https://dojopress.com/catalog/mma) [Grappling Skills](https://dojopress.com/catalog/grappling-skills) [Legend of the Guru](https://dojopress.com/catalog/legend-of-the-guru) [Martial History](https://dojopress.com/catalog/martial-history) [E-Books](https://dojopress.com/catalog/e-books) [American Homeguard](https://dojopress.com/catalog/american-homeguard) [Homeguard II](https://dojopress.com/catalog/american-homeguard-ii) [Homeguard III](https://dojopress.com/catalog/american-homeguard-iii) [Strategy and Tactics](https://dojopress.com/catalog/strategy-and-tactics) [Unique Publications](https://dojopress.com/catalog/unique-publications) [21st Century Martial Arts](https://dojopress.com/catalog/21st-century-martial-arts) [Bruce Lee](https://dojopress.com/catalog/bruce-lee) [Kung Fu](https://dojopress.com/catalog/kung-fu) [Karate](https://dojopress.com/catalog/karate) [Reiki](https://dojopress.com/catalog/reiki) [Yoga](https://dojopress.com/catalog/yoga) [Self-Help](https://dojopress.com/catalog/self-help) [Bodhi Sanders](https://dojopress.com/catalog/bodhi-sanders) [Aikido](https://dojopress.com/catalog/aikido) [Kenjutsu](https://dojopress.com/catalog/kenjutsu) [Privacy](https://dojopress.com/catalog/privacy) [Anonymous Authors](https://dojopress.com/catalog/anonymous-authors) [Humor and Novelty](https://dojopress.com/catalog/humor-and-novelty) [Survival](https://dojopress.com/catalog/survival) [Conspiracy](https://dojopress.com/catalog/conspiracy) [Unexplained](https://dojopress.com/catalog/unexplained) [Paladin Press](https://dojopress.com/catalog/paladin-press) [Loompanics](https://dojopress.com/catalog/loompanics) [Desert Publications](https://dojopress.com/catalog/desert-publications) [Military Manuals](https://dojopress.com/catalog/military-manuals) [Circus of Dr. Lao](https://dojopress.com/catalog/circus-of-dr-lao) [Movies](https://dojopress.com/catalog/movies) [Classic Ninja Videos](https://dojopress.com/catalog/classic-ninja-videos) [NINJA Training Videos](https://dojopress.com/catalog/ninja-training-videos) [DOJO Training Videos](https://dojopress.com/catalog/dojo-training-videos) [Invincible Kung Fu](https://dojopress.com/catalog/invincible-kung-fu) [Black Belt Training Videos](https://dojopress.com/catalog/black-belt-training-videos) [Good Health and Longevity](https://dojopress.com/catalog/good-health-and-longevity) [Unique Videos](https://dojopress.com/catalog/unique-videos) [Backyard Black Belt](https://dojopress.com/catalog/backyard-black-belt) [Grandmasters Video](https://dojopress.com/catalog/grandmasters-video) [Qi TV Series](https://dojopress.com/catalog/qi-tv-series) [Nei Gong and Shen](https://dojopress.com/catalog/nei-gong-and-shen) [Self-Defense Basics](https://dojopress.com/catalog/self-defense-basics) [Healing and Massage](https://dojopress.com/catalog/healing-and-massage) [Dowsing Series](https://dojopress.com/catalog/dowsing-series) [21st Century Qi Gong Therapy](https://dojopress.com/catalog/21st-century-qi-gong-therapy) --- FAQ Why does Ashida Kim spell " Ninjitsu" with an "i" instead of a "u"? Ashida Kim replies: "Yes, the "modified Hepburn" system of Romanization that you may have learned in school would transliterate it as "ninjutsu." But, back in the '60s and 70s, when I was getting started with martial arts, "jitsu" was the preferred spelling, such as "jujitsu." And, indeed, the MMA guys still use that spelling convention today. Ninja and Ninjitsu are Japanese words. There is no 'Japanese alphabet,' they use 'kanji' or 'ideograms' (picture writing) to express these words. So, it is a matter of pronunciation when translated into English. Some people make a big deal out of whether to spell jitsu with an 'i' or a 'u' as in jutsu. But it really matters little. The same kanji that mean 'Silent Way' in Japan, mean 'calmness in the face of adversity' in Chinese." How do we know about Ninja, anyway, if theyâre so secret? Ashida Kim replies: The Tokugawa government (1600s â 1800s) hired former Ninja as security. Our knowledge of Ninja today largely comes from that. Additionally, after the Oda clan destroyed the Iga province Ninja in the 1500s, some escaped and set up shop elsewhere. Some so-called Ninja have said: "Ashida Kim will never take off his mask, because he is a fake and a coward..." Ashida Kim replies: "I have often appeared unmasked in my books and articles about myself. But, as usual, people who already have their minds made up disregard such evidence. Any who think I am not for real are welcome to come and get a lesson in etiquette, fisticuffs included. Is that the purpose of your $10,000 Challenge? Ashida Kim replies: "Yes, because I am the Black Dragon Fighting Society Flyweight Champion. I am over sixty years old, five-foot six inches tall, from parts unknown, weight unknown. I have been paid to fight and I have fought for money. So I am a professional boxer. I had to hurt a lot of people to get that belt. When I won it I retired because I had learned the most valuable lesson of the martial arts, that I didn't want to hurt people any more. Martial arts are not about fighting, they are about being a better person. That was in 1968. Since then I have practiced Ninjitsu, the most passive and non-violent martial art known to man. And, tried to make up for some of the harm I did when I was young and irresponsible. For that, I have been prosecuted, persecuted, slandered, libeled, swindled, beat up and beat down. But, of all the Ninja that appeared in the eighties, I am the only one that remains. I have been fighting bullies all my life and I must be pretty good at it because I'm still here. And, in my younger days, I accepted challenges from a lot of martial art and internet wannabees. Most of whom never showed up at the appointed time and place, then bragged about how they had "punked me out" with their clever trick. So, if it is that important to these people, if I am such a threat to humanity they think they must take it upon themselves to get destroy me, then let them put their money where their mouth is and get in the ring. Otherwise they are are not serious and are just flapping their gums to hear themselves talk." What does Ashida Kim think of Masaaki Hatsumi? Ashida Kim replies: "I have never met Hatsumi-Sensei. From what I have read and had reported, he is much like myself. I would be honored to meet him, but his boys never invited me to any of the Ninja Summits they had with the other people they called pretenders. Nor do I feel the need to make a pilgrimage to introduce myself for recognition that is fleeting at best. To my knowledge, he has never spoken against me, so I will not speak against him; nor any other martial artist. The Eleventh Commandment is 'Thou shalt not speak ill of a fellow Black Belt.' So it is written, so let it be done." Many of your critics say that you are the worst martial artist they ever heard of. Why is that? Ashida Kim replies: " Ah! But they have heard of me! And do you know WHY? Because, my books are so good the publishers have been stealing and selling them all over the world for the last thirty years. My books are responsible for the personal fortunes of three different men. None of whom are martial artists or entitled to a nickel of it. Secrets of the Ninja and Ninja Mind Control have been translated into 23 different languages THAT WE KNOW OF! The covers and authorship and royalties for Secrets of Invisibility and Book of the Ninja have been changed at least five times and sold worldwide by people who don't know their butt from a hot rock! While the royalties are diverted to a "new author" by "re-copyrighting" all my best selling books by claiming that "new material was added," so it all looks legal. I am the only one who can add new material! They did nothing! All of the DOJO Press editions contain information withheld from the swindletrs and thieves who would misuse it like this. My "publishers" once sent me some copies of "overseas editions" from Germany and Italy. Initially they said they would include one in Japanese. When it didn't arrive I asked about it and was told that they had "made a mistake and there were no Japanese editions." But there are, and Chinese and Polish and more. Not paying these royalties is a breach of contract. But, no lawyer will touch it because "copyright law is complicated." Besides, even if I didn't get paid for it, I am the most famous Ninja author of all time. That is how you know if what you are doing is good! If it makes so much money that the publishers steal it all to make themselves rich. Now, a lot of internet trolls like to call me the "food stamp Ninja" because they know I have been robbed like this and have no money. And, still that isn't enough for them. But, I tell you now, not all treasure is silver and gold. Things that are highly valued, like knowledge, will always be preserved and shared with those who seek it out. Perhaps that is why no one ever heard of THEM! Because they have nothing to offer. While I have continued to work, have written thirty more books since going independent and have been able to help a lot of people. I often get letters saying that some simple self-defense technique from one of my books saved someone's life. Or,that a passage from Ninja Mind Control or Way of the Mind Gate helped someone to understand some difficulty they were having. And that, my friends, is worth more than all the treasure I never had. " Aren't you often called a fraud? Ashida Kim replies: " Yes, I have armies of critics, mostly people who are jealous of what small success I have achieved, calling me a fraud and a fake. Years after I left Paladin Press, however, some of its people as well as websites promoting what they see as "competing martial arts systems" (actually competing businesses), have gone out their way to attack me and defame my character. But, if what I teach or had to say did not have value they would not feel the need to compete with me, nor would my best selling book Secrets of the Ninja be back in print through their subsidiary companies. " Why do they act this way? Ashida Kim replies: " This type of "hive mentality" is common among martial arts cults who seek to empower the group leader(s) by proclaiming to be the sole source of the "truth" and declare all others as frauds. It is my sincere belief that people have and will continue to find value in my humble literary efforts and use it to better themselves. I do not own the truth nor does anyone else. If you find value in what I have learned and share use it, and if not disregard it. I am not a great man, but I have been taught by great men. I only wish to offer some tools for you to become better on your own. As Gichin Funakoshi said,"Kara-te is not about being better than the other fighter. It is about being better than yesterday. " [Is Ashida Kim your real name?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-UJqQyeqEU) Ashida Kim replies: " I am known by many names..." This is the one I have chosen. When I was starting out in martial arts it was common for people to be given nicknames. Just as Kwai Chang Caine was affectionately called "grasshopper" by his favorite teacher and tall guys were called "shorty," most of these monikers have some tall tale or sarcastic remark behind them. In my early days I practiced Shotokan Kara-te. At one tournament I attended I was paired against a Japanese a little bigger than myself. When the match started he grinned at me and said I had the biggest feet he had ever seen. I looked down and he hit me. It was an old trick to score an easy point against an inexperienced player like myself. We lined up again and when he came in I pulled a spinning back kick on him and caught him under the chin. That stunned him and the match was over. The next time I saw him he introduced me to all his friends and bragged about how I had chipped his tooth and knocked him out. They dubbed me "ashi-da, the big-foot." When I learned Ninjitsu, I was inducted into the Kimitake clan. Which has been abbreviated to Kim for simplicity. It is not uncommon for professional fighters to have such "ring names," nor for authors to employ a "nom d' plume" to protect their identities. Mark Twain's "real" name was Samuel Clemens. Does that make Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn any less classic literature? " [Who was Ashida Kim's teacher?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-UJqQyeqEU) Ashida Kim replies: "My Sensei's name, as given in Forbidden Fighting Techniques, (one of the many titles Paladin Press has stolen from me), was Shendai. Does that help? What difference does it make? My teacher will not fight for me. Nor will any certificate shield me from harm. I am who I am, a traveler on the Way. I have had many teachers and many friends, but I learned what I know through patience, practice, and perseverance. The Ninja have a saying, "Train yourself and be your own master." What is the difference between Ninpo and Ninjitsu? Ashida Kim replies: "The difference is that Ninpo was a 'knock-off name' used by many Bujinkan instructors to distance themselves from their former masters when they finally caught on to the scam and broke away to form their own clubs. Nin-'po' at best would be translated as 'silent [nin] - arts ["po" in Japanese, "pu" in Chinese]'. Please note that this term, 'pu', was first used by myself in 'Secrets of the Ninja'." [Likewise, there was no such term as "Ninja-To" to describe the characteristic, short, straight, sword of the Ninja until 1980 when Master Kim used it in Book of the Ninja. Although it is now commonly used by "experts!" Before that time it was known as "shinobi gatana"- Sword of Darkness.] Isn't Ninjitsu illegal? Ashida Kim replies: "Ninjitsu is illegal in some countries and at different periods in history. But then, every martial art has some part of its history when it was outlawed, so this is not uncommon. But, a martial artist has the power of life and death in his hands. It is a great responsibility. Sometimes those on the Warrior Quest place themselves in harm's way to defend the helpless, to test themselves, or in self defense. If they kill an attacker with their bare hands or some exotic weapon, their style or that weapon is almost certainly to be declared outlaw or prohibited because of its very effectiveness. Likewise, some styles, like Ninjitsu in the late 20th century, were so secret that the very speaking of the name could get you into trouble. Sort of a 'self-imposed' martial arts exile, dating from the time of the first Shogun, who used Ninja agents to wage and win his war, then declared them enemies of the state and tried to exterminate them and their families out of existence. Later on, he did the same thing against the Samurai, who had been his army against the Ninja. As you can see, being declared illegal is quite often a matter of politics. No genocidal war has ever completely eliminated a tribe or clan. But, once the 'ice was broken' when Black Belt magazine began publishing articles about it, a staggering number of 'forbidden and utterly secret ryu (schools)' seemed to have not only survived, but indeed flourished, because Ninja schools started popping up all over the place and everybody was a master. When I learned it, it was so I could be spy. It wasn't spoken of, EVER! I never claimed to be more than a 3rd Dan, which makes me roughly equivalent to an army Captain. Although I have often been misquoted." Will you prescribe a workout for me? Ashida Kim replies: "People who ask this question are generally looking for some 'standard exercise program', but I don't do that. Any exercise is good and one must tailor the workout to the mission. If I were in the Ring, for instance, I'd have to regulate my diet and do a lot of running for stamina. When I'm a bouncer, I practice drinking and smoking. The trick with such things is not to get 'locked in' and think you 'must' do thus and so all the time. Workouts grow, evolve, change with time. That is also a reflection of how you are growing, learning, etc. I am often asked 'where to begin.' I always answer the same way, 'with a single step.' Choose that which interests you, start with that. It will lead to all the rest. Eventually, you will be where you started and you can make that take as long as you want. Unlike other teachers, I will not require that you conform to some imaginary pattern that is subject to change at any moment. Do what you are doing, do what you think is right, that is the Path. As for advice on how to proceed, it is simple, Be Kind. Live in harmony with nature. As for training, practice what interests you, don't get locked into a specific workout, let yourself grow and change and become the best person you can be." Can I come live with you and do chores, in exchange for free room, board, and training, like in the Shaolin days? Ashida Kim replies: "At the present time we do not have an Apprenticeship Program. That sort of thing was more in vogue before there were public schools. Parents used to essentially 'sell' their children to the artisans to learn a trade and get an education. However, we are now working on the [Ninja Temple](https://ashidakim.com/temple2001.html) in the hope of one day being able to host this sort of live-in program. Some of the instructors on our [DOJO Directory](https://ashidakim.com/directory.html) offer private lessons and seminars, others have home study courses. You might try e-mailing them. Of course, there is always DOJO Press and the Academy of Martial Arts [Video Testing Program](https://dojopress.com/memberships.html) that WE initiated before any other school would even permit it." Will you send me on a mission? Ashida Kim replies: "See the [Shit List](https://ashidakim.com/shitlist.html)." Why can't I find the Koga (or Iga) region on my map of Japan? Ashida Kim replies: "Koga was the southern portion of the Omi prefecture, which is today known as Shiga. The Iga prefecture is now known as Mie. Both are in the vicinity of Kyoto, the old capitol of Japan, and Osaka, where the 'White Heron' castle is located, home to the Koga Ninja Museum." [![DOJO Press](https://ashidakim.com/pics/ban-DP.jpg)](https://dojopress.com) [![Ashida Kim](https://ashidakim.com/pics/ban-AK.jpg)](https://ashidakim.com) [ [Home](https://ashidakim.com) \| [Books and Videos](https://dojopress.com/catalog) \| [Email](mailto:dojopress@aol.com) ]	https://ashidakim.com/
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<HTML> <HEAD> <META NAME="Keywords" CONTENT="Maurice Noble"> <META NAME="Description" CONTENT="Noble worked for Disney on Snow White, Bambi, Fantasia and Dumbo. During WWII, he worked... "> <TITLE>Maurice Noble: Animation's "Old Rebel"</TITLE> <!-- ##### begin OAScentral browser test ##### --> <SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScript"> <!-- _version=10; //--> </SCRIPT> <SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScript1.1"> <!-- _version=11; if (navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Mozilla/3') != -1){ _version=10;} // --> </SCRIPT> <!-- # end OAScentral browser test # --> <!-- ##### begin OAScentral function definition ##### --> <SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScript"> <!-- <!-- here are OAScentral site, page, and random number variables --> var OAS='http://oascentral.awn.com/RealMedia/ads/'; var sitepage = "www.awn.com"; var RN = new String (Math.random()); var RNS = RN.substring (2, 11); <!-- here is the ad insertion function --> function DisplayAds (position, width, height) { var OASpage= sitepage + '/1' + RNS + '@' + position; if (_version < 11) { document.write ('<A HREF="' + OAS + 'click_nx.ads/'+ OASpage + '" TARGET="_top" ><IMG SRC="' + OAS + 'adstream_nx.ads/' + OASpage + '" BORDER="0" WIDTH="' + width + '" HEIGHT="' + height + '"></a>'); } else { document.write ('<SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScript1.1" SRC="' + OAS + 'adstream_jx.ads/' + OASpage + '">'); document.write ('\<\!-- --\>'); document.write ('\<\/SCRIPT\>'); document.write ('\<\!-- --\>'); } } // --> </SCRIPT> <!-- # end OAScentral function definition # --> </HEAD> <SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScript"> <!-- function NowInMilliseconds() { var Now = new Date(); return Now.valueOf(); // return the primitive value of the date (ms since 01/01/70) } var milliNow = NowInMilliseconds() //--> </SCRIPT> <center> <table width="468" border="0" celspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr><td> <SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScript"> <!-- DisplayAds ("x01,x02,x03,x04,x05!x01", "468", "60"); //--> </SCRIPT> </td></tr> </table> </center> <BODY BGCOLOR="#ffffff" LINK="#3300cc" BACKGROUND="../../magback.gif" VLINK= "#000033"> <P ALIGN=CENTER><FONT SIZE=-2><A HREF="http://www.awn.com/mag">Animation World Magazine</A>, Issue 2.12, March 1998<BR> </FONT><HR></P> <BLOCKQUOTE> <H1 ALIGN=CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000">Maurice Noble: Animation's "Old Rebel"</FONT></H1> <P ALIGN=RIGHT><B><FONT COLOR="#000000">by Karl Cohen</FONT></B></P> <P ALIGN=RIGHT><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE=-1>Maurice Noble with his awards from <BR> ASIFA-Hollywood and the Motion <BR> Picture Screen Cartoonists Union. February, 1998. <BR> Photo © 1998 Animation World Network.</FONT><IMG SRC="../2.12images/cohennoble01.jpg" WIDTH="148" HEIGHT="202" ALIGN="RIGHT" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" BORDER="1"></P> <P><FONT COLOR="#000000">Editors Note: Whatever you do, don't call him a `veteran.' At 87, Maurice Noble is the second oldest person working in the Hollywood animation industry (somebody at Disney is a year older than Noble and </FONT><A HREF="http://www.awn.com/magazines/animation-world-magazineissue2.7/2.7pages/2.7jacksonjones.html">Chuck Jones</A><FONT COLOR="#000000"> is slightly younger so Noble calls him "Junior"), but his ideas, high energy and enthusiasm are that of a much younger man. We recently visited Maurice at his home in the hills north of Los Angeles, where he lives with his wife, Marjorie. His unpublished autobiography, co-written with Robert McKinnon, is titled <I>Stepping Into The Picture</I>, a fitting title which refers to Noble's immersive approach to design. He is currently developing for television or home video <I>Noble Tales</I>, a series of seven-minute animated cartoons which he describes as "folktales from around the world told with a modern slant." When he's not working on <I>Noble Tales</I> in his home studio, meeting with development partners, or making appearances at various animation events, Maurice can be found doing one of his many talks with staff artists at studios such as Walt Disney Feature Animation, Walt Disney Television Animation and DreamWorks Feature Animation. "I don't give lectures," he said, "I give <I>conversations.</I>" Maurice Noble was recently interviewed by Cartoon Network for a program called <I>The 50 Greatest Cartoons Of All Time,</I> which will air on the U.S. cable channel on March 14 and 15, 1998. Just in time for our special issue on The Art of Pre-Production, Karl Cohen has brought us this interview about Maurice's career, covering the `background' of one of the industry's legendary, but not yet `veteran,' background designers.<BR> <BR> </FONT><HR ALIGN=LEFT><BR> <BR> <B><FONT COLOR="#000000">W</FONT></B><FONT COLOR="#000000">hy is Maurice Noble considered a legend? Noble worked for Disney on <I>Snow White, Bambi, Fantasia</I> and <I>Dumbo</I>. During WWII, he worked for the Frank Capra film unit with Dr. Seuss on Private Snafu cartoons. In the 1950s he did the designs and layouts for Chuck Jones' greatest classic cartoons including <I>Duck Amuck, Duck Dodgers in the 24 1/2 Century</I>,<I> What's Opera, Doc?</I> and the ever-popular Roadrunner cartoons. <BR> <BR> The self-proclaimed "old rebel" attended Chouinard Art Institute in Los Angeles with the help of a work scholarship. One of the first honors of his life was the school awarding him and Mary Blair their first full-time scholarships. She stayed on and graduated, but he eventually had to leave due to financial difficulties caused by "the great depression." <BR> <BR> <B>First Stop: Disney<BR> </B>About 1934, Noble took a job at Disney to get a U.S. $10 raise. He was working as a department store designer for $90 a month when he was offered a job at the studio for about $100. He said, "After all $10 is $10. I didn't know exactly what I was getting into, but I was going to earn $10 more a month." <BR> <BR> The studio knew he was skilled with watercolors as Chouinard had presented a one-man show of his work. Noble believes this was the first watercolor show to be presented by the school. In any case Disney put him to work doing watercolor backgrounds for their Silly Symphonies. He recalled doing backgrounds for <I>Elmer Elephant</I> (1936), <I>The Country Cousin</I> (1936), <I>Woodland Cafe</I> (1937), <I>The Old Mill</I> (1937), <I>Wynken, Blynken and Nod</I> (1938), and many other shorts before he started work on <I>Snow White</I>.<BR> <BR> The background materials used at Disney were Winsor Newton watercolors and Whatman paper stretched on boards. No opaque paints or airbrush were permitted, not even to make a minor correction. He said, "A light pencil drawing was put onto the stretched paper by a tracer. Then we would look at the layouts given to us and interpret the shadows and other details. Then we would paint the backgrounds. It was a very long and painstaking process because we had to build up our colors wash after wash. When we got on <I>Snow White</I> we had to match six scenes in transparent watercolors in some sequences." One section of <I>Snow White</I> where he had to do six matching background paintings was a sequence in the interior of the dwarf's cottage. He had to paint the same wall and props from six different camera angles. When the action cuts from one point of view to the next, the background paintings had to look the same. And they did.<BR> <BR> An especially memorable scene that he worked on was the moment when the Prince kisses Snow White. Walt was rushing the film to completion so Noble said he was designing and laying out the scene while he was painting it.<BR> <BR> As a background artist Noble didn't have to suffer through the famous "sweatbox sessions," where Disney critiqued what was being worked on by his animators. However, he often attended these screenings to learn how his backgrounds worked with figures over them and to see what was going on.<BR> <BR> Background artists at Disney had to go through a different form of torture, "the OK session." Noble said some of the sessions were experiences similar to nervous breakdowns. "A critical jury had to pass on all the finished backgrounds. You know how difficult it is to make corrections with watercolors?" <BR> <BR> One of the great moments of his career at Disney was attending the premiere of <I>Snow White</I>. He said it was a miracle that he got screen credit on the film and was given two tickets by Walt to attend the premiere. "That was a real thrill and a highlight of my life. It was interesting to watch the audience. All the movie stars were there. I wasn't sitting downstairs with the hoi polloi, but I had a front row seat in the balcony. When the picture was over they all stood up and cheered. It was really exciting. Walt's folly had paid off! A million and a quarter dollars had been put into this cartoon. It was a real turning point in the animation business."<BR> <BR> On a different note, another important moment for him was making the decision to go out on strike against Walt, "because I didn't believe that the wages being paid to beginners and some people who had been in the industry a long time were sufficient to live on," he said. Noble recalled how some people who went on strike lost their cars and homes. He also remembered soup kitchens for the strikers and the Disney goon squads who went looking for trouble. He said, "the strike was a very difficult period."<BR> <BR> Eventually, the strikers won their long and difficult battle with the studio, but when he went back to work things had changed. None of the people who had remained loyal to the company would talk with him. His new office was a former broom closest and he had to stand on a chair to reach the window if he wanted to open it. The studio didn't give him any work to do so when he reported each day he would read while waiting to get an assignment. Two or three weeks later he was laid off for lack of work. A few weeks after that, Pearl Harbor was bombed and three days later he made the decision to join the Army Signal Corps.<BR> <BR> <B>The War Years<BR> </B>Noble's war years were spent in the Army Photographic Signal Corp. He joined at the request of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Part of the time he traveled to different bases and helped present showings of films produced for soldiers by Colonel Frank Capra. Eventually he was transferred to Capra's command at Fort Fox in Los Angeles. He was assigned to the film unit headed by Major Theodore Geisel, a man known to his readers as Dr. Seuss. There were about 12 men in the unit. "We turned out propaganda booklets, health things, VD posters, `don't trust the enemy' type posters, maps for Capra's films, and the Snafu cartoons." <BR> <BR> When Noble was asked to describe Geisel he replied, "He was very neat, slender, beady-eyed and wore his hair quite closely cropped." I then asked if he was a funny person and the response was, "Oh no! Ted was never a funny person. There were no yuck yuck yucks to this guy. He was all business. He had a sense of humor and a keen sense of story as demonstrated in his children's books, but he struck me as a rather serious person. I knew him for many years and worked with him on a good number of his pictures."<BR> <BR> He continues, "In later years when I worked with him he was always well-dressed, polished shoes, cashmere sweaters, and stuff like that. I would say that he was a very reserved person, not much laughter. As a matter of fact I can't ever remember hearing Ted laugh. Of course, we were dealing with the serious business of story and picture development. He was a perfectionist. Every drawing, every bit of dialog had to be just right. I appreciated that because I'm a little bit that way myself." Noble is glad to have had the privilege of working with Ted over the years.<BR> <BR> At Ted Geisel's memorial service his doctor told Noble that Ted really loved <I>How The Grinch Stole Christmas</I> (1966), especially his work on it. Noble said, "he never mentioned it while he was alive." The compliment meant a lot to him as he considers the television special one of his best works. He was glad finally to learn the author shared this opinion.<BR> <BR> When Noble got out of the Army, he didn't have a job. He lived at home with his mother and took whatever freelance work was available. Eventually, he took a full-time job in St. Louis working for a company doing film strips for the Lutheran Church and other clients. When Warner Bros. contacted him in 1952 and asked if he wanted to do layouts for Chuck Jones, he happily returned to Hollywood. <BR> <BR> Maurice barely knew Chuck Jones during WWII. They had met briefly when he visited Warner Bros. on official business. The Snafu cartoons were written and storyboarded at Fort Fox and then the materials were sent to Warner Bros. to be produced. Jones was one of the directors working on the Snafu cartoon series that was being made for the guys in the Army.</FONT></P> <P><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE=-1>In the 1960s, Noble worked at MGM with Chuck Jones <BR> on <I>How the Grinch Stole Christmas. <BR> </I>Photo courtesy of and © MGM Home Entertainment.</FONT><IMG SRC= "../2.12images/cohennoble02.jpg" WIDTH="223" HEIGHT="144" ALIGN="LEFT" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" BORDER="1"></P> <P><B><FONT COLOR="#000000">The Chuck Jones Era Begins<BR> </FONT></B><FONT COLOR="#000000">When Noble joined Chuck Jones' unit, "it was a very hectic period. I had never laid out a picture in my life. When you go into a new place you don't want to display your ignorance so I just had to figure things out. I looked around and saw what everybody was doing." He had to learn how they used exposure sheets at Warners, all of their technical vocabulary, etc. "Little by little I taught myself how to do layouts." He adds that he was very fortunate to work at Warners with a lot of people who helped him develop his skills, including background artist Phil DeGuard, and animators Benny Washam and Ken Harris.<BR> <BR> Part of Noble's brilliance is his use of strong simple shapes to define the spaces where the animation is to take place. He was able to create unique designs for each film on which he worked. Jones let him develop whatever designs and looks he thought would work best with the animated action being planned for the project.<BR> <BR> Noble's layouts in the 1950s avoided the fussy details of Disney and the over-designed look of UPA. He said the look of his layouts were not influenced by what was happening at UPA. Instead they were simply his personal feelings about what would work best with the project on which he was working. He began to feel comfortable at Warners when he "started to design stuff and they liked it." When asked if he designed the amazing landscapes in these films, or if the concepts were those of his background artist Phil de Guard, he said, "I designed everything. I not only gave Phil the layout, but the color sketches as well. I designed the pictures. He had to copy my sky, my colors, everything." In the book <I>Duck Amuck</I>, Chuck Jones calls Maurice Noble the architect and Phil de Guard the builder of the backgrounds in his films. <BR> <BR> Noble explained that those wonderfully strange cliffs and pointed spires, with rocks balancing on the tops of them, in Roadrunner cartoons are exaggerations of his childhood memories of the desert. He grew up in New Mexico and visited Monument Valley, Zion, the Grand Canyon, and other National Parks as a youngster. He said he loved doing desert settings for cartoons. Each time he would do one they would become more exaggerated. He loved to balance big rocks on spires or on top of small ones and said, "I did it for the fun of the thing. It became Roadrunner country." <BR> <BR> Noble said, "I'm often asked the question if we knew we were working on great cartoons and the answer is no, we had a job." He looks back on his career and is amazed at the quality of the work Chuck Jones' unit produced, but he maintains that the unit simply thought of their work as a job. He describes the group as "a basic crew of 10 or 12 people who turned out 11 cartoons a year from beginning to end." Noble feels something's been lost in today's approach to animation production, with "too many cooks in the kitchen." He said, "It's silly to have a whole crew develop a picture, then send it over to another crew, with a director who will change things." Noble is currently working with about 10 artists on <I>Noble Tales</I>. <BR> <BR> <B>Fond Memories<BR> </B>When asked if he could add to the discussion about where that brilliance came from he said, "I've often said Mike Maltese enjoyed writing the stuff. I can remember watching Chuck chuckling over his drawings - making Daffy do something silly, or insane or insulting. I enjoyed designing the stuff. The animators enjoyed drawing the stuff and Phil enjoyed painting it. It all kind of rubbed off on the audience... We worked like demons."<BR> <BR> Later in the interview he returned to the topic of what made their unit great. He said, "Chuck had a great ability to direct his characters. He did all his character sketches." He also praised three animators, Ken Harris, Ben Washam and Abe Levitow, who were capable of understanding Chuck's notes to them on the drawings about timing and other nuances and were able to turn Chuck's ideas into remarkable performances. He is proud that he was part of Jones' small unit and that their work is now recognized as some of the best from the Golden Age of animation. <BR> <BR> Despite all the stories that have been told over the years about the gang at Termite Terrace having fun on the job, Noble said most of the time it was serious work for him and the people around him. Life among his co-workers was very informal and there were gags, in the form of comic drawings, floating around. <BR> <BR> Among his fond memories are the lunches cooked by Ben ("Benny") Washam for the group. Noble said that once in a while on Fridays Benny would pass the hat and then go out and buy some provisions. It turns out that Washam was an original partner in the Bob's Big Boy restaurants. He quit and became an animator because he didn't make much money in the food business.<BR> <BR> Another happy memory concerns writer Mike Maltese who Noble described as having a good wry sense of humor. Noble said they were very good friends and would go antique-hunting together. As he talked he looked around the room and pointed out a chest and other things that reminded him of his adventures with Maltese.<BR> <BR> At Warners only a few cartoons were ever given official premieres, most just opened at downtown theaters without any fanfare. The studio made a big deal out of the premiere of <I>What's Opera, Doc? </I>because it was the only cartoon to use a 50-piece orchestra. The event was held at a theater on the studio lot. He doesn't remember who was in the audience, but he recalled the red curtain parting and that it was wonderful to see this great parody on the screen. "It was a big event. I was quite surprised that when I saw the picture that it turned out to be such a grand tour de force." <BR> <BR> Noble was at Warners when the studio closed Termite Terrace and opened a new studio built for the animators on their back lot in Burbank. Beforehand, the site had been a trash pile. After the studio ended animation production the building became a music library and a computer center, among other things before it became Chuck Jones' studio.<BR> <BR> <B>Maurice and Chuck<BR> </B>Noble describes his relationship with Chuck Jones as strictly business. It was between two men who still have enormous respect for each other's abilities and a recognition that their skills complement each others talents. Noble had co-director credit with Jones on several Warner Brother cartoons in the 1960s. He said, "I owe a great deal to Chuck because he let me do my own thing. We got to do a lot of very interesting pictures together."<BR> <BR> Noble's relationship with Chuck was "nothing social." He would attend parties for the whole unit at Chuck's house, "but never any lunches or socializing... It was strictly a business relationship and that's probably why we could work together for so long. I'd say good night and he would say good night and that was it."<BR> <BR> Jones praises Noble's brilliance as a layout artist in the book <I>Duck Amuck</I>. Among the fine things Chuck Jones had to say about Maurice is the statement, "He never showed off, but he showed up every other layout man I have ever known by his honesty, his devotion to his craft, and above all, his devotion to the film at hand, and this is nowhere more vividly demonstrated than in <I>What's Opera, Doc?</I>"</FONT></P> <P ALIGN=RIGHT><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE=-1>Maurice Noble frequently makes guest appearances at <BR> animation art signings around the country. <BR> Photo by Robert McKinnon, courtesy of Maurice Noble.</FONT><IMG SRC="../2.12images/cohennoble03.jpg" WIDTH="216" HEIGHT="152" ALIGN="RIGHT" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" BORDER="1"></P> <P><B><FONT COLOR="#000000">The Present<BR> </FONT></B><FONT COLOR="#000000">Maurice worked at Chuck Jones Productions until the early `90s. He then went onto <I>Cats Don't Dance</I> at Turner Feature Animation, where he was reunited with his former assistant, Don Morgan, who he had worked with 35 years before, on <I>Grinch</I> and <I>Horton</I> at MGM. Noble also received a Winsor McCay Lifetime Achievement Annie Award from ASIFA-Hollywood in 1995.<BR> <BR> Noble presently works as a consultant for several Hollywood companies. He is called in to critique a lot of work. He said, "I check it out with the young artists. I try to suggest where they can make improvements. I work with young directors. We talk over story and story points. In other words I'm the old guru." <BR> <BR> When asked about the training of young talent today he said, "The Warner Bros. Feature Animation Development Department has a very competent training program. They have classes, not only in animation, but in layout and other basics. They also teach improvisation so the students can spontaneously react to things. A good animator is always a kind of actor. They also hold life drawing classes 3 or 4 times a week. In other words they are improving all their skills. I've talked with the heads of the training department and they say the studio can't find enough experienced help so we are going to develop it ourselves." <BR> <BR> One point that he stated several times is, "the studios are cursed with live-action writers. They don't have the visual writers. You say a lot of things in words that you can do in one drawing. They don't realize this. Recent features contain a tremendous amount of unnecessary dialog and situations that don't really present themselves in a graphic way. This is the curse of all the studios."<BR> <BR> He blames the controlling interests in the studios for wanting to do blockbuster type films and wanting to make millions of dollars. He feels that creative animation people in Hollywood really want to do something good and their frustration comes from being handed scripts that are verbal, not visual. "They don't explore the graphic potential of animation," he said.<BR> <BR> Another problem he talked about is the present fascination with computers. "The way they are using this computerized stuff is the difference between a lathe and a hand carving. The computer is a tool. When they over emphasize it like they did in the <I>Hunchback</I> you feel like you are on a roller coaster ride all the time." Talking about the growing use of computers in animation production, Noble said, "There's a difference between punching a button and drawing. The computer's a wonderful tool, but you can't <I>animate</I> with it." However, Maurice noted that a computer would have been useful in the production of the 1965 Academy Award-winning film, <I>The Dot and the Line</I>, which he worked on with Chuck Jones. "We did that with drawings, reversal film and tinting," he recalled of the complexly simple, geometric film.<BR> <BR> "I know it's very difficult to find a good story to animate, but they shouldn't be throwing millions of dollars around to produce these so called epics; <I>Gone With the Wind</I> animated features. Story comes first. Every frame should push the story. There are so many good possibilities in animation. I'm sure there are good stories to be found. Why do they insist upon `the cutting edge?' What do they mean by it? In essence animation is about satire, exaggeration, puns and poking fun at human foibles. Real good adult humor is subtle humor. A good, fun, zany satire is wonderful. This is the field animation should work in instead of being bad live-action." <BR> <BR> One producer that Noble admires is Bill Melendez. He said, "Bill Melendez has stuck to his simple approach to things. I think his simple animation, his very direct simple dialog, his simple backgrounds and the choice use of the little guy at the piano here and there result in a very consistent product. Melendez is a very keen guy. He is one of my favorite people." Noble considers <I>A Charlie Brown Christmas</I> (1965) one of the nicest things ever put on film.<BR> <BR> Noble concluded by saying, "I'm known as the old rebel. I'm invited to come talk here and there. I keep preaching the idea of full animation. Go easy on the computer. Let's have stories and graphics and satire and fun. The general level of acceptance of inferior animation is unfortunate. Look at some of the subtle animation done years ago. My favorite picture is <I>Dumbo</I>. It is so complete. Not a bit of wasted footage. It runs the gamete from tears to outrageous slapstick with the crows. Each section is so well done. The business needs more cartoons like this. <I>Dumbo</I> is a classic." <BR> <BR> "The whole thing is geared to have fun and not to be too serious. That is the essence of what made a cartoon fun in the old days. It's not old hat. A good laugh is a good laugh whether it's an old one or a new one. It's just how you do it. I've been very lucky to have had so much fun."<BR> <BR> <I>Karl Cohen is President of </I></FONT><I><A HREF="http://www.awn.com/asifa_sf">ASIFA-San Francisco</A><FONT COLOR="#000000">. His first book, </FONT></I><FONT COLOR="#000000">Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators, <I>has recently been published by McFarland Publishers. He also teaches animation history at San Francisco State University.<BR> <BR> </I>Note: Readers may contact any <I>Animation World Magazine</I> contributor by sending an email to </FONT><A HREF="mailto:editor@awn.com">editor@awn.com</A><FONT COLOR="#000000">.</FONT></P> <P ALIGN=CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><HR></FONT></P> <P ALIGN=CENTER><A HREF="2.12toc.html">Table of Contents</A><BR> <A HREF="../../feedbackforum.html">Feedback?<BR> </A><A HREF="/infovault/magarchives.html">Past Issues</A><BR> <A HREF="/awneng/About.html"><IMG SRC="../../struct/images/About.gif" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" WIDTH="42" HEIGHT="43" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></A><A HREF="/awneng/help-about.html"><IMG SRC="../../struct/images/Help.gif" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" WIDTH="42" HEIGHT="43" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></A><A HREF="/index.html"><IMG SRC="../../struct/images/Home.gif" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" WIDTH="42" HEIGHT="43" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></A><A HREF="mailto:info@awn.com"><IMG SRC= "../../struct/images/Info@.gif" WIDTH="42" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="BOTTOM" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" BORDER="0"></A><A HREF="/awneng/mail.html"><IMG SRC= "../../struct/images/Mail.gif" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" WIDTH="41" HEIGHT="43" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></A> <BR> <A HREF="http://www.awn.com/user/register"><IMG SRC="../../registertext.gif" WIDTH="81" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="BOTTOM" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" BORDER="0"><IMG SRC= "../../pen.gif" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="38" ALIGN="TOP" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" BORDER="0"></A><BR> [<A HREF="/awneng/About.html">about</A> \| <A HREF="/awneng/help-about.html">help</A> \| <A HREF="/index.html">home</A> \| <A HREF="mailto:info@awn.com">info@awn.com</A> \| <A HREF="/awneng/mail.html">mail</A> \| <A HREF="http://www.awn.com/user/register">register</A>]</P> <P><HR ALIGN=LEFT></P> <P ALIGN=CENTER>© 1998 <A HREF="http://www.awn.com/">Animation World Network</A></BLOCKQUOTE> </body> </HTML>	Maurice Noble: Animation's "Old Rebel" <!-- \_version=10; //--> <!-- \_version=11; if (navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Mozilla/3') != -1){ \_version=10;} // --> <!-- <!-- here are OAScentral site, page, and random number variables --> var OAS='http://oascentral.awn.com/RealMedia/ads/'; var sitepage = "www.awn.com"; var RN = new String (Math.random()); var RNS = RN.substring (2, 11); <!-- here is the ad insertion function --> function DisplayAds (position, width, height) { var OASpage= sitepage + '/1' + RNS + '@' + position; if (\_version < 11) { document.write ('<A HREF="' + OAS + 'click\_nx.ads/'+ OASpage + '" TARGET="\_top" ><IMG SRC="' + OAS + 'adstream\_nx.ads/' + OASpage + '" BORDER="0" WIDTH="' + width + '" HEIGHT="' + height + '"></a>'); } else { document.write ('<SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScript1.1" SRC="' + OAS + 'adstream\_jx.ads/' + OASpage + '">'); document.write ('\<\!-- --\>'); document.write ('\<\/SCRIPT\>'); document.write ('\<\!-- --\>'); } } // --> <!-- function NowInMilliseconds() { var Now = new Date(); return Now.valueOf(); // return the primitive value of the date (ms since 01/01/70) } var milliNow = NowInMilliseconds() //--> \| \| \| --- \| \| <!-- DisplayAds ("x01,x02,x03,x04,x05!x01", "468", "60"); //--> \| [Animation World Magazine](http://www.awn.com/mag), Issue 2.12, March 1998 --- > > # Maurice Noble: Animation's "Old > Rebel" > > > by Karl Cohen > > > Maurice Noble with his awards > from > > ASIFA-Hollywood and the Motion > > Picture Screen Cartoonists Union. February, 1998. > > Photo © 1998 Animation World Network.![](../2.12images/cohennoble01.jpg) > > > Editors Note: Whatever you do, don't call him > a `veteran.' At 87, Maurice Noble is the second oldest person working in > the Hollywood animation industry (somebody at Disney is a year older than > Noble and [Chuck > Jones](http://www.awn.com/magazines/animation-world-magazineissue2.7/2.7pages/2.7jacksonjones.html) is slightly younger so Noble calls him > "Junior"), but his ideas, high energy and enthusiasm are that > of a much younger man. We recently visited Maurice at his home in the hills > north of Los Angeles, where he lives with his wife, Marjorie. His unpublished > autobiography, co-written with Robert McKinnon, is titled Stepping Into > The Picture, a fitting title which refers to Noble's immersive approach > to design. He is currently developing for television or home video Noble > Tales, a series of seven-minute animated cartoons which he describes > as "folktales from around the world told with a modern slant." > When he's not working on Noble Tales in his home studio, meeting > with development partners, or making appearances at various animation events, > Maurice can be found doing one of his many talks with staff artists at > studios such as Walt Disney Feature Animation, Walt Disney Television Animation > and DreamWorks Feature Animation. "I don't give lectures," he > said, "I give conversations." Maurice Noble was recently > interviewed by Cartoon Network for a program called The 50 Greatest > Cartoons Of All Time, which will air on the U.S. cable channel on March > 14 and 15, 1998. Just in time for our special issue on The Art of Pre-Production, > Karl Cohen has brought us this interview about Maurice's career, covering > the `background' of one of the industry's legendary, but not yet `veteran,' > background designers. > > > > > > --- > > > > > > Why is Maurice > Noble considered a legend? Noble worked for Disney on Snow White, Bambi, > Fantasia and Dumbo. During WWII, he worked for the Frank Capra > film unit with Dr. Seuss on Private Snafu cartoons. In the 1950s he did > the designs and layouts for Chuck Jones' greatest classic cartoons including > Duck Amuck, Duck Dodgers in the 24 1/2 Century, What's Opera, > Doc? and the ever-popular Roadrunner cartoons. > > > > The self-proclaimed "old rebel" attended Chouinard Art Institute > in Los Angeles with the help of a work scholarship. One of the first honors > of his life was the school awarding him and Mary Blair their first full-time > scholarships. She stayed on and graduated, but he eventually had to leave > due to financial difficulties caused by "the great depression." > > > > > First Stop: DisneyAbout 1934, Noble took a job at Disney to get a U.S. $10 raise. He > was working as a department store designer for $90 a month when he was > offered a job at the studio for about $100. He said, "After all $10 > is $10. I didn't know exactly what I was getting into, but I was going > to earn $10 more a month." > > > > The studio knew he was skilled with watercolors as Chouinard had presented > a one-man show of his work. Noble believes this was the first watercolor > show to be presented by the school. In any case Disney put him to work > doing watercolor backgrounds for their Silly Symphonies. He recalled doing > backgrounds for Elmer Elephant (1936), The Country Cousin > (1936), Woodland Cafe (1937), The Old Mill (1937), Wynken, > Blynken and Nod (1938), and many other shorts before he started work > on Snow White. > > > > The background materials used at Disney were Winsor Newton watercolors > and Whatman paper stretched on boards. No opaque paints or airbrush were > permitted, not even to make a minor correction. He said, "A light > pencil drawing was put onto the stretched paper by a tracer. Then we would > look at the layouts given to us and interpret the shadows and other details. > Then we would paint the backgrounds. It was a very long and painstaking > process because we had to build up our colors wash after wash. When we > got on Snow White we had to match six scenes in transparent watercolors > in some sequences." One section of Snow White where he had > to do six matching background paintings was a sequence in the interior > of the dwarf's cottage. He had to paint the same wall and props from six > different camera angles. When the action cuts from one point of view to > the next, the background paintings had to look the same. And they did. > > > > An especially memorable scene that he worked on was the moment when the > Prince kisses Snow White. Walt was rushing the film to completion so Noble > said he was designing and laying out the scene while he was painting it. > > > > As a background artist Noble didn't have to suffer through the famous "sweatbox > sessions," where Disney critiqued what was being worked on by his > animators. However, he often attended these screenings to learn how his > backgrounds worked with figures over them and to see what was going on. > > > > Background artists at Disney had to go through a different form of torture, > "the OK session." Noble said some of the sessions were experiences > similar to nervous breakdowns. "A critical jury had to pass on all > the finished backgrounds. You know how difficult it is to make corrections > with watercolors?" > > > > One of the great moments of his career at Disney was attending the premiere > of Snow White. He said it was a miracle that he got screen credit > on the film and was given two tickets by Walt to attend the premiere. "That > was a real thrill and a highlight of my life. It was interesting to watch > the audience. All the movie stars were there. I wasn't sitting downstairs > with the hoi polloi, but I had a front row seat in the balcony. When the > picture was over they all stood up and cheered. It was really exciting. > Walt's folly had paid off! A million and a quarter dollars had been put > into this cartoon. It was a real turning point in the animation business." > > > > On a different note, another important moment for him was making the decision > to go out on strike against Walt, "because I didn't believe that the > wages being paid to beginners and some people who had been in the industry > a long time were sufficient to live on," he said. Noble recalled how > some people who went on strike lost their cars and homes. He also remembered > soup kitchens for the strikers and the Disney goon squads who went looking > for trouble. He said, "the strike was a very difficult period." > > > > Eventually, the strikers won their long and difficult battle with the studio, > but when he went back to work things had changed. None of the people who > had remained loyal to the company would talk with him. His new office was > a former broom closest and he had to stand on a chair to reach the window > if he wanted to open it. The studio didn't give him any work to do so when > he reported each day he would read while waiting to get an assignment. > Two or three weeks later he was laid off for lack of work. A few weeks > after that, Pearl Harbor was bombed and three days later he made the decision > to join the Army Signal Corps. > > > > The War YearsNoble's war years were spent in the Army Photographic Signal Corp. > He joined at the request of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. > Part of the time he traveled to different bases and helped present showings > of films produced for soldiers by Colonel Frank Capra. Eventually he was > transferred to Capra's command at Fort Fox in Los Angeles. He was assigned > to the film unit headed by Major Theodore Geisel, a man known to his readers > as Dr. Seuss. There were about 12 men in the unit. "We turned out > propaganda booklets, health things, VD posters, `don't trust the enemy' > type posters, maps for Capra's films, and the Snafu cartoons." > > > > When Noble was asked to describe Geisel he replied, "He was very neat, > slender, beady-eyed and wore his hair quite closely cropped." I then > asked if he was a funny person and the response was, "Oh no! Ted was > never a funny person. There were no yuck yuck yucks to this guy. He was > all business. He had a sense of humor and a keen sense of story as demonstrated > in his children's books, but he struck me as a rather serious person. I > knew him for many years and worked with him on a good number of his pictures." > > > > He continues, "In later years when I worked with him he was always > well-dressed, polished shoes, cashmere sweaters, and stuff like that. I > would say that he was a very reserved person, not much laughter. As a matter > of fact I can't ever remember hearing Ted laugh. Of course, we were dealing > with the serious business of story and picture development. He was a perfectionist. > Every drawing, every bit of dialog had to be just right. I appreciated > that because I'm a little bit that way myself." Noble is glad to have > had the privilege of working with Ted over the years. > > > > At Ted Geisel's memorial service his doctor told Noble that Ted really > loved How The Grinch Stole Christmas (1966), especially his work > on it. Noble said, "he never mentioned it while he was alive." > The compliment meant a lot to him as he considers the television special > one of his best works. He was glad finally to learn the author shared this > opinion. > > > > When Noble got out of the Army, he didn't have a job. He lived at home > with his mother and took whatever freelance work was available. Eventually, > he took a full-time job in St. Louis working for a company doing film strips > for the Lutheran Church and other clients. When Warner Bros. contacted > him in 1952 and asked if he wanted to do layouts for Chuck Jones, he happily > returned to Hollywood. > > > > Maurice barely knew Chuck Jones during WWII. They had met briefly when > he visited Warner Bros. on official business. The Snafu cartoons were written > and storyboarded at Fort Fox and then the materials were sent to Warner > Bros. to be produced. Jones was one of the directors working on the Snafu > cartoon series that was being made for the guys in the Army. > > > In the 1960s, Noble worked at MGM with > Chuck Jones > > on How the Grinch Stole Christmas.Photo courtesy of and © MGM Home Entertainment.![](../2.12images/cohennoble02.jpg) > > > The Chuck Jones Era BeginsWhen Noble joined Chuck Jones' unit, "it > was a very hectic period. I had never laid out a picture in my life. When > you go into a new place you don't want to display your ignorance so I just > had to figure things out. I looked around and saw what everybody was doing." > He had to learn how they used exposure sheets at Warners, all of their > technical vocabulary, etc. "Little by little I taught myself how to > do layouts." He adds that he was very fortunate to work at Warners > with a lot of people who helped him develop his skills, including background > artist Phil DeGuard, and animators Benny Washam and Ken Harris. > > > > Part of Noble's brilliance is his use of strong simple shapes to define > the spaces where the animation is to take place. He was able to create > unique designs for each film on which he worked. Jones let him develop > whatever designs and looks he thought would work best with the animated > action being planned for the project. > > > > Noble's layouts in the 1950s avoided the fussy details of Disney and the > over-designed look of UPA. He said the look of his layouts were not influenced > by what was happening at UPA. Instead they were simply his personal feelings > about what would work best with the project on which he was working. He > began to feel comfortable at Warners when he "started to design stuff > and they liked it." When asked if he designed the amazing landscapes > in these films, or if the concepts were those of his background artist > Phil de Guard, he said, "I designed everything. I not only gave Phil > the layout, but the color sketches as well. I designed the pictures. He > had to copy my sky, my colors, everything." In the book Duck Amuck, > Chuck Jones calls Maurice Noble the architect and Phil de Guard the builder > of the backgrounds in his films. > > > > Noble explained that those wonderfully strange cliffs and pointed spires, > with rocks balancing on the tops of them, in Roadrunner cartoons are exaggerations > of his childhood memories of the desert. He grew up in New Mexico and visited > Monument Valley, Zion, the Grand Canyon, and other National Parks as a > youngster. He said he loved doing desert settings for cartoons. Each time > he would do one they would become more exaggerated. He loved to balance > big rocks on spires or on top of small ones and said, "I did it for > the fun of the thing. It became Roadrunner country." > > > > Noble said, "I'm often asked the question if we knew we were working > on great cartoons and the answer is no, we had a job." He looks back > on his career and is amazed at the quality of the work Chuck Jones' unit > produced, but he maintains that the unit simply thought of their work as > a job. He describes the group as "a basic crew of 10 or 12 people > who turned out 11 cartoons a year from beginning to end." Noble feels > something's been lost in today's approach to animation production, with > "too many cooks in the kitchen." He said, "It's silly to > have a whole crew develop a picture, then send it over to another crew, > with a director who will change things." Noble is currently working > with about 10 artists on Noble Tales. > > > > Fond MemoriesWhen asked if he could add to the discussion about where that brilliance > came from he said, "I've often said Mike Maltese enjoyed writing the > stuff. I can remember watching Chuck chuckling over his drawings - making > Daffy do something silly, or insane or insulting. I enjoyed designing the > stuff. The animators enjoyed drawing the stuff and Phil enjoyed painting > it. It all kind of rubbed off on the audience... We worked like demons." > > > > Later in the interview he returned to the topic of what made their unit > great. He said, "Chuck had a great ability to direct his characters. > He did all his character sketches." He also praised three animators, > Ken Harris, Ben Washam and Abe Levitow, who were capable of understanding > Chuck's notes to them on the drawings about timing and other nuances and > were able to turn Chuck's ideas into remarkable performances. He is proud > that he was part of Jones' small unit and that their work is now recognized > as some of the best from the Golden Age of animation. > > > > Despite all the stories that have been told over the years about the gang > at Termite Terrace having fun on the job, Noble said most of the time it > was serious work for him and the people around him. Life among his co-workers > was very informal and there were gags, in the form of comic drawings, floating > around. > > > > Among his fond memories are the lunches cooked by Ben ("Benny") > Washam for the group. Noble said that once in a while on Fridays Benny > would pass the hat and then go out and buy some provisions. It turns out > that Washam was an original partner in the Bob's Big Boy restaurants. He > quit and became an animator because he didn't make much money in the food > business. > > > > Another happy memory concerns writer Mike Maltese who Noble described as > having a good wry sense of humor. Noble said they were very good friends > and would go antique-hunting together. As he talked he looked around the > room and pointed out a chest and other things that reminded him of his > adventures with Maltese. > > > > At Warners only a few cartoons were ever given official premieres, most > just opened at downtown theaters without any fanfare. The studio made a > big deal out of the premiere of What's Opera, Doc? because it was > the only cartoon to use a 50-piece orchestra. The event was held at a theater > on the studio lot. He doesn't remember who was in the audience, but he > recalled the red curtain parting and that it was wonderful to see this > great parody on the screen. "It was a big event. I was quite surprised > that when I saw the picture that it turned out to be such a grand tour > de force." > > > > Noble was at Warners when the studio closed Termite Terrace and opened > a new studio built for the animators on their back lot in Burbank. Beforehand, > the site had been a trash pile. After the studio ended animation production > the building became a music library and a computer center, among other > things before it became Chuck Jones' studio. > > > > Maurice and ChuckNoble describes his relationship with Chuck Jones as strictly business. > It was between two men who still have enormous respect for each other's > abilities and a recognition that their skills complement each others talents. > Noble had co-director credit with Jones on several Warner Brother cartoons > in the 1960s. He said, "I owe a great deal to Chuck because he let > me do my own thing. We got to do a lot of very interesting pictures together." > > > > Noble's relationship with Chuck was "nothing social." He would > attend parties for the whole unit at Chuck's house, "but never any > lunches or socializing... It was strictly a business relationship and that's > probably why we could work together for so long. I'd say good night and > he would say good night and that was it." > > > > Jones praises Noble's brilliance as a layout artist in the book Duck > Amuck. Among the fine things Chuck Jones had to say about Maurice is > the statement, "He never showed off, but he showed up every other > layout man I have ever known by his honesty, his devotion to his craft, > and above all, his devotion to the film at hand, and this is nowhere more > vividly demonstrated than in What's Opera, Doc?" > > > Maurice Noble frequently makes > guest appearances at > > animation art signings around the country. > > Photo by Robert McKinnon, courtesy of Maurice Noble.![](../2.12images/cohennoble03.jpg) > > > The PresentMaurice worked at Chuck Jones Productions > until the early `90s. He then went onto Cats Don't Dance at Turner > Feature Animation, where he was reunited with his former assistant, Don > Morgan, who he had worked with 35 years before, on Grinch and Horton > at MGM. Noble also received a Winsor McCay Lifetime Achievement Annie Award > from ASIFA-Hollywood in 1995. > > > > Noble presently works as a consultant for several Hollywood companies. > He is called in to critique a lot of work. He said, "I check it out > with the young artists. I try to suggest where they can make improvements. > I work with young directors. We talk over story and story points. In other > words I'm the old guru." > > > > When asked about the training of young talent today he said, "The > Warner Bros. Feature Animation Development Department has a very competent > training program. They have classes, not only in animation, but in layout > and other basics. They also teach improvisation so the students can spontaneously > react to things. A good animator is always a kind of actor. They also hold > life drawing classes 3 or 4 times a week. In other words they are improving > all their skills. I've talked with the heads of the training department > and they say the studio can't find enough experienced help so we are going > to develop it ourselves." > > > > One point that he stated several times is, "the studios are cursed > with live-action writers. They don't have the visual writers. You say a > lot of things in words that you can do in one drawing. They don't realize > this. Recent features contain a tremendous amount of unnecessary dialog > and situations that don't really present themselves in a graphic way. This > is the curse of all the studios." > > > > He blames the controlling interests in the studios for wanting to do blockbuster > type films and wanting to make millions of dollars. He feels that creative > animation people in Hollywood really want to do something good and their > frustration comes from being handed scripts that are verbal, not visual. > "They don't explore the graphic potential of animation," he said. > > > > Another problem he talked about is the present fascination with computers. > "The way they are using this computerized stuff is the difference > between a lathe and a hand carving. The computer is a tool. When they over > emphasize it like they did in the Hunchback you feel like you are > on a roller coaster ride all the time." Talking about the growing > use of computers in animation production, Noble said, "There's a difference > between punching a button and drawing. The computer's a wonderful tool, > but you can't animate with it." However, Maurice noted that > a computer would have been useful in the production of the 1965 Academy > Award-winning film, The Dot and the Line, which he worked on with > Chuck Jones. "We did that with drawings, reversal film and tinting," > he recalled of the complexly simple, geometric film. > > > > "I know it's very difficult to find a good story to animate, but they > shouldn't be throwing millions of dollars around to produce these so called > epics; Gone With the Wind animated features. Story comes first. > Every frame should push the story. There are so many good possibilities > in animation. I'm sure there are good stories to be found. Why do they > insist upon `the cutting edge?' What do they mean by it? In essence animation > is about satire, exaggeration, puns and poking fun at human foibles. Real > good adult humor is subtle humor. A good, fun, zany satire is wonderful. > This is the field animation should work in instead of being bad live-action." > > > > > One producer that Noble admires is Bill Melendez. He said, "Bill Melendez > has stuck to his simple approach to things. I think his simple animation, > his very direct simple dialog, his simple backgrounds and the choice use > of the little guy at the piano here and there result in a very consistent > product. Melendez is a very keen guy. He is one of my favorite people." > Noble considers A Charlie Brown Christmas (1965) one of the nicest > things ever put on film. > > > > Noble concluded by saying, "I'm known as the old rebel. I'm invited > to come talk here and there. I keep preaching the idea of full animation. > Go easy on the computer. Let's have stories and graphics and satire and > fun. The general level of acceptance of inferior animation is unfortunate. > Look at some of the subtle animation done years ago. My favorite picture > is Dumbo. It is so complete. Not a bit of wasted footage. It runs > the gamete from tears to outrageous slapstick with the crows. Each section > is so well done. The business needs more cartoons like this. Dumbo > is a classic." > > > > "The whole thing is geared to have fun and not to be too serious. > That is the essence of what made a cartoon fun in the old days. It's not > old hat. A good laugh is a good laugh whether it's an old one or a new > one. It's just how you do it. I've been very lucky to have had so much > fun." > > > > Karl Cohen is President of [ASIFA-San > Francisco](http://www.awn.com/asifa_sf). His first book, Forbidden > Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators, has recently > been published by McFarland Publishers. He also teaches animation history > at San Francisco State University.Note: Readers may contact any Animation World Magazine contributor > by sending an email to [editor@awn.com](mailto:editor@awn.com). > > > > > --- > > > > > [Table of Contents](2.12toc.html) > > [Feedback?](../../feedbackforum.html)[Past Issues](/infovault/magarchives.html) > > [![](../../struct/images/About.gif)](/awneng/About.html)[![](../../struct/images/Help.gif)](/awneng/help-about.html)[![](../../struct/images/Home.gif)](/index.html)[![](../../struct/images/Info@.gif)](mailto:info@awn.com)[![](../../struct/images/Mail.gif)](/awneng/mail.html) > > [![](../../registertext.gif)![](../../pen.gif)](http://www.awn.com/user/register) > > [[about](/awneng/About.html) \| [help](/awneng/help-about.html) > \| [home](/index.html) \| [info@awn.com](mailto:info@awn.com) > \| [mail](/awneng/mail.html) \| [register](http://www.awn.com/user/register)] > > > > > --- > > > > > © 1998 [Animation World > Network](http://www.awn.com/) > >	https://www.awn.com/mag/issue2.12/2.12pages/2.12cohennoble.html
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</A> - or - The Case of our Unregistered Guest - 6/95 <LI><A HREF="a88.html">What is a Bed & Breakfast?</A> - 1/96 </UL> <HR NOSHADE><H4><B>CRUISING / SAILING</B></H4><UL> <LI><A HREF="a103.html">Seekers of the Seventh Continent</A> - 4/96 <LI><A HREF="a98.html">Cruise Ship Sailing on The Seven Seas</A> - 3/96 <LI><A HREF="a95.html">Sailing Charters</A> - Your Own Yacht - 2/96 <LI><A HREF="a59.html">Sailing Schools</A> - 10/95 <LI><A HREF="rw004.html">Aboard THE POLYNESIA</A> - West Indies, July '95 - 8/95 <LI></IMG><A HREF="a24.html">The Luxurious Crystal Symphony Debut</A> - Cruise Ship Christened - 6/95 </UL> <HR NOSHADE><H4><B>FOOD</B></H4><UL> <LI><A HREF="a56.html">Maine Lobsters</A>- Maine - 10/95 <!-- <LI> <A HREF="a26.html">The Taste of Turkey</A> - A Gastronomic Iliad - 6/95 --> </UL> <HR NOSHADE><H4><B>GENERAL</B></H4><UL> <LI><A HREF="a131.html">Hotel Ratings</A> - What do they mean?</A> - 3/97 <LI><A HREF="a130.html">Guaranteed Temps </A> - Bermuda - 3/97 <LI><a href="a121.html">Why International Travel Costs Vary</a> <LI><A HREF="a111.html">New on CD-ROM</A> - Pebble Beach Golf Links - 7/96 <LI><A HREF="a100.html">Ecotourism and Soft Adventures?</A> - 4/96 <LI><A HREF="a101.html">Weekend Travel - The New Trend</A> - 4/96 <LI><A HREF="a104.html">The Invisible Travelers</A> - 4/96 <LI><A HREF="a97.html">All-Suite Hotels - A Popular Alternative</A> - 3/96 <LI><A HREF="a90.html">Whats Included in an All-Inclusive Deal</A> - 2/96 <LI><A HREF="a93.html">An Unconventional Traveler</A> - 2/96 <LI><A HREF="a81.html">Coping with Jet Lag</A> - 1/96 <LI><A HREF="a86.html">Duty Free Shopping</A> - Is it a good Deal? - 1/96 <LI><A HREF="a73.html">Silicon Alley to Silicon Valley</A> - Man Modem Motorcycle - 12/95 <LI><A HREF="a74.html">Read Travel Ads Carefully</A> - 12/95 <LI><A HREF="a67.html">What are Hostels - The Basics</A> - 11/95 <LI><A HREF="a64.html">Travel Insurance - Read the Fine Print</A> - 11/95 <LI><A HREF="a55.html">Telemarketing Fraud</A> - 10/95 <LI><A HREF="a51.html">Art at Customs</A> - 9/95 <LI><A HREF="a53.html">How Old Is This Thing?</A> - 9/95 <LI><A HREF="a36.html">Air Travel Carry-on Advisory</A> - 7/95 <LI><A HREF="a120.html">French Your Way</A> - CD ROM Review - 10/96 <LI><A HREF="a117.html"><B>PDA's - Taking E-Mail on the Road</B></A> - 10/96 </UL> <HR NOSHADE><H4><B>PHOTOGRAPHY</B></H4><UL> <A HREF="a108.html">On the River with the Kodak DC40 Digital Camera</A> - 5/96 <LI><A HREF="a78.html">Apple QuickTake 150</A> - Digital Camera In Action - 12/95 <LI><A HREF="yes_no03.html">The YES/NO TravelASSIST Photo Contest</A> - Sponsored By SPA FINDERS! - 7/95 <LI><A HREF="yes_no02.html">The YES/NO TravelASSIST Photo Contest</A> - Buchart Gardens - 6/95 <LI><A HREF="yes_no01.html">The YES/NO TravelASSIST Photo Contest</A> - Dachau Concentration Camp - 5/95 <LI><A HREF="a14.html">Photos Keep Memories of a Theme Park Bright - KODAK</A> - 5/95 </UL> <HR NOSHADE><H4><B>TRAVEL SECURITY</B></H4><UL> <LI></IMG><A HREF="a27.html">Protect Yourself From Phone-Card Fraud</A> - 6/95 </UL> <HR NOSHADE><H4><B>THE READERS WRITE</B></H4><UL> <LI><A HREF="rw010.html">Mississippi Queen</A> - 3/97 <LI><A HREF="rw008.html">Greek Cruise to Antiquity</A> - 6/96 <LI><A HREF="rw007.html">The Malaria Debate</A> - 2/96 <LI><A HREF="rw006.html">AOL -vs- Carib Inn</A> - AOL Lawsuit Misunderstood - 12/95 <LI><A HREF="rw005.html">Chicago's - Lincoln Park</A> - Illinois - 11/95 <LI><A HREF="rw004.html">Aboard THE POLYNESIA</A> - West Indies, July '95 - 8/95 <LI><A HREF="rw003.html">Amtrak and the Cracked Notebook Screen</A> - 7/95 <LI><A HREF="rw002.html">Cambria Landing Bed & Breakfast</A> - 6/95 <LI><A HREF="rw001.html">Oklahoma City Hotel Overbooked</A> - 5/95 <LI><A HREF="rw009.html"><B>Readers Write</B>: Visiting Montreal Quebec</A> - 10/96 </UL> </td> </tr> </table> <HR NOSHADE> For more information contact <a href="../contact_main.html">TravelASSIST</a><P> © Copyright 1995-2012 ASSIST Information Services - All Rights Reserved<P> <HR NOSHADE></UL></BODY></HTML>	TravelASSIST Travel Magazine - The Webs First On-line Travel Mag [![Priceline](http://www.tqlkg.com/image-104100-10395322)](http://www.dpbolvw.net/click-104100-10395322) Click here for [www.PriceLine.com](http://www.dpbolvw.net/click-104100-10395322) \| \| \| --- \| \| --- TravelASSIST Magazine Travel Magazine o Mexico - [One And Only Palmilla Resort Hotel, Cabo San Lucas](a139.html) o Hawaii - [NCL's Pride of Aloha Review](a134.html) - [Grand Waimea Resort, Fox's North Shore Location](a132.html) o Traveling with Lori Guretzki - [Istanbul, Turkey - Where Two Continents Meet](a138.html) - [From The Pacific To The Atlantic....by Train](a137.html) o Asia with Dominic Light - [Traffic of Ho Chi Minh City](a135.html) - [Coming and Going - A journey through Java and Sumatra.](a136.html) o \|Featuring Vic'S ABOUT Guide [Las Vegas -VS- Reno](vic_7.html) / [Malaria](vic_33.html) - More from [Victoria](vic_about_index.html) ![o](lug_sm2.gif) CALIFORNIA [Bacara Resort](http://www.murrayontravel.com/bacara.html) ![o](lug_sm2.gif) Book Review: [Chasing Matisse](a141.html) ![o](lug_sm2.gif) [Tips To Make Your Flight Easier](a140.html) ![o](lug_sm2.gif) [Link to us, get a Free Thank You Gift!](http://www.murrayontravel.com/quick.html) ![o](lug_sm2.gif) [Our 2004 Cruise Guide](http://www.cruiselines.us/index.html) ![o](lug_sm2.gif) [Air Travel Carry-on Advisory](a36.html) ![o](lug_sm2.gif) [Andrew Harper's Hideaway Report](http://www.hideawayreport.com) - A Connoisseur's Guide ![o](lug_sm2.gif) [THE REGISTER](http://www.travelassist.com/reg/reg_home.html) - Directory of B&Bs, Inns and Small Hotels. ![o](lug_sm2.gif) FLORIDA [Key West Character](a123.html) [Ft Lauderdale & the Spring Break Image](a125.html) [Florida Bed & Breakfast Sampler](a127.html) --- ATTENTION Webmasters of Travel sites!!! 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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <title>Electronics Club</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="zecstyle.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="fontawesome/css/all.css"> <link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" > <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="description" content="Electronics Club: learn about electronics, how to solder and build simple projects."> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> </head> <body> <div id="header"><a id="menulink" href="menu.htm">Menu <i class="fas fa-bars"></i></a> <a id="homelink" href="https://electronicsclub.info/">Electronics Club</a> <span class="nav"> <a class="navlink" href="components.htm">Components</a> <a class="navlink" href="study.htm">Study</a> </span> <a class="navlink" href="555timer.htm">555</a> <a class="navlink" href="projects.htm">Projects</a> <a class="navlink" href="construction.htm">Construction</a> <a class="navlink" href="soldering.htm">Solder</a> <a class="navlink" href="books.htm">Books</a> <a class="navlink" href="faq.htm">FAQ</a> <a class="navlink" href="circuitsymbols.htm">Symbols</a> <a class="navlink" href="starterkit.htm">Starter kit</a> <a class="navlink" href="tools.htm">Tools</a> </div> <div id="topofpage"></div> <a href="https://electronicsclub.info/"><img class="logo" src="logos/eclogo.gif" alt="Electronics Club" width="125" height="62"></a> <h1>Electronics Club</h1> <p><em>A website for anyone wishing to learn about electronics or build simple projects. <br>Written for beginners but used by many others as a quick reference.</em></p> <div class="flexwrap"> <a href="components.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>Components</h4><p>Identify components and read their values.</p> <img class="centered" src="images/components.gif" alt="various components" width="132" height="83"> </div></a> <a href="circuitsymbols.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>Circuit Symbols</h4><p>Learn the circuit symbols.</p> <img class="centered" src="images/symbolssmall.gif" alt="examples of circuit symbols" width="140" height="66"> </div></a> <a href="projects.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>Build a Project</h4><p>Kits are available.</p> <img class="centered" src="animated/dice.gif" alt="Dice"> </div></a> <a href="555timer.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>555 Timer IC</h4><p>Read about the 555 timer and its circuits.</p> <img class="centered" src="images/555horizontal.gif" alt="555 timer IC" width="74" height="62"> </div></a> <a href="study.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>Study Electronics</h4><p>How circuits work.</p> <img class="squash" src="animated/counting.gif" alt="4-bit counter" width="254" height="139"> </div></a> <a href="books.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>Electronics books</h4> <img class="centered" src="photos/books/beginnersguide.jpg" alt="Book: Beginners Guide to Circuits" width="85"> </div></a> <a href="soldering.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>Soldering Guide</h4><p>Learn how to solder.</p> <img class="squash" src="images/solderingironsmall.gif" alt="soldering iron in stand" width="150" height="78"> </div></a> <a href="stripboard.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>Stripboard</h4><p>Plan a layout from your circuit diagram.</p> <img class="squash" src="images/sbcircuit.gif" alt="stripboard circuit" width="362" height="145"> </div></a> <a href="breadboard.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>Breadboard</h4><p>Try your ideas.</p> <img class="squash" src="images/monobb.gif" alt="breadboard circuit" width="416" height="244"> </div></a> <a href="pcb.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>PCB</h4><p>Permanent circuits, requires soldering.</p> <img class="centered" src="images/pcbcircuit.gif" alt="PCB circuit" width="91" height="72"> </div></a> <a href="starterkit.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>Starter Kit of Components</h4><p>Suggestions of what components to buy and how to organise their storage.</p> </div></a> <a href="bench.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>Workbench</h4> <img class="squash" src="images/bench.gif" alt="workbench for electronics" width="286" height="311"> </div></a> <!-- <a target="_blank" href="https://www.rapidonline.com/"> <div class="box link rapid"> <h4>Rapid Electronics</h4><p>stock a wide range of components, tools and materials for electronics. I am very happy to recommend them as a supplier.</p> </div></a> --> </div> <!-- place to insert full width ad --> <div class="flexwrap"> <a href="leds.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>LEDs</h4><p>Light Emitting Diodes</p> <img class="squash" src="images/leds6.gif" alt="LEDs (light emitting diodes)" width="252" height="142"> </div></a> <a href="transistors.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>Transistors</h4><p></p> <img class="centered" src="images/trans.gif" alt="transistors" width="98" height="98"> </div></a> <a href="switches.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>Switches</h4><p>SPST, DPDT etc.</p> <img class="centered" src="photos/rapid/swpush.jpg" alt="switch, photo © Rapid Electronics" width="127" height="64"> <p class="rapidcredit">Photo © Rapid Electronics</p> </div></a> <a href="relays.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>Relays</h4><p>Electrically operated switches.</p> <img class="centered" style="margin-bottom:0;" src="photos/rapid/relay3.jpg" alt="relay, photo © Rapid Electronics" width="59" height="57"> <p class="rapidcredit">Photo © Rapid Electronics</p> </div></a> <a href="resistors.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>Resistors</h4><p>Fixed value resistors and their colour code.</p> <img class="centered" src="images/resistors.gif" alt="resistor" width="140" height="49"> </div></a> <a href="capacitors.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>Capacitors</h4><p></p> <img class="centered" src="images/capacitorssmall.gif" alt="capacitors" width="134" height="111"> </div></a> <a href="connectors.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>Connectors</h4><p>Plugs, sockets, battery clips, etc.</p> <img class="centered" src="photos/rapid/dcplug.jpg" alt="plug, photo © Rapid Electronics" width="86" height="50"> <p class="rapidcredit">Photo © Rapid Electronics</p> </div></a> <a href="tools.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>Tools for Electronics</h4><img class="squash" src="photos/rapid/stripr.jpg" alt="Wire strippers (automatic), photograph © Rapid Electronics" width="208" height="114"> <p class="rapidcredit">Photo © Rapid Electronics</p> </div></a> <a href="ics.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>Integrated Circuits (ICs)</h4><p>Also known as 'chips'.</p> <img class="centered" src="images/555horizontal.gif" alt="Integrated Circuit (IC)" width="74" height="62"> </div></a> <a href="cmos.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>4000 series ICs</h4><p>CMOS logic ICs,<br>gates, counters etc.</p> <img class="centered" src="images/4001horizontal.gif" alt="4000 series IC" width="128" height="62"> </div></a> <a href="74series.htm"><div class="box link"> <h4>74 series ICs</h4><p>TTL logic ICs,<br>gates, counters etc.</p> <img class="centered" src="images/7400horizontal.gif" alt="74 series IC" width="128" height="62"> </div></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.rapidonline.com/"><div class="box link rapid"> <h4>Rapid Electronics</h4><p>I'm very grateful to Rapid Electronics for kindly allowing me to use their images on this website.</p> <p style="color:cyan;">www.rapidonline.com</p> </div></a> </div> <hr> <h2>Recommended books</h2> <div class="clearright"></div> <a target="_blank" href="https://amzn.to/41tcULf"> <img class="narrow" src="photos/books/e4kids.jpg" alt="Book: Electronics for Kids" width="150"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://amzn.to/41tcULf"> <h4>Electronics for Kids</h4></a> <p>A great introduction, this book starts by assuming no previous knowledge then carefully builds up straightforward explanations of how components work, plus practical techniques including wire-stripping, soldering and using a multimeter. The final project uses three ICs to make a great game.</p> <p>The author, Øyvind Nydal Dahl, has done a great job in providing clear step-by-step instructions with breadboard (or stripboard) layouts as well as circuit diagrams for projects. As Technical Reviewer for the book I've built all the projects myself and I'm very happy to recommend it to anyone looking for a fun and educational introduction to electronics.</p> <div class="clearright"></div> <a target="_blank" href="https://amzn.to/3TcHir3"> <img class="narrow" src="photos/books/beginnersguide.jpg" alt="Book: Beginners Guide to Circuits" width="150"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://amzn.to/3TcHir3"> <h4>A Beginner's Guide to Circuits</h4></a> <p>Another great book by Øyvind Nydal Dahl, author of Electronics for Kids (above). There are circuit diagrams and parts lists for 9 simple projects, all of which can be built on breadboard without soldering. The first project has full step-by-step instructions to help a beginner build the others from their circuit diagrams. Common mistakes are highlighted and there's a helpful explanation of how each circuit works. This book makes a good companion to Electronics for Kids which I recommend you read first if you are new to electronics.</p> <footer> <h4 id="privacy" class="hide-print">Privacy Policy & Cookies</h4> <p class="hide-print"><small>This website does not collect personal information. If you send an email your email address and any personal information will be used only to respond to your message, it will not be given to anyone else. This website displays advertisements, if you click on these the advertiser may know that you came from this site and I may be rewarded. No personal information is passed to advertisers. This website uses some cookies classed as 'strictly necessary', they are essential for operation of the website and cannot be refused but they do not contain any personal information. To learn how to delete and control cookies from your browser please visit <a href="http://www.aboutcookies.org/">AboutCookies.org</a>. </small></p> <p class="centered">electronicsclub.info © John Hewes 2023 </p> <p id="date">Website last updated: 22 December 2023 </p> <p class="centered"><br>This website is hosted by <a target="_blank" href="https://portal.freethought.uk/aff.php?aff=106">Freethought</a> and I'm happy to recommend them for good value and excellent customer service.</p> <p class="centered"><a target="_blank" href="https://portal.freethought.uk/aff.php?aff=106"><img src="logos/freethought.png" alt="Freethought" height="50"></a> <br> </p> </footer> <!-- Start of StatCounter Code for EC --> <script> var sc_project=233184; var sc_invisible=1; var sc_security="1659c474"; var sc_client_storage="disabled"; var scJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://secure." : "http://www."); document.write("<sc"+"ript type='text/javascript' src='" + scJsHost+ "statcounter.com/counter/counter.js'></"+"script>"); </script> <noscript><div class="statcounter"><a title="site stats" href="https://statcounter.com/" target="_blank"><img class="statcounter" src="//c.statcounter.com/233184/0/1659c474/1/" alt="site stats"></a></div></noscript> <!-- End of StatCounter Code --> <script src="https://www.dwin2.com/pub.170429.min.js"></script> </body> </html>	Electronics Club [Menu](menu.htm) [Electronics Club](https://electronicsclub.info/) [Components](components.htm) [Study](study.htm) [555](555timer.htm) [Projects](projects.htm) [Construction](construction.htm) [Solder](soldering.htm) [Books](books.htm) [FAQ](faq.htm) [Symbols](circuitsymbols.htm) [Starter kit](starterkit.htm) [Tools](tools.htm) [![Electronics Club](logos/eclogo.gif)](https://electronicsclub.info/) # Electronics Club A website for anyone wishing to learn about electronics or build simple projects. Written for beginners but used by many others as a quick reference. [#### Components Identify components and read their values. ![various components](images/components.gif)](components.htm) [#### Circuit Symbols Learn the circuit symbols. ![examples of circuit symbols](images/symbolssmall.gif)](circuitsymbols.htm) [#### Build a Project Kits are available. ![Dice](animated/dice.gif)](projects.htm) [#### 555 Timer IC Read about the 555 timer and its circuits. ![555 timer IC](images/555horizontal.gif)](555timer.htm) [#### Study Electronics How circuits work. ![4-bit counter](animated/counting.gif)](study.htm) [#### Electronics books ![Book: Beginners Guide to Circuits](photos/books/beginnersguide.jpg)](books.htm) [#### Soldering Guide Learn how to solder. ![soldering iron in stand](images/solderingironsmall.gif)](soldering.htm) [#### Stripboard Plan a layout from your circuit diagram. ![stripboard circuit](images/sbcircuit.gif)](stripboard.htm) [#### Breadboard Try your ideas. ![breadboard circuit](images/monobb.gif)](breadboard.htm) [#### PCB Permanent circuits, requires soldering. ![PCB circuit](images/pcbcircuit.gif)](pcb.htm) [#### Starter Kit of Components Suggestions of what components to buy and how to organise their storage.](starterkit.htm) [#### Workbench ![workbench for electronics](images/bench.gif)](bench.htm) [#### LEDs Light Emitting Diodes ![LEDs (light emitting diodes)](images/leds6.gif)](leds.htm) [#### Transistors ![transistors](images/trans.gif)](transistors.htm) [#### Switches SPST, DPDT etc. ![switch, photo © Rapid Electronics](photos/rapid/swpush.jpg) Photo © Rapid Electronics](switches.htm) [#### Relays Electrically operated switches. ![relay, photo © Rapid Electronics](photos/rapid/relay3.jpg) Photo © Rapid Electronics](relays.htm) [#### Resistors Fixed value resistors and their colour code. ![resistor](images/resistors.gif)](resistors.htm) [#### Capacitors ![capacitors](images/capacitorssmall.gif)](capacitors.htm) [#### Connectors Plugs, sockets, battery clips, etc. ![plug, photo © Rapid Electronics](photos/rapid/dcplug.jpg) Photo © Rapid Electronics](connectors.htm) [#### Tools for Electronics ![Wire strippers (automatic), photograph © Rapid Electronics](photos/rapid/stripr.jpg) Photo © Rapid Electronics](tools.htm) [#### Integrated Circuits (ICs) Also known as 'chips'. ![Integrated Circuit (IC)](images/555horizontal.gif)](ics.htm) [#### 4000 series ICs CMOS logic ICs, gates, counters etc. ![4000 series IC](images/4001horizontal.gif)](cmos.htm) [#### 74 series ICs TTL logic ICs, gates, counters etc. ![74 series IC](images/7400horizontal.gif)](74series.htm) [#### Rapid Electronics I'm very grateful to Rapid Electronics for kindly allowing me to use their images on this website. www.rapidonline.com](https://www.rapidonline.com/) --- ## Recommended books [![Book: Electronics for Kids](photos/books/e4kids.jpg)](https://amzn.to/41tcULf) [#### Electronics for Kids](https://amzn.to/41tcULf) A great introduction, this book starts by assuming no previous knowledge then carefully builds up straightforward explanations of how components work, plus practical techniques including wire-stripping, soldering and using a multimeter. The final project uses three ICs to make a great game. The author, Øyvind Nydal Dahl, has done a great job in providing clear step-by-step instructions with breadboard (or stripboard) layouts as well as circuit diagrams for projects. As Technical Reviewer for the book I've built all the projects myself and I'm very happy to recommend it to anyone looking for a fun and educational introduction to electronics. [![Book: Beginners Guide to Circuits](photos/books/beginnersguide.jpg)](https://amzn.to/3TcHir3) [#### A Beginner's Guide to Circuits](https://amzn.to/3TcHir3) Another great book by Øyvind Nydal Dahl, author of Electronics for Kids (above). There are circuit diagrams and parts lists for 9 simple projects, all of which can be built on breadboard without soldering. The first project has full step-by-step instructions to help a beginner build the others from their circuit diagrams. Common mistakes are highlighted and there's a helpful explanation of how each circuit works. This book makes a good companion to Electronics for Kids which I recommend you read first if you are new to electronics. #### Privacy Policy & Cookies This website does not collect personal information. If you send an email your email address and any personal information will be used only to respond to your message, it will not be given to anyone else. This website displays advertisements, if you click on these the advertiser may know that you came from this site and I may be rewarded. No personal information is passed to advertisers. This website uses some cookies classed as 'strictly necessary', they are essential for operation of the website and cannot be refused but they do not contain any personal information. 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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN"> <html lang="en"> <head> <title>Michael Davis Publishing - Mike's World.</title> <meta charset="utf-8"/> <meta name="keywords" content="travel, destinations, vacations, trucks, pickup trucks, foundry, casting, brass, aluminum, CNC machines, CNC router, Astronomy, jet engine, how-to, turbojet, telescope making, Cooking, recipes, kitchen science, bread, Newtonian, Dobsonian, hacks, builds, optics, home-built, home-made, baking, amateur, science, vacation, prospecting, gold panning, nugget hunting, Kitchen, gold prospecting, gold mining, sluice, highbanker, Arizona, alternative energy, wind power, wind turbine, solar energy, solar power, solar panel, camping, remote property, Toyota Tacoma, glass fusing, kiln, casting, ramp/soak, Raspberry Pi, star party, astrophotography, ball mill. fossil hunting, fossils, paleontology"> <meta name="description" content="Mike's World with links to all his various home-built projects and helpful how-to's"> <!-- <meta name="verify-v1" content="jIS0n0SK7nXE2897p/xKPBIozpEbzMbN/tclo2J1dk8=" /> --> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="icon" type="image/gif" href="http://www.mdpub.com/favicon.gif" /> <style> <!-- TD A {text-decoration: none;} Body {font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: #EFEFEF} --> </style> <style type="text/css"> iframe { margin-right: 15px; } </style> </head> <body bgcolor="WHITE"> <div align="center"> <!-- <img src="images/mdpublogo.jpg" alt="mdpub logo" width="319" height="144" border="2">    <br> --> <font size="6" >Welcome to Mike's World.</font><br> <font size="+1" face="Arial"> Hi, I'm Mike Davis. I like to build things and travel. Here you will find links to, and in-depth<br> explanations of, all my interesting (I think) projects, hobbies, how-to's and pastimes and travel destinations. </font><br> Click on a photo to go to that section, or read blog entries below. <p> <table width="820"> <tr> <td align="center" style="padding-left: 5em"> <a href="/gold/index.html"><img src="images/s_Pan_Concentrates.jpg" alt="Gold Prospecting and Gold Panning" width="134" height="150" border="2"><br> <font size="-1">Gold Prospecting</font></a> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="4" valign="top" style="padding-top: 3em"> <a href="/scopeworks/index.html"><img src="images/astro/m_MeScopeOBS2017.jpg" alt="Me and my 17.5 inch Dobsonian telescope" width="320" height="319" border="2"><br> <font size="-1">Astronomy and Telescope Building</font></a> <p> <table><tr> <td align="center"> <a href="/misc.html"><img src="images/misc.jpg" alt="Miscellaneous Projects" width="129" height="150" border="2"><br> <font size="-1">Miscellaneous Projects</font></a> </td> <td width="50"></td> <td align="center"> <a href="/UrbanGoldMining/index.html"><img src="UrbanGoldMining/images/GoldBeads.jpg" alt="Gold from e-waste" width="129" height="150" border="2"><br> <font size="-1">Gold from e-waste</font></a> </td> </tr></table> </p> </td> <td align="center" style="padding-right: 5em"> <a href="http://www.junkyardjet.com"><img src="images/jet_night1.jpg" alt="A home-built jet engine made from junkyard parts" width="126" height="150" border="2"><br> <font size="-1">Homebuilt Jet Engine</font></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="padding-right: 5em"> <a href="/newphotos/index.html"><img src="images/s_mts3.jpg" alt="Travel and vacation photos" width="125" height="150" border="2"><br> <font size="-1">Travel & Vacations</font></a> </td> <td align="center" style="padding-left: 5em"> <a href="/Wind_Turbine/index.html"><img src="images/s_Wind_Turbine2.jpg" alt="Home-built electricity generating wind turbine" width="127" height="150" border="2"><br> <font size="-1">Wind Power</font></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="padding-left: 5em"> <a href="Houses/index.html"><img src="images/housethumbnail1.jpg" alt="My house maintenance and renovation blogs" width="125" height="148" border="2"><br> <font size="-1">My House Blogs</font></a> </td> <!-- <td align="center" style="padding-left: 5em"> <a href="http://www.linuxvirgins.com"><img src="images/tux.jpg" alt="Linux advocacy" width="125" height="148" border="2"><br> <font size="-1">Linux</font></a> </td> --> <td align="center" style="padding-right: 5em"> <a href="/solar/index.html"><img src="images/s_panel.jpg" alt="My home-built solar panels" width="130" height="150" border="2"><br> <font size="-1">My home-built solar panels</font></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><img src="images/temp.jpg" alt="" width="125" height="60" border="0"></td> <td><img src="images/temp.jpg" alt="" width="125" height="60" border="0"></td> </tr> </table> <table width="80%"> <tr> <td align="center"> More: <a href="ForSale/ForSale.html" target="_new">My Stuff For Sale</a>,   <a href="gasifier/index.html" target="_new">Home-Made Biomass Gasifier</a>,   <a href="vacuumformer/index.html" target="_new">Home-Made Vacuum Former</a>,   <a href="8020CNC/" target="_new">Home-made CNC Router</a>,   <a href="/Electrogeek64/" target="_new">Electronics</a>,   <a href="/Electrogeek64/" target="_new">Retro-Computing</a>   <a href="ballmill/index.html" target="_new">Home-Built Ballmill</a>,   <a href="kilncont/index.html" target="_new">Home-Built Kiln Controller</a>,   <a href="cooking/" target="_new">Cooking</a>,   <a href="houseblog.html" target="_new">Rental House Blog</a>,   <a href="Houses/NewHouse/index.html" target="_new">New house Blog</a>,   <a href="WyomingRanch/" target="_new">Wyoming Ranch Blog</a>   <a href="soap/index.html" target="_new">Soap Making</a>,   <a href="generator/index.html" target="_new">My Improvised Generator</a>,   <a href="555Controller/index.html" target="_new">Improved Solar/Wind Charge Controller</a>,   <a href="http://www.mdpub.com/BlastCabinet/ target="_new"">DIY Blast Cabinet,</a>  <a href="UrbanGoldMining/index.html" target="_new">Urban Gold Mining</a>,   <a href="TearDowns/" target="_new">Scrapouts and Teardowns</a>,   <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeojKyfz8XxqG2TvPFc4nJQ" target="_new">My Youtube Channel</a>,   <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFqdMupE8uru14KYygVIlww" target="_new">My Wife's Youtube Channel</a>,  <a href="https://lesliemews.com/" target="_new">My Wife's Blog,</a>   <a href="https://www.facebook.com/AncientArtworksUS" target="_new">Ancient Artworks (my stepson's business),</a>   <a href="QDiary/" target="_new">Corona Virus Quarantine Diary</a><br> Email me: astronomermike @ gmail.com (remove spaces) </p> <div align="left"> <strong>So what's new in my life?</strong> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OSAfPXtjZ78" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe> <b>03/31/23 - Staying busy with several major projects.</b><br> Whew, I've been busy. I am in the middle of rehabbing an old home-made Dobsonian telescope for the St. Petersburg Astronomy Club. Check out my <a href="/scopeworks/" target="_new">Scopeworks page</a> for more information and videos on that. I've also been working on my <a href="/Electrogeek64/JAZ80/" target="_new">JAZ80 breadboard retro-computer.</a> There have been multiple recent updates on it. It is nearly fully upgraded to Level 1. I'll be adding a monitor program and a BASIC interpreter to it soon. Check out <a href="/Electrogeek64/JAZ80/" target="_new">my JAZ80 page</a> for more info and updates on that. Speaking of retro-computers, my Stand Alone NABU project has achieved all it's initial goals. I have more plans for the NABU in the future. There's still more hacking to be done with it. Check out my dedicated <a href="/NABU/" target="_new">NABU Hacking page</a> for info and updates on that project. Plus there's been lots of new videos released on my <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLo-lisIgGkrXI21v4zWtWOmk-Cs3H66CX" target="_new">Youtube Urban Gold Mining playlist</a>. I really need to update my <a href="/UrbanGoldMining/" target="_new">Urban Gold Mining page</a> soon with some of the new content.<br><br> <b>UPDATE:</b> The <a href="https://youtu.be/ZLf6Ow77kuE" target="_new">second video in the This Old Telescope series</a> has been released.<br><br> And the <a href="https://youtu.be/RekjWGnguV8" target="_new">third video has been released.</a> And the fourth is on the way. This project is really coming along. <br clear="all"> </P> <p> <a href="images/astro/WCPtriob.jpg"><img src="images/astro/s_WCPtriob.jpg" width="500" height="334" alt="" align="left" border="1" hspace="5"></a> Even with all that stuff going on, I managed to find the time to get away for a few days to Withlacoochee River Park and do some astronomy and astrophotography. I'm definitely getting better at astrophotography. I just need to find the time (and clear skies) to practice more. This is a photo of the Trio in Leo, Three bright galaxies in the constellation Leo. M65, M66, and NGC 3628. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <a href="images/astro/WCPm101c.jpg"><img src="images/astro/s_WCPm101c.jpg" width="500" height="337" alt="" align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> Here is a photo of galaxy M101. I've imaged it before, but I never get tired of it. Besides, as I get better at astrophotograhy, each new image of M101 is better and more detailed than the last. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <a href="images/astro/WCP108owlB.jpg"><img src="images/astro/s_WCP108owlB.jpg" width="500" height="340" alt="" align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> This is an image of galaxy M108 (upper left) and the Owl Nebula (lower right). I was extremely fortunate in my timing of this image. A supernova had just exploded in M108. I heard about it a few days after taking this image. Sure enough, zooming in to M108, the supernova is visible. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <table><tr><td> <div align="center"> Click to learn how to meet them </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><iframe src="http://www.loveme.com/igo/104/11/40/4/80/120/1" width="320" height="120" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" frameborder="0"></iframe></td> </tr></table> </p> <p> <b>12/28/22 - Two big new retro-computer projects!</b><br> Over on the <a href="Electrogeek64/" target="_new">Electronics & Retro-Computing section of the site</a>, I have begun two big new retro-computing projects. First off, I started building the Z80 computer of my youthful dreams. I call it the JAZ80, which stands for "Just Another Z80 Retro-Computer." I am building it on a breadboard, at least initially. It is coming along nicely. <a href="Electrogeek64/JAZ80/" target="_new">Check out the dedicated JAZ80 page.</a><br><br> The newest big project is an ancient, but factory fresh, NABU Computer I picked up off Ebay for cheap. The NABU was a network computer that was leased by a couple of Canadian cable companies to their customers back in the early 1980s. It had no local storage and accessed servers on the cable network for everything. Well, the NABU is about useless these days without access to the network. <b>But</b>, I plan to turn it into a stand-alone computer with BASIC, and eventually some sort of mass storage, and eventually the CP/M operating system. Follow along on <a href="NABU/" target="_new">my dedicated NABU web page</a> as I hack the computer into something usable. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <a href="ForSale/ForSale.html" target="_new"> <img src="ForSale/MysteryBox/MysteryBox.jpg" width="560" alt="Items for sale." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"> <b>09/01/22 - A new For Sale section to my web site</b></a><br> My "hobby" of recovering precious metals from e-waste has kind of grown into a semi-business. One side-effect of doing scrap pickups from corporate clients is that I often get some good, usable or re-usable equipment from them that is too nice to scrap out. So I have been re-selling it through various outlets like Ebay and Facebook Marketplace. I decided to build <a href="ForSale/ForSale.html" target="_new">my own for sale section here</a> too, to give members of my Youtube audience first crack at some items I am selling. It's also the only place you'll be able to find my <a href="ForSale/MysteryBox.html" target="_new">E-Waste Starter Kit Mystery Boxes</a> for sale, at least for now. There will eventually be a wide variety of equipment for sale here. I'm still building up the site. <a href="ForSale/ForSale.html" target="_new">Check it out.</a> <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0EwfYRZWfUg" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <b>08/08/22 - A video of mine went seriously viral!</b><br> While we were away on our latest trip out west, (see entry below), a video on <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCF70OcOV_d-j_yYTPj3VFFw" target="_new">my new electronics oriented Youtube channel</a> went seriously viral. It was a video I made <a href="https://youtu.be/0EwfYRZWfUg" target="_new">about Radio Shack stores making something of a comeback</a>. It didn't get much traction during the first month or so that it was up on Youtube. Then suddenly, while we were on vacation out west again, it took off like a rocket. In just a few days it got over 200,000 views, and well over a thousand comments, with 98.8% positive reactions. Holy cow! The Youtube algorithm really smiled on me for a while. This led to a lot of increased views on a lot of the other videos on the nearly new channel too, plus exponential subscriber growth. After launching the second channel only about six months ago, it blew well past Youtube's requirements for subscriber numbers and viewing hours practically overnight to qualify for monitization. So Now I have two successful and monitized Youtube channels that I have to keep making content for. Whew, that's going to be a lot of work. I just hope I can make the lightning strike a few more time like it did for <a href="https://youtu.be/0EwfYRZWfUg" target="_new">this Radio Shack video.</a> <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <table><tr><td> <div align="center"> Click to learn how to meet them </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><iframe src="http://www.loveme.com/igo/104/11/40/4/80/120/1" width="320" height="120" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" frameborder="0"></iframe></td> </tr></table> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dvT_N1wlo8A" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <b>08/08/22 - Whew! Another long cross country drive!</b><br> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLo-lisIgGkrXyUHGLe5OZ03CttcdHAQvL" target="_new">Yep, I drove across the country again.</a> I drove to our place in Wyoming and back via Denver. Leslie wanted to have her three best friends in the world come out and visit our place in Wyoming. The logistics of getting everyone to Denver on time to catch a connecting flight to Riverton, Wyoming (the nearest decent size airport to our ranch) were just impossible. The Covid stunned and barely functional airlines kept shifting flight schedules and cancelling flights. I volunteered to drive our biggest truck out to Denver, take everyone's luggage with me and collect everyone as they arrived at the Denver Airport, <a href="https://youtu.be/PgaQSMDa7Sw" target="_new">then drive us all up into Wyoming.</a> That way we wouldn't have to worry about catching connecting flights or lost luggage. It all worked out like a dream. We got to spend a week together at our ranch and do some serious <a href="https://youtu.be/9BpW8TBnPVQ" target="_new">sight-seeing</a>, exploring and <a href="https://youtu.be/1iNN5bF0Qpo" target="_new">rock-hounding</a> in Wyoming. Then I drove the girls back to Denver so they could all fly home. Before driving back home myself, I spent a few days <a href="https://youtu.be/dvT_N1wlo8A" target="_new">gold prospecting in Fairplay, Colorado</a>, then went back to our place in Wyoming for a while and did some astronomy and more <a href="https://youtu.be/Jw-sDamOLQo" target="_new">rock-hounding.</a> What a great vacation. The more time we spend at our Wyoming place, the more we love it. I like driving, but I am about driven out for a while. Next time we go out west we are flying. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLo-lisIgGkrXyUHGLe5OZ03CttcdHAQvL" target="_new"> <img src="images/CrossCountrySpring2022.jpg" width="560" height="311" alt="My spring 2022 Cross-country Drive" align="left" hspace="5"></a> <b>06/24/22 - A month and a half on the road. Whew!</b><br> Okay, it's been a while since the last post, but I've been busy. Lots going on, including a month and a half long roadtrip around the US. It was a 12 state, 7500 mile, whilrlwind of a trip around the country. And the best part is that I shot video of most of it. 24 videos came out of this trip. Interesting stuff too. Not just me taking you with me across the US like your virtual Uber driver, but many stops at cool and interesting places. Check out <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLo-lisIgGkrXyUHGLe5OZ03CttcdHAQvL" target="_new">my Driving Across The USA playlist</a> on <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeojKyfz8XxqG2TvPFc4nJQ" target="_new">my Youtube Channel.</a> <br clear="all"> <br> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLo-lisIgGkrU8g8yOh3W4l8m2ConUkD3b" target="_new"> <img src="images/FossilHuntingSpring2022.jpg" width="560" height="311" alt="Spring 2022 Fossil Hunting expedition" align="left" hspace="5"></a> But wait, there's more. Leslie and I also spent our usual two weeks in Nebraska fossil hunting in May. We both found some neat stuff and had a lot of fun. I got a bunch of videos about that too. So check out<a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLo-lisIgGkrU8g8yOh3W4l8m2ConUkD3b" target="_new"> my Fossil Hunting playlist</a> as well. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <table><tr><td> <div align="center"> Click to learn how to meet them </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><iframe src="http://www.loveme.com/igo/104/11/40/4/80/120/1" width="320" height="120" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" frameborder="0"></iframe></td> </tr></table> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/oV3grgH0UY8" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <a href="https://youtu.be/oV3grgH0UY8" target="_new"><b>03/10/22 - A Video Of Our Time At The 2022 Orange Blossom Special Star Party</b><br></a> Leslie and I attended the February 23-27 Orange Blossom Special Star Party the St. Petersburg Astronomy Club puts on every year. I was there for four nights and Leslie joined me for the last three. We had a great time. The weather was amazing the whole time. People who arrived a few days early said it was even great before we got there. It was warm every day, and clear but not too cold every night. Couldn't have been better weather. All our telescopes got a real workout with clear skies every night. We even canceled the usual cloudy night movie night, because there were no cloudy nights! I had made out what I thought was a ridiculously large list of targets to observe with my big 17.5 inch Dobsonian telescope, never expecting to see them all with our usual weather. Well, by the second night I had seen them all an had to add a bunch more objects to my list for the next two nights. It was unheard of great weather and fantastic observing. It was an all-around great time had by all. <a href="https://youtu.be/oV3grgH0UY8" target="_new">Check out the video</a> to see some of the highlights. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <a href="/Electrogeek64/" target="_new"> <img src="images/Z80MBC2.jpg" width="500" alt="My Z80 MBC2 Retro-Computer." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <a href="/Electrogeek64/" target="_new"><b>02/15/22 Announcing a new section to this web site!</b><br></a> I have just put together a new section to this web site, or blog, or whatever this sprawling mess has become. It is a place dedicated to my hobbies of retro-computing and electronics tinkering. There are lots of videos of recent projects and links to past projects. I'm really getting into retro-computing. It's a lot of fun. Plus I have always been an electronics geek. I will be putting all such content in this new section in the future, and will be adding links to older material as time permits. This photo for instance is <a href="https://youtu.be/6wINtO8tHeU" target="_new">the Z80 MBC2 retro kit computer</a> I built and am having fun with. It's just one of the many projects on the new page. <a href="/Electrogeek64/" target="_new">Check it out.</a><br clear="all"> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uKf5XAka9AI" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <b>01/06/22 Entering Another 555 Timer Chip Design Contest</b><br> Wish me luck. I'm exercising my electronic design skills again by entering <a href="https://hackaday.com/tag/555-timer-contest/" target="_new">another 555 timer chip design contest.</a> I was the grand prize winner in the utility category of the <a href="https://youtu.be/VhVnELYyRpU" target="_new">contest held 10 years ago by Chris Gammell and Jeri Ellsworth.</a> My entry then was <a href="http://www.mdpub.com/555Controller/index.html" target="_new">a solar power charge controller based on a 555 chip. </a> This time I decided to try dragging the venerable old 555 into the digital age and try building <a href="https://hackaday.io/project/183172-an-8-bit-binary-counter-made-from-555-timer-chips" target="_new">an 8 bit binary counter using nothing but 555 timer chips</a> and some passive components. I managed it. It works! It was also a fun build. However, the competition is steep. There are a lot of good entries so far in this contest. So I'm not getting my hopes of winning anything up too high. Anyway, there are a few days left to enter the contest. So if you have a great design based on the 555 timer, get in your entry. <br><br> <b>Update 02/08/22:</b> Well, I didn't win anything this time around. The competition was stiff though, and the winners were all really deserving projects. Better luck next time. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lesliebranin/posts/4550252711738555?notif_id=1640467518739884&notif_t=nf_status_story&ref=notif" target="_new"> <img src="images/outings/HoneymoonIsland.jpg" alt="Christmas at the beach." width="500" hspace="5" border="2" align="left"></a> <b>12/26/21 Christmas at the beach</b><br> Our family has a tradition on Christmas. We visit relatives and open our presents to each other on Christmas Eve. We always take a trip on Christmas Day. We usually go to a river or a beach, but not to swim or bask in the sun. We go fossil and artifact hunting. This year we went to Honeymoon Island for a picnic and to search for fossilized coral. We found some too, and saw some big gopher tortoises and other neat wildlife. It was a great day out. I took some photos and was going to make a blog post, but as usual, Leslie was way ahead of me and had a bunch of photos and video up on Facebook. So <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lesliebranin/posts/4550252711738555?notif_id=1640467518739884&notif_t=nf_status_story&ref=notif" target="_new"> I'm linking to her Facebook post.</a> <br><br> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lesliebranin/posts/4550252711738555?notif_id=1640467518739884&notif_t=nf_status_story&ref=notif" target="_new">Click here</a> or on the photo to see the whole story and more photos. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <table><tr><td> <div align="center"> Click to learn how to meet them </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><iframe src="http://www.loveme.com/igo/104/11/40/4/80/120/1" width="320" height="120" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" frameborder="0"></iframe></td> </tr></table> </p> <p> <a href="newphotos/Nov2021.html" target="_new"> <img src="newphotos/Nov2021/s_deck2.jpg" alt="The new front porch deck." width="500" hspace="5" border="2" align="left"></a> <b>11/14/21 Yet another visit to Arizona</b><br> We were only back a couple of weeks from our last trip to our Arizona property when I left again for another two weeks out there. I had been having so much fun and success doing astrophotography that I wanted very much to go back and do some more. Leslie couldn't take any more time off work, but she gave me her blessing to go back for a couple of weeks. I timed the trip to coincide with the third quarter and new moon phases and flew back out to indulge in lots of astrophotography. I also did a lot of work on the cabin while I was there, including building this new front porch deck.<br><br> <a href="newphotos/Nov2021.html" target="_new">Click here</a> or on the photo to see the whole story and more photos. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lesliebranin/posts/4298357763594719" target="_new"> <img src="images/StAugustine.jpg" alt="A trip to St. Augustine, Florida." width="550" hspace="5" border="2" align="left"></a> <b>10/17/21 Our 2nd Wedding Anniversary!</b><br> Leslie and I had our 2nd wedding anniversary a week ago. We celebrated with a trip to Saint Augustine and a stay in a quaint bed and breakfast for a couple of days. We had a great time. We did all the touristy stuff. Visited the fort and climbed the lighthouse and ate way too much really good food. Two years and counting. Love you, Leslie.<br><br> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lesliebranin/posts/4298357763594719" target="_new">Click here</a> or on the photo to see the Facebook post and more pictures. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <a href="newphotos/Oct2021.html" target="_new"> <img src="newphotos/Oct2021/s_TrifidProcessed.jpg" alt="The Trifid Nebula." width="500" hspace="5" border="2" align="left"></a> <b>10/17/21 Just returned from an Arizona vacation</b><br> Leslie and I just returned from a week at our remote Arizona cabin. Only a month after returning from a week at our Wyoming ranch, we headed out for another week-long vacation at our remote Arizona cabin. Leslie was in need of more time away from her stressful job, and I'm always ready to go to either of our places. So we flew off to Arizona for a week of fun. We had some interesting adventures. We cruised Route 66, saw Meteor Crater, a huge volcano, lots of ancient Indian ruins and we both dabbled in astrophotography. Here's a photo of the Trifid Nebula I took on this trip.<br><br> <a href="newphotos/Oct2021.html" target="_new">Click here</a> or on the photo to see the whole story and more photos. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <b>10/07/21 - Got my Pfizer Covid booster</b><br> Got my Pfizer Covid booster shot a couple of days ago. I was pleasantly surprised by the mild side-effects this time. Both of the first two shots I got had some pretty nasty side-effects. This time just my stomach was a bit fluttery the evening after getting the shot. I didn't really want any dinner that night, but managed to get down some chicken soup. By the next morning my stomach was fine and my appetite was back. My arm where I got the shot got sore that night, but not nearly as sore as the last two times. It just felt mildly bruised for a couple of days. I hardly even noticed it most of the time. So now I can travel on crowded airplanes and crowded airports and strange Ubers with peace of mind. </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XJrXFX1LpbI" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <b>09/15/21 Gold panning in Wyoming</b><br> We just got back from spending a little over a week at <a href="WyomingRanch/" target="_blank">our Wyoming ranch.</a> We love it out there. We did a lot on this trip. It is all written up with lots of photos and video in <a href="newphotos/Sept2021.html" target="_new">the travel and vacation photos section</a> of the web site. We painted the observatory at the ranch, we went for a picnic and hike in the mountains, revisited The National Museum of Military Vehicles and last but certainly not least, we went gold prospecting. It's one of my all time favorite activities. I so rarely get to practice it here in Florida where we live most of the year. On this trip though we both wanted to get out there in the beautiful Wyoming wilderness and see if we could find some gold. <br><br> So we loaded the truck with picks and shovels and buckets and gold pans and a gold sluice and headed for the mountains. We got directions from a rancher friend to a spot on his gazillion acres of property where people have found gold before. He also told us how to get to the old abandoned dredge on Rock Creek. We went and visited that on the way to get some photos. Then we headed off to a spot where we could dig and test pan. Once we found a spot with gold, we started digging in earnest. We then set up the sluice in the creek and ran our paydirt through it until the light began to fade. We took our concentrates back to the ranch and I panned them out a couple days later. We found some gold! But more importantly, we had a lot of fun. It was a great day out in the mountains. Now that we know a spot to find gold, I'm sure we'll be back again in the future for more prospecting fun. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BM9tbd2_AWk" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <b>08/10/21 A visit to the Edison and Ford Estates and Edison's Lab</b><br> My wife had some continuing education she needed to do on Captiva Island for a few days. I tagged along because... Because it's Captiva Island. So while she was stuck in boring meetings all day, I played and explored. One place I went was to the Edison and Ford Estates and Museum in Fort Myers. I had been there once before many years ago, but barely remembered it. I wanted to see it all again. This time I got a pretty good look around, in spite of time constraints and deteriorating weather. I loved seeing Edison's lab again. There were also some really neat displays in the museum, but I admit they kind of got short-shrift in the video because I was pressed for time. It's all definitely worth a visit if you are in the Fort Myers area. Check out the video. <br><br> Also check out <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLo-lisIgGkrXvrNQnqGHBZ3AGj9wycVEK" target="_new">my other "Exotic Travel" videos on Youtube.</a> <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/t0teStWs7W4" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <b>07/28/21 Cutting telescope mirror blanks out of a glass tabletop</b><br> Here is a video I made of how I cut telescope mirror blanks out of thick glass tabletops. The video has created quite a buzz on Youtube. I got a total of seven blanks of various diameters out of this 40 inch diameter by 3/4 inch thick tabletop. There were one 16 inch, two 14 inch, two 12 inch and two 10 inch blanks hiding within that big tabletop. It was just a matter of cutting them out. Check out the video to see how I did it.<br><br> Also visit my <a href="/scopeworks/">Telescope Workshop page</a> to see some of my other telescope and astronomy related projects. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <table><tr><td> <div align="center"> Click to learn how to meet them </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><iframe src="http://www.loveme.com/igo/104/11/40/4/80/120/1" width="320" height="120" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" frameborder="0"></iframe></td> </tr></table> </p> <p> <a href="newphotos/MayJune2021.html"> <img src="newphotos/MayJune2021/SnowyWindRivers.jpg" width="550" alt="Snowy Wind River Mountains." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <b>06/27/21 Back from a long road trip</b><br> I haven't posted anything for a while because I had been away on a two month long roadtrip. Damn, it's good to be semi-retired. I could never have done that as a 9 to 5 wage slave. This epic roadtrip took us to Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and places in between. A lot happened on this trip, so much that I decided it needed its own web page to contain all the photos and video and explanation. So buckle in and <a href="newphotos/MayJune2021.html">click here</a> or on the photo of the lovely snow covered Wind River Mountains of Wyoming at the left to go to the web page.<br><br> <a href="newphotos/index.html">Or click here to see my other travel and vacation photos</a>. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <a href="images/house/NewDeck2.jpg"> <img src="images/house/s_NewDeck2.jpg" width="500" alt="The new deck is finished." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <b>04/27/21 A new pool deck for my old house</b><br> I haven't posted any updates about my old house (which I now rent out) for a while. It's been a no news is good news kind of thing. Everything has been working out well. The tenants are great, and there haven't been any major issues with the house.<br><br> Something worth blogging about has happened. The subsiding and cracked pool deck has finally been replaced. it's a job that has needed doing since I bought the place. I just kept putting it off. Now it has finally been done, and oh man does it look good. <a href="houseblog.html" target="_new">Click here to go to my rental house blog</a> and read the latest blog entry and see more photos. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/zPQS2yuM22Y" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <b>03/24/21 A new series of gold recovery videos</b><br> I am releasing a new series of videos titled "Where is the gold hiding in e-waste?" This is the first one in the series. The second one in the series, where I also discuss silver recovery, can be seen here: <a href="https://youtu.be/EXUpc6HpuZE" target="_new">https://youtu.be/EXUpc6HpuZE</a> The third in the series <strike>will be coming along soon</strike> has arrived and can be seen here <a href="https://youtu.be/STJ-uiddAwg" target="_new">https://youtu.be/STJ-uiddAwg</a>. These videos have been wildly popular, and have generated a lot of great comments and discussions. Check them out. Also check out my <a href="UrbanGoldMining/index.html" target="_new">Urban Gold Mining web page</a> where where you can find all kinds of useful info on recovering precious metals from electronic scrap. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <img src="images/s_CrushCovid.jpg" width="350" hspace="5" alt="Got my second covid vaccination." align="left"> <b>03/21/21 Got my second Covid vaccination</b><br> Got my second Covid vaccination a few days ago. It was the Pfizer vaccine, like the first one. Again I had a few side-effects (see first shot side-effects in entry below). My arm where I got the injection got really sore again. Plus I had a lot of achy joints all over my body, and general mild flu-like symptoms. I got really sleepy again, but wasn't able to sleep well. Lots of tossing and turning and waking up in the night. Hopefully that's all over and I'll be able to get a good sleep tonight. I feel pretty much fully recovered today. Still a little achy, but well enough to tackle a bunch of chores here around the house today.<br><br> Finally, I'm fully vaccinated. I got my yellow International certificate of vaccination signed off for Covid, along-side all the other vaccinations I've had for world travel. And I got a little Covid vaccination passport thing from the CDC. I'll keep those two papers together with my passport and I should be good to go for traveling again, once the rest of the world opens up again. While we are waiting for the rest of the world to catch up. Leslie and I are planning a lot of domestic travel for the rest of this year. Can't wait to hit the road again. No more fear of getting sick with Covid in some far-away place. We can travel freely without that worry on our minds. <br clear="left"> </p> <p> <img src="images/injection.jpg" width="350" hspace="5" alt="Got my first covid vaccination." align="left"> <b>02/28/21 Got my first Covid vaccination</b><br> Got my first Covid vaccination a few days ago. It was the Pfizer vaccine. I need to wait three weeks to get the second one. I had a few side-effects. My arm where I got the injection got really sore a few hours later. No, I mean <b>it got really sore</b>. It felt like someone had whaled away on it with a baseball bat. It hurt like that for about 12 hrs. I also got really fuzzy headed and sleepy, but tossed and turned all night without getting good sleep according to my wife. The next morning the pain went away entirely. The next day though I got the sweats. I was hot. Felt like I was burning up. Then that went away too. Now I am more or less back to normal. I hope I don't have a bad reaction to the second shot.<br><br> I am very glad to be getting the shots, in spite of the side effects. We like to travel. Neither of us is really comfortable traveling with Covid running rampant. We did it some anyway, last year. We have more trips coming up in the spring. This time we'll both be fully vaccinated (Leslie got her shots months ago because she is a health care worker). We'll be able to relax and actually enjoy our vacations, instead of worrying about getting sick. <br clear="left"> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/hjcqsBKYUOE" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <b>02/23/21 Casting a light weight telescope mirror (all steps in the process)</b><br> It's been a while since I've fired up my kilns to cast and slump some glass for telescope mirrors. Now that I have a 3D printer, and I am getting reasonably proficient with it, I am able to relatively quickly and easily explore new designs for light-weight mirror blanks.<br><br> In this video I show how I designed, cast, slumped and coldworked a light-weight telescope mirror blank prototype. The blank is 10 inches in diameter, but only weighs 4 lbs 13 oz. It has a ribbed back design for rigidity, and is pre-slumped to f/4.9. This video shows the entire process, from design, to 3D printing a positive mold, to casting and burning out a negative refractory plaster mold, to casting the glass, to pre-slumping it to f/4.9 and final cold-working. This was only a prototype to prove that the process has potential, and that I could make every step along the way work. I have never done so many different processes to one piece of glass before. It turned out nice, but even better designs than this one will be coming in the future. Stay tuned for further developments.<br><br> You can see all my astronomy and telescope making projects on my <a href="scopeworks/">Scopeworks Page.</a> <br clear="left"> </p> <p> <table><tr><td> <div align="center"> Click to learn how to meet them </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <!-- Latin Women --> <td><iframe src="https://www.loveme.com/igo/104/81/100/5/80/120/1" width="320" height="120" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" frameborder="0"></iframe></td> </tr></table> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Oc4o6fcH7N4" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <strong>01/18/21 Getting better with my 3D Printer</strong><br> I have come a long way with my 3D printer in only a short time. I'm doing a lot better than my first laughably bad efforts with the printer. I'm actually turning out lots of useful parts with it now. The learning curve is steep with these things. I suppose everyone is pretty lost with their first printer right out of the box. Once I managed to learn the basics and was able to reliably print usable parts, it was off to the races. The printer is running all day most days. My wife says I am obsessed with it. I spend the evenings designing stuff to print, and the days printing it out. Naturally I've been printing lots of parts for my main obsession of telescope building. It is so cool to just be able to print out whatever I need or want, whenever I want it.<br><br> I have also printed out a bunch of upgrades and modifications for the printer itself. I even built an enclosure for it using some 3D printed parts. The printer is even helping me upgrade my other equipment in my workshop. Today I will print out parts for a dust shoe I designed for <a href="8020CNC/" target="_new">my home-made CNC router.</a> Every day I get a little better at designing things and using the slicing software. I don't know where all this is leading up to, but I sure am enjoying the ride getting there.<br><br> I have several major projects in the works based on 3D printed parts. Stay tuned, there's more to come. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/egs7TCsse4Y" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <strong>12/06/20 My New 3D Printer</strong><br> It's a new day out in my mad scientist workshop, or as my wife calls it, my loafing shed. I have a 3D printer now! Yay! I actually bought two of them. I was at a machine shop bankruptcy auction a few weeks ago and they had two of these Creality Ender 5 3D printers new in the box. I bought both of them at quite a significant discount off list price. I opened up one of the boxes after getting them home and found that I actually had an Ender 5 Pro in one of them. Bonus. I got an even better printer than I thought I did. I quickly assembled the printer and got started trying to print stuff. Well, lots of things went wrong in the beginning. There is a steep learning curve to using these things. I made a video of my early efforts. Its titled "A comedy of errors with a happy ending."<br><br> Eventually I started getting the hang of it. Since I shot this video the printer has been going pretty much non-stop. Boxes of printer filament are now being delivered along with the rest of the never-ending stream of stuff coming in from Amazon. I've been printing out all kinds of doohickys for my various projects, of which I generally have about a dozen going at any one time. I have also been printing out upgrades, additions and modifications for the printer. I love the fact that the printer can upgrade itself by printing out new parts for itself. It's the ultimate in bootstrapping yourself up. I love it. I strongly suspect there will be a lot more videos about 3D printing coming out of my workshop in the near future.<br><br> Oh, and what did I do with the second printer? I sold it to a good buddy of mine who is as big a geek about this sort of thing as I am. I passed along the great price discount I got on it to him. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CqY8cHUNg7s" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <strong>11/26/20 Christmas came early</strong><br> I came home the other day and saw a big box on the front porch. I went over to check it out. It was a huge smoker. Well, I didn't order a smoker. So I texted my wife Leslie and asked if she had bought it? She replied, "Oh crap! That's your Christmas present. You aren't supposed to know about it. It was supposed to come in late December." Instead it showed up two days before Thanksgiving. We talked it over and decided that since it was here, and I knew about it, I might as well unbox it, assemble it and smoke our Thanksgiving turkey in it. My wife also suggested I make an unboxing video. So I did. This is it.<br><br> The smoker is a Masterbuilt model MPS 230S Propane Smoker. Assembly and setup was fairly easy. It took about an hour from opening the box to first firing of the burner to season the smoker. The instructions were unclear in a couple of places, leading to some head-scratching and a false start or two during the assembly, but it eventually all came together.<br><br> <br clear="all"><br> <a href="images/1stSmoke.jpg"> <img src="images/s_1stSmoke.jpg" width="500" hspace="5" alt="The first run of my new smoker." align="left"></a> Here is a photo that my wife Leslie snapped of me just after I loaded the turkey breast into the smoker for it's first ever smoking run. I had brined the breast overnight and then covered it with a rub before putting it in the smoker. We settled on a large turkey breast this year, instead of a whole turkey, because we were only having a small gathering due to covid, rather than the huge get-togethers we normally do.<br><br> The Thanksgiving turkey breast turned out great. I got lots of complements. I think the smokey flavor was a bit strong for my taste though. It was however very tender and juicy. Next time I think I'll cut back on the amount of wood chips I use when doing turkey. Friends with smokers tell me that some meats need more smoke and some need less. I just need to experiment and take notes. I'm just glad my first ever smoked turkey breast turned out OK and we didn't have to make alternate dinner plans because I had ruined it.<br><br> I love my new smoker. We are already making plans to smoke lots of other things in it, and maybe make some jerky too. My wife Leslie says I need to start a new Youtube channel all about smoking meats. I think I need to get a little more experience under my belt before entering that arena already crowded with experts. We'll see. Stay tuned for further developments. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="newphotos/wedding/MyFamily.jpg"> <img src="newphotos/wedding/s_MyFamily.jpg" width="500" height="243" hspace="5" alt="My brother at my wedding." align="left"></a> <strong>11/11/20 RIP my brother Steve Davis, 1966-2020</strong><br> This is a very sad post. My brother Steve died a couple of days ago. We all knew it was coming, but it hit us hard anyway, especially me. Here's the last photo I have of Steve. It was taken at my wedding to Leslie a little over a year ago. Steve is on the far left. We don't have many recent photos of him. He was camera shy. Steve had been in a bad car accident some years ago, He suffered traumatic brain injury. Afterwards he didn't want any photos taken of him.<br><br> Just when he seemed to be getting over the worst of his brain injury, he began to suffer from liver failure. His doctors tested him for everything under the sun, but couldn't find an obvious cause for the liver failure. Then we found out that traumatic brain injury can cause liver damage. Who knew that? Apparently, proteins released by the damaged brain tissue can cause liver damage. It's rare, but it happens.<br><br> While giving Steve batteries of tests to determine why his liver was failing, they also found masses in his lungs. Steve, a life-long smoker, had lung cancer too. This put him in an unfortunate catch-22 situation. He wasn't a candidate for a liver transplant because of the lung cancer, and they couldn't treat the lung cancer because he was so weak and frail from the liver failure. Surgery or chemotherapy would have likely killed him immediately. His doctors told him they couldn't really do much for him, and he had maybe six months left to live, and he needed to get his affairs in order.<br><br> He did get his affairs in order. He did more than that though. He decided he wanted to leave his body to science so hopefully medical science can better understand and treat other victims of TBIs who are suffering from secondary organ failures. Steve was a fighter to the end. He blew past his six month lifespan estimate and just kept going, for over a year. There were times during the last year when he seemed to be doing much better. Just a little over a week ago he was still ambulatory and we made plans to get together. I was thinking he was going to be around for quite a while longer.<br><br> Then Steve's wife Derinda called me one morning about a week ago and told me that he was unresponsive and she couldn't get him to wake up. His condition had quickly and dramatically deteriorated. Steve went into Hospice. I visited him there regularly during his last week. After they stabilized him, he was almost back to himself for a while. He was in a lot of pain though. The Hospice doctors managed to dull his pain so he could rest comfortably. In his last few days he slipped into a coma and was totally unresponsive. The doctors told us he was going to pass soon. I was sitting beside him when he stopped breathing. I felt for a pulse but couldn't find one. I called in the nurse and she confirmed with her stethoscope that he was gone. I cried for the first time in a very long time, as I made phone calls to tell people Steve was gone.<br><br> Steve and I had drifted apart as teens. Even though only about two and a half years apart in age, by middle and high school we traveled in different circles and went in different directions through life. Though we were never far apart physically, we didn't see much of each other except at holidays and birthdays. We reconnected as middle-aged men, and found out we had a lot more in common with each other than we thought. We became close again. We spent more time together in the last few years than we had in the previous few decades. I wish we'd had more time together. I'm really going to miss Steve. I already do.<br><br> I was very impressed with how well the Hospice people treated Steve. They made his last days much more comfortable than they would have been otherwise. They treated Steve and those of us visiting with great care and dignity, both while he was alive, and after his death. They work under the most oppressive, demanding and demoralizing conditions. Their patients never get better, only worse. Covid just makes everything harder and worse for them too. I plan on making a large donation to them, as large as I can comfortably afford. They deserve it. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="images/OldBoots.jpg"> <img src="images/s_OldBoots.jpg" width="500" height="375" hspace="5" alt="My old hiking boots" align="left"></a> <strong>11/07/20 Goodbye old friends</strong><br> I just bought a new pair of hiking boots. It was kind of sad to consign my old boots to the trash. We had been through so much together in the years I had owned them. Those boots have hiked my feet across the African Serengeti and the Arabian Desert. They've gone all over the Rocky Mountain region, and through more National Parks and Monuments than I can remember or count. From White Sands, NM to Yellowstone, WY. From Death Valley, CA to Mt Rushmore, SD. From the Black Rock Desert to the Smokey Mountains. They did duty in the backyards and back 40s of our places in Florida, Arizona and Wyoming. I wore or carried them through countless airports on three continents. I've stood at the edge of three oceans and on top of countless mountains in those old boots. Me and my old boots have been everywhere, just like in the Johnny Cash song.<br><br> I wore those old boots fossil hunting in The White River Badlands on three different expeditions. This last expedition I just returned from (see previous entry below) finally did them in. The badlands destroys boots (and just about everything else). They were falling apart and letting in water and mud before this trip was half over, in spite of some last-ditch field repair and water-proofing efforts by me. They were done. Here is a final photo of them, still caked with dried badlands mud, on their way to the trash. Sad.<br><br> I was hoping to find an identical pair to replace them, since these fit me so well and lasted so long. Unfortunately that particular model of Timberland boots is no longer made. I found some similar ones online and bought them. They arrived today. I put them on, planning to wear them for just a few hours while I puttered around the farm to start the break-in process. I was pleasantly surprised to find that the new boots fit me like they were custom-made for my feet. A few hours turned into all day. I forgot I was even wearing them. They were that comfortable. I hope these new boots last as long and take me as many great places as the last pair. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/AJx1H87Nrrc" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <strong>10/30/20 Just returned from yet another epic, cross-country vacation and fossil hunting trip</strong><br> I have now driven across the country four times in two months. Whew! It's nice to be traveling again, but I wish I was flying. We still aren't sure about getting crammed into a plane with a bunch of other people. Three days on the road each way is rough though. This time my lovely wife Leslie accompanied me on the trip. It was great to have her along for company and to share the driving. We first went to our Wyoming ranch to pick up our fossil hunting equipment and the beat-up, old 4X4 truck we keep in Wyoming for use in the badlands. Then we drove back into Nebraska (after crossing it to get to Wyoming) for two weeks of fossil hunting in The White River Badlands. It had been a year and a half since our last trip. We normally go in the Spring, but that trip got canceled due to Covid. Finally we were able to arrange a trip for October.<br><br> It was great to be out in the Badlands again fossil hunting. We both love it. Leslie needed a break bad. We had a really good time. It was also nice to be back among our good friends, who we hadn't seen in person since before Covid. Out in the middle of nowhere Nebraska, with a population density of only a few people per square mile, we felt perfectly safe. We could live life like we could in the days before Covid. No masks, no social distancing, hanging out with people, eating in restaurants, life felt normal again, while it lasted. We, well I, also found some good stuff on this trip too. We were digging in roughly 30 million year old sediments and finding the strange mammals that lived between the end of the age of dinosaurs and the present day. I came back with what has been called one of the best preserved oreodont skulls they had ever seen. Plus I got a bunch of titanothere bones that will need sorting out. Cant wait until the stuff is all prepped out. Leslie didn't find much this trip, which is unusual for her, but she had a lot of fun anyway, and that's what's important.<br><br> All too soon the fun was over. It was time to drive back into Wyoming to put our stuff back into storage until next time, and start the long drive home. We had to remember to wear our masks again (we kept forgetting them). How quickly we forget. We had to remember to use the hand sanitizer, and social distance again. We had to eat in the truck because dining rooms were closed in most of the eastern states. Ugh. I want to go back. But I've spent way too much time on the road these last two months. I need to stay home and work on some projects. By spring I'll be ready for another road trip. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fudSvk2vWw0" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <strong>09/24/20 I just got back from an epic, cross-country, working vacation to our Arizona and Wyoming ranches.</strong><br> Since we are both leery of getting jammed into planes during the pandemic, I just drove about 5500 miles over three weeks to visit our Arizona and Wyoming ranches. There was much work and maintenance needing to be done at both places. I have a complete write-up and lots of photos of the trip in <a href="/newphotos/index.html#AZWY0920" target="_new">the vacations and travel section of the web site.</a> For now though, here is a video of me repairing the roll-off roof on our observatory at our Wyoming ranch. The roof was stuck tight. It took me a while to figure out the problem, and a couple of days to work out a fix. Eventually though, I got the roof rolling again and was able to use the 14 inch SCT telescope inside.<br><br> I'll be heading back out to Wyoming in a few weeks, and this time my lovely wife will be going along. It will be another epic, cross-country trip, but this time with fossil hunting in The White River Badlands of Nebraska thrown into the mix. I'm so happy to be traveling again, even if it means driving for days to get where we want to go. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="WyomingRanch/" target="_new"> <img src="WyomingRanch/images/Overview5.jpeg" alt="An overview of our Wyoming Ranch." width="500" hspace="5" border="2" align="left"></a> <strong>09/01/20 Another new section of the web site dedicated to our Wyoming ranch.</strong><br> I've been a busy boy lately, creating new sections to the web site. <a href="WyomingRanch/" target="_new">This latest one</a> is dedicated to our new Wyoming ranch. It chronicles the initial purchase and all the maintenance and upgrades we are doing, and will be doing to the place. The page has lots of photos of the ranch and the lovely surrounding countryside. I'll be out at the ranch in a couple of weeks to do some work on it. There will be more entries soon. <a href="WyomingRanch/" target="_new">Check it out.</a> <br clear="left"> </p> <p> <table><tr><td> <div align="center"> Click to learn how to meet them </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <!-- Asian Women --> <td><iframe src="https://www.loveme.com/igo/104/61/80/5/80/120/1" width="320" height="120" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" frameborder="0"></iframe></td> </tr></table> </p> <p> <a href="TearDowns/"> <img src="TearDowns/images/s_Scrapout.jpg" width="560" height="281" alt="Scrapping out electronic equipment to recover gold." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <strong>08/23/20 A new section of the web site dedicated to scrapouts and teardowns.</strong><br> To feed my obsession with recovering gold from scrap electronic equipment, as seen on <a href="UrbanGoldMining/" target="_new">my Urban Gold Mining page</a>, I have to actually acquire, scrap-out and tear-down scrap equipment. I have put together <a href="TearDowns/" target="_new">a new page</a> that shows exactly how I obtain the feedstock for my gold recovery and refining efforts. I show just how I dismember various pieces of dead, unwanted or obsolete electronic equipment to recover all the bits containing gold and other precious metals. <a href="TearDowns/" target="_new">Check it out.</a> <br clear="left"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="images/10f48a.jpg"> <img src="images/s_10f48a.jpg" alt="A new telescope." width="500" hspace="5" border="2" align="left"></a> <strong>08/08/20 A new telescope to add to my collection.</strong><br> A friend of mine called me up today all concerned about me because I haven't updated my blog lately. He was worried that something might have happened to us with this darn Covid pandemic. Actually, I have just been concentrating on <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeojKyfz8XxqG2TvPFc4nJQ" target="_new">my Youtube channel</a> and uploading lots of videos there. But he's right, I shouldn't let the blog go to seed. So this entry and the one below are just for you, Dan.<br><br> Here is a brand new telescope I just built from an old mirror and an old tube, and an old mount, and an old mirror cell. The primary mirror is the first mirror I ever ground myself back when I first joined <a href="http://telescopelab.com/" target="_new">the SPAC Mirror Lab</a> way back in 2012. It is a 10 inch f/4.6 mirror with a really nice figure. <a href="scopeworks/fused_blanks/" target="_new">I made the thick glass blank myself</a> in my kiln. After making this first mirror, I was hooked on mirror making. I immediately went on to bigger and better things, finishing several larger mirrors, becoming an instructor at the lab, and just an all-around lab rat for years. All the while this poor mirror languished in a box on the shelves in the garages of several places I've lived since then. Finally, it has a home! When we shut down the lab site at the old Pinellas Science Center I bought a bunch of the stuff that got auctioned off cheap. I got a nice used 10 inch mirror cell. I also got an entire 10 inch Dobsonian telescope that was in really rough shape. Plus I already had the base from a defunct old telescope that I had been holding on to. Looking at all those parts cluttering up my workshop, and noticing the mirror box out of the corner of my eye, the idea to build a new telescope from all those old parts came to me. <br><br> I gutted and took everything out of the old DOB scope from the auction (an f/6). I shortened and repainted the tube. I installed the mirror cell from the auction, my primary mirror, and a secondary mirror and holder I also happened to have on hand in my big box of misc. telescope parts. Even the snazzy finder scope is something I picked up cheap at last year's OBS swap meet. I did buy a nice Crayford-style focuser for it, but I have very little actual money invested in this scope. Next I had to build a box to clamp around the scope and mate with the old base. I knocked one out from scrap plywood in my workshop, and put some PVC pipe fittings on the sides to act as altitude trunnions. The result is a classic Dobsonian scope with a hand-made mirror, and built from mostly found and inexpensive materials that even the master himself would likely approve of (I met Dobson a few times, so I'm pretty sure he would). <br><br> The scope works very well. I haven't had it out under a decent dark sky yet, and have only tested it out under the horrid light pollution of southern Pinellas County. However, that is about to change. My wife and I just recently bought a big ranch in the middle of nowhere in Wyoming. It even has an observatory with a permanently mounted SCT telescope in it. I am going to be driving out to our ranch in about a month to do some maintenance work. I'm going to take this telescope with me. Its new forever home is going to be the observatory on the ranch under the super dark Wyoming sky. It will complement the scope that is already there. I can't wait to use it out there. <br clear="left"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="images/BDsign.jpg"> <img src="images/s_BDsign.jpg" alt="A carved wooden sign for the front of our house." width="500" hspace="5" border="2" align="left"></a> <strong>08/08/20 A sign for the front of our house.</strong><br> The sign I made for our Wyoming ranch (see below) turned out so nice that I decided to make another for the front of our house. I planned on mounting it just below the house numbers. Looks pretty good if I do say so myself. I just love cutting stuff on <a href="8020CNC/" target="_new">my home-made CNC router.</a> <br clear="left"> </p> <p> <a href="images/BDsign2.jpg"> <img src="images/s_BDsign2.jpg" alt="The sign mounted on the front of our house." width="500" hspace="5" border="2" align="left"></a> So here is the sign mounted on the front of the house, right below the numbers as I planned. Now the never-ending parade of delivery drivers coming to our door will know they are in the right place. The sign is held on with four Tapcon screws. I hot-melt glued wooden plugs over the screw holes for a nice finished look. I can pop the plugs out and unscrew the sign to take it with us if we ever sell the place and move. <br clear="left"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="LMranch/index.html" target="_new"> <img src="images/s_FinishedSign.jpg" alt="A carved wooden sign for our Wyoming ranch." width="500" hspace="5" border="2" align="left"></a> <strong>07/06/20 A sign for the gate of our Wyoming ranch.</strong><br> I carved this sign for the gate of our new Wyoming Ranch (see below). L & M for Leslie and Mike. I used <a href="8020CNC/" target="_new">my home-made CNC router</a> to make it. I carved the lettering with a 90 degree V bit and filled it in with black paint. Then I covered the entire sign with several coats of satin polyurethane to make it durable and weather-resistant. It turned out really nice. I have ideas for more signs too. I put together <a href="LMranch/index.html" target="_new">a web page showing how I made this sign</a> in greater detail. <a href="LMranch/index.html" target="_new">Check it out.</a> <br clear="left"> </p> <p> <table><tr><td> <div align="center"> Click to learn how to meet them </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <!-- Latin Women --> <td><iframe src="https://www.loveme.com/igo/104/81/100/5/80/120/1" width="320" height="120" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" frameborder="0"></iframe></td> </tr></table> </p> <p> <table> <tr> <td valign="top"><iframe width="500" height="500" src="https://map.bloomsky.com/weather-stations/faBiuZWsnpapoJmj"></iframe></td> <td valign="top"> <strong>07/02/20 A live view from our Wyoming ranch.<br></strong> Leslie just got back from visiting our new Wyoming ranch. She did some repairs and maintenance on the place so it would be ready for tenants to move in. She also coordinated getting contractors out to replace roofs and do other needed work. One other job she did while there was put up the Bloomsky weather station and camera that came from her old place in Thermopolis. She hung it on the side of my observatory and aimed the camera to look toward the house and other outbuildings, so we can keep an eye on the place. Plus it's just nice to see what the weather is like at our new place.<br><br> <a href="https://map.bloomsky.com/weather-stations/faBiuZWsnpapoJmj">Click here</a> or to go to the Bloomsky weather page to see full weather information, a larger live view and 24 hr time-lapse of the camera and more.<br><br> <strong>UPDATE:</strong> Our Bloomsky weather station seems to have lost connectivity and is no longer updating. It will be stuck until the next time one of us can get out there and fix it. Drat! We really enjoyed looking at our place and checking out the current weather.<br><br> <strong>UPDATE2:</strong> The Bloomsky weather station is offline because the power was cut to the observatory building while construction on our new guest house is going on. We should have it up and running reliably again in a couple of weeks. </td> </tr> </table> </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="Houses/Gabes/images/Gabes3.jpg"> <img src="Houses/Gabes/images/Gabes3.jpg" alt="Our new Wyoming ranch." width="650" hspace="5" border="2" align="left"></a> <strong>06/18/20 Today we closed on our new property in Wyoming.<br></strong> Today was a great day. We finally closed on our new property in Wyoming. We own it outright. No mortgage! It's a fantastic property. It's 40 acres with a nice house and five outbuildings, including an observatory! It's in a beautiful area of very rural Wyoming near the tiny town of Pavilion. It's between The Owl Creek Mountains and The Wind River Range, with views of both ranges and of nearby Ocean Lake. <br><br> It's going to be our retirement home eventually. Until then, we are renting it out. It's already up for rent. Leslie keeps complaining that she's tired of being a landlord, but here we are with yet another rental property. At least the place will pay for itself (taxes, insurance, etc.), plus bring in some extra income, until we can move out there. Plus the property manager will keep the place up for us until we can be there full time. We plan on living out there after full retirement in a few years. At least we're planning on living there during the Summer. We may not stay during the brutal Wyoming winters. We may either come back to Florida or spend the Winter in Arizona. <br clear="left"><br> <a href="Houses/Gabes/images/Gabes1.jpg"> <img src="Houses/Gabes/images/Gabes1.jpg" alt="The view from our new Wyoming ranch." width="650" hspace="5" border="2" align="left"></a> Check out our view of the mountains from the back yard. That is gorgeous! Leslie is headed out there in a couple of days to tend to some things and organize some repairs. I need to stay here in Florida to take care of my mother. Once the ALFs are open again for respite care, I plan on going out for a while to work on it too. I also need to get to Arizona and check on my place there and get my Tacoma truck out of storage. I'll probably find it with a dead battery and soft tires after being in storage for so long. This pandemic has really screwed up our travel plans so far this year. It wasn't meant to be this long between trips out west for us. I can't wait to get out there. <br clear="left"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="RyobiPower/index.html"> <img src="RyobiPower/images/s_Finished.jpg" alt="The finished power supply project." width="500" hspace="5" border="2" align="left"></a> <strong>06/08/20 A 12 Volt Power Supply Using A Ryobi Hand Tool battery.<br></strong> I was tired of lugging around a heavy, deep-cycle, lead-acid battery to power my telescopes in the field. Then I saw how a friend of mine repurposed a 12 Volt Lithium-ion hand tool battery to power his telescope. I wanted to do the same thing. I own a bunch of Ryobi hand tools, and so have a ton of batteries for them. Problem: My batteries are all 18 Volts. Well, I wasn't about to let that stand in the way. I built this nice little 12 Volt power supply, and it works great. It was easy. <a href="RyobiPower/index.html">Click here</a> or on the photo to see how I did it.<br><br> <strong>UPDATE: </strong>This project was recently featured on <a href="https://hackaday.com/2020/06/12/mobile-power-from-cordless-tool-batteries/" target="_new">the HACKADAY tech blog.</a> <br clear="left"> </p> <p> <table><tr><td> <div align="center"> Click to learn how to meet them </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <!-- Asian Women --> <td><iframe src="https://www.loveme.com/igo/104/61/80/5/80/120/1" width="320" height="120" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" frameborder="0"></iframe></td> </tr></table> </p> <p> <a href="Houses/NewHouse/images/GardenTrellis.jpg"> <img src="Houses/NewHouse/images/s_GardenTrellis.jpg" alt="A simple trellis for cucumber vines to climb." width="500" hspace="5" border="2" align="left"></a> <strong>05/30/20 Raised Bed Garden Update.<br></strong> The raised bed garden has really taken off now that the weather is warmer and the days are longer. The cucumbers in particular have just exploded. They have sprawled out in all directions, shading each other and some of the other plants. I decided they needed to go vertical to keep them from taking over the entire garden. So I built this simple trellis out of some scrap wood and some fencing. I weaved some of the plants through it, and they immediately began climbing it. You can see how many cucumbers we are getting down on the ground. We've picked and used some already. Most are pretty small, but I'm hoping that with the plants no longer shading each other, they'll have the energy to grow bigger ones.<br><br> Besides the cucumbers, several other things are doing very well in the garden. The tree collards have just exploded upwards and leafed out amazingly. Leslie planted two varieties. The purple variety is growing so fast you can practically watch it happening. The green variety isn't doing as well because some kind of little bugs have found it and are busily munching on the leaves. Leslie is using a soap and water solution to keep them at bay. The sweet basil is also practically exploding. We are going to have a big crop of it. The broccoli, which kind of did nothing for a while, and then looked like it was ready to die out, has suddenly taken off. we'll see what develops from it.<br><br> Some things aren't doing so well. The zucchini that took off so promisingly in the beginning hasn't yet produced any fruit, in spite of much flowering. Some of the plants are starting to die. Others are looking sickly. Maybe we just don't have the correct pollinators for zucchini. I may try some hand pollination. The cilantro only just got going good, and then went to seed. I think we may have planted it too late. The kale is kind of in a holding pattern. It was looking good for a while, but then just stalled out. Maybe it's too hot for it? <br clear="left"> </p> <p> <a href="SeedLog/index.html"> <img src="SeedLog/images/s_Bluejay.jpg" alt="My home-made Seed Logs." width="500" hspace="5" border="2" align="left"></a> <strong>05/18/20 How I make home-made seed cylinders or cakes for feeding birds.<br></strong> Pre-made seed cylinders are very expensive, but bird seed is dirt cheap. So I figured out how to make my own home-made seed cylinders using bird seed and inexpensive materials and ingredients. It's so easy. Once you know the secret you'll never pay for seed cylinders or cakes again. <a href="SeedLog/index.html">Click here to see the project.</a> <br clear="left"> </p> <p> <strong>05/13/20 Corona Virus Quarantine Diary: Day 55</strong><br> Today was almost like a normal day. So normal that nothing was photo-worthy. At least as close to normal as things get with everyone wearing masks and queuing six feet apart. Leslie went in to work as usual today. I spent part of the morning working on paperwork. Then I went to the hardware store, Lowes and the Post Office. I wore my PPE in all those places, but that doesn't even seem strange anymore. It's just the new normal. In the afternoon I worked on some projects in my workshop. Later I had to deal with a bunch of emails and more paperwork. Then I cooked us all dinner. In the evening I was on a long conference call. Life is kind of falling back into it's more or less normal rhythms.<br><br> We accepted the seller's counter-offer on the Wyoming place after discussing it with our agent. The big issue is that they will be able to get out of the contract with only 72 hrs notice if they get a better offer than ours. Once it looks like the sale of Leslie's place is for sure going through, we can remove our contingency condition and it will nullify their 72 hour clause. So for a while there is a window where someone who likes the place more than us could submit a better offer and we'd be out in the cold. Hopefully the fact that the place is now under contract will scare away any other potential buyers. We'll see.<br><br> Anyway, now that we are under contract, the paper chase begins. I expect to spend the next few days lining up inspections, an appraisal and a hundred other details. Hopefully it won't all be for nothing.<br><br> Since the world (or at least Florida and Wyoming) seems to be getting back to something resembling normal, and I am getting busier, these quarantine diary entries may become less frequent. Posts may only happen if there is some major new development. <br><br> <a href="QDiary/">All older Corona Virus Quarantine Diary entries</a> are now on their own page. This is to keep this top level page of my blog from getting too long and unwieldy. Only the latest daily entry will be here at the top of this page. <a href="QDiary/">Click here to read all the previous Corona Virus Quarantine Diary entries.</a> <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <table hspace="5"> <tr><td> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8e40KwOAh7o" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> </td> <td width="5"></td> <td valign="top"> <strong>03/02/2020</strong> My new CNC router project has been completed!<br> I decided I needed a better and more accurate CNC router than my old "Woodpile CNC" machine. I planned on making it (almost) entirely from metal, and mostly using 80/20 components. 80/20 is billed as the industrial "Erector Set", because you can build almost anything from the standardized parts just by bolting them together. It made the build a lot easier. <br><br> This video shows most of the steps in the construction of the machine. It is about 47 minutes long. <a href="/8020CNC/">I have a companion web page for this project</a> that goes into more detail about the construction that didn't make it into the video. It also clarifies things that may not have obvious or easily understandable in the video.<br><br> <a href="/8020CNC/">Click here to see more of this project.</a> <br clear="left"> </td></tr> </table> </p> <p> <table><tr><td> <div align="center"> Click to learn how to meet them </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><iframe src="http://www.loveme.com/igo/104/11/40/4/80/120/1" width="320" height="120" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" frameborder="0"></iframe></td> </tr></table> </p> <p> <a href="images/Boxes1.jpg"> <img src="images/s_Boxes1.jpg" alt="The raised bed garden boxes under construction." width="500" hspace="5" border="2" align="left"></a> <strong>02/11/20</strong> Building some raised bed garden boxes<br> My wife has been wanting to get into gardening for years. The problem is that we live in the middle of a tree farm. There are very few places where there is adequate sunshine reaching the ground to actually plant a garden. Another problem is that we live in a very swampy area. She'd need raised bed garden boxes to get anything to grow when the weather is wet. After talking about doing it for a long time, I decided to just go ahead and build her a couple of raised garden boxes in the sunniest area of the property as a Valentine's Day present to her.<br><br> My carpenter hat and tools were still within easy reach after finishing the below display panels project. So I set to work. I planned on building two 4 by 8 foot garden boxes next to an existing wooden walkway. So we will be able to stay out of the mud when the weather turns wet. Here the boxes are partly built. <br clear="left"> </p> <p> <a href="images/Boxes2.jpg"> <img src="images/s_Boxes2.jpg" alt="The completed raised bed garden boxes." width="500" hspace="5" border="2" align="left"></a> Here are the completed raised bed garden boxes. They are each 4 feet by 8 feet by about 18 inches tall. They were basically made from two stacked untreated 2x10s with 2x4 corner braces, and all held together with lots of 3 inch deck screws. I also lined the bottoms of the boxes with root-stop fabric. Now all we need to do is fill them up with about four cubic yards of nice topsoil and start planting. Happy Vanentine's day, Sweetie!<br><br> Visit my <a href="Houses/NewHouse/index.html">New house Blog</a> for more information and updates on this project. </a> <br clear="left"> </p> <p> <a href="images/FinishedPanels1.jpg"> <img src="images/s_FinishedPanels1.jpg" alt="The completed display panels." width="500" hspace="5" border="2" align="left"></a> <strong>02/09/20</strong> Building some DIY display panels<br> My stepson Joe digs, prepares and sells fossils. He goes to a lot of fossil shows. He wanted some display panels to set up in his booth at the shows. He'll hang some of his fossils on them to display to the passers by. We looked into the cost of buying "professionally made" display panels, and about gagged. So we decided to build our own DIY panels. It was fairly easy. and a whole lot cheaper. We made three 4 by 6.5 foot thin plywood panels. We edged them with 2 by 2 boards all the way around on the back for rigidity. Then we drilled and bolted through the 2 by 2 edging so the panels could bolt together in an "L" shape. Then we made some legs for support to keep the panels from tipping over backwards. The final step was to run a steel rod across the top to add strength and rigidity, and act as a light bar.<br><br> Here Joe is putting the final touches on the light bar. All that is left to be done is to paint the front of the panels and add some cleats for hanging his fossils.<br clear="left"> </p> <p> <a href="images/FinishedPanels2.jpg"> <img src="images/s_FinishedPanels2.jpg" alt="The completed display panels from behind." width="500" hspace="5" border="2" align="left"></a> Here is a view of the completed panels from the back. The whole thing disassembles and reassembles with no tools required. Wing nuts and bolts are used to hold it all together. The panels will disassemble into pieces light enough for Joe to carry, and small enough to fit in the back of his truck, or in our utility trailer. I hope he sells a lot of fossils at future shows. </a> <br clear="left"> </p> <p> <table><tr><td> <div align="center"> Click to learn how to meet them </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><iframe src="http://www.loveme.com/igo/104/11/40/4/80/120/1" width="320" height="120" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" frameborder="0"></iframe></td> </tr></table> </p> <p> <a href="BlastCabinet/index.html"> <img src="BlastCabinet/images/s_Finished.jpg" alt="The completed air abrasive blast cabinet." width="500" hspace="5" border="2" align="left"></a> <strong>01/06/20</strong> Building a DIY "Blast Cabinet" for my stepson<br> My stepson Joe needed an air abrasive blast cabinet. He preps fossils, mainly fossil fish from the Green River Formation of Wyoming. He uses fine air abrasive tools to remove the matrix and expose the fossils. It's kind of like sand-blasting, but not as aggressive. However, it is every bit as messy as sand-blasting, and as rough on the lungs. Joe was tired of having to do it outside while wearing a respirator. He wanted a proper blast cabinet that he could work in inside his workshop. It's a project we have been talking about for a while. We finally all had the time to come together and build it. It was a quick and fun family project. <a href="BlastCabinet/index.html">Check it out.</a> <br clear="left"> </p> <p> <a href="UrbanGoldMining/index.html"> <img src="UrbanGoldMining/images/s_4Beads.jpg" width="500" alt="Four beads of pure gold I extracted from e-waste." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <strong>12/19/19</strong> My Urban Gold Mining Exploits have their own section now<br> I just finished <a href="UrbanGoldMining/index.html">a whole new section of my web site dedicated to my Urban Gold Mining exploits.</a> I've been extracting gold from e-waste for quite a while now, and shooting a lot of video along the way. <a href="UrbanGoldMining/index.html">The new page</a> has a lot of my Urban Gold Mining videos on it. I try to use simple equipment and inexpensive chemicals wherever possible to keep it cheap to increase the profit margin. You could be getting gold out of electronic scrap too. <a href="UrbanGoldMining/index.html">Check out how I do it.</a> <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <a href="https://www.gf.me/u/w43k3y"> <img src="images/s_SteveHospital.jpg" width="500" alt="A photo of my brother in a hospital ICU bed." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <strong>12/07/19</strong> My brother is dying!<br> I am sad to report that my younger brother Steve is dying. His liver is failing due to reasons his doctors can't fully explain. Unfortunately he is not a candidate for a transplant because of other medical issues he has, including a previous traumatic brain injury, and lung cancer. His cancer can't be treated because he is currently so frail that surgery or chemotherapy would likely kill him. He has been told he has less than six months to live.<br><br> <a href="https://www.gf.me/u/w43k3y">A Go Fund Me site</a> has been established for his wife Derinda. She is disabled herself. She is losing not only the love of her life, but also her caregiver and breadwinner. They have huge medical bills they need help with, as you would imagine. As a result of the medical bills, they fell behind on their Mortgage and have to move out of their house and into an apartment. So they have moving expenses to deal with as well. <a href="https://www.gf.me/u/w43k3y">Please consider making a small donation to help them out.</a> Thank you. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <a href="newphotos/index.html#AZNov19"> <img src="newphotos/AZNov19/s_MOON800.jpg" width="500" alt="A photo of the moon." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <strong>12/02/19</strong> A wintery trip to Arizona to do astrophotography and other stuff<br> I just got back from a 10 day visit to my remote Arizona property just in time for Thanksgiving with the family. The main reason for this trip was to relocate my trusty old Toyota Tacoma pickup truck from a storage lot in Albuquerque, NM to a lot in Show Low, AZ. But of course the real purpose of the trip was to indulge in my addiction to astrophotography under the amazingly dark skies in my little corner of Arizona. I did a lot of other tings to while I was there too. Check out <a href="newphotos/index.html#AZNov19">my vacation and travel photos page</a> to see lots of pictures and a write up of what all I did. <a href="newphotos/index.html#AZNov19">Check it out.</a> <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <table><tr><td> <div align="center"> Click to learn how to meet them </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><iframe src="http://www.loveme.com/igo/104/11/40/4/80/120/1" width="320" height="120" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" frameborder="0"></iframe></td> </tr></table> </p> <p> <a href="images/LeslieClimbing.jpg"> <img src="images/s_LeslieClimbing.jpg" width="500" alt="Climbing is our new hobby." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <strong>11/12/19</strong> A new hobby!<br> Leslie's son is into climbing walls. He'd been telling Leslie that she needed to try it. She decided to do it in hopes of becoming a better and more confident climber when we are out in the badlands fossil hunting. There is a lot of climbing involved in fossil hunting. So we went and took an introductory class. Soon Leslie was hooked. After a few sessions she now scales the walls like a monkey. She's even taken an advanced class on climbing theory to make her a better climber. I'd like to join her in the climbing. It looks like tons of fun. Unfortunately I tore a meniscus in my knee recently, so I'm stuck on the ground, at least for now. So I am her belay person, handling the ropes on the ground and keeping her from falling on the rare occasions she slips.<br><br> The big problem is finding the time to go climbing. Neither of us really needed another hobby. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <a href="Houses/index.html"> <img src="Houses/NewHouse/images/s_FrontPainted.jpg" width="500" alt="A new house renovation blog." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <strong>11/05/19</strong> A new house renovation blog<br> Now that we are married (see below) and I have moved into my wife's house, there are going to be lots of home improvement projects going on in the house we share. I have rented out my old house to some friends of mine. I will still be maintaining and improving it too. So I have decided to create two separate home improvement blogs for the two properties. <a href="Houses/index.html">Click here</a> or on the photo at left of our new house to go to the <a href="Houses/index.html">home improvement blog landing page.</a> From there you can go to either blog to read what has been going on with the two properties. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <a href="newphotos/index.html#wedding"> <img src="images/s_BestWedding.jpg" width="500" alt="Wedding photo." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <strong>10/19/19</strong> We Did It!<br> We got married. We are just back from our honeymoon. We had a lovely ceremony on the back deck of The Salt Rock Grill at Indian Shores Beach. Then we had the reception inside in the fireplace room. Afterwords we went across the street to the beach for some photos and some frolicking in the sand. The weather was perfect. The whole thing went off without a hitch. Everyone (we had a lot of guests) had a great time. There was much good food and drink, and of course wedding cake, for all.<br><br> Our wedding day was one year to the day since we got engaged in Dubai on the way home from <a href="Africa/index.html" target="_new">our Africa trip.</a> After the wedding we flew off to a fantastic honeymoon in New Mexico. We flew into Albuquerque and got my Tacoma truck out of storage, then started driving north. We stayed in a quaint B&B in Taos for a couple of nights. Then we went on to the Ojo Caliente Mineral Springs resort where we splurged on one of their Cliffside Suites with it's own private soaking pool. We had a great time there. While in NM we did a lot of hiking and exploring. We took the roads less traveled at every opportunity. We saw some fantastic sights and had a lot of fun.<br><br> I've posted lots more photos from our wedding and the places we went on our honeymoon in <a href="newphotos/index.html#wedding">the Travel and Vacation section</a> of the web site. <a href="newphotos/index.html#wedding">Check it out</a>.<br><br> I'm looking forward to all the great adventures we are going to have as we spend the rest of our lives together. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <b>10/05/19</b> We made the move!<br> So much has happened in a short time. It's been a little crazy. I have moved in with my fiancee and the wedding is only a few days away. I moved out and fixed up my old house so it can be rented out. Tons of work was done on the old house. I think it looks really good now. <a href="houseblog.html">Check out my House Blog page</a> to see what all was done. The tenants are moving in today. I'm officially a landlord now. Wow, it's been a real whirlwind. It's not over yet. Next comes the marriage and the honeymoon. Then we have new projects lined up for when we get back.<br><br> Just a little update on the house we put in an offer for in Wyoming. The inspection report showed a lot of serious problems with the house. The seller wasn't willing to either lower his asking price, or fix the problems himself before the closing date. So we had no choice but to rescind our offer and walk away. We'll keep an eye on the place and see what transpires in the future. I can't see the owner ever selling it for what he is asking, considering the area and the problems with the property. Sooner or later something will have to give. </p> <p> <table><tr><td> <div align="center"> Click to learn how to meet them </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><iframe src="http://www.loveme.com/igo/104/11/40/4/80/120/1" width="320" height="120" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" frameborder="0"></iframe></td> </tr></table> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6ZlSS93ntqU" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe><b>09/07/19</b> - It's been a real whilrwind lately.<br> I haven't posted any updates in a while. there's been no time! I've been running around here, there and everywhere like a madman. There's been so much to do. Getting ready for the wedding (which is coming soon!), fixing up my house so I can rent it out, downsizing my stuff so I can move in with Leslie and of course traveling. We spent a nice long weekend on Captiva Island in early August. Then, before we were hardly unpacked from that, we were off to Wyoming to spend some time at Leslie's place and take a nearly week-long camping trip in Yellowstone National Park. After that, Leslie had to fly back home to attend to family issues. I stayed out west for another two weeks to tend to some needed issues myself, and spend time at my Arizona property. After getting back from there I got a surprise. The teeth and bones I had dug up on our epic <a href="newphotos/Nebraska2019.html">May fossil hunting trip to the White River badlands of Nebraska</a> were back from being expertly pieced back together and restored by Leslie's son Joe. Then we decided to put a bid in on a house that came up for sale next door to Leslie's place in Wyoming (we looked it over while we were out there). So then there was paperwork to do. I can't remember the last time I was so busy. I may have to give up this semi-retirement thing and go back to work to get some rest.<br><br> So much has happened since my last update. Where to begin? It's an embarrassment of riches for a blogger. It's also near impossible to keep up, and some stuff will probably get left out. Ok, so I decided to post this compilation video of thermal features from Yellowstone first. Yellowstone was a blast. We had a great time. I had never been there before. Leslie hadn't been there since she was young, and only saw a small part of the park on that trip. We camped there for five days and tried to see as much as we could. It was amazing. We saw all the big thermal features. We saw lots of animals. We saw lots of waterfalls. And I'm sure we only saw a fraction of it all, especially since we threw a trip down to the Grand Tetons into the mix. The parks were terribly crowded, but that was really to only downside to the trip. Otherwise it was great. We are already planing return trips.<br><br> I have lots more photos and video from this trip up on <a href="/newphotos/index.html#Yellowstone">the travel and vacations section</a> of the web site.<br clear="all"><br> <a href="images/outings/TTeeth.jpg"> <img src="images/outings/s_TTeeth.jpg" width="500" height="376" alt="Restored titanothere teeth." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> I'm so excited about how well the titanothere teeth and ribs I dug up in the Nebraska Badlands turned out. I'll bet my teeth won't look so good when they are 30 million years old. I found the bone bed on the afternoon of the last field day of <a href="newphotos/Nebraska2019.html"> our expedition to the badlands.</a> I dug out the teeth and bone fragments in great haste, and without as much care as I should have used due to time constraints. I brought back quite a jumble of bone and tooth pieces. From that incomplete mess of a jigsaw puzzle, Joe was able to reconstruct three teeth and the ends of two ribs.<br><br clear="all"><br> <a href="images/outings/TRibs.jpg"> <img src="images/outings/s_TRibs.jpg" width="500" height="376" alt="Restored titanothere Ribs." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> Here are the two reconstructed ribs. I have a lot more bone and tooth fragments, but Joe couldn't make much of them. Maybe on our next trip I'll be able to dig up more pieces that will allow for filling in the gaps and putting together more of the skeleton. I can't wait to get back to the badlands. <br clear="all"><br> <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <table><tr><td> <div align="center"> Click to learn how to meet them </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><iframe src="http://www.loveme.com/igo/104/11/40/4/80/120/1" width="320" height="120" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" frameborder="0"></iframe></td> </tr></table> </p> <p> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LcyTbLfH49U" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <b>07/19/19</b> - Making my own Nitric Acid.<br> My latest hobby of extracting and refining gold from electronic waste would be a lot easier to pursue if I had a good supply of nitric acid. It just comes in so handy for so many aspects of gold recovery and refining. However, nitric acid is horribly expensive. Plus there are added charges tacked onto shipping it since it is such a hazardous substance. I have refused to buy nitric acid til now because the high cost would obliterate any potential profit I could make in this hobby and put me deep into the red. It would be less expensive to just go buy gold bullion. So I came up with a solution in keeping with my kind of extreme DIY lifestyle. I'm making my own nitric acid.<br><br> For about what a single one liter bottle of concentrated nitric acid plus shipping would cost, I bought everything I need to make my own nitric acid. This video shows the initial setup of the apparatus and my first nitric acid production run. It worked like a dream with no serious issues and a good yield of concentrated, red fuming nitric acid. I then diluted the concentrated acid down to the 68% azeotrope. I have since done several other production runs. I learn a little more each time and get more proficient at it. This home-made nitric acid works like a dream for making aqua regia and dissolving gold. The straight nitric acid also easily dissolves metals like silver and copper. I should have done this a long time ago. I think home-made nitric acid may be a viable solution for many home refiners. You can see more about how I make nitric acid and gold recovery in my <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLo-lisIgGkrXI21v4zWtWOmk-Cs3H66CX" target="_new">urban gold mining series of videos on Youtube.</a> <br clear="all"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/H-iH29PJrQw" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <b>07/07/19</b> - A Mirror Lab Field Trip.<br> The core members of <a href="http://telescopelab.com/">The SPAC Mirror Lab</a> went on a field trip to the wilds of Wesley Chapel, FL to look at a portable observatory building that is for sale. We got more than we bargained for. We found ourselves in an astronomy wonderland full of amazing equipment. There was the portable observatory of course, but also a huge, 30 foot diameter, radio telescope right next to it. There was also a plethora of other interesting astronomy instruments and equipment, plus lens and mirror making equipment. <a href="https://www.stpeteastronomyclub.org/">The St. Petersburg Astronomy Club (SPAC)</a> is considering buying the portable observatory and moving it to our dark sky observing site. The Mirror Lab Crew will advise the board of directors on the condition of the observatory and what will likely be needed to move it and get it up and running. Check out the video. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UQ2bfrKqUSc" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <b>06/24/19</b> - Panning gold from incinerated and crushed RAM chips.<br> Here is the latest entry in my <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQ2bfrKqUSc&list=PLo-lisIgGkrXI21v4zWtWOmk-Cs3H66CX">urban gold mining series of videos.</a> A couple of months ago I incinerated and crushed up some RAM chips that were the byproduct of recovering gold from the fingers of computer memory SIMMs. I intended to process the material and recover any gold bond wires present in the chips. But then I went away on my epic, month-long, vacation (see below) and completely forgot about the project. So yesterday I was cleaning out my storage shed and found the bag of crushed and sieved chip remains. I decided to pan it out in my favorite gold pan and see what I'd get. The results were surprising. There was more gold in those RAM chips than I expected. I'll be doing more of this in the future. Check out the video. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <table><tr><td> <div align="center"> Click to learn how to meet them </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><iframe src="http://www.loveme.com/igo/104/11/40/4/80/120/1" width="320" height="120" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" frameborder="0"></iframe></td> </tr></table> </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="images/outings/Arch1.jpg"> <img src="images/outings/s_Arch1.jpg" width="500" alt="The Gateway Arch in St Louis Missouri." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <b>05/29/19</b> - Back from a month long vacation.<br> <a href="newphotos/Nebraska2019.html">Click here to go to a page of photos and videos from this trip.</a><br> This was the longest vacation I have ever taken in my life. It was great to get away for so long. It was an epic, cross-country adventure. I drove across 14 different states, visiting some several times. Here I am at the base of the Gateway Arch in St Louis Missouri. I've always wanted to see it. Finally had the chance. Driving across the midwest in spring time was beautiful. Everything was so green and vibrant. Wildflowers were blooming. It was a fantastic trip. Traffic was also surprisingly good most places, considering how much driving I did. There were only a few bad spots, like Nashville, where things got all snarled up. For the most part it was smooth sailing almost the whole way.<br><br> States I drove across or visited on this trip were:<br><br> Florida<br> Georgia<br> Tennessee<br> Kentucky<br> Illinois<br> Missouri<br> Kansas<br> Colorado<br> Wyoming<br> Nebraska<br> South Dakota<br> Utah<br> Arizona<br> New Mexico<br><br> A few states like Wyoming, Nebraska and Colorado got driven across multiple times due to our itinerary. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <a href="images/outings/TacomaColorado.jpg"> <img src="images/outings/s_TacomaColorado.jpg" width="500" alt="My Toyota Tacoma at the Colorado border." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <a href="newphotos/Nebraska2019.html">Click here to go to a page of photos and videos from this trip.</a><br> As I said above. I drove across the country this time. I usually fly for my vacations. This time was different because I wanted to relocate my old, reliable Toyota Tacoma out west so I would have it available for future vacation trips. No more having to rent a 4X4 truck every time I go out west. Now I have one in storage in Albuquerque, just a short Uber ride from the airport. This is going to save me a ton of money in the long run. The storage fees are nothing compared to the cost of renting a 4X4 pickup for a few weeks multiple times a year.<br><br> Here my Tacoma is posing at the Colorado border on the way to Denver to pick up Leslie who was flying out. I took off a few days earlier so I could pick her up at the Denver airport. Then we headed up to Wyoming to visit relatives of hers, then spend some time at her property. Next it was off to Nebraska for a couple weeks of fossil hunting in the White River Badlands, with detours into South Dakota (I hope I someday get to see South Dakota when it isn't raining, sleeting or snowing). Then it was back to Leslie's place in Wyoming for a while. Then we drove down to Arizona to spend time at my place. Then finally we drove to Albuquerque, put the truck in storage, and flew home.<br><br> Whew! What a whirlwind adventure. Hard to believe we were gone for a whole month. So much was packed into this trip that the time seemed to fly by quickly. I was joking with Leslie that we need to get back to work to get some rest. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/__e_4Wc5Wes" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> The primary purpose of this trip as to go fossil hunting in the White River Badlands of Nebraska. We were going to be out there for almost two weeks of this month long vacation. The first few days we were in Nebraska it was raining too hard to go fossil hunting. So we did the tourist thing and went to a lot of museums and monuments, including Mt. Rushmore. We went to Mt. Rushmore last year too on a rainy day. We really weren't expecting a return trip this year, but one member of our party had never been there, so we went again even though the weather looked bad and none of us were really expecting to be able to see much. Once in the Black Hills of South Dakota, the persistent rain turned into snow. The visibility at Mt. Rushmore was surprisingly good, and the snow added a new and delightful dimension to the place. Plus it gave a bunch of crazy Floridians and excuse to act like kids and play in the snow. We made snowmen, had snowball fights, and a few other snow-related shenanigans. It was a lot of fun.<br><br> This is only the first of several videos and tons of photos that will eventually be posted in the travel and fossil hunting sections of the web site. It's going to take me a while to get it all together. This month-long trip was almost as epic as the <a href="Africa/index.html">Africa and Middle East trip</a> we took last year. There is just so much stuff we saw and did. It's going to take a while to get it all together. Stay tuned. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/L4bFvUfuTAM" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <b>04/28/19</b> - Lovebug Apocalypse In Florida.<br> Every spring in Florida the lovebugs come out. This spring it's just crazy. I've never seen them so thick. We went to the Peace River Adventure fossil hunt this weekend and got absolutely plastered with them. It was like driving through a heavy rainstorm in parts of Hardee County. Every stall in the gas station we pulled into was full with people cleaning them off their windshields. That was the reason we stopped too. All the cars arriving at the park for the fossil hunt were just covered with them. Check out the video. It's insane how bad the bugs were. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <table><tr><td> <div align="center"> Click to learn how to meet them </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><iframe src="http://www.loveme.com/igo/104/11/40/4/80/120/1" width="320" height="120" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" frameborder="0"></iframe></td> </tr></table> </p> <p> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mVkUASF8xFI" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <b>04/22/19</b> - Recovering Gold From E-Waste.<br> Check out this video I shot of one of my latest projects. I have accumulated a large amount of electronic scrap over the years. I have been careful to save the stuff with any gold on it. Finally I decided to try recovering some of that gold. I've processed several batches now. It's been a bit of a learning experience. The first run went ok, but was a bit of a mess. I mixed too many different types of e-waste. <a href="https://youtu.be/SebPxMK61s0" target="_new"> You can click here to see that video.</a> I learned a lot the first time, and did even better the second time. This video is of the second run where I had learned a few things and did a much better job of collecting clean gold. A few more runs and I'll have enough gold to try purifying it to 24K and melting it into a button. Eventually I plan to have a web page all about how I do it. <br><br> Essentially free gold! Gotta love it. Stay tuned for more adventures in gold recovery. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nr2uM-_YbEk" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <b>UPDATE</b> - My first gold drop.<br> Check out this video. I decided I had enough gold recovered from electronic scrap to try dissolving and purifying it. I dissolved the gold in hydrochloric acid and bleach. I did not film that part because I was not sure it would work. It worked like a charm though and the gold obediently went into solution creating beautiful orange chloroauric acid. I filtered the liquid to remove impurities. Then I used Sodium Metabisulfite to precipitate the gold and drop it from solution. The resulting fine powder of pure 24K gold weighed in at 0.4 grams, which was more than I was expecting. This is fun. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/VwXmibag6iY" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe><b>UPDATE 2</b> - My first gold drop - Part 2.<br> Check out this video. I concentrated the leftover solution from the first gold precipitation and added more Sodium Metabisulfite to precipitate more gold and drop it from solution. I got a little bit more gold. Not really enough to measure on my cheap scale, but some more. The remaining liquid still tests positive for dissolved precious metals. At this point I am pretty sure just platinum group metals remain in the solution. I have started a "stock pot" to store my waste gold recovery solutions in. There is a strip of copper metal in it. The dissolved precious metals in the solutions are "cementing" out onto the copper and dropping to the bottom of the pot as a fine black powder. If I eventually accumulate enough I may try refining platinum and palladium from the sludge in the bottom of the stock pot. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="scopeworks/Al/index.html"> <img src="images/astro/s_Setup.jpg" width="500" alt="My new astrograph setup on the pool deck." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <b>03/27/19</b> - First Light for my 12.5in diameter astrograph.<br> Just had first light for <a href="scopeworks/Al/index.html">an astrograph project I have been working on for quite some time.</a> It is a 12.5 inch diameter, f/4.4, pure astrographic telescope. There is no eyepiece. It is purely a photographic instrument. It's a monster made entirely of aluminum, a lot of aluminum. In fact I affectionately cal it Al in honor of its all aluminum construction. I fabricated every bit of this instrument myself, including the honeycomb-back primary mirror and a large, lost foam aluminum casting in the mirror cell. Here in this photo you can see the not quite completed instrument mounted on my Losmandy G-11 mount. Though not completed, it was done enough to start some testing. Nothing was yet painted black and there is no light shielding installed yet. So I had considerable trouble with stray light issues. The remote focus wasn't yet working properly either, but I couldn't wait any longer to see what this baby could do. First I needed to balance it on the mount. Then a considerable length of time was spent finding focus. Once all that was done I could try imaging. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <a href="scopeworks/Al/index.html"> <img src="images/astro/s_AL_FirstLight1.jpg" width="500" alt="First Light image for my new astrograph." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> I was just blown away by how much light <a href="scopeworks/Al/index.html">this instrument</a> gathers and sends to the focal plane. My first few images were nearly totally saturated. At first I assumed it was due to stray light. Eventually I figured out that AL was just gathering so much light that the images were horribly over-exposed. So I kept shortening the exposures and reducing the ISO setting on the camera until I started getting shots that weren't totally over-exposed. This shot is a stack of five 15 second exposures shot at ISO 100! Amazing!<br><br> The stars are quite elongated, but that is due to a tracking problem with the mount, not a problem with the astrograph. My poor old Losmandy mount is in need of some TLC. That is coming in the form of a total drive and electronics upgrade that will be done soon. Still, this is an amazing first light image. I couldn't be happier with it. Things are only going to get better. The astrograph is going to have all parts in the light path painted ultra-flat black. A light shield shroud is going to be installed. The remote focus parts and Losmandy upgrade parts have just arrived. A reflex sight and guidescope still need to be installed. This instrument is going to be a work in progress for quite a while until I get it tweaked to my satisfaction. Eventually I will be taking it to the SPAC dark sky observing site to give it a real workout. Eventually though, to get the most out of this amazing instrument, it is going to need to be permanently mounted and housed in an observatory. Building one is on my to-do list for my remote Arizona property.<br><br> How long have I been working on this project? I guess you could say at least 10 years. Ever since I first decided to try making light-weight, honeycomb mirrors. Building a large astrograph with one was always in the back of my mind. It took me a long time to perfect the mirror design. Then I had to grind and polish this particular mirror. Then I had to design a mirror cell. Then I could start on the overall design of the astrograph and begin construction. The actual construction of the astrograph once I had a mirror and cell in hand only took a few months. I will eventually have a complete description of the Construction process in <a href="scopeworks/index.html">the Scopeworks section of my web site.</a><br><br> This astrograph turned out so well that I am already working on another one using a very fast 10in, f/3.2 mirror blank I slumped to shape myself in a kiln. It will be more easily portable than Al is. Watch for that one to make its debut here sometime in the future. There's still a lot of work to be done on it. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="images/SRdeck.jpg"> <img src="images/s_SRdeck.jpg" width="500" alt="The view from where we will be married." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <b>03/25/19</b> - Checking out the venue where we are going to get married.<br> A while back Leslie and I went to have a look at the venue where we are planning on getting married and finalize the details. This is a view from their back deck out over the water. Not bad. We are planning an outdoor wedding on the deck with this lovely view out over the water and boats. It's going to be a lovely wedding. We can't wait. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="newphotos/index.html"> <img src="newphotos/OBS2019/Me175.jpg" width="500" alt="Me at the 2019 Orange Blossom Special Star Party." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <b>02/12/19</b> - Attended the 2019 Orange Blossom Special Star Party.<br> The 2019 Orange Blossom Special Star Party was a little over a week ago. As usual I was there with my big scope. The weather wasn't so good this year, but most of us still managed to have a good time. <a href="newphotos/index.html">Click here</a> or on the photo to go to <a href="newphotos/index.html">my Travel and Vacation Photos Section</a> for lots of photos and a write-up of this year's star party. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8bf5uNpUNC0" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <b>01/14/19</b> - Successful slump of a 16 inch mirror.<br> I have successfully slumped a 16 inch mirror blank to f/3.75. This video shows a lot of the steps in the process. It compresses weeks of effort into less than 15 minutes of video. This is by far the best looking mirror blank I have ever slumped. Using a smoother mold and a lower processing temperature resulted in a near perfect slump. I will eventually put together a web page on mirror slumping with more information and sharing more details, including the firing schedule, in <a href="scopeworks/index.html"> the Scopeworks section of my web site</a>. This blank is going to make a great telescope mirror. I can't wait to start working on it. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="images/F150Topper.jpg"> <img src="images/s_F150Topper.jpg" width="500" alt="The new topper for my F-150 truck." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <b>01/11/19</b> - A topper for my F-150<br> The topper I ordered for my new F-150 truck finally arrived. It really looks great. I'm going to go back and get a roof rack installed too so I can haul our kayaks on top. That'll probably happen next week. I also got rubber floor mats for it to keep our wet and sandy feet off the carpet when we go to the beach or fossil hunting. Plus I installed a trailer hitch. The truck is just about ready for some serious adventuring.<br><br> Update: The Thule roof rack has been installed. Now I can carry our kayaks up on top, or bring home a big load of lumber for various projects. Love it.<br><br> I also had the truck inspected and certified at the local Ford dealership and since it is in such good condition I was able to purchase three more years of bumper to bumper factory warranty for it. Now it really is just like a brand new truck in spite of being used. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="images/outings/VeniceBeachFossils.jpg"> <img src="images/outings/s_VeniceBeachFossils.jpg" width="500" alt="Fossils collected at Venice Beach." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <b>12/27/18</b> - A Christmas Day Fossil Hunt<br> Our families had our Christmas get-together, dinner and gift exchange on Christmas Eve. That left my fiancee and myself free to spend Christmas day together doing whatever we liked. We decided to head down to Venice Beach to hunt fossils and shark teeth. The wind and water were cold, but the beach was absolutely jam-packed with people. Looks like everyone in west Florida decided to hit the beach on Christmas day. We weren't expecting such a crowd. It was hard to find a parking place, and we had to walk a long way north along the beach to find places not so crowded where we could do our shoveling, scooping, sifting and sorting. Like I said above, the water was cold, so we were only out there a couple of hours before we were both chilled enough to call it quits. Still we found some good stuff. We got a lot of shark teeth, including one mini meg tooth of respectable size. We got lots of stingray mouth plate parts. We also found lots of bits of wave tumbled bone that is not really identifiable, but likely from dugong ribs. We also found a sea urchin spine, some fossilized sea shells, bits of turtle shell and what looks to me like a piece of tusk ivory. The best find of all though was a huge dermal scute my fiance found sitting on the dry sand above the water line. We aren't sure what it is from. We also collected a few of the pretty modern shells we scooped up. Most of this stuff is destined for the kid's mine at Fossil Fest where a big sandbox is salted with fossils and kids are taught how to sift through it to find and identify fossils. Click the image for a larger view. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="/Africa/index.html"> <img src="/Africa/images/Elephants5.jpg" width="500" alt="A close-up of an African Elephant." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <b>12/23/18</b> - Major update to the Africa and Dubai page<br> I've just completed a major update of <a href="/Africa/index.html">my Africa and Dubai trip page.</a> The third member of our party, Mary in Ohio, just sent us a thumb drive with all her photos from the trip. I have added some of her photos and expanded the write-ups. Mary got some really great photos, and different angles on things, that neither Leslie nor I got. Check it out <br clear="all"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="newphotos/index.html"> <img src="newphotos/DEC2018/s_M33-300X6.jpg" width="500" alt="Galaxy M33 shot from my remote Arizona property." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <b>12/14/18</b> - Just back from an extended vacation in Arizona<br> I just got back from an extended stay at my remote property in Arizona. It was great, but really cold. I'd never been out there in December Before. It may be a while before I go back in December, or any other winter month. I did have a good time in spite of the cold. I got a lot done, including doing a lot of astrophotography. Here is a photo of galaxy M33 taken on this trip. Check out lots more photos and the full write-up on the trip on <a href="newphotos/index.html">my vacation and travel photos page.</a> <br clear="all"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="images/Truck.jpg"> <img src="images/s_Truck.jpg" width="500" alt="My new Ford F-150 Truck." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <b>11/15/18</b> - I bought a new truck!<br> Well, new to me. It's a used F-150, but in like new condition. I got it at an amazing price, (I practically stole it), so I couldn't resist. I think it has almost every option known to man on it too. I had been toying with the idea of buying a full-size pickup. I've been renting them on vacation trips to essentially test drive them. I'd shopped around a little lately too. I didn't see anything like this truck at any less than several thousand more. When this listing showed up at a nearby Ford dealership I knew had to go take a look. I checked it out front to back, crawled underneath it, and into the engine compartment, I took it on a vigorous test drive meant to expose any rattles, squeaks, engine, transmission or brake issues. The poor salesman riding along managed to not loose his lunch. I bought it on the spot after the test drive. It's fantastic. I love it. The only modification I am going to make is to add a topper to it to keep my stuff dry.<br><br> As you can just see from the photo in the background, my Toyota Tacoma is still here. I didn't trade it in. My plan is to drive it out to Arizona in the Spring and it can live the rest of its life out there. I'll put it in storage near the airport. Then when I fly out to my place in Arizona I just need to take an Uber from the airport to the storage facility and presto, I have a vehicle. No more rental cars. I've found several possibilities for cheap storage that make this plan more cost effective than continuing to rent vehicles on my trips. Especially since I am planning more and longer trips in the future. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> </p> <a href="Africa/index.html"> <img src="Africa/images/2Giraffes.jpg" width="500" alt="A pair of giraffes." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <strong>11/03/18</strong> - Africa and Dubai trip page online!<br> It took a while, but I finally have <a href="Africa/index.html">the web page with lots of photos and videos from our Africa and Dubai trip</a> online. This page will likely be a work in progress for a while. There's lots more stuff I want to add to it. As it is now though, it's a good start. There's already over a hundred photos and videos on it. It'll give you a good idea of a lot of the places we went and the stuff we saw and did on our amazing 15 day trip.<br><br> <a href="Africa/index.html">Check it out.</a> <br clear="all"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="images/Africa/Leopard1.jpg"> <img src="images/Africa/s_Leopard1.jpg" width="500" alt="A leopard resting in the shade in Serengeti National Park." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <b>10/25/18</b> - A couple more Photos from our Africa Trip.<br> Still working on getting the dedicated Africa page put together, Here's a really great photo of a leopard my fiancee took. Our guide knew the leopard was hiding in the rocks somewhere. We drove around looking for him for an hour before finally spotting him. He was well hidden. He was only visible from one place through a gap in the rocks. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <a href="images/Africa/2Jackals.jpg"> <img src="images/Africa/2Jackals.jpg" width="500" alt="A pair of black-backed jackals in Serengeti National Park." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> And here is a photo of a couple of black-backed jackals. I think they were some of the cutest animals we saw in Africa.<br><br> <br clear="all"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="images/Africa/m_4Lions.jpg"> <img src="images/Africa/s_4Lions.jpg" width="500" alt="A group of three lionesses and a kitten in Serengeti National Park." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <b>10/22/18</b> - More Photos from our Africa Trip.<br> While I slowly get the dedicated Africa page put together, I'll preview some of the highlights here. It's going to be a while. Leslie and I exchanged photos yesterday. Now I have hundreds more photos to sort through. Eventually I'll get Mary's photos too. Who knew three people could take so many photos in two weeks? It's just an incredible mountain of material, and there is only so much time in the day to deal with it. Once online, the page will likely be a work in progress for quite a while. <br><br> Anyway, here's a photo of three lionesses and a kitten. I have video of this family group too. It will get uploaded to Youtube eventually. Also, I'm trying out a new and slightly larger photo size for my blog to see if I like it. As always, click on the photos for a larger view. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <a href="images/Africa/m_LoneZebra.jpg"> <img src="images/Africa/s_LoneZebra.jpg" width="500" alt="A lone zebra in Serengeti National Park." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> And here is a photo of a lone zebra. We saw thousands of zebras, singularly, in small groups and in huge herds. Something about this photo of a lone zebra in front of a lone acacia tree just grabs me. I really like it.<br><br> Hard to believe I could come to love a place so much after such a brief exposure to it, but I really miss Africa. Every day there was magical. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> </p> <p> <a href="images/Africa/m_Cheetah1.jpg"> <img src="images/Africa/s_Cheetah1.jpg" width="500" alt="A cheetah sitting on a termite mound in Serengeti National Park." align="left" border="2" hspace="5"></a> <b>10/18/18</b> - Working on getting the African Vacation Photos Online.<br> I'm working on getting a lot of the photos and video from our recent vacation to Africa and Dubai online. It's going to take a while. The number of photos and videos I shot was massive. Plus I was traveling with two other people who shot a lot of great photos too. There is too much stuff for my usual travel and vacation photos site. I'm going to build a dedicated section just for this vacation and all the media that came from it. It's just going to take a while.<br><br> In the meantime, here is a photo of a cheetah sitting on a termite mound in Serengeti National Park surveying the countryside for something to hunt. <br clear="all"> </p> <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8HZ8FnjXsu8" frameborder="0" align="left" style="margin: 5;" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe> And here is a video of the Dubai Fountain Show. The Dubai Fountain is the world's largest choreographed fountain system. It sits at the base of the Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest building, and right next to the Dubai Mall, the world's largest mall. That's how they are in Dubai. Everything has to be the world's biggest, world's tallest, world's most spectacular, whatever it is. Second best isn't good enough for them over there.<br><br> I have to admit, it is a spectacular show, especially after dark. The shows draw huge crowds. <br clear="all"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="index4.html"><span style="font-size: larger;"><strong>Click here to read older posts.</strong></span></a></p> </div> <p> </p> <p> </p> <em>© Copyright 2006-2023 Michael Davis, All rights reserved.</em> </div> <img src="http://www.mdpub.com/invisi_count.cgi?index.txt" width=1 height=1 border=0> </td></tr></table> </font> </body> </html>	Michael Davis Publishing - Mike's World. <!-- TD A {text-decoration: none;} Body {font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: #EFEFEF} --> iframe { margin-right: 15px; } Welcome to Mike's World. Hi, I'm Mike Davis. I like to build things and travel. Here you will find links to, and in-depth explanations of, all my interesting (I think) projects, hobbies, how-to's and pastimes and travel destinations. Click on a photo to go to that section, or read blog entries below. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| [Gold Prospecting and Gold Panning Gold Prospecting](/gold/index.html) \| [Me and my 17.5 inch Dobsonian telescope Astronomy and Telescope Building](/scopeworks/index.html) \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| [Miscellaneous Projects Miscellaneous Projects](/misc.html) \| \| [Gold from e-waste Gold from e-waste](/UrbanGoldMining/index.html) \| \| [A home-built jet engine made from junkyard parts Homebuilt Jet Engine](http://www.junkyardjet.com) \| \| [Travel and vacation photos Travel & Vacations](/newphotos/index.html) \| [Home-built electricity generating wind turbine Wind Power](/Wind_Turbine/index.html) \| \| [My house maintenance and renovation blogs My House Blogs](Houses/index.html) \| [My home-built solar panels My home-built solar panels](/solar/index.html) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| More: [My Stuff For Sale](ForSale/ForSale.html), [Home-Made Biomass Gasifier](gasifier/index.html), [Home-Made Vacuum Former](vacuumformer/index.html), [Home-made CNC Router](8020CNC/), [Electronics](/Electrogeek64/), [Retro-Computing](/Electrogeek64/) [Home-Built Ballmill](ballmill/index.html), [Home-Built Kiln Controller](kilncont/index.html), [Cooking](cooking/), [Rental House Blog](houseblog.html), [New house Blog](Houses/NewHouse/index.html), [Wyoming Ranch Blog](WyomingRanch/) [Soap Making](soap/index.html), [My Improvised Generator](generator/index.html), [Improved Solar/Wind Charge Controller](555Controller/index.html), [DIY Blast Cabinet,](http://www.mdpub.com/BlastCabinet/ target=) [Urban Gold Mining](UrbanGoldMining/index.html), [Scrapouts and Teardowns](TearDowns/), [My Youtube Channel](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeojKyfz8XxqG2TvPFc4nJQ), [My Wife's Youtube Channel](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFqdMupE8uru14KYygVIlww), [My Wife's Blog,](https://lesliemews.com/) [Ancient Artworks (my stepson's business),](https://www.facebook.com/AncientArtworksUS) [Corona Virus Quarantine Diary](QDiary/) Email me: astronomermike @ gmail.com (remove spaces) \| So what's new in my life? 03/31/23 - Staying busy with several major projects. Whew, I've been busy. I am in the middle of rehabbing an old home-made Dobsonian telescope for the St. Petersburg Astronomy Club. Check out my [Scopeworks page](/scopeworks/) for more information and videos on that. I've also been working on my [JAZ80 breadboard retro-computer.](/Electrogeek64/JAZ80/) There have been multiple recent updates on it. It is nearly fully upgraded to Level 1. I'll be adding a monitor program and a BASIC interpreter to it soon. Check out [my JAZ80 page](/Electrogeek64/JAZ80/) for more info and updates on that. Speaking of retro-computers, my Stand Alone NABU project has achieved all it's initial goals. I have more plans for the NABU in the future. There's still more hacking to be done with it. Check out my dedicated [NABU Hacking page](/NABU/) for info and updates on that project. Plus there's been lots of new videos released on my [Youtube Urban Gold Mining playlist](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLo-lisIgGkrXI21v4zWtWOmk-Cs3H66CX). I really need to update my [Urban Gold Mining page](/UrbanGoldMining/) soon with some of the new content. UPDATE: The [second video in the This Old Telescope series](https://youtu.be/ZLf6Ow77kuE) has been released. And the [third video has been released.](https://youtu.be/RekjWGnguV8) And the fourth is on the way. This project is really coming along. [![](images/astro/s_WCPtriob.jpg)](images/astro/WCPtriob.jpg) Even with all that stuff going on, I managed to find the time to get away for a few days to Withlacoochee River Park and do some astronomy and astrophotography. I'm definitely getting better at astrophotography. I just need to find the time (and clear skies) to practice more. This is a photo of the Trio in Leo, Three bright galaxies in the constellation Leo. M65, M66, and NGC 3628. [![](images/astro/s_WCPm101c.jpg)](images/astro/WCPm101c.jpg) Here is a photo of galaxy M101. I've imaged it before, but I never get tired of it. Besides, as I get better at astrophotograhy, each new image of M101 is better and more detailed than the last. [![](images/astro/s_WCP108owlB.jpg)](images/astro/WCP108owlB.jpg) This is an image of galaxy M108 (upper left) and the Owl Nebula (lower right). I was extremely fortunate in my timing of this image. A supernova had just exploded in M108. I heard about it a few days after taking this image. Sure enough, zooming in to M108, the supernova is visible. \| \| \| --- \| \| Click to learn how to meet them \| \| \| 12/28/22 - Two big new retro-computer projects! Over on the [Electronics & Retro-Computing section of the site](Electrogeek64/), I have begun two big new retro-computing projects. First off, I started building the Z80 computer of my youthful dreams. I call it the JAZ80, which stands for "Just Another Z80 Retro-Computer." I am building it on a breadboard, at least initially. It is coming along nicely. [Check out the dedicated JAZ80 page.](Electrogeek64/JAZ80/) The newest big project is an ancient, but factory fresh, NABU Computer I picked up off Ebay for cheap. The NABU was a network computer that was leased by a couple of Canadian cable companies to their customers back in the early 1980s. It had no local storage and accessed servers on the cable network for everything. Well, the NABU is about useless these days without access to the network. But, I plan to turn it into a stand-alone computer with BASIC, and eventually some sort of mass storage, and eventually the CP/M operating system. Follow along on [my dedicated NABU web page](NABU/) as I hack the computer into something usable. [![Items for sale.](ForSale/MysteryBox/MysteryBox.jpg) 09/01/22 - A new For Sale section to my web site](ForSale/ForSale.html) My "hobby" of recovering precious metals from e-waste has kind of grown into a semi-business. One side-effect of doing scrap pickups from corporate clients is that I often get some good, usable or re-usable equipment from them that is too nice to scrap out. So I have been re-selling it through various outlets like Ebay and Facebook Marketplace. I decided to build [my own for sale section here](ForSale/ForSale.html) too, to give members of my Youtube audience first crack at some items I am selling. It's also the only place you'll be able to find my [E-Waste Starter Kit Mystery Boxes](ForSale/MysteryBox.html) for sale, at least for now. There will eventually be a wide variety of equipment for sale here. I'm still building up the site. [Check it out.](ForSale/ForSale.html) 08/08/22 - A video of mine went seriously viral! While we were away on our latest trip out west, (see entry below), a video on [my new electronics oriented Youtube channel](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCF70OcOV_d-j_yYTPj3VFFw) went seriously viral. It was a video I made [about Radio Shack stores making something of a comeback](https://youtu.be/0EwfYRZWfUg). It didn't get much traction during the first month or so that it was up on Youtube. Then suddenly, while we were on vacation out west again, it took off like a rocket. In just a few days it got over 200,000 views, and well over a thousand comments, with 98.8% positive reactions. Holy cow! The Youtube algorithm really smiled on me for a while. This led to a lot of increased views on a lot of the other videos on the nearly new channel too, plus exponential subscriber growth. After launching the second channel only about six months ago, it blew well past Youtube's requirements for subscriber numbers and viewing hours practically overnight to qualify for monitization. So Now I have two successful and monitized Youtube channels that I have to keep making content for. Whew, that's going to be a lot of work. I just hope I can make the lightning strike a few more time like it did for [this Radio Shack video.](https://youtu.be/0EwfYRZWfUg) \| \| \| --- \| \| Click to learn how to meet them \| \| \| 08/08/22 - Whew! Another long cross country drive! [Yep, I drove across the country again.](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLo-lisIgGkrXyUHGLe5OZ03CttcdHAQvL) I drove to our place in Wyoming and back via Denver. Leslie wanted to have her three best friends in the world come out and visit our place in Wyoming. The logistics of getting everyone to Denver on time to catch a connecting flight to Riverton, Wyoming (the nearest decent size airport to our ranch) were just impossible. The Covid stunned and barely functional airlines kept shifting flight schedules and cancelling flights. I volunteered to drive our biggest truck out to Denver, take everyone's luggage with me and collect everyone as they arrived at the Denver Airport, [then drive us all up into Wyoming.](https://youtu.be/PgaQSMDa7Sw) That way we wouldn't have to worry about catching connecting flights or lost luggage. It all worked out like a dream. We got to spend a week together at our ranch and do some serious [sight-seeing](https://youtu.be/9BpW8TBnPVQ), exploring and [rock-hounding](https://youtu.be/1iNN5bF0Qpo) in Wyoming. Then I drove the girls back to Denver so they could all fly home. Before driving back home myself, I spent a few days [gold prospecting in Fairplay, Colorado](https://youtu.be/dvT_N1wlo8A), then went back to our place in Wyoming for a while and did some astronomy and more [rock-hounding.](https://youtu.be/Jw-sDamOLQo) What a great vacation. The more time we spend at our Wyoming place, the more we love it. I like driving, but I am about driven out for a while. Next time we go out west we are flying. [![My spring 2022 Cross-country Drive](images/CrossCountrySpring2022.jpg)](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLo-lisIgGkrXyUHGLe5OZ03CttcdHAQvL) 06/24/22 - A month and a half on the road. Whew! Okay, it's been a while since the last post, but I've been busy. Lots going on, including a month and a half long roadtrip around the US. It was a 12 state, 7500 mile, whilrlwind of a trip around the country. And the best part is that I shot video of most of it. 24 videos came out of this trip. Interesting stuff too. Not just me taking you with me across the US like your virtual Uber driver, but many stops at cool and interesting places. Check out [my Driving Across The USA playlist](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLo-lisIgGkrXyUHGLe5OZ03CttcdHAQvL) on [my Youtube Channel.](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeojKyfz8XxqG2TvPFc4nJQ) [![Spring 2022 Fossil Hunting expedition](images/FossilHuntingSpring2022.jpg)](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLo-lisIgGkrU8g8yOh3W4l8m2ConUkD3b) But wait, there's more. Leslie and I also spent our usual two weeks in Nebraska fossil hunting in May. We both found some neat stuff and had a lot of fun. I got a bunch of videos about that too. So check out [my Fossil Hunting playlist](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLo-lisIgGkrU8g8yOh3W4l8m2ConUkD3b) as well. \| \| \| --- \| \| Click to learn how to meet them \| \| \| [03/10/22 - A Video Of Our Time At The 2022 Orange Blossom Special Star Party](https://youtu.be/oV3grgH0UY8) Leslie and I attended the February 23-27 Orange Blossom Special Star Party the St. Petersburg Astronomy Club puts on every year. I was there for four nights and Leslie joined me for the last three. We had a great time. The weather was amazing the whole time. People who arrived a few days early said it was even great before we got there. It was warm every day, and clear but not too cold every night. Couldn't have been better weather. All our telescopes got a real workout with clear skies every night. We even canceled the usual cloudy night movie night, because there were no cloudy nights! I had made out what I thought was a ridiculously large list of targets to observe with my big 17.5 inch Dobsonian telescope, never expecting to see them all with our usual weather. Well, by the second night I had seen them all an had to add a bunch more objects to my list for the next two nights. It was unheard of great weather and fantastic observing. It was an all-around great time had by all. [Check out the video](https://youtu.be/oV3grgH0UY8) to see some of the highlights. [![My Z80 MBC2 Retro-Computer.](images/Z80MBC2.jpg)](/Electrogeek64/) [02/15/22 Announcing a new section to this web site!](/Electrogeek64/) I have just put together a new section to this web site, or blog, or whatever this sprawling mess has become. It is a place dedicated to my hobbies of retro-computing and electronics tinkering. There are lots of videos of recent projects and links to past projects. I'm really getting into retro-computing. It's a lot of fun. Plus I have always been an electronics geek. I will be putting all such content in this new section in the future, and will be adding links to older material as time permits. This photo for instance is [the Z80 MBC2 retro kit computer](https://youtu.be/6wINtO8tHeU) I built and am having fun with. It's just one of the many projects on the new page. [Check it out.](/Electrogeek64/) 01/06/22 Entering Another 555 Timer Chip Design Contest Wish me luck. I'm exercising my electronic design skills again by entering [another 555 timer chip design contest.](https://hackaday.com/tag/555-timer-contest/) I was the grand prize winner in the utility category of the [contest held 10 years ago by Chris Gammell and Jeri Ellsworth.](https://youtu.be/VhVnELYyRpU) My entry then was [a solar power charge controller based on a 555 chip.](http://www.mdpub.com/555Controller/index.html) This time I decided to try dragging the venerable old 555 into the digital age and try building [an 8 bit binary counter using nothing but 555 timer chips](https://hackaday.io/project/183172-an-8-bit-binary-counter-made-from-555-timer-chips) and some passive components. I managed it. It works! It was also a fun build. However, the competition is steep. There are a lot of good entries so far in this contest. So I'm not getting my hopes of winning anything up too high. Anyway, there are a few days left to enter the contest. So if you have a great design based on the 555 timer, get in your entry. Update 02/08/22: Well, I didn't win anything this time around. The competition was stiff though, and the winners were all really deserving projects. Better luck next time. [![Christmas at the beach.](images/outings/HoneymoonIsland.jpg)](https://www.facebook.com/lesliebranin/posts/4550252711738555?notif_id=1640467518739884¬if_t=nf_status_story&ref=notif) 12/26/21 Christmas at the beach Our family has a tradition on Christmas. We visit relatives and open our presents to each other on Christmas Eve. We always take a trip on Christmas Day. We usually go to a river or a beach, but not to swim or bask in the sun. We go fossil and artifact hunting. This year we went to Honeymoon Island for a picnic and to search for fossilized coral. We found some too, and saw some big gopher tortoises and other neat wildlife. It was a great day out. I took some photos and was going to make a blog post, but as usual, Leslie was way ahead of me and had a bunch of photos and video up on Facebook. So [I'm linking to her Facebook post.](https://www.facebook.com/lesliebranin/posts/4550252711738555?notif_id=1640467518739884¬if_t=nf_status_story&ref=notif) [Click here](https://www.facebook.com/lesliebranin/posts/4550252711738555?notif_id=1640467518739884¬if_t=nf_status_story&ref=notif) or on the photo to see the whole story and more photos. \| \| \| --- \| \| Click to learn how to meet them \| \| \| [![The new front porch deck.](newphotos/Nov2021/s_deck2.jpg)](newphotos/Nov2021.html) 11/14/21 Yet another visit to Arizona We were only back a couple of weeks from our last trip to our Arizona property when I left again for another two weeks out there. I had been having so much fun and success doing astrophotography that I wanted very much to go back and do some more. Leslie couldn't take any more time off work, but she gave me her blessing to go back for a couple of weeks. I timed the trip to coincide with the third quarter and new moon phases and flew back out to indulge in lots of astrophotography. I also did a lot of work on the cabin while I was there, including building this new front porch deck. [Click here](newphotos/Nov2021.html) or on the photo to see the whole story and more photos. [![A trip to St. Augustine, Florida.](images/StAugustine.jpg)](https://www.facebook.com/lesliebranin/posts/4298357763594719) 10/17/21 Our 2nd Wedding Anniversary! Leslie and I had our 2nd wedding anniversary a week ago. We celebrated with a trip to Saint Augustine and a stay in a quaint bed and breakfast for a couple of days. We had a great time. We did all the touristy stuff. Visited the fort and climbed the lighthouse and ate way too much really good food. Two years and counting. Love you, Leslie. [Click here](https://www.facebook.com/lesliebranin/posts/4298357763594719) or on the photo to see the Facebook post and more pictures. [![The Trifid Nebula.](newphotos/Oct2021/s_TrifidProcessed.jpg)](newphotos/Oct2021.html) 10/17/21 Just returned from an Arizona vacation Leslie and I just returned from a week at our remote Arizona cabin. Only a month after returning from a week at our Wyoming ranch, we headed out for another week-long vacation at our remote Arizona cabin. Leslie was in need of more time away from her stressful job, and I'm always ready to go to either of our places. So we flew off to Arizona for a week of fun. We had some interesting adventures. We cruised Route 66, saw Meteor Crater, a huge volcano, lots of ancient Indian ruins and we both dabbled in astrophotography. Here's a photo of the Trifid Nebula I took on this trip. [Click here](newphotos/Oct2021.html) or on the photo to see the whole story and more photos. 10/07/21 - Got my Pfizer Covid booster Got my Pfizer Covid booster shot a couple of days ago. I was pleasantly surprised by the mild side-effects this time. Both of the first two shots I got had some pretty nasty side-effects. This time just my stomach was a bit fluttery the evening after getting the shot. I didn't really want any dinner that night, but managed to get down some chicken soup. By the next morning my stomach was fine and my appetite was back. My arm where I got the shot got sore that night, but not nearly as sore as the last two times. It just felt mildly bruised for a couple of days. I hardly even noticed it most of the time. So now I can travel on crowded airplanes and crowded airports and strange Ubers with peace of mind. 09/15/21 Gold panning in Wyoming We just got back from spending a little over a week at [our Wyoming ranch.](WyomingRanch/) We love it out there. We did a lot on this trip. It is all written up with lots of photos and video in [the travel and vacation photos section](newphotos/Sept2021.html) of the web site. We painted the observatory at the ranch, we went for a picnic and hike in the mountains, revisited The National Museum of Military Vehicles and last but certainly not least, we went gold prospecting. It's one of my all time favorite activities. I so rarely get to practice it here in Florida where we live most of the year. On this trip though we both wanted to get out there in the beautiful Wyoming wilderness and see if we could find some gold. So we loaded the truck with picks and shovels and buckets and gold pans and a gold sluice and headed for the mountains. We got directions from a rancher friend to a spot on his gazillion acres of property where people have found gold before. He also told us how to get to the old abandoned dredge on Rock Creek. We went and visited that on the way to get some photos. Then we headed off to a spot where we could dig and test pan. Once we found a spot with gold, we started digging in earnest. We then set up the sluice in the creek and ran our paydirt through it until the light began to fade. We took our concentrates back to the ranch and I panned them out a couple days later. We found some gold! But more importantly, we had a lot of fun. It was a great day out in the mountains. Now that we know a spot to find gold, I'm sure we'll be back again in the future for more prospecting fun. 08/10/21 A visit to the Edison and Ford Estates and Edison's Lab My wife had some continuing education she needed to do on Captiva Island for a few days. I tagged along because... Because it's Captiva Island. So while she was stuck in boring meetings all day, I played and explored. One place I went was to the Edison and Ford Estates and Museum in Fort Myers. I had been there once before many years ago, but barely remembered it. I wanted to see it all again. This time I got a pretty good look around, in spite of time constraints and deteriorating weather. I loved seeing Edison's lab again. There were also some really neat displays in the museum, but I admit they kind of got short-shrift in the video because I was pressed for time. It's all definitely worth a visit if you are in the Fort Myers area. Check out the video. Also check out [my other "Exotic Travel" videos on Youtube.](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLo-lisIgGkrXvrNQnqGHBZ3AGj9wycVEK) 07/28/21 Cutting telescope mirror blanks out of a glass tabletop Here is a video I made of how I cut telescope mirror blanks out of thick glass tabletops. The video has created quite a buzz on Youtube. I got a total of seven blanks of various diameters out of this 40 inch diameter by 3/4 inch thick tabletop. There were one 16 inch, two 14 inch, two 12 inch and two 10 inch blanks hiding within that big tabletop. It was just a matter of cutting them out. Check out the video to see how I did it. Also visit my [Telescope Workshop page](/scopeworks/) to see some of my other telescope and astronomy related projects. \| \| \| --- \| \| Click to learn how to meet them \| \| \| [![Snowy Wind River Mountains.](newphotos/MayJune2021/SnowyWindRivers.jpg)](newphotos/MayJune2021.html) 06/27/21 Back from a long road trip I haven't posted anything for a while because I had been away on a two month long roadtrip. Damn, it's good to be semi-retired. I could never have done that as a 9 to 5 wage slave. This epic roadtrip took us to Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and places in between. A lot happened on this trip, so much that I decided it needed its own web page to contain all the photos and video and explanation. So buckle in and [click here](newphotos/MayJune2021.html) or on the photo of the lovely snow covered Wind River Mountains of Wyoming at the left to go to the web page. [Or click here to see my other travel and vacation photos](newphotos/index.html). [![The new deck is finished.](images/house/s_NewDeck2.jpg)](images/house/NewDeck2.jpg) 04/27/21 A new pool deck for my old house I haven't posted any updates about my old house (which I now rent out) for a while. It's been a no news is good news kind of thing. Everything has been working out well. The tenants are great, and there haven't been any major issues with the house. Something worth blogging about has happened. The subsiding and cracked pool deck has finally been replaced. it's a job that has needed doing since I bought the place. I just kept putting it off. Now it has finally been done, and oh man does it look good. [Click here to go to my rental house blog](houseblog.html) and read the latest blog entry and see more photos. 03/24/21 A new series of gold recovery videos I am releasing a new series of videos titled "Where is the gold hiding in e-waste?" This is the first one in the series. The second one in the series, where I also discuss silver recovery, can be seen here: <https://youtu.be/EXUpc6HpuZE> The third in the series will be coming along soon has arrived and can be seen here <https://youtu.be/STJ-uiddAwg>. These videos have been wildly popular, and have generated a lot of great comments and discussions. Check them out. Also check out my [Urban Gold Mining web page](UrbanGoldMining/index.html) where where you can find all kinds of useful info on recovering precious metals from electronic scrap. ![Got my second covid vaccination.](images/s_CrushCovid.jpg) 03/21/21 Got my second Covid vaccination Got my second Covid vaccination a few days ago. It was the Pfizer vaccine, like the first one. Again I had a few side-effects (see first shot side-effects in entry below). My arm where I got the injection got really sore again. Plus I had a lot of achy joints all over my body, and general mild flu-like symptoms. I got really sleepy again, but wasn't able to sleep well. Lots of tossing and turning and waking up in the night. Hopefully that's all over and I'll be able to get a good sleep tonight. I feel pretty much fully recovered today. Still a little achy, but well enough to tackle a bunch of chores here around the house today. Finally, I'm fully vaccinated. I got my yellow International certificate of vaccination signed off for Covid, along-side all the other vaccinations I've had for world travel. And I got a little Covid vaccination passport thing from the CDC. I'll keep those two papers together with my passport and I should be good to go for traveling again, once the rest of the world opens up again. While we are waiting for the rest of the world to catch up. Leslie and I are planning a lot of domestic travel for the rest of this year. Can't wait to hit the road again. No more fear of getting sick with Covid in some far-away place. We can travel freely without that worry on our minds. ![Got my first covid vaccination.](images/injection.jpg) 02/28/21 Got my first Covid vaccination Got my first Covid vaccination a few days ago. It was the Pfizer vaccine. I need to wait three weeks to get the second one. I had a few side-effects. My arm where I got the injection got really sore a few hours later. No, I mean it got really sore. It felt like someone had whaled away on it with a baseball bat. It hurt like that for about 12 hrs. I also got really fuzzy headed and sleepy, but tossed and turned all night without getting good sleep according to my wife. The next morning the pain went away entirely. The next day though I got the sweats. I was hot. Felt like I was burning up. Then that went away too. Now I am more or less back to normal. I hope I don't have a bad reaction to the second shot. I am very glad to be getting the shots, in spite of the side effects. We like to travel. Neither of us is really comfortable traveling with Covid running rampant. We did it some anyway, last year. We have more trips coming up in the spring. This time we'll both be fully vaccinated (Leslie got her shots months ago because she is a health care worker). We'll be able to relax and actually enjoy our vacations, instead of worrying about getting sick. 02/23/21 Casting a light weight telescope mirror (all steps in the process) It's been a while since I've fired up my kilns to cast and slump some glass for telescope mirrors. Now that I have a 3D printer, and I am getting reasonably proficient with it, I am able to relatively quickly and easily explore new designs for light-weight mirror blanks. In this video I show how I designed, cast, slumped and coldworked a light-weight telescope mirror blank prototype. The blank is 10 inches in diameter, but only weighs 4 lbs 13 oz. It has a ribbed back design for rigidity, and is pre-slumped to f/4.9. This video shows the entire process, from design, to 3D printing a positive mold, to casting and burning out a negative refractory plaster mold, to casting the glass, to pre-slumping it to f/4.9 and final cold-working. This was only a prototype to prove that the process has potential, and that I could make every step along the way work. I have never done so many different processes to one piece of glass before. It turned out nice, but even better designs than this one will be coming in the future. Stay tuned for further developments. You can see all my astronomy and telescope making projects on my [Scopeworks Page.](scopeworks/) \| \| \| --- \| \| Click to learn how to meet them \| \| \| 01/18/21 Getting better with my 3D Printer I have come a long way with my 3D printer in only a short time. I'm doing a lot better than my first laughably bad efforts with the printer. I'm actually turning out lots of useful parts with it now. The learning curve is steep with these things. I suppose everyone is pretty lost with their first printer right out of the box. Once I managed to learn the basics and was able to reliably print usable parts, it was off to the races. The printer is running all day most days. My wife says I am obsessed with it. I spend the evenings designing stuff to print, and the days printing it out. Naturally I've been printing lots of parts for my main obsession of telescope building. It is so cool to just be able to print out whatever I need or want, whenever I want it. I have also printed out a bunch of upgrades and modifications for the printer itself. I even built an enclosure for it using some 3D printed parts. The printer is even helping me upgrade my other equipment in my workshop. Today I will print out parts for a dust shoe I designed for [my home-made CNC router.](8020CNC/) Every day I get a little better at designing things and using the slicing software. I don't know where all this is leading up to, but I sure am enjoying the ride getting there. I have several major projects in the works based on 3D printed parts. Stay tuned, there's more to come. 12/06/20 My New 3D Printer It's a new day out in my mad scientist workshop, or as my wife calls it, my loafing shed. I have a 3D printer now! Yay! I actually bought two of them. I was at a machine shop bankruptcy auction a few weeks ago and they had two of these Creality Ender 5 3D printers new in the box. I bought both of them at quite a significant discount off list price. I opened up one of the boxes after getting them home and found that I actually had an Ender 5 Pro in one of them. Bonus. I got an even better printer than I thought I did. I quickly assembled the printer and got started trying to print stuff. Well, lots of things went wrong in the beginning. There is a steep learning curve to using these things. I made a video of my early efforts. Its titled "A comedy of errors with a happy ending." Eventually I started getting the hang of it. Since I shot this video the printer has been going pretty much non-stop. Boxes of printer filament are now being delivered along with the rest of the never-ending stream of stuff coming in from Amazon. I've been printing out all kinds of doohickys for my various projects, of which I generally have about a dozen going at any one time. I have also been printing out upgrades, additions and modifications for the printer. I love the fact that the printer can upgrade itself by printing out new parts for itself. It's the ultimate in bootstrapping yourself up. I love it. I strongly suspect there will be a lot more videos about 3D printing coming out of my workshop in the near future. Oh, and what did I do with the second printer? I sold it to a good buddy of mine who is as big a geek about this sort of thing as I am. I passed along the great price discount I got on it to him. 11/26/20 Christmas came early I came home the other day and saw a big box on the front porch. I went over to check it out. It was a huge smoker. Well, I didn't order a smoker. So I texted my wife Leslie and asked if she had bought it? She replied, "Oh crap! That's your Christmas present. You aren't supposed to know about it. It was supposed to come in late December." Instead it showed up two days before Thanksgiving. We talked it over and decided that since it was here, and I knew about it, I might as well unbox it, assemble it and smoke our Thanksgiving turkey in it. My wife also suggested I make an unboxing video. So I did. This is it. The smoker is a Masterbuilt model MPS 230S Propane Smoker. Assembly and setup was fairly easy. It took about an hour from opening the box to first firing of the burner to season the smoker. The instructions were unclear in a couple of places, leading to some head-scratching and a false start or two during the assembly, but it eventually all came together. [![The first run of my new smoker.](images/s_1stSmoke.jpg)](images/1stSmoke.jpg) Here is a photo that my wife Leslie snapped of me just after I loaded the turkey breast into the smoker for it's first ever smoking run. I had brined the breast overnight and then covered it with a rub before putting it in the smoker. We settled on a large turkey breast this year, instead of a whole turkey, because we were only having a small gathering due to covid, rather than the huge get-togethers we normally do. The Thanksgiving turkey breast turned out great. I got lots of complements. I think the smokey flavor was a bit strong for my taste though. It was however very tender and juicy. Next time I think I'll cut back on the amount of wood chips I use when doing turkey. Friends with smokers tell me that some meats need more smoke and some need less. I just need to experiment and take notes. I'm just glad my first ever smoked turkey breast turned out OK and we didn't have to make alternate dinner plans because I had ruined it. I love my new smoker. We are already making plans to smoke lots of other things in it, and maybe make some jerky too. My wife Leslie says I need to start a new Youtube channel all about smoking meats. I think I need to get a little more experience under my belt before entering that arena already crowded with experts. We'll see. Stay tuned for further developments. [![My brother at my wedding.](newphotos/wedding/s_MyFamily.jpg)](newphotos/wedding/MyFamily.jpg) 11/11/20 RIP my brother Steve Davis, 1966-2020 This is a very sad post. My brother Steve died a couple of days ago. We all knew it was coming, but it hit us hard anyway, especially me. Here's the last photo I have of Steve. It was taken at my wedding to Leslie a little over a year ago. Steve is on the far left. We don't have many recent photos of him. He was camera shy. Steve had been in a bad car accident some years ago, He suffered traumatic brain injury. Afterwards he didn't want any photos taken of him. Just when he seemed to be getting over the worst of his brain injury, he began to suffer from liver failure. His doctors tested him for everything under the sun, but couldn't find an obvious cause for the liver failure. Then we found out that traumatic brain injury can cause liver damage. Who knew that? Apparently, proteins released by the damaged brain tissue can cause liver damage. It's rare, but it happens. While giving Steve batteries of tests to determine why his liver was failing, they also found masses in his lungs. Steve, a life-long smoker, had lung cancer too. This put him in an unfortunate catch-22 situation. He wasn't a candidate for a liver transplant because of the lung cancer, and they couldn't treat the lung cancer because he was so weak and frail from the liver failure. Surgery or chemotherapy would have likely killed him immediately. His doctors told him they couldn't really do much for him, and he had maybe six months left to live, and he needed to get his affairs in order. He did get his affairs in order. He did more than that though. He decided he wanted to leave his body to science so hopefully medical science can better understand and treat other victims of TBIs who are suffering from secondary organ failures. Steve was a fighter to the end. He blew past his six month lifespan estimate and just kept going, for over a year. There were times during the last year when he seemed to be doing much better. Just a little over a week ago he was still ambulatory and we made plans to get together. I was thinking he was going to be around for quite a while longer. Then Steve's wife Derinda called me one morning about a week ago and told me that he was unresponsive and she couldn't get him to wake up. His condition had quickly and dramatically deteriorated. Steve went into Hospice. I visited him there regularly during his last week. After they stabilized him, he was almost back to himself for a while. He was in a lot of pain though. The Hospice doctors managed to dull his pain so he could rest comfortably. In his last few days he slipped into a coma and was totally unresponsive. The doctors told us he was going to pass soon. I was sitting beside him when he stopped breathing. I felt for a pulse but couldn't find one. I called in the nurse and she confirmed with her stethoscope that he was gone. I cried for the first time in a very long time, as I made phone calls to tell people Steve was gone. Steve and I had drifted apart as teens. Even though only about two and a half years apart in age, by middle and high school we traveled in different circles and went in different directions through life. Though we were never far apart physically, we didn't see much of each other except at holidays and birthdays. We reconnected as middle-aged men, and found out we had a lot more in common with each other than we thought. We became close again. We spent more time together in the last few years than we had in the previous few decades. I wish we'd had more time together. I'm really going to miss Steve. I already do. I was very impressed with how well the Hospice people treated Steve. They made his last days much more comfortable than they would have been otherwise. They treated Steve and those of us visiting with great care and dignity, both while he was alive, and after his death. They work under the most oppressive, demanding and demoralizing conditions. Their patients never get better, only worse. Covid just makes everything harder and worse for them too. I plan on making a large donation to them, as large as I can comfortably afford. They deserve it. [![My old hiking boots](images/s_OldBoots.jpg)](images/OldBoots.jpg) 11/07/20 Goodbye old friends I just bought a new pair of hiking boots. It was kind of sad to consign my old boots to the trash. We had been through so much together in the years I had owned them. Those boots have hiked my feet across the African Serengeti and the Arabian Desert. They've gone all over the Rocky Mountain region, and through more National Parks and Monuments than I can remember or count. From White Sands, NM to Yellowstone, WY. From Death Valley, CA to Mt Rushmore, SD. From the Black Rock Desert to the Smokey Mountains. They did duty in the backyards and back 40s of our places in Florida, Arizona and Wyoming. I wore or carried them through countless airports on three continents. I've stood at the edge of three oceans and on top of countless mountains in those old boots. Me and my old boots have been everywhere, just like in the Johnny Cash song. I wore those old boots fossil hunting in The White River Badlands on three different expeditions. This last expedition I just returned from (see previous entry below) finally did them in. The badlands destroys boots (and just about everything else). They were falling apart and letting in water and mud before this trip was half over, in spite of some last-ditch field repair and water-proofing efforts by me. They were done. Here is a final photo of them, still caked with dried badlands mud, on their way to the trash. Sad. I was hoping to find an identical pair to replace them, since these fit me so well and lasted so long. Unfortunately that particular model of Timberland boots is no longer made. I found some similar ones online and bought them. They arrived today. I put them on, planning to wear them for just a few hours while I puttered around the farm to start the break-in process. I was pleasantly surprised to find that the new boots fit me like they were custom-made for my feet. A few hours turned into all day. I forgot I was even wearing them. They were that comfortable. I hope these new boots last as long and take me as many great places as the last pair. 10/30/20 Just returned from yet another epic, cross-country vacation and fossil hunting trip I have now driven across the country four times in two months. Whew! It's nice to be traveling again, but I wish I was flying. We still aren't sure about getting crammed into a plane with a bunch of other people. Three days on the road each way is rough though. This time my lovely wife Leslie accompanied me on the trip. It was great to have her along for company and to share the driving. We first went to our Wyoming ranch to pick up our fossil hunting equipment and the beat-up, old 4X4 truck we keep in Wyoming for use in the badlands. Then we drove back into Nebraska (after crossing it to get to Wyoming) for two weeks of fossil hunting in The White River Badlands. It had been a year and a half since our last trip. We normally go in the Spring, but that trip got canceled due to Covid. Finally we were able to arrange a trip for October. It was great to be out in the Badlands again fossil hunting. We both love it. Leslie needed a break bad. We had a really good time. It was also nice to be back among our good friends, who we hadn't seen in person since before Covid. Out in the middle of nowhere Nebraska, with a population density of only a few people per square mile, we felt perfectly safe. We could live life like we could in the days before Covid. No masks, no social distancing, hanging out with people, eating in restaurants, life felt normal again, while it lasted. We, well I, also found some good stuff on this trip too. We were digging in roughly 30 million year old sediments and finding the strange mammals that lived between the end of the age of dinosaurs and the present day. I came back with what has been called one of the best preserved oreodont skulls they had ever seen. Plus I got a bunch of titanothere bones that will need sorting out. Cant wait until the stuff is all prepped out. Leslie didn't find much this trip, which is unusual for her, but she had a lot of fun anyway, and that's what's important. All too soon the fun was over. It was time to drive back into Wyoming to put our stuff back into storage until next time, and start the long drive home. We had to remember to wear our masks again (we kept forgetting them). How quickly we forget. We had to remember to use the hand sanitizer, and social distance again. We had to eat in the truck because dining rooms were closed in most of the eastern states. Ugh. I want to go back. But I've spent way too much time on the road these last two months. I need to stay home and work on some projects. By spring I'll be ready for another road trip. 09/24/20 I just got back from an epic, cross-country, working vacation to our Arizona and Wyoming ranches. Since we are both leery of getting jammed into planes during the pandemic, I just drove about 5500 miles over three weeks to visit our Arizona and Wyoming ranches. There was much work and maintenance needing to be done at both places. I have a complete write-up and lots of photos of the trip in [the vacations and travel section of the web site.](/newphotos/index.html#AZWY0920) For now though, here is a video of me repairing the roll-off roof on our observatory at our Wyoming ranch. The roof was stuck tight. It took me a while to figure out the problem, and a couple of days to work out a fix. Eventually though, I got the roof rolling again and was able to use the 14 inch SCT telescope inside. I'll be heading back out to Wyoming in a few weeks, and this time my lovely wife will be going along. It will be another epic, cross-country trip, but this time with fossil hunting in The White River Badlands of Nebraska thrown into the mix. I'm so happy to be traveling again, even if it means driving for days to get where we want to go. [![An overview of our Wyoming Ranch.](WyomingRanch/images/Overview5.jpeg)](WyomingRanch/) 09/01/20 Another new section of the web site dedicated to our Wyoming ranch. I've been a busy boy lately, creating new sections to the web site. [This latest one](WyomingRanch/) is dedicated to our new Wyoming ranch. It chronicles the initial purchase and all the maintenance and upgrades we are doing, and will be doing to the place. The page has lots of photos of the ranch and the lovely surrounding countryside. I'll be out at the ranch in a couple of weeks to do some work on it. There will be more entries soon. [Check it out.](WyomingRanch/) \| \| \| --- \| \| Click to learn how to meet them \| \| \| [![Scrapping out electronic equipment to recover gold.](TearDowns/images/s_Scrapout.jpg)](TearDowns/) 08/23/20 A new section of the web site dedicated to scrapouts and teardowns. To feed my obsession with recovering gold from scrap electronic equipment, as seen on [my Urban Gold Mining page](UrbanGoldMining/), I have to actually acquire, scrap-out and tear-down scrap equipment. I have put together [a new page](TearDowns/) that shows exactly how I obtain the feedstock for my gold recovery and refining efforts. I show just how I dismember various pieces of dead, unwanted or obsolete electronic equipment to recover all the bits containing gold and other precious metals. [Check it out.](TearDowns/) [![A new telescope.](images/s_10f48a.jpg)](images/10f48a.jpg) 08/08/20 A new telescope to add to my collection. A friend of mine called me up today all concerned about me because I haven't updated my blog lately. He was worried that something might have happened to us with this darn Covid pandemic. Actually, I have just been concentrating on [my Youtube channel](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeojKyfz8XxqG2TvPFc4nJQ) and uploading lots of videos there. But he's right, I shouldn't let the blog go to seed. So this entry and the one below are just for you, Dan. Here is a brand new telescope I just built from an old mirror and an old tube, and an old mount, and an old mirror cell. The primary mirror is the first mirror I ever ground myself back when I first joined [the SPAC Mirror Lab](http://telescopelab.com/) way back in 2012. It is a 10 inch f/4.6 mirror with a really nice figure. [I made the thick glass blank myself](scopeworks/fused_blanks/) in my kiln. After making this first mirror, I was hooked on mirror making. I immediately went on to bigger and better things, finishing several larger mirrors, becoming an instructor at the lab, and just an all-around lab rat for years. All the while this poor mirror languished in a box on the shelves in the garages of several places I've lived since then. Finally, it has a home! When we shut down the lab site at the old Pinellas Science Center I bought a bunch of the stuff that got auctioned off cheap. I got a nice used 10 inch mirror cell. I also got an entire 10 inch Dobsonian telescope that was in really rough shape. Plus I already had the base from a defunct old telescope that I had been holding on to. Looking at all those parts cluttering up my workshop, and noticing the mirror box out of the corner of my eye, the idea to build a new telescope from all those old parts came to me. I gutted and took everything out of the old DOB scope from the auction (an f/6). I shortened and repainted the tube. I installed the mirror cell from the auction, my primary mirror, and a secondary mirror and holder I also happened to have on hand in my big box of misc. telescope parts. Even the snazzy finder scope is something I picked up cheap at last year's OBS swap meet. I did buy a nice Crayford-style focuser for it, but I have very little actual money invested in this scope. Next I had to build a box to clamp around the scope and mate with the old base. I knocked one out from scrap plywood in my workshop, and put some PVC pipe fittings on the sides to act as altitude trunnions. The result is a classic Dobsonian scope with a hand-made mirror, and built from mostly found and inexpensive materials that even the master himself would likely approve of (I met Dobson a few times, so I'm pretty sure he would). The scope works very well. I haven't had it out under a decent dark sky yet, and have only tested it out under the horrid light pollution of southern Pinellas County. However, that is about to change. My wife and I just recently bought a big ranch in the middle of nowhere in Wyoming. It even has an observatory with a permanently mounted SCT telescope in it. I am going to be driving out to our ranch in about a month to do some maintenance work. I'm going to take this telescope with me. Its new forever home is going to be the observatory on the ranch under the super dark Wyoming sky. It will complement the scope that is already there. I can't wait to use it out there. [![A carved wooden sign for the front of our house.](images/s_BDsign.jpg)](images/BDsign.jpg) 08/08/20 A sign for the front of our house. The sign I made for our Wyoming ranch (see below) turned out so nice that I decided to make another for the front of our house. I planned on mounting it just below the house numbers. Looks pretty good if I do say so myself. I just love cutting stuff on [my home-made CNC router.](8020CNC/) [![The sign mounted on the front of our house.](images/s_BDsign2.jpg)](images/BDsign2.jpg) So here is the sign mounted on the front of the house, right below the numbers as I planned. Now the never-ending parade of delivery drivers coming to our door will know they are in the right place. The sign is held on with four Tapcon screws. I hot-melt glued wooden plugs over the screw holes for a nice finished look. I can pop the plugs out and unscrew the sign to take it with us if we ever sell the place and move. [![A carved wooden sign for our Wyoming ranch.](images/s_FinishedSign.jpg)](LMranch/index.html) 07/06/20 A sign for the gate of our Wyoming ranch. I carved this sign for the gate of our new Wyoming Ranch (see below). L & M for Leslie and Mike. I used [my home-made CNC router](8020CNC/) to make it. I carved the lettering with a 90 degree V bit and filled it in with black paint. Then I covered the entire sign with several coats of satin polyurethane to make it durable and weather-resistant. It turned out really nice. I have ideas for more signs too. I put together [a web page showing how I made this sign](LMranch/index.html) in greater detail. [Check it out.](LMranch/index.html) \| \| \| --- \| \| Click to learn how to meet them \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| \| 07/02/20 A live view from our Wyoming ranch. Leslie just got back from visiting our new Wyoming ranch. She did some repairs and maintenance on the place so it would be ready for tenants to move in. She also coordinated getting contractors out to replace roofs and do other needed work. One other job she did while there was put up the Bloomsky weather station and camera that came from her old place in Thermopolis. She hung it on the side of my observatory and aimed the camera to look toward the house and other outbuildings, so we can keep an eye on the place. Plus it's just nice to see what the weather is like at our new place. [Click here](https://map.bloomsky.com/weather-stations/faBiuZWsnpapoJmj) or to go to the Bloomsky weather page to see full weather information, a larger live view and 24 hr time-lapse of the camera and more. UPDATE: Our Bloomsky weather station seems to have lost connectivity and is no longer updating. It will be stuck until the next time one of us can get out there and fix it. Drat! We really enjoyed looking at our place and checking out the current weather. UPDATE2: The Bloomsky weather station is offline because the power was cut to the observatory building while construction on our new guest house is going on. We should have it up and running reliably again in a couple of weeks. \| [![Our new Wyoming ranch.](Houses/Gabes/images/Gabes3.jpg)](Houses/Gabes/images/Gabes3.jpg) 06/18/20 Today we closed on our new property in Wyoming. Today was a great day. We finally closed on our new property in Wyoming. We own it outright. No mortgage! It's a fantastic property. It's 40 acres with a nice house and five outbuildings, including an observatory! It's in a beautiful area of very rural Wyoming near the tiny town of Pavilion. It's between The Owl Creek Mountains and The Wind River Range, with views of both ranges and of nearby Ocean Lake. It's going to be our retirement home eventually. Until then, we are renting it out. It's already up for rent. Leslie keeps complaining that she's tired of being a landlord, but here we are with yet another rental property. At least the place will pay for itself (taxes, insurance, etc.), plus bring in some extra income, until we can move out there. Plus the property manager will keep the place up for us until we can be there full time. We plan on living out there after full retirement in a few years. At least we're planning on living there during the Summer. We may not stay during the brutal Wyoming winters. We may either come back to Florida or spend the Winter in Arizona. [![The view from our new Wyoming ranch.](Houses/Gabes/images/Gabes1.jpg)](Houses/Gabes/images/Gabes1.jpg) Check out our view of the mountains from the back yard. That is gorgeous! Leslie is headed out there in a couple of days to tend to some things and organize some repairs. I need to stay here in Florida to take care of my mother. Once the ALFs are open again for respite care, I plan on going out for a while to work on it too. I also need to get to Arizona and check on my place there and get my Tacoma truck out of storage. I'll probably find it with a dead battery and soft tires after being in storage for so long. This pandemic has really screwed up our travel plans so far this year. It wasn't meant to be this long between trips out west for us. I can't wait to get out there. [![The finished power supply project.](RyobiPower/images/s_Finished.jpg)](RyobiPower/index.html) 06/08/20 A 12 Volt Power Supply Using A Ryobi Hand Tool battery. I was tired of lugging around a heavy, deep-cycle, lead-acid battery to power my telescopes in the field. Then I saw how a friend of mine repurposed a 12 Volt Lithium-ion hand tool battery to power his telescope. I wanted to do the same thing. I own a bunch of Ryobi hand tools, and so have a ton of batteries for them. Problem: My batteries are all 18 Volts. Well, I wasn't about to let that stand in the way. I built this nice little 12 Volt power supply, and it works great. It was easy. [Click here](RyobiPower/index.html) or on the photo to see how I did it. UPDATE: This project was recently featured on [the HACKADAY tech blog.](https://hackaday.com/2020/06/12/mobile-power-from-cordless-tool-batteries/) \| \| \| --- \| \| Click to learn how to meet them \| \| \| [![A simple trellis for cucumber vines to climb.](Houses/NewHouse/images/s_GardenTrellis.jpg)](Houses/NewHouse/images/GardenTrellis.jpg) 05/30/20 Raised Bed Garden Update. The raised bed garden has really taken off now that the weather is warmer and the days are longer. The cucumbers in particular have just exploded. They have sprawled out in all directions, shading each other and some of the other plants. I decided they needed to go vertical to keep them from taking over the entire garden. So I built this simple trellis out of some scrap wood and some fencing. I weaved some of the plants through it, and they immediately began climbing it. You can see how many cucumbers we are getting down on the ground. We've picked and used some already. Most are pretty small, but I'm hoping that with the plants no longer shading each other, they'll have the energy to grow bigger ones. Besides the cucumbers, several other things are doing very well in the garden. The tree collards have just exploded upwards and leafed out amazingly. Leslie planted two varieties. The purple variety is growing so fast you can practically watch it happening. The green variety isn't doing as well because some kind of little bugs have found it and are busily munching on the leaves. Leslie is using a soap and water solution to keep them at bay. The sweet basil is also practically exploding. We are going to have a big crop of it. The broccoli, which kind of did nothing for a while, and then looked like it was ready to die out, has suddenly taken off. we'll see what develops from it. Some things aren't doing so well. The zucchini that took off so promisingly in the beginning hasn't yet produced any fruit, in spite of much flowering. Some of the plants are starting to die. Others are looking sickly. Maybe we just don't have the correct pollinators for zucchini. I may try some hand pollination. The cilantro only just got going good, and then went to seed. I think we may have planted it too late. The kale is kind of in a holding pattern. It was looking good for a while, but then just stalled out. Maybe it's too hot for it? [![My home-made Seed Logs.](SeedLog/images/s_Bluejay.jpg)](SeedLog/index.html) 05/18/20 How I make home-made seed cylinders or cakes for feeding birds. Pre-made seed cylinders are very expensive, but bird seed is dirt cheap. So I figured out how to make my own home-made seed cylinders using bird seed and inexpensive materials and ingredients. It's so easy. Once you know the secret you'll never pay for seed cylinders or cakes again. [Click here to see the project.](SeedLog/index.html) 05/13/20 Corona Virus Quarantine Diary: Day 55 Today was almost like a normal day. So normal that nothing was photo-worthy. At least as close to normal as things get with everyone wearing masks and queuing six feet apart. Leslie went in to work as usual today. I spent part of the morning working on paperwork. Then I went to the hardware store, Lowes and the Post Office. I wore my PPE in all those places, but that doesn't even seem strange anymore. It's just the new normal. In the afternoon I worked on some projects in my workshop. Later I had to deal with a bunch of emails and more paperwork. Then I cooked us all dinner. In the evening I was on a long conference call. Life is kind of falling back into it's more or less normal rhythms. We accepted the seller's counter-offer on the Wyoming place after discussing it with our agent. The big issue is that they will be able to get out of the contract with only 72 hrs notice if they get a better offer than ours. Once it looks like the sale of Leslie's place is for sure going through, we can remove our contingency condition and it will nullify their 72 hour clause. So for a while there is a window where someone who likes the place more than us could submit a better offer and we'd be out in the cold. Hopefully the fact that the place is now under contract will scare away any other potential buyers. We'll see. Anyway, now that we are under contract, the paper chase begins. I expect to spend the next few days lining up inspections, an appraisal and a hundred other details. Hopefully it won't all be for nothing. Since the world (or at least Florida and Wyoming) seems to be getting back to something resembling normal, and I am getting busier, these quarantine diary entries may become less frequent. Posts may only happen if there is some major new development. [All older Corona Virus Quarantine Diary entries](QDiary/) are now on their own page. This is to keep this top level page of my blog from getting too long and unwieldy. Only the latest daily entry will be here at the top of this page. [Click here to read all the previous Corona Virus Quarantine Diary entries.](QDiary/) \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| 03/02/2020 My new CNC router project has been completed! I decided I needed a better and more accurate CNC router than my old "Woodpile CNC" machine. I planned on making it (almost) entirely from metal, and mostly using 80/20 components. 80/20 is billed as the industrial "Erector Set", because you can build almost anything from the standardized parts just by bolting them together. It made the build a lot easier. This video shows most of the steps in the construction of the machine. It is about 47 minutes long. [I have a companion web page for this project](/8020CNC/) that goes into more detail about the construction that didn't make it into the video. It also clarifies things that may not have obvious or easily understandable in the video. [Click here to see more of this project.](/8020CNC/) \| \| \| \| --- \| \| Click to learn how to meet them \| \| \| [![The raised bed garden boxes under construction.](images/s_Boxes1.jpg)](images/Boxes1.jpg) 02/11/20 Building some raised bed garden boxes My wife has been wanting to get into gardening for years. The problem is that we live in the middle of a tree farm. There are very few places where there is adequate sunshine reaching the ground to actually plant a garden. Another problem is that we live in a very swampy area. She'd need raised bed garden boxes to get anything to grow when the weather is wet. After talking about doing it for a long time, I decided to just go ahead and build her a couple of raised garden boxes in the sunniest area of the property as a Valentine's Day present to her. My carpenter hat and tools were still within easy reach after finishing the below display panels project. So I set to work. I planned on building two 4 by 8 foot garden boxes next to an existing wooden walkway. So we will be able to stay out of the mud when the weather turns wet. Here the boxes are partly built. [![The completed raised bed garden boxes.](images/s_Boxes2.jpg)](images/Boxes2.jpg) Here are the completed raised bed garden boxes. They are each 4 feet by 8 feet by about 18 inches tall. They were basically made from two stacked untreated 2x10s with 2x4 corner braces, and all held together with lots of 3 inch deck screws. I also lined the bottoms of the boxes with root-stop fabric. Now all we need to do is fill them up with about four cubic yards of nice topsoil and start planting. Happy Vanentine's day, Sweetie! Visit my [New house Blog](Houses/NewHouse/index.html) for more information and updates on this project. [![The completed display panels.](images/s_FinishedPanels1.jpg)](images/FinishedPanels1.jpg) 02/09/20 Building some DIY display panels My stepson Joe digs, prepares and sells fossils. He goes to a lot of fossil shows. He wanted some display panels to set up in his booth at the shows. He'll hang some of his fossils on them to display to the passers by. We looked into the cost of buying "professionally made" display panels, and about gagged. So we decided to build our own DIY panels. It was fairly easy. and a whole lot cheaper. We made three 4 by 6.5 foot thin plywood panels. We edged them with 2 by 2 boards all the way around on the back for rigidity. Then we drilled and bolted through the 2 by 2 edging so the panels could bolt together in an "L" shape. Then we made some legs for support to keep the panels from tipping over backwards. The final step was to run a steel rod across the top to add strength and rigidity, and act as a light bar. Here Joe is putting the final touches on the light bar. All that is left to be done is to paint the front of the panels and add some cleats for hanging his fossils. [![The completed display panels from behind.](images/s_FinishedPanels2.jpg)](images/FinishedPanels2.jpg) Here is a view of the completed panels from the back. The whole thing disassembles and reassembles with no tools required. Wing nuts and bolts are used to hold it all together. The panels will disassemble into pieces light enough for Joe to carry, and small enough to fit in the back of his truck, or in our utility trailer. I hope he sells a lot of fossils at future shows. \| \| \| --- \| \| Click to learn how to meet them \| \| \| [![The completed air abrasive blast cabinet.](BlastCabinet/images/s_Finished.jpg)](BlastCabinet/index.html) 01/06/20 Building a DIY "Blast Cabinet" for my stepson My stepson Joe needed an air abrasive blast cabinet. He preps fossils, mainly fossil fish from the Green River Formation of Wyoming. He uses fine air abrasive tools to remove the matrix and expose the fossils. It's kind of like sand-blasting, but not as aggressive. However, it is every bit as messy as sand-blasting, and as rough on the lungs. Joe was tired of having to do it outside while wearing a respirator. He wanted a proper blast cabinet that he could work in inside his workshop. It's a project we have been talking about for a while. We finally all had the time to come together and build it. It was a quick and fun family project. [Check it out.](BlastCabinet/index.html) [![Four beads of pure gold I extracted from e-waste.](UrbanGoldMining/images/s_4Beads.jpg)](UrbanGoldMining/index.html) 12/19/19 My Urban Gold Mining Exploits have their own section now I just finished [a whole new section of my web site dedicated to my Urban Gold Mining exploits.](UrbanGoldMining/index.html) I've been extracting gold from e-waste for quite a while now, and shooting a lot of video along the way. [The new page](UrbanGoldMining/index.html) has a lot of my Urban Gold Mining videos on it. I try to use simple equipment and inexpensive chemicals wherever possible to keep it cheap to increase the profit margin. You could be getting gold out of electronic scrap too. [Check out how I do it.](UrbanGoldMining/index.html) [![A photo of my brother in a hospital ICU bed.](images/s_SteveHospital.jpg)](https://www.gf.me/u/w43k3y) 12/07/19 My brother is dying! I am sad to report that my younger brother Steve is dying. His liver is failing due to reasons his doctors can't fully explain. Unfortunately he is not a candidate for a transplant because of other medical issues he has, including a previous traumatic brain injury, and lung cancer. His cancer can't be treated because he is currently so frail that surgery or chemotherapy would likely kill him. He has been told he has less than six months to live. [A Go Fund Me site](https://www.gf.me/u/w43k3y) has been established for his wife Derinda. She is disabled herself. She is losing not only the love of her life, but also her caregiver and breadwinner. They have huge medical bills they need help with, as you would imagine. As a result of the medical bills, they fell behind on their Mortgage and have to move out of their house and into an apartment. So they have moving expenses to deal with as well. [Please consider making a small donation to help them out.](https://www.gf.me/u/w43k3y) Thank you. [![A photo of the moon.](newphotos/AZNov19/s_MOON800.jpg)](newphotos/index.html#AZNov19) 12/02/19 A wintery trip to Arizona to do astrophotography and other stuff I just got back from a 10 day visit to my remote Arizona property just in time for Thanksgiving with the family. The main reason for this trip was to relocate my trusty old Toyota Tacoma pickup truck from a storage lot in Albuquerque, NM to a lot in Show Low, AZ. But of course the real purpose of the trip was to indulge in my addiction to astrophotography under the amazingly dark skies in my little corner of Arizona. I did a lot of other tings to while I was there too. Check out [my vacation and travel photos page](newphotos/index.html#AZNov19) to see lots of pictures and a write up of what all I did. [Check it out.](newphotos/index.html#AZNov19) \| \| \| --- \| \| Click to learn how to meet them \| \| \| [![Climbing is our new hobby.](images/s_LeslieClimbing.jpg)](images/LeslieClimbing.jpg) 11/12/19 A new hobby! Leslie's son is into climbing walls. He'd been telling Leslie that she needed to try it. She decided to do it in hopes of becoming a better and more confident climber when we are out in the badlands fossil hunting. There is a lot of climbing involved in fossil hunting. So we went and took an introductory class. Soon Leslie was hooked. After a few sessions she now scales the walls like a monkey. She's even taken an advanced class on climbing theory to make her a better climber. I'd like to join her in the climbing. It looks like tons of fun. Unfortunately I tore a meniscus in my knee recently, so I'm stuck on the ground, at least for now. So I am her belay person, handling the ropes on the ground and keeping her from falling on the rare occasions she slips. The big problem is finding the time to go climbing. Neither of us really needed another hobby. [![A new house renovation blog.](Houses/NewHouse/images/s_FrontPainted.jpg)](Houses/index.html) 11/05/19 A new house renovation blog Now that we are married (see below) and I have moved into my wife's house, there are going to be lots of home improvement projects going on in the house we share. I have rented out my old house to some friends of mine. I will still be maintaining and improving it too. So I have decided to create two separate home improvement blogs for the two properties. [Click here](Houses/index.html) or on the photo at left of our new house to go to the [home improvement blog landing page.](Houses/index.html) From there you can go to either blog to read what has been going on with the two properties. [![Wedding photo.](images/s_BestWedding.jpg)](newphotos/index.html#wedding) 10/19/19 We Did It! We got married. We are just back from our honeymoon. We had a lovely ceremony on the back deck of The Salt Rock Grill at Indian Shores Beach. Then we had the reception inside in the fireplace room. Afterwords we went across the street to the beach for some photos and some frolicking in the sand. The weather was perfect. The whole thing went off without a hitch. Everyone (we had a lot of guests) had a great time. There was much good food and drink, and of course wedding cake, for all. Our wedding day was one year to the day since we got engaged in Dubai on the way home from [our Africa trip.](Africa/index.html) After the wedding we flew off to a fantastic honeymoon in New Mexico. We flew into Albuquerque and got my Tacoma truck out of storage, then started driving north. We stayed in a quaint B&B in Taos for a couple of nights. Then we went on to the Ojo Caliente Mineral Springs resort where we splurged on one of their Cliffside Suites with it's own private soaking pool. We had a great time there. While in NM we did a lot of hiking and exploring. We took the roads less traveled at every opportunity. We saw some fantastic sights and had a lot of fun. I've posted lots more photos from our wedding and the places we went on our honeymoon in [the Travel and Vacation section](newphotos/index.html#wedding) of the web site. [Check it out](newphotos/index.html#wedding). I'm looking forward to all the great adventures we are going to have as we spend the rest of our lives together. 10/05/19 We made the move! So much has happened in a short time. It's been a little crazy. I have moved in with my fiancee and the wedding is only a few days away. I moved out and fixed up my old house so it can be rented out. Tons of work was done on the old house. I think it looks really good now. [Check out my House Blog page](houseblog.html) to see what all was done. The tenants are moving in today. I'm officially a landlord now. Wow, it's been a real whirlwind. It's not over yet. Next comes the marriage and the honeymoon. Then we have new projects lined up for when we get back. Just a little update on the house we put in an offer for in Wyoming. The inspection report showed a lot of serious problems with the house. The seller wasn't willing to either lower his asking price, or fix the problems himself before the closing date. So we had no choice but to rescind our offer and walk away. We'll keep an eye on the place and see what transpires in the future. I can't see the owner ever selling it for what he is asking, considering the area and the problems with the property. Sooner or later something will have to give. \| \| \| --- \| \| Click to learn how to meet them \| \| \| 09/07/19 - It's been a real whilrwind lately. I haven't posted any updates in a while. there's been no time! I've been running around here, there and everywhere like a madman. There's been so much to do. Getting ready for the wedding (which is coming soon!), fixing up my house so I can rent it out, downsizing my stuff so I can move in with Leslie and of course traveling. We spent a nice long weekend on Captiva Island in early August. Then, before we were hardly unpacked from that, we were off to Wyoming to spend some time at Leslie's place and take a nearly week-long camping trip in Yellowstone National Park. After that, Leslie had to fly back home to attend to family issues. I stayed out west for another two weeks to tend to some needed issues myself, and spend time at my Arizona property. After getting back from there I got a surprise. The teeth and bones I had dug up on our epic [May fossil hunting trip to the White River badlands of Nebraska](newphotos/Nebraska2019.html) were back from being expertly pieced back together and restored by Leslie's son Joe. Then we decided to put a bid in on a house that came up for sale next door to Leslie's place in Wyoming (we looked it over while we were out there). So then there was paperwork to do. I can't remember the last time I was so busy. I may have to give up this semi-retirement thing and go back to work to get some rest. So much has happened since my last update. Where to begin? It's an embarrassment of riches for a blogger. It's also near impossible to keep up, and some stuff will probably get left out. Ok, so I decided to post this compilation video of thermal features from Yellowstone first. Yellowstone was a blast. We had a great time. I had never been there before. Leslie hadn't been there since she was young, and only saw a small part of the park on that trip. We camped there for five days and tried to see as much as we could. It was amazing. We saw all the big thermal features. We saw lots of animals. We saw lots of waterfalls. And I'm sure we only saw a fraction of it all, especially since we threw a trip down to the Grand Tetons into the mix. The parks were terribly crowded, but that was really to only downside to the trip. Otherwise it was great. We are already planing return trips. I have lots more photos and video from this trip up on [the travel and vacations section](/newphotos/index.html#Yellowstone) of the web site. [![Restored titanothere teeth.](images/outings/s_TTeeth.jpg)](images/outings/TTeeth.jpg) I'm so excited about how well the titanothere teeth and ribs I dug up in the Nebraska Badlands turned out. I'll bet my teeth won't look so good when they are 30 million years old. I found the bone bed on the afternoon of the last field day of [our expedition to the badlands.](newphotos/Nebraska2019.html) I dug out the teeth and bone fragments in great haste, and without as much care as I should have used due to time constraints. I brought back quite a jumble of bone and tooth pieces. From that incomplete mess of a jigsaw puzzle, Joe was able to reconstruct three teeth and the ends of two ribs. [![Restored titanothere Ribs.](images/outings/s_TRibs.jpg)](images/outings/TRibs.jpg) Here are the two reconstructed ribs. I have a lot more bone and tooth fragments, but Joe couldn't make much of them. Maybe on our next trip I'll be able to dig up more pieces that will allow for filling in the gaps and putting together more of the skeleton. I can't wait to get back to the badlands. \| \| \| --- \| \| Click to learn how to meet them \| \| \| 07/19/19 - Making my own Nitric Acid. My latest hobby of extracting and refining gold from electronic waste would be a lot easier to pursue if I had a good supply of nitric acid. It just comes in so handy for so many aspects of gold recovery and refining. However, nitric acid is horribly expensive. Plus there are added charges tacked onto shipping it since it is such a hazardous substance. I have refused to buy nitric acid til now because the high cost would obliterate any potential profit I could make in this hobby and put me deep into the red. It would be less expensive to just go buy gold bullion. So I came up with a solution in keeping with my kind of extreme DIY lifestyle. I'm making my own nitric acid. For about what a single one liter bottle of concentrated nitric acid plus shipping would cost, I bought everything I need to make my own nitric acid. This video shows the initial setup of the apparatus and my first nitric acid production run. It worked like a dream with no serious issues and a good yield of concentrated, red fuming nitric acid. I then diluted the concentrated acid down to the 68% azeotrope. I have since done several other production runs. I learn a little more each time and get more proficient at it. This home-made nitric acid works like a dream for making aqua regia and dissolving gold. The straight nitric acid also easily dissolves metals like silver and copper. I should have done this a long time ago. I think home-made nitric acid may be a viable solution for many home refiners. You can see more about how I make nitric acid and gold recovery in my [urban gold mining series of videos on Youtube.](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLo-lisIgGkrXI21v4zWtWOmk-Cs3H66CX) 07/07/19 - A Mirror Lab Field Trip. The core members of [The SPAC Mirror Lab](http://telescopelab.com/) went on a field trip to the wilds of Wesley Chapel, FL to look at a portable observatory building that is for sale. We got more than we bargained for. We found ourselves in an astronomy wonderland full of amazing equipment. There was the portable observatory of course, but also a huge, 30 foot diameter, radio telescope right next to it. There was also a plethora of other interesting astronomy instruments and equipment, plus lens and mirror making equipment. [The St. Petersburg Astronomy Club (SPAC)](https://www.stpeteastronomyclub.org/) is considering buying the portable observatory and moving it to our dark sky observing site. The Mirror Lab Crew will advise the board of directors on the condition of the observatory and what will likely be needed to move it and get it up and running. Check out the video. 06/24/19 - Panning gold from incinerated and crushed RAM chips. Here is the latest entry in my [urban gold mining series of videos.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQ2bfrKqUSc&list=PLo-lisIgGkrXI21v4zWtWOmk-Cs3H66CX) A couple of months ago I incinerated and crushed up some RAM chips that were the byproduct of recovering gold from the fingers of computer memory SIMMs. I intended to process the material and recover any gold bond wires present in the chips. But then I went away on my epic, month-long, vacation (see below) and completely forgot about the project. So yesterday I was cleaning out my storage shed and found the bag of crushed and sieved chip remains. I decided to pan it out in my favorite gold pan and see what I'd get. The results were surprising. There was more gold in those RAM chips than I expected. I'll be doing more of this in the future. Check out the video. \| \| \| --- \| \| Click to learn how to meet them \| \| \| [![The Gateway Arch in St Louis Missouri.](images/outings/s_Arch1.jpg)](images/outings/Arch1.jpg) 05/29/19 - Back from a month long vacation. [Click here to go to a page of photos and videos from this trip.](newphotos/Nebraska2019.html) This was the longest vacation I have ever taken in my life. It was great to get away for so long. It was an epic, cross-country adventure. I drove across 14 different states, visiting some several times. Here I am at the base of the Gateway Arch in St Louis Missouri. I've always wanted to see it. Finally had the chance. Driving across the midwest in spring time was beautiful. Everything was so green and vibrant. Wildflowers were blooming. It was a fantastic trip. Traffic was also surprisingly good most places, considering how much driving I did. There were only a few bad spots, like Nashville, where things got all snarled up. For the most part it was smooth sailing almost the whole way. States I drove across or visited on this trip were: Florida Georgia Tennessee Kentucky Illinois Missouri Kansas Colorado Wyoming Nebraska South Dakota Utah Arizona New Mexico A few states like Wyoming, Nebraska and Colorado got driven across multiple times due to our itinerary. [![My Toyota Tacoma at the Colorado border.](images/outings/s_TacomaColorado.jpg)](images/outings/TacomaColorado.jpg) [Click here to go to a page of photos and videos from this trip.](newphotos/Nebraska2019.html) As I said above. I drove across the country this time. I usually fly for my vacations. This time was different because I wanted to relocate my old, reliable Toyota Tacoma out west so I would have it available for future vacation trips. No more having to rent a 4X4 truck every time I go out west. Now I have one in storage in Albuquerque, just a short Uber ride from the airport. This is going to save me a ton of money in the long run. The storage fees are nothing compared to the cost of renting a 4X4 pickup for a few weeks multiple times a year. Here my Tacoma is posing at the Colorado border on the way to Denver to pick up Leslie who was flying out. I took off a few days earlier so I could pick her up at the Denver airport. Then we headed up to Wyoming to visit relatives of hers, then spend some time at her property. Next it was off to Nebraska for a couple weeks of fossil hunting in the White River Badlands, with detours into South Dakota (I hope I someday get to see South Dakota when it isn't raining, sleeting or snowing). Then it was back to Leslie's place in Wyoming for a while. Then we drove down to Arizona to spend time at my place. Then finally we drove to Albuquerque, put the truck in storage, and flew home. Whew! What a whirlwind adventure. Hard to believe we were gone for a whole month. So much was packed into this trip that the time seemed to fly by quickly. I was joking with Leslie that we need to get back to work to get some rest. The primary purpose of this trip as to go fossil hunting in the White River Badlands of Nebraska. We were going to be out there for almost two weeks of this month long vacation. The first few days we were in Nebraska it was raining too hard to go fossil hunting. So we did the tourist thing and went to a lot of museums and monuments, including Mt. Rushmore. We went to Mt. Rushmore last year too on a rainy day. We really weren't expecting a return trip this year, but one member of our party had never been there, so we went again even though the weather looked bad and none of us were really expecting to be able to see much. Once in the Black Hills of South Dakota, the persistent rain turned into snow. The visibility at Mt. Rushmore was surprisingly good, and the snow added a new and delightful dimension to the place. Plus it gave a bunch of crazy Floridians and excuse to act like kids and play in the snow. We made snowmen, had snowball fights, and a few other snow-related shenanigans. It was a lot of fun. This is only the first of several videos and tons of photos that will eventually be posted in the travel and fossil hunting sections of the web site. It's going to take me a while to get it all together. This month-long trip was almost as epic as the [Africa and Middle East trip](Africa/index.html) we took last year. There is just so much stuff we saw and did. It's going to take a while to get it all together. Stay tuned. 04/28/19 - Lovebug Apocalypse In Florida. Every spring in Florida the lovebugs come out. This spring it's just crazy. I've never seen them so thick. We went to the Peace River Adventure fossil hunt this weekend and got absolutely plastered with them. It was like driving through a heavy rainstorm in parts of Hardee County. Every stall in the gas station we pulled into was full with people cleaning them off their windshields. That was the reason we stopped too. All the cars arriving at the park for the fossil hunt were just covered with them. Check out the video. It's insane how bad the bugs were. \| \| \| --- \| \| Click to learn how to meet them \| \| \| 04/22/19 - Recovering Gold From E-Waste. Check out this video I shot of one of my latest projects. I have accumulated a large amount of electronic scrap over the years. I have been careful to save the stuff with any gold on it. Finally I decided to try recovering some of that gold. I've processed several batches now. It's been a bit of a learning experience. The first run went ok, but was a bit of a mess. I mixed too many different types of e-waste. [You can click here to see that video.](https://youtu.be/SebPxMK61s0) I learned a lot the first time, and did even better the second time. This video is of the second run where I had learned a few things and did a much better job of collecting clean gold. A few more runs and I'll have enough gold to try purifying it to 24K and melting it into a button. Eventually I plan to have a web page all about how I do it. Essentially free gold! Gotta love it. Stay tuned for more adventures in gold recovery. UPDATE - My first gold drop. Check out this video. I decided I had enough gold recovered from electronic scrap to try dissolving and purifying it. I dissolved the gold in hydrochloric acid and bleach. I did not film that part because I was not sure it would work. It worked like a charm though and the gold obediently went into solution creating beautiful orange chloroauric acid. I filtered the liquid to remove impurities. Then I used Sodium Metabisulfite to precipitate the gold and drop it from solution. The resulting fine powder of pure 24K gold weighed in at 0.4 grams, which was more than I was expecting. This is fun. UPDATE 2 - My first gold drop - Part 2. Check out this video. I concentrated the leftover solution from the first gold precipitation and added more Sodium Metabisulfite to precipitate more gold and drop it from solution. I got a little bit more gold. Not really enough to measure on my cheap scale, but some more. The remaining liquid still tests positive for dissolved precious metals. At this point I am pretty sure just platinum group metals remain in the solution. I have started a "stock pot" to store my waste gold recovery solutions in. There is a strip of copper metal in it. The dissolved precious metals in the solutions are "cementing" out onto the copper and dropping to the bottom of the pot as a fine black powder. If I eventually accumulate enough I may try refining platinum and palladium from the sludge in the bottom of the stock pot. [![My new astrograph setup on the pool deck.](images/astro/s_Setup.jpg)](scopeworks/Al/index.html) 03/27/19 - First Light for my 12.5in diameter astrograph. Just had first light for [an astrograph project I have been working on for quite some time.](scopeworks/Al/index.html) It is a 12.5 inch diameter, f/4.4, pure astrographic telescope. There is no eyepiece. It is purely a photographic instrument. It's a monster made entirely of aluminum, a lot of aluminum. In fact I affectionately cal it Al in honor of its all aluminum construction. I fabricated every bit of this instrument myself, including the honeycomb-back primary mirror and a large, lost foam aluminum casting in the mirror cell. Here in this photo you can see the not quite completed instrument mounted on my Losmandy G-11 mount. Though not completed, it was done enough to start some testing. Nothing was yet painted black and there is no light shielding installed yet. So I had considerable trouble with stray light issues. The remote focus wasn't yet working properly either, but I couldn't wait any longer to see what this baby could do. First I needed to balance it on the mount. Then a considerable length of time was spent finding focus. Once all that was done I could try imaging. [![First Light image for my new astrograph.](images/astro/s_AL_FirstLight1.jpg)](scopeworks/Al/index.html) I was just blown away by how much light [this instrument](scopeworks/Al/index.html) gathers and sends to the focal plane. My first few images were nearly totally saturated. At first I assumed it was due to stray light. Eventually I figured out that AL was just gathering so much light that the images were horribly over-exposed. So I kept shortening the exposures and reducing the ISO setting on the camera until I started getting shots that weren't totally over-exposed. This shot is a stack of five 15 second exposures shot at ISO 100! Amazing! The stars are quite elongated, but that is due to a tracking problem with the mount, not a problem with the astrograph. My poor old Losmandy mount is in need of some TLC. That is coming in the form of a total drive and electronics upgrade that will be done soon. Still, this is an amazing first light image. I couldn't be happier with it. Things are only going to get better. The astrograph is going to have all parts in the light path painted ultra-flat black. A light shield shroud is going to be installed. The remote focus parts and Losmandy upgrade parts have just arrived. A reflex sight and guidescope still need to be installed. This instrument is going to be a work in progress for quite a while until I get it tweaked to my satisfaction. Eventually I will be taking it to the SPAC dark sky observing site to give it a real workout. Eventually though, to get the most out of this amazing instrument, it is going to need to be permanently mounted and housed in an observatory. Building one is on my to-do list for my remote Arizona property. How long have I been working on this project? I guess you could say at least 10 years. Ever since I first decided to try making light-weight, honeycomb mirrors. Building a large astrograph with one was always in the back of my mind. It took me a long time to perfect the mirror design. Then I had to grind and polish this particular mirror. Then I had to design a mirror cell. Then I could start on the overall design of the astrograph and begin construction. The actual construction of the astrograph once I had a mirror and cell in hand only took a few months. I will eventually have a complete description of the Construction process in [the Scopeworks section of my web site.](scopeworks/index.html) This astrograph turned out so well that I am already working on another one using a very fast 10in, f/3.2 mirror blank I slumped to shape myself in a kiln. It will be more easily portable than Al is. Watch for that one to make its debut here sometime in the future. There's still a lot of work to be done on it. [![The view from where we will be married.](images/s_SRdeck.jpg)](images/SRdeck.jpg) 03/25/19 - Checking out the venue where we are going to get married. A while back Leslie and I went to have a look at the venue where we are planning on getting married and finalize the details. This is a view from their back deck out over the water. Not bad. We are planning an outdoor wedding on the deck with this lovely view out over the water and boats. It's going to be a lovely wedding. We can't wait. [![Me at the 2019 Orange Blossom Special Star Party.](newphotos/OBS2019/Me175.jpg)](newphotos/index.html) 02/12/19 - Attended the 2019 Orange Blossom Special Star Party. The 2019 Orange Blossom Special Star Party was a little over a week ago. As usual I was there with my big scope. The weather wasn't so good this year, but most of us still managed to have a good time. [Click here](newphotos/index.html) or on the photo to go to [my Travel and Vacation Photos Section](newphotos/index.html) for lots of photos and a write-up of this year's star party. 01/14/19 - Successful slump of a 16 inch mirror. I have successfully slumped a 16 inch mirror blank to f/3.75. This video shows a lot of the steps in the process. It compresses weeks of effort into less than 15 minutes of video. This is by far the best looking mirror blank I have ever slumped. Using a smoother mold and a lower processing temperature resulted in a near perfect slump. I will eventually put together a web page on mirror slumping with more information and sharing more details, including the firing schedule, in [the Scopeworks section of my web site](scopeworks/index.html). This blank is going to make a great telescope mirror. I can't wait to start working on it. [![The new topper for my F-150 truck.](images/s_F150Topper.jpg)](images/F150Topper.jpg) 01/11/19 - A topper for my F-150 The topper I ordered for my new F-150 truck finally arrived. It really looks great. I'm going to go back and get a roof rack installed too so I can haul our kayaks on top. That'll probably happen next week. I also got rubber floor mats for it to keep our wet and sandy feet off the carpet when we go to the beach or fossil hunting. Plus I installed a trailer hitch. The truck is just about ready for some serious adventuring. Update: The Thule roof rack has been installed. Now I can carry our kayaks up on top, or bring home a big load of lumber for various projects. Love it. I also had the truck inspected and certified at the local Ford dealership and since it is in such good condition I was able to purchase three more years of bumper to bumper factory warranty for it. Now it really is just like a brand new truck in spite of being used. [![Fossils collected at Venice Beach.](images/outings/s_VeniceBeachFossils.jpg)](images/outings/VeniceBeachFossils.jpg) 12/27/18 - A Christmas Day Fossil Hunt Our families had our Christmas get-together, dinner and gift exchange on Christmas Eve. That left my fiancee and myself free to spend Christmas day together doing whatever we liked. We decided to head down to Venice Beach to hunt fossils and shark teeth. The wind and water were cold, but the beach was absolutely jam-packed with people. Looks like everyone in west Florida decided to hit the beach on Christmas day. We weren't expecting such a crowd. It was hard to find a parking place, and we had to walk a long way north along the beach to find places not so crowded where we could do our shoveling, scooping, sifting and sorting. Like I said above, the water was cold, so we were only out there a couple of hours before we were both chilled enough to call it quits. Still we found some good stuff. We got a lot of shark teeth, including one mini meg tooth of respectable size. We got lots of stingray mouth plate parts. We also found lots of bits of wave tumbled bone that is not really identifiable, but likely from dugong ribs. We also found a sea urchin spine, some fossilized sea shells, bits of turtle shell and what looks to me like a piece of tusk ivory. The best find of all though was a huge dermal scute my fiance found sitting on the dry sand above the water line. We aren't sure what it is from. We also collected a few of the pretty modern shells we scooped up. Most of this stuff is destined for the kid's mine at Fossil Fest where a big sandbox is salted with fossils and kids are taught how to sift through it to find and identify fossils. Click the image for a larger view. [![A close-up of an African Elephant.](/Africa/images/Elephants5.jpg)](/Africa/index.html) 12/23/18 - Major update to the Africa and Dubai page I've just completed a major update of [my Africa and Dubai trip page.](/Africa/index.html) The third member of our party, Mary in Ohio, just sent us a thumb drive with all her photos from the trip. I have added some of her photos and expanded the write-ups. Mary got some really great photos, and different angles on things, that neither Leslie nor I got. Check it out [![Galaxy M33 shot from my remote Arizona property.](newphotos/DEC2018/s_M33-300X6.jpg)](newphotos/index.html) 12/14/18 - Just back from an extended vacation in Arizona I just got back from an extended stay at my remote property in Arizona. It was great, but really cold. I'd never been out there in December Before. It may be a while before I go back in December, or any other winter month. I did have a good time in spite of the cold. I got a lot done, including doing a lot of astrophotography. Here is a photo of galaxy M33 taken on this trip. Check out lots more photos and the full write-up on the trip on [my vacation and travel photos page.](newphotos/index.html) [![My new Ford F-150 Truck.](images/s_Truck.jpg)](images/Truck.jpg) 11/15/18 - I bought a new truck! Well, new to me. It's a used F-150, but in like new condition. I got it at an amazing price, (I practically stole it), so I couldn't resist. I think it has almost every option known to man on it too. I had been toying with the idea of buying a full-size pickup. I've been renting them on vacation trips to essentially test drive them. I'd shopped around a little lately too. I didn't see anything like this truck at any less than several thousand more. When this listing showed up at a nearby Ford dealership I knew had to go take a look. I checked it out front to back, crawled underneath it, and into the engine compartment, I took it on a vigorous test drive meant to expose any rattles, squeaks, engine, transmission or brake issues. The poor salesman riding along managed to not loose his lunch. I bought it on the spot after the test drive. It's fantastic. I love it. The only modification I am going to make is to add a topper to it to keep my stuff dry. As you can just see from the photo in the background, my Toyota Tacoma is still here. I didn't trade it in. My plan is to drive it out to Arizona in the Spring and it can live the rest of its life out there. I'll put it in storage near the airport. Then when I fly out to my place in Arizona I just need to take an Uber from the airport to the storage facility and presto, I have a vehicle. No more rental cars. I've found several possibilities for cheap storage that make this plan more cost effective than continuing to rent vehicles on my trips. Especially since I am planning more and longer trips in the future. [![A pair of giraffes.](Africa/images/2Giraffes.jpg)](Africa/index.html) 11/03/18 - Africa and Dubai trip page online! It took a while, but I finally have [the web page with lots of photos and videos from our Africa and Dubai trip](Africa/index.html) online. This page will likely be a work in progress for a while. There's lots more stuff I want to add to it. As it is now though, it's a good start. There's already over a hundred photos and videos on it. It'll give you a good idea of a lot of the places we went and the stuff we saw and did on our amazing 15 day trip. [Check it out.](Africa/index.html) [![A leopard resting in the shade in Serengeti National Park.](images/Africa/s_Leopard1.jpg)](images/Africa/Leopard1.jpg) 10/25/18 - A couple more Photos from our Africa Trip. Still working on getting the dedicated Africa page put together, Here's a really great photo of a leopard my fiancee took. Our guide knew the leopard was hiding in the rocks somewhere. We drove around looking for him for an hour before finally spotting him. He was well hidden. He was only visible from one place through a gap in the rocks. [![A pair of black-backed jackals in Serengeti National Park.](images/Africa/2Jackals.jpg)](images/Africa/2Jackals.jpg) And here is a photo of a couple of black-backed jackals. I think they were some of the cutest animals we saw in Africa. [![A group of three lionesses and a kitten in Serengeti National Park.](images/Africa/s_4Lions.jpg)](images/Africa/m_4Lions.jpg) 10/22/18 - More Photos from our Africa Trip. While I slowly get the dedicated Africa page put together, I'll preview some of the highlights here. It's going to be a while. Leslie and I exchanged photos yesterday. Now I have hundreds more photos to sort through. Eventually I'll get Mary's photos too. Who knew three people could take so many photos in two weeks? It's just an incredible mountain of material, and there is only so much time in the day to deal with it. Once online, the page will likely be a work in progress for quite a while. Anyway, here's a photo of three lionesses and a kitten. I have video of this family group too. It will get uploaded to Youtube eventually. Also, I'm trying out a new and slightly larger photo size for my blog to see if I like it. As always, click on the photos for a larger view. [![A lone zebra in Serengeti National Park.](images/Africa/s_LoneZebra.jpg)](images/Africa/m_LoneZebra.jpg) And here is a photo of a lone zebra. We saw thousands of zebras, singularly, in small groups and in huge herds. Something about this photo of a lone zebra in front of a lone acacia tree just grabs me. I really like it. Hard to believe I could come to love a place so much after such a brief exposure to it, but I really miss Africa. Every day there was magical. [![A cheetah sitting on a termite mound in Serengeti National Park.](images/Africa/s_Cheetah1.jpg)](images/Africa/m_Cheetah1.jpg) 10/18/18 - Working on getting the African Vacation Photos Online. I'm working on getting a lot of the photos and video from our recent vacation to Africa and Dubai online. It's going to take a while. The number of photos and videos I shot was massive. Plus I was traveling with two other people who shot a lot of great photos too. There is too much stuff for my usual travel and vacation photos site. I'm going to build a dedicated section just for this vacation and all the media that came from it. It's just going to take a while. In the meantime, here is a photo of a cheetah sitting on a termite mound in Serengeti National Park surveying the countryside for something to hunt. And here is a video of the Dubai Fountain Show. The Dubai Fountain is the world's largest choreographed fountain system. It sits at the base of the Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest building, and right next to the Dubai Mall, the world's largest mall. That's how they are in Dubai. Everything has to be the world's biggest, world's tallest, world's most spectacular, whatever it is. Second best isn't good enough for them over there. I have to admit, it is a spectacular show, especially after dark. The shows draw huge crowds. [Click here to read older posts.](index4.html) © Copyright 2006-2023 Michael Davis, All rights reserved. ![](http://www.mdpub.com/invisi_count.cgi?index.txt)	http://mdpub.com/
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-gb"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <title>Tyne Built Ships & Shipbuilders</title> <meta name="description" content="A history of Tyne shipbuilders and ships built on the River Tyne"> <meta name="keywords" content="river tyne, ship builder, shipbuilder, ship, vessel, warship, liner, cargo, tanker, bulk carrier, tug"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="dave-style.css"> <style type="text/css"> a {color:white;} .table1 { } .table1 th {color:white; font-family:"Verdana", sans-serif; font-size:90%} .table1 td {color:white; font-family:"Verdana", sans-serif; font-size:80%} </style> </head> <body bgcolor="495679"> <hr> <div align="center"><center> <font size="7" color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana"><b>TYNE BUILT SHIPS</b></font> </center></div> <div align="center"><center> <font size="4" color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana"><b>A history of Tyne shipbuilders and the ships that they built</b></font> </center></div> <div align="center"></div> <div align="center"> <hr><br> <table border=1 width=900 style='table-layout:fixed' class="top"> <tr> <td width=145><p align="center"><b><a href="index.html"><font color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana" size="3">Home</font></a></b></td> <td width=145><p align="center"><b><a href="Shipbuilders.html"><font color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana" size="3">Shipbuilders</font></a></b></td> <td width=145><p align="center"><b><a href="Ships.html"><font color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana" size="3">Ships</font></a></b></td> <td width=145><p align="center"><b><a href="Riverviews.html"><font color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana" size="3">River Views</font></a></b></td> <td width=145><p align="center"><b><a href="About.html"><font color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana" size="3">About</font></a></b></td> <td width=145><p align="center"><b><a href="Copyright.html"><font color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana" size="3">Copyright</font></a></b></td> </tr> </table> </div> <p align="center"></p> <br> <p align="center"><img src="images/SSRT-Diadem.jpg" width=900 height=500 usemap ="#tynemap" /></p> <map id ="tynemap" name="tynemap"> <area shape ="rect" coords ="740,380,900,500" href="http://www.shippingandshipbuilding.co.uk/" target=blank alt="SSRT" /> <area shape ="rect" coords ="0,380,160,500" href="http://www.northeastmaritime.co.uk/index.php" target=blank alt="NEM" /> </map> <p align="center"><font size="2" color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana">Above: DIADEM was built by R & W Hawthorn, Leslie & Co Ltd in 1944.</font> <br><br> <div align="center"> <table border=1 width=900 style='table-layout:fixed' class="top"> <tr> <td width=145><p align="center"><a href="index.html"><font color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana" size="2">Home</font></a></td> <td width=145><p align="center"><a href="Shipbuilding.html"><font color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana" size="2">Early days of Shipbuilding</font></a></td> <td width=145><p align="center"><a href="Industries.html"><font color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana" size="2">Related Industries</font></a></td> <td width=145><p align="center"><a href="Years1900.html"><font color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana" size="2">Shipbuilding Output by Year</font></a></td> <td width=145><p align="center"><a href="Contact.html"><font color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana" size="2">Contact</font></a></td> <td width=145><p align="center"><a href="Search.html"><font color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana" size="2">Advanced Search</font></a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <BR><BR><BR> </body> </html>	Tyne Built Ships & Shipbuilders a {color:white;} .table1 { } .table1 th {color:white; font-family:"Verdana", sans-serif; font-size:90%} .table1 td {color:white; font-family:"Verdana", sans-serif; font-size:80%} --- TYNE BUILT SHIPS A history of Tyne shipbuilders and the ships that they built --- \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| [Home](index.html) \| [Shipbuilders](Shipbuilders.html) \| [Ships](Ships.html) \| [River Views](Riverviews.html) \| [About](About.html) \| [Copyright](Copyright.html) \| ![](images/SSRT-Diadem.jpg) Above: DIADEM was built by R & W Hawthorn, Leslie & Co Ltd in 1944. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| [Home](index.html) \| [Early days of Shipbuilding](Shipbuilding.html) \| [Related Industries](Industries.html) \| [Shipbuilding Output by Year](Years1900.html) \| [Contact](Contact.html) \| [Advanced Search](Search.html) \|	https://www.tynebuiltships.co.uk/
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN"> <html> <head> <meta name="generator" content= "HTML Tidy for HTML5 for Linux version 5.6.0"> <meta name="generator" content="Varmint Al on Bethel Island, CA"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="Description" content= "Varmint Al's Coyote Hunting Page. Coyote Calling Free MP3 Sound files. Varmint hunting. Blacktail Deer Hunting info and stories. Reloading for accuracy and brass case preparation techniques. Target downloads and info on Moly Coated Bullets. Finite Element analysis of spinning bullets. Field Testing the 17 HMR"> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 4.0"> <meta name="keywords" content= "varmint, hunting, calling, coyote, predator, sounds, free, mp3, file, downloads, hunt, calls, pig, wild, boar, Blacktail, deer, varmit, coyotes, coyoties, howl, audio, sounds, wav, files, sound, calling sounds, ground, squirrels, reloading, predators, depredation, predation, moly, coated, bullets, shooting, 17 hmr, 243 win, 17 K-Hornet"> <meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document"> <title>Varmint Al's Hunting Page</title> </head> <body background="huntbgd.gif" link="#0000FF" text="#000000" vlink= "#FF0000"> <div align="left"> <table bordercolordark="#000080" bordercolorlight="#000080" align= "left" bgcolor="#FFFFE1" border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td bordercolor="#000080" bordercolorlight="#000080" bordercolordark="#000080" align="left" bgcolor="#0033CC"> <p align="center"><b><font color="#FFFFFF" face="Arial" size= "4">Page Index</font></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td bordercolor="#000080" bordercolorlight="#000080" bordercolordark="#000080" align="left" bgcolor="#E6FFFF"> <p align="center"><a href="asubj.htm"><font face="Arial" size= "2"><b>Subject Index</b></font></a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFD7"> <p align="left"><font face="Arial" size="2"><a href= "aspon.htm">Sponsors</a><br> <a href="ahunt.htm">Coyote Hunting</a><br> <a href="coy5-20.htm">Coyote Calling Example</a><br> <a href="attac.htm">Coyote Attacks</a><br> <a href="avarm.htm">Varmint Hunting</a><br> <a href="17hmr.htm">17 HMR Field Testing</a><br> <a href="#Deer_Hunting">Deer Hunting</a><br> <a href="ahsto.htm">Many Hunting Stories</a><br> <a href="asucc.htm">Hunt Success Stories</a><br> <a href="abifu.htm">Make A Bi-Fur-Pod</a><br> <a href="arelo.htm">Reloading Page</a><br> <a href="ashot.htm">Shooting Page</a><br> <a href="atarg.htm">Free Targets</a><br> <a href="pburn.htm">Powder Burn Rate</a><br> <a href="aflut.htm">Fluted Barrel Analysis</a><br> <a href="a22lr.htm">22LR Rifle & Tuner</a><br> <a href="aeste.htm">Esten's Rifle & Tuner</a><br> <a href="alite.htm">Light Rifle & Tuner</a><br> <a href="amode.htm">Barrel Harmonic Movie</a><br> <a href="atune.htm">Barrel Tuner Analysis</a><br> <a href="apres.htm">6PPC Barrel Dynamics</a><br> <a href="amod7.htm">243 Model 7 Action FEA</a><br> <a href="abolt.htm">Rifle Action Stress</a><br> <a href="abat85.htm">Bat Action Analysis</a><br> <a href="a243z.htm">Rifle Chamber Finish</a><br> <a href="afric.htm">Friction Test Results</a><br> <a href="apoli.htm">Gun Rights & Politics</a><br> <a href="abart.htm">Bart our Black Lab</a><br> <a href="atide.htm">Tide son of Bart</a><br> <a href="aengr.htm">Engineering Page</a><br> <a href="arock.htm">Rockwell Hardness FEA</a><br> <a href="alath.htm">Mini Lathe Page</a><br> <a href="acomp.htm">My Computers Page</a><br> <a href="ahamp.htm">Ham Radio Page</a><br> <a href="index.htm">Home Page</a><br> <a href="apopt.htm">My Father</a><br> <a href="abeth.htm">Bethel Island</a><br> <a href="aback.htm">Backpacking</a><br> <a href="abac3.htm">Winnemucca Lake</a><br> <a href="aupda.htm">Latest Updates</a><br> <a href="alink.htm">Links Page</a><br> <a href="aemail.htm">Email</a></font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p align="center"><img src="varm.gif" alt="" height="89" width= "351"></p> <p align="center"><font color="#808000" size="7"><b><i>Coyote Hunting Page<br></i></b></font> Last Updated: <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" startspan s-type="EDITED" s-format="%m/%d/%Y" -->07/19/2015 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" i-checksum="12555" endspan --><br> On <b><i>This</i></b> Page</p> <table bgcolor="#C8FAFA" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="80%"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="100%"> <p align="center">\| <a href="#Calling">Coyote Calling & Sounds</a> \| <a href="#My_Calls">My Calls</a> \| <a href= "#CallsWork">The Calls Work!</a> \| <a href="#Diaphragm">Cheap Diaphragm Call</a> \| <a href="#Calling-Sequence">Calling Sequence Download</a> \| <a href="#El-Cheapo">El-Cheapo Electronic Caller</a> \| <a href="#Calling">Free MP3 Calling Sounds</a> \| <a href= "#DickWendell">Dick Wendell Decoy</a><img src="new1.gif" border="0" height="18" width="32"> \| <a href="#EasyDecoy">Easy Decoy</a><img src="new1.gif" border="0" height="18" width="32"> \| <a href="#Decoy">Hammock Decoy</a> \| <a href="#Coyote_Talk">Coyote Talk</a> \| <a href="#NewTricks">New Calling Tricks</a> \| <a href= "#NewCall">New L&M Calls</a> \| <a href="#Raspy">Raspy Sound</a> \| <a href="#Deer_Hunting">Deer Hunting & Sounds</a>  \| <a href="#Seeing">Seeing More Deer</a> \| <a href= "#Access">Gaining Hunting Access</a> \| <a href= "#Business_Card">Business Card</a>  \| <a href= "#Paint">Paint Your Rifle</a>  \| <a href= "#Bino">Binoculars</a> \| <a href="#Rifle">My Rifle</a> \| <a href="#Gear">Gear I Carry</a> \| <a href="#Round_Up">Squirrel Round Up</a> \|</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="center"><img src="rbline.gif" alt="" height="4" width= "540"></p> <p align="left"><b>GREETINGS FROM Varmint Al</b>.... I am a Life member of the <a href="http://www.nra.org/" target= "_blank">National Rifle Association</a>. I like to hunt, fish, play with the computer, and operate ham radio. I go deer hunting, coyote hunting, squirrel hunting, and trout fishing every chance I get. I have 2 Black Labs, Bart & Tide and one Chocolate Lab named SusieQ. During pheasant season we hunt most every day.</p> <p align="left"><a href="http://www.relentless365.com/" target= "_blank"><img src="relentless365.png" border="0" height="92" width= "222"> <font face="Arial" size="4"><b>Relentless 365</b></font></a> California's Premiere Hunting Magazine.</p> <p align="center"><img src="rbline.gif" alt="" height="4" width= "540"></p> <p align="center"><img src="coyote-sunrise..jpg" border="0" height= "333" width="480"><br> <font color="#808000" face="Arial Rounded MT Bold" size="5">Coyote Sunrise</font> <font size="2">by</font> Heath Ward</p> <p align="center"><font size="4"><b>Struggling Varmint Video <a href="struggling-varmint.wmv">Download</a>.<img src="new1.gif" border="0" height="18" width="32"><br></b> by <b>Dick Wendell</b></font></p> <p align="center"><big><big><strong><img src="coyc.gif" alt="" border="0" height="71" width="127">Calling Coyotes</strong></big></big></p> <p align="left"><b>MY CALLING</b>.... Since I started calling for coyotes near Antioch, CA on three large cattle ranches, not a single cow or calf has been lost to the type of predation seen <a href= "http://texnat.tamu.edu/ranchref/predator/coyote/p5-coyot.htm" target="_blank">here</a>. My deer and coyote rifle is the 243 Win on a 42+ year old Sako Forester action with a Shilen stainless steel barrel and a "tight neck" chamber, shown below. The scope is a Tasco TR 4-16xAO mounted with Warne rings directly to the grooves on the action. This is as solid a scope mount as I have seen. As you can see below, the rifle and scope are painted camo. There is more about camo painting your rifle on this page.</p> <p align="center"><img src="sako.jpg" alt="" height="113" width= "511"><i><br> Varmintus maxus camois</i></p> <p align="center"><img src="rbline.gif" alt="" height="4" width= "540"></p> <p align="center"><a name="Calling"><img src="coyotel.gif" alt="" height="49" width="87"></a><br> <big><big><strong>Coyote Calling Techniques with Sounds<br></strong></big></big> The sounds are computer quality</p> <p><b><img src="check.gif" alt="" border="0" height="16" width= "26">FREE COYOTE CALLING SOUND DOWNLOADS</b>.... These following sound files are free with no strings attached. Use them any way you like. I made them for your predator calling enjoyment and to promote the Second Amendment. Each new coyote hunter who learns hunting and buys a gun will more than likely be another supporter of the Second Amendment. These sounds are not the very best quality, but as good as I could do on a computer. Each single sound file lasts about 60 seconds. The sequence sound files are longer duration. If you burn the sound on your own CD, or MP3 player, I would suggest 2 minutes of silence before any sound starts and 1 or 2 minutes of silence between each calling sound. You can also burn the first sequence at a lower volume so as not to spook any close coyotes. Right click on the file name and select "Save Target As". Let me know how you like them.</p> <p><b>ONE BIG ZIP FILE....</b> All of the calls below, including the 16-min and 20-min Sequence files have been zipped into one large file. Download here: <a href="allcalls.zip">allcalls.zip</a> (35.929Mb) and save the file to a new folder. Unzip the file to a folder of your choice.</p> <p>These sound files have been recently (2/12/6) re-mastered with the volumes normalized and converted to MP3 in FM quality. Each sound file lasts about 60 seconds.</p> <p><b>HAVING TROUBLE DOWNLOADING?....</b>  Assume you want to download <a href="group2.mp3">Group Howl</a> (<b>group2.mp3</b>). Here is what I suggest you try:<br> <b>1.</b> Right Click on the hot link (the underlined name of Group Howl below) of the file you want to download.<br> <b>2.</b> When the menu appears select "<b>Save Target as...</b>"<br> <b>3.</b> A Window will appear "<b>Save As</b>" and the default location is "<b>My Documents</b>". If you Click on the "<b>Save</b>" tab the sound file named <b>group2.mp3</b> will be downloaded to your My Documents folder. Your hard drive now contains the file.<br> <b>4.</b> To play the downloaded file, open your My Documents folder and <b>Double Click</b> on the file named <b>group2.mp3</b>.<br> <b>5.</b> To copy the file to the clipboard, you <b>Right Click</b> on the file name <b>group2.mp3</b> and select <b>copy</b>.<br> <b>6.</b> To copy the file over to your MP3 player you need to plug the cable from your MP3 player into the USB port of the computer. If you are running Windows XP a window will open and you select "<b>Open folder to view files</b>" and <b>Click</b> on <b>OK</b>. Put the mouse pointer inside the MP3 player's folder and <b>Right Click</b>. Select <b>paste</b> from the menu. The <b>group2.mp3</b> file should then be written to Secure Digital card in your MP3 player.</p> <p><a href="excruciator-16-min.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29">Excruciator</a> (<b>excruciator-16-min.mp3</b>) A 16 minute sequence of Chris Butcher's Excruciator call. Starts with 1 minute of silence. 15.1Mb Note: I removes some of the clicks that I had overlooked in the recording.<br> <a href="tiny-dogs-chicken.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29">Tiny-Dogs-Chicken</a> (<b>tiny-dogs-chicken.mp3</b>) Two Chihuahuas chasing a chicken. Added the chicken squawking. Sounds good.<br> <img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29"><a href= "tiny-dogs3.mp3">Tiny-Dogs-Barking</a> (<b>tiny-dogs3.mp3</b>) Two Chihuahuas barking scared at Bart & Tide with Tide moaning 1.023Mb Its not a standard sound, but its worth a try. Coyotes should at least be interested and come for a look at the commotion. Tiny dogs in urban areas are a favorite food of coyotes.<br> <img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29"><a href= "red-head-woodpecker.mp3">Read-Head-Woodpecker</a> (<b>red-head-woodpecker.mp3</b>) Coon Skinner recorded it from a live bird and emailed it to me. Thanks Coon Skinner.<img src= "new1.gif" border="0" height="18" width="32"><br> <img style="width: 29px; height: 21px;" alt="" src= "sound.gif"><a href= "Snowshoe%202-1-1.mp3">Snowshoe-Hare-Distress1</a> (<span style= "font-weight: bold;">Snowshoe 2-1-1.mp3</span>) Snowshoe Hare Distress sound by Randy.<img style="width: 32px; height: 18px;" alt="" src="new1.gif"><br> <img style="width: 29px; height: 21px;" alt="" src= "sound.gif"><a href= "Snowshoe%202-2-2.mp3">Snowshoe-Hare-Distress2</a> (<span style= "font-weight: bold;">Snowshoe 2-2-2.mp3</span>) Snowshoe Hare Distress sound by Randy.<img style="width: 32px; height: 18px;" alt="" src="new1.gif"><br> <img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29"> <a href= "bird-squeaker.mp3">Bird Squeaker</a> (<b>bird-squeaker.mp3</b>) Made with the squeaker out of one of Tide's squeaky toys 970KB<br> <img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29"><a href= "rodent-squeaker.mp3">Rodent Squeaker</a> (<b>rodent-squeaker.mp3</b>) Made with Tide's squeaky toy - different cadence 875KB<br> <a href="group2.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height= "21" width="29">Group Howl</a> (<b>group2.mp3</b>) group coyote howl with 3 different calls mixed with the new software 944KB<br> <a href="group3.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height= "21" width="29">Group Howl</a> (<b>group3.mp3</b>) group coyote howl with 4 different calls mixed with the new software 944KB<br> <a href="chicken.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29">Chicken Distress Call</a> (<b>chicken.mp3</b>) with the Haydel call 656KB<br> <a href="mybird2.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29">Woodpecker Distress Call</a> (<b>mybird2.mp3</b>) with a Lohman Quail Call #115W BIRD 1.316MB<br> <a href="challenge.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29">Coyote Challenge Bark</a> (<b>challenge.mp3</b>) with the Dan Thompson Red Desert coyote howler 645KB<br> <a href="dthowl.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height= "21" width="29">Coyote Greeting Howls</a> (<b>dthowl.mp3</b>) with the Dan Thompson Red Desert coyote howler 646KB<br> <a href="dthowl2.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29">Coyote Greeting Howls</a> (<b>dthowl2.mp3</b>) with the Dan Thompson Red Desert coyote howler with more chatter 944KB<br> <a href="hurtpup2.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29">Coyote Hurt Pup Distress Call</a> (<b>hurtpup2.mp3</b>) with a diaphragm call 660KB<br> <a href="jackrabbit.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29">Jackrabbit Distress Call</a> (<b>jackrabbit.mp3</b>) 657KB<br> <a href="weems.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height= "21" width="29">Cottontail Distress Call</a> (<b>weems.mp3</b>) with a knockoff Weems call 659KB<br> <a href="weems2.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height= "21" width="29">Cottontail Distress Call</a> (<b>weems2.mp3</b>) with a knockoff Weems call 906KB<br> <a href="jrpc1.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height= "21" width="29">Jackrabbit</a> (<b>jrpc1.mp3</b>) with the Johnny Stewart PC-1 Call 896KB<br> <a href="jrpc1lv.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29">Jackrabbit</a> (<b>jrpc1lv.mp3</b>) Low-Volume with the Johnny Stewart PC-1 Call 896KB<br> <a href="highpc1.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29">High Pitched Squeal</a> (<b>highpc1.mp3</b>) with the Johnny Stewart PC-1 Call 920KB<br> <a href="highpc1lv.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29">High Pitched Squeal</a> (<b>highpc1lv.mp3</b>) Low-Volume with the Johnny Stewart PC-1 Call 920KB<br> <a href="hurtpc1.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29">Hurt Coyote Pup</a> (<b>hurtpc1.mp3</b>) with the Johnny Stewart PC-1 Call 931KB<br> <a href="lmuj1.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height= "21" width="29">Utah Jackrabbit</a> (<b>lmuj1.mp3</b>) imitation with the L&M Howler call 672KB<br> <a href="lhhchallenge.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29">Coyote Challenge Bark</a> (<b>lhhcallenge.mp3</b>) with the Loess Hills Howler 694KB<br> <a href="lhhowler.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29">Coyote Howl</a> (<b>lhhowler.mp3</b>) with the Loess Hills Howler 648KB<br> <a href="wileyoneh.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29">Coyote Howl</a> (<b>wileyoneh.mp3</b>) with the Wiley One Howler 671KB<br> <a href="wileyonehp.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29">Hurt Coyote Pup</a> (<b>wileyonehp.mp3</b>) with the Wiley One Howler  666KB<br> <a href="2-min-silence.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29">2-Minutes of Silence</a> (<b>2-min-silence.mp3</b>) 941KB<br> <a href="1-min-silence.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29">1-Minutes of Silence</a> (<b>1-min-silence.mp3</b>) 469KB<br> <a href="elkpowerhowl.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29">Coyote Greeting Howl</a> <b>(elkpowerhowl.mp3)</b> E.L.K. Power Howler for a single howl somewhere in a sequence.<br> <a href="elkchatterhowl.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29">Coyote Chatter Howl</a> <b>(elkchatterhowl.mp3)</b> E.L.K. Power Howler for a single howl somewhere in a sequence.<br> <img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29"><a href= "locater1.mp3">Locater</a> (<b>locater1.mp3</b>) 635KB Clear tone siren courtesy of Howard Drummond, Fire Crew Capitan.<br> <img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29"><a href= "locater2.mp3">Locater</a> (<b>locater2.mp3</b>) 720KB Crank tone siren courtesy of Howard Drummond, Fire Crew Captain.<br> <b><img src="check.gif" border="0" height="16" width="26">Note.</b> The siren locater sound will not call in coyotes but is used to locate the coyotes.  A siren sounds will often cause coyotes to howl back. You can then tell where the coyotes are located and come back 30 min or so later and make a calling stand near where you heard the coyotes howling back at the siren.</p> <p><b>ANOTHER PAGE....</b> There is more info on how I used three of the calling sounds on a couple of coyote calling sessions: <a href="coy5-20.htm">Coyote Stand with Pictures and Sounds</a>.</p> <p><b>MAKE YOUR OWN CALLING SEQUENCES....</b> You can rename the calling sounds and the silence files and load them to your MP3 player in the order you want them to play. It is like making a play list. Or you can download <a href= "http://audacity.sourceforge.net/" target="_blank">Audacity</a> a free, open source software for recording and editing sounds. It is available for Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, GNU/Linux, and other operating systems. Here is a link on <a href= "http://hunting-washington.com/smf/index.php/topic,7827.0.html" target="_blank">how Audacity could be used to create your own sequence</a>.</p> <p><b><a name="Calling-Sequence">20 MINUTE SAMPLE CALLING SEQUENCE</a>....</b> Copy the silence sound, <b>2-min-silence.mp3</b>, into <b>s1.mp3</b>, <b>s2.mp3</b>, <b>s3.mp3</b> and <b>s4.mp3</b> etc. Write the sounds to your MP3 player in the order you want. I was able to put this sequence into one file using the Magix sound software. Once you start the sequence, you will have 2 minutes to walk away from the player before the calling starts. Then it will play the sequence and you can concentrate on any approaching coyotes without fiddling around with remote buttons.<br> Download <a href="20-min-sequence.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border= "0" height="21" width="29">20-min-sequence.mp3</a>. 10.563MB 20:34 Min:Sec</p> <blockquote> <blockquote> <p><b>s1.mp3<br> lmuj1.mp3<br> s2.mp3<br> jrpc1.mp3<br> s3.mp3<br> highpc1.mp3<br> s4.mp3<br> s5.mp3<br> challenge.mp3<br> s6.mp3<br> hurtpc1.mp3<br> s7.mp3<br> dthowl.mp3</b></p> </blockquote> </blockquote> <p><b>17 MINUTE SEQUENCE....</b> This sequence starts with 2 minutes of silence then the chicken distress. After 1 minute of silence it then has the chicken distress with the tiny dogs barking. The sequence continues alternating and finally ends with the coyote chatter howl. This should be good for call wise coyotes. <br> Download <a href="tiny-dog-chicken-sequence.mp3"><img src= "sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width= "29">tiny-dog-chicken-sequence.mp3</a> 16.5 MB.<img src="new1.gif" border="0" height="18" width="32"></p> <p><b>16 MINUTE CALLING SEQUENCE....</b> This sequence starts at half-volume with the first sound. I really like this sound sequence.<br> Download <a href="16-min-sequence.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border= "0" height="21" width="29">16-min-sequence.mp3</a>. 10.779 MB 17:13 Min:Sec</p> <blockquote> <blockquote> <p><b>2-Min-Silence.mp3<br> highpc1lv.mp3<br> 1-Minute of Silence<br> lmuj1.mp3<br> 1-Minute of Silence<br> jrpc1.mp3<br> 1-Minute of Silence<br> jrpc1lv.mp3<br> 2-Minutes of Silence<br> dthowl2.mp3<br> 1-Minute of Silence<br> group2.mp3<br> 1-Minute of Silence<br> hurtpup2.mp3</b></p> </blockquote> </blockquote> <p><a name="El-Cheapo"><img src="el-cheapo.jpg" border="0" height= "301" width="244"></a><br> <b>EL-CHEAPO ELECTRONIC CALLER....</b> I have tried this combination and it plays the MP3 sound files with good quality and plenty of volume. The little mini-amp can easily drive the PowerHorn type speaker with good volume. You will want to mark the volume setting so that there will be no distortion. The two minutes of silence is just about right to walk about 80 to 100 yards away from the caller. A 512Mb Secure Digital card will hold plenty of sound files. All MP3 players are NOT the same. Some of them will not play the MP3 files as they were. I have now converted them over to FM quality and they should work with all MP3 players. The TRIO MP3 Player works fine and runs on one AAA battery. The Mini Audio Amplifier runs on one 9V battery. I have used the same set of batteries for about 6 stands of 30 minutes each and the batteries are still working. As far as I can tell, the TRIO MP3 Player has been discontinued. But there are numerous other MP3 players available. Check the first item listed below.<br> <b><i>Note:</i></b> The almost identical setup is listed on the Predator Masters Tech Section. It is called <a href= "http://www.predatormastersforums.com/homemadeecaller.shtml" target="_blank">The Homemade E-Caller</a>. I was not aware of it when I put the info together for the El-Cheapo.</p> <p>Here is an even cheaper build for the E-Caller. See the video here: <a href= "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mye0NEa1B1Q&feature=player_embedded" target="_blank">Wild Enough to Shoot At</a></p> <blockquote> <p><b>Here is a list of the parts:</b> The links keep changing. I have no control over that.<br> <br> <a href= "http://www.allelectronics.com/make-a-store/item/MP3-1/MP3-PLAYER-W/MICRO-SD-CARD-AND-READER/1.html"> MP3 PLAYER W/ 1Gb MICRO SD CARD AND READER</a> (While they last)<img src="new1.gif" border="0" height="18" width="32"></p> <p><img src="check.gif" border="0" height="16" width= "26">UP-DATE.... <a href= "http://www.tigerdirect.com/applications/SearchTools/item-details.asp?EdpNo=3440310&CatId=2761" target="_blank">MP3 Player with 2 Gb built in memory</a> plus it will also record your own sounds with the built-in recorder.</p> <p><a href= "http://www.radioshack.com/product/index.jsp?productId=2062620&cp=&kw=mini+amplifier&parentPage=search" target="_blank">Mini Audio Amplifier</a></p> <p><a href= "http://www.radioshack.com/product/index.jsp?productId=2104031&cp=&pg=2&y=7&x=9&kw=speaker&numProdsPerPage=20&parentPage=search" target="_blank">4x6" 50-Watt Indoor/Outdoor PowerHorn</a></p> <p><a href= "http://www.radioshack.com/product/index.jsp?productId=2102970&cp=2032058.2032228&cp=2032058&f=Taxonomy%2FRSK%2F2032228&categoryId=2032228&kwCatId=2032058&kw=1%2F8+plug&parentPage=search" target="_blank">12-Inch Shielded Stereo Audio Cable</a> The cable between the Mini Amp and the MP3 Player. I have heard that the mono cable into the MP3 player sometimes has problems by shorting out one channel and distorting the sound in the channel being used.</p> <p><a href= "http://www.allelectronics.com/cgi-bin/item/PMP/search/MONO_PLASTIC_3.5_MM_PLUG_.html" target="_blank">All Electronics Corp.</a> Catalog No. PMP - MONO PLASTIC 3.5 MM PLUG. The connector will need to be soldered to the PowerHorn's cable. You can get this connector at Radio Shack when you get the Mini Amp <a target="_blank" href= "http://www.radioshack.com/product/index.jsp?productId=2104062&cp=&sr=1&origkw=1%2F8+plug&kw=1%2F8+plug&parentPage=search"> here</a> abut at a higher price.</p> <p>Note: Above are the places where the hardware is still available. There are many other places where the items may be purchases. Also, the 1GB Secure Digital cards now cost about as much as the 512MB SD cards were priced a few months ago and the 1GB SD card has twice the storage size.</p> </blockquote> <table bgcolor="#E6FFFF" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p align="center"><font size="4"><b><a name="DickWendell">A Better Weasel Ball Decoy by  Dick Wendell</a><br></b></font> <font size="4"><b>This is an excellent improvement on the Weasel Ball Decoy.<br> <img src="check.gif" border="0" height="16" width="26">See and Listen to the Struggling Varmint Video <a href= "struggling-varmint.wmv">Download</a>.</b></font></p> <p>Al, you are completely free to use my pictures and technique for building this for your website. Your generosity is extended back to you my friend.</p> <p>Note: The reason the action is random is that the tail hits either the ground or the lower bar. It really makes an erratic action.<br> <br> Equipment:<br> <br> Metal cutting saw<br> Welder (I use a 110v wire feed welder)<br> 1/4" coarse thread die for cutting threads on rod<br> Tape Measure<br> <br> Materials:<br> <br> <a href="http://shop.twistedgrins.com/weazal-ball/" target= "_blank">Weasel Ball</a> (cat toy)<br> 1/4" cold rolled round rod<br> 1/4" coupling nut <br> Grinder for putting point on the rod and cleaning up cuts<br> Camo paint<br> <br> Goal:<br> <br> To make a predator decoy with erratic movements that is able to be displayed above tall grass and snow at a low cost.<br> <br> Process:<br> Ball Preparation:<br> <br> 1 - The Weasel Ball is easily found online for under $3.00. In fact the shipping is more than the item itself. Unscrew the ball and paint the half with the tail in an appropriate color for your area. I used a dead grass color. Leave the tail as installed.<br> <br> 2 - Get some white fake fur and sew a small tuft on the end of the tail to add as an attractor.<br> <br> Stand Fabrication:</p> <p><img src="weazel1.jpg" border="0" height="312" width="358"> <img src="weazel2.jpg" border="0" height="353" width="213"> <img src="weazel3.jpg" border="0" height="370" width="337"><br> <br> 1 - The top portion of the stand is made by taking a 12" piece of 1/4" round rod and bending a 90 degree bend about 2 inches from one end. Heating with a torch will make the bend much sharper. Placing the heated end of rod in a vice makes it easier and safer to bend.<br> <br> 2 - Take a 2 inch piece of the 1/4" round rod and weld it approximately 1 3/8" directly below the 90 degree bend. This location is best determined by holding the two pieces in place on the ball and marking the correct location. Once welded in place, if it is loose the two forks can be put in a vice and gently squeezed together until the forks slide firmly into place. It needs to be easy to remove so you replace the battery as needed.<br> <br> 3 - Take a 4 1/4 inch piece of the 1/4" rod and weld to the stand approximately 5 inches below the bottom of the forks. <br> This piece is needed to give the decoy an erratic movement. Without this piece the tail will simply swing in a big circle. With this piece the tail will swing, then make some jumping/jerking movements and the sequence is never the same.<br> <br> 4 - Using the 1/4 inch thread die make threads on the lower end of the rod. Thread on the 1/4" coupling nut and tack weld in place.<br> <br> 5 - Take a 12 inch piece of the metal rod and thread one end with the 1/4" die. Grind a point on the other end to be able to poke the stand in the ground. I have 6" and 12" base rods to accommodate tall grass or deeper snow. Any length can be made for what ever your conditions require. The separate bottom section makes the decoy easier to put in your pack.<br> <br> 6 - Paint the stand to match your area.<br> <br> Put into use:<br> <br> Slide the forks of the stand onto the Weasel Ball.<br> Screw the appropriate length of base rod onto the stand.<br> Poke the decoy into the ground.<br> Turn the decoy on and go get into your hiding location .</p> <p><a href="http://shop.twistedgrins.com/weazal-ball/" target= "_blank"><img src="weazel2__84275_std.jpg" border="0" height="196" width="220"></a></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <p><a name="EasyDecoy"><img src="weasel-lee1.jpg" border="0" height="292" width="389"></a> <img src="weasel-lee2.jpg" border="0" height="292" width="389"></p> <p><img src="weasel-lee3.jpg" border="0" height="292" width="389"> <img src="weasel-lee4.jpg" border="0" height="292" width="389"><br> <img src="check.gif" border="0" height="16" width="26">Here is an easy to construct variation on the Dick Wendell's Weasel Ball decoy. The random action occurs because the tail hits<br> the bent bar and then appears to jump around instead of just swing around like a fan.<img src="new1.gif" border="0" height="18" width= "32"><br> Instructions on how to build it are <a href= "http://www.californiapredatorsclub.com/index.php?showtopic=22692" target="_blank">here</a>.<br>  Lee put these videos up on YouTube showing how it works. Good job <a href="mailto:jonnyreb22REM0VETH1S@yahoo.com">Lee Chastain</a>.<br> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ThYP80M2eU" target= "_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ThYP80M2eU<br></a> More instructions on building this version of the decoy.<br> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ltRfdk0Rkc" target= "_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ltRfdk0Rkc</a></p> <hr> <p><img src="wobbleb.jpg" border="0" height="386" width="297"><br> <font face="Arial" size="5"><img src="check.gif" border="0" height= "16" width="26">The <a href= "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKXJnRyR5ok" target="_blank">Wobble Weasel</a> by Scott Pierce.<img src="new1.gif" border="0" height= "18" width="32"><br></font> <font face="Arial" size="3">Click on the link above to view the video and instructions on how it works and how to build it. This looks good and appears to be very easy to build. Some thin rod, a spring and hot glue. Varmint hunters are a very ingenious bunch.</font></p> <hr> <p><a name="Decoy"><img src="hammock.jpg" border="0" height="387" width="290"></a><br> <font color="#808000" face="Comic Sans MS" size="5"><b>The Hammock Decoy<br></b></font> Hi Al,<br> My wife Valinda came up with the ideal to use a <a target="_blank" href="http://shop.twistedgrins.com/weazal-ball/">Weasel Ball</a> toy for a decoy. I bought one for about $7.00 at a local toy store. The problem with it was on un-level ground it didn't roll well and you couldn't see it over the brush. So when I got home I went to work on it. I unscrewed the cap off the ball to access the motor this is what I came up with.</p> <blockquote> <p><b>1.)</b> Disconnect the tail/Weasel from the ball unscrew ball halves (discard top half of the ball keeping motor half). Motor turns/spins inside ball half.<br> <b>2.)</b> Take the three screws out of the weight retaining cover on the electric motor and remove the weights (a little pressure with screw driver helps achieve this). This gives the motor more speed yet still allows it to wobble when finished.<br> <b>3.)</b> Drill tiny hole 1/16 into side of weight retaining cover then screw back to motor.<br> <b>4.)</b> Drill 1/16 - 1/8 hole in bottom of ball half and glue in a 1/16 - 1/8 steel rod approx 1 - 2 foot long also take a hammer and flatten out about 4 inches of end of rod that goes into the ground to keep rod from spinning (the ball wants to spin the rod so by flattening what's stuck in the ground it keeps the rod from spinning so motor is all that spins) Rod and ball half doesn't spin only motor.<br> <b>5.)</b> Spray paint the assembly dull gray.<br> <b>6.)</b> Reinsert tail/Weasel into hole on motor weight cover.<br> <b>7.)</b> Push steel rod into ground and turn on, it spins the tail and wobbles as well.</p> </blockquote> <p>Total cost around $10.00 and gives motion as well and uses 1 AA battery. Please e-mail me back and let me know what you think of it.<br> Ricky Hammock<br> Adairsville GA</p> <p><b><a name="El-Cheapo-works"><img src="coy60017.jpg" border="0" height="420" width="560"></a><br> EL-CHEAPO WORKS....</b> I took the El-Cheapo out for a test run. The roads are finally open and not mud slides anymore so I could get to my hunting area. I made two stands with no success. On the second stand, a ground squirrel was standing up chirping at me. He was about 100 yards out near the El-Cheapo. After I concluded that there were going to be no coyote takers, it was time to check the zero on my rifle. The scolding ground squirrel confirmed the zero on the old Sako Forester was right on out of a cold clean barrel. Off to the third stand. Less than 5 minutes into the third stand here comes a coyote. I saw him at about 400 yards way down the hill coming through the tall grass. He quickly went behind a rise heading my way and I was able to setup in the direction where I thought he would next appear. I was using the 16 minute sequence and it was only in the second sound (lmuj1.mp3) when I first saw the coyote.</p> <p><b>ON A BEE LINE....</b> After the one minute of silence between the sounds, the third sound (jrpc1.mp3) starts up and here comes the coyote. He was on a Bee-line heading straight to the call and wasn't looking in my direction at all. At 22 steps from the El-Cheapo, he stopped, broadside, for the fatal 2 seconds at about 80 yards. The 95 gr 243 Nosler Ballistic Tip caught him right behind the front shoulder. I saw him roll once in the tall grass. I let the calling continue for the full 16 minutes hoping for a double, but no other coyote showed. It was interesting to watch a doe and her fawn at about 300 yards. They were my forward spotters and really picked up their ears for each new sound. At one point, they were both looking to the side and I thought there might be another coyote incoming but no show. About 10 minutes into the calling both the doe and fawn stiff stepped out of sight. The coyote was crawling with ticks. It looks like it is going to be a bad tick year. I used Velcro to mount the amp and MP3 player onto the power horn. It works OK.</p> <p><img src="coy60023.jpg" border="0" height="420" width="560"><br> Here is a 10X zoom of Mt Diablo to the West from where I got the coyote. There is a little haze in the hot air coming from all those liberals in the San Francisco area. My eyes were starting to itch. It is either hay fever or I am allergic to liberals. Probably both.</p> <p><img src="coy60080.jpg" border="0" height="420" width="560"><br> <b>EL-CHEAPO SCORES AGAIN....</b> I tried a different location. This is the place where the old house WAS. It is no more. I will post a picture of it on the <a href="ahsto.htm">Hunting Stories Page</a>. I setup just south of the old burned out house. I was sitting under an oak tree up against the trunk and it dark shade. I had the El-Cheapo out about 75 yards upwind away from me pointed south. I had just about given up that no coyote would show. The 16 minute sequence was into the hurt pup call and about done. I was ready to give up. I glassed the far hillside one more time. This dry female was at about 250 yards sitting looking in the direction of the caller. The advantage of having the coyote not looking directly at you like they do when you use hand calls is really important. Anyhow, I cranked the old Tasco up to 16X and dialed in 250 yards. I held about 4 inches into the wind on her chest. Bang! I see her rolling down the hill. That old Sako sure is a reliable rifle with the first shot out of a cold barrel being right where I aim. This coyote also had numerous ticks on it. It is going to be a bad tick season this year. No sign of mange.</p> <p><img src="rick-camuglia-coyote2.jpg" border="0" height="518" width="746"><br> <i>Hi Al!  Just wanted to write to you about my first coyote hunt of the year! The weather has been unseasonably warm here, but I couldn't wait any longer to put "El Cheapo" and the weasel ball decoy to their first test of the fall on October 31, 2008.<br> I made a trip to an area that was great last year, but while walking to the first stand I was disappointed in the amount of sign around. The first stand yielded nothing so I was off to make another. I had just finished turning on the call and returned to my seat when I looked about 200yds to the right to see a coyote before the call had even started to run. Well, I figured I'd just get prone and shoot him. After the shot, all I saw was the coyote running off unscathed. That's when I decided to sight the gun in at 100 yds, not 300yds. Most of my shooting while calling is at that distance...I won't make that mistake anymore!<br> The next stand is in a spot that I just love and have had success before. It is on top of a juniper-treed mesa with a windmill nearby. There is a large area on top that has no trees, just some low cover and sagebrush. I found a dead tree to hang the call on about 30yds from where I wanted to sit with my back to a juniper. I put the weasel ball decoy in the ground and turned them both on and made my way back to the seat. Just after I adjusted my bipod for the correct height, the call began running the 16 minute sequence I downloaded from your site. The two minutes of silence is just the right amount of time to get back and get set-up. Upon the second sound on the sequence, jackrabbit, I saw a flash off to the right and up the hill. It was a coyote running in to the call. She was coming fast and I had to turn a little to the right in case she decided to stop. I waited until a tree obscured her view so as not to let her see me move. She kept coming trying to circle out and downwind of the calling. Coyotes are smart. Before she could get downwind I lip-squeaked to stop her. She looked right up toward me and saw the weasel ball. That was all the time I needed to settle the crosshairs of my Browning A-bolt Varmint Stalker in .243 wssm behind her shoulder and touch it off. "El-Cheapo" scores again! The first of the season.<br> Thanks Al! I love your site and appreciate your willingness to share your knowledge. Rick Camuglia, Albuquerque, New Mexico</i></p> <p><b>NOTE:</b> If you want to make a calling series out of these files or the files on my Coyote Calling Page, here is an important MP3 file. <a href="2-min-silence.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29">2-Minutes of Silence</a> with no call at all, not even white noise. I made the file by shorting out he microphone. You can start a calling sequence with silence. This will give you time to get back to your stand and get ready. Also, you can put the silence file in between each of the calling MP3 files one or more times so that the calling is not continuous. I have found that when you burn a CD, you might want to copy the files and rename each file like Afile1.mp3, Bfile2.mp3, Cfile3.mp3 etc. so they will be in the correct order. Some CD burning programs seem to have a mind of their own on the order of files it writes.</p> <p><font color="#FF0000" size="4"><b><span style= "background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Caution:</span></b></font> These MP3 sound files could cost you serious money. I take no responsibility for any rifles, scopes, ammo, reloading gear, hand calls, electronic callers, and camo gear you might need if you get hooked on coyote hunting. You are on your own so proceed with caution.</p> <p>I received this email. As you can see, it is already costing him money.</p> <blockquote> <p><i>Varmint Al,<br> I am just learning and beginning to hunt coyotes. Your website is very helpful. I am 21 years old and from Kentucky. Our family farms so I have access to a lot of good land. I downloaded your calls and made a CD and actually brought in 6 coyotes with it on 3 different stands but I couldn't get any of them close enough for a good shot. But I am hooked!<br> <br> I have purchased three calls- Circe P1 and P2 (jackrabbit and cottontail) and a Circe Howler #285. I have a few questions as I am trying to learn to use them. I have been reading a lot about coyotes and I think I understand how to set up in a stand but I am not confident in my calling since I have yet to call in a coyote. How can I practice and know my rabbit sounds are realistic? Do you have a longer example of how the Circe calls can and should sound? Does it make sense to use a jackrabbit call since there are no jackrabbits here? The howler is really hard to blow, is this normal or is there a better howler I should buy? Thanks a lot for your time and all the info on your website.<br> <br> Harry Hendricks</i></p> </blockquote> <p>Here is another email:</p> <blockquote> <p><i>Hi There, <br> Just writing to say thanks for the free sounds. My son and I tried them the first time here in Nova Scotia and the Big male coyote actually hit the CD player "twice" on the attack. He was directly under our stand and wanted that screaming rabbit sound but he got the 12 gauge instead. Lots of coyotes around here now. Thanks again and here is a picture of him. <a href= "mailto:andrew.pamelaREM0VETH1S@xcountry.tv">Andrew</a></i><i><br> <img src="andrewc.jpg" border="0" height="192" width="256"></i></p> </blockquote> <p>Another email:</p> <blockquote> <p><img src="mark-lowe.jpg" border="0" height="329" width= "521"><br> <i>Hi Al, just thought I would enclose a pic of my first coyote. I used the info on your page and built my el cheapo call. Down loaded some files from your page and took to the field. First time out was yesterday afternoon. The call (16-min-sequence.mp3) wasn't even through it's first 3 minutes and this coyote showed up at 328 yds. A 50 gr. Hornady V-Max from my .223 Rem. put her down in her tracks. Thanks for the info! <br> Mark <br> Cashmere, WA</i></p> </blockquote> <p>Another email:</p> <blockquote> <p><img src="justins-fox.jpg" border="0" height="449" width= "391"><br> <i>Dear Al, <br> I want to thank you for all your advice and the work you put into your website! It has been a great tool and guide for me since I got into fox/coyote calling just a year ago. I live in northwestern Wisconsin. I decided to make the El-Cheapo caller and take it out for a test trial. I made my own calling sequence due to the fact that in our area a fox, coyote, or the rare bobcat around this area may be within calling range. On my very first stand I used a series of three Chicken distress calls with a minute of silence between the distress calls. On the third distress call this beautiful gray fox came bounding out of the woods and on a straight line for my setup. He stopped at this fence line just 65 yards away. My 218 B took the animal humanly and quickly with very minimal pelt damage. Thank you again for all of you hard work and support for all of us out there! Keep it coming! A grateful supporter, Justin Pendleton</i></p> </blockquote> <p>Another email:</p> <blockquote> <p><i>Hello Al,<br> Just wanted to write you a quick "Thank You" note for the call sounds I've downloaded from your site. They work better than I could have ever imagined. You have put up such a great site with so much helpful info that I have not even been able to read it all yet, but I will.<br> <br> <img src="wayne1.jpg" align="left" border="0" height="355" width= "279">I have to tell about my first coyote hunt. I live in Central Ohio and do quite a bit of hunting. Mostly Turkey, Deer and small game such as Rabbit and Squirrel. I've been noticing more and more Coyote and signs of Coyote the past few years so I decided I'd put some time into shooting some of the little Rabbit eating suckers. It's March here now and nothing else is in season so it seemed like a good time to try something new.<br> <br> Anyway, my neighbor and hunting buddy Bryan and I went out this past Sunday morning for our first try. Bryan owns a Sporting goods/Bait and Tackle store here in town and has some of the store-bought type electronic calls that can be bought. I've downloaded the sequenced sounds and a few of the others from your site. I've made myself a version (slightly different) of the electronic call you have pictured. After playing around with his calls and my homemade one with your sounds we both decided that mine sounded better and was much louder, so we used it on the first hunt.<br> <br> WOW! That's the best way to describe the action this thing made happen. We got out to a friends 150 acre farm just before daylight. Setup near the middle of the property next to large tree that was big enough to conceal both of our outlines and turned on the call. We had only been there about fifteen minutes when a Coyote came trotting up from a small creek area straight in to my scope view. One shot straight into the chest from the 22-250 at about 80 yards and you can imagine this old male dog didn't do anything but fall on the ground.<br> <br> I have never hunted anything and had it all happen this quick and easy. What a blast. If it weren't 7:00am I would have been ready for a beer. We sat and called for another hour or so but didn't see anything else. I'm guessing there are more Coyotes in the area but the shot at first one might have spooked them away. I'm going to include a couple of the pictures we took that day. I'm the bigger guy in the picture. I can't say it enough times. THANKS! <a href= "mailto:stephens.144REM0VETH1S@osu.edu">Wayne Stephens</a> </i></p> </blockquote> <p>Another Email:</p> <blockquote> <p><i><img src="eric-coyote2.jpg" border="0" height="312" width= "348"><br> <img src="eric-coyote.jpg" border="0" height="350" width="527"><br> A year ago I did not know how to call a coyote, and thanks to your info <br> I just killed my 43rd coyote. Thanks for all your help my deer and <br> hogs might make a comeback. Regards, Eric Dicke</i></p> </blockquote> <p><a name="CallsWork">Another Email showing the sound files work:</a></p> <blockquote> <p><i>Varmint Al, <br> <br> Just wanted to let you know that I really appreciate your tips, sounds, and advice on your website. We entered into a Coyote Calling Contest and look at the results. Check the attachments. Iï¿½m a huge fan. Keep doing what youï¿½re doing buddy. Youï¿½re awesome. Please feel free to do what you want with these pictures.</i></p> <p><i><img src="steven-james3.jpg" border="0" height="415" width= "553"><br></i></p> <p><i><img src="steven-james4.jpg" border="0" height="415" width= "553"> <br> <br> We used your calls that were on the website. Specifically the ones that we used were Jackrabbit Distress 1 and Jackrabbit Distress 2. We entered into a coyote calling contest on the 19th of December. The hunt was from Sun up to Sun down. The limits were a 100 mile radius of El Paso, TX. We could have had a two or three person team. James Wagner and Steven Holden set a team together the night before the competition started and hunted in Sierra Blanca, TX about 90 miles from El Paso.</i></p> <p><img src="steven-james1.jpg" border="0" height="420" width= "560"></p> <p><i><img src="steven-james2.jpg" border="0" height="420" width= "560"><br> <br> Out here in the desert there are PLENTY of coyotes to kill. I really think that they are probably one of the most over populated critters around. They will come to just about anything. We downloaded your sounds onto my Foxpro and let them rip man. We had coyotes on our position in 3 minutes or less on 3 different set ups. We even called in a double on a coyote and bobcat. Unfortunately we only got the coyote on that hunt because we didnï¿½t see the bobcat until we got up to pick up the dog. It was an awesome hunt man, and we ended up with a tie for 1st place in the competition. Hope all is well with you Varmint Al. Thanks for your website buddy. We couldnï¿½t have done it without you. Keep calling those yotes. <br> <br> Steve and James</i></p> </blockquote> <p><b><font color="#FF0000">Note:</font></b> I made all of the calling sounds on this page myself and recorded them with a microphone and my computer. They are MP3 files. You are welcome to download them, copy them, and use them any way you wish. I made the sounds to promote hunting and just for the fun of doing it. My reward is having more people enjoying hunting and quite likely supporting the Second Amendment. Good Hunting... from Varmint Al</p> <p>Short free sound files that are less than 5 seconds long:</p> <p><a href="elkpowerhowl.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border= "0" height="21" width="29"></a>Coyote greeting howl E.L.K. Power Howler<br> <a href="elkchatterhowl.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29"></a>Coyote chatter howl E.L.K. Power Howler<br> <a href="chowl1.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height= "21" width="29"></a>Coyote greeting howl #2 Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler<br> <a href="chowl2.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height= "21" width="29"></a>Coyote greeting howl #3 Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler<br> <a href="chowldk.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29"></a>Coyote greeting howl Dennis Kirk Howler<br> <a href="wwcall.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height= "21" width="29"></a><strike>Hurt Jackrabbit with Woods Wise with Vari-pitched howler</strike><br> <a href="circlej.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29"></a>Circe Jackrabbit call<br> <a href="circlec.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29"></a>Circe Cotton Tail call<br> <a href="dtpc2.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height= "21" width="29"></a>Dan Thompson PC-2 rabbit screams<br> <a href="fbleat.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height= "21" width="29"></a>Fawn Bleat with a single reed diaphragm<br> <a href="challang.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29"></a>Challenge Bark with the Dan Thompson coyote howler call<br> <a href="hurtpup.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29"></a>Hurt pup with the Johnny Stewart PC-1 vari-pitched call</p> <p><b><a name="My_Calls">THE CALL</a></b>.... My favorite call was the Woods Wise Vari-pitched howler, but the mouthpiece broke. Not sure they are still selling them. You can get one from Wing Supply Model No. WW060 or the latest RedHead catalog. You can't make a decent <a href="chowl.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height= "21" width="29">coyote howl</a> like this with it, but you can make the most varied <a href="wwcall.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border= "0" height="21" width="29">hurt jackrabbit to cotton tail</a> calls with it. Just by biting down on the two halves of the mouthpiece you can vary the pitch. [<b><i>Note.</i></b> The Wood Wise call finally broke and I can't find another one. I have switched to the Johnny Stewart PC-1 Variable call and it works just as well if not better.] Opening and closing your hand around the end of the call is almost as important as the air pressure on the mouth end. If you do it correctly, you can almost feel the bobcat's teeth as he is biting down on the back of the cotton tail. It can be loud or soft and with the most emotion of any call I have used. A real winner. It does have one problem. After about 30 minutes of use, the reed travels down the mouthpiece toward the exit of the call. Then it gets difficult to make the soft whimpering sounds and takes about twice the air to use. Just take the mouthpiece out and pry open from the exit end and slide the reed to the front. I use the back of a pocket knife blade (while it is closed) between the front of the two plastic pieces that you bite on. This leverages it so you can move the reed forward. It is hard to explain with words, but once you have the call in your hand and see that the reed has moved, you will figure out a way to move it forward.</p> <div align="center"> <div align="center"> <center> <table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td><img src="calls.jpg" border="0" height="809" width="546"></td> <td>The various calls I carry in my fanny pack are: <p>Top Row:</p> <ol> <li>Extra 243 Win rounds.</li> <li>Cleaning Snake 243 Caliber</li> <li>Two Meter Ham Radio</li> <li>LED flashlight</li> </ol> <p>Bottom Row:</p> <ol> <li>Replica Weems by Dan Thompson</li> <li>L&M Howler</li> <li>Burnham Bro. D4 Deer Call</li> <li>Very High Pitch Howler</li> <li>Circe Jack Rabbit Call</li> <li>L&M Jack Rabbit Call</li> <li>Long Valley Predator Call</li> <li>Haydel Coyote Howler</li> <li>Dan Thompson P-3 Call</li> <li>Dan Thompson P-2 Call</li> <li>Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler</li> <li>E.L.K. Power Howler</li> </ol> <p>Bottom:</p> <ol> <li>Turkey Diaphragm Calls</li> <li>Squeaker</li> <li>Johnny Stewart PC-1 Call</li> </ol> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </center> </div> </div> <p><b>RABBIT SCREAMS</b>.... My second favorite is a pair of calls and they are the <a href="circlej.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border= "0" height="21" width="29">Circe Jackrabbit</a> and <a href= "circlec.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width= "29">Circe Cottontail</a> calls. The jackrabbit call is loud! It can be raspy and have lots of emotion. The cottontail call is not quite so loud, but I have brought in coyotes from a mile away with it. Be sure to use your hand around the end of the call, causing back-pressure and then releasing the pressure. Opening and closing your hand around the end of the call is almost as important as the air pressure on the mouth end.</p> <p>The Johnny Stewart's PC-1 vari-pitched call is very good. It has a rubber button that you can bite down on and a tiny teat of rubber that clamps the metal reed. You can make all of the jackrabbit and cottontail pleading sounds with it. It is very good there, but you can make it sound like a <a href="hurtpup.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29">hurt coyote pup</a>. That is where it shines. You can duplicate the ki-yi high-pitched sounds of a pup being trounced by a big invading male coyote. This call is great in the springtime or early summer when the pups are still young and haven't left the home range.</p> <p><b>COYOTE HOWL</b>.... The Dan Thompson coyote howler call is the best howler I have used. I can talk a pretty good "hurt rabbit", but when I talk "coyote", I am not sure I am always using the correct message. I am improving with howling, and on several occasions, it has worked very well. A regular greeting <a href= "chowl1.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width= "29">howl</a> sometimes works. Repeat it three times, then wait a few minutes and then repeat the series. They will seldom answer. When they come in, it will usually be a slow and quiet approach. They fear you might be a much bigger coyote than they are! They come in with caution, but not always. I once saw 4 coyotes running across a flat area about a mile away. I tried the Circe Jackrabbit call on them and there was absolutely no effect. I gave three greeting howls and they turned on a dime and started trotting my way. I made no more calls and they continued toward me. There were some bushes in front of me (bad situation). Well, they never did stop. When the scope was full of fur, I missed one and never got another shot. It happens that way some times! There were four of them, and maybe that is why they came in so fast.</p> <p><b>MAKING THE COYOTE HOWL....</b> It is difficult to explain in words how to make a <a href="chowl.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29">greeting howl</a>, but I will give it a try. The greeting howl is 2 or 3 barks followed a 2 to 3 second high pitched howl. It takes a lot of practice to get it right. To make the two or three barks at the start you put about 80% of the Dan Thompson Red Desert mouthpiece in your mouth (with the reed up) and do a sharp fast "huff" into the call and at the same time you pull the mouthpiece out of your mouth about a quarter of an inch. The long howl at the end starts like a bark, but you pull the mouthpiece out of your mouth about half way and squeeze on the reed to make the pitch go higher. The <a href= "challang.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width= "29">challenge bark</a> has the 2 or 3 barks followed by a high pitched howl for about 1 second. During the short howl, the pressure is varied to make the variable pitch during the howl. It will take a lot of practice. <a href= "http://www.varmintcaller.com/Calling/calling.htm" target= "_blank">VarmintCaller.com</a> Good Calling Sequences and Custom Calls.</p> <p><b>HOW YOUR  HOWL SOUNDS TO THE COYOTE....</b> One thing to remember is that the howl that you are making is going to be heard way out there, maybe 400 yards or more. It does not sound to the coyote like it does to you as you make the howl. It might sound raspy or not perfect to you, but at that distance the coyote merely hears a "howl". All of the detail that you can hear as you are blowing the howl is lost as the sound travels 400 yards or more. The higher frequency sound details are attenuated more traveling through the air than lower frequencies. If the coyote was sitting right next to you he would know that the howl is fake, but at a distance he can't tell the difference. Coyote howling works. Get a howler and give it a try. It is easy to talk the coyote with practice.</p> <p><b><a name="Coyote_Talk">COYOTE TALK WITH A HOWLER</a></b>.... I took Steve, a young kid (22 years old), out calling with me. We setup on each side of a pond on the hillsides about 250 yards apart. I could watch the hillside in back of Steve and he could see anything coming into the call above and behind me. Well about 3 minutes into the rabbit cries with a Dan Thompson PC-3 here comes a coyote off to my right at a fast run. At about 30 yards, I tried to swivel to the right (difficult for a right handed shooter) and the coyote spotted the movement and reversed directions and went up the hill behind me and out of sight and also out of sight to Steve. Thinking there might be another coyote in the area, I continued with the rabbit screams and the coyote started a warning bark. I used the Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler and answered with a challenge bark. The coyote answered back with a challenge bark. I continued to talk to him for about 15 minutes. I was hoping he would move to a location where Steve could get a shot. Later Steve told me he was seeing glimpses of him, but he would only stay still for a second or two and then move out of sight again. Finally, I switched back to the rabbit screams and here comes two more coyotes at a dead run off to the right. Again I had to swivel to the right and I was just ready to line up on one as he stopped and he dropped. Steve got him from across the canyon. The other one ran off and the first coyote quit barking.<br> It was one exciting stand and Steve came across the canyon telling me all of the things he had seen. I have a calling partner for sure. I called in 3 more coyotes at different stands later in the day and Steve got another one that was just a young pup. It was a good day and the howler made the difference between success and failure on that first stand. Don't give up when they start barking at you. Remember that ALL the coyotes in the area will be listening and even if you can't get the one who has spotted you and is barking at you to come in, the others might come in like they are on a leash. Also it is very good calling practice to learn coyote talk when you answer each one of his barks and switch it over to a challenge bark. <br> <br> <b>MORE COYOTE TALK WITH HOWLERS</b>.... I was up on a camping/hunting trip in the High Sierras and camped on Baltic Ridge. The coyotes in the area must have been call wise. I tried a number of stands with rabbit scream calls. I didn't bring in a single coyote. I did see some bear tracks and was cautiously watching my backside during the calling.<br> The second morning, I got to a good overhanging rock with an excellent view of any approaching coyote and decided to try calling with a howler. I have the Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler and a Songdog Howler. The Dan Thompson is a bit on the high pitch side (young coyote) and the Songdog howler is even higher pitched (very young coyote). Here is how it went:</p> <p><b>SIMULATING A FIGHT</b>.... I sounded two greeting calls with the Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler. I heard an answer from a couple of coyotes more than a mile away. I answered with a couple more greeting calls. I waited about a minute and then sounded about six challenge barks with the Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler. Then I answered these with a series of challenge barks from the Songdog howler. I waited about 3 minutes and then started a series of three hurt pup calls with the Songdog howler. That was it. I quit calling. During all of this calling, there were no answers from the distant coyotes. About 10 minutes later a large male coyote came trotting up the hill and made a fatal stop at about 100 yards in clear view.<br> During the complete series of calls, no rabbit screams were used at all. I was trying to create a series of calls that would simulate a fight between two young coyotes. The idea was that the coyotes in the area would then want to run both of them out of their territory. Well, it worked.</p> <p><b>DENNIS KIRK HOWLER</b>.... I received my new Dennis Kirk Howler in the mail yesterday. It sounds pretty good. It is a little larger in diameter than the Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler, but not too much. It will still fit in my fanny pack. I have played with it a little and here is a pretty respectable greeting <a href= "chowldk.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width= "29">howl</a> on it. I will try it in the field and report here on how well it works.</p> <p><b>SD COYOTE HOWLER</b>.... I received the SD Coyote Howler by Steve W. Thompson in the mail. I tried it out here in the computer room and the dogs went wild. It is very easy to blow and sounds pretty good to me. It does not sound like a big male coyote, more like a young male or a female. I will try it in the field in a few days. Saturday is the first day of pheasant season and I have to do my duty and walk the dog, but next week I will test it in the field. Here is a <a href="stc1.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29">greeting howl</a> with it. One pro caller said I am holding the howl a bit too long. I will try to shorten things up a bit in the future. Here is a <a href= "stcb2.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width= "29">challenge bark</a> that sounds pretty good. And finally here is a <a href="sthp2.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height= "21" width="29">hurt pup</a> being chewed up by a big alpha male and calling for his mother, while he is trying to get away. I think Steve has a pretty good call here. Email <a href= "mailto:rattler51@pie.midco.net">Steve</a>  if you want to talk to him about calls.</p> <p align="center"><img src="snake.jpg" height="167" width= "200"><br> <i>Crotalus viridis viridis</i></p> <p><img src="good.gif" height="13" width= "33"><b>RATTLESNAKES</b>.... Steve not only makes a good coyote call. He also has a web site with a wealth of information about <a target="_blank" href= "http://www.sdsnake.com/Rat.htm">Rattlesnakes</a> plus the distinctive rattling sound.</p> <p><img src="coyotecr.gif" height="109" width="112"><img src= "check.gif" alt="check.gif (165 bytes)" height="16" width= "26"><strong><a name="Diaphragm">CHEAP DIAPHRAGM CALL</a></strong>.... I have been using a new call for coyotes that is working very well. It takes a while to learn how to use it, but it is time well spent. It is an H.S. STRUT Mag 3.5 Diaphragm Wild Turkey Call. The call has 3 reeds closely spaced and one reed spaced back halfway up the opening. I got it from <a href= "http://www.wingsupply.com/" target="_blank">Wing Supply</a> at 800-388-9464  Model No. 9900832 for $1.99. That price is hard to beat. The call is placed on the roof of your mouth with the open end of the "U" pointing out and the short reed facing down toward your tongue. I am not good at making turkey sounds, but here is the call imitating a <a href="turkey.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border= "0" height="21" width="29">hen turkey</a>. By using more pressure and longer sounds, the same call will make good raspy sounding <a href="jr-3p5.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29">hurt jackrabbit</a> screams. Turn the call over and it behaves like a single reed call without the raspy sound. Here is a fairly good <a href="fb-3p5.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29">fawn bleat</a>. Add some pressure with sharp bursts and you have a coyote <a href="hp-3p5.mp3"><img src= "sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29">hurt pup</a> call. That is quite a variety of sounds for one call. Using the call, your hands are free and you can be looking through the scope and still calling. When they stop at 200 yards and you want to coach them a bit closer, try blowing softly and make <a href= "wh-3p5.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width= "29">rabbit whimper</a> sounds. This sounds like the rabbit is just about dead and brings them right in. This is really a very soft sound, but it sounds loud on the computer system.</p> <p><b>OTHER COYOTE SOUNDS</b>.... Here is the <a href= "challang.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width= "29">challenge bark</a>. Repeat this in a series of threes or fours, for about a minute. I believe this tells any coyote around (in the California dialect) that you're new in the territory and you're going to take over. This is an invitation to fight. You won't bring in many females or young males with this call.</p> <p>Finally, the mouth diaphragm calls are very good. They take the most work of all. You really have to use air pressure and lots of diaphragm control to make them sound correctly. I used to play a bassoon in the 8th Army Band in Seoul, Korea and it is as hard as playing the bassoon to get the most out of them. Again, the standard predator diaphragms will make the jackrabbit and cottontail sounds. If you get a standard hen turkey call, you can make a great <a href="hurtpup.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29">hurt coyote pup call</a>. The hurt pup call works, even in areas where lots of calling has been done and there are no virgin ears around.</p> <p><img src="good.gif" height="13" width="33"><b>CALLING WITH EMOTION</b>.... I like to start the calling with a medium volume. While calling, picture in your mind's eye a cottontail just being caught by a bobcat. The cat takes a bite on its shoulders. The cottontail is surprised and suddenly starts urgent screams. After a few screams, the cat relaxes a bit and the urgency decreases to a whimper. The whimpers have a quivering, crying, pleading sound. Then another bite and it hurts. Urgency again and the rabbit is getting weaker. Then the cat starts biting off chunks and the urgency is there, but the strength is going and more quivering. If the coyote out there doesn't get here pretty fast, there will be nothing left to eat! Now the screams are slower and weaker, almost like moaning. Visualize your calling this way. It makes for much more believable sounds. The same thing applies if you are doing the hurt coyote pup call. Watch that big male coyote take a bite and the pup cowers and screams and whimpers.</p> <p><img src="good.gif" height="13" width="33"><b>NEW CALLING SEQUENCE</b>.... I have recently been using a new calling sequence that has brought in 4 coyotes in the last two outings. Here is how it works. I start with the medium sized Dan Thompson PC-2 rabbit call and blow a series of <a href="dtpc2.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29">rabbit screams</a> for about 2-3 minutes. I wait for about 3-4 minutes and then blow two <a href= "chowl2.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width= "29">greeting howls</a> with the Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler. I try to make the howls on the anemic side representing a young coyote. I didn't get an answer and don't expect an answer to the howl. You are in the coyote's home territory and he will come to run you off for eating one of his its rabbits. The anemic howl has told him that you are weak and a pushover. At least, that is the theory.</p> <p><img src="good.gif" height="13" width="33"><b>CALLING DURATION</b>.... My calling sequences take about 2-3 minutes until the rabbit is just about dead. Then I wait about 3-5 minutes and repeat. If it is a really good location, I will revive the rabbit for another 2-3 minute sequence. Then I sit there for at least another 15 minutes. I have had some "walk-in" coyotes. They know where the sound was coming from, but they were in no hurry. When you finally feel nothing is coming and are ready to quit, stand up at the alert. A coyote could be sitting where you can't see him and then he will show himself. Do a complete 360ï¿½ scan before you leave.</p> <p><b><a name="NewTricks">OLD DOG LEARNING NEW TRICKS</a></b>.... I was on a recent hunting/fishing trip into the Sweetwater Mountains of California and I successfully called in a couple of coyotes. The new trick I learned is how to make the rabbit squeal sound raspy without humming into the call. I was using the Dan Thompson PC-3 call that produces rabbit screams and it is very good. I had been using it by blowing into it and using my hand opening and closing the end of the call to make the sounds. <a href= "plain.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width= "29">PC-3 plain</a> is how it sounds when I blow it this way. This is a very productive sound and does bring in coyotes. But, I have heard that humming into the call works better. I don't think so. <a href="hum.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29">PC-3 hum</a> is how it sounds when I hum into the call as I am blowing. This does not sound right to me.</p> <p align="left"><b><a name="Raspy">MAKING THE RASPY SOUND</a></b>.... Here is the new trick. I played an Alto Horn and Trumpet when I was in the Marching Band in Korea. (I played a bassoon in the concert band). I was sitting there calling coyotes and nothing was coming in and I got to looking at the mouthpiece of the call and it looks like a trumpet mouthpiece! I am sure that Dan Thompson made it that way on purpose. So, I thought I would try the call while blowing it like a trumpet. WOW! What a sound it makes when you blow the call that way. It has a raspy ness that just reeks of a coyote chewing apart a rabbit while the rabbit is choking on its own blood. <a href="raspy.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29">PC-3 Raspy</a> is how it sounds when you use the call like a trumpet mouthpiece. I make a light raspberry sound with my lips like blowing a trumpet as I am calling. If you have a call with a mouthpiece like this, give it a try. It takes a little practice, but is very easy to do.</p> <p align="center"><b><img src="twocalls.jpg" border="0" height= "187" width="545"></b></p> <div align="center"> <center> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" width="468"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="208"><img src="pc-3mouth.jpg" border="0" height="251" width="193"></td> <td width="228"><b><a href="http://www.danthompsongamecalls.com/" target="_blank">Dan Thompson Game Calls</a><br> Red Desert Howler &<br></b> <b>PC-3 Coyote Calls</b> <p>You may reach Dan at:<br> Dan Thompson<br> P.O. Box<br> Rawlins WY 82301<br> 307-328-4079<br> <a href="mailto:danandwandat@msn.com">DanAndWandat@msn.com</a></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </center> </div> <p><b>A CALLING SEQUENCE THAT WORKS</b>.... Here is the calling sequence I was using that was working very well. I would start with two or three coyote howls using the Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler. In the photo above, the calls are sitting on top of a floppy disk so you can get an idea of their size. <a href= "dthowl1.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width= "29">DT Howl 1</a> and <a href="dthowl2.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29">DT Howl 2</a> are what the howler sounds like. Note that the pitch is high and squeaky. I am not trying to imitate an alpha male coyote that has a low pitched howl. I am trying to imitate a young coyote who doesn't know what he is doing. This weak and immature call invites the local coyote pack to come and run the intruder out of their territory. After the howls, I wait about two-three minutes. If any coyotes are close, they might come in quietly. I have not had any coyotes answer the howls. (Twice, after writing this, I have had answers, but it is very unusual.) Then I start with the <a href="raspy1.mp3"><img src= "sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29">PC-3 Raspy 1</a> using a low volume. I make that call for 20 or 30 seconds and then quit. In another two or three minutes, I switch to a louder <a href="raspy.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29">PC-3 Raspy</a> for another 30 seconds or so. After about 10 minutes or 3 series of this and if nothing shows, I do the <a href="flutter.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29">PC-3 Flutter</a> in case a coyote is hanging up out of sight. If you have a call with a mouthpiece shaped like a trumpet mouthpiece, give this technique a try. If I have only a few places where I can make stands, I repeat the whole series again from start to finish. I usually just sit quietly after I finish calling for about 10 or 15 minutes. I have had "walk in" coyotes that leisurely come in to investigate. <b>Note:</b> In the new <a href= "http://www.lockstock.com/" target="_blank">Lock, Stock & Barrel Catalog</a>, I notice the they carry the Dan Thompson line of calls.</p> <p><a href="dthowl1.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height= "21" width="29"></a>Coyote anemic greeting howl #1 Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler<br> <a href="dthowl2.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29"></a>Coyote anemic greeting howl #2 Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler<br> <a href="plain.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29"></a>Rabbit scream Dan Thompson PC-3 plain<br> <a href="hum.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29"></a>Rabbit scream Dan Thompson PC-3 humming<a href= "raspy.mp3"><br> <img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29"></a>Rabbit scream Dan Thompson PC-3 raspy playing trumpet<br> <a href="flutter.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29"></a>Rabbit scream Dan Thompson PC-3 raspy flutter</p> <p><b>ELECTRONIC CALLS</b>.... I have tried an electronic call. It is a "Trucall 1.1" and looks like a bullhorn. It has 10 electronic sounds. I got it about 3 years ago from Wing Supply, but they don't list it anymore. Note that the numbering on the list was probably done by the programmer who wrote the software for the chips. To a programmer, a zero is a perfectly good number in a list! ;-)</p> <p>0. Bark Howl Coyote (really a greeting howl)<br> 1. Course Cottontail<br> 2. Distress Jackrabbit<br> 3. Distress Fawn<br> 4. Squeaker Rodent<br> 5. Grey Fox Pup (I like this one the best)<br> 6. Distress Woodpecker<br> 7. Raccoon Squaller<br> 8. Fighting Crow-Owl<br> 9. Multiple Baby Crow</p> <p>I have used it about 30+ times, in some really good locations and have called in only 2 coyotes. My success rate is much better with hand calls. The sound quality has a lot of "white noise" along with the sounds. It is loud when you turn up the volume! It runs on 8 AA batteries and only weighs about 3 lb. The sounds are generated on a chip and are repeated about every 30 seconds. Same series over and over. It is still in my truck, but it is gathering dust. I like the hand calls and diaphragm calls a lot better and they are more effective for me.</p> <p>I have another old electronic call that is merely a tape player with a gel cell battery in a tool box. I have tried it about 20+ times and have NEVER brought in a coyote with it. I gave up on it altogether. The sound quality was not good.</p> <p><img src="good.gif" height="13" width="33"><b>FAWN CAUGHT IN A FENCE</b>.... If you are in deer country where there are barbed wire fences, here is a trick you can try. One time or another, every coyote out there has probably caught a meal that has been entangled in a fence. Make your stand next to the fence midway between the posts where you can see well and try this. Make the fawn in distress call like <a href="deer4.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29">this</a> (see the section on deer calls). While you make the call, take a stick or your hand and hit the wire of the fence simulating a fawn struggling on the fence wire. The wire sound will travel a long way down the fence line.</p> <p><b><img src="super.gif" height="16" width="46">FAWN BLEAT</b>.... A few weeks ago, there was a TV news story about a fawn trapped in a sewer drain. The police roped the fawn and pulled it out of the hole. While the guy was holding the fawn, it was bleating. I got out a call and tried to imitate the sound. Here is the <a href="fbleat.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height= "21" width="29">Fawn Bleat</a> with an old single reed diaphragm call. It works too. Yesterday, I went to one of my coyote hunting places and tried it out. These coyotes are smart and they have heard everything I have to offer. I setup where I had a good view of the hillside around a small pond. I started with the fawn bleat using a tube call. After 5 minutes, nothing. Then I switched to a diaphragm call (it sounds better with the diaphragm call) and after 5 minutes more, there was a new object up on the hillside. It was a big male coyote sitting looking at me at 300 yards. With the 243 Sako, I dialed in 275 yards on the scope and setup on my Bi-Fur-Pod and touched one off. Bang -- Whoop! He tumbled over like a sack of flour.</p> <p>When I climbed up to him, I could see his track in the grass and he had headed from up-wind to get down-wind of my position. I noticed a lot of coyote scat in the area and it was solid black/dark brown hair from cows and calves. The farmer will be happy to find out about one less coyote. Give the fawn bleat a try. Sound out about 6 or 7 bleats then wait a minute or so and then repeat.</p> <p>More on the fawn bleat two days later. I went to a different section and tried the fawn bleat call again. I gave out a series of 6 calls and quit and waited. About 30 seconds later here comes a critter from up wind about 350 yards out at a hard run straight toward me. It was a doe! She continued the hard run until she was about 100 yards out and stopped. Well, I was still trying to bring in a coyote, so I ignored her and gave out another series of fawn bleats. The doe charged toward me and stopped about 40 ft from me. I was getting a bit nervous that I should stand up and let her know what I was. She started making the <a href="doecoff.mp3"><img src= "sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29">doe warning cough</a> at me and began to move around me to a down wind position. After a standoff of about five minutes, she had moved enough to get a whiff of me and she took off and stopped about 200 yards out. Well, I continued to call and now had a live decoy out there coughing at me at regular intervals. It was interesting, but all I called in was the doe. I must have the sound of the fawn bleat down pretty well!</p> <p><img src="coyc.gif" border="0" height="71" width="127"><b>WATCH THE TRAILS</b>.... Where is the coyote going to come from? Coyotes like a quiet approach. Using the trails is easiest and makes the least noise. Busting through the brush or tall grass makes the most noise. Look for them to come in on a trail or an old road. They will most often use the line of least resistance. I hunted near a large lake a couple of years ago. Up each drainage into the lake, I would check the dry wash for a trail. If there was a well-established trail with coyote tracks, it was easy. I would make a stand where I could see about 100 to 200 yards of the trail. Start calling up the canyon and watch the trail. Got two coyotes at that lake coming down the trails. I called in a third one to within 20 feet of me on the inlet streambed and never got a chance for a shot. I didn't follow my own 100-200 yard recommendation!</p> <p><img src="check.gif" alt="check.gif (165 bytes)" height="16" width="26"><b>INDICATORS</b>.... Watch and listen for indicators that a coyote is approaching. Out here in the west, one of the best indicators is the ground squirrel.</p> <p><img src="sqalertr.gif" height="124" width="77">When they first see a coyote, they will give a warning burst of chirps and then continue with single chirps about every 2 seconds. If you can see the squirrel that is chirping, the way he is standing will be an indication of the direction of the coyote. The squirrel will be positioned so either the right or left profile will be facing the coyote. Remember, "eyes to the sides" is prey and "eyes facing forward" is predator. Squirrels eyes are designed for 360ï¿½ viewing.</p> <p><b>DEER AS AN INDICATOR</b>.... Another good indicator is deer. I was once calling when a spike buck stepped out in the open about 250 yards up wind. He watched me call for about 5 minutes, then turned his head to the side for a few seconds and then quickly bolted out of sight. From behind the direction he ran, two coyotes appeared. I got one, and almost got the second. Just wasn't fast enough with the bolt. Cattle also make good indicators. While you are calling, they should be looking at you. If they start looking in a different direction, there is probably a coyote coming in from that direction. I was calling from under an oak tree and there were about a dozen cows watching me on the far hillside at 200 yards. All of a sudden, the cows spooked and sure enough there was a coyote on the hillside in the thick trees. I played peek a boo with that coyote for about 15 minutes. The cows had stopped and were looking in his direction. I could tell about where he was, but he wouldn't show himself, and wouldn't leave. I was using the hurt pup call and giving the ki-yi's at about 2 minute intervals. I could catch glimpses of him between the trees. Finally he stopped for about 3 seconds in a 2 foot clearing. That's all it took. It was a big male.</p> <p>Listen for birds too. Birds in the tree tops will often harass a moving coyote. If you see a bunch of birds fly off all of a sudden, that is an indicator. Often crows will circle you while you are calling. Watch to see if they circle another area. There could be a coyote there.</p> <p><img src="coyoter.gif" height="49" width="87"><b>GETTING CLOSER</b>.... You are calling and you see a coyote coming in, what do you do? This is a tough one. If I am actually blowing on the call and I see a coyote on a fast approach, I have a tendency to stop calling in mid scream and drop the call in the dirt and move the rifle toward him. Most of those times that reaction didn't work very well. The coyote saw me, too! On my cooler moments, I whimper off the calling (rather quickly), then sit still while the coyote is still coming in. Remember that, while he is getting closer, your chances are getting better. Also, it takes about a minute to really get fully pumped up with adrenaline and to make it practically impossible to hold the rifle steady! ;-) Try to wait until the approaching coyote goes behind something or is watching where he is running. Then, get your rifle lined up. Taking a standing shot at 250 yards is much easier for me than a 50 yard running shot at 45ï¿½ quartering away. Try to wait for a standing shot. When they stop closer than about 75 yards out and look at you, you will usually have about 1-2 seconds to do the deed. Practice the fast trigger squeeze on some of the closer ground hogs or ground squirrels.</p> <p><b>THE STAND</b>.... Walk into the wind to set up your stand if possible. Sit in front of some object to break up your outline and sit in the shade if possible. I have had coyotes come very close, even when I am out in the open with no camo or backdrop. Coyotes see things, but they are not sure what they are looking at. But when coyotes smell you, they know instantly and exactly that you are danger and vacate fast! Pick a location where you can see out 100 yards or more in front of you and to the sides, if possible. If you call where there is no clear view of the coyote's approach, they will come in behind cover and you won't see a thing. You will only have made another wise coyote! That coyote will probably never come to your call again. Next time, his refusal to come to the call will also alert any other coyote with him to avoid your call. If there is some cover or bush right in front of you, any coyote that comes in will use that cover and stay behind it where it can't be seen. Sit in front of the bush to avoid this, if possible.</p> <p><b>HAVE THE RIFLE READY</b>.... I have the rifle ready for action before I start calling. I setup my Bi-Fur-Pod sticks and put the rifle on them with the buttstock to my shoulder in the shooting position. I check to make sure the scope is on low power (4X on the Tasco) and set the objective to 200 yards. The parallax will not be a problem for close shots and I won't have to make an adjustment for a longer shot. If a coyote hangs up at 250-300 yards I will have time to increase the scope power, but when a coyote appears close, I will not be able to move or have time to adjust the scope. It gets exciting looking at a coyote at 10-20 yards!</p> <p><b>HUNTING PARTNER</b>.... Place your hunting partner to the left or right, where he can see behind you (down wind). If you are near the bottom of a canyon, you can call from up one side and your partner can sit on the other side where he can see above you. The idea is to pick a place where your partner can watch the coyotes approach you, even if you can't see them. I have done most of my hunting solo. You can do a very good job by yourself, but there will be some coyotes that will circle and sneak up on you from downwind and then leave and you won't have any idea that they are there.</p> <p><b>HUNTING WEATHER & TIME OF DAY</b>.... This is easy. Go hunting every chance you get. You will have a difficult time calling when the wind is much stronger than 10 MPH. You can't be heard very far up wind, and downwind has your scent splattered all over the place. I haven't tried much calling in the rain. I will leave that for the more hardy and dedicated hunters to discuss. The best time of day to hunt is early morning before sunup. Get to your stand and wait until you can clearly see any approaching coyotes. Start calling softly. The coyotes will be active and on the move between first light and sunup. You can hunt all day long. I have called in many coyotes right in the middle of the day. Around sunset, the coyotes will be on the move again and it is also a very good time to call, but when it gets so dark you can't see an approaching coyote, you might call one in and spook it so it will be wise to the call.</p> <p><b>NO NIGHT HUNTING FOR ME</b>.... I don't hunt at night and have no experience with hunting at night with lights. I hunt on mostly private land with cattle and other livestock. I often make a stand very near the cattle. The ranchers don't want to hear shots on their land at night and I can't blame them. I want to be very sure it is a coyote before I shoot and I can't do that in the dark. I also need to be sure of what is behind the coyote before I take the shot.</p> <p align="center"><a name="Support" href="abifu.htm"><img src= "sticks.gif" border="0" height="267" width="262"></a><a name= "Support"><br></a> There is now a separate page for making a Bi-Fur-Pod Rifle Support.<br> Click to go to the <a href="abifu.htm">Bi-Fur-Pod Rifle Support Page</a>.</p> <p align="center"><a name="NewCall"><img src="screw.gif" border="0" height="26" width="25"></a></p> <p align="center"><img src="wileyone.gif" border="0" height="166" width="431"><br> <a href="http://www.wileyonepredatorcalls.com/" target= "_blank"><font size="5">Wiley One Howler</font></a></p> <p align="left">I recently received a Wiley One Howler. It makes a very good coyote howl and an excellent hurt pup sound. Here are some example of the sounds.<br> <a href="wileyoneh.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29">Coyote Howl</a> with the Wiley One Howler 976KB<br> <a href="wileyonehp.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" alt="" border="0" height="21" width="29">Hurt Coyote Pup</a> with the Wiley One Howler 963KB</p> <p align="center"><a href="http://www.longvalleypredatorcalls.com/" target="_blank"><img src="lvcall.gif" border="0" height="280" width="111"><br> <font color="#808000" face="Arial Rounded MT Bold" size="5">Long Valley Predator Call</font><br></a> by<br> Brett Wilson<br> PO Box 304<br> Antlers, OK 74523<br> (580) 298-9083<br> <img src="brettem.gif" border="0" height="19" width="195"></p> <p align="left"><b>LONG VALLEY PREDATOR CALL....</b> I have been using the Long Valley Predator Call lately. Is is in open reed call. The mouthpiece is not inserted, but machined as and integral part of the call body. The call  is very easy to blow and control. It makes a very good young coyote howl and a wicked hurt jackrabbit scream. On the very first outing I called in a young coyote. I had Tide with me, on his second coyote hunt, and Tide bolted at the sight of the coyote, about 30 yards. The coyote took off over a rise and was into full afterburner by the time I saw him again and I performed a perfect miss! Brett does not have a web page for his calls. If you are interested in a well made custom call, give Brett a ring.</p> <p align="left"><b>MARSH CREEK....</b> Tried coyote calling on Marsh Creek today (5/24/05). I started with the Johnny Stewart PC-1 at the first 3 stands and no takers. I got to the place where I made the very first stand with the rancher 15 years ago, and he missed a coyote. At a later stand back then we got a big male that came into a diaphragm call. The rancher was impressed and gave the keys to all of his gates.<br> <br> <b>FAST MOVING CATTLE....</b> I moved a little farther to the east that old stand and started with the Long Valley Predator call. It is very easy to blow and I was doing a Jackrabbit scream. The first thing that happened was that about 50 cows that I hadnï¿½t seen started running toward me. They came in to about 40 yards and stopped. I stayed seated and gave another series of Jackrabbit. The cows took off running away as fast as they could go.<br> <br> <b>CHANGE SOUNDS - SAME CALL....</b> Not to be discouraged, I started pinching up on the open reed and made higher pitched rabbit sounds. Here comes the cows again. They hold up at about 30 yards and they look like they are going to be mean. I am thinking about standing up and waving and hollering at them. The cows look start looking nervous and one calf starts bellowing. I give out some more Jackrabbit and the cows turn and run off again. I relax and start the high pitch sounds again. Off to the right here comes a scraggly looking coyote. All I could do is move my sticks to the right. The coyote runs off down the hill out of sight.<br> <br> <b>GETTING READY....</b> The coyote can't leave completely without me seeing it at about 150 yards. So, I swivel around and get setup in the direction the coyote took. At about 140 yards, it comes into sight. It wasnï¿½t running very fast, but I am not good at running shots. I held up and whistled at it like one would a dog. It stopped. That was all it took. One second later, the .243 95 gr Nosler Ballistic Tip caught it right behind the shoulder. She went about 30 yards and piled up in the long grass.</p> <p align="left"><img src="coy5-24.jpg" border="0" height="424" width="500"><br> <br> <b>POOR CONDITION AND MANGE....</b> Here is a picture of the dry female. She had mange and her pelt was very poor. Even with a poor pelt, she could still do damage to the cows while they were calving. The rancher will be happy when I write him a letter telling him about the hunt. </p> <p align="center"><font size="4"><b>Second coyote at the old Red Barn.</b></font></p> <p align="left"><b>TOO DRY FOR GROUND SQUIRRELS....</b> I was going to do some ground squirrel control. I have access to an old dairy ranch and long ago there used to be a big red barn. Well, the red color faded years ago and last year if one looked carefully, he could see a hint of red. This year, the barn collapsed into an antique wood pile. Most of the ground squirrels are in the next field to the west where I was working on them last year.<br> <br> <b>WHEAT READY TO HARVEST....</b> Went to this location to shoot some ground squirrels, but the rancher is growing wheat there and it is popcorn f@rt dry and I didnï¿½t want to do a lot of shooting in those conditions. I didn't want to take a chance of causing a fire. Since I was already there, I very carefully parked my truck so the catalytic converter would be in the clear and not touch any dry grass where it could possibly start a fire.</p> <p align="left"><b>MADE A STAND....</b> I walked in the last ï¿½ of a mile and made a stand. I used the Long Valley Predator Call and started with some very high pitched screeches. A couple series of these and no coyotes, but the ground squirrels came alive and were chirping at me. I switched over to a very loud cottontail scream and still nothing. I could see 3 or 4 ground squirrels setting up and one was giving me the steady chirp -- chirp -- chirp. I was about to give it up and decided to give out a hurt pup. There was nothing to foul up since the stand couldnï¿½t get any worse than nothing. On the second series of hurt pup calls, I spotted a coyote heading my way at about 300 yards. He was difficult to see because the grass and wheat was very tall. At about 175 yards the coyote got to the spot of the red dot in the picture and stopped. The Sako barked and I heard the WHOP! The coyote went down. I continued with the hurt pup call for another 10 minutes, but nothing.</p> <p align="left"><img src="coy5-29b.jpg" border="0" height="480" width="640"><br> The coyote stopped at about 175 yards, see the red dot in the picture.</p> <p align="left"><img src="coy5-29a.jpg" border="0" height="412" width="461"><br> Used the Long Valley Predator Call to bring in this coyote.</p> <p align="left"><b>YOUNG MALE COYOTE....</b> When I got to the coyote, he could raise his head so I applied the finishing shot. It was a large male and from his teeth and very little wear, he appeared to be about 2 years old. I will have to wait until they harvest the wheat before I can work on the ground squirrels in that area. There appear to be quite a few of them and with all that wheat they should be fat targets in a couple of months. I left that property and went to the next area I have access to, but the rancher was rounding up his cattle so I left that area. I didnï¿½t want to bother him. One aside. The last time I talked to this particular rancher he wanted one of my ï¿½Business Cardsï¿½ so he could prove to his rancher friend up in Canby, CA that he really knew Varmint Al. The web page does pay off.</p> <p align="left"><img src="coy5-29c.jpg" border="0" height="427" width="335"><br> A photogenic ground squirrel at the upper pond.</p> <p align="left"><img src="coy5-29d.jpg" border="0" height="232" width="328"><br> Another view of the same ground squirrel. He got a pass.</p> <p align="left"><b>GROUND SQUIRREL CONTROL....</b> Went to the third piece of property and after going through one locked gates 4 other gates I made 2 coyote calling stands, but no takers. However, the upper pond had a number of young ground squirrels on the dam face. I got out the CZ 452 17 HMR and did a little ground squirrel control. The only shade I could sit in was only about 75 yards from the dam and I went 30 straight on ground squirrels. That CZ sure is a great shooting rifle. I have about 300 rounds through the barrel since last cleaning and see no need to clean it now. It sure seems to like a fouled barrel for best accuracy.</p> <p align="center"><img src="screw.gif" border="0" height="26" width="25"></p> <p align="center"><a href="http://www.l-mcalls.com/HomePage.htm" target="_blank"><img src="kmcall.gif" border="0" height="173" width="325"></a><a href="http://www.l-mcalls.com/HomePage.htm"><br> <font size="4"><b>New L&M Coyote Call</b></font></a></p> <p align="left">The people at L&M Predator Calls sent me a call to test. It has a medium pitch like a cottontail and has a concave mouthpiece like a trumpet. It really sounds good and with the concave mouthpiece I can make it as raspy as I want. I went up to the Sweetwater Mtns and gave it a field-test. Here is the first coyote.</p> <p align="center"><img src="kandm1b.jpg" border="0" height="390" width="476"></p> <p align="left">It was about 9:00am and Rush was on the AM radio. I heard coyotes howling on the hill north of Lobdell lake. Well, enough of Rush. I got my rifle and Bi-Fur-Pod and selected the Dan Thompson Howler and the new L&M call. Off we went heading for a good stand in the sage brush. We (Bart hunts coyotes with me) setup in the shade of a small white bark pine tree. I put Bart on a very short leash tied to my belt. If he were to lunge forward, he couldn't get as far as the muzzle of the rifle. I scanned the ridge top with my binoculars and there were 2 coyotes at about 1000 yards and in among the cattle. I gave two greeting howls and they stopped and looked my way. They were not that interested. I started with the L&M call and made a medium volume distress call. The highest coyote started walking toward me and stopped after traveling about 50 yards. The second coyote stopped but didn't come my way. About this time Bart stiffens up and does a very low growl. A third coyote was headed toward us out of the creek bottom. If Bart hadn't warned me, I wouldn't have seen it. This male was circling around and headed downwind and went out of sight over the rise. I moved the sticks around to match his possible approach. I guessed pretty well and he stopped at about 75 yards just peaking at me through a sage brush. That was all the target I needed. One shot and one coyote down.</p> <p align="left"><img src="kandm1a.jpg" border="0" height="395" width="516"><br> The 243 95 gr Nosler Ballistic Tip entered just above his nose and there was no exit.</p> <p align="left"> <img src="kandm1.jpg" border="0" height="416" width="411"><br> Here is Bart posing with the coyote. He makes a great coyote hunting dog.<br> Bart is my eyes, ears, and nose. He watches while I am calling and is very alert.</p> <p align="left"><img src="kandm2.jpg" border="0" height="406" width="348"><br> The next morning we got coyote number 2 with the L&M call. This was near the top of Monitor Pass. It was just after sunrise and we setup in the shadow of a large outcropping. I picked a pretty good spot with elevation for visibility. I started calling with the L&M call and did about 3 series and was just setting and waiting. About 15 minutes had passed and I was about ready to give up. Bart started his low growl and there was a coyote coming up the dirt trail we had walked on to get to the spot. I moved the sticks around and didn't want to take the shot while the coyote was walking. I gave a sharp mouth bark and the coyote stopped broadside at about 150 yards and looked our way. That was all I needed. The bullet caught him just behind the shoulder and blew out the back side. Bart did it again. I wouldn't have seen the coyote till too late if Bart hadn't warned me. Here is more info on two new L&M Calls.</p> <div align="center"> <center> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="515"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" width="211"><a href="http://www.l-mcalls.com/" target="_blank"><img src="lmcall2.gif" border="0" height="290" width="194"></a><br> Beautiful L&M Predator Call<br> No. 2<br> Really works!</td> <td align="center" width="296"><a href="http://www.l-mcalls.com/" target="_blank"><img src="lmcall3.gif" border="0" height="302" width="273"></a><br> An Acrylic L&M Predator Call<br> No. 3<br> It sounds great and<br> you won't lose on the ground.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </center> </div> <p align="left">I received two more predator calls from L&M and have been trying them out. The grain on Call No. 2 made of exotic wood is beautiful. The call has a very good sound. I have called in 4 coyotes in the last two weeks with this call. I have only used Call No. 3 a couple of times so far. It sounds good but no results yet.</p> <p align="left"><b><img src="coyoter.gif" border="0" height="49" width="87">SUCCESS WITH THE NEW L&M CALL....</b> Got the urge to go coyote calling. It was the last chance I would have to get a coyote while I am in my sixties. The big "70" occurs tomorrow. I loaded Bart in the truck and headed to the Marsh Creek area on the south side of the road. It is summer, but there was quite a bit of overcast. Went up Sycamore Creek to the pond and made a stand above the pond. I let Bart out of the truck and he ran off a little buck with forks in the velvet. Bart likes to protect me. Bart seems to consider every animal he sees a Grizzly Bear and only relaxes when he has determined that there is no threat.</p> <p align="left">We setup under a big oak tree above the pond. I used the E.L.K. Power Howler and at first couldn't make it work. The reed I had made out of the little finger of a N-DEX Tektured Nitrile Glove had stretched and wouldn't work. I had cut a number of extra reeds and put a new one on. I was finally able to get the howler to work. I started with a series of young coyote greeting howl with miscellaneous group calls mixed in. Nothing! I got out the brand new L&M Predator call and did some jackrabbit distress calls. The new call really sounds good. Waited and still nothing. Bart was getting bored and finally laid down. That is not a good sign. Bart can smell a coyote from half a mile up wind. I fussed with the coyote howler for quite a while and finally gave up on it. On the way out, I picked up a good stick and had Bart do a couple of fetches from the pond. There are large black bass in the pond.</p> <p align="left"><b>BART SAW IT FIRST....</b> For the next stand we moved to the neighboring property of two sections (have hunting permission there too) and setup about 300 yards upstream from the south pond in the creek bottom. The creek had already dried up, but the pond was still full. We were in the shade of a big oak tree and Bart was on the very short leash at my left side. I started with the Power Howler and it was now working very well. I did a little coyote chatter and then a number of challenge barks and waited about 5 minutes. Nothing. I got out the L&M Predator call and did the hurt jackrabbit series with emotion. I put the call down and started scanning for an incoming coyote. After about 2 or 3 minutes, Bart stiffens up and sits at full alert. I looked where he was looking and a coyote had just topped a rise at about 175 yards. The coyote was standing looking at us.</p> <p align="left">I was able to slowly move the rifle and Bi-Fur-Pod to the left about 30 degrees to line up on the coyote. I left the scope on 4X and the coyote sure looked small in the crosshairs. Centered it on the chest and touched it off. The coyote went down and rolled down the hill out of sight. I released Bart and we headed over to the coyote. It had rolled about 50 ft downhill in the tall grass and Bart found her. She was a young female and had a broken back and I called Bart off. Once I delivered the finishing shot Bart completely ignored the coyote and was sniffing around the area. There might have been a second coyote, but I didn't see one. That was a pretty good way to finish my sixties and get ready for a next decade.</p> <p align="left"><b>PRIME GROUND SQUIRREL AREA PLOWED....</b> On the way home we went by the prime ground squirrel section by the old dairy barn. They had plowed the fields, but left quite a few areas untouched under the oak trees and on the steeper slopes. The grass was about 1-1/2 ground squirrels tall and I caught a glimpse of a few ground squirrels, adults and juveniles, running through the tall grass. There will some good ground squirrel shooting in the fall when the rains start. I forgot to take the camera, so no pictures. I will take some pictures of the two new L&M Predator calls. They sure are nice calls. </p> <p align="left"><b><img src="coyoter.gif" border="0" height="49" width="87">ANOTHER HAPPY RANCHER....</b> Recently, I got access to a new area to help out a rancher who had lost two calves to coyotes. I went out Wed morning at first light and walked to the north edge of the 200 acre field and made a stand. The field is waist high grass and weeds and is a difficult place to spot any incoming coyotes. I started calling with the new E.L.K Howler and the reed was all stuck to the mouthpiece and I couldnï¿½t get a good sound out of it. Enough for the E.L.K. Howler. So I tried the new L&M Predator Calls No. 2 that they sent me to try out. Called for about 3 min. Quit that and just sat and watched for about 10 minutes. Finally I got out my old reliable Dan Thompson Howler and did a couple of greeting howls. Set there another 5 minutes and gave out a couple more howls. I still didn't see anything. The coyote had moved downwind and had busted me. She started a warning bark at me from about 100 yards in the tall weeds and I couldn't see a thing.. Well all is not lost when that happens. I started talking to her with a challenge bark. She answered. We started a conservation and I kept her answering. After about 10 minutes, the coyote made a mistake and showed herself at about 175 yards. That is all it took. The rancher should be happy, but there are at least three more coyotes in the area that will need attention.</p> <p align="center"><a href="http://www.l-mcalls.com/" target= "_blank"><img src="lmcall.gif" border="0" height="105" width= "128"><img src="landm2s.gif" border="0" height="116" width= "78"></a></p> <p align="center"> </p> <hr color="#FF0000" size="4" width="60%"> <p align="left"><a href="http://butchersgamecalls.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><img src="exc-calls.jpg" border="0" height="389" width="336"></a><br> Chris Butcher's Excruciator call and Howler. I like the large bore diameter of both calls. The open mouth piece on the Excruciator allows one to blow it like a trumpet and like sipping from a wine glass. These techniques make for some very excruciating sounds. The calls are made of borosilicate glass and have a very good sound. I have created a 16 minute sequence of the Excruciator call. It starts with 1 minute of silence. Here is a link to the sound file:<br> <a href="excruciator-16-min.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29">Excruciator</a> (<b>excruciator-16-min.mp3</b>) A 16 minute sequence of Chris Butcher's Excruciator call. Starts with 1 minute of silence. 14.89Mb<img src="new1.gif" border="0" height="18" width="32"><br> <a href="http://butchersgamecalls.blogspot.com/" target= "_blank">Chris Butcher's Web Site</a></p> <hr color="#FF0000" size="4" width="60%"> <p align="left"> </p> <p align="center"><img src="2k1-22.gif" border="0" height="135" width="331"><br> <b>CUSTOM CALL</b><br> WildCalls by Ladobe, 2K1-22 predator call.<br> Click <a href="2k1-221.jpg" target="_blank">here</a> to view the back side of the call.</p> <p><b>WildCalls by Ladobe, 2K1-22 CUSTOM CALL</b>.... Just got back from a very short coyote calling session. I went to the next Island south of Bethel Island and was going to work on the ground squirrels. It was about 2:00pm and about 90F. This is not the best time for calling coyotes. Before I did any shooting, I thought I would give the 2K1-22 predator call a check out. I climbed up on a shelf of the haystack and setup. I had changed the reed in the call so it is high pitched because there are very few jackrabbits around here. <br> I started out with a series if high pitched cries without any raspy ness. Thirty seconds and I am still calling and here comes the coyote almost up to the edge of the haystack from my left. That was quick!! Well, I moved around to take a shot at him and he never slowed down. He turned away and threw in the afterburner. By the time I got turned, he was just about to go over a rise at 136 large steps and I wouldn't be able to see him again till he was at least 500 yards away. I don't usually take a running shot, but it was the only chance I had. I touched one off and ka-plop and down went the coyote. <br> The 95 gr 243 Nosler Ballistic Tip made almost a perfect "Texas Heart Shot". It entered about 1" below the anus and there was no exit. There was a large bulge on right side of the coyote. </p> <p><img src="2k1-22a.jpg" border="0" height="420" width="560"><br> Ladobe's calls sure are quick. Here is a picture of the coyote.</p> <p><b>FROM THE SWEETWATER MTNS</b>.... Got a second coyote using the 2K1-22 call in the Sweetwater Mtns near Bridgeport, CA. The elevation was 9000 ft and it was a very hot day. There was a tiny creek at the bottom of the ravine and I setup with visibility of the creek bottom and the thick cover on the hillside above the creek. I was on one of my "Stop & Drop" Hunting/Fishing trips and I had <a href="abart.htm">Bart</a> with me. He was setting at my side with a very short leash. Bart tends to run after anything I call in if he is not restrained. I made about 3 series of high pitched calls. (Bart now ignores the calling and begins to watch intently for incoming animals). Bart perked up and focused his attention on one spot across the creek. I look and sure enough, it was Mr. Coyote. The coyote had just come out from the with his head and shoulder exposed. It was an easy shot at about 140 yards. A minute later Bart spotted a badger. He mush have come into the call. I didn't want Bart to tangle with a badger and after Bart barked, the badger started "digging in". He was completely underground in about 30 seconds.</p> <p><img src="2k1-22-2.jpg" border="0" height="369" width="412"><br> This coyote from the Sweetwater Mtns was in the early stages of mange or recovering from it. His pelt was very poor. He was very close to this year's Cannon Fire area, but his whiskers were long, so he was not singed like I first thought. The coyote didn't look healthy and I didn't let Bart get close to it. I didn't want Bart to catch mange.</p> <p><img src="jackal.jpg" border="0" height="243" width="340"> <i>Canis mesomelas</i><br> <b>HUNTING "COYOTES" IN AFRICA</b>.... The Jackal is Africa's equivalent to the coyote in America. There is an excellent site about calling Jackals in Africa. <a href= "http://www.affordableafricanhunting.co.za" target="_blank">African Econo Hunter</a> How we hunt cheap game and varmint (Jackal, our "coyote") in Africa.</p> <p align="center"><a href="attac.htm">Coyote Attacks on Children</a>.<br> Coyotes can cause <a href= "http://texnat.tamu.edu/ranchref/predator/coyote/p-coyote.htm" target="_blank">predation</a> problems for farmers.</p> <p align="center"><img src="coyote1.jpg" alt="" height="313" width= "388"><br> <i>Canis latrans</i></p> <p align="center">Coyotes not only eat rodents, they cause serious <a href="http://www.wgr.com/Predators1.html" target= "_blank">predation</a> on cattle, sheep, goats, and other livestock.</p> <p align="left"><img src="good.gif" alt="" height="13" width= "33"><a name="Access"><strong>GAINING HUNTING ACCESS</strong></a>.... I live 100 miles from the nearest National Forest or public hunting lands, but I have access to thousands of acres of hunting land nearby. I can't help other hunters with access, because most of the areas I hunt I have permission for only myself. But I can tell you how I gained access to all this land. Most of the ranchers in my area have had problems with coyotes attacking and/or killing some of their livestock. Each loss of livestock is a large loss of profit to their ranching business. I have learned how to call coyotes. At first I was not very good at it, but that didnï¿½t stop me from telling the ranchers that I wanted to help them with their coyote problem. Pick out a rural area where the ranches are large and far apart. Go to the ranch house and tell the rancher that you can help him with his coyote problem. Look for ranch houses that are small and not well kept with large barns for cattle and horses. That is a working ranch and an indication that they have lots of land where they run the cattle. Approach the rancher in a friendly manner and tell him that you want to help him. This is the time when you present your Hunting Business Card. Once you get permission plus a coyote or two for the farmer and gain his confidence and respect, you will probably be the only hunter with access to that land. This kind of a hunting arrangement is worth working for. Later, after you remove more coyotes, you can tell the rancher about all of the other varmints, such as ground squirrels and wild pigs, that you can help him with. I have yet to meet a rancher that wasnï¿½t happy for me to thin out the ground squirrels after I get the coyote population under control.</p> <p align="left"><b>I got this email from Gary:</b></p> <blockquote> <p align="left">Hello Al. My name is Gary. I mailed you last year and told you of a coyote I shot. Hunting season is just starting here in Indiana. I want to thank you for the good advice on reloading and calling. I have down loaded the main coyote sounds and listen to them often. Very few people in my area call for coyotes. By talking to farmers and asking permission to hunt and call after deer season, I have more ground to hunt than I can go to in one season. Will send some pictures maybe. Gary</p> </blockquote> <p align="center"><big><big><strong><a name="Business_Card">My coyote hunting "Business Card"</a></strong></big></big></p> <p align="center"><img src="card4.gif" alt="" height="218" width= "409"></p> <p align="center"><img src="newcard.jpg" alt="" border="1" height= "186" width="334"><br> Here is what my new card looks like</p> <p><img src="super.gif" alt="" height="16" width="46"><b>BUSINESS CARD</b>.... To gain better access to hunting areas, treat your coyote calling like it is a business. When you talk to the farmer, tell him that you can help him solve his predation problems. I have made my "Varmint Hunting" business cards using AutoSketch and lately with PrintMaster Gold. Here is a slimmed down version of it. Don't be timid with your words. Besides, if you can do it, it isn't bragging. When you approach a farmer and ask him if he would like help with his predator and varmint problems, it works wonders to hand him your card! The "fly-by-night" hunter-plinkers the farmer has seen in the past don't hand out business cards and they probably don't have a computer and can't make a card anyway. If you have the tools, make yourself a varmint hunting business card. You are welcome to use any of the photos off my web site on your card. It is well worth the time. I also get the farmer's address and write to him, giving him hunting reports on my visits to his land. Here is an important point. The farmer's wife will read the letters too and you will be making friendships with both the farmer and his wife. You will become a friend of the family instead of some stranger with a gun. My ring of padlock keys to farmer's gates is steadily growing too.</p> <p align="center"><img src="gatekeys.jpg" alt="" border="0" height= "184" width="319"><br> Sometimes it is difficult to remember the correct key<br> for each gate and I end up having to try a few.</p> <p><img src="good.gif" alt="" height="13" width="33"><b>SHOW & TELL THE FARMER</b>ï¿½. When you talk to the farmer, tell him how you're are going to bring in the coyotes with your call and then show him. The farmer will almost always have a dog and if you do a good job with the hurt jackrabbit screams, the dog will come running. It is very easy to impress the farmer with your calling skills this way. I also do a couple of coyote howls and depending on how much experience the ranch dog has had with coyotes it will get very excited. On a recent outing, we stopped at the ranch house and talked to the farmer and told him about our successful hunting results. Some coyote blood had spilled on my boot. While we were talking to the farmer, his female dog came over and was sniffing the coyote smell and when I wasn't looking, the bitch (acceptable canine term) squatted and peed on my boot! Obviously she didn't like coyotes very well. Later, after the dog had wandered off, I demonstrated to the farmer how the calls sounded. I made the hurt rabbit call and the bitch came running up and got very excited. Then I made a couple of coyote howls and she got even more excited and started running up the hill after the imaginary coyote. The farmer was quite impressed with my calling skills. When I got home, my dog, Oscar, was sure interested in my boot too! He did a lot of sniffing and I made sure that's all he did.</p> <p><b>CAMO</b>.... Well, here is where I am going to disagree with the real pros! I gave up wearing camo while I am hunting. I buy my clothes from Red Head or Cabela's and they are dull, green, brown, and/or gray. I don't want to look like a militia freak wearing full camo to and from hunting. My heavy coat is camo, and my hat is camo, but that's all. With my "blend into a crowd camo", I have called coyotes right up to me. Most of the time I see coyote and deer before they see me. That's a good test of your stealth and color selection. But, here is where I go overboard. I paint my rifle and Bi-Fur-Pod camo! Yes, my pretty rifle with the fancy French Walnut stock (some fiddle back) and the stainless steel Shilen barrel are painted with permanent camo paint. The shine off a rifle barrel is the most obvious indicator to a critter that something bad is out there. Have you noticed that you can spot hunters miles away, just from the flash of sunlight off the shiny rifle barrel. Camo paint stops that! One of my hunting partners had a beautiful Browning 30-06 Semi-Auto and I told him he should paint it. It shined like a diamond up a goat's ass. Well, we were deer hunting and I jumped a nice Blacktail and it headed his way. I called him on a handheld ham radio (we are both ham radio operators) and told him a buck was coming his way. He was 500 yards away, and I could see the flashing reflections off his barrel. That Blacktail went over the hill away from me heading toward my partner. About 5 minutes later, the buck came over another hill off to the side running away from the barrel flashes. I made a nice neck shot and the hunt was over. The next day my partner wanted to know where to get camo paint. You should see his "Beautiful Browning" now!</p> <p><img src="good.gif" height="13" width="33"><a name= "Paint"><b>PAINT YOUR RIFLE</b></a>.... I painted my deer/coyote rifle with permanent spray paint. I believe they have a 4 can kit of camo spray paint at Cabela's. The one I used is Hunter's Specialties, Inc. Camouflage Spray Paint Kit (permanent). I wiped the rifle off with a dry cloth to remove most of the oil. I put masking tape over the scope ends and the numbers on the power setting and AO settings plus a piece of tape over the end of the barrel. The bolt was left in the action and in the closed position. The sling was off. I painted everything I could see. First I painted a solid coat of the lightest color, which is mud. Then I painted random areas of green and then areas of brown. I went out in the yard and picked some leaves off a bamboo plant. I placed the leaves over the rifle in various locations and then sprayed a very light coat of the flat black over the leaves. That gives it the leafy shadow effect. You might want to practice on something before you start on your nice pretty rifle. I have painted about 6 of my rifles. It gets a bit better looking, depending on your point of view, each time I do one. I figured that since I don't want to sell the rifle, I ought to make it work the best it can for me. The pretty shiny stock and flashy barrel scare game in the wild. I mostly see game first now. The camo paint job works great. Way down under the paint on the Sako is a French Walnut stock with "fiddle back" grain, but the deer and coyotes don't care about fancy wood. ;-) Check <a href= "http://www.thegungarage.com/Firearms%20Finishes/camo%20packages.htm" target="_blank">The Gun Garage</a> if you want a professionally camo job.</p> <p><a name="Rifle"><img src="sako.jpg" height="113" width= "511"></a><br> <b>MY RIFLE</b>.... My coyote and deer rifle is a 40 year old Sako Forester action with a new Shilen stainless steel barrel chambered for a "tight neck" 243 Win. I got it from Herters' as a barreled action for $75 mail order. The stock was a semi-finished club of French walnut with a fair amount of fiddle back grain for $15. It was my first stock job and I wore out the stock screws taking it apart and putting it back together while inletting it. Then, I did a stupid thing. I checkered it! It took a month and a whole new vocabulary of working words! While I was doing it and had it all messed up, I swore an oath to myself that I would never checker another stock and I have kept the promise. Finally I glass bedded it. The barrel is free floating with a generous gap from about 2 inches forward of the action. I gave up trying to make a "tight" clearance. It seemed like I couldn't slide a dollar bill down the barrel after a few months, so I made the clearance at least 0.05 inch.</p> <p><b>CAMO MAKES IT PRETTY</b>.... A long time ago, I painted the whole rifle/scope camo. It looks very dull and there is no shine off the barrel. In about a year or so, the paint wears down and gets shiny in some areas and then I repaint it. The rifle has about 5 or 6 camo coats on it now and the nice pretty fiddle back wood is down in there somewhere.</p> <p><img src="mark-fields-12.jpg" border="0" height="302" width= "600"><br> <img src="check.gif" border="0" height="16" width="26">Mark Fields has painted his rifle and it turned out great. Click <a href= "http://dougva.proboards34.com/index.cgi?board=Savage&action=display&thread=9692" target="_blank">HERE</a> to read on how he did his paint job.</p> <h5 align="left"><b><font color="#550000" face="Arial" size= "4">Camo your Rifle, They donï¿½t just look good, the Varmints Canï¿½t see them shine as well. I did my Bi-Fur-Pod, Remington 223, Ruger 10/22, Binoculars, and my Granddaughters Pellet gun.</font></b></h5> <p align="center"><b><font color="#550000" face="Arial" size= "4"><img style="width: 569px; height: 417px;" src="p8292621.jpg" height="417" width="569"></font></b></p> <p align="center"><b><font face="Arial"><font color="#FF0000" face= "Arial" size="5">How to Camo By CamoJack</font><font color= "#FF0000" face="Arial">:</font> <font color="#804000" face= "Arial">Camo is easy to do. I first clean my Rifle.I use Alcohol. Wipe it down. get any oil off. Close the bolt. You can oil the bolt down and the paint will come off easy, or usually it don't hurt it anyway. Camo your Scope also, I know, it hurts a little. But when your all done, it looks very good. Be sure and tape the ends of the Scope, and any Numbers that you need. Here is the list of Paint I use: "Woodland Camouflage Paint"- "8010-00-111-7937...Mil-e-52798" 1. MUD BROWN..#.30117.--Two Cans.. 2. LIGHT TREE GREEN..#.34258.--One Can.. 3. DARK TREE GREEN..#.34086.--One Can.. 4. FLAT BLACK..Any Good Brand from your Hardware Store. Step 1.-Give the Gun a light coat of "MUD BROWN" (Try to use only two coats to cover the gun) You want to keep your paint job thin so it wont chip or peel. Cover the whole thing, Scope too. Let it set for about two hours before you do the next step. Step 2.- "Spot Spray" Light Tree Green. Just here and there. Let it set about 30 min. Step 3.- "Spot Spray" Dark Tree Green. You can Blend the two Green's together, Where one ends and the other starts, or you can keep them apart. Be sure to not cover up all your Mud Brown. Let it set about 1 hour to dry good. Step 4.- Here is the Trick..Useing the Flat black. Go out and get a good Leaf off your tree. Keep the stem long. You may want a small, and a large one. But you only need to use one. Holding the flat black out, spray a little in the air and notice the spray aim so you don't miss. You might want to practice on a board or something first. Hold the Flat Black spray can about 10 in. From your gun. Hold the stem of the leaf and make sure it lays flat on the area you are spraying. Give it a "Very Light" Touch of Spray. Just to Fade it in. Just covering the Leaf. Turn the Leaf in different directions. Do the Leaf Just here and there. Take a look at my Web Page, I have a picture of some of my guns and Bi-Pod. http://www.jhendrick.com/hunt.html Here is where I order my Paint. http://www.loadup.com/index.html They Ship most of the time in the same day I order. UPS.</font></font></b></p> <p align="center"><b><font face="Arial"><font color="#FF0000" face= "Arial" size="4">Good Luck fromCamoJack</font><font color="#FF0000" face="Arial">.</font></font></b></p> <p align="center"><b>Drum Click Count for the Tasco 4-16X by 40mm TR Scope<br> for 150 to 500 yards.</b></p> <div align="center"> <center> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="250"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" width="38"> <p align="center"><b>Drum</b></p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" width="24"> <p align="center"><b>150</b></p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" width="24"> <p align="center"><b>200</b></p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" width="24"> <p align="center"><b>250</b></p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" width="24"> <p align="center"><b>300</b></p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" width="24"> <p align="center"><b>350</b></p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" width="24"> <p align="center"><b>400</b></p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" width="24"> <p align="center"><b>450</b></p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" width="24"> <p align="center"><b>500</b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" width="38"> <p align="center"><b>F</b></p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">1.5</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">4</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">7</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">10</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">15</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">19</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">24</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">29</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" width="38"> <p align="center"><b>E</b></p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">2</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">4</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">7</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">11</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">17</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">24</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">28</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">33</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" width="38"> <p align="center"><b>C</b></p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">2</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">5</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">9</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">14</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">19</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">25</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">31</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">39</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" width="38"> <p align="center"><b>D</b></p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCFF" width="24"> <p align="center">3</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCFF" width="24"> <p align="center">7</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCFF" width="24"> <p align="center">12</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCFF" width="24"> <p align="center">17</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCFF" width="24"> <p align="center">23</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCFF" width="24"> <p align="center">29</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCFF" width="24"> <p align="center">37</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCFF" width="24"> <p align="center">45</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" width="38"> <p align="center"><b>B</b></p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">2</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">5</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">10</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">16</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">23</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">30</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">39</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">48</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" width="38"> <p align="center"><b>A</b></p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">5</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">9</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">15</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">22</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">29</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">37</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center">45</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" width="38"> <p align="center"><b>G</b></p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" width="24"> <p align="center">6</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" width="24"> <p align="center">14</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" width="24"> <p align="center">25</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" width="24"> <p align="center">39</p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center"> </p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center"> </p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center"> </p> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" width="24"> <p align="center"> </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </center> </div> <p align="center">I installed each drum on the scope and counted the clicks for each yardage setting made the above table.<br> <span style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">I use Drum D on my 243 Win caliber with 100 gr bullets.</span><br> <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 204);">I use Drum G on my 17 HMR with the 17 gr Hornady ammo.<br> <a href="tasco_tr_data.jpg"><img src="tascotr-info.jpg" border="0" height="152" width="184"></a><br></span> Here is a scanned view of the <a href="tasco_tr_data.jpg" target="_blank">Tasco 4-16X by 40mm TR Scope Drum Tables</a> data sheet.</p> <p><b>TASCO TR SCOPE</b>.... The scope is a Tasco TR 4-16X by 40mm with a Trajectory/Rangefinder reticule. The glass is only OK, but the range finder is what makes it my choice! It is a very simple system and works very well. Tasco gives you 5 rings that go on the vertical adjustment knob. Each ring has yardage readings out to 500 or 300 yards in 50 yard increments. They tell you which ring to use for each rifle, but I went one better than that. I wrote a small BASIC program that takes the bullet and velocity that I use and calculates a least square fit to the drop numbers in the Sierra Reloading Manual. I then have a third order polynomial equation for the drop out to 1000 yards. No, I don't shoot that far, but numbers are cheap! Setting zero at 100 yards and using the height of the scope over the bore, the program calculates the number of clicks below the line-of-sight for each range past 100 yards. I counted the yardage clicks on each ring and selected the ring that best fits my calculation. I have a ring that is calibrated within ï¿½1 click, of the true drop setting, all the way out to 500 yards for the .243 100 gr. Spitzer at a muzzle velocity of 2900 fps.</p> <p><b>ZERO AT 100 YARDS</b>.... I zero the rifle at 100 yards on the benchrest and in the field. I only have two things to estimate for a shot, distance and wind. I also shoot a group off my Bi-Fur-Pod sticks to verify my 100 yard zero for field conditions. Shooting off the sticks gives me the same impact point as I get from the benchrest, but the groups open up a bit because the Bi-Fur-Pod is not as steady.</p> <p><b>ESTIMATING THE RANGE</b>.... The scope has dual crosshairs and you can put the coyote between the crosshairs and dial the power until it just fills the height and then read the range on a dial. That is too complicated when you see a coyote and here is what I do in the field. I look in the direction of the coyote and start counting the distance in 100 yard increments. I look for what is 100 yards away from me. Then I look for what is 100 yards from that point, and so on out to the coyote. I am getting pretty good at estimating the range in yards. One of these days I plan to get an 800 yard laser range finder.</p> <p><b>DIAL IN THE RANGE</b>.... After estimating the range, I dial the yardage in on the scope vertical adjustment. It is that easy. Windage is more difficult. I have to hold-off for wind. That gets tricky and very difficult across canyons when you can't see the evidence of the wind. I have made some very good shots on coyotes out to 400+ yards in mild wind conditions. I always take all shots off the Bi-Fur-Pod to get a steady hold.</p> <p><b>A 50 YARD ERROR</b>.... Suppose I misjudge the range by 50 yards at 400 yards. The error is 5 or 6 clicks and the clicks are 1 inch at 400 yards. So my error is 5 or 6 inches and still within the vital area on a coyote. This is better than using the point-blank method. With the point-blank method, one has to make four estimates: the distance, the amount of hold over in inches required, what the holdover looks like on the target, and windage. It is difficult holding over one foot by guessing how big one foot is at that distance.</p> <p><b>POINT-BLANK METHOD NOT FOR ME</b>.... I like my system much better than the "point-blank" method of sighting in where you are 3" high at 100 yards and then right on at 220 yards and 4" low at approximately 300 yards. You don't know where to guess at 400 yards. Maybe hold over a foot or so, but most of all, you know you are going to be off at every range except 220 yards. Knowing that you are always off does bad things to my confidence and confidence is a big part of shooting accurately.</p> <p><b>FINDING THE TARGET IN THE SCOPE</b>.... If you have not used scope sights or have trouble finding the target, here is a tip.<br> <br> <b>Wrong Way:</b> Put the rifle up to your shoulder and look in the scope and scan around to find the target.<br> <br> <b>Right Way:</b> Look at the target and continue looking at it while you mount the rifle and put the scope in the line of view. The scope should be nearly centered on the target when it gets in front of your eye. With just a little practice you will be able to acquire the target in a fraction of a second. This also works for binoculars.<br> <br> <img src="rem7.gif" height="69" width="302">The Remington Model 7 makes a very good starting rifle for varmint hunting. There is an excellent article about the Rem Model 7, see the links below about the Rem Model 7. Early on, I used my light weight Rem Model 7 in 223 Rem, shown here, for coyotes, but it was a little too light for the occasional long shot. The Sako in 243 Win has worked much better. A number of my rifles have had the camo paint job.</p> <p><a href="http://www.realguns.com/archives/040.htm" target= "_blank"><font face="Arial" size="2">The Remington Model Seven...a great place to start</font></a></p> <p><a name="Bino"><img src="steiner.gif" height="93" width= "115"></a><b>BINOCULARS</b>.... I have a pair of Steiner 6X30 Whitetail binoculars. They have the range finder reticule in the right side, and I seldom use it. The range finder gets in the way and if I had it to do over again, I would have opted for a pair without it. The brightness and sharpness of focus is excellent. The field of view is very large, being about 450' at 1000 yards. They are individual focus eyepieces and the depth of field is so great that, I focus at 100 yards and leave it  there. Everything is in focus from 50 yd to infinity. At the edges of the field of view, the sharpness of focus fades out and objects there are fuzzy. I use this to my advantage. If there is a close object, that I want to view without fussing with the focus, I merely view it at the edge of the field of view and it is in focus. I have used these binoculars for deer and coyote hunting. They are even very good for spotting ground squirrels, but the 6x power is a tad low.</p> <p><img src="leica.gif" height="116" width="97"><b>LEICA 8X32BA</b>.... I purchased a new pair of binoculars. I have only been using them for a few years. (I now use the Leica binoculars exclusively.) Here is what I have found. The brightness and the sharpness of focus are excellent. I also focus them at 100 yards and they are very good from 50 yards out to infinity. But, I have noticed that I can sharpen the focus with just a minor touch of the center focus adjustment and I continually fuss with the focus. The field of view is flat. There is no "bubble" effect in the field of view when I pan with them. The image is in sharp focus right out to the edge of the field of view. The field of view is a large 442' at 1000 yards. So far they appear to be superb in every respect. When they are cold and the air is warm, the eyepiece lenses tend to fog up, on the outside, when I am looking through them. I also noticed how poorly the above Steiner binoculars look when I use them after using the Leicas. I used to look at all the binocular ads in the catalogs, but have found no need to do that anymore. I am happy with the 8x32 BA binoculars.</p> <p><img src="check.gif" alt="check.gif (165 bytes)" height="16" width="26"><strong><a name="#Gear">HUNTING GEAR I CARRY</a></strong>.... I want to be self sufficient when I am out deer hunting, so I carry a lot of gear, but it is not heavy or bulky. I carry my Sako Forester in 243 Win topped with a Tasco 4-16X Trajectory Rangefinder scope mounted with Warne rings. There are 3 rounds in the magazine and one in the chamber with the safety on. When back at camp, I push the round that was in the chamber down into the magazine and close the bolt on an empty chamber. The rifle has a nonadjustable carrying strap that is relatively short and holds the rifle close to my back in a vertical position on my shoulder. I don't like a loose floppy sling. I carry a pair of Leica 8-32 BA binoculars around my neck on a relatively short strap so they don't swing when I walk. On my belt are my Bi-Fur-Pod shooting sticks that I use for almost every shot. I very seldom take a running shot at deer or coyotes.</p> <p><a target="_blank" href= "http://www.agrussell.com/featherlite-one-hand-knife-general-purpose-blade-vg-10-blade/p/K-93C10/"> <img src="knife1.gif" border="0" height="60" width="362"></a><br> I carry a Russell FeatherLite Knife with a Clip Point Blade K-93B AUS-8A  in my pocket. It is very light and holds a good edge very well.<br> <br> <strong>FANNY PACK</strong>.... I carry a two compartment camo fanny pack that weighs about three pounds fully loaded. There is a picture of it with my calls on this page.   The top compartment has a couple of Power Bars in it in case I get hungry and a rolled up plastic rain coat only in wet weather. This compartment opens up to a daypack size to hold my coat if it gets too warm after sunrise. I drink a lot of water before I leave camp and do not carry a noisy water bottle. The main compartment carries a lot of important gear:</p> <ul> <li>TP cut from kitchen towels (much stronger than standard TP with less chance of a punch through)</li> <li>Map of the hunting area printed on a color printer</li> <li>Razor sharp Lock blade BuckLight knife, sharpened with a Lansky Diamond hone set</li> <li>Ten rounds of 243 Win ammo in a nylon wallet holder so they don't rattle (4 ea. 100 gr. Nosler Partition and 6 ea. 95 gr. Nosler Ballistic Tips)</li> <li>Scope covers for wet weather</li> <li>Nylon 600# cord about 25' long</li> <li>Plastic sack for the heart and liver</li> <li>Plastic sack to sit on in wet weather</li> <li>License, Tags, and Compass (in my wallet)</li> <li>Many coyote and deer calls</li> <li>Tiny handheld 2M Ham Radio (size of a pack of Camel cigarettes)</li> <li>HotRod 2M high gain antenna for long range (collapses to the size of a pencil)</li> <li>Garmin 45XL GPS</li> <li>Tiny AM radio with ear plug (So I can listen to Rush on week day mornings)</li> <li>Four extra AA Alkaline batteries</li> <li>Tiny flashlight</li> <li>Cigarette lighter</li> <li>Leatherman tool</li> </ul> <p><br> <strong>HIGH TECH GEAR</strong>.... Some hunters like the minimum amount of gear, but I like to be well equipped. I studied hard to learn the technology and Morse code to get my Ham license. I don't feel a bit bad about using the radio to stay in contact while hunting. All of the hunters in our party have their licenses and ham radios. Most also have GPS units. We don't have to worry about anyone getting lost even on overcast days in the thickest of timber. When I head out hunting I like to feel completely self sufficient. With the GPS, I can head into the wind no matter which direction it is or when it changes. Then when I want to return to camp, I can take a direct route back. One other very handy feature is that I can call back to camp on the handheld radio and get a ride back to camp. I can tell them my location with the GPS even if I am a long way out and it is dark. It is also very easy to mark a particular spot and return to it with the GPS or tell one of the other guys in the party my exact location. The GPS unit gives the hunter freedom to go much farther than when one has to worry about remembering his backtrack.<br> <br> Another feature of the GPS unit is that before the season opens, I mount the unit in my truck and drive all of the roads in the area and create a track file of the roads. I also can upload the file to the other units in camp with the laptop computer. Having the roads on the GPS unit makes it very handy to avoid roads when out hunting. Then it is very useful to know where the nearest road is when you get a deer down or want a ride back to camp. I view hunting as an enjoyable sport, not a time for punishment.<br> <br> <strong>CALLING HOME</strong>.... I also take a laptop computer on hunting trips. I have a portable packet station that I can set up and can send/receive messages home to my wife Mary Ann, who is also a ham, right from most deer camps. There is more info on my <a href="ahamp.htm">Ham Radio Page</a>. Many people use cell phones for this purpose, but the packet station works fine. It is comforting to know all is well at home. When I am coyote hunting on day hunts I am usually not far from the truck and I don't carry the GPS unit.</p> <p align="center"><img src="coyoted.gif" alt= "coyotec.gif (26018 bytes)" height="189" width="189"></p> <div align="left"> <table bordercolordark="#000080" bordercolorlight="#000080" align= "left" bgcolor="#FFFFE1" border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td bordercolor="#000080" bordercolorlight="#000080" bordercolordark="#000080" align="left" bgcolor="#0033CC"> <p align="center"><b><font color="#FFFFFF" face="Arial" size= "4">Page Index</font></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td bordercolor="#000080" bordercolorlight="#000080" bordercolordark="#000080" align="left" bgcolor="#E6FFFF"> <p align="center"><a href="asubj.htm"><font face="Arial" size= "2"><b>Subject Index</b></font></a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFD7"> <p align="left"><font face="Arial" size="2"><a href= "aspon.htm">Sponsors</a><br> <a href="ahunt.htm">Coyote Hunting</a><br> <a href="coy5-20.htm">Coyote Calling Example</a><br> <a href="attac.htm">Coyote Attacks</a><br> <a href="avarm.htm">Varmint Hunting</a><br> <a href="17hmr.htm">17 HMR Field Testing</a><br> <a href="#Deer_Hunting">Deer Hunting</a><br> <a href="ahsto.htm">Many Hunting Stories</a><br> <a href="asucc.htm">Hunt Success Stories</a><br> <a href="abifu.htm">Make A Bi-Fur-Pod</a><br> <a href="arelo.htm">Reloading Page</a><br> <a href="ashot.htm">Shooting Page</a><br> <a href="atarg.htm">Free Targets</a><br> <a href="pburn.htm">Powder Burn Rate</a><br> <a href="aflut.htm">Fluted Barrel Analysis</a><br> <a href="a22lr.htm">22LR Rifle & Tuner</a><br> <a href="aeste.htm">Esten's Rifle & Tuner</a><br> <a href="alite.htm">Light Rifle & Tuner</a><br> <a href="amode.htm">Barrel Harmonic Movie</a><br> <a href="atune.htm">Barrel Tuner Analysis</a><br> <a href="apres.htm">6PPC Barrel Dynamics</a><br> <a href="amod7.htm">243 Model 7 Action FEA</a><br> <a href="abolt.htm">Rifle Action Stress</a><br> <a href="abat85.htm">Bat Action Analysis</a><br> <a href="a243z.htm">Rifle Chamber Finish</a><br> <a href="afric.htm">Friction Test Results</a><br> <a href="apoli.htm">Gun Rights & Politics</a><br> <a href="abart.htm">Bart our Black Lab</a><br> <a href="atide.htm">Tide son of Bart</a><br> <a href="aengr.htm">Engineering Page</a><br> <a href="arock.htm">Rockwell Hardness FEA</a><br> <a href="alath.htm">Mini Lathe Page</a><br> <a href="acomp.htm">My Computers Page</a><br> <a href="ahamp.htm">Ham Radio Page</a><br> <a href="index.htm">Home Page</a><br> <a href="apopt.htm">My Father</a><br> <a href="abeth.htm">Bethel Island</a><br> <a href="aback.htm">Backpacking</a><br> <a href="abac3.htm">Winnemucca Lake</a><br> <a href="omlink.htm">Online Metal Orders</a><br> <a href="apage.htm">Make Your Web Page</a><br> <a href="aupda.htm">Latest Updates</a><br> <a href="alink.htm">Links Page</a><br> <a href="aemail.htm">Email</a></font></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p align="center"><a name="Deer_Hunting"><img src="rbline.gif" height="4" width="540"></a></p> <p align="center"><big><big><strong>Deer Hunting Techniques with Sounds<img src="deersr.gif" border="0" height="72" width= "67"></strong></big></big></p> <p><b>COASTAL BLACKTAIL DEER</b>.... I have hunted these fine California deer for many years. They are not as large as Mule Deer or Whitetail Deer. In the area south of Livermore, a 125 pound buck is large with the average being nearer to 100 pounds. One can find a wealth of information about Whitetail and Mule Deer, but very little on the Blacktail Deer. Here are some of my observations over the years on hunting Blacktails and Blacktail behavior. Here is another site that has information on Blacktail Deer Hunting <a href="http://www.blacktailcountry.com/" target= "_blank">Blacktail Country</a>.</p> <p><b>WHERE ARE THEY</b>.... The bucks normally stay within 10% of the top of the ridges. Very seldom will you find them in the bottom of canyons down near the creek beds. Out here in California during deer season, it is usually very dry and there are deer flies. The bucks like to be as far as possible from the flies and in what little wind there is. The strongest winds will be at the ridge tops. The bucks are essentially nocturnal and will feed at night. They will continue to feed in the mornings from dawn to sunrise. After sunrise they will lay down in the shade for the rest of the day. In our area, we carefully check the shade of every tree on the far hillsides with a spotting scope. The bucks will get up and start to feed at sunset and come out into the open.</p> <p><b>BACHELOR HERD</b>.... The bucks stay in a bachelor herd of 2 to 4 bucks and do not associate with the does until late September when the rut starts. The California A-Zone hunting season opens in early August and closes in mid September before the rut starts. A forked horn Blacktail Buck is a mature deer and often as the buck ages, his forks only become larger but he stays a forked horn. Occasionally they will add another tine on the forward fork and become a 3x3. I have yet to see a 4x4 Blacktail Buck in the range where I hunt. The spike bucks sometimes will stay with mother. When you see a bunch of does it is very seldom that a legal buck (forked horn or better) will be with them. The bucks are usually a dark gray color with a black forehead and the does tend to be more of a brownish color.</p> <p><b>HUNT THE MORNINGS</b>.... Don't sleep in. The very best time to be out hunting is dawn to sunrise. The bucks will be out in the open feeding and you can spot them from a distance. You might also get lucky and crest a ridge and spot one before he sees you. After sunrise, the bucks will bed down and only stand up every few hours for a couple of minutes and then bed down again. At these times, I find a good observation point and use the binoculars to check for bedded bucks in the shade of the oak trees.</p> <p><img src="good.gif" height="13" width="33"><b>TEACH YOURSELF TO SEE MORE BUCKS</b>.... Have you noticed that some people just tend to see more deer than others. The people who see more deer know it's a deer when they see one or even a small part of the deer. This is not for the casual hunter, but you can train yourself and your eyes to see more bucks. Here is how I did it. I had kept a lot of old issues of hunting magazines. I went through about 3 or 4 years worth of back issues and cut out all of the pictures of Mule Deer Bucks and Blacktail Bucks. I made a montage about 4 ft. square of the buck pictures on my office wall where I couldn't miss it when I looked up from the desk. There were about 40 pictures of big bucks and a few does from almost every angle. Looking at this montage for 11 months out of the year, imprinted in my mind's eye the form of big bucks in the wild. It has trained me to spot bucks very quickly and it has helped me to spot deer when other people only see brush and trees. Besides it was fun to look up at the wall and think about seeing one of those Big Bucks live. As an afterthought, I guess if you wanted to make sure you could spot a beauty on a sandy beach, you could make a second montage from old photo magazines like "Plai-boys". Note: I found out that the PC police will remove my page so young hunters can't read it if I spell the magazine name correctly ;-)</p> <p><a href="dtfawn.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29"></a>Hurt fawn with the Dan Thompson PC-2 Coyote Call.<br> <a href="doecoff.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29"></a>Doe warning cough<br> <a href="deer4.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29"></a>Hurt fawn with the <a href= "http://www.burnhambrothers.com/" target="_blank">Burnham Brother's</a> D-4 Deer Call<br> <a href="fbleat.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29"></a>Fawn bleat with a single reed diaphragm<br> <a href="deerw.mp3"><img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29"></a>Hurt fawn with old unnamed wooden call</p> <p><img src="deersl.gif" alt="deersl.gif (2377 bytes)" height="72" width="67"> <b>CALLING DEER</b>.... The Burnham Brothers' D-4 Deer Call works very well. Sometimes you can actually call in a doe or two. They will come toward you stiff legged and stamp their front feet at you. They will also cough at you. The cough is a sound like <img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29"><a href= "doecoff.mp3">this</a> and is a danger alarm to other deer in the area. I have not heard a buck make the cough sound. I have never called in a buck and had him come running toward me like a coyote does. Here is how the deer call actually works. When any bedded bucks hear the call, they will stand up. If you continue to call, they will usually walk or run toward heavy cover. I get to a good observation point where I suspect that bucks are bedded out of sight. I blow a single <img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29"><a href="deer4.mp3">hurt fawn</a> series with the D-4 Deer Call. Then get ready for action. If you rouse a doe or two, there will probably not be any bucks around. Here is another good wooden <img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width= "29"><a href="deerw.mp3">deer call</a> I got from Wing Supply a few years ago.</p> <p><img src="check.gif" alt="check.gif (165 bytes)" height="16" width="26"> <a name="Seeing"><strong>SEEING MORE DEER</strong></a>.... This year we hunted the C1-Zone in Northern California. The area where we were hunting did not have very many bucks, but we saw a lot of deer. Here is how I would see a dozen or more deer every morning. First, it was hot and dry and very difficult to move quietly. I would do my best at quiet walking for about 300 yards until I could find an opening where I could see 50 to 100 yards. I would setup with my rifle on my Bi-Fur-Pod and get out the Dan Thompson PC-2 Coyote Call. I would make about 6 to 10 fawn bleats that sound like <img src="sound.gif" border="0" height= "21" width="29"><a href="dtfawn.mp3">this</a>. The deer in the area would come running. They came in making a lot of noise. A couple of times, they got so close, I had to stand up or be run over. The does often would stamp their front feet and sound a warning <img src="sound.gif" border="0" height="21" width="29"><a href= "doecoff.mp3">cough</a> at me. Since the area didn't have any large bucks, I don't know how it would bring them in. But, this technique would sure bring in what deer were there.</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" width="54%"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="41%"><img src="dtcall.jpg" alt="dtcall.jpg (7294 bytes)" height="157" width="257"></td> <td width="59%"><b><a href="http://www.danthompsongamecalls.com/" target="_blank">Dan Thompson Game Calls</a></b> <p><b>PC-2 Coyote Call<br></b> You may reach Dan at:<br> Dan Thompson<br> P.O. Box<br> Rawlins WY 82301<br> 307-328-4079<br> <a href="mailto:dantho@trib.com">dantho@trib.com</a></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> There were numerous mountain lion tracks in the area and it was a little spooky making sounds like a hurt fawn and I did watch all areas of approach very carefully. I was lucky and did not have any of the mountain lions answer the call. The call was working so well on bringing in deer, that on several occasions, after I had spooked deer while walking and heard them bound away, I could stop, setup, and call and bring them back. Also if you see one deer and you think there might be more, this calling technique would bring in the one deer and any other deer in the immediate area. As a side benefit, you also might bring in a coyote with this method and do a little depredation work to save young deer and antelope during the next spring.<br> <br> <a href="http://www.muleymadness.com/" target= "_blank">MuleMaddness.com</a>  Photos, Stories, Deer Info.</p> <p align="center"><img src="rbline.gif" height="4" width="540"></p> <p><b>NEW BARREL FOR MY SQUIRREL RIFLE</b>.... The new barrel arrived from <a href="http://www.bullberry.com/" target= "_blank">Bullberry</a> for my Contender Carbine, 3/22/2. It is chambered for the new 17 HMR (Hornady Magnum Rimfire). Click <a href="17hmr.htm">here</a> for the first field testing of the 17 HMR, including accuracy/velocity measurements. It is a T/C Contender Carbine with a Bullberry stainless steel barrel, full bull, 22" long and bead blasted to eliminate the shine. The wood is also by Bullberry. The base is a 92A Weaver base. The Rings are the KWIK-SITE KS-WEV-H rings and the scope is a 15X Weaver CKT-15. The new caliber makes a very nice varmint round with a mild report and is effective out to 150 yards or so. Soon, I will shoot some groups from the benchrest and post a report here. Click <a href= "17hmr4.jpg" target="_blank">here</a> for a large picture of the rifle.</p> <p align="center"><img src="17f7.jpg" border="0" height="351" width="639"></p> <p align="center"><img src="17hmr.jpg" border="0" height="256" width="360"><br> Here is a picture of a box of ammo.<br> <a href= "http://www.midsouthshooterssupply.com/item.asp?sku=0000383170" target="_blank">Midsouth Shooters Supply</a> Is taking orders for the new 17 HMR ammo.</p> <p align="center"><a name="Round_Up"><font size="4">Ground Squirrel Control</font></a></p> <p><b>RODENT CONTROL</b>.... Various rodents cause farmers problems and varmint hunters are willing and able to help with very specific rodent control. Here in California, the rodent that causes the problems is the ground squirrel. I have never hunted ground hogs or prairie dogs because they are not found here and I have no firsthand information on them. There is more on ground squirrel hunting on my <a href="avarm.htm">Varmint Hunting Page</a>.</p> <div align="center"> <center> <table bgcolor="#C8FAFA" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width="80%"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="100%"><b>I WALK A VERY FINE LINE</b>.... I am very careful to only "control" the ground squirrel population. I have to walk a very fine line. If I shoot too many, they might not survive and the field will be barren. If I leave too many in the field, the rancher might use poison and kill them all. A surviving population of ground squirrels is a good thing and besides, I don't want to work myself out of a job. The same goes for coyotes.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </center> </div> <div align="center"> <center> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style= "font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt;"> <form style="margin: 4px 0px 0px;" action= "http://search.freefind.com/find.html" method="get" accept-charset= "utf-8" target="_self"> <p align="center"><input name="si" value="55472542" type="hidden"> <input name="pid" value="r" type="hidden"> <input name="n" value= "0" type="hidden"> <input name="_charset_" value="" type="hidden"> <input name="bcd" value="ï¿½" type="hidden"> <input name="query" size="15" type="text"> <input value="search" type="submit"></p> </form> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style= "text-align: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt; padding-top: 4px;"> <p align="center"><a style="text-decoration: none; color: gray;" href="http://www.freefind.com" onmouseover= "this.style.textDecoration='underline'" onmouseout= "this.style.textDecoration='none'">site search by <span style= "color: rgb(96, 96, 96);">freefind</span></a></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </center> </div> <p align="center"><!-- end of freefind search box html --><a href= "http://search.freefind.com/find.html?id=55472542&m=0&p=0">site map</a><!-- START GUESTPAGE HTML CODE =--> <!-- END GUESTPAGE HTML CODE =--></p> <p align="center"><img src="valogo.gif" height="63" width= "180"><br> If you want to link to my page, the URL is:<br> <a href= "http://www.varmintal.com/ahunt.htm">http://www.varmintal.com/ahunt.htm</a><br> If you want a Logo for the link on your page, right click on my<br> Varmint Al's Hunting Page logo above and save the valogo.gif file to your hard drive.<br> Let me know you have made the link and I will link to your web page.<a href="alink.htm#Hunting"><big><big><strong><br> Hunting Links</strong></big></big></a></p> <p align="center">Good Hunting... from Varmint Al<img src= "coyotel.gif" height="49" width="87"></p> </body> </html>	Varmint Al's Hunting Page \| \| \| --- \| \| Page Index \| \| [Subject Index](asubj.htm) \| \| [Sponsors](aspon.htm) [Coyote Hunting](ahunt.htm) [Coyote Calling Example](coy5-20.htm) [Coyote Attacks](attac.htm) [Varmint Hunting](avarm.htm) [17 HMR Field Testing](17hmr.htm) [Deer Hunting](#Deer_Hunting) [Many Hunting Stories](ahsto.htm) [Hunt Success Stories](asucc.htm) [Make A Bi-Fur-Pod](abifu.htm) [Reloading Page](arelo.htm) [Shooting Page](ashot.htm) [Free Targets](atarg.htm) [Powder Burn Rate](pburn.htm) [Fluted Barrel Analysis](aflut.htm) [22LR Rifle & Tuner](a22lr.htm) [Esten's Rifle & Tuner](aeste.htm) [Light Rifle & Tuner](alite.htm) [Barrel Harmonic Movie](amode.htm) [Barrel Tuner Analysis](atune.htm) [6PPC Barrel Dynamics](apres.htm) [243 Model 7 Action FEA](amod7.htm) [Rifle Action Stress](abolt.htm) [Bat Action Analysis](abat85.htm) [Rifle Chamber Finish](a243z.htm) [Friction Test Results](afric.htm) [Gun Rights & Politics](apoli.htm) [Bart our Black Lab](abart.htm) [Tide son of Bart](atide.htm) [Engineering Page](aengr.htm) [Rockwell Hardness FEA](arock.htm) [Mini Lathe Page](alath.htm) [My Computers Page](acomp.htm) [Ham Radio Page](ahamp.htm) [Home Page](index.htm) [My Father](apopt.htm) [Bethel Island](abeth.htm) [Backpacking](aback.htm) [Winnemucca Lake](abac3.htm) [Latest Updates](aupda.htm) [Links Page](alink.htm) [Email](aemail.htm) \| ![](varm.gif) *Coyote Hunting Page* Last Updated: 07/19/2015 On *This* Page \| \| \| --- \| \| \| [Coyote Calling & Sounds](#Calling) \| [My Calls](#My_Calls) \| [The Calls Work!](#CallsWork) \| [Cheap Diaphragm Call](#Diaphragm) \| [Calling Sequence Download](#Calling-Sequence) \| [El-Cheapo Electronic Caller](#El-Cheapo) \| [Free MP3 Calling Sounds](#Calling) \| [Dick Wendell Decoy](#DickWendell) \| [Easy Decoy](#EasyDecoy) \| [Hammock Decoy](#Decoy) \| [Coyote Talk](#Coyote_Talk) \| [New Calling Tricks](#NewTricks) \| [New L&M Calls](#NewCall) \| [Raspy Sound](#Raspy) \| [Deer Hunting & Sounds](#Deer_Hunting) \| [Seeing More Deer](#Seeing) \| [Gaining Hunting Access](#Access) \| [Business Card](#Business_Card) \| [Paint Your Rifle](#Paint) \| [Binoculars](#Bino) \| [My Rifle](#Rifle) \| [Gear I Carry](#Gear) \| [Squirrel Round Up](#Round_Up) \| \| ![](rbline.gif) GREETINGS FROM Varmint Al.... I am a Life member of the [National Rifle Association](http://www.nra.org/). I like to hunt, fish, play with the computer, and operate ham radio. I go deer hunting, coyote hunting, squirrel hunting, and trout fishing every chance I get. I have 2 Black Labs, Bart & Tide and one Chocolate Lab named SusieQ. During pheasant season we hunt most every day. [![](relentless365.png) Relentless 365](http://www.relentless365.com/) California's Premiere Hunting Magazine. ![](rbline.gif) ![](coyote-sunrise..jpg) Coyote Sunrise by Heath Ward Struggling Varmint Video [Download](struggling-varmint.wmv).![](new1.gif) by Dick Wendell ![](coyc.gif)Calling Coyotes MY CALLING.... Since I started calling for coyotes near Antioch, CA on three large cattle ranches, not a single cow or calf has been lost to the type of predation seen [here](http://texnat.tamu.edu/ranchref/predator/coyote/p5-coyot.htm). My deer and coyote rifle is the 243 Win on a 42+ year old Sako Forester action with a Shilen stainless steel barrel and a "tight neck" chamber, shown below. The scope is a Tasco TR 4-16xAO mounted with Warne rings directly to the grooves on the action. This is as solid a scope mount as I have seen. As you can see below, the rifle and scope are painted camo. There is more about camo painting your rifle on this page. ![](sako.jpg) Varmintus maxus camois ![](rbline.gif) ![](coyotel.gif) Coyote Calling Techniques with Sounds The sounds are computer quality ![](check.gif)FREE COYOTE CALLING SOUND DOWNLOADS.... These following sound files are free with no strings attached. Use them any way you like. I made them for your predator calling enjoyment and to promote the Second Amendment. Each new coyote hunter who learns hunting and buys a gun will more than likely be another supporter of the Second Amendment. These sounds are not the very best quality, but as good as I could do on a computer. Each single sound file lasts about 60 seconds. The sequence sound files are longer duration. If you burn the sound on your own CD, or MP3 player, I would suggest 2 minutes of silence before any sound starts and 1 or 2 minutes of silence between each calling sound. You can also burn the first sequence at a lower volume so as not to spook any close coyotes. Right click on the file name and select "Save Target As". Let me know how you like them. ONE BIG ZIP FILE.... All of the calls below, including the 16-min and 20-min Sequence files have been zipped into one large file. Download here: <allcalls.zip> (35.929Mb) and save the file to a new folder. Unzip the file to a folder of your choice. These sound files have been recently (2/12/6) re-mastered with the volumes normalized and converted to MP3 in FM quality. Each sound file lasts about 60 seconds. HAVING TROUBLE DOWNLOADING?.... Assume you want to download [Group Howl](group2.mp3) (group2.mp3). Here is what I suggest you try: 1. Right Click on the hot link (the underlined name of Group Howl below) of the file you want to download. 2. When the menu appears select "Save Target as..." 3. A Window will appear "Save As" and the default location is "My Documents". If you Click on the "Save" tab the sound file named group2.mp3 will be downloaded to your My Documents folder. Your hard drive now contains the file. 4. To play the downloaded file, open your My Documents folder and Double Click on the file named group2.mp3. 5. To copy the file to the clipboard, you Right Click on the file name group2.mp3 and select copy. 6. To copy the file over to your MP3 player you need to plug the cable from your MP3 player into the USB port of the computer. If you are running Windows XP a window will open and you select "Open folder to view files" and Click on OK. Put the mouse pointer inside the MP3 player's folder and Right Click. Select paste from the menu. The group2.mp3 file should then be written to Secure Digital card in your MP3 player. [![](sound.gif)Excruciator](excruciator-16-min.mp3) (excruciator-16-min.mp3) A 16 minute sequence of Chris Butcher's Excruciator call. Starts with 1 minute of silence. 15.1Mb Note: I removes some of the clicks that I had overlooked in the recording. [![](sound.gif)Tiny-Dogs-Chicken](tiny-dogs-chicken.mp3) (tiny-dogs-chicken.mp3) Two Chihuahuas chasing a chicken. Added the chicken squawking. Sounds good. ![](sound.gif)[Tiny-Dogs-Barking](tiny-dogs3.mp3) (tiny-dogs3.mp3) Two Chihuahuas barking scared at Bart & Tide with Tide moaning 1.023Mb Its not a standard sound, but its worth a try. Coyotes should at least be interested and come for a look at the commotion. Tiny dogs in urban areas are a favorite food of coyotes. ![](sound.gif)[Read-Head-Woodpecker](red-head-woodpecker.mp3) (red-head-woodpecker.mp3) Coon Skinner recorded it from a live bird and emailed it to me. Thanks Coon Skinner.![](new1.gif) ![](sound.gif)[Snowshoe-Hare-Distress1](Snowshoe%202-1-1.mp3) (Snowshoe 2-1-1.mp3) Snowshoe Hare Distress sound by Randy.![](new1.gif) ![](sound.gif)[Snowshoe-Hare-Distress2](Snowshoe%202-2-2.mp3) (Snowshoe 2-2-2.mp3) Snowshoe Hare Distress sound by Randy.![](new1.gif) ![](sound.gif) [Bird Squeaker](bird-squeaker.mp3) (bird-squeaker.mp3) Made with the squeaker out of one of Tide's squeaky toys 970KB ![](sound.gif)[Rodent Squeaker](rodent-squeaker.mp3) (rodent-squeaker.mp3) Made with Tide's squeaky toy - different cadence 875KB [![](sound.gif)Group Howl](group2.mp3) (group2.mp3) group coyote howl with 3 different calls mixed with the new software 944KB [![](sound.gif)Group Howl](group3.mp3) (group3.mp3) group coyote howl with 4 different calls mixed with the new software 944KB [![](sound.gif)Chicken Distress Call](chicken.mp3) (chicken.mp3) with the Haydel call 656KB [![](sound.gif)Woodpecker Distress Call](mybird2.mp3) (mybird2.mp3) with a Lohman Quail Call #115W BIRD 1.316MB [![](sound.gif)Coyote Challenge Bark](challenge.mp3) (challenge.mp3) with the Dan Thompson Red Desert coyote howler 645KB [![](sound.gif)Coyote Greeting Howls](dthowl.mp3) (dthowl.mp3) with the Dan Thompson Red Desert coyote howler 646KB [![](sound.gif)Coyote Greeting Howls](dthowl2.mp3) (dthowl2.mp3) with the Dan Thompson Red Desert coyote howler with more chatter 944KB [![](sound.gif)Coyote Hurt Pup Distress Call](hurtpup2.mp3) (hurtpup2.mp3) with a diaphragm call 660KB [![](sound.gif)Jackrabbit Distress Call](jackrabbit.mp3) (jackrabbit.mp3) 657KB [![](sound.gif)Cottontail Distress Call](weems.mp3) (weems.mp3) with a knockoff Weems call 659KB [![](sound.gif)Cottontail Distress Call](weems2.mp3) (weems2.mp3) with a knockoff Weems call 906KB [![](sound.gif)Jackrabbit](jrpc1.mp3) (jrpc1.mp3) with the Johnny Stewart PC-1 Call 896KB [![](sound.gif)Jackrabbit](jrpc1lv.mp3) (jrpc1lv.mp3) Low-Volume with the Johnny Stewart PC-1 Call 896KB [![](sound.gif)High Pitched Squeal](highpc1.mp3) (highpc1.mp3) with the Johnny Stewart PC-1 Call 920KB [![](sound.gif)High Pitched Squeal](highpc1lv.mp3) (highpc1lv.mp3) Low-Volume with the Johnny Stewart PC-1 Call 920KB [![](sound.gif)Hurt Coyote Pup](hurtpc1.mp3) (hurtpc1.mp3) with the Johnny Stewart PC-1 Call 931KB [![](sound.gif)Utah Jackrabbit](lmuj1.mp3) (lmuj1.mp3) imitation with the L&M Howler call 672KB [![](sound.gif)Coyote Challenge Bark](lhhchallenge.mp3) (lhhcallenge.mp3) with the Loess Hills Howler 694KB [![](sound.gif)Coyote Howl](lhhowler.mp3) (lhhowler.mp3) with the Loess Hills Howler 648KB [![](sound.gif)Coyote Howl](wileyoneh.mp3) (wileyoneh.mp3) with the Wiley One Howler 671KB [![](sound.gif)Hurt Coyote Pup](wileyonehp.mp3) (wileyonehp.mp3) with the Wiley One Howler 666KB [![](sound.gif)2-Minutes of Silence](2-min-silence.mp3) (2-min-silence.mp3) 941KB [![](sound.gif)1-Minutes of Silence](1-min-silence.mp3) (1-min-silence.mp3) 469KB [![](sound.gif)Coyote Greeting Howl](elkpowerhowl.mp3) (elkpowerhowl.mp3) E.L.K. Power Howler for a single howl somewhere in a sequence. [![](sound.gif)Coyote Chatter Howl](elkchatterhowl.mp3) (elkchatterhowl.mp3) E.L.K. Power Howler for a single howl somewhere in a sequence. ![](sound.gif)[Locater](locater1.mp3) (locater1.mp3) 635KB Clear tone siren courtesy of Howard Drummond, Fire Crew Capitan. ![](sound.gif)[Locater](locater2.mp3) (locater2.mp3) 720KB Crank tone siren courtesy of Howard Drummond, Fire Crew Captain. ![](check.gif)Note. The siren locater sound will not call in coyotes but is used to locate the coyotes. A siren sounds will often cause coyotes to howl back. You can then tell where the coyotes are located and come back 30 min or so later and make a calling stand near where you heard the coyotes howling back at the siren. ANOTHER PAGE.... There is more info on how I used three of the calling sounds on a couple of coyote calling sessions: [Coyote Stand with Pictures and Sounds](coy5-20.htm). MAKE YOUR OWN CALLING SEQUENCES.... You can rename the calling sounds and the silence files and load them to your MP3 player in the order you want them to play. It is like making a play list. Or you can download [Audacity](http://audacity.sourceforge.net/) a free, open source software for recording and editing sounds. It is available for Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, GNU/Linux, and other operating systems. Here is a link on [how Audacity could be used to create your own sequence](http://hunting-washington.com/smf/index.php/topic,7827.0.html). 20 MINUTE SAMPLE CALLING SEQUENCE.... Copy the silence sound, 2-min-silence.mp3, into s1.mp3, s2.mp3, s3.mp3 and s4.mp3 etc. Write the sounds to your MP3 player in the order you want. I was able to put this sequence into one file using the Magix sound software. Once you start the sequence, you will have 2 minutes to walk away from the player before the calling starts. Then it will play the sequence and you can concentrate on any approaching coyotes without fiddling around with remote buttons. Download [![](sound.gif)20-min-sequence.mp3](20-min-sequence.mp3). 10.563MB 20:34 Min:Sec > > > > > > s1.mp3 > > > > lmuj1.mp3 > > > > s2.mp3 > > > > jrpc1.mp3 > > > > s3.mp3 > > > > highpc1.mp3 > > > > s4.mp3 > > > > s5.mp3 > > > > challenge.mp3 > > > > s6.mp3 > > > > hurtpc1.mp3 > > > > s7.mp3 > > > > dthowl.mp3 > > > > > > > > > 17 MINUTE SEQUENCE.... This sequence starts with 2 minutes of silence then the chicken distress. After 1 minute of silence it then has the chicken distress with the tiny dogs barking. The sequence continues alternating and finally ends with the coyote chatter howl. This should be good for call wise coyotes. Download [![](sound.gif)tiny-dog-chicken-sequence.mp3](tiny-dog-chicken-sequence.mp3) 16.5 MB.![](new1.gif) 16 MINUTE CALLING SEQUENCE.... This sequence starts at half-volume with the first sound. I really like this sound sequence. Download [![](sound.gif)16-min-sequence.mp3](16-min-sequence.mp3). 10.779 MB 17:13 Min:Sec > > > > > > 2-Min-Silence.mp3 > > > > highpc1lv.mp3 > > > > 1-Minute of Silence > > > > lmuj1.mp3 > > > > 1-Minute of Silence > > > > jrpc1.mp3 > > > > 1-Minute of Silence > > > > jrpc1lv.mp3 > > > > 2-Minutes of Silence > > > > dthowl2.mp3 > > > > 1-Minute of Silence > > > > group2.mp3 > > > > 1-Minute of Silence > > > > hurtpup2.mp3 > > > > > > > > > ![](el-cheapo.jpg) EL-CHEAPO ELECTRONIC CALLER.... I have tried this combination and it plays the MP3 sound files with good quality and plenty of volume. The little mini-amp can easily drive the PowerHorn type speaker with good volume. You will want to mark the volume setting so that there will be no distortion. The two minutes of silence is just about right to walk about 80 to 100 yards away from the caller. A 512Mb Secure Digital card will hold plenty of sound files. All MP3 players are NOT the same. Some of them will not play the MP3 files as they were. I have now converted them over to FM quality and they should work with all MP3 players. The TRIO MP3 Player works fine and runs on one AAA battery. The Mini Audio Amplifier runs on one 9V battery. I have used the same set of batteries for about 6 stands of 30 minutes each and the batteries are still working. As far as I can tell, the TRIO MP3 Player has been discontinued. But there are numerous other MP3 players available. Check the first item listed below. *Note:* The almost identical setup is listed on the Predator Masters Tech Section. It is called [The Homemade E-Caller](http://www.predatormastersforums.com/homemadeecaller.shtml). I was not aware of it when I put the info together for the El-Cheapo. Here is an even cheaper build for the E-Caller. See the video here: [Wild Enough to Shoot At](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mye0NEa1B1Q&feature=player_embedded) > > Here is a list of the parts: The links keep changing. I > have no control over that. > > > > [MP3 PLAYER W/ 1Gb MICRO SD CARD AND READER](http://www.allelectronics.com/make-a-store/item/MP3-1/MP3-PLAYER-W/MICRO-SD-CARD-AND-READER/1.html) (While they > last)![](new1.gif) > > > ![](check.gif)UP-DATE.... [MP3 Player with 2 Gb built in memory](http://www.tigerdirect.com/applications/SearchTools/item-details.asp?EdpNo=3440310&CatId=2761) plus it > will also record your own sounds with the built-in recorder. > > > [Mini Audio Amplifier](http://www.radioshack.com/product/index.jsp?productId=2062620&cp=&kw=mini+amplifier&parentPage=search) > > > [4x6" 50-Watt Indoor/Outdoor PowerHorn](http://www.radioshack.com/product/index.jsp?productId=2104031&cp=&pg=2&y=7&x=9&kw=speaker&numProdsPerPage=20&parentPage=search) > > > [12-Inch Shielded Stereo Audio Cable](http://www.radioshack.com/product/index.jsp?productId=2102970&cp=2032058.2032228&cp=2032058&f=Taxonomy%2FRSK%2F2032228&categoryId=2032228&kwCatId=2032058&kw=1%2F8+plug&parentPage=search) The cable > between the Mini Amp and the MP3 Player. I have heard that the mono > cable into the MP3 player sometimes has problems by shorting out > one channel and distorting the sound in the channel being used. > > > [All Electronics Corp.](http://www.allelectronics.com/cgi-bin/item/PMP/search/MONO_PLASTIC_3.5_MM_PLUG_.html) Catalog No. PMP - MONO > PLASTIC 3.5 MM PLUG. The connector will need to be soldered to the > PowerHorn's cable. You can get this connector at Radio Shack when > you get the Mini Amp [here](http://www.radioshack.com/product/index.jsp?productId=2104062&cp=&sr=1&origkw=1%2F8+plug&kw=1%2F8+plug&parentPage=search) abut at a higher price. > > > Note: Above are the places where the hardware is still > available. There are many other places where the items may be > purchases. Also, the 1GB Secure Digital cards now cost about as > much as the 512MB SD cards were priced a few months ago and the 1GB > SD card has twice the storage size. > > > \| \| \| --- \| \| A Better Weasel Ball Decoy by Dick Wendell This is an excellent improvement on the Weasel Ball Decoy. See and Listen to the Struggling Varmint Video [Download](struggling-varmint.wmv). Al, you are completely free to use my pictures and technique for building this for your website. Your generosity is extended back to you my friend. Note: The reason the action is random is that the tail hits either the ground or the lower bar. It really makes an erratic action. Equipment: Metal cutting saw Welder (I use a 110v wire feed welder) 1/4" coarse thread die for cutting threads on rod Tape Measure Materials: [Weasel Ball](http://shop.twistedgrins.com/weazal-ball/) (cat toy) 1/4" cold rolled round rod 1/4" coupling nut Grinder for putting point on the rod and cleaning up cuts Camo paint Goal: To make a predator decoy with erratic movements that is able to be displayed above tall grass and snow at a low cost. Process: Ball Preparation: 1 - The Weasel Ball is easily found online for under $3.00. In fact the shipping is more than the item itself. Unscrew the ball and paint the half with the tail in an appropriate color for your area. I used a dead grass color. Leave the tail as installed. 2 - Get some white fake fur and sew a small tuft on the end of the tail to add as an attractor. Stand Fabrication: 1 - The top portion of the stand is made by taking a 12" piece of 1/4" round rod and bending a 90 degree bend about 2 inches from one end. Heating with a torch will make the bend much sharper. Placing the heated end of rod in a vice makes it easier and safer to bend. 2 - Take a 2 inch piece of the 1/4" round rod and weld it approximately 1 3/8" directly below the 90 degree bend. This location is best determined by holding the two pieces in place on the ball and marking the correct location. Once welded in place, if it is loose the two forks can be put in a vice and gently squeezed together until the forks slide firmly into place. It needs to be easy to remove so you replace the battery as needed. 3 - Take a 4 1/4 inch piece of the 1/4" rod and weld to the stand approximately 5 inches below the bottom of the forks. This piece is needed to give the decoy an erratic movement. Without this piece the tail will simply swing in a big circle. With this piece the tail will swing, then make some jumping/jerking movements and the sequence is never the same. 4 - Using the 1/4 inch thread die make threads on the lower end of the rod. Thread on the 1/4" coupling nut and tack weld in place. 5 - Take a 12 inch piece of the metal rod and thread one end with the 1/4" die. Grind a point on the other end to be able to poke the stand in the ground. I have 6" and 12" base rods to accommodate tall grass or deeper snow. Any length can be made for what ever your conditions require. The separate bottom section makes the decoy easier to put in your pack. 6 - Paint the stand to match your area. Put into use: Slide the forks of the stand onto the Weasel Ball. Screw the appropriate length of base rod onto the stand. Poke the decoy into the ground. Turn the decoy on and go get into your hiding location . \| --- ![](weasel-lee1.jpg) ![](weasel-lee2.jpg) ![](weasel-lee3.jpg) ![](weasel-lee4.jpg) ![](check.gif)Here is an easy to construct variation on the Dick Wendell's Weasel Ball decoy. The random action occurs because the tail hits the bent bar and then appears to jump around instead of just swing around like a fan.![](new1.gif) Instructions on how to build it are [here](http://www.californiapredatorsclub.com/index.php?showtopic=22692). Lee put these videos up on YouTube showing how it works. Good job [Lee Chastain](mailto:jonnyreb22REM0VETH1S@yahoo.com). <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ThYP80M2eU> More instructions on building this version of the decoy. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ltRfdk0Rkc> --- ![](wobbleb.jpg) ![](check.gif)The [Wobble Weasel](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKXJnRyR5ok) by Scott Pierce.![](new1.gif) Click on the link above to view the video and instructions on how it works and how to build it. This looks good and appears to be very easy to build. Some thin rod, a spring and hot glue. Varmint hunters are a very ingenious bunch. --- ![](hammock.jpg) The Hammock Decoy Hi Al, My wife Valinda came up with the ideal to use a [Weasel Ball](http://shop.twistedgrins.com/weazal-ball/) toy for a decoy. I bought one for about $7.00 at a local toy store. The problem with it was on un-level ground it didn't roll well and you couldn't see it over the brush. So when I got home I went to work on it. I unscrewed the cap off the ball to access the motor this is what I came up with. > > 1.) Disconnect the tail/Weasel from the ball unscrew ball > halves (discard top half of the ball keeping motor half). Motor > turns/spins inside ball half. > > 2.) Take the three screws out of the weight retaining cover > on the electric motor and remove the weights (a little pressure > with screw driver helps achieve this). This gives the motor more > speed yet still allows it to wobble when finished. > > 3.) Drill tiny hole 1/16 into side of weight retaining cover > then screw back to motor. > > 4.) Drill 1/16 - 1/8 hole in bottom of ball half and glue in > a 1/16 - 1/8 steel rod approx 1 - 2 foot long also take a hammer > and flatten out about 4 inches of end of rod that goes into the > ground to keep rod from spinning (the ball wants to spin the rod so > by flattening what's stuck in the ground it keeps the rod from > spinning so motor is all that spins) Rod and ball half doesn't spin > only motor. > > 5.) Spray paint the assembly dull gray. > > 6.) Reinsert tail/Weasel into hole on motor weight > cover. > > 7.) Push steel rod into ground and turn on, it spins the > tail and wobbles as well. > > > Total cost around $10.00 and gives motion as well and uses 1 AA battery. Please e-mail me back and let me know what you think of it. Ricky Hammock Adairsville GA ![](coy60017.jpg) EL-CHEAPO WORKS.... I took the El-Cheapo out for a test run. The roads are finally open and not mud slides anymore so I could get to my hunting area. I made two stands with no success. On the second stand, a ground squirrel was standing up chirping at me. He was about 100 yards out near the El-Cheapo. After I concluded that there were going to be no coyote takers, it was time to check the zero on my rifle. The scolding ground squirrel confirmed the zero on the old Sako Forester was right on out of a cold clean barrel. Off to the third stand. Less than 5 minutes into the third stand here comes a coyote. I saw him at about 400 yards way down the hill coming through the tall grass. He quickly went behind a rise heading my way and I was able to setup in the direction where I thought he would next appear. I was using the 16 minute sequence and it was only in the second sound (lmuj1.mp3) when I first saw the coyote. ON A BEE LINE.... After the one minute of silence between the sounds, the third sound (jrpc1.mp3) starts up and here comes the coyote. He was on a Bee-line heading straight to the call and wasn't looking in my direction at all. At 22 steps from the El-Cheapo, he stopped, broadside, for the fatal 2 seconds at about 80 yards. The 95 gr 243 Nosler Ballistic Tip caught him right behind the front shoulder. I saw him roll once in the tall grass. I let the calling continue for the full 16 minutes hoping for a double, but no other coyote showed. It was interesting to watch a doe and her fawn at about 300 yards. They were my forward spotters and really picked up their ears for each new sound. At one point, they were both looking to the side and I thought there might be another coyote incoming but no show. About 10 minutes into the calling both the doe and fawn stiff stepped out of sight. The coyote was crawling with ticks. It looks like it is going to be a bad tick year. I used Velcro to mount the amp and MP3 player onto the power horn. It works OK. ![](coy60023.jpg) Here is a 10X zoom of Mt Diablo to the West from where I got the coyote. There is a little haze in the hot air coming from all those liberals in the San Francisco area. My eyes were starting to itch. It is either hay fever or I am allergic to liberals. Probably both. ![](coy60080.jpg) EL-CHEAPO SCORES AGAIN.... I tried a different location. This is the place where the old house WAS. It is no more. I will post a picture of it on the [Hunting Stories Page](ahsto.htm). I setup just south of the old burned out house. I was sitting under an oak tree up against the trunk and it dark shade. I had the El-Cheapo out about 75 yards upwind away from me pointed south. I had just about given up that no coyote would show. The 16 minute sequence was into the hurt pup call and about done. I was ready to give up. I glassed the far hillside one more time. This dry female was at about 250 yards sitting looking in the direction of the caller. The advantage of having the coyote not looking directly at you like they do when you use hand calls is really important. Anyhow, I cranked the old Tasco up to 16X and dialed in 250 yards. I held about 4 inches into the wind on her chest. Bang! I see her rolling down the hill. That old Sako sure is a reliable rifle with the first shot out of a cold barrel being right where I aim. This coyote also had numerous ticks on it. It is going to be a bad tick season this year. No sign of mange. ![](rick-camuglia-coyote2.jpg) Hi Al! Just wanted to write to you about my first coyote hunt of the year! The weather has been unseasonably warm here, but I couldn't wait any longer to put "El Cheapo" and the weasel ball decoy to their first test of the fall on October 31, 2008. I made a trip to an area that was great last year, but while walking to the first stand I was disappointed in the amount of sign around. The first stand yielded nothing so I was off to make another. I had just finished turning on the call and returned to my seat when I looked about 200yds to the right to see a coyote before the call had even started to run. Well, I figured I'd just get prone and shoot him. After the shot, all I saw was the coyote running off unscathed. That's when I decided to sight the gun in at 100 yds, not 300yds. Most of my shooting while calling is at that distance...I won't make that mistake anymore! The next stand is in a spot that I just love and have had success before. It is on top of a juniper-treed mesa with a windmill nearby. There is a large area on top that has no trees, just some low cover and sagebrush. I found a dead tree to hang the call on about 30yds from where I wanted to sit with my back to a juniper. I put the weasel ball decoy in the ground and turned them both on and made my way back to the seat. Just after I adjusted my bipod for the correct height, the call began running the 16 minute sequence I downloaded from your site. The two minutes of silence is just the right amount of time to get back and get set-up. Upon the second sound on the sequence, jackrabbit, I saw a flash off to the right and up the hill. It was a coyote running in to the call. She was coming fast and I had to turn a little to the right in case she decided to stop. I waited until a tree obscured her view so as not to let her see me move. She kept coming trying to circle out and downwind of the calling. Coyotes are smart. Before she could get downwind I lip-squeaked to stop her. She looked right up toward me and saw the weasel ball. That was all the time I needed to settle the crosshairs of my Browning A-bolt Varmint Stalker in .243 wssm behind her shoulder and touch it off. "El-Cheapo" scores again! The first of the season. Thanks Al! I love your site and appreciate your willingness to share your knowledge. Rick Camuglia, Albuquerque, New Mexico NOTE: If you want to make a calling series out of these files or the files on my Coyote Calling Page, here is an important MP3 file. [![](sound.gif)2-Minutes of Silence](2-min-silence.mp3) with no call at all, not even white noise. I made the file by shorting out he microphone. You can start a calling sequence with silence. This will give you time to get back to your stand and get ready. Also, you can put the silence file in between each of the calling MP3 files one or more times so that the calling is not continuous. I have found that when you burn a CD, you might want to copy the files and rename each file like Afile1.mp3, Bfile2.mp3, Cfile3.mp3 etc. so they will be in the correct order. Some CD burning programs seem to have a mind of their own on the order of files it writes. Caution: These MP3 sound files could cost you serious money. I take no responsibility for any rifles, scopes, ammo, reloading gear, hand calls, electronic callers, and camo gear you might need if you get hooked on coyote hunting. You are on your own so proceed with caution. I received this email. As you can see, it is already costing him money. > > Varmint Al, > > I am just learning and beginning to hunt coyotes. Your website is > very helpful. I am 21 years old and from Kentucky. Our family farms > so I have access to a lot of good land. I downloaded your calls and > made a CD and actually brought in 6 coyotes with it on 3 different > stands but I couldn't get any of them close enough for a good shot. > But I am hooked! > > > > I have purchased three calls- Circe P1 and P2 (jackrabbit and > cottontail) and a Circe Howler #285. I have a few questions as I am > trying to learn to use them. I have been reading a lot about > coyotes and I think I understand how to set up in a stand but I am > not confident in my calling since I have yet to call in a coyote. > How can I practice and know my rabbit sounds are realistic? Do you > have a longer example of how the Circe calls can and should sound? > Does it make sense to use a jackrabbit call since there are no > jackrabbits here? The howler is really hard to blow, is this normal > or is there a better howler I should buy? Thanks a lot for your > time and all the info on your website. > > > > Harry Hendricks > > > Here is another email: > > Hi There, > > Just writing to say thanks for the free sounds. My son and I tried > them the first time here in Nova Scotia and the Big male coyote > actually hit the CD player "twice" on the attack. He was directly > under our stand and wanted that screaming rabbit sound but he got > the 12 gauge instead. Lots of coyotes around here now. Thanks again > and here is a picture of him. [Andrew](mailto:andrew.pamelaREM0VETH1S@xcountry.tv) ![](andrewc.jpg) > > > Another email: > > ![](mark-lowe.jpg) > > Hi Al, just thought I would enclose a pic of my first coyote. I > used the info on your page and built my el cheapo call. Down loaded > some files from your page and took to the field. First time out was > yesterday afternoon. The call (16-min-sequence.mp3) wasn't even > through it's first 3 minutes and this coyote showed up at 328 yds. > A 50 gr. Hornady V-Max from my .223 Rem. put her down in her > tracks. Thanks for the info! > > Mark > > Cashmere, WA > > > Another email: > > ![](justins-fox.jpg) > > Dear Al, > > I want to thank you for all your advice and the work you put into > your website! It has been a great tool and guide for me since I got > into fox/coyote calling just a year ago. I live in northwestern > Wisconsin. I decided to make the El-Cheapo caller and take it out > for a test trial. I made my own calling sequence due to the fact > that in our area a fox, coyote, or the rare bobcat around this area > may be within calling range. On my very first stand I used a series > of three Chicken distress calls with a minute of silence between > the distress calls. On the third distress call this beautiful gray > fox came bounding out of the woods and on a straight line for my > setup. He stopped at this fence line just 65 yards away. My 218 B > took the animal humanly and quickly with very minimal pelt damage. > Thank you again for all of you hard work and support for all of us > out there! Keep it coming! A grateful supporter, Justin > Pendleton > > > Another email: > > Hello Al, > > Just wanted to write you a quick "Thank You" note for the call > sounds I've downloaded from your site. They work better than I > could have ever imagined. You have put up such a great site with so > much helpful info that I have not even been able to read it all > yet, but I will. > > > > ![](wayne1.jpg)I have to tell about my first coyote hunt. I live in Central > Ohio and do quite a bit of hunting. Mostly Turkey, Deer and small > game such as Rabbit and Squirrel. I've been noticing more and more > Coyote and signs of Coyote the past few years so I decided I'd put > some time into shooting some of the little Rabbit eating suckers. > It's March here now and nothing else is in season so it seemed like > a good time to try something new. > > > > Anyway, my neighbor and hunting buddy Bryan and I went out this > past Sunday morning for our first try. Bryan owns a Sporting > goods/Bait and Tackle store here in town and has some of the > store-bought type electronic calls that can be bought. I've > downloaded the sequenced sounds and a few of the others from your > site. I've made myself a version (slightly different) of the > electronic call you have pictured. After playing around with his > calls and my homemade one with your sounds we both decided that > mine sounded better and was much louder, so we used it on the first > hunt. > > > > WOW! That's the best way to describe the action this thing made > happen. We got out to a friends 150 acre farm just before daylight. > Setup near the middle of the property next to large tree that was > big enough to conceal both of our outlines and turned on the call. > We had only been there about fifteen minutes when a Coyote came > trotting up from a small creek area straight in to my scope view. > One shot straight into the chest from the 22-250 at about 80 yards > and you can imagine this old male dog didn't do anything but fall > on the ground. > > > > I have never hunted anything and had it all happen this quick and > easy. What a blast. If it weren't 7:00am I would have been ready > for a beer. We sat and called for another hour or so but didn't see > anything else. I'm guessing there are more Coyotes in the area but > the shot at first one might have spooked them away. I'm going to > include a couple of the pictures we took that day. I'm the bigger > guy in the picture. I can't say it enough times. THANKS! [Wayne > Stephens](mailto:stephens.144REM0VETH1S@osu.edu) > > > Another Email: > > ![](eric-coyote2.jpg) > > ![](eric-coyote.jpg) > > A year ago I did not know how to call a coyote, and thanks to your > info > > I just killed my 43rd coyote. Thanks for all your help my deer > and > > hogs might make a comeback. Regards, Eric Dicke > > > Another Email showing the sound files work: > > Varmint Al, > > > > Just wanted to let you know that I really appreciate your tips, > sounds, and advice on your website. We entered into a Coyote > Calling Contest and look at the results. Check the attachments. Iï¿½m > a huge fan. Keep doing what youï¿½re doing buddy. Youï¿½re awesome. > Please feel free to do what you want with these pictures. > > > ![](steven-james3.jpg) > > > ![](steven-james4.jpg) > > > > We used your calls that were on the website. Specifically the ones > that we used were Jackrabbit Distress 1 and Jackrabbit Distress 2. > We entered into a coyote calling contest on the 19th of December. > The hunt was from Sun up to Sun down. The limits were a 100 mile > radius of El Paso, TX. We could have had a two or three person > team. James Wagner and Steven Holden set a team together the night > before the competition started and hunted in Sierra Blanca, TX > about 90 miles from El Paso. > > > ![](steven-james1.jpg) > > > ![](steven-james2.jpg) > > > > Out here in the desert there are PLENTY of coyotes to kill. I > really think that they are probably one of the most over populated > critters around. They will come to just about anything. We > downloaded your sounds onto my Foxpro and let them rip man. We had > coyotes on our position in 3 minutes or less on 3 different set > ups. We even called in a double on a coyote and bobcat. > Unfortunately we only got the coyote on that hunt because we didnï¿½t > see the bobcat until we got up to pick up the dog. It was an > awesome hunt man, and we ended up with a tie for 1st place in the > competition. Hope all is well with you Varmint Al. Thanks for your > website buddy. We couldnï¿½t have done it without you. Keep calling > those yotes. > > > > Steve and James > > > Note: I made all of the calling sounds on this page myself and recorded them with a microphone and my computer. They are MP3 files. You are welcome to download them, copy them, and use them any way you wish. I made the sounds to promote hunting and just for the fun of doing it. My reward is having more people enjoying hunting and quite likely supporting the Second Amendment. Good Hunting... from Varmint Al Short free sound files that are less than 5 seconds long: [![](sound.gif)](elkpowerhowl.mp3)Coyote greeting howl E.L.K. Power Howler [![](sound.gif)](elkchatterhowl.mp3)Coyote chatter howl E.L.K. Power Howler [![](sound.gif)](chowl1.mp3)Coyote greeting howl #2 Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler [![](sound.gif)](chowl2.mp3)Coyote greeting howl #3 Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler [![](sound.gif)](chowldk.mp3)Coyote greeting howl Dennis Kirk Howler [![](sound.gif)](wwcall.mp3)Hurt Jackrabbit with Woods Wise with Vari-pitched howler [![](sound.gif)](circlej.mp3)Circe Jackrabbit call [![](sound.gif)](circlec.mp3)Circe Cotton Tail call [![](sound.gif)](dtpc2.mp3)Dan Thompson PC-2 rabbit screams [![](sound.gif)](fbleat.mp3)Fawn Bleat with a single reed diaphragm [![](sound.gif)](challang.mp3)Challenge Bark with the Dan Thompson coyote howler call [![](sound.gif)](hurtpup.mp3)Hurt pup with the Johnny Stewart PC-1 vari-pitched call THE CALL.... My favorite call was the Woods Wise Vari-pitched howler, but the mouthpiece broke. Not sure they are still selling them. You can get one from Wing Supply Model No. WW060 or the latest RedHead catalog. You can't make a decent [![](sound.gif)coyote howl](chowl.mp3) like this with it, but you can make the most varied [![](sound.gif)hurt jackrabbit to cotton tail](wwcall.mp3) calls with it. Just by biting down on the two halves of the mouthpiece you can vary the pitch. [*Note.* The Wood Wise call finally broke and I can't find another one. I have switched to the Johnny Stewart PC-1 Variable call and it works just as well if not better.] Opening and closing your hand around the end of the call is almost as important as the air pressure on the mouth end. If you do it correctly, you can almost feel the bobcat's teeth as he is biting down on the back of the cotton tail. It can be loud or soft and with the most emotion of any call I have used. A real winner. It does have one problem. After about 30 minutes of use, the reed travels down the mouthpiece toward the exit of the call. Then it gets difficult to make the soft whimpering sounds and takes about twice the air to use. Just take the mouthpiece out and pry open from the exit end and slide the reed to the front. I use the back of a pocket knife blade (while it is closed) between the front of the two plastic pieces that you bite on. This leverages it so you can move the reed forward. It is hard to explain with words, but once you have the call in your hand and see that the reed has moved, you will figure out a way to move it forward. \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| \| The various calls I carry in my fanny pack are: Top Row:1. Extra 243 Win rounds. 2. Cleaning Snake 243 Caliber 3. Two Meter Ham Radio 4. LED flashlight Bottom Row:1. Replica Weems by Dan Thompson 2. L&M Howler 3. Burnham Bro. D4 Deer Call 4. Very High Pitch Howler 5. Circe Jack Rabbit Call 6. L&M Jack Rabbit Call 7. Long Valley Predator Call 8. Haydel Coyote Howler 9. Dan Thompson P-3 Call 10. Dan Thompson P-2 Call 11. Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler 12. E.L.K. Power Howler Bottom:1. Turkey Diaphragm Calls 2. Squeaker 3. Johnny Stewart PC-1 Call \| RABBIT SCREAMS.... My second favorite is a pair of calls and they are the [![](sound.gif)Circe Jackrabbit](circlej.mp3) and [![](sound.gif)Circe Cottontail](circlec.mp3) calls. The jackrabbit call is loud! It can be raspy and have lots of emotion. The cottontail call is not quite so loud, but I have brought in coyotes from a mile away with it. Be sure to use your hand around the end of the call, causing back-pressure and then releasing the pressure. Opening and closing your hand around the end of the call is almost as important as the air pressure on the mouth end. The Johnny Stewart's PC-1 vari-pitched call is very good. It has a rubber button that you can bite down on and a tiny teat of rubber that clamps the metal reed. You can make all of the jackrabbit and cottontail pleading sounds with it. It is very good there, but you can make it sound like a [![](sound.gif)hurt coyote pup](hurtpup.mp3). That is where it shines. You can duplicate the ki-yi high-pitched sounds of a pup being trounced by a big invading male coyote. This call is great in the springtime or early summer when the pups are still young and haven't left the home range. COYOTE HOWL.... The Dan Thompson coyote howler call is the best howler I have used. I can talk a pretty good "hurt rabbit", but when I talk "coyote", I am not sure I am always using the correct message. I am improving with howling, and on several occasions, it has worked very well. A regular greeting [![](sound.gif)howl](chowl1.mp3) sometimes works. Repeat it three times, then wait a few minutes and then repeat the series. They will seldom answer. When they come in, it will usually be a slow and quiet approach. They fear you might be a much bigger coyote than they are! They come in with caution, but not always. I once saw 4 coyotes running across a flat area about a mile away. I tried the Circe Jackrabbit call on them and there was absolutely no effect. I gave three greeting howls and they turned on a dime and started trotting my way. I made no more calls and they continued toward me. There were some bushes in front of me (bad situation). Well, they never did stop. When the scope was full of fur, I missed one and never got another shot. It happens that way some times! There were four of them, and maybe that is why they came in so fast. MAKING THE COYOTE HOWL.... It is difficult to explain in words how to make a [![](sound.gif)greeting howl](chowl.mp3), but I will give it a try. The greeting howl is 2 or 3 barks followed a 2 to 3 second high pitched howl. It takes a lot of practice to get it right. To make the two or three barks at the start you put about 80% of the Dan Thompson Red Desert mouthpiece in your mouth (with the reed up) and do a sharp fast "huff" into the call and at the same time you pull the mouthpiece out of your mouth about a quarter of an inch. The long howl at the end starts like a bark, but you pull the mouthpiece out of your mouth about half way and squeeze on the reed to make the pitch go higher. The [![](sound.gif)challenge bark](challang.mp3) has the 2 or 3 barks followed by a high pitched howl for about 1 second. During the short howl, the pressure is varied to make the variable pitch during the howl. It will take a lot of practice. [VarmintCaller.com](http://www.varmintcaller.com/Calling/calling.htm) Good Calling Sequences and Custom Calls. HOW YOUR HOWL SOUNDS TO THE COYOTE.... One thing to remember is that the howl that you are making is going to be heard way out there, maybe 400 yards or more. It does not sound to the coyote like it does to you as you make the howl. It might sound raspy or not perfect to you, but at that distance the coyote merely hears a "howl". All of the detail that you can hear as you are blowing the howl is lost as the sound travels 400 yards or more. The higher frequency sound details are attenuated more traveling through the air than lower frequencies. If the coyote was sitting right next to you he would know that the howl is fake, but at a distance he can't tell the difference. Coyote howling works. Get a howler and give it a try. It is easy to talk the coyote with practice. COYOTE TALK WITH A HOWLER.... I took Steve, a young kid (22 years old), out calling with me. We setup on each side of a pond on the hillsides about 250 yards apart. I could watch the hillside in back of Steve and he could see anything coming into the call above and behind me. Well about 3 minutes into the rabbit cries with a Dan Thompson PC-3 here comes a coyote off to my right at a fast run. At about 30 yards, I tried to swivel to the right (difficult for a right handed shooter) and the coyote spotted the movement and reversed directions and went up the hill behind me and out of sight and also out of sight to Steve. Thinking there might be another coyote in the area, I continued with the rabbit screams and the coyote started a warning bark. I used the Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler and answered with a challenge bark. The coyote answered back with a challenge bark. I continued to talk to him for about 15 minutes. I was hoping he would move to a location where Steve could get a shot. Later Steve told me he was seeing glimpses of him, but he would only stay still for a second or two and then move out of sight again. Finally, I switched back to the rabbit screams and here comes two more coyotes at a dead run off to the right. Again I had to swivel to the right and I was just ready to line up on one as he stopped and he dropped. Steve got him from across the canyon. The other one ran off and the first coyote quit barking. It was one exciting stand and Steve came across the canyon telling me all of the things he had seen. I have a calling partner for sure. I called in 3 more coyotes at different stands later in the day and Steve got another one that was just a young pup. It was a good day and the howler made the difference between success and failure on that first stand. Don't give up when they start barking at you. Remember that ALL the coyotes in the area will be listening and even if you can't get the one who has spotted you and is barking at you to come in, the others might come in like they are on a leash. Also it is very good calling practice to learn coyote talk when you answer each one of his barks and switch it over to a challenge bark. MORE COYOTE TALK WITH HOWLERS.... I was up on a camping/hunting trip in the High Sierras and camped on Baltic Ridge. The coyotes in the area must have been call wise. I tried a number of stands with rabbit scream calls. I didn't bring in a single coyote. I did see some bear tracks and was cautiously watching my backside during the calling. The second morning, I got to a good overhanging rock with an excellent view of any approaching coyote and decided to try calling with a howler. I have the Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler and a Songdog Howler. The Dan Thompson is a bit on the high pitch side (young coyote) and the Songdog howler is even higher pitched (very young coyote). Here is how it went: SIMULATING A FIGHT.... I sounded two greeting calls with the Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler. I heard an answer from a couple of coyotes more than a mile away. I answered with a couple more greeting calls. I waited about a minute and then sounded about six challenge barks with the Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler. Then I answered these with a series of challenge barks from the Songdog howler. I waited about 3 minutes and then started a series of three hurt pup calls with the Songdog howler. That was it. I quit calling. During all of this calling, there were no answers from the distant coyotes. About 10 minutes later a large male coyote came trotting up the hill and made a fatal stop at about 100 yards in clear view. During the complete series of calls, no rabbit screams were used at all. I was trying to create a series of calls that would simulate a fight between two young coyotes. The idea was that the coyotes in the area would then want to run both of them out of their territory. Well, it worked. DENNIS KIRK HOWLER.... I received my new Dennis Kirk Howler in the mail yesterday. It sounds pretty good. It is a little larger in diameter than the Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler, but not too much. It will still fit in my fanny pack. I have played with it a little and here is a pretty respectable greeting [![](sound.gif)howl](chowldk.mp3) on it. I will try it in the field and report here on how well it works. SD COYOTE HOWLER.... I received the SD Coyote Howler by Steve W. Thompson in the mail. I tried it out here in the computer room and the dogs went wild. It is very easy to blow and sounds pretty good to me. It does not sound like a big male coyote, more like a young male or a female. I will try it in the field in a few days. Saturday is the first day of pheasant season and I have to do my duty and walk the dog, but next week I will test it in the field. Here is a [![](sound.gif)greeting howl](stc1.mp3) with it. One pro caller said I am holding the howl a bit too long. I will try to shorten things up a bit in the future. Here is a [![](sound.gif)challenge bark](stcb2.mp3) that sounds pretty good. And finally here is a [![](sound.gif)hurt pup](sthp2.mp3) being chewed up by a big alpha male and calling for his mother, while he is trying to get away. I think Steve has a pretty good call here. Email [Steve](mailto:rattler51@pie.midco.net) if you want to talk to him about calls. ![](snake.jpg) Crotalus viridis viridis ![](good.gif)RATTLESNAKES.... Steve not only makes a good coyote call. He also has a web site with a wealth of information about [Rattlesnakes](http://www.sdsnake.com/Rat.htm) plus the distinctive rattling sound. ![](coyotecr.gif)![check.gif (165 bytes)](check.gif)CHEAP DIAPHRAGM CALL.... I have been using a new call for coyotes that is working very well. It takes a while to learn how to use it, but it is time well spent. It is an H.S. STRUT Mag 3.5 Diaphragm Wild Turkey Call. The call has 3 reeds closely spaced and one reed spaced back halfway up the opening. I got it from [Wing Supply](http://www.wingsupply.com/) at 800-388-9464 Model No. 9900832 for $1.99. That price is hard to beat. The call is placed on the roof of your mouth with the open end of the "U" pointing out and the short reed facing down toward your tongue. I am not good at making turkey sounds, but here is the call imitating a [![](sound.gif)hen turkey](turkey.mp3). By using more pressure and longer sounds, the same call will make good raspy sounding [![](sound.gif)hurt jackrabbit](jr-3p5.mp3) screams. Turn the call over and it behaves like a single reed call without the raspy sound. Here is a fairly good [![](sound.gif)fawn bleat](fb-3p5.mp3). Add some pressure with sharp bursts and you have a coyote [![](sound.gif)hurt pup](hp-3p5.mp3) call. That is quite a variety of sounds for one call. Using the call, your hands are free and you can be looking through the scope and still calling. When they stop at 200 yards and you want to coach them a bit closer, try blowing softly and make [![](sound.gif)rabbit whimper](wh-3p5.mp3) sounds. This sounds like the rabbit is just about dead and brings them right in. This is really a very soft sound, but it sounds loud on the computer system. OTHER COYOTE SOUNDS.... Here is the [![](sound.gif)challenge bark](challang.mp3). Repeat this in a series of threes or fours, for about a minute. I believe this tells any coyote around (in the California dialect) that you're new in the territory and you're going to take over. This is an invitation to fight. You won't bring in many females or young males with this call. Finally, the mouth diaphragm calls are very good. They take the most work of all. You really have to use air pressure and lots of diaphragm control to make them sound correctly. I used to play a bassoon in the 8th Army Band in Seoul, Korea and it is as hard as playing the bassoon to get the most out of them. Again, the standard predator diaphragms will make the jackrabbit and cottontail sounds. If you get a standard hen turkey call, you can make a great [![](sound.gif)hurt coyote pup call](hurtpup.mp3). The hurt pup call works, even in areas where lots of calling has been done and there are no virgin ears around. ![](good.gif)CALLING WITH EMOTION.... I like to start the calling with a medium volume. While calling, picture in your mind's eye a cottontail just being caught by a bobcat. The cat takes a bite on its shoulders. The cottontail is surprised and suddenly starts urgent screams. After a few screams, the cat relaxes a bit and the urgency decreases to a whimper. The whimpers have a quivering, crying, pleading sound. Then another bite and it hurts. Urgency again and the rabbit is getting weaker. Then the cat starts biting off chunks and the urgency is there, but the strength is going and more quivering. If the coyote out there doesn't get here pretty fast, there will be nothing left to eat! Now the screams are slower and weaker, almost like moaning. Visualize your calling this way. It makes for much more believable sounds. The same thing applies if you are doing the hurt coyote pup call. Watch that big male coyote take a bite and the pup cowers and screams and whimpers. ![](good.gif)NEW CALLING SEQUENCE.... I have recently been using a new calling sequence that has brought in 4 coyotes in the last two outings. Here is how it works. I start with the medium sized Dan Thompson PC-2 rabbit call and blow a series of [![](sound.gif)rabbit screams](dtpc2.mp3) for about 2-3 minutes. I wait for about 3-4 minutes and then blow two [![](sound.gif)greeting howls](chowl2.mp3) with the Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler. I try to make the howls on the anemic side representing a young coyote. I didn't get an answer and don't expect an answer to the howl. You are in the coyote's home territory and he will come to run you off for eating one of his its rabbits. The anemic howl has told him that you are weak and a pushover. At least, that is the theory. ![](good.gif)CALLING DURATION.... My calling sequences take about 2-3 minutes until the rabbit is just about dead. Then I wait about 3-5 minutes and repeat. If it is a really good location, I will revive the rabbit for another 2-3 minute sequence. Then I sit there for at least another 15 minutes. I have had some "walk-in" coyotes. They know where the sound was coming from, but they were in no hurry. When you finally feel nothing is coming and are ready to quit, stand up at the alert. A coyote could be sitting where you can't see him and then he will show himself. Do a complete 360ï¿½ scan before you leave. OLD DOG LEARNING NEW TRICKS.... I was on a recent hunting/fishing trip into the Sweetwater Mountains of California and I successfully called in a couple of coyotes. The new trick I learned is how to make the rabbit squeal sound raspy without humming into the call. I was using the Dan Thompson PC-3 call that produces rabbit screams and it is very good. I had been using it by blowing into it and using my hand opening and closing the end of the call to make the sounds. [![](sound.gif)PC-3 plain](plain.mp3) is how it sounds when I blow it this way. This is a very productive sound and does bring in coyotes. But, I have heard that humming into the call works better. I don't think so. [![](sound.gif)PC-3 hum](hum.mp3) is how it sounds when I hum into the call as I am blowing. This does not sound right to me. MAKING THE RASPY SOUND.... Here is the new trick. I played an Alto Horn and Trumpet when I was in the Marching Band in Korea. (I played a bassoon in the concert band). I was sitting there calling coyotes and nothing was coming in and I got to looking at the mouthpiece of the call and it looks like a trumpet mouthpiece! I am sure that Dan Thompson made it that way on purpose. So, I thought I would try the call while blowing it like a trumpet. WOW! What a sound it makes when you blow the call that way. It has a raspy ness that just reeks of a coyote chewing apart a rabbit while the rabbit is choking on its own blood. [![](sound.gif)PC-3 Raspy](raspy.mp3) is how it sounds when you use the call like a trumpet mouthpiece. I make a light raspberry sound with my lips like blowing a trumpet as I am calling. If you have a call with a mouthpiece like this, give it a try. It takes a little practice, but is very easy to do. ![](twocalls.jpg) \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| \| [Dan Thompson Game Calls](http://www.danthompsongamecalls.com/) Red Desert Howler & PC-3 Coyote Calls You may reach Dan at: Dan Thompson P.O. Box Rawlins WY 82301 307-328-4079 [DanAndWandat@msn.com](mailto:danandwandat@msn.com) \| A CALLING SEQUENCE THAT WORKS.... Here is the calling sequence I was using that was working very well. I would start with two or three coyote howls using the Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler. In the photo above, the calls are sitting on top of a floppy disk so you can get an idea of their size. [![](sound.gif)DT Howl 1](dthowl1.mp3) and [![](sound.gif)DT Howl 2](dthowl2.mp3) are what the howler sounds like. Note that the pitch is high and squeaky. I am not trying to imitate an alpha male coyote that has a low pitched howl. I am trying to imitate a young coyote who doesn't know what he is doing. This weak and immature call invites the local coyote pack to come and run the intruder out of their territory. After the howls, I wait about two-three minutes. If any coyotes are close, they might come in quietly. I have not had any coyotes answer the howls. (Twice, after writing this, I have had answers, but it is very unusual.) Then I start with the [![](sound.gif)PC-3 Raspy 1](raspy1.mp3) using a low volume. I make that call for 20 or 30 seconds and then quit. In another two or three minutes, I switch to a louder [![](sound.gif)PC-3 Raspy](raspy.mp3) for another 30 seconds or so. After about 10 minutes or 3 series of this and if nothing shows, I do the [![](sound.gif)PC-3 Flutter](flutter.mp3) in case a coyote is hanging up out of sight. If you have a call with a mouthpiece shaped like a trumpet mouthpiece, give this technique a try. If I have only a few places where I can make stands, I repeat the whole series again from start to finish. I usually just sit quietly after I finish calling for about 10 or 15 minutes. I have had "walk in" coyotes that leisurely come in to investigate. Note: In the new [Lock, Stock & Barrel Catalog](http://www.lockstock.com/), I notice the they carry the Dan Thompson line of calls. [![](sound.gif)](dthowl1.mp3)Coyote anemic greeting howl #1 Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler [![](sound.gif)](dthowl2.mp3)Coyote anemic greeting howl #2 Dan Thompson Red Desert Howler [![](sound.gif)](plain.mp3)Rabbit scream Dan Thompson PC-3 plain [![](sound.gif)](hum.mp3)Rabbit scream Dan Thompson PC-3 humming [![](sound.gif)](raspy.mp3)Rabbit scream Dan Thompson PC-3 raspy playing trumpet [![](sound.gif)](flutter.mp3)Rabbit scream Dan Thompson PC-3 raspy flutter ELECTRONIC CALLS.... I have tried an electronic call. It is a "Trucall 1.1" and looks like a bullhorn. It has 10 electronic sounds. I got it about 3 years ago from Wing Supply, but they don't list it anymore. Note that the numbering on the list was probably done by the programmer who wrote the software for the chips. To a programmer, a zero is a perfectly good number in a list! ;-) 0. Bark Howl Coyote (really a greeting howl) 1. Course Cottontail 2. Distress Jackrabbit 3. Distress Fawn 4. Squeaker Rodent 5. Grey Fox Pup (I like this one the best) 6. Distress Woodpecker 7. Raccoon Squaller 8. Fighting Crow-Owl 9. Multiple Baby Crow I have used it about 30+ times, in some really good locations and have called in only 2 coyotes. My success rate is much better with hand calls. The sound quality has a lot of "white noise" along with the sounds. It is loud when you turn up the volume! It runs on 8 AA batteries and only weighs about 3 lb. The sounds are generated on a chip and are repeated about every 30 seconds. Same series over and over. It is still in my truck, but it is gathering dust. I like the hand calls and diaphragm calls a lot better and they are more effective for me. I have another old electronic call that is merely a tape player with a gel cell battery in a tool box. I have tried it about 20+ times and have NEVER brought in a coyote with it. I gave up on it altogether. The sound quality was not good. ![](good.gif)FAWN CAUGHT IN A FENCE.... If you are in deer country where there are barbed wire fences, here is a trick you can try. One time or another, every coyote out there has probably caught a meal that has been entangled in a fence. Make your stand next to the fence midway between the posts where you can see well and try this. Make the fawn in distress call like [![](sound.gif)this](deer4.mp3) (see the section on deer calls). While you make the call, take a stick or your hand and hit the wire of the fence simulating a fawn struggling on the fence wire. The wire sound will travel a long way down the fence line. ![](super.gif)FAWN BLEAT.... A few weeks ago, there was a TV news story about a fawn trapped in a sewer drain. The police roped the fawn and pulled it out of the hole. While the guy was holding the fawn, it was bleating. I got out a call and tried to imitate the sound. Here is the [![](sound.gif)Fawn Bleat](fbleat.mp3) with an old single reed diaphragm call. It works too. Yesterday, I went to one of my coyote hunting places and tried it out. These coyotes are smart and they have heard everything I have to offer. I setup where I had a good view of the hillside around a small pond. I started with the fawn bleat using a tube call. After 5 minutes, nothing. Then I switched to a diaphragm call (it sounds better with the diaphragm call) and after 5 minutes more, there was a new object up on the hillside. It was a big male coyote sitting looking at me at 300 yards. With the 243 Sako, I dialed in 275 yards on the scope and setup on my Bi-Fur-Pod and touched one off. Bang -- Whoop! He tumbled over like a sack of flour. When I climbed up to him, I could see his track in the grass and he had headed from up-wind to get down-wind of my position. I noticed a lot of coyote scat in the area and it was solid black/dark brown hair from cows and calves. The farmer will be happy to find out about one less coyote. Give the fawn bleat a try. Sound out about 6 or 7 bleats then wait a minute or so and then repeat. More on the fawn bleat two days later. I went to a different section and tried the fawn bleat call again. I gave out a series of 6 calls and quit and waited. About 30 seconds later here comes a critter from up wind about 350 yards out at a hard run straight toward me. It was a doe! She continued the hard run until she was about 100 yards out and stopped. Well, I was still trying to bring in a coyote, so I ignored her and gave out another series of fawn bleats. The doe charged toward me and stopped about 40 ft from me. I was getting a bit nervous that I should stand up and let her know what I was. She started making the [![](sound.gif)doe warning cough](doecoff.mp3) at me and began to move around me to a down wind position. After a standoff of about five minutes, she had moved enough to get a whiff of me and she took off and stopped about 200 yards out. Well, I continued to call and now had a live decoy out there coughing at me at regular intervals. It was interesting, but all I called in was the doe. I must have the sound of the fawn bleat down pretty well! ![](coyc.gif)WATCH THE TRAILS.... Where is the coyote going to come from? Coyotes like a quiet approach. Using the trails is easiest and makes the least noise. Busting through the brush or tall grass makes the most noise. Look for them to come in on a trail or an old road. They will most often use the line of least resistance. I hunted near a large lake a couple of years ago. Up each drainage into the lake, I would check the dry wash for a trail. If there was a well-established trail with coyote tracks, it was easy. I would make a stand where I could see about 100 to 200 yards of the trail. Start calling up the canyon and watch the trail. Got two coyotes at that lake coming down the trails. I called in a third one to within 20 feet of me on the inlet streambed and never got a chance for a shot. I didn't follow my own 100-200 yard recommendation! ![check.gif (165 bytes)](check.gif)INDICATORS.... Watch and listen for indicators that a coyote is approaching. Out here in the west, one of the best indicators is the ground squirrel. ![](sqalertr.gif)When they first see a coyote, they will give a warning burst of chirps and then continue with single chirps about every 2 seconds. If you can see the squirrel that is chirping, the way he is standing will be an indication of the direction of the coyote. The squirrel will be positioned so either the right or left profile will be facing the coyote. Remember, "eyes to the sides" is prey and "eyes facing forward" is predator. Squirrels eyes are designed for 360ï¿½ viewing. DEER AS AN INDICATOR.... Another good indicator is deer. I was once calling when a spike buck stepped out in the open about 250 yards up wind. He watched me call for about 5 minutes, then turned his head to the side for a few seconds and then quickly bolted out of sight. From behind the direction he ran, two coyotes appeared. I got one, and almost got the second. Just wasn't fast enough with the bolt. Cattle also make good indicators. While you are calling, they should be looking at you. If they start looking in a different direction, there is probably a coyote coming in from that direction. I was calling from under an oak tree and there were about a dozen cows watching me on the far hillside at 200 yards. All of a sudden, the cows spooked and sure enough there was a coyote on the hillside in the thick trees. I played peek a boo with that coyote for about 15 minutes. The cows had stopped and were looking in his direction. I could tell about where he was, but he wouldn't show himself, and wouldn't leave. I was using the hurt pup call and giving the ki-yi's at about 2 minute intervals. I could catch glimpses of him between the trees. Finally he stopped for about 3 seconds in a 2 foot clearing. That's all it took. It was a big male. Listen for birds too. Birds in the tree tops will often harass a moving coyote. If you see a bunch of birds fly off all of a sudden, that is an indicator. Often crows will circle you while you are calling. Watch to see if they circle another area. There could be a coyote there. ![](coyoter.gif)GETTING CLOSER.... You are calling and you see a coyote coming in, what do you do? This is a tough one. If I am actually blowing on the call and I see a coyote on a fast approach, I have a tendency to stop calling in mid scream and drop the call in the dirt and move the rifle toward him. Most of those times that reaction didn't work very well. The coyote saw me, too! On my cooler moments, I whimper off the calling (rather quickly), then sit still while the coyote is still coming in. Remember that, while he is getting closer, your chances are getting better. Also, it takes about a minute to really get fully pumped up with adrenaline and to make it practically impossible to hold the rifle steady! ;-) Try to wait until the approaching coyote goes behind something or is watching where he is running. Then, get your rifle lined up. Taking a standing shot at 250 yards is much easier for me than a 50 yard running shot at 45ï¿½ quartering away. Try to wait for a standing shot. When they stop closer than about 75 yards out and look at you, you will usually have about 1-2 seconds to do the deed. Practice the fast trigger squeeze on some of the closer ground hogs or ground squirrels. THE STAND.... Walk into the wind to set up your stand if possible. Sit in front of some object to break up your outline and sit in the shade if possible. I have had coyotes come very close, even when I am out in the open with no camo or backdrop. Coyotes see things, but they are not sure what they are looking at. But when coyotes smell you, they know instantly and exactly that you are danger and vacate fast! Pick a location where you can see out 100 yards or more in front of you and to the sides, if possible. If you call where there is no clear view of the coyote's approach, they will come in behind cover and you won't see a thing. You will only have made another wise coyote! That coyote will probably never come to your call again. Next time, his refusal to come to the call will also alert any other coyote with him to avoid your call. If there is some cover or bush right in front of you, any coyote that comes in will use that cover and stay behind it where it can't be seen. Sit in front of the bush to avoid this, if possible. HAVE THE RIFLE READY.... I have the rifle ready for action before I start calling. I setup my Bi-Fur-Pod sticks and put the rifle on them with the buttstock to my shoulder in the shooting position. I check to make sure the scope is on low power (4X on the Tasco) and set the objective to 200 yards. The parallax will not be a problem for close shots and I won't have to make an adjustment for a longer shot. If a coyote hangs up at 250-300 yards I will have time to increase the scope power, but when a coyote appears close, I will not be able to move or have time to adjust the scope. It gets exciting looking at a coyote at 10-20 yards! HUNTING PARTNER.... Place your hunting partner to the left or right, where he can see behind you (down wind). If you are near the bottom of a canyon, you can call from up one side and your partner can sit on the other side where he can see above you. The idea is to pick a place where your partner can watch the coyotes approach you, even if you can't see them. I have done most of my hunting solo. You can do a very good job by yourself, but there will be some coyotes that will circle and sneak up on you from downwind and then leave and you won't have any idea that they are there. HUNTING WEATHER & TIME OF DAY.... This is easy. Go hunting every chance you get. You will have a difficult time calling when the wind is much stronger than 10 MPH. You can't be heard very far up wind, and downwind has your scent splattered all over the place. I haven't tried much calling in the rain. I will leave that for the more hardy and dedicated hunters to discuss. The best time of day to hunt is early morning before sunup. Get to your stand and wait until you can clearly see any approaching coyotes. Start calling softly. The coyotes will be active and on the move between first light and sunup. You can hunt all day long. I have called in many coyotes right in the middle of the day. Around sunset, the coyotes will be on the move again and it is also a very good time to call, but when it gets so dark you can't see an approaching coyote, you might call one in and spook it so it will be wise to the call. NO NIGHT HUNTING FOR ME.... I don't hunt at night and have no experience with hunting at night with lights. I hunt on mostly private land with cattle and other livestock. I often make a stand very near the cattle. The ranchers don't want to hear shots on their land at night and I can't blame them. I want to be very sure it is a coyote before I shoot and I can't do that in the dark. I also need to be sure of what is behind the coyote before I take the shot. [![](sticks.gif)](abifu.htm) There is now a separate page for making a Bi-Fur-Pod Rifle Support. Click to go to the [Bi-Fur-Pod Rifle Support Page](abifu.htm). ![](screw.gif) ![](wileyone.gif) [Wiley One Howler](http://www.wileyonepredatorcalls.com/) I recently received a Wiley One Howler. It makes a very good coyote howl and an excellent hurt pup sound. Here are some example of the sounds. [![](sound.gif)Coyote Howl](wileyoneh.mp3) with the Wiley One Howler 976KB [![](sound.gif)Hurt Coyote Pup](wileyonehp.mp3) with the Wiley One Howler 963KB [![](lvcall.gif) Long Valley Predator Call](http://www.longvalleypredatorcalls.com/) by Brett Wilson PO Box 304 Antlers, OK 74523 (580) 298-9083 ![](brettem.gif) LONG VALLEY PREDATOR CALL.... I have been using the Long Valley Predator Call lately. Is is in open reed call. The mouthpiece is not inserted, but machined as and integral part of the call body. The call is very easy to blow and control. It makes a very good young coyote howl and a wicked hurt jackrabbit scream. On the very first outing I called in a young coyote. I had Tide with me, on his second coyote hunt, and Tide bolted at the sight of the coyote, about 30 yards. The coyote took off over a rise and was into full afterburner by the time I saw him again and I performed a perfect miss! Brett does not have a web page for his calls. If you are interested in a well made custom call, give Brett a ring. MARSH CREEK.... Tried coyote calling on Marsh Creek today (5/24/05). I started with the Johnny Stewart PC-1 at the first 3 stands and no takers. I got to the place where I made the very first stand with the rancher 15 years ago, and he missed a coyote. At a later stand back then we got a big male that came into a diaphragm call. The rancher was impressed and gave the keys to all of his gates. FAST MOVING CATTLE.... I moved a little farther to the east that old stand and started with the Long Valley Predator call. It is very easy to blow and I was doing a Jackrabbit scream. The first thing that happened was that about 50 cows that I hadnï¿½t seen started running toward me. They came in to about 40 yards and stopped. I stayed seated and gave another series of Jackrabbit. The cows took off running away as fast as they could go. CHANGE SOUNDS - SAME CALL.... Not to be discouraged, I started pinching up on the open reed and made higher pitched rabbit sounds. Here comes the cows again. They hold up at about 30 yards and they look like they are going to be mean. I am thinking about standing up and waving and hollering at them. The cows look start looking nervous and one calf starts bellowing. I give out some more Jackrabbit and the cows turn and run off again. I relax and start the high pitch sounds again. Off to the right here comes a scraggly looking coyote. All I could do is move my sticks to the right. The coyote runs off down the hill out of sight. GETTING READY.... The coyote can't leave completely without me seeing it at about 150 yards. So, I swivel around and get setup in the direction the coyote took. At about 140 yards, it comes into sight. It wasnï¿½t running very fast, but I am not good at running shots. I held up and whistled at it like one would a dog. It stopped. That was all it took. One second later, the .243 95 gr Nosler Ballistic Tip caught it right behind the shoulder. She went about 30 yards and piled up in the long grass. ![](coy5-24.jpg) POOR CONDITION AND MANGE.... Here is a picture of the dry female. She had mange and her pelt was very poor. Even with a poor pelt, she could still do damage to the cows while they were calving. The rancher will be happy when I write him a letter telling him about the hunt. Second coyote at the old Red Barn. TOO DRY FOR GROUND SQUIRRELS.... I was going to do some ground squirrel control. I have access to an old dairy ranch and long ago there used to be a big red barn. Well, the red color faded years ago and last year if one looked carefully, he could see a hint of red. This year, the barn collapsed into an antique wood pile. Most of the ground squirrels are in the next field to the west where I was working on them last year. WHEAT READY TO HARVEST.... Went to this location to shoot some ground squirrels, but the rancher is growing wheat there and it is popcorn f@rt dry and I didnï¿½t want to do a lot of shooting in those conditions. I didn't want to take a chance of causing a fire. Since I was already there, I very carefully parked my truck so the catalytic converter would be in the clear and not touch any dry grass where it could possibly start a fire. MADE A STAND.... I walked in the last ï¿½ of a mile and made a stand. I used the Long Valley Predator Call and started with some very high pitched screeches. A couple series of these and no coyotes, but the ground squirrels came alive and were chirping at me. I switched over to a very loud cottontail scream and still nothing. I could see 3 or 4 ground squirrels setting up and one was giving me the steady chirp -- chirp -- chirp. I was about to give it up and decided to give out a hurt pup. There was nothing to foul up since the stand couldnï¿½t get any worse than nothing. On the second series of hurt pup calls, I spotted a coyote heading my way at about 300 yards. He was difficult to see because the grass and wheat was very tall. At about 175 yards the coyote got to the spot of the red dot in the picture and stopped. The Sako barked and I heard the WHOP! The coyote went down. I continued with the hurt pup call for another 10 minutes, but nothing. ![](coy5-29b.jpg) The coyote stopped at about 175 yards, see the red dot in the picture. ![](coy5-29a.jpg) Used the Long Valley Predator Call to bring in this coyote. YOUNG MALE COYOTE.... When I got to the coyote, he could raise his head so I applied the finishing shot. It was a large male and from his teeth and very little wear, he appeared to be about 2 years old. I will have to wait until they harvest the wheat before I can work on the ground squirrels in that area. There appear to be quite a few of them and with all that wheat they should be fat targets in a couple of months. I left that property and went to the next area I have access to, but the rancher was rounding up his cattle so I left that area. I didnï¿½t want to bother him. One aside. The last time I talked to this particular rancher he wanted one of my ï¿½Business Cardsï¿½ so he could prove to his rancher friend up in Canby, CA that he really knew Varmint Al. The web page does pay off. ![](coy5-29c.jpg) A photogenic ground squirrel at the upper pond. ![](coy5-29d.jpg) Another view of the same ground squirrel. He got a pass. GROUND SQUIRREL CONTROL.... Went to the third piece of property and after going through one locked gates 4 other gates I made 2 coyote calling stands, but no takers. However, the upper pond had a number of young ground squirrels on the dam face. I got out the CZ 452 17 HMR and did a little ground squirrel control. The only shade I could sit in was only about 75 yards from the dam and I went 30 straight on ground squirrels. That CZ sure is a great shooting rifle. I have about 300 rounds through the barrel since last cleaning and see no need to clean it now. It sure seems to like a fouled barrel for best accuracy. ![](screw.gif) [![](kmcall.gif)](http://www.l-mcalls.com/HomePage.htm) [New L&M Coyote Call](http://www.l-mcalls.com/HomePage.htm) The people at L&M Predator Calls sent me a call to test. It has a medium pitch like a cottontail and has a concave mouthpiece like a trumpet. It really sounds good and with the concave mouthpiece I can make it as raspy as I want. I went up to the Sweetwater Mtns and gave it a field-test. Here is the first coyote. ![](kandm1b.jpg) It was about 9:00am and Rush was on the AM radio. I heard coyotes howling on the hill north of Lobdell lake. Well, enough of Rush. I got my rifle and Bi-Fur-Pod and selected the Dan Thompson Howler and the new L&M call. Off we went heading for a good stand in the sage brush. We (Bart hunts coyotes with me) setup in the shade of a small white bark pine tree. I put Bart on a very short leash tied to my belt. If he were to lunge forward, he couldn't get as far as the muzzle of the rifle. I scanned the ridge top with my binoculars and there were 2 coyotes at about 1000 yards and in among the cattle. I gave two greeting howls and they stopped and looked my way. They were not that interested. I started with the L&M call and made a medium volume distress call. The highest coyote started walking toward me and stopped after traveling about 50 yards. The second coyote stopped but didn't come my way. About this time Bart stiffens up and does a very low growl. A third coyote was headed toward us out of the creek bottom. If Bart hadn't warned me, I wouldn't have seen it. This male was circling around and headed downwind and went out of sight over the rise. I moved the sticks around to match his possible approach. I guessed pretty well and he stopped at about 75 yards just peaking at me through a sage brush. That was all the target I needed. One shot and one coyote down. ![](kandm1a.jpg) The 243 95 gr Nosler Ballistic Tip entered just above his nose and there was no exit. ![](kandm1.jpg) Here is Bart posing with the coyote. He makes a great coyote hunting dog. Bart is my eyes, ears, and nose. He watches while I am calling and is very alert. ![](kandm2.jpg) The next morning we got coyote number 2 with the L&M call. This was near the top of Monitor Pass. It was just after sunrise and we setup in the shadow of a large outcropping. I picked a pretty good spot with elevation for visibility. I started calling with the L&M call and did about 3 series and was just setting and waiting. About 15 minutes had passed and I was about ready to give up. Bart started his low growl and there was a coyote coming up the dirt trail we had walked on to get to the spot. I moved the sticks around and didn't want to take the shot while the coyote was walking. I gave a sharp mouth bark and the coyote stopped broadside at about 150 yards and looked our way. That was all I needed. The bullet caught him just behind the shoulder and blew out the back side. Bart did it again. I wouldn't have seen the coyote till too late if Bart hadn't warned me. Here is more info on two new L&M Calls. \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Beautiful L&M Predator Call No. 2 Really works! \| An Acrylic L&M Predator Call No. 3 It sounds great and you won't lose on the ground. \| I received two more predator calls from L&M and have been trying them out. The grain on Call No. 2 made of exotic wood is beautiful. The call has a very good sound. I have called in 4 coyotes in the last two weeks with this call. I have only used Call No. 3 a couple of times so far. It sounds good but no results yet. ![](coyoter.gif)SUCCESS WITH THE NEW L&M CALL.... Got the urge to go coyote calling. It was the last chance I would have to get a coyote while I am in my sixties. The big "70" occurs tomorrow. I loaded Bart in the truck and headed to the Marsh Creek area on the south side of the road. It is summer, but there was quite a bit of overcast. Went up Sycamore Creek to the pond and made a stand above the pond. I let Bart out of the truck and he ran off a little buck with forks in the velvet. Bart likes to protect me. Bart seems to consider every animal he sees a Grizzly Bear and only relaxes when he has determined that there is no threat. We setup under a big oak tree above the pond. I used the E.L.K. Power Howler and at first couldn't make it work. The reed I had made out of the little finger of a N-DEX Tektured Nitrile Glove had stretched and wouldn't work. I had cut a number of extra reeds and put a new one on. I was finally able to get the howler to work. I started with a series of young coyote greeting howl with miscellaneous group calls mixed in. Nothing! I got out the brand new L&M Predator call and did some jackrabbit distress calls. The new call really sounds good. Waited and still nothing. Bart was getting bored and finally laid down. That is not a good sign. Bart can smell a coyote from half a mile up wind. I fussed with the coyote howler for quite a while and finally gave up on it. On the way out, I picked up a good stick and had Bart do a couple of fetches from the pond. There are large black bass in the pond. BART SAW IT FIRST.... For the next stand we moved to the neighboring property of two sections (have hunting permission there too) and setup about 300 yards upstream from the south pond in the creek bottom. The creek had already dried up, but the pond was still full. We were in the shade of a big oak tree and Bart was on the very short leash at my left side. I started with the Power Howler and it was now working very well. I did a little coyote chatter and then a number of challenge barks and waited about 5 minutes. Nothing. I got out the L&M Predator call and did the hurt jackrabbit series with emotion. I put the call down and started scanning for an incoming coyote. After about 2 or 3 minutes, Bart stiffens up and sits at full alert. I looked where he was looking and a coyote had just topped a rise at about 175 yards. The coyote was standing looking at us. I was able to slowly move the rifle and Bi-Fur-Pod to the left about 30 degrees to line up on the coyote. I left the scope on 4X and the coyote sure looked small in the crosshairs. Centered it on the chest and touched it off. The coyote went down and rolled down the hill out of sight. I released Bart and we headed over to the coyote. It had rolled about 50 ft downhill in the tall grass and Bart found her. She was a young female and had a broken back and I called Bart off. Once I delivered the finishing shot Bart completely ignored the coyote and was sniffing around the area. There might have been a second coyote, but I didn't see one. That was a pretty good way to finish my sixties and get ready for a next decade. PRIME GROUND SQUIRREL AREA PLOWED.... On the way home we went by the prime ground squirrel section by the old dairy barn. They had plowed the fields, but left quite a few areas untouched under the oak trees and on the steeper slopes. The grass was about 1-1/2 ground squirrels tall and I caught a glimpse of a few ground squirrels, adults and juveniles, running through the tall grass. There will some good ground squirrel shooting in the fall when the rains start. I forgot to take the camera, so no pictures. I will take some pictures of the two new L&M Predator calls. They sure are nice calls. ![](coyoter.gif)ANOTHER HAPPY RANCHER.... Recently, I got access to a new area to help out a rancher who had lost two calves to coyotes. I went out Wed morning at first light and walked to the north edge of the 200 acre field and made a stand. The field is waist high grass and weeds and is a difficult place to spot any incoming coyotes. I started calling with the new E.L.K Howler and the reed was all stuck to the mouthpiece and I couldnï¿½t get a good sound out of it. Enough for the E.L.K. Howler. So I tried the new L&M Predator Calls No. 2 that they sent me to try out. Called for about 3 min. Quit that and just sat and watched for about 10 minutes. Finally I got out my old reliable Dan Thompson Howler and did a couple of greeting howls. Set there another 5 minutes and gave out a couple more howls. I still didn't see anything. The coyote had moved downwind and had busted me. She started a warning bark at me from about 100 yards in the tall weeds and I couldn't see a thing.. Well all is not lost when that happens. I started talking to her with a challenge bark. She answered. We started a conservation and I kept her answering. After about 10 minutes, the coyote made a mistake and showed herself at about 175 yards. That is all it took. The rancher should be happy, but there are at least three more coyotes in the area that will need attention. [![](lmcall.gif)![](landm2s.gif)](http://www.l-mcalls.com/) --- [![](exc-calls.jpg)](http://butchersgamecalls.blogspot.com/) Chris Butcher's Excruciator call and Howler. I like the large bore diameter of both calls. The open mouth piece on the Excruciator allows one to blow it like a trumpet and like sipping from a wine glass. These techniques make for some very excruciating sounds. The calls are made of borosilicate glass and have a very good sound. I have created a 16 minute sequence of the Excruciator call. It starts with 1 minute of silence. Here is a link to the sound file: [![](sound.gif)Excruciator](excruciator-16-min.mp3) (excruciator-16-min.mp3) A 16 minute sequence of Chris Butcher's Excruciator call. Starts with 1 minute of silence. 14.89Mb![](new1.gif) [Chris Butcher's Web Site](http://butchersgamecalls.blogspot.com/) --- ![](2k1-22.gif) CUSTOM CALL WildCalls by Ladobe, 2K1-22 predator call. Click [here](2k1-221.jpg) to view the back side of the call. WildCalls by Ladobe, 2K1-22 CUSTOM CALL.... Just got back from a very short coyote calling session. I went to the next Island south of Bethel Island and was going to work on the ground squirrels. It was about 2:00pm and about 90F. This is not the best time for calling coyotes. Before I did any shooting, I thought I would give the 2K1-22 predator call a check out. I climbed up on a shelf of the haystack and setup. I had changed the reed in the call so it is high pitched because there are very few jackrabbits around here. I started out with a series if high pitched cries without any raspy ness. Thirty seconds and I am still calling and here comes the coyote almost up to the edge of the haystack from my left. That was quick!! Well, I moved around to take a shot at him and he never slowed down. He turned away and threw in the afterburner. By the time I got turned, he was just about to go over a rise at 136 large steps and I wouldn't be able to see him again till he was at least 500 yards away. I don't usually take a running shot, but it was the only chance I had. I touched one off and ka-plop and down went the coyote. The 95 gr 243 Nosler Ballistic Tip made almost a perfect "Texas Heart Shot". It entered about 1" below the anus and there was no exit. There was a large bulge on right side of the coyote. ![](2k1-22a.jpg) Ladobe's calls sure are quick. Here is a picture of the coyote. FROM THE SWEETWATER MTNS.... Got a second coyote using the 2K1-22 call in the Sweetwater Mtns near Bridgeport, CA. The elevation was 9000 ft and it was a very hot day. There was a tiny creek at the bottom of the ravine and I setup with visibility of the creek bottom and the thick cover on the hillside above the creek. I was on one of my "Stop & Drop" Hunting/Fishing trips and I had [Bart](abart.htm) with me. He was setting at my side with a very short leash. Bart tends to run after anything I call in if he is not restrained. I made about 3 series of high pitched calls. (Bart now ignores the calling and begins to watch intently for incoming animals). Bart perked up and focused his attention on one spot across the creek. I look and sure enough, it was Mr. Coyote. The coyote had just come out from the with his head and shoulder exposed. It was an easy shot at about 140 yards. A minute later Bart spotted a badger. He mush have come into the call. I didn't want Bart to tangle with a badger and after Bart barked, the badger started "digging in". He was completely underground in about 30 seconds. ![](2k1-22-2.jpg) This coyote from the Sweetwater Mtns was in the early stages of mange or recovering from it. His pelt was very poor. He was very close to this year's Cannon Fire area, but his whiskers were long, so he was not singed like I first thought. The coyote didn't look healthy and I didn't let Bart get close to it. I didn't want Bart to catch mange. ![](jackal.jpg) Canis mesomelas HUNTING "COYOTES" IN AFRICA.... The Jackal is Africa's equivalent to the coyote in America. There is an excellent site about calling Jackals in Africa. [African Econo Hunter](http://www.affordableafricanhunting.co.za) How we hunt cheap game and varmint (Jackal, our "coyote") in Africa. [Coyote Attacks on Children](attac.htm). Coyotes can cause [predation](http://texnat.tamu.edu/ranchref/predator/coyote/p-coyote.htm) problems for farmers. ![](coyote1.jpg) Canis latrans Coyotes not only eat rodents, they cause serious [predation](http://www.wgr.com/Predators1.html) on cattle, sheep, goats, and other livestock. ![](good.gif)GAINING HUNTING ACCESS.... I live 100 miles from the nearest National Forest or public hunting lands, but I have access to thousands of acres of hunting land nearby. I can't help other hunters with access, because most of the areas I hunt I have permission for only myself. But I can tell you how I gained access to all this land. Most of the ranchers in my area have had problems with coyotes attacking and/or killing some of their livestock. Each loss of livestock is a large loss of profit to their ranching business. I have learned how to call coyotes. At first I was not very good at it, but that didnï¿½t stop me from telling the ranchers that I wanted to help them with their coyote problem. Pick out a rural area where the ranches are large and far apart. Go to the ranch house and tell the rancher that you can help him with his coyote problem. Look for ranch houses that are small and not well kept with large barns for cattle and horses. That is a working ranch and an indication that they have lots of land where they run the cattle. Approach the rancher in a friendly manner and tell him that you want to help him. This is the time when you present your Hunting Business Card. Once you get permission plus a coyote or two for the farmer and gain his confidence and respect, you will probably be the only hunter with access to that land. This kind of a hunting arrangement is worth working for. Later, after you remove more coyotes, you can tell the rancher about all of the other varmints, such as ground squirrels and wild pigs, that you can help him with. I have yet to meet a rancher that wasnï¿½t happy for me to thin out the ground squirrels after I get the coyote population under control. I got this email from Gary: > > Hello Al. My name is Gary. I mailed you last year > and told you of a coyote I shot. Hunting season is just starting > here in Indiana. I want to thank you for the good advice on > reloading and calling. I have down loaded the main coyote sounds > and listen to them often. Very few people in my area call for > coyotes. By talking to farmers and asking permission to hunt and > call after deer season, I have more ground to hunt than I can go to > in one season. Will send some pictures maybe. Gary > > > My coyote hunting "Business Card" ![](card4.gif) ![](newcard.jpg) Here is what my new card looks like ![](super.gif)BUSINESS CARD.... To gain better access to hunting areas, treat your coyote calling like it is a business. When you talk to the farmer, tell him that you can help him solve his predation problems. I have made my "Varmint Hunting" business cards using AutoSketch and lately with PrintMaster Gold. Here is a slimmed down version of it. Don't be timid with your words. Besides, if you can do it, it isn't bragging. When you approach a farmer and ask him if he would like help with his predator and varmint problems, it works wonders to hand him your card! The "fly-by-night" hunter-plinkers the farmer has seen in the past don't hand out business cards and they probably don't have a computer and can't make a card anyway. If you have the tools, make yourself a varmint hunting business card. You are welcome to use any of the photos off my web site on your card. It is well worth the time. I also get the farmer's address and write to him, giving him hunting reports on my visits to his land. Here is an important point. The farmer's wife will read the letters too and you will be making friendships with both the farmer and his wife. You will become a friend of the family instead of some stranger with a gun. My ring of padlock keys to farmer's gates is steadily growing too. ![](gatekeys.jpg) Sometimes it is difficult to remember the correct key for each gate and I end up having to try a few. ![](good.gif)SHOW & TELL THE FARMERï¿½. When you talk to the farmer, tell him how you're are going to bring in the coyotes with your call and then show him. The farmer will almost always have a dog and if you do a good job with the hurt jackrabbit screams, the dog will come running. It is very easy to impress the farmer with your calling skills this way. I also do a couple of coyote howls and depending on how much experience the ranch dog has had with coyotes it will get very excited. On a recent outing, we stopped at the ranch house and talked to the farmer and told him about our successful hunting results. Some coyote blood had spilled on my boot. While we were talking to the farmer, his female dog came over and was sniffing the coyote smell and when I wasn't looking, the bitch (acceptable canine term) squatted and peed on my boot! Obviously she didn't like coyotes very well. Later, after the dog had wandered off, I demonstrated to the farmer how the calls sounded. I made the hurt rabbit call and the bitch came running up and got very excited. Then I made a couple of coyote howls and she got even more excited and started running up the hill after the imaginary coyote. The farmer was quite impressed with my calling skills. When I got home, my dog, Oscar, was sure interested in my boot too! He did a lot of sniffing and I made sure that's all he did. CAMO.... Well, here is where I am going to disagree with the real pros! I gave up wearing camo while I am hunting. I buy my clothes from Red Head or Cabela's and they are dull, green, brown, and/or gray. I don't want to look like a militia freak wearing full camo to and from hunting. My heavy coat is camo, and my hat is camo, but that's all. With my "blend into a crowd camo", I have called coyotes right up to me. Most of the time I see coyote and deer before they see me. That's a good test of your stealth and color selection. But, here is where I go overboard. I paint my rifle and Bi-Fur-Pod camo! Yes, my pretty rifle with the fancy French Walnut stock (some fiddle back) and the stainless steel Shilen barrel are painted with permanent camo paint. The shine off a rifle barrel is the most obvious indicator to a critter that something bad is out there. Have you noticed that you can spot hunters miles away, just from the flash of sunlight off the shiny rifle barrel. Camo paint stops that! One of my hunting partners had a beautiful Browning 30-06 Semi-Auto and I told him he should paint it. It shined like a diamond up a goat's ass. Well, we were deer hunting and I jumped a nice Blacktail and it headed his way. I called him on a handheld ham radio (we are both ham radio operators) and told him a buck was coming his way. He was 500 yards away, and I could see the flashing reflections off his barrel. That Blacktail went over the hill away from me heading toward my partner. About 5 minutes later, the buck came over another hill off to the side running away from the barrel flashes. I made a nice neck shot and the hunt was over. The next day my partner wanted to know where to get camo paint. You should see his "Beautiful Browning" now! ![](good.gif)PAINT YOUR RIFLE.... I painted my deer/coyote rifle with permanent spray paint. I believe they have a 4 can kit of camo spray paint at Cabela's. The one I used is Hunter's Specialties, Inc. Camouflage Spray Paint Kit (permanent). I wiped the rifle off with a dry cloth to remove most of the oil. I put masking tape over the scope ends and the numbers on the power setting and AO settings plus a piece of tape over the end of the barrel. The bolt was left in the action and in the closed position. The sling was off. I painted everything I could see. First I painted a solid coat of the lightest color, which is mud. Then I painted random areas of green and then areas of brown. I went out in the yard and picked some leaves off a bamboo plant. I placed the leaves over the rifle in various locations and then sprayed a very light coat of the flat black over the leaves. That gives it the leafy shadow effect. You might want to practice on something before you start on your nice pretty rifle. I have painted about 6 of my rifles. It gets a bit better looking, depending on your point of view, each time I do one. I figured that since I don't want to sell the rifle, I ought to make it work the best it can for me. The pretty shiny stock and flashy barrel scare game in the wild. I mostly see game first now. The camo paint job works great. Way down under the paint on the Sako is a French Walnut stock with "fiddle back" grain, but the deer and coyotes don't care about fancy wood. ;-) Check [The Gun Garage](http://www.thegungarage.com/Firearms%20Finishes/camo%20packages.htm) if you want a professionally camo job. ![](sako.jpg) MY RIFLE.... My coyote and deer rifle is a 40 year old Sako Forester action with a new Shilen stainless steel barrel chambered for a "tight neck" 243 Win. I got it from Herters' as a barreled action for $75 mail order. The stock was a semi-finished club of French walnut with a fair amount of fiddle back grain for $15. It was my first stock job and I wore out the stock screws taking it apart and putting it back together while inletting it. Then, I did a stupid thing. I checkered it! It took a month and a whole new vocabulary of working words! While I was doing it and had it all messed up, I swore an oath to myself that I would never checker another stock and I have kept the promise. Finally I glass bedded it. The barrel is free floating with a generous gap from about 2 inches forward of the action. I gave up trying to make a "tight" clearance. It seemed like I couldn't slide a dollar bill down the barrel after a few months, so I made the clearance at least 0.05 inch. CAMO MAKES IT PRETTY.... A long time ago, I painted the whole rifle/scope camo. It looks very dull and there is no shine off the barrel. In about a year or so, the paint wears down and gets shiny in some areas and then I repaint it. The rifle has about 5 or 6 camo coats on it now and the nice pretty fiddle back wood is down in there somewhere. ![](mark-fields-12.jpg) ![](check.gif)Mark Fields has painted his rifle and it turned out great. Click [HERE](http://dougva.proboards34.com/index.cgi?board=Savage&action=display&thread=9692) to read on how he did his paint job. ##### Camo your Rifle, They donï¿½t just look good, the Varmints Canï¿½t see them shine as well. I did my Bi-Fur-Pod, Remington 223, Ruger 10/22, Binoculars, and my Granddaughters Pellet gun. ![](p8292621.jpg) How to Camo By CamoJack: Camo is easy to do. I first clean my Rifle.I use Alcohol. Wipe it down. get any oil off. Close the bolt. You can oil the bolt down and the paint will come off easy, or usually it don't hurt it anyway. Camo your Scope also, I know, it hurts a little. But when your all done, it looks very good. Be sure and tape the ends of the Scope, and any Numbers that you need. Here is the list of Paint I use: "Woodland Camouflage Paint"- "8010-00-111-7937...Mil-e-52798" 1. MUD BROWN..#.30117.--Two Cans.. 2. LIGHT TREE GREEN..#.34258.--One Can.. 3. DARK TREE GREEN..#.34086.--One Can.. 4. FLAT BLACK..Any Good Brand from your Hardware Store. Step 1.-Give the Gun a light coat of "MUD BROWN" (Try to use only two coats to cover the gun) You want to keep your paint job thin so it wont chip or peel. Cover the whole thing, Scope too. Let it set for about two hours before you do the next step. Step 2.- "Spot Spray" Light Tree Green. Just here and there. Let it set about 30 min. Step 3.- "Spot Spray" Dark Tree Green. You can Blend the two Green's together, Where one ends and the other starts, or you can keep them apart. Be sure to not cover up all your Mud Brown. Let it set about 1 hour to dry good. Step 4.- Here is the Trick..Useing the Flat black. Go out and get a good Leaf off your tree. Keep the stem long. You may want a small, and a large one. But you only need to use one. Holding the flat black out, spray a little in the air and notice the spray aim so you don't miss. You might want to practice on a board or something first. Hold the Flat Black spray can about 10 in. From your gun. Hold the stem of the leaf and make sure it lays flat on the area you are spraying. Give it a "Very Light" Touch of Spray. Just to Fade it in. Just covering the Leaf. Turn the Leaf in different directions. Do the Leaf Just here and there. Take a look at my Web Page, I have a picture of some of my guns and Bi-Pod. http://www.jhendrick.com/hunt.html Here is where I order my Paint. http://www.loadup.com/index.html They Ship most of the time in the same day I order. UPS. Good Luck fromCamoJack. Drum Click Count for the Tasco 4-16X by 40mm TR Scope for 150 to 500 yards. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Drum \| 150 \| 200 \| 250 \| 300 \| 350 \| 400 \| 450 \| 500 \| \| F \| 1.5 \| 4 \| 7 \| 10 \| 15 \| 19 \| 24 \| 29 \| \| E \| 2 \| 4 \| 7 \| 11 \| 17 \| 24 \| 28 \| 33 \| \| C \| 2 \| 5 \| 9 \| 14 \| 19 \| 25 \| 31 \| 39 \| \| D \| 3 \| 7 \| 12 \| 17 \| 23 \| 29 \| 37 \| 45 \| \| B \| 2 \| 5 \| 10 \| 16 \| 23 \| 30 \| 39 \| 48 \| \| A \| 5 \| 9 \| 15 \| 22 \| 29 \| 37 \| 45 \| \| \| G \| 6 \| 14 \| 25 \| 39 \| \| \| \| \| I installed each drum on the scope and counted the clicks for each yardage setting made the above table. I use Drum D on my 243 Win caliber with 100 gr bullets. I use Drum G on my 17 HMR with the 17 gr Hornady ammo. [![](tascotr-info.jpg)](tasco_tr_data.jpg) Here is a scanned view of the [Tasco 4-16X by 40mm TR Scope Drum Tables](tasco_tr_data.jpg) data sheet. TASCO TR SCOPE.... The scope is a Tasco TR 4-16X by 40mm with a Trajectory/Rangefinder reticule. The glass is only OK, but the range finder is what makes it my choice! It is a very simple system and works very well. Tasco gives you 5 rings that go on the vertical adjustment knob. Each ring has yardage readings out to 500 or 300 yards in 50 yard increments. They tell you which ring to use for each rifle, but I went one better than that. I wrote a small BASIC program that takes the bullet and velocity that I use and calculates a least square fit to the drop numbers in the Sierra Reloading Manual. I then have a third order polynomial equation for the drop out to 1000 yards. No, I don't shoot that far, but numbers are cheap! Setting zero at 100 yards and using the height of the scope over the bore, the program calculates the number of clicks below the line-of-sight for each range past 100 yards. I counted the yardage clicks on each ring and selected the ring that best fits my calculation. I have a ring that is calibrated within ï¿½1 click, of the true drop setting, all the way out to 500 yards for the .243 100 gr. Spitzer at a muzzle velocity of 2900 fps. ZERO AT 100 YARDS.... I zero the rifle at 100 yards on the benchrest and in the field. I only have two things to estimate for a shot, distance and wind. I also shoot a group off my Bi-Fur-Pod sticks to verify my 100 yard zero for field conditions. Shooting off the sticks gives me the same impact point as I get from the benchrest, but the groups open up a bit because the Bi-Fur-Pod is not as steady. ESTIMATING THE RANGE.... The scope has dual crosshairs and you can put the coyote between the crosshairs and dial the power until it just fills the height and then read the range on a dial. That is too complicated when you see a coyote and here is what I do in the field. I look in the direction of the coyote and start counting the distance in 100 yard increments. I look for what is 100 yards away from me. Then I look for what is 100 yards from that point, and so on out to the coyote. I am getting pretty good at estimating the range in yards. One of these days I plan to get an 800 yard laser range finder. DIAL IN THE RANGE.... After estimating the range, I dial the yardage in on the scope vertical adjustment. It is that easy. Windage is more difficult. I have to hold-off for wind. That gets tricky and very difficult across canyons when you can't see the evidence of the wind. I have made some very good shots on coyotes out to 400+ yards in mild wind conditions. I always take all shots off the Bi-Fur-Pod to get a steady hold. A 50 YARD ERROR.... Suppose I misjudge the range by 50 yards at 400 yards. The error is 5 or 6 clicks and the clicks are 1 inch at 400 yards. So my error is 5 or 6 inches and still within the vital area on a coyote. This is better than using the point-blank method. With the point-blank method, one has to make four estimates: the distance, the amount of hold over in inches required, what the holdover looks like on the target, and windage. It is difficult holding over one foot by guessing how big one foot is at that distance. POINT-BLANK METHOD NOT FOR ME.... I like my system much better than the "point-blank" method of sighting in where you are 3" high at 100 yards and then right on at 220 yards and 4" low at approximately 300 yards. You don't know where to guess at 400 yards. Maybe hold over a foot or so, but most of all, you know you are going to be off at every range except 220 yards. Knowing that you are always off does bad things to my confidence and confidence is a big part of shooting accurately. FINDING THE TARGET IN THE SCOPE.... If you have not used scope sights or have trouble finding the target, here is a tip. Wrong Way: Put the rifle up to your shoulder and look in the scope and scan around to find the target. Right Way: Look at the target and continue looking at it while you mount the rifle and put the scope in the line of view. The scope should be nearly centered on the target when it gets in front of your eye. With just a little practice you will be able to acquire the target in a fraction of a second. This also works for binoculars. ![](rem7.gif)The Remington Model 7 makes a very good starting rifle for varmint hunting. There is an excellent article about the Rem Model 7, see the links below about the Rem Model 7. Early on, I used my light weight Rem Model 7 in 223 Rem, shown here, for coyotes, but it was a little too light for the occasional long shot. The Sako in 243 Win has worked much better. A number of my rifles have had the camo paint job. [The Remington Model Seven...a great place to start](http://www.realguns.com/archives/040.htm) ![](steiner.gif)BINOCULARS.... I have a pair of Steiner 6X30 Whitetail binoculars. They have the range finder reticule in the right side, and I seldom use it. The range finder gets in the way and if I had it to do over again, I would have opted for a pair without it. The brightness and sharpness of focus is excellent. The field of view is very large, being about 450' at 1000 yards. They are individual focus eyepieces and the depth of field is so great that, I focus at 100 yards and leave it there. Everything is in focus from 50 yd to infinity. At the edges of the field of view, the sharpness of focus fades out and objects there are fuzzy. I use this to my advantage. If there is a close object, that I want to view without fussing with the focus, I merely view it at the edge of the field of view and it is in focus. I have used these binoculars for deer and coyote hunting. They are even very good for spotting ground squirrels, but the 6x power is a tad low. ![](leica.gif)LEICA 8X32BA.... I purchased a new pair of binoculars. I have only been using them for a few years. (I now use the Leica binoculars exclusively.) Here is what I have found. The brightness and the sharpness of focus are excellent. I also focus them at 100 yards and they are very good from 50 yards out to infinity. But, I have noticed that I can sharpen the focus with just a minor touch of the center focus adjustment and I continually fuss with the focus. The field of view is flat. There is no "bubble" effect in the field of view when I pan with them. The image is in sharp focus right out to the edge of the field of view. The field of view is a large 442' at 1000 yards. So far they appear to be superb in every respect. When they are cold and the air is warm, the eyepiece lenses tend to fog up, on the outside, when I am looking through them. I also noticed how poorly the above Steiner binoculars look when I use them after using the Leicas. I used to look at all the binocular ads in the catalogs, but have found no need to do that anymore. I am happy with the 8x32 BA binoculars. ![check.gif (165 bytes)](check.gif)HUNTING GEAR I CARRY.... I want to be self sufficient when I am out deer hunting, so I carry a lot of gear, but it is not heavy or bulky. I carry my Sako Forester in 243 Win topped with a Tasco 4-16X Trajectory Rangefinder scope mounted with Warne rings. There are 3 rounds in the magazine and one in the chamber with the safety on. When back at camp, I push the round that was in the chamber down into the magazine and close the bolt on an empty chamber. The rifle has a nonadjustable carrying strap that is relatively short and holds the rifle close to my back in a vertical position on my shoulder. I don't like a loose floppy sling. I carry a pair of Leica 8-32 BA binoculars around my neck on a relatively short strap so they don't swing when I walk. On my belt are my Bi-Fur-Pod shooting sticks that I use for almost every shot. I very seldom take a running shot at deer or coyotes. [![](knife1.gif)](http://www.agrussell.com/featherlite-one-hand-knife-general-purpose-blade-vg-10-blade/p/K-93C10/) I carry a Russell FeatherLite Knife with a Clip Point Blade K-93B AUS-8A in my pocket. It is very light and holds a good edge very well. FANNY PACK.... I carry a two compartment camo fanny pack that weighs about three pounds fully loaded. There is a picture of it with my calls on this page. The top compartment has a couple of Power Bars in it in case I get hungry and a rolled up plastic rain coat only in wet weather. This compartment opens up to a daypack size to hold my coat if it gets too warm after sunrise. I drink a lot of water before I leave camp and do not carry a noisy water bottle. The main compartment carries a lot of important gear: * TP cut from kitchen towels (much stronger than standard TP with less chance of a punch through) * Map of the hunting area printed on a color printer * Razor sharp Lock blade BuckLight knife, sharpened with a Lansky Diamond hone set * Ten rounds of 243 Win ammo in a nylon wallet holder so they don't rattle (4 ea. 100 gr. Nosler Partition and 6 ea. 95 gr. Nosler Ballistic Tips) * Scope covers for wet weather * Nylon 600# cord about 25' long * Plastic sack for the heart and liver * Plastic sack to sit on in wet weather * License, Tags, and Compass (in my wallet) * Many coyote and deer calls * Tiny handheld 2M Ham Radio (size of a pack of Camel cigarettes) * HotRod 2M high gain antenna for long range (collapses to the size of a pencil) * Garmin 45XL GPS * Tiny AM radio with ear plug (So I can listen to Rush on week day mornings) * Four extra AA Alkaline batteries * Tiny flashlight * Cigarette lighter * Leatherman tool HIGH TECH GEAR.... Some hunters like the minimum amount of gear, but I like to be well equipped. I studied hard to learn the technology and Morse code to get my Ham license. I don't feel a bit bad about using the radio to stay in contact while hunting. All of the hunters in our party have their licenses and ham radios. Most also have GPS units. We don't have to worry about anyone getting lost even on overcast days in the thickest of timber. When I head out hunting I like to feel completely self sufficient. With the GPS, I can head into the wind no matter which direction it is or when it changes. Then when I want to return to camp, I can take a direct route back. One other very handy feature is that I can call back to camp on the handheld radio and get a ride back to camp. I can tell them my location with the GPS even if I am a long way out and it is dark. It is also very easy to mark a particular spot and return to it with the GPS or tell one of the other guys in the party my exact location. The GPS unit gives the hunter freedom to go much farther than when one has to worry about remembering his backtrack. Another feature of the GPS unit is that before the season opens, I mount the unit in my truck and drive all of the roads in the area and create a track file of the roads. I also can upload the file to the other units in camp with the laptop computer. Having the roads on the GPS unit makes it very handy to avoid roads when out hunting. Then it is very useful to know where the nearest road is when you get a deer down or want a ride back to camp. I view hunting as an enjoyable sport, not a time for punishment. CALLING HOME.... I also take a laptop computer on hunting trips. I have a portable packet station that I can set up and can send/receive messages home to my wife Mary Ann, who is also a ham, right from most deer camps. There is more info on my [Ham Radio Page](ahamp.htm). Many people use cell phones for this purpose, but the packet station works fine. It is comforting to know all is well at home. When I am coyote hunting on day hunts I am usually not far from the truck and I don't carry the GPS unit. ![coyotec.gif (26018 bytes)](coyoted.gif) \| \| \| --- \| \| Page Index \| \| [Subject Index](asubj.htm) \| \| [Sponsors](aspon.htm) [Coyote Hunting](ahunt.htm) [Coyote Calling Example](coy5-20.htm) [Coyote Attacks](attac.htm) [Varmint Hunting](avarm.htm) [17 HMR Field Testing](17hmr.htm) [Deer Hunting](#Deer_Hunting) [Many Hunting Stories](ahsto.htm) [Hunt Success Stories](asucc.htm) [Make A Bi-Fur-Pod](abifu.htm) [Reloading Page](arelo.htm) [Shooting Page](ashot.htm) [Free Targets](atarg.htm) [Powder Burn Rate](pburn.htm) [Fluted Barrel Analysis](aflut.htm) [22LR Rifle & Tuner](a22lr.htm) [Esten's Rifle & Tuner](aeste.htm) [Light Rifle & Tuner](alite.htm) [Barrel Harmonic Movie](amode.htm) [Barrel Tuner Analysis](atune.htm) [6PPC Barrel Dynamics](apres.htm) [243 Model 7 Action FEA](amod7.htm) [Rifle Action Stress](abolt.htm) [Bat Action Analysis](abat85.htm) [Rifle Chamber Finish](a243z.htm) [Friction Test Results](afric.htm) [Gun Rights & Politics](apoli.htm) [Bart our Black Lab](abart.htm) [Tide son of Bart](atide.htm) [Engineering Page](aengr.htm) [Rockwell Hardness FEA](arock.htm) [Mini Lathe Page](alath.htm) [My Computers Page](acomp.htm) [Ham Radio Page](ahamp.htm) [Home Page](index.htm) [My Father](apopt.htm) [Bethel Island](abeth.htm) [Backpacking](aback.htm) [Winnemucca Lake](abac3.htm) [Online Metal Orders](omlink.htm) [Make Your Web Page](apage.htm) [Latest Updates](aupda.htm) [Links Page](alink.htm) [Email](aemail.htm) \| ![](rbline.gif) Deer Hunting Techniques with Sounds![](deersr.gif) COASTAL BLACKTAIL DEER.... I have hunted these fine California deer for many years. They are not as large as Mule Deer or Whitetail Deer. In the area south of Livermore, a 125 pound buck is large with the average being nearer to 100 pounds. One can find a wealth of information about Whitetail and Mule Deer, but very little on the Blacktail Deer. Here are some of my observations over the years on hunting Blacktails and Blacktail behavior. Here is another site that has information on Blacktail Deer Hunting [Blacktail Country](http://www.blacktailcountry.com/). WHERE ARE THEY.... The bucks normally stay within 10% of the top of the ridges. Very seldom will you find them in the bottom of canyons down near the creek beds. Out here in California during deer season, it is usually very dry and there are deer flies. The bucks like to be as far as possible from the flies and in what little wind there is. The strongest winds will be at the ridge tops. The bucks are essentially nocturnal and will feed at night. They will continue to feed in the mornings from dawn to sunrise. After sunrise they will lay down in the shade for the rest of the day. In our area, we carefully check the shade of every tree on the far hillsides with a spotting scope. The bucks will get up and start to feed at sunset and come out into the open. BACHELOR HERD.... The bucks stay in a bachelor herd of 2 to 4 bucks and do not associate with the does until late September when the rut starts. The California A-Zone hunting season opens in early August and closes in mid September before the rut starts. A forked horn Blacktail Buck is a mature deer and often as the buck ages, his forks only become larger but he stays a forked horn. Occasionally they will add another tine on the forward fork and become a 3x3. I have yet to see a 4x4 Blacktail Buck in the range where I hunt. The spike bucks sometimes will stay with mother. When you see a bunch of does it is very seldom that a legal buck (forked horn or better) will be with them. The bucks are usually a dark gray color with a black forehead and the does tend to be more of a brownish color. HUNT THE MORNINGS.... Don't sleep in. The very best time to be out hunting is dawn to sunrise. The bucks will be out in the open feeding and you can spot them from a distance. You might also get lucky and crest a ridge and spot one before he sees you. After sunrise, the bucks will bed down and only stand up every few hours for a couple of minutes and then bed down again. At these times, I find a good observation point and use the binoculars to check for bedded bucks in the shade of the oak trees. ![](good.gif)TEACH YOURSELF TO SEE MORE BUCKS.... Have you noticed that some people just tend to see more deer than others. The people who see more deer know it's a deer when they see one or even a small part of the deer. This is not for the casual hunter, but you can train yourself and your eyes to see more bucks. Here is how I did it. I had kept a lot of old issues of hunting magazines. I went through about 3 or 4 years worth of back issues and cut out all of the pictures of Mule Deer Bucks and Blacktail Bucks. I made a montage about 4 ft. square of the buck pictures on my office wall where I couldn't miss it when I looked up from the desk. There were about 40 pictures of big bucks and a few does from almost every angle. Looking at this montage for 11 months out of the year, imprinted in my mind's eye the form of big bucks in the wild. It has trained me to spot bucks very quickly and it has helped me to spot deer when other people only see brush and trees. Besides it was fun to look up at the wall and think about seeing one of those Big Bucks live. As an afterthought, I guess if you wanted to make sure you could spot a beauty on a sandy beach, you could make a second montage from old photo magazines like "Plai-boys". Note: I found out that the PC police will remove my page so young hunters can't read it if I spell the magazine name correctly ;-) [![](sound.gif)](dtfawn.mp3)Hurt fawn with the Dan Thompson PC-2 Coyote Call. [![](sound.gif)](doecoff.mp3)Doe warning cough [![](sound.gif)](deer4.mp3)Hurt fawn with the [Burnham Brother's](http://www.burnhambrothers.com/) D-4 Deer Call [![](sound.gif)](fbleat.mp3)Fawn bleat with a single reed diaphragm [![](sound.gif)](deerw.mp3)Hurt fawn with old unnamed wooden call ![deersl.gif (2377 bytes)](deersl.gif) CALLING DEER.... The Burnham Brothers' D-4 Deer Call works very well. Sometimes you can actually call in a doe or two. They will come toward you stiff legged and stamp their front feet at you. They will also cough at you. The cough is a sound like ![](sound.gif)[this](doecoff.mp3) and is a danger alarm to other deer in the area. I have not heard a buck make the cough sound. I have never called in a buck and had him come running toward me like a coyote does. Here is how the deer call actually works. When any bedded bucks hear the call, they will stand up. If you continue to call, they will usually walk or run toward heavy cover. I get to a good observation point where I suspect that bucks are bedded out of sight. I blow a single ![](sound.gif)[hurt fawn](deer4.mp3) series with the D-4 Deer Call. Then get ready for action. If you rouse a doe or two, there will probably not be any bucks around. Here is another good wooden ![](sound.gif)[deer call](deerw.mp3) I got from Wing Supply a few years ago. ![check.gif (165 bytes)](check.gif) SEEING MORE DEER.... This year we hunted the C1-Zone in Northern California. The area where we were hunting did not have very many bucks, but we saw a lot of deer. Here is how I would see a dozen or more deer every morning. First, it was hot and dry and very difficult to move quietly. I would do my best at quiet walking for about 300 yards until I could find an opening where I could see 50 to 100 yards. I would setup with my rifle on my Bi-Fur-Pod and get out the Dan Thompson PC-2 Coyote Call. I would make about 6 to 10 fawn bleats that sound like ![](sound.gif)[this](dtfawn.mp3). The deer in the area would come running. They came in making a lot of noise. A couple of times, they got so close, I had to stand up or be run over. The does often would stamp their front feet and sound a warning ![](sound.gif)[cough](doecoff.mp3) at me. Since the area didn't have any large bucks, I don't know how it would bring them in. But, this technique would sure bring in what deer were there. \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| dtcall.jpg (7294 bytes) \| [Dan Thompson Game Calls](http://www.danthompsongamecalls.com/) PC-2 Coyote Call You may reach Dan at: Dan Thompson P.O. Box Rawlins WY 82301 307-328-4079 [dantho@trib.com](mailto:dantho@trib.com) \| There were numerous mountain lion tracks in the area and it was a little spooky making sounds like a hurt fawn and I did watch all areas of approach very carefully. I was lucky and did not have any of the mountain lions answer the call. The call was working so well on bringing in deer, that on several occasions, after I had spooked deer while walking and heard them bound away, I could stop, setup, and call and bring them back. Also if you see one deer and you think there might be more, this calling technique would bring in the one deer and any other deer in the immediate area. As a side benefit, you also might bring in a coyote with this method and do a little depredation work to save young deer and antelope during the next spring. [MuleMaddness.com](http://www.muleymadness.com/) Photos, Stories, Deer Info. ![](rbline.gif) NEW BARREL FOR MY SQUIRREL RIFLE.... The new barrel arrived from [Bullberry](http://www.bullberry.com/) for my Contender Carbine, 3/22/2. It is chambered for the new 17 HMR (Hornady Magnum Rimfire). Click [here](17hmr.htm) for the first field testing of the 17 HMR, including accuracy/velocity measurements. It is a T/C Contender Carbine with a Bullberry stainless steel barrel, full bull, 22" long and bead blasted to eliminate the shine. The wood is also by Bullberry. The base is a 92A Weaver base. The Rings are the KWIK-SITE KS-WEV-H rings and the scope is a 15X Weaver CKT-15. The new caliber makes a very nice varmint round with a mild report and is effective out to 150 yards or so. Soon, I will shoot some groups from the benchrest and post a report here. Click [here](17hmr4.jpg) for a large picture of the rifle. ![](17f7.jpg) ![](17hmr.jpg) Here is a picture of a box of ammo. [Midsouth Shooters Supply](http://www.midsouthshooterssupply.com/item.asp?sku=0000383170) Is taking orders for the new 17 HMR ammo. Ground Squirrel Control RODENT CONTROL.... Various rodents cause farmers problems and varmint hunters are willing and able to help with very specific rodent control. Here in California, the rodent that causes the problems is the ground squirrel. I have never hunted ground hogs or prairie dogs because they are not found here and I have no firsthand information on them. There is more on ground squirrel hunting on my [Varmint Hunting Page](avarm.htm). \| \| \| --- \| \| I WALK A VERY FINE LINE.... I am very careful to only "control" the ground squirrel population. I have to walk a very fine line. If I shoot too many, they might not survive and the field will be barren. If I leave too many in the field, the rancher might use poison and kill them all. A surviving population of ground squirrels is a good thing and besides, I don't want to work myself out of a job. The same goes for coyotes. \| \| \| \| --- \| \| \| \| [site search by freefind](http://www.freefind.com) \| [site map](http://search.freefind.com/find.html?id=55472542&m=0&p=0) ![](valogo.gif) If you want to link to my page, the URL is: <http://www.varmintal.com/ahunt.htm> If you want a Logo for the link on your page, right click on my Varmint Al's Hunting Page logo above and save the valogo.gif file to your hard drive. Let me know you have made the link and I will link to your web page. [Hunting Links](alink.htm#Hunting) Good Hunting... from Varmint Al![](coyotel.gif)	http://www.varmintal.com/ahunt.htm
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html lang="en"> <head> <title> Macintosh Plus software </title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.gryphel.com/c/sw/"> </head> <body> <div> <i> <a href="../../index.html">www.gryphel.com</a>/c/sw - <a href="../../c/feedback.html">feedback</a> </i> </div> <hr> <h2 align=center> Software </h2> <h4 align=center> for Macintosh Plus and <a href="../../c/minivmac/index.html">Mini vMac</a> </h4> <hr> <p> <a href="#about">Skip down to About</a> </p> <p> : </p> <p> <a href="system/index.html">System Software</a> </p><p> <a href="arcade/index.html">Arcade Games</a> </p><p> <a href="games/index.html">Other Games</a> </p><p> <a href="text/index.html">Text Editors</a> </p><p> <a href="sysutils/index.html">System Utilities</a> </p><p> <a href="archive/index.html">Archiving Software</a> </p><p> <a href="general/index.html">Other General Interest</a> </p><p> <a href="program/index.html">Programming Languages</a> </p><p> <a href="progtool/index.html">Programming Tools</a> </p><p> <a href="math/index.html">Math</a> </p><p> <a href="astro/index.html">Astronomy</a> </p><p> <a href="other/index.html">Other</a> </p> <p> <a href="lt/index.html">LocalTalk</a> </p> <p> : </p> <h4> <a name="about"> ... About ... </a> </h4> <p> These pages host software that will run on a Macintosh Plus, repackaged into the zipped disk image format that is convenient for use with Mini vMac. (The original format is also provided.) They include freeware, shareware, and open source programs that are definitely legal to redistribute here, as far as I can tell. (As compared to software that probably no one minds any more who distributes it. There are some other good websites that cover abandonware.) </p> <p> These pages also contain a few links to software elsewhere on the web, being distributed by the copyright holder, which cannot be redistributed here. Such as commercial software. These are marked in the index with the word “(link)”. </p> <p> I've not tested these programs too thoroughly, but the nice thing about an emulator such as Mini vMac is that you can try out programs without risk. Software running within the emulated machine can only affect mounted disk images. So when trying out software, you can work with copies of your disk images, and then throw out these copies when you are done. No harm is possible (unless there is a serious bug in Mini vMac). </p> <p> Feel free to redistribute these repackaged versions hosted here, according to the terms of the original license. </p> <p> For more software in disk image format, ready for use in Mini vMac, E-Maculation has a large collection of <a href="http://www.emaculation.com/doku.php/system_6_hell">shareware and freeware Macintosh games</a>. </p> <p> : </p> <p> If you find these downloads useful, please consider <a href="../../c/help/index.html">helping the Gryphel Project</a>, which hosts them. </p> <a href="../../index.html"> <img src="../../d/gryphel-32.gif" width=32 height=32 border=0 alt="gryphel logo, 1K" > </a> <p> Next - <b><a href="../../c/alt/index.html">Alternatives to Mini vMac</a></b></p> <hr> <div> <i> <a href="../../index.html">www.gryphel.com</a>/c/sw - <a href="../../c/feedback.html">feedback</a> </i> <br> copyright (c) 2017 Paul C. Pratt - last update 7/29/2017 </div> </body> </html>	Macintosh Plus software [www.gryphel.com](../../index.html)/c/sw - [feedback](../../c/feedback.html) --- ## Software #### for Macintosh Plus and [Mini vMac](../../c/minivmac/index.html) --- [Skip down to About](#about) : [System Software](system/index.html) [Arcade Games](arcade/index.html) [Other Games](games/index.html) [Text Editors](text/index.html) [System Utilities](sysutils/index.html) [Archiving Software](archive/index.html) [Other General Interest](general/index.html) [Programming Languages](program/index.html) [Programming Tools](progtool/index.html) [Math](math/index.html) [Astronomy](astro/index.html) [Other](other/index.html) [LocalTalk](lt/index.html) : #### ... About ... These pages host software that will run on a Macintosh Plus, repackaged into the zipped disk image format that is convenient for use with Mini vMac. (The original format is also provided.) They include freeware, shareware, and open source programs that are definitely legal to redistribute here, as far as I can tell. (As compared to software that probably no one minds any more who distributes it. There are some other good websites that cover abandonware.) These pages also contain a few links to software elsewhere on the web, being distributed by the copyright holder, which cannot be redistributed here. Such as commercial software. These are marked in the index with the word “(link)”. I've not tested these programs too thoroughly, but the nice thing about an emulator such as Mini vMac is that you can try out programs without risk. Software running within the emulated machine can only affect mounted disk images. So when trying out software, you can work with copies of your disk images, and then throw out these copies when you are done. No harm is possible (unless there is a serious bug in Mini vMac). Feel free to redistribute these repackaged versions hosted here, according to the terms of the original license. For more software in disk image format, ready for use in Mini vMac, E-Maculation has a large collection of [shareware and freeware Macintosh games](http://www.emaculation.com/doku.php/system_6_hell). : If you find these downloads useful, please consider [helping the Gryphel Project](../../c/help/index.html), which hosts them. [![gryphel logo, 1K](../../d/gryphel-32.gif)](../../index.html) Next - [Alternatives to Mini vMac](../../c/alt/index.html) --- [www.gryphel.com](../../index.html)/c/sw - [feedback](../../c/feedback.html) copyright (c) 2017 Paul C. Pratt - last update 7/29/2017	https://www.gryphel.com/c/sw/
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.10.1.min.js"></script> <script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery-migrate-1.2.1.min.js"></script> <script src="/relay/js/jquery.prettyPhoto.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/relay/css/prettyPhoto.css" type="text/css" /> <title>Zusie - My Relay Computer</title> <script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"> $(document).ready(function(){ $("a[rel^='prettyPhoto']").prettyPhoto(); }); </script> </head> <body> <style> p [max-width:800px;} </style> <H1><center> <a href="/relay/"><img src="../images/zusielogo.jpg" border="0" /></a> <br><br>Zusie - My Relay Computer </center></H1> <br> <p style="float:right; margin-left:50px;"><img src="../images/zusieslanted1.jpg"></p> <div style="max-width:800px; padding-left:30px; padding-right:30px;"> <p><i>I amuse myself by constructing a computer almost entirely out of relays. Relays were used to construct computers well before vacuum tubes, transistors or integrated circuits were feasible for the task. The main inspiration is the machines by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a> of the late 30s and early 40s.</i></p> <p>Quick feature list:</p> <ul> <li>8-bit data bus and 16-bit address bus</li> <li>3 x 8-bit accumulator registers, 2 x 12-bit registers (for index, addresses and jumps)</li> <li>64k solid state memory, holding heap, stack and program</li> <li>12-bit program counter and 12-bit stack pointer</li> <li>ALU capable of not, and, or, xor, add, increment, decrement, shift, and indirectly, subtraction</li> <li>Writable microprogram stored in solid-state device for sequencing</li> <li>Assembler and Microassembler running in DOS and communicating with Zusie over parallel port.</li> </ul> <br> <li><a href="/relay/about.php"><font style="font-size:20px;">Who is Zusie?</font></a> <br>An introduction, with specifications and info about the architecture</li><br> <li><a href="/relay/progress.php"><font style="font-size:20px;">News and Build Log</font></a> <br>With <b>lots</b> of pictures and videos of the machine!</li><br> <li><a href="/relay/story.php"><font style="font-size:20px;">The Story behind Zusie</font></a> <br>Why build such a device? </li><br> <li><a href="/relay/sim/zusie.html"><font style="font-size:20px;">Online Simulator</font></a> <br>Assemble and run your own Zusie programs online on this visual simulator!</li><br> <li><a href="/relay/downloads.php"><font style="font-size:20px;">Downloads</font></a> <br>Software, source code etc</li><br> <li><a href="/relay/links.php"><font style="font-size:20px;">Links</font></a><br> Info about relay computers and other people's projects. Also some book references.</li><br> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <br><br> <hr size="1"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td valign="top" width="50%"> <center><h2>Latest Zusie Video</h2> <object width="480" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ReqdyCxZ9I&fs=1&rel=0"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/-ReqdyCxZ9I&fs=1&rel=0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="480" height="385"></embed></object> </center> </td> <td valign="top" width="50%"> </td> </tr> </table> <br> <br> <hr size="1"> <h2>Contact me!</h2> <p>I would love to read any comments, suggestions or questions that you have about my project! Please use <a href="/mail.php">this form</a> to contact me. <br> <br> <hr size="1"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td valign="top" width="50%"> <p><i>Fredrik Andersson<i> - <a href="mailto:nablaman[at]nablaman.com"><i>nablaman[at]nablaman.com</i></a><br> <a href="/"><i>Back to my home page</i></a></p> </td> <td valign="top" align="right" width="50%"> <script type="text/javascript"><!-- google_ad_client = "ca-pub-1364259816519726"; /* Zusie page */ google_ad_slot = "6595830262"; google_ad_width = 728; google_ad_height = 90; //--> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td> </tr> </table> <br> <br> <hr size="1"> <center> <div style="background-color:#dddddd; border: 1px solid #808080; width:800px; font-size:10px; padding:10px;" align="left"> <!-- ========================================== --> <!-- Include this code in each page on the Ring --> <p/> <center><h2>Homebuilt CPUs WebRing</h2> <p/> <script src="http://members.iinet.net.au/~daveb/simplex/webring.js" language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript" ></script> <form action="http://members.iinet.net.au/~daveb/simplex/webring.js" name="ring" id="ring"> <input type="button" value="Ring-Home" onclick="ringhome()" /> <input type="button" value="Previous" onclick="previous()" /> <input type="button" value="Next" onclick="next()" /> <input type="button" value="Random" onclick="random()" /> </form> </center> <p/> <center>JavaScript by <a href="mailto:qirien@earthling.net">Qirien Dhaela</a></center> <p/> <h3>Join the ring?</h3> To join the Homebuilt CPUs ring, drop me <a href="mailto:daveb@iinet.net.au">a line</a>, mentioning your page's URL. I'll then add it to the list. <br/> You will need to copy this code fragment into your page. <br/> <i>Note</i>: The ring is chartered for projects that include a home-built CPU. It can emulate a commercial part, that′s OK. But actually using that commercial CPU doesn′t rate. Likewise, the project must have been at least partially built: pure paper designs don′t rate either. It can be built using any technology you like, from relays to FPGAs. <!-- End of code fragment, in all ring pages. --> <!-- ========================================== --> </div> </center> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq \|\| []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-22609740-1']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script> </body> </html>	Zusie - My Relay Computer $(document).ready(function(){ $("a[rel^='prettyPhoto']").prettyPhoto(); }); p [max-width:800px;} # Zusie - My Relay Computer ![](../images/zusieslanted1.jpg) I amuse myself by constructing a computer almost entirely out of relays. Relays were used to construct computers well before vacuum tubes, transistors or integrated circuits were feasible for the task. The main inspiration is the machines by [Konrad Zuse](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse) of the late 30s and early 40s. Quick feature list: * 8-bit data bus and 16-bit address bus * 3 x 8-bit accumulator registers, 2 x 12-bit registers (for index, addresses and jumps) * 64k solid state memory, holding heap, stack and program * 12-bit program counter and 12-bit stack pointer * ALU capable of not, and, or, xor, add, increment, decrement, shift, and indirectly, subtraction * Writable microprogram stored in solid-state device for sequencing * Assembler and Microassembler running in DOS and communicating with Zusie over parallel port. - [Who is Zusie?](/relay/about.php) An introduction, with specifications and info about the architecture - [News and Build Log](/relay/progress.php) With lots of pictures and videos of the machine! - [The Story behind Zusie](/relay/story.php) Why build such a device? - [Online Simulator](/relay/sim/zusie.html) Assemble and run your own Zusie programs online on this visual simulator! - [Downloads](/relay/downloads.php) Software, source code etc - [Links](/relay/links.php) Info about relay computers and other people's projects. Also some book references. --- \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Latest Zusie Video \| \| --- ## Contact me! I would love to read any comments, suggestions or questions that you have about my project! Please use [this form](/mail.php) to contact me. --- \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Fredrik Andersson - [nablaman[at]nablaman.com](mailto:nablaman[at]nablaman.com) [Back to my home page](/)** \| <!-- google\_ad\_client = "ca-pub-1364259816519726"; /\* Zusie page \*/ google\_ad\_slot = "6595830262"; google\_ad\_width = 728; google\_ad\_height = 90; //--> \| --- ## Homebuilt CPUs WebRing JavaScript by [Qirien Dhaela](mailto:qirien@earthling.net) ### Join the ring? To join the Homebuilt CPUs ring, drop me [a line](mailto:daveb@iinet.net.au), mentioning your page's URL. I'll then add it to the list. var \_gaq = \_gaq \|\| []; \_gaq.push(['\_setAccount', 'UA-22609740-1']); \_gaq.push(['\_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })();	http://www.nablaman.com/relay/
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><!-- InstanceBegin template="/Templates/index.dwt" codeOutsideHTMLIsLocked="false" --> <!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="doctitle" --> <title>Flame Warriors Home</title> <!-- InstanceEndEditable --> <!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="head" --><!-- InstanceEndEditable --> <link href="/style.css.1" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- .style11 { font-size: 10pt; color: #996600; } .style12 { color: #7d0d00; font-family: "Franklin Gothic", sans-serif; font-size: 12px; } .style14 { font-size: 8px; font-family: "Franklin Gothic", sans-serif; color: #EE0000; } body { background-color: #fbebd2; } .style18 {font-size: 12pt} .rosterintro {font-size: 8pt} .style19 { color: #993300; font-size: 8pt; } .style22 {font-size: 10px; font-style: normal; color: #7d0d00; font-family: FranklinGothic, sans-serif;} .style23 {font-size: 12px; font-family: "Franklin Gothic", sans-serif;} a:link { color: #7d0d00; text-decoration: none; } a:visited { color: #CC6600; text-decoration: none; } body,td,th { font-family: FranklinGothic, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; } a { font-family: Franklin Gothic, sans-serif; } a:hover { text-decoration: none; } a:active { text-decoration: none; } .style24 { font-size: 10px; font-family: "Franklin Gothic", sans-serif; } .style25 {font-size: 10px} --> </style> <script language="JavaScript" type="text/JavaScript"> <!-- function MM_reloadPage(init) { //reloads the window if Nav4 resized if (init==true) with (navigator) {if ((appName=="Netscape")&&(parseInt(appVersion)==4)) { document.MM_pgW=innerWidth; document.MM_pgH=innerHeight; onresize=MM_reloadPage; }} else if (innerWidth!=document.MM_pgW \|\| innerHeight!=document.MM_pgH) location.reload(); } MM_reloadPage(true); function MM_jumpMenu(targ,selObj,restore){ //v3.0 eval(targ+".location='"+selObj.options[selObj.selectedIndex].value+"'"); if (restore) selObj.selectedIndex=0; } //--> </script> </head> <body> <div id="Layer1" style="position:absolute; left:668px; top:87px; width:148px; height:69px; z-index:1"><img src="/fwlogo.gif" alt="logo"></div> <table width="941" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="#f4cc86"> <!--DWLayoutTable--> <tr> <td width="38"><!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="newfw1" --><a href="/warriorshtm/necromancer.htm">necromancer</a><!-- InstanceEndEditable --></td> <td width="38"><!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="newfw2" --><a href="/warriorshtm/capitalista.htm">capitalista</a><!-- InstanceEndEditable --></td> <td width="38"><!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="newfw3" --><a href="/warriorshtm/typhoidmary.htm">typhoidmary</a><!-- InstanceEndEditable --></td> <td width="477" class="style14"><span style="font-weight: bold; Â </span> LATEST FLAME WARRIOR ADDITIONS </td> <td width=" 225"><span class="style25">NEW FLAME WARRIOR ADDITIONS </span></td> <td width="62" class="style11"><div align="center" class="link1"><a href="/donate.html">donate</a></div></td> <td width="109" class="style12"><div align="center"><a href="/-mreed/forum/" class="link1">message board</a> </div></td> <td width="44" class="style11"><div align="center"><a href="https://slots.info/" target="_blank">slots.info</a> <br> </div></td> <td width="42" class="style11"><div align="center"><span class="style23"><a href="/warriorshtm/links.htm">links</a></span><br> </div></td> <td width="44" valign="middle" class="style11"><div align="center" class="style22"><a href="/" class="link1"><!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="home" -->home<!-- InstanceEndEditable --></a></div></td> <td width="49" class="style11"> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="941" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <!--DWLayoutTable--> <tr> <td width="3" height="25"> </td> <td width="648"> </td> <td width="4"> </td> <td width="3"> </td> <td width="146"> </td> <td width="137"></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="102"> </td> <td rowspan="7" valign="top"><p class="style18"><img src="/Assets/burn.gif" width="648" height="508"></p></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="25"></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td valign="top"><form name="form1"> <select name="menu1" onchange="MM_jumpMenu('parent',this,1)"> <option selected>Flame Warrior Roster</option> <option value="warriorshtm/acne.htm">Acne</option> <option value="warriorshtm/admin.htm">Admin</option> <option value="warriorshtm/allcaps.htm">ALLCAPS</option> <option value="warriorshtm/android.htm">Android</option> <option value="warriorshtm/archivist.htm">Archivist</option> <option value="warriorshtm/artfuldodger.htm">Artful Dodger</option> <option value="warriorshtm/artiste.htm">Artiste</option> <option value="warriorshtm/atheist.htm">Atheist</option> <option value="warriorshtm/bigcat.htm">Big Cat</option> <option value="/warriorshtm/bigdogmetoo.htm">Big Dog and Me-Too</option> <option value="warriorshtm/blissninny.htm">Bliss Ninny</option> <option value="warriorshtm/blowhard.htm">Blowhard</option> <option value="warriorshtm/bong.htm">Bong</option> <option value="/warriorshtm/capitalista.htm">Capitalista</option> <option value="warriorshtm/centurion.htm">Centurion</option> <option value="warriorshtm/coffeeklatch.htm">Coffee Klatch</option> <option value="warriorshtm/compost.htm">Compost</option> <option value="warriorshtm/crybaby.htm">Crybaby</option> <option value="warriorshtm/cybersisters.htm">Cyber Sisters</option> <option value="warriorshtm/deacon.htm">Deacon</option> <option value="warriorshtm/diplomat.htm">Diplomat</option> <option value="warriorshtm/duelists.htm">Duelists</option> <option value="warriorshtm/eaglescout.htm">Eagle Scout</option> <option value="warriorshtm/ego.htm">Ego</option> <option value="warriorshtm/enfantprovocateur.htm">Enfant Provocateur</option> <option value="warriorshtm/ennui.htm">Ennui</option> <option value="warriorshtm/ent.htm">Ent</option> <option value="warriorshtm/ethnix.htm">Ethnix</option> <option value="warriorshtm/evilclown.htm">Evil Clown</option> <option value="warriorshtm/fanboy.htm">Fanboy</option> <option value="warriorshtm/ferouscranus.htm">Ferrous Cranus</option> <option value="warriorshtm/filibuster.htm">Filibuster</option> <option value="warriorshtm/fragilefemme.htm">Fragile Femme</option> <option value="warriorshtm/furioustyper.htm">Furious Typer</option> <option value="warriorshtm/garble.htm">Garble</option> <option value="warriorshtm/god.htm">God</option> <option value="warriorshtm/godfather.htm">Godfather</option> <option value="warriorshtm/godzilla.htm">Godzilla</option> <option value="warriorshtm/grammarian.htm">Grammarian</option> <option value="warriorshtm/grenade.htm">Grenade</option> <option value="warriorshtm/grunter.htm">Grunter</option> <option value="warriorshtm/howlers.htm">Howlers</option> <option value="warriorshtm/ideologue.htm">Ideologue</option> <option value="warriorshtm/impostor.htm">Imposter</option> <option value="warriorshtm/innocenceabused.htm">Innocence Abused</option> <option value="warriorshtm/issues.htm">Issues</option> <option value="warriorshtm/jekylhyde.htm">Jekyl and Hyde</option> <option value="warriorshtm/jerk.htm">Jerk</option> <option value="warriorshtm/klaxon.htm">Klaxon</option> <option value="warriorshtm/kungfumaster.htm">Kung-Fu Master</option> <option value="warriorshtm/lamer.htm">Lamer</option> <option value="warriorshtm/lonelyguy.htm">Lonely Guy</option> <option value="warriorshtm/loopy.htm">Loopy</option> <option value="warriorshtm/lurker.htm">Lurker</option> <option value="warriorshtm/nanny.htm">Nanny</option> <option value="/warriorshtm/necromancer.htm">Necromancer</option> <option value="warriorshtm/netiquettenazi.htm">Netiquette Nazi</option> <option value="warriorshtm/netrat.htm">Net Rat</option> <option value="warriorshtm/newbie.htm">Newbie</option> <option value="warriorshtm/nitpick.htm">Nitpick</option> <option value="warriorshtm/palooka.htm">Palooka</option> <option value="warriorshtm/patois.htm">Patois</option> <option value="warriorshtm/perv.htm">Perv</option> <option value="warriorshtm/philosopher.htm">Philosopher</option> <option value="warriorshtm/picador.htm">Picador</option> <option value="warriorshtm/pinko.htm">Pinko</option> <option value="warriorshtm/pithyphrase.htm">Pithy Phrase</option> <option value="warriorshtm/profundusmaximus.htm">Profundus Maximus</option> <option value="warriorshtm/propellerhead.htm">Propeller Head</option> <option value="warriorshtm/rat.htm">Rat</option> <option value="warriorshtm/rebelleader.htm">Rebel Leader</option> <option value="warriorshtm/rebelwithoutclue.htm">Rebel Without a Clue</option> <option value="warriorshtm/rottweilerpuppy.htm">Rottweiler Puppy</option> <option value="warriorshtm/royals.htm">Royals</option> <option value="warriorshtm/stealth.htm">Stealth</option> <option value="warriorshtm/strumpet.htm">Strumpet</option> <option value="warriorshtm/swarm.htm">The Swarm</option> <option value="warriorshtm/sycophant.htm">Sycophant</option> <option value="warriorshtm/target.htm">Target</option> <option value="warriorshtm/therapist.htm">Therapist</option> <option value="warriorshtm/tirelessrebutter.htm">Tireless Rebutter</option> <option value="warriorshtm/toxicgranny.htm">Toxic Granny</option> <option value="warriorshtm/troglodyte.htm">Troglodyte</option> <option value="warriorshtm/troller.htm">Troller</option> <option value="/warriorshtm/typhoidmary.htm">Typhoid Mary</option> <option value="warriorshtm/weenie.htm">Weenie</option> <option value="warriorshtm/whisper.htm">Whisper</option> <option value="warriorshtm/xenophobe.htm">Xenophobe</option> <option value="warriorshtm/yukyuk.htm">Yuk Yuk</option> </select> </form></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="10"></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="23"></td> <td></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><div align="center"><a href="/warriorshtm/bigdogmetoo.htm"><img src="/begin.gif" width="79" height="13" border="0"></a></div></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="12"></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="138"></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><p class="rosterintro">The Warriors are listed alphabetically in the menu above. Using the "next Warrior" link navigates through the roster in random sequence.</p> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="176"></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="mick" --> <!-- InstanceEndEditable --></td> <td> </td> </tr> </table> </body> <!-- InstanceEnd --></html>	Flame Warriors Home <!-- .style11 { font-size: 10pt; color: #996600; } .style12 { color: #7d0d00; font-family: "Franklin Gothic", sans-serif; font-size: 12px; } .style14 { font-size: 8px; font-family: "Franklin Gothic", sans-serif; color: #EE0000; } body { background-color: #fbebd2; } .style18 {font-size: 12pt} .rosterintro {font-size: 8pt} .style19 { color: #993300; font-size: 8pt; } .style22 {font-size: 10px; font-style: normal; color: #7d0d00; font-family: FranklinGothic, sans-serif;} .style23 {font-size: 12px; font-family: "Franklin Gothic", sans-serif;} a:link { color: #7d0d00; text-decoration: none; } a:visited { color: #CC6600; text-decoration: none; } body,td,th { font-family: FranklinGothic, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; } a { font-family: Franklin Gothic, sans-serif; } a:hover { text-decoration: none; } a:active { text-decoration: none; } .style24 { font-size: 10px; font-family: "Franklin Gothic", sans-serif; } .style25 {font-size: 10px} --> <!-- function MM\_reloadPage(init) { //reloads the window if Nav4 resized if (init==true) with (navigator) {if ((appName=="Netscape")&&(parseInt(appVersion)==4)) { document.MM\_pgW=innerWidth; document.MM\_pgH=innerHeight; onresize=MM\_reloadPage; }} else if (innerWidth!=document.MM\_pgW \|\| innerHeight!=document.MM\_pgH) location.reload(); } MM\_reloadPage(true); function MM\_jumpMenu(targ,selObj,restore){ //v3.0 eval(targ+".location='"+selObj.options[selObj.selectedIndex].value+"'"); if (restore) selObj.selectedIndex=0; } //--> ![logo](/fwlogo.gif) \| [necromancer](/warriorshtm/necromancer.htm) \| [capitalista](/warriorshtm/capitalista.htm) \| [typhoidmary](/warriorshtm/typhoidmary.htm) \| NEW FLAME WARRIOR ADDITIONS \| [donate](/donate.html) \| [message board](/-mreed/forum/) \| [slots.info](https://slots.info/) \| [links](/warriorshtm/links.htm) \| [home](/) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Flame Warrior Roster Acne Admin ALLCAPS Android Archivist Artful Dodger Artiste Atheist Big Cat Big Dog and Me-Too Bliss Ninny Blowhard Bong Capitalista Centurion Coffee Klatch Compost Crybaby Cyber Sisters Deacon Diplomat Duelists Eagle Scout Ego Enfant Provocateur Ennui Ent Ethnix Evil Clown Fanboy Ferrous Cranus Filibuster Fragile Femme Furious Typer Garble God Godfather Godzilla Grammarian Grenade Grunter Howlers Ideologue Imposter Innocence Abused Issues Jekyl and Hyde Jerk Klaxon Kung-Fu Master Lamer Lonely Guy Loopy Lurker Nanny Necromancer Netiquette Nazi Net Rat Newbie Nitpick Palooka Patois Perv Philosopher Picador Pinko Pithy Phrase Profundus Maximus Propeller Head Rat Rebel Leader Rebel Without a Clue Rottweiler Puppy Royals Stealth Strumpet The Swarm Sycophant Target Therapist Tireless Rebutter Toxic Granny Troglodyte Troller Typhoid Mary Weenie Whisper Xenophobe Yuk Yuk \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| The Warriors are listed alphabetically in the menu above. Using the "next Warrior" link navigates through the roster in random sequence. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|	https://www.flamewarriorsguide.com/
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML//EN"> <html> <head> <meta name="description" content="Shrine to TV with pictures, sounds and links. 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<html> <head> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1"> <meta name="generator" content="Microsoft FrontPage 4.0"> <title>The Intel 4004 Home</title> <!--BEGIN STYLE FOR THIS PAGE--> <STYLE type=text/css> <!-- BODY { MARGIN: 0px; } .IMAGEBODY {CURSOR: hand} .white { font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none } .smwhite { font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none } .linkwhite { font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 12pt; text-decoration: underline } .linkspeech { font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #003399; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 12pt; text-decoration: underline } .blue { font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #003399; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none } .lgblue { font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; 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Paper published in La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento, SIF (Societa' Italiana di Fisica), Volume 38, No.12, December 2015</B></SPAN></FONT></A> </TD> </TR> </TABLE> <BR> <!-----END PAPER TABLE----> <A HREF="current_intel_museum.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">Current 4004 Display at Intel Museum (2014) & Introductory Note</SPAN></FONT></A><BR><BR> <A HREF="museum_display.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">4004 Microprocessor Display at New Intel Museum (1992)</SPAN></FONT></A><BR><BR> <A HREF="4004_original_schematics.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">Original Schematics of the Intel 4004 Microprocessor</SPAN></FONT></A><BR><BR> <A HREF="rescue.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">Fagginï¿½s Bootstrap Load and Buried Contact Rescue Hoffï¿½s Architecture</SPAN></FONT></A><BR><BR> <A HREF="faggin_career.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">Federico Fagginï¿½s Career Leading to the Design of the Intel 4004</SPAN></FONT></A><BR><BR> <A HREF="moore_interview.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">Gordon Moore Interview on the First Microprocessor</SPAN></FONT></A><BR><BR> <FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="smwhite"><B>Q&A With Federico:</B></SPAN></FONT> <BR> <A HREF="qa4004.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">4004 Q&A</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="qa8008_8080.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">8008 & 8080 Q&A</SPAN></FONT></A><BR><BR> <FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="smwhite"><B>Earliest Published Papers:</B></SPAN></FONT> <BR> <A HREF="papers.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">On the Silicon Gate Technology (SGT)</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="papers.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">On the Fairchild 3708</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="papers.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">On the MCS4 and the 4004</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="papers.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">On MOS</SPAN></FONT></A><BR><BR> <TABLE BGCOLOR="#99CCFF" CELLPADDING="7" CELLSPACING="0" BORDER="0"> <TR> <TD> <A HREF="speech.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#003399"><SPAN class="linkspeech"><B>Federico's October 2001 Speech</B></SPAN></FONT></A> </TD> </TR> </TABLE> <BR> <FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="smwhite"><B>Quick Links:</B></SPAN></FONT> <BR> <A HREF="sign.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">Federico Faggin's Signature</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="leader.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">Project Leader</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="sgate.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">Silicon Gate Technology</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="sgdm.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">The Silicon Gate Design of the 4004</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="buried.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">The Buried Contact</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="btstrp.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">The Bootstrap Load</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="mrld.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">The New Methodology for Random Logic Design</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="hyatt.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">The Crucial Role of Silicon Design</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="shima.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">Masatoshi Shima</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="busicom.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">Busicom</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="hoff_role.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">Tedd Hoff's Role in the Microprocessor</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="other_calc.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">Applications Other Than Calculators</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="proto_calc.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">Engineering Prototype Of The Busicom 141-PF Calculator</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="patents.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">Patent No. 3,821,715</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="patents.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">Patent No. 3,753,011</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="4000_family.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">The 4000 Family</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="8008_8080.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">The 8008 & The 8080</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="zilog.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">Zilog</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="disown.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">Intel Disowns Faggin</SPAN></FONT></A><BR> <A HREF="hoff_8080.htm"><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF"><SPAN class="linkwhite">Something Is Wrong With This Picture!</SPAN></FONT></A> </TD> </TR> </TABLE> <!----END CELLPADDING TABLE----> </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD BGCOLOR="#0066CC" HEIGHT="20" WIDTH="100%"> <IMG SRC="images/blank_trans.gif"> </TD> <TD BGCOLOR="#0066CC" ALIGN="RIGHT" HEIGHT="20" WIDTH="11"> <DIV><IMG SRC="images/bottom_right_blue.gif"></DIV> </TD> </TR> </TABLE> <!------------------END RELATED LINKS TABLE-----------------------> </TD> <TD WIDTH="80%" VALIGN="TOP"> <!-----BEGIN CELLPADDING TABLE-----> <TABLE WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING="5" CELLSPACING="0" BORDER="0"> <TR> <TD VALIGN="TOP"> <TABLE WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING="5" CELLSPACING="0" BORDER="0"> <TR> <TD VALIGN="TOP"> <FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="2" COLOR="#003399"><B><SPAN class="lgblue">T</SPAN></B></FONT><FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#003399"><SPAN class="body">he 4004, the world's first microprocessor, is signed with the initials <a href="sign.htm">F.F.</a>, for Federico Faggin, its designer. Signing the chip was a spontaneous gesture of proud authorship. It was also an original idea, imitated after him by others. Faggin initially etched the F.F. inside the design. Later he moved them to its border, like the autograph on a work of art. The <a href="sign.htm">signature</A> is a particularly poignant testimony because, at the time of its birth, the first microprocessor, far from being considered a milestone by Intel's management, represented a diversion from the mainline business of the company which was memory chips. <BR> <BR> The birth of the 4004 was an intense moment witnessed by Faggin alone, working into the night in the deserted Intel labs. He had received the 4004 wafers from the manufacturing line at around 6 PM, in <A HREF="museum_display.htm">January 1971</A>, as people were leaving for the day. With hands trembling and heart pounding he loaded the wafers in the wafer prober and connected it to the tester. A sigh of relief raised from his chest, above the humming of the instruments, as he observed electrical activity in the device. As the testing progressed, the tension was gradually transforming into elation as all the critical functions showed to be operating properly. At around 3 AM, exhausted and ecstatic, Faggin left the lab. At home his wife, Elvia, was waiting for the news. "It works"! he announced, and they shared the happiness in this moment of triumph. </SPAN></FONT> <BR> <BR> </TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP"> <IMG SRC="images/chip_ff.jpeg" ALT="4004 FF" WIDTH="360" HEIGHT="236"> <BR> <FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#003399">On the lower right-hand corner of the 4004 chip are the initials F.F. for Federico Faggin, the project leader and author of the silicon design.</FONT> </TD> </TR> </TABLE> <FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#003399"><SPAN class="body"> Federico Faggin signed the 4004 because: <UL> <LI> He was the <A HREF="leader.htm">leader</A> of the design/development project of the first microprocessor, and brought it to its successful conclusion.</LI> <BR> <LI>Faggin did the detailed design work (logic design, circuit design, chip layout, tester design and test program development) with help from <A HREF="shima.htm">Masatoshi Shima</A>, a <A HREF="busicom.htm">Busicom</A> software and logic designer without any previous chip design experience.</LI> <BR> <LI>Busicom presented to Faggin the <A HREF="proto_calc.htm">engineering prototype</A> of their calculator with the first 4004. Faggin in 1996 donated it to the Computer History Museum in Silicon Valley. </LI> <BR> <LI> He was the original developer of the <A HREF="sgate.htm">Silicon Gate Technology,</A> at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1968, the first commercial self-aligned gate process, and the designer of the world's first commercial integrated circuit using the silicon gate technology: the <A HREF="papers.htm">Fairchild 3708</A>. This semiconductor technology was copied by Intel and made into its core manufacturing technology, enabling the early realization of high-performance memories and the microprocessor. </LI> <BR> <LI> Faggin made two other key inventions at Fairchild: the <A HREF="buried.htm">Buried Contact</A> and the <A HREF="btstrp.htm">Bootstrap Load</A>. At Intel he applied these innovations to build the first microprocessor. They were essential in making the 4004 a reality with the technology available in 1970. Faggin also created the basic <A HREF="mrld.htm">Methodology for Random Logic Design</A> using silicon gate technology. This methodology did not exist at Intel or anywhere else until he developed it in <A HREF="museum_display.htm">1970</A>. It set the style of design used for all early generations of microprocessors at Intel. </LI> <BR> <LI>He also created a very <A HREF="sgdm.htm">innovative layout</A> and invented many special circuits, for example: a static MOS shift register, a new type of counter and a new automatic power-on reset circuit <A HREF="patents.htm">(US patent 3,753,011)</A>.</LI> <BR> <LI>He demostrated that the 4004 could be used for <A HREF="other_calc.htm">applications other than calculators</A> and vigorously campaigned inside Intel to make the 4004 available to the general market. </LI> <BR> <LI>Two patents cover Intel's MCS-4: <A HREF="patents.htm">patent no. 3,821,715</A>, Memory System for a Multi-Chip Digital Computer, in the names of Ted Hoff, Stan Mazor and Federico Faggin (filed January 1973, granted June 28, 1974); and <A HREF="patents.htm">patent no. 3,753,011</A>, power supply settable, bi-stable circuit, in the name of Federico Faggin (filed March 13, 1972, granted August 14, 1973).</LI> </UL> After designing the <A HREF="4000_family.htm">4004</A>, Federico Faggin intensely promoted within Intel the broad commercialization of microprocessors, which at the outset were only custom products, to the general market. He was in charge of the design and development of all Intel's early microprocessors: the <A HREF="4000_family.htm">4004<A>, <A HREF="8008_8080.htm">8008</A>, <A HREF="4000_family.htm">4040</A> and <A HREF="8008_8080.htm">8080</A>.<BR> He conceived and defined the architectures of the <A HREF="4000_family.htm">4040</A> and of the <A HREF="8008_8080.htm">8080</A>, and supervised their design and development. He presented his architectural proposal for the <A HREF="8008_8080.htm">8080</A> to management in early 1972, urging his boss to start the project in earnest, but management wanted to ascertain the market reaction to the recent introduction of the <A HREF="4000_family.htm">4004</A> and <A HREF="8008_8080.htm">8008</A> before committing additional resources. Nine months of competitive advantage were thus lost due to this indecision. Intel was then a semiconductor memory company and microprocessors were not a priority. <BR> <BR> The silicon gate design methodology and the novel layouts created by Faggin for the <A HREF="4000_family.htm">4004</A> provided a source of techniques and implementation examples that were subsequently used at Intel and other companies for the design of complex random logic chips. <BR> <BR> </SPAN></FONT> <CENTER> <!----BEGIN TEXT BOX------> <TABLE CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="0" BGCOLOR="#0066CC" BORDER="0"> <TR> <TD> <TABLE WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING="5" CELLSPACING="0" BGCOLOR="#EEEEEE" BORDER="0"> <TR> <TD WIDTH="100%" > <FONT FACE="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" SIZE="1" COLOR="#003399"><SPAN class="body">Faggin left Intel in 1974, to start <A HREF="zilog.htm">Zilog</A>, a company dedicated to the emerging microprocessor market and a direct competitor of Intel. After having led from the beginning all of Intel's microprocessor development activity, at the time of his leaving Faggin was heading all of the MOS chip design activity, with the exception of dynamic memories. Intelï¿½s management punished Faggin by <A HREF="disown.htm">disowning him</A> of his many contributions, attributing most of his credits in the creation of the microprocessor to <A HREF="hoff_8080.htm">Ted Hoff<A>, and by encouraging lesser contributors to grab a bigger share and play a bigger role than they did to diminish Faggin's legacy. <A HREF="hoff_8080.htm">Ted Hoff<A>, who was not a chip designer, <A HREF="hoff_role.htm">contributed only the architectural proposal</A> (in <A HREF="museum_display.htm">1969</A>) but did not participate in the <A HREF="sgdm.htm">innovative design</A> and development of the MCS-4 (done by Federico Faggin in <A HREF="museum_display.htm">1970-1971</A>). </SPAN></FONT> </TD> </TR> </TABLE> </TD> </TR> </TABLE> <!----END TEXT BOX------> <BR> <a href="#Top" onClick="changeI()"><IMG SRC="images/top.gif" WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="15" BORDER="0" ALT="Page Top"></a> </CENTER> </TD> </TR> </TABLE> <!----END CELLPADDING TABLE------> </TD> </TR> </TABLE> <!----END MAIN TABLE 3----> </TD> </TR> </TABLE> <!---END MAIN TABLE 2---> </TD> </TR> </TABLE> <!------------------END OUTERMOST TABLE 1-----------------------> <BR> <div style="position:absolute; top:-9999px;"> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.intel4004.com/anxiety-causing-erectile-dysfunction.html">Non-serious adverse events were not recorded. It prevents the</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.intel4004.com/big-pharmacy-near-me.html">Dexilant may cause high blood pressure. As with other ventricular</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.intel4004.com/pharmacy-near-me.html">Symptoms can include: â¢ High blood sugar levels. If you use it</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.intel4004.com/psychogenic-ed-symptoms.html">Can cycloserine cause problems? Even so, high dose supplementation</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.intel4004.com/safeway-pharmacy-near-me.html">Explore your copay eligibility. For chronic obstructive pulmonary</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.intel4004.com/valley-pharmacy.html">This review shines a light on cocrystal formulations. They found</a></li> </ul> </div> </body> </html>	The Intel 4004 Home <!-- BODY { MARGIN: 0px; } .IMAGEBODY {CURSOR: hand} .white { font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none } .smwhite { font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none } .linkwhite { font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 12pt; text-decoration: underline } .linkspeech { font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #003399; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 12pt; text-decoration: underline } .blue { font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #003399; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none } .lgblue { font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #003399; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none } .body { font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #003399 ; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 12pt } a:hover { color:#FF6600 } --> <!-- var i = -1; var clicked = false; function previousPage() { // if Top button was clicked, go back i pages in history list // otherwise, go back one page in history list. if (clicked) history.go(i); else history.back(); } function changeI() { // Top button was clicked, so decrement i // so that click won't be considered part of the history list i--; clicked = true; } // --> \| \| \| --- \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| Home \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| [Back](javascript:previousPage()) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| The Intel 4004 Microprocessor and the Silicon Gate Technology \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| A testimonial from Federico Faggin, designer of the 4004 and developer of its enabling technology \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| [The 2009 National Medal of Technology and Innovation](2009_national_medal.htm) \| \| \| --- \| \| [Federico Faggin's Testimonial on the Invention of the MOS Silicon Gate Technology](mosgate.htm) \| \| \| \| --- \| \| [**The MOS Silicon Gate Technology and the First Microprocessors. Paper published in La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento, SIF (Societa' Italiana di Fisica), Volume 38, No.12, December 2015](The_MOS_Silicon_Gate_Technology_and_the_First_Microprocessors.pdf) \| [Current 4004 Display at Intel Museum (2014) & Introductory Note](current_intel_museum.htm) [4004 Microprocessor Display at New Intel Museum (1992)](museum_display.htm) [Original Schematics of the Intel 4004 Microprocessor](4004_original_schematics.htm) [Fagginï¿½s Bootstrap Load and Buried Contact Rescue Hoffï¿½s Architecture](rescue.htm) [Federico Fagginï¿½s Career Leading to the Design of the Intel 4004](faggin_career.htm) [Gordon Moore Interview on the First Microprocessor](moore_interview.htm) Q&A With Federico: [4004 Q&A](qa4004.htm) [8008 & 8080 Q&A](qa8008_8080.htm) Earliest Published Papers: [On the Silicon Gate Technology (SGT)](papers.htm) [On the Fairchild 3708](papers.htm) [On the MCS4 and the 4004](papers.htm) [On MOS](papers.htm) \| \| \| --- \| \| [Federico's October 2001 Speech](speech.htm) \| Quick Links: [Federico Faggin's Signature](sign.htm) [Project Leader](leader.htm) [Silicon Gate Technology](sgate.htm) [The Silicon Gate Design of the 4004](sgdm.htm) [The Buried Contact](buried.htm) [The Bootstrap Load](btstrp.htm) [The New Methodology for Random Logic Design](mrld.htm) [The Crucial Role of Silicon Design](hyatt.htm) [Masatoshi Shima](shima.htm) [Busicom](busicom.htm) [Tedd Hoff's Role in the Microprocessor](hoff_role.htm) [Applications Other Than Calculators](other_calc.htm) [Engineering Prototype Of The Busicom 141-PF Calculator](proto_calc.htm) [Patent No. 3,821,715](patents.htm) [Patent No. 3,753,011](patents.htm) [The 4000 Family](4000_family.htm) [The 8008 & The 8080](8008_8080.htm) [Zilog](zilog.htm) [Intel Disowns Faggin](disown.htm) [Something Is Wrong With This Picture!](hoff_8080.htm) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| T*he 4004, the world's first microprocessor, is signed with the initials [F.F.](sign.htm), for Federico Faggin, its designer. Signing the chip was a spontaneous gesture of proud authorship. It was also an original idea, imitated after him by others. Faggin initially etched the F.F. inside the design. Later he moved them to its border, like the autograph on a work of art. The [signature](sign.htm) is a particularly poignant testimony because, at the time of its birth, the first microprocessor, far from being considered a milestone by Intel's management, represented a diversion from the mainline business of the company which was memory chips. The birth of the 4004 was an intense moment witnessed by Faggin alone, working into the night in the deserted Intel labs. He had received the 4004 wafers from the manufacturing line at around 6 PM, in [January 1971](museum_display.htm), as people were leaving for the day. With hands trembling and heart pounding he loaded the wafers in the wafer prober and connected it to the tester. A sigh of relief raised from his chest, above the humming of the instruments, as he observed electrical activity in the device. As the testing progressed, the tension was gradually transforming into elation as all the critical functions showed to be operating properly. At around 3 AM, exhausted and ecstatic, Faggin left the lab. At home his wife, Elvia, was waiting for the news. "It works"! he announced, and they shared the happiness in this moment of triumph. \| 4004 FF On the lower right-hand corner of the 4004 chip are the initials F.F. for Federico Faggin, the project leader and author of the silicon design. \| Federico Faggin signed the 4004 because: He was the [leader](leader.htm) of the design/development project of the first microprocessor, and brought it to its successful conclusion. * Faggin did the detailed design work (logic design, circuit design, chip layout, tester design and test program development) with help from [Masatoshi Shima](shima.htm), a [Busicom](busicom.htm) software and logic designer without any previous chip design experience. * Busicom presented to Faggin the [engineering prototype](proto_calc.htm) of their calculator with the first 4004. Faggin in 1996 donated it to the Computer History Museum in Silicon Valley. * He was the original developer of the [Silicon Gate Technology,](sgate.htm) at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1968, the first commercial self-aligned gate process, and the designer of the world's first commercial integrated circuit using the silicon gate technology: the [Fairchild 3708](papers.htm). This semiconductor technology was copied by Intel and made into its core manufacturing technology, enabling the early realization of high-performance memories and the microprocessor. * Faggin made two other key inventions at Fairchild: the [Buried Contact](buried.htm) and the [Bootstrap Load](btstrp.htm). At Intel he applied these innovations to build the first microprocessor. They were essential in making the 4004 a reality with the technology available in 1970. Faggin also created the basic [Methodology for Random Logic Design](mrld.htm) using silicon gate technology. This methodology did not exist at Intel or anywhere else until he developed it in [1970](museum_display.htm). It set the style of design used for all early generations of microprocessors at Intel. * He also created a very [innovative layout](sgdm.htm) and invented many special circuits, for example: a static MOS shift register, a new type of counter and a new automatic power-on reset circuit [(US patent 3,753,011)](patents.htm). * He demostrated that the 4004 could be used for [applications other than calculators](other_calc.htm) and vigorously campaigned inside Intel to make the 4004 available to the general market. * Two patents cover Intel's MCS-4: [patent no. 3,821,715](patents.htm), Memory System for a Multi-Chip Digital Computer, in the names of Ted Hoff, Stan Mazor and Federico Faggin (filed January 1973, granted June 28, 1974); and [patent no. 3,753,011](patents.htm), power supply settable, bi-stable circuit, in the name of Federico Faggin (filed March 13, 1972, granted August 14, 1973). After designing the [4004](4000_family.htm), Federico Faggin intensely promoted within Intel the broad commercialization of microprocessors, which at the outset were only custom products, to the general market. He was in charge of the design and development of all Intel's early microprocessors: the [4004, [8008](8008_8080.htm), [4040](4000_family.htm) and [8080](8008_8080.htm). He conceived and defined the architectures of the [4040](4000_family.htm) and of the [8080](8008_8080.htm), and supervised their design and development. He presented his architectural proposal for the [8080](8008_8080.htm) to management in early 1972, urging his boss to start the project in earnest, but management wanted to ascertain the market reaction to the recent introduction of the [4004](4000_family.htm) and [8008](8008_8080.htm) before committing additional resources. Nine months of competitive advantage were thus lost due to this indecision. Intel was then a semiconductor memory company and microprocessors were not a priority. The silicon gate design methodology and the novel layouts created by Faggin for the [4004](4000_family.htm) provided a source of techniques and implementation examples that were subsequently used at Intel and other companies for the design of complex random logic chips.](4000_family.htm) \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| Faggin left Intel in 1974, to start [Zilog](zilog.htm), a company dedicated to the emerging microprocessor market and a direct competitor of Intel. After having led from the beginning all of Intel's microprocessor development activity, at the time of his leaving Faggin was heading all of the MOS chip design activity, with the exception of dynamic memories. Intelï¿½s management punished Faggin by [disowning him](disown.htm) of his many contributions, attributing most of his credits in the creation of the microprocessor to [Ted Hoff, and by encouraging lesser contributors to grab a bigger share and play a bigger role than they did to diminish Faggin's legacy. [Ted Hoff, who was not a chip designer, [contributed only the architectural proposal](hoff_role.htm) (in [1969](museum_display.htm)) but did not participate in the [innovative design](sgdm.htm) and development of the MCS-4 (done by Federico Faggin in [1970-1971](museum_display.htm)).](hoff_8080.htm)](hoff_8080.htm) \| \| [Page Top](#Top) \| \| \| \| * [Non-serious adverse events were not recorded. It prevents the](http://www.intel4004.com/anxiety-causing-erectile-dysfunction.html) * [Dexilant may cause high blood pressure. As with other ventricular](http://www.intel4004.com/big-pharmacy-near-me.html) * [Symptoms can include: â¢ High blood sugar levels. If you use it](http://www.intel4004.com/pharmacy-near-me.html) * [Can cycloserine cause problems? Even so, high dose supplementation](http://www.intel4004.com/psychogenic-ed-symptoms.html) * [Explore your copay eligibility. For chronic obstructive pulmonary](http://www.intel4004.com/safeway-pharmacy-near-me.html) * [This review shines a light on cocrystal formulations. They found](http://www.intel4004.com/valley-pharmacy.html)	http://intel4004.com/
<html> <head> <title> helwig's smiley dictionary </title> </head> <body> <a href="http://www.mckinley.com/" ><IMG SRC="/~helwig/smileys.html.fils/mag3star.gif" align=right alt="[magellan 3 star site]"></a> <a href="/~helwig/smileys.html.fils/Smiley.jpeg"><IMG SRC="/~helwig/smileys.html.fils/Smiley-small.jpeg" alt="[smiley-in-the-sky-pic]"></a> <h1> <a name=top >helwig's smiley dictionary</a> </h1> on december 2, 1994 i found a smiley directory on the net. i sat down and restructured it, sorted it and combined the multiple definitions. i converted the list to a html definition list and here it is... <p> if you are searching for a specific smiley, you currently have to use the inbuilt text search function of your www browser. maybe i will find some time in the near future to do some indexing, but i've a lot of other (better) things to do. <p> <a href="http://www.cg.tuwien.ac.at/~helwig/" ><em>(to my home-page)</em></a> - <a href="#bottom" ><em>(to the bottom of this page)</em></a> <p> <hr> <dl> <dt><code> </code><dd> ...the invisible smiley <br> ...ghost smiley in invisible state <br> ...smiley invisible man <p><dt><code> $-) </code><dd> ...yuppie smiley <p><dt><code> %-) </code><dd> ...user has been staring at a green screen for 15 hours straight <p><dt><code> %-6 </code><dd> ...user is braindead <p><dt><code> &-l </code><dd> ...that made me cry <p><dt><code> '-) </code><dd> ...winking smiley <p><dt><code> (-: </code><dd> ...left hand smiley <p><dt><code> (8-o </code><dd> ...it's mr. bill! <p><dt><code> (:-( </code><dd> ...the saddest smiley <br> ...unsmiley frowning <br> ...very unhappy smiley <p><dt><code> (:-) </code><dd> ...smiley big face <p><dt><code> (:I </code><dd> ...egghead <p><dt><code> ([( </code><dd> ...robocop <p><dt><code> )8-) </code><dd> ...scuba smiley big-face <p><dt><code> ):-( </code><dd> ...nordic smiley <br> ...unsmiley big-face <p><dt><code> ):-) </code><dd> ...impish smiley <br> ...smiley big-face <p><dt><code> :o) </code><dd> ...and bozo the clown! <p><dt><code> <:-) </code><dd> ...user is wearing a santa claus hat <p><dt><code> +-( </code><dd> ...smiley, shot between the eyes <p><dt><code> +-:-) </code><dd> ...user is the pope or holds some other religious office <p><dt><code> +:-) </code><dd> ...priest smiley <p><dt><code> ,-) </code><dd> ...winking happy smiley <p><dt><code> ,-} </code><dd> ...wry and winking smiley <p><dt><code> ,:-) </code><dd> ...user shaved one of his eyebrows off this morning <p><dt><code> -:-( </code><dd> ...(real punk rockers don't smile) <p><dt><code> -:-) </code><dd> ...user is a punk rocker <p><dt><code> ..-) </code><dd> ...user only has one eye <p><dt><code> ..-] </code><dd> ...one-eyed smilely <p><dt><code> 0-) </code><dd> ...smiley cyclops (scuba diver?) <p><dt><code> 3:[ </code><dd> ...mean pet smiley <br> ...pit bull smiley <p><dt><code> 3:] </code><dd> ...lucy my pet dog smiley <br> ...pet smiley <p><dt><code> 3:o[ </code><dd> ...net.pets <p><dt><code> 8 </code><dd> ...infinity <p><dt><code> 8 :-) </code><dd> ...user is a wizard <p><dt><code> 8 :-I </code><dd> ...net.unix-wizards <p><dt><code> 8(:-) </code><dd> ...mickey mouse <p><dt><code> 8-# </code><dd> ...dead smiley <br> ...death <p><dt><code> 8-) </code><dd> ...glasses <br> ...smiley swimmer <br> ...smiley with big eyes...perhaps wearing contact lenses... <p><dt><code> 8-O </code><dd> ...omigod <p><dt><code> 8-\| </code><dd> ...suspense <p><dt><code> 8:-) </code><dd> ...glasses on forehead <br> ...little girl smiley <p><dt><code> 8<:-) </code><dd> ...smiley is a wizard <p><dt><code> : = </code><dd> ...beaver smiley <p><dt><code> :#) </code><dd> ...drunk smiley <p><dt><code> :'-( </code><dd> ...user is crying <p><dt><code> :'-) </code><dd> ...user is so happy, s/he is crying <p><dt><code><a name=sad >:(</a> </code><dd> ...sad <br> ...sad-turtle smiley <p><dt><code><a name=happy >:)</a> </code><dd> ...happy <br> ...midget smiley <p><dt><code> :* </code><dd> ...kisses <p><dt><code> :) </code><dd> ...user is drunk <p><dt><code> :,( </code><dd> ...crying smiley <p><dt><code><a name=male >:-</a> </code><dd> ...male <p><dt><code> :-! </code><dd> ...foot in mouth <br> ...smiley bland face <p><dt><code> :-" </code><dd> ...whistling smiley <p><dt><code> :-# </code><dd> ...user wears braces <br> ...my lips are scaled <p><dt><code> :-#\| </code><dd> ...smiley face with bushy mustache <p><dt><code> :-$ </code><dd> ...smiley face with its mouth wired shut <p><dt><code> :-% </code><dd> ...smiley banker <p><dt><code> :-& </code><dd> ...smiley which is tongue-tied <p><dt><code> :-( </code><dd> ...boo hoo <br> ...drama <br> ...frowning smiley. user did not like that last statement or is upset or depressed about something. <p><dt><code> :-() </code><dd> ...that comment made me sick <p><dt><code> :-(=) </code><dd> ...bucktooth smiley <p><dt><code> :-) </code><dd> ...basic smiley <br> ...ha ha <br> ...comedy <br> ...your basic smiley. this smiley is used to inflect a sarcastic or joking statement since we can't hear voice inflection over unix. <p><dt><code> :-)8< </code><dd> ...big girl smiley <p><dt><code> :-)~ </code><dd> ...user drools <p><dt><code> :-* </code><dd> ...user just ate something sour <br> ...smiley after eating something bitter <br> ...kiss <p><dt><code><a name=skeptical >:-/</a> </code><dd> ...skeptical smiley <br> ...lefty undecided smiley <p><dt><code> :-0 </code><dd> ...no yelling! (quiet lab) <br> ...smiley orator <p><dt><code> :-1 </code><dd> ...smiley bland face <p><dt><code> :-3 </code><dd> ...handlebar mustache smiley <p><dt><code> :-6 </code><dd> ...smiley after eating something sour <br> ...smiley after eating something spicy <p><dt><code> :-7 </code><dd> ...smiley after a wry statement <br> ...smirking smiley <p><dt><code> :-8( </code><dd> ...condescending stare <p><dt><code> :-9 </code><dd> ...user is licking his/her lips <p><dt><code> :-: </code><dd> ...mutant smiley <p><dt><code> :-< </code><dd> ...real sad smiley <br> ...walrus smiley <p><dt><code> :-=) </code><dd> ...older smiley with mustache <p><dt><code> :-> </code><dd> ...user just made a really biting sarcastic remark. worse than a :-). <br> ...hey hey <br> ...sarcastic smiley <br> ...y.a.s. <p><dt><code> :-? </code><dd> ...smiley smoking a pipe <p><dt><code> :-@ </code><dd> ...screaming smiley <p><dt><code><a name=really_bummed >:-C</a> </code><dd> ...user is really bummed <br> ...real unhappy smiley <p><dt><code> :-D </code><dd> ...user is laughing (at you!) <p><dt><code> :-E </code><dd> ...bucktoothed vampire <p><dt><code> :-F </code><dd> ...bucktoothed vampire with one tooth missing <p><dt><code> :-I </code><dd> ...hmm <br> ...indifferent smiley. better than a frowning smiley but not quite as good as a happy smiley <p><dt><code> :-O </code><dd> ...talkaktive smiley <br> ...uh oh <p><dt><code> :-P </code><dd> ...nyah nyah <p><dt><code> :-Q </code><dd> ...smoker <br> ...smoking smiley <p><dt><code> :-S </code><dd> ...user just made an incoherent statement <br> ...what you say makes no sense <p><dt><code> :-V </code><dd> ...shouting smiley <p><dt><code> :-W </code><dd> ...speak with forked tongue <p><dt><code> :-X </code><dd> ...user's lips are sealed <br> ...a big wet kiss <br> ...bow tie <p><dt><code> :-[ </code><dd> ...vampire smiley <br> ...un-smiley blockhead <p><dt><code> :-\ </code><dd> ...undecided smiley <p><dt><code> :-] </code><dd> ...smiley blockhead <p><dt><code> :-` </code><dd> ...smiley spitting out its chewing tobacco <p><dt><code> :-a </code><dd> ...lefty smilely touching tongue to nose <br> ...smiley touching her tongue to her nose <p><dt><code> :-b </code><dd> ...left-pointing tongue smiley <p><dt><code> :-c </code><dd> ...bummed out smiley <p><dt><code> :-d </code><dd> ...lefty smiley razzing you <br> ...said with a smile <p><dt><code> :-e </code><dd> ...disappointed smiley <p><dt><code> :-i </code><dd> ...semi-smiley <p><dt><code> :-j </code><dd> ...left smiling smilely <p><dt><code> :-k </code><dd> ...beats me, looks like something, tho. <p><dt><code> :-l </code><dd> ...y. a. s. <p><dt><code> :-o </code><dd> ...uh oh! <br> ...smiley singing national anthem <br> ...surpise <p><dt><code> :-p </code><dd> ...smiley sticking its tongue out (at you!) <p><dt><code> :-q </code><dd> ...smiley trying to touch its tongue to its nose <p><dt><code> :-r </code><dd> ...smiley raspberry <p><dt><code> :-s </code><dd> ...smiley after a BIZARRE comment <p><dt><code> :-t </code><dd> ...cross smiley <br> ...pouting smiley <p><dt><code> :-v </code><dd> ...talking head smiley <p><dt><code> :-x </code><dd> ..."my lips are sealed" smiley <p><dt><code> :-z </code><dd> ...y.a.c.s. <p><dt><code> :-{ </code><dd> ...mustache <br> ...smiley variation on a theme <p><dt><code> :-{) </code><dd> ...user has a mustache <p><dt><code> :-{} </code><dd> ...smiley wears lipstick <p><dt><code> :-\| </code><dd> ..."have an ordinary day" smiley <p><dt><code> :-} </code><dd> ...beard <p><dt><code> :-}X </code><dd> ...bow tie-wearing smiley <p><dt><code> :-~) </code><dd> ...user has a cold <p><dt><code> :/\) </code><dd> ...extremely bignosed smiley <p><dt><code> :8) </code><dd> ...pigish smiley <p><dt><code> ::-) </code><dd> ...user wears normal glasses <p><dt><code> :< </code><dd> ...midget unsmiley <br> ...what? <p><dt><code> :<) </code><dd> ...user is from an ivy league school <p><dt><code> :=) </code><dd> ...user has two noses <br> ...orangutan smiley <p><dt><code> :> </code><dd> ...midget smiley <br> ...what? <p><dt><code> :@ </code><dd> ...what? <p><dt><code> :C </code><dd> ...what? <p><dt><code> :D </code><dd> ...laughter <p><dt><code> :I </code><dd> ...hmmm... <p><dt><code> :I) </code><dd> ...smiley with septum pierce (The septum is that thing that makes your nose have two small nostrils rather than one large one.) <p><dt><code> :O </code><dd> ...yelling <p><dt><code> :Q </code><dd> ...what? <p><dt><code><a name=real_downer >:[</a> </code><dd> ...real downer <p><dt><code> :] </code><dd> ...gleep...a friendly midget smiley who will gladly be your friend <p><dt><code> :^) </code><dd> ...user has a broken nose <br> ...smiley with a personality <br> ...smiley with pointy nose (righty) <p><dt><code> :_) </code><dd> ...user's nose is sliding off of his face <p><dt><code> :n) </code><dd> ...smiley with funny-looking right nose <p><dt><code> :u) </code><dd> ...smiley with funny-looking left nose <p><dt><code> :v) </code><dd> ...user has a broken nose, but it's the other way <br> ...left-pointing nose smiley <p><dt><code> :{ </code><dd> ...what? <p><dt><code> :} </code><dd> ...what should we call these? (what?) <p><dt><code> ;-( </code><dd> ...crying smiley <p><dt><code><a name=winking_smiley >;-)</a> </code><dd> ...winking smiley <br> ...winky smiley. user just made a flirtatious and/or sarcastic remark. more of a "don't hit me for what i just said" smiley. <p><dt><code> ;^) </code><dd> ...smirking smiley <p><dt><code><a name=heart ><3</a> </code><dd> ...heart <p><dt><code> <:-I </code><dd> ...user is a dunce <p><dt><code> <:-l </code><dd> ...dunce smiley <p><dt><code> <:3 </code><dd> ...simple smiley mouse or rat <p><dt><code> <:3 )~~~~ </code><dd> ...smiley mouse or rat <p><dt><code> <:I </code><dd> ...dunce <p><dt><code> =) </code><dd> ...variation on a theme... <p><dt><code> =:-( </code><dd> ...real punks never smile <p><dt><code> =:-) </code><dd> ...user is a hosehead <br> ...smiley is a punk <br> ...smiley punk-rocker <p><dt><code> >- </code><dd> ...female <p><dt><code> >:-< </code><dd> ...mad <p><dt><code> >:-> </code><dd> ...devilish smiley <p><dt><code> >:-I </code><dd> ...net.startrek <p><dt><code> >:-l </code><dd> ...klingon smiley <p><dt><code> >;-> </code><dd> ...winky and devil combined. a very lewd remark was just made. <br> ...a very lewd remark was just made <p><dt><code> ?-( </code><dd> ...black eye <p><dt><code> @:-) </code><dd> ...smiley wearing a turban <p><dt><code> @:-} </code><dd> ...smiley just back from the hairdresser <p><dt><code> @:I </code><dd> ...turban <p><dt><code> @= </code><dd> ...user is pro-nuclear war <p><dt><code> B-) </code><dd> ...horn-rims <br> ...smiley wears glasses <p><dt><code> B:-) </code><dd> ...sunglasses on head <p><dt><code> BI </code><dd> ...a frog <p><dt><code> C=:-) </code><dd> ...chef smiley <p><dt><code> E-:-) </code><dd> ...user is a ham radio operator <p><dt><code> E-:-I </code><dd> ...net.ham-radio <p><dt><code> H-) </code><dd> ...cross-eyed smiley <p><dt><code> K:P </code><dd> ...user is a little kid with a propeller beenie <p><dt><code> L-P </code><dd> ...totally scrambled smiley (thats why L-P mud exists...) <p><dt><code> O :-) </code><dd> ...user is an angel (at heart, at least) <p><dt><code> O \|-) </code><dd> ...net.religion <p><dt><code> O-) </code><dd> ...megaton man on patrol! (or else, user is a scuba diver) <br> ...message from cyclops <br> ...smiley after smoking a banana <p><dt><code> O:-) </code><dd> ...angel smiley <p><dt><code> P-( </code><dd> ...pirate smiley <p><dt><code> V^J </code><dd> ...smiley with glasses, seen from the left side (portrait, talking) (it's more a talkey...- just tip your head to the right side to see it) <p><dt><code> X-( </code><dd> ...user just died <br> ...net.suicide <br> ...you are brain dead <p><dt><code> X:-) </code><dd> ...little kid with a propeller beanie <p><dt><code> [:-) </code><dd> ...smiley wearing a walkman <p><dt><code> [:] </code><dd> ...robot smiley <p><dt><code> [] </code><dd> ...hugs <p><dt><code> ]-I </code><dd> ...smiley wearing sunglasses (cool...therefore no smile, only a smirk) <p><dt><code> `' </code><dd> ...cat's eyes in the night <p><dt><code> `:-) </code><dd> ...user shaved one of his eyebrows off this morning <p><dt><code> d8= </code><dd> ...your pet beaver is wearing goggles and a hard hat. <p><dt><code> d:-) </code><dd> ...baseball smiley <p><dt><code> l-O </code><dd> ...smiley is yawning <p><dt><code> l:-O </code><dd> ...flattop loudmouth smiley <p><dt><code> l^o </code><dd> ...hepcat smiley <p><dt><code> {:-) </code><dd> ...smiley wears a toupee <br> ...smiley with its hair parted in the middle <p><dt><code> \|-( </code><dd> ...smiley lost his contact lenses <p><dt><code> \|-) </code><dd> ...hee hee <p><dt><code> \|-D </code><dd> ...ho ho <p><dt><code> \|-I </code><dd> ...user is asleep <p><dt><code> \|-O </code><dd> ...user is yawning/snoring <br> ...birth <p><dt><code> \|-P </code><dd> ...yuk <p><dt><code> \|I </code><dd> ...asleep <p><dt><code> \|^o </code><dd> ...snoring <p><dt><code> }:-( </code><dd> ...toupee in an updraft <p><dt><code> }:-) </code><dd> ...above in an updraft <p><dt><code> }:^#) </code><dd> ...pointy nosed smiley <p><dt><code> ~:-P </code><dd> ...smiley, thinking and steaming or: having only one single hair <p><dt><code> ~~:-( </code><dd> ...net.flame <p><dt><code> ---<--{(@ </code><dd> ...it's a rose! <p><dt><code> :----} </code><dd> ...you lie like pinnochio <p><dt><code> C=}>;*{)) </code><dd> ...mega-smiley... a drunk, devilish chef with a toupee in an updraft, a mustache, and a double chin <p><dt><code> }:^#}) </code><dd> ...mega-smiley: updrafted bushy-mustached pointy nosed smiley with a double-chin </dl> <hr> <a href="#top" ><em>(back to top)</em></a> <p> <hr> <a name=bottom >last update: september 19, 1996</a>. if you have any comments, please <a href="mailto:helwig@cg.tuwien.ac.at" >send a mail to <em>helwig@cg.tuwien.ac.at</em></a>. <address> <a href="/~helwig/" >helwig löffelmann</a>, technical university of vienna. </address> </body> </html>	helwig's smiley dictionary [![[magellan 3 star site]](/~helwig/smileys.html.fils/mag3star.gif)](http://www.mckinley.com/) [![[smiley-in-the-sky-pic]](/~helwig/smileys.html.fils/Smiley-small.jpeg)](/~helwig/smileys.html.fils/Smiley.jpeg) # helwig's smiley dictionary on december 2, 1994 i found a smiley directory on the net. i sat down and restructured it, sorted it and combined the multiple definitions. i converted the list to a html definition list and here it is... if you are searching for a specific smiley, you currently have to use the inbuilt text search function of your www browser. maybe i will find some time in the near future to do some indexing, but i've a lot of other (better) things to do. [(to my home-page)](http://www.cg.tuwien.ac.at/~helwig/) - [(to the bottom of this page)](#bottom) --- ...the invisible smiley ...ghost smiley in invisible state ...smiley invisible man `$-)` ...yuppie smiley `%-)` ...user has been staring at a green screen for 15 hours straight `%-6` ...user is braindead `&-l` ...that made me cry `'-)` ...winking smiley `(-:` ...left hand smiley `(8-o` ...it's mr. bill! `(:-(` ...the saddest smiley ...unsmiley frowning ...very unhappy smiley `(:-)` ...smiley big face `(:I` ...egghead `([(` ...robocop `)8-)` ...scuba smiley big-face `):-(` ...nordic smiley ...unsmiley big-face `):-)` ...impish smiley ...smiley big-face `:o)` ...and bozo the clown! `<:-)` ...user is wearing a santa claus hat `+-(` ...smiley, shot between the eyes `+-:-)` ...user is the pope or holds some other religious office `+:-)` ...priest smiley `,-)` ...winking happy smiley `,-}` ...wry and winking smiley `,:-)` ...user shaved one of his eyebrows off this morning `-:-(` ...(real punk rockers don't smile) `-:-)` ...user is a punk rocker `..-)` ...user only has one eye `..-]` ...one-eyed smilely `0-)` ...smiley cyclops (scuba diver?) `3:[` ...mean pet smiley ...pit bull smiley `3:]` ...lucy my pet dog smiley ...pet smiley `3:o[` ...net.pets `8` ...infinity `8 :-)` ...user is a wizard `8 :-I` ...net.unix-wizards `8(:-)` ...mickey mouse `8-#` ...dead smiley ...death `8-)` ...glasses ...smiley swimmer ...smiley with big eyes...perhaps wearing contact lenses... `8-O` ...omigod `8-\|` ...suspense `8:-)` ...glasses on forehead ...little girl smiley `8<:-)` ...smiley is a wizard `: =` ...beaver smiley `:#)` ...drunk smiley `:'-(` ...user is crying `:'-)` ...user is so happy, s/he is crying `:(` ...sad ...sad-turtle smiley `:)` ...happy ...midget smiley `:` ...kisses `:)` ...user is drunk `:,(` ...crying smiley `:-` ...male `:-!` ...foot in mouth ...smiley bland face `:-"` ...whistling smiley `:-#` ...user wears braces ...my lips are scaled `:-#\|` ...smiley face with bushy mustache `:-$` ...smiley face with its mouth wired shut `:-%` ...smiley banker `:-&` ...smiley which is tongue-tied `:-(` ...boo hoo ...drama ...frowning smiley. user did not like that last statement or is upset or depressed about something. `:-()` ...that comment made me sick `:-(=)` ...bucktooth smiley `:-)` ...basic smiley ...ha ha ...comedy ...your basic smiley. this smiley is used to inflect a sarcastic or joking statement since we can't hear voice inflection over unix. `:-)8<` ...big girl smiley `:-)~` ...user drools `:-` ...user just ate something sour ...smiley after eating something bitter ...kiss `:-/` ...skeptical smiley ...lefty undecided smiley `:-0` ...no yelling! (quiet lab) ...smiley orator `:-1` ...smiley bland face `:-3` ...handlebar mustache smiley `:-6` ...smiley after eating something sour ...smiley after eating something spicy `:-7` ...smiley after a wry statement ...smirking smiley `:-8(` ...condescending stare `:-9` ...user is licking his/her lips `:-:` ...mutant smiley `:-<` ...real sad smiley ...walrus smiley `:-=)` ...older smiley with mustache `:->` ...user just made a really biting sarcastic remark. worse than a :-). ...hey hey ...sarcastic smiley ...y.a.s. `:-?` ...smiley smoking a pipe `:-@` ...screaming smiley `:-C` ...user is really bummed ...real unhappy smiley `:-D` ...user is laughing (at you!) `:-E` ...bucktoothed vampire `:-F` ...bucktoothed vampire with one tooth missing `:-I` ...hmm ...indifferent smiley. better than a frowning smiley but not quite as good as a happy smiley `:-O` ...talkaktive smiley ...uh oh `:-P` ...nyah nyah `:-Q` ...smoker ...smoking smiley `:-S` ...user just made an incoherent statement ...what you say makes no sense `:-V` ...shouting smiley `:-W` ...speak with forked tongue `:-X` ...user's lips are sealed ...a big wet kiss ...bow tie `:-[` ...vampire smiley ...un-smiley blockhead `:-\` ...undecided smiley `:-]` ...smiley blockhead `:-`` ...smiley spitting out its chewing tobacco `:-a` ...lefty smilely touching tongue to nose ...smiley touching her tongue to her nose `:-b` ...left-pointing tongue smiley `:-c` ...bummed out smiley `:-d` ...lefty smiley razzing you ...said with a smile `:-e` ...disappointed smiley `:-i` ...semi-smiley `:-j` ...left smiling smilely `:-k` ...beats me, looks like something, tho. `:-l` ...y. a. s. `:-o` ...uh oh! ...smiley singing national anthem ...surpise `:-p` ...smiley sticking its tongue out (at you!) `:-q` ...smiley trying to touch its tongue to its nose `:-r` ...smiley raspberry `:-s` ...smiley after a BIZARRE comment `:-t` ...cross smiley ...pouting smiley `:-v` ...talking head smiley `:-x` ..."my lips are sealed" smiley `:-z` ...y.a.c.s. `:-{` ...mustache ...smiley variation on a theme `:-{)` ...user has a mustache `:-{}` ...smiley wears lipstick `:-\|` ..."have an ordinary day" smiley `:-}` ...beard `:-}X` ...bow tie-wearing smiley `:-~)` ...user has a cold `:/\)` ...extremely bignosed smiley `:8)` ...pigish smiley `::-)` ...user wears normal glasses `:<` ...midget unsmiley ...what? `:<)` ...user is from an ivy league school `:=)` ...user has two noses ...orangutan smiley `:>` ...midget smiley ...what? `:@` ...what? `:C` ...what? `:D` ...laughter `:I` ...hmmm... `:I)` ...smiley with septum pierce (The septum is that thing that makes your nose have two small nostrils rather than one large one.) `:O` ...yelling `:Q` ...what? `:[` ...real downer `:]` ...gleep...a friendly midget smiley who will gladly be your friend `:^)` ...user has a broken nose ...smiley with a personality ...smiley with pointy nose (righty) `:_)` ...user's nose is sliding off of his face `:n)` ...smiley with funny-looking right nose `:u)` ...smiley with funny-looking left nose `:v)` ...user has a broken nose, but it's the other way ...left-pointing nose smiley `:{` ...what? `:}` ...what should we call these? (what?) `;-(` ...crying smiley `;-)` ...winking smiley ...winky smiley. user just made a flirtatious and/or sarcastic remark. more of a "don't hit me for what i just said" smiley. `;^)` ...smirking smiley `<3` ...heart `<:-I` ...user is a dunce `<:-l` ...dunce smiley `<:3` ...simple smiley mouse or rat `<:3 )~~~~` ...smiley mouse or rat `<:I` ...dunce `=)` ...variation on a theme... `=:-(` ...real punks never smile `=:-)` ...user is a hosehead ...smiley is a punk ...smiley punk-rocker `>-` ...female `>:-<` ...mad `>:->` ...devilish smiley `>:-I` ...net.startrek `>:-l` ...klingon smiley `>;->` ...winky and devil combined. a very lewd remark was just made. ...a very lewd remark was just made `?-(` ...black eye `@:-)` ...smiley wearing a turban `@:-}` ...smiley just back from the hairdresser `@:I` ...turban `@=` ...user is pro-nuclear war `B-)` ...horn-rims ...smiley wears glasses `B:-)` ...sunglasses on head `BI` ...a frog `C=:-)` ...chef smiley `E-:-)` ...user is a ham radio operator `E-:-I` ...net.ham-radio `H-)` ...cross-eyed smiley `K:P` ...user is a little kid with a propeller beenie `L-P` ...totally scrambled smiley (thats why L-P mud exists...) `O :-)` ...user is an angel (at heart, at least) `O \|-)` ...net.religion `O-)` ...megaton man on patrol! (or else, user is a scuba diver) ...message from cyclops ...smiley after smoking a banana `O:-)` ...angel smiley `P-(` ...pirate smiley `V^J` ...smiley with glasses, seen from the left side (portrait, talking) (it's more a talkey...- just tip your head to the right side to see it) `X-(` ...user just died ...net.suicide ...you are brain dead `X:-)` ...little kid with a propeller beanie `[:-)` ...smiley wearing a walkman `[:]` ...robot smiley `[]` ...hugs `]-I` ...smiley wearing sunglasses (cool...therefore no smile, only a smirk) ``'` ...cat's eyes in the night ``:-)` ...user shaved one of his eyebrows off this morning `d8=` ...your pet beaver is wearing goggles and a hard hat. `d:-)` ...baseball smiley `l-O` ...smiley is yawning `l:-O` ...flattop loudmouth smiley `l^o` ...hepcat smiley `{:-)` ...smiley wears a toupee ...smiley with its hair parted in the middle `\|-(` ...smiley lost his contact lenses `\|-)` ...hee hee `\|-D` ...ho ho `\|-I` ...user is asleep `\|-O` ...user is yawning/snoring ...birth `\|-P` ...yuk `\|I` ...asleep `\|^o` ...snoring `}:-(` ...toupee in an updraft `}:-)` ...above in an updraft `}:^#)` ...pointy nosed smiley `~:-P` ...smiley, thinking and steaming or: having only one single hair `~~:-(` ...net.flame `---<--{(@` ...it's a rose! `:----}` ...you lie like pinnochio `C=}>;{))` ...mega-smiley... a drunk, devilish chef with a toupee in an updraft, a mustache, and a double chin `}:^#})` ...mega-smiley: updrafted bushy-mustached pointy nosed smiley with a double-chin --- [(back to top)](#top) --- last update: september 19, 1996. if you have any comments, please [send a mail to helwig@cg.tuwien.ac.at*](mailto:helwig@cg.tuwien.ac.at). [helwig löffelmann](/~helwig/), technical university of vienna.	https://users.cg.tuwien.ac.at/helwig/smileys.html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <title>Hyperhero Special-Couch</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="description" content="Description of a new couch, which can even be built at home. An opening between seat and back-rest makes it possible to enter comfortable a container below the seat."> <meta name="keywords" content="Hyperhero, couch, couches, invention, inventions, furniture, VRML, wrl, 3D, three-dimensional, new, novelty, improved, improvment, child's room, children's room, nursery, bed, bedroom, do it your self, do-it-your-self, hobby, Spezial Couch, Spezialcouch, plan, plans, drawing, drawings, plan of construction, building plan, superhero, saviour of the world"> <link rel="canonical" href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/couch.htm"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://www.hyperhero.com/style/style.css"> <link rel="icon" href="http://www.hyperhero.com/favicon.ico"> <base target="_top"> </head> <body class="hyperhero-page-couch"> <div class="hyperhero-lang"> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/couch.htm" lang="en" hreflang="en" rel="alternate">English <img src="http://www.hyperhero.com/images/flagen.gif" alt="EN" width="15" height="10"></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/de/couch.htm" lang="de" hreflang="de" rel="alternate">Deutsch <img src="http://www.hyperhero.com/images/flagde.gif" alt="DE" width="15" height="10"></a></li> <!--<li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/la/couch.htm" lang="la" hreflang="la" rel="alternate">Lingua Latina <img src="http://www.hyperhero.com/images/flagla.gif" alt="LA" width="15" height="10"></a></li>//--> </ul> </div> <div class="hyperhero-article"> <!-- *** THE MAIN ARTICLE STARTS HERE * //--> <h1>Hyperhero Special Couch</h1> <h2>Oblique View:</h2> <img src="http://www.hyperhero.com/images/oblique.gif" alt="Oblique View of the Hyperhero Special Couch" height="191" width="300"> <h2>Description:</h2> <h3>Future prospects</h3> <p>Once again, Hyperhero, saviour of the universe, rendered mankind a huge favor: <br> By means of his supernatural spiritual powers he invented the one and only Hyperhero Special Couch. This Couch exeeds a regular couch thanks to Hyperhero's improvements at large. There were ordinary couches till up today for the last milleniums, but the future belongs to the Hyperhero Special Couch.</p> <h3>Features:</h3> <p>Between the seat and the back-rest the Hyperhero Special Couch has an opening which is about 0.3 m wide. Though this opening the person sitting or lying on the couch can easily roll himself in the container below the seat. This is possible without any reworking of the couch and therefore especially saving of effort. Therefore the Hyperhero Special Couch is far superior to other sleeping couch constructions, which usually require some reworking.</p> <h3>Construction:</h3> <p>To insure the required stability, the Hyperhero Special Couch is made of wooden planks, which are cushioned by foam-rubber on both sides. <br> The thickness of the boards and the attached foam-rubber is usually 0.1 m. Both side constructions, which make up the arm rest, have a thickness of 0.2 m. The backside has in the lower parts the regular thickness of 0.1 m, but at the top a thickness of 0.4 m. <br> In the back-rest there is over the seat a gap of 0.3 m, which after 0.3 m curves down, entering the container below the seat, which measures 0.8 m × 2 m and has a height of 0.4 m. This results in an area of 1.6 m<sup>2</sup>, and a volume of 0.64 m<sup>3</sup>. This enables nearly everyman to stay in the container without difficulty. <br> The container has a second window-like opening which measures 0.4 m × 0.4 m. By way of this opening the person staying in the container gets sufficient fresh air. This opening can also be used as an emergency exit.</p> <h3>Costruction plans</h3> <p>The construction in particular and the exact measurements of the Hyperhero Special Couch can be found in the colored oblique view at the beginning of this page as well as the following drawings. If you want to magnify the drawings mentioned before, please click these.</p> <h4>Side view (left):</h4> <a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/images/left.gif"><img src="http://www.hyperhero.com/images/left.gif" alt="Sideview (left)" height="256" width="214"></a> <h4>Front view:</h4> <a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/images/front.gif"><img src="http://www.hyperhero.com/images/front.gif" alt="Front view" height="242" width="412"></a> <h4>Bird's eye view:</h4> <a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/images/bird.gif"><img src="http://www.hyperhero.com/images/bird.gif" alt="Bird's eye view" height="214" width="441"></a> <h3>3-Dimensional VRML-model</h3> <p class="hyperhero-image-wrapper"> <a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/vrml/couch.wrl"><img src="http://www.hyperhero.com/images/couchscr.gif" width="300" height="200" alt="Screenshot of VRML-model" class="hyperhero-image-left"></a> You can also have a look at the 3-dimensional <a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/vrml/couch.wrl">VRML97-file showing the Hyperhero Special Couch</a>. Its advantage is that you can spin the couch around and so you can view it from any perspective. <br> The VRML-Dokument is in accordance with the VRML97-standard of ISO/IEC 14772-1:1997. <!-- <br> If your browser is not able to show VRML-files and you also do not have a VRML-browser, you can download several VRML-browsers and plug-ins, some of them even for free, at <a href="http://www.web3d.org/x3d/vrml/tools/viewers_and_browsers/" target="_blank">http://www.web3d.org/x3d/vrml/tools/viewers_and_browsers/</a> . //--> </p> <!-- * THE MAIN ARTICLE ENDS HERE *** //--> </div> <div class="hyperhero-footer1"> <a href="http://www.hyperhero.com">http://www.hyperhero.com</a> </div> <div class="hyperhero-nav"> <h1>Navigation</h1> <a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/" class="hyperhero-portrait-link"><img src="http://www.hyperhero.com/images/portrais.gif" alt="Portrait of Hyperhero" height="150" width="150"></a> <p class="hyperhero-rainbow"> H<span>y<span>p<span>e<span>r<span>h<span>e<span>r<span>o </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/" class="hyperhero-page-hello">Welcome</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/faq.htm" class="hyperhero-page-faq">FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/pictures.htm" class="hyperhero-page-pictures">Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/insults.htm" class="hyperhero-page-insults">Swearwords</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/parts.htm" class="hyperhero-page-parts">Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/deeds.htm" class="hyperhero-page-deeds">Heroic Deeds:</a> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/dinosaur.htm" class="hyperhero-page-dinosaur">Dinosaurs</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/apollo.htm" class="hyperhero-page-apollo">Apollo 13</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/eclipse.htm" class="hyperhero-page-eclipse">Solar Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/ytwok.htm" class="hyperhero-page-ytwok">Y2K</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/fire.htm" class="hyperhero-page-fire">Fire-Fighting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/inventor.htm" class="hyperhero-page-inventor">Inventions:</a> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/wheel.htm" class="hyperhero-page-wheel">Invention of the Wheel</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/letter.htm" class="hyperhero-page-letter">Letterpress</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/couch.htm" class="hyperhero-page-couch">Special-Couch</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/tribute.htm" class="hyperhero-page-tribute">Tribute:</a> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/poem.htm" class="hyperhero-page-poem">Poem</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/recipe.htm" class="hyperhero-page-recipe">Recipe for Cookies</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/links.htm" class="hyperhero-page-links">Links</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/camp.htm" class="hyperhero-page-camp">Work Camp</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/tips.htm" class="hyperhero-page-tips">Hyperhero's Tips</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/media.htm" class="hyperhero-page-media">Press Review</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/riddle.htm" class="hyperhero-page-riddle">Riddle</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/en/contact.htm" class="hyperhero-page-contact">e-mail/Contact</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hyperhero.com/" class="hyperhero-page-start">Start Page</a></li> </ul> </div> </body> </html>	Hyperhero Special-Couch * [English ![EN](http://www.hyperhero.com/images/flagen.gif)](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/couch.htm) * [Deutsch ![DE](http://www.hyperhero.com/images/flagde.gif)](http://www.hyperhero.com/de/couch.htm) # Hyperhero Special Couch ## Oblique View: ![Oblique View of the Hyperhero Special Couch](http://www.hyperhero.com/images/oblique.gif) ## Description: ### Future prospects Once again, Hyperhero, saviour of the universe, rendered mankind a huge favor: By means of his supernatural spiritual powers he invented the one and only Hyperhero Special Couch. This Couch exeeds a regular couch thanks to Hyperhero's improvements at large. There were ordinary couches till up today for the last milleniums, but the future belongs to the Hyperhero Special Couch. ### Features: Between the seat and the back-rest the Hyperhero Special Couch has an opening which is about 0.3 m wide. Though this opening the person sitting or lying on the couch can easily roll himself in the container below the seat. This is possible without any reworking of the couch and therefore especially saving of effort. Therefore the Hyperhero Special Couch is far superior to other sleeping couch constructions, which usually require some reworking. ### Construction: To insure the required stability, the Hyperhero Special Couch is made of wooden planks, which are cushioned by foam-rubber on both sides. The thickness of the boards and the attached foam-rubber is usually 0.1 m. Both side constructions, which make up the arm rest, have a thickness of 0.2 m. The backside has in the lower parts the regular thickness of 0.1 m, but at the top a thickness of 0.4 m. In the back-rest there is over the seat a gap of 0.3 m, which after 0.3 m curves down, entering the container below the seat, which measures 0.8 m × 2 m and has a height of 0.4 m. This results in an area of 1.6 m2, and a volume of 0.64 m3. This enables nearly everyman to stay in the container without difficulty. The container has a second window-like opening which measures 0.4 m × 0.4 m. By way of this opening the person staying in the container gets sufficient fresh air. This opening can also be used as an emergency exit. ### Costruction plans The construction in particular and the exact measurements of the Hyperhero Special Couch can be found in the colored oblique view at the beginning of this page as well as the following drawings. If you want to magnify the drawings mentioned before, please click these. #### Side view (left): [![Sideview (left)](http://www.hyperhero.com/images/left.gif)](http://www.hyperhero.com/images/left.gif) #### Front view: [![Front view](http://www.hyperhero.com/images/front.gif)](http://www.hyperhero.com/images/front.gif) #### Bird's eye view: [![Bird's eye view](http://www.hyperhero.com/images/bird.gif)](http://www.hyperhero.com/images/bird.gif) ### 3-Dimensional VRML-model [![Screenshot of VRML-model](http://www.hyperhero.com/images/couchscr.gif)](http://www.hyperhero.com/vrml/couch.wrl) You can also have a look at the 3-dimensional [VRML97-file showing the Hyperhero Special Couch](http://www.hyperhero.com/vrml/couch.wrl). Its advantage is that you can spin the couch around and so you can view it from any perspective. The VRML-Dokument is in accordance with the VRML97-standard of ISO/IEC 14772-1:1997. <http://www.hyperhero.com> # Navigation [![Portrait of Hyperhero](http://www.hyperhero.com/images/portrais.gif)](http://www.hyperhero.com/) Hyperhero * [Welcome](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/) * [FAQ](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/faq.htm) * [Pictures](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/pictures.htm) * [Swearwords](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/insults.htm) * [Equipment](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/parts.htm) * [Heroic Deeds:](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/deeds.htm) + [Dinosaurs](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/dinosaur.htm) + [Apollo 13](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/apollo.htm) + [Solar Eclipse](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/eclipse.htm) + [Y2K](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/ytwok.htm) + [Fire-Fighting](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/fire.htm) * [Inventions:](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/inventor.htm) + [Invention of the Wheel](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/wheel.htm) + [Letterpress](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/letter.htm) + [Special-Couch](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/couch.htm) * [Tribute:](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/tribute.htm) + [Poem](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/poem.htm) + [Recipe for Cookies](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/recipe.htm) + [Links](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/links.htm) * [Work Camp](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/camp.htm) * [Hyperhero's Tips](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/tips.htm) * [Press Review](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/media.htm) * [Riddle](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/riddle.htm) * [e-mail/Contact](http://www.hyperhero.com/en/contact.htm) * [Start Page](http://www.hyperhero.com/)	http://www.hyperhero.com/en/couch.htm
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML//EN"> <html> <head> <title>Early US and Russian Power Reactors</title> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 5.0"> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <p align="left"><font size="4" color="#0000A0"><em><strong>Early Reactors in the United States and Russia</strong></em></font> <hr color="blue"> <p>The first nuclear reactors for commercial civilian applications were developed in the early 1950's. In 1951, Experimental Breeder Reactor (EBR-1), located at the National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho, was completed and was operated by Argonne National Laboratory. In the first demonstration of nuclear-generated electricity  in the United States, 4 light bulbs were supplied  (Right hand photo) . EBR-1 was a prototype of the metal cooled reactors. The BORAX III reactor, a BWR prototype, actually lit the town of Arco in a 1955 demonstration. (<a href="http://www.anlw.anl.gov/anlw_history/main.html">More on Argonne history</a>). Argonne-West is a division of the national laboratory operated by the University of Chicago. </p> <p> <a href="http://www.anl.gov/Science_and_Technology/History/Anniversary_Frontiers/probo.html">Stagg Field</a> at the university was home of the world's first nuclear reactor, which was completed in December <a href="http://www.anl.gov/OPA/history/forties.html">1942</a> by a team of scientists headed by Enrico Fermi. Subsequently, the <a href="http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev25-34/chapter1.shtml">Graphite Reactor</a> was built at Oak Ridge to demonstrate that plutonium could be produced from uranium. This pilot scale reactor was a predecessor to the production reactors built at Hanford, Washington and is attributed to be the first to generate electricity.</p> <p>In the 1950's and 1960's, a number of smaller reactors of different designs (<a href="../type/pwr.htm">PWR</a>, <a href="../type/bwr.htm">BWR</a>, <a href="../type/metal.htm">metal cooled</a>, organic coolant, <a href="../type/gcr.htm">gas cooled</a>) were built and operated. Eventually, in the US, the PWR and BWR designs were the only survivors of the pilot plant stage. The table below shows the history of the early reactors.</p> <div align="center"><center> <table border="5" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5" width="100%"> <tr> <td width="100%" colspan="2"><p align="center"><strong>EBR-1 Reactor - first US Reactor to supply electricity</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><p align="center"><a href="../images/Ebr1.jpg"><img src="../images/Ebr1.jpg" align="bottom" border="0" width="359" height="250"></a> </p> <p align="left"><font size="1">Photo by J.A. Gonyeau</font></td> <td width="50%"><p align="center"><img src="../images/1stl-lite.jpg" width="379" height="244" alt="1stl-lite.jpg (34381 bytes)" align="bottom"></p> <p align="right"><small><small>Courtesy <a href="http://www.anlw.anl.gov/anlw_history/main.html">Argonne National Laboratory - West</a></small></small></td> </tr> </table> </center></div> <p>In Russia at about the same time, the Institute of Physics and Power Engineering developed a 10 MW graphite moderated reactor at <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=obninsk+nuclear">Obninsk</a>. This reactor commenced operation in 1954 and was the precursor of the RBMK design. The reactor was used to provide district heating for many years. The reactor is now shutdown.</p> <div align="center"><center> <table border="5" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5" width="65%"> <tr> <td><p align="center"><strong>First Russian Graphite-Moderated Reactor</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p align="center"><a href="../images/Obnpp1a.jpg"><img src="../images/Obnpp1a.jpg" align="bottom" border="0" width="318" height="251"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%"><font size="1">Photo by J.A. Gonyeau</font></td> </tr> </table> </center></div> <p align="left"> During the 1960's, a number of smaller prototype reactors were designed and operated by utilities and/or government agencies. These included:</p> <table border="1" width="100%"> <tr> <td width="5%" bgcolor="#008080"><small><em><strong><font color="#FFFF00">Year</font></strong></em></small></td> <td width="9%" bgcolor="#008080"><small><em><strong><font color="#FFFF00">Unit</font></strong></em></small></td> <td width="6%" bgcolor="#008080"><small><em><strong><font color="#FFFF00">MWe</font></strong></em></small></td> <td width="13%" bgcolor="#008080"><small><em><strong><font color="#FFFF00">Location</font></strong></em></small></td> <td width="17%" bgcolor="#008080"><small><em><strong><font color="#FFFF00">Utility</font></strong></em></small></td> <td width="10%" bgcolor="#008080"><small><em><strong><font color="#FFFF00">Reactor Type</font></strong></em></small></td> <td width="5%" bgcolor="#008080"><small><em><strong><font color="#FFFF00">Shutdown</font></strong></em></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="5%"><small>1957</small></td> <td width="9%"><small> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=shippingport+nuclear&btnG=Search">Shippingport</a></small></td> <td width="6%"><small>60</small></td> <td width="13%"><small>Shippingport, PA</small></td> <td width="17%"><small>Duquesne Light</small></td> <td width="10%"><small>PWR / LWBR</small></td> <td width="5%"><small>1982</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="5%"><small>1960</small></td> <td width="9%"><small> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=dresden+1+nuclear">Dresden</a> 1</small></td> <td width="6%"><small>200</small></td> <td width="13%"><small>Morris, IL</small></td> <td width="17%"><small>Commonwealth Edison</small></td> <td width="10%"><small>BWR</small></td> <td width="5%"><small>1978</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="5%"><small>1961</small></td> <td width="9%"><small> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=yankee+rowe+nuclear">Yankee Rowe</a></small></td> <td width="6%"><small>160</small></td> <td width="13%"><small>Rowe, MA</small></td> <td width="17%"><small>Yankee Atomic</small></td> <td width="10%"><small>PWR</small></td> <td width="5%"><small>1991</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="5%"><small>1962</small></td> <td width="9%"><small> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=big+rock+point+nuclear">Big Rock Point</a></small></td> <td width="6%"><small>60</small></td> <td width="13%"><small>Charlevoix, MI</small></td> <td width="17%"><small>Consumers Power</small></td> <td width="10%"><small>BWR</small></td> <td width="5%"><small>1997</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="5%"><small>1963</small></td> <td width="9%"><small> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=indian+point+1+nuclear">Indian Point</a> 1</small></td> <td width="6%"><small>250</small></td> <td width="13%"><small>Buchanan, NY</small></td> <td width="17%"><small>Consolidated Edison</small></td> <td width="10%"><small>PWR</small></td> <td width="5%"><small>1974</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="5%"><small>1963</small></td> <td width="9%"><small> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=humboldt+bay+nuclear">Humboldt Bay</a> 3</small></td> <td width="6%"><small>60</small></td> <td width="13%"><small>Eureka, CA</small></td> <td width="17%"><small>PG&E</small></td> <td width="10%"><small>BWR</small></td> <td width="5%"><small>1976</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="5%"><small>1963</small></td> <td width="9%"><small> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=hallam+nuclear">Hallam</a></small></td> <td width="6%"><small>75</small></td> <td width="13%"><small>Hallam, NB</small></td> <td width="17%"> </td> <td width="10%"><small>LMGMR</small></td> <td width="5%"><small>1964</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="5%"><small>1964</small></td> <td width="9%"><small> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=BONUS+nuclear">BONUS</a></small></td> <td width="6%"><small>70</small></td> <td width="13%"><small>Rincon, PR</small></td> <td width="17%"> </td> <td width="10%"><small>BWR</small></td> <td width="5%"><small>1968</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="5%"><small>1966</small></td> <td width="9%"><small> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=fermi+1+nuclear">Fermi</a> 1</small></td> <td width="6%"><small>60</small></td> <td width="13%"><small>Monroe, MI</small></td> <td width="17%"><small>Detroit Edison</small></td> <td width="10%"><small>LMFBR</small></td> <td width="5%"><small>1978</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="5%"><small>1966</small></td> <td width="9%"><small> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=hanford+N+nuclear">Hanford-N</a></small></td> <td width="6%"><small>860</small></td> <td width="13%"><small>Richland, WA</small></td> <td width="17%"><small>AEC/WPPSS</small></td> <td width="10%"><small>LGR</small></td> <td width="5%"><small>1988</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="5%"><small>1966</small></td> <td width="9%"><small> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=pathfinder+nuclear">Pathfinder</a></small></td> <td width="6%"><small>60</small></td> <td width="13%"><small>Sioux Falls, SD</small></td> <td width="17%"><small>Northern States Power</small></td> <td width="10%"><small>BWR</small></td> <td width="5%"><small>1967</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="5%"><small>1967</small></td> <td width="9%"><small> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=peach+bottom+1+nuclear">Peach Bottom</a> 1</small></td> <td width="6%"><small>40</small></td> <td width="13%"><small>Peach Bottom, PA</small></td> <td width="17%"><small>Philadelphia Electric</small></td> <td width="10%"><small>HTGR</small></td> <td width="5%"><small>1974</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="5%"><small>1969</small></td> <td width="9%"><small> <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=lacrosse+nuclear">LaCrosse</a></small></td> <td width="6%"><small>50</small></td> <td width="13%"><small>Genoa, WI</small></td> <td width="17%"><small>Dairyland Power</small></td> <td width="10%"><small>BWR</small></td> <td width="5%"><small>1987</small></td> </tr> </table> <p align="left"><strong><small>Legend </small></strong></p> <table border="0" width="70%" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="20%"><strong><em><small>Abbreviation</small></em></strong></td> <td width="50%"><em><strong><small>Meaning</small></strong></em></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><small>BWR</small></td> <td width="50%"><small>Boiling Water Reactor</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><small>LGR</small></td> <td width="50%"><small>Light Water Cooled - Graphite Moderated Reactor</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><small>LMFBR</small></td> <td width="50%"><small>Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><small>LMGMR</small></td> <td width="50%"><small>Liquid Metal (Cooled) -Graphite Moderated Reactor</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><small>LWBR</small></td> <td width="50%"><small>Light Water Breeder Reactor</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><small>PWR</small></td> <td width="50%"><small>Pressurized Water Reactor</small></td> </tr> </table> <p align="left">Subsequently, larger reactors were designed and operated starting with the San Onofre 1 and Connecticut Yankee PWRs in 1967 and Oyster Creek and Nine Mile Point 1 BWRs in 1969. These newer reactors were rated at 400 to 600 MWe. <a href="http://www.anl.gov/Science_and_Technology/History/index.html">Argonne</a> and <a href="http://www.csm.ornl.gov/PR/NS10-18-02.html">Oak Ridge</a> National Labs, <a href="http://www.em.doe.gov/timeline/">DOE</a>  and <a href="http://www.nrc.gov/who-we-are/short-history.html">NRC</a> have each provided short histories of nuclear power.</p> <hr color="blue"> <p align="center"><font size="2">Copyright © 1996-2006. <a href="http://www.nucleartourist.com">The Virtual <i>Nuclear Tourist</i></a>. All rights reserved. Revised: December 21, 2005.</font></p> </body> </html>	Early US and Russian Power Reactors *Early Reactors in the United States and Russia* --- The first nuclear reactors for commercial civilian applications were developed in the early 1950's. In 1951, Experimental Breeder Reactor (EBR-1), located at the National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho, was completed and was operated by Argonne National Laboratory. In the first demonstration of nuclear-generated electricity in the United States, 4 light bulbs were supplied (Right hand photo) . EBR-1 was a prototype of the metal cooled reactors. The BORAX III reactor, a BWR prototype, actually lit the town of Arco in a 1955 demonstration. ([More on Argonne history](http://www.anlw.anl.gov/anlw_history/main.html)). Argonne-West is a division of the national laboratory operated by the University of Chicago. [Stagg Field](http://www.anl.gov/Science_and_Technology/History/Anniversary_Frontiers/probo.html) at the university was home of the world's first nuclear reactor, which was completed in December [1942](http://www.anl.gov/OPA/history/forties.html) by a team of scientists headed by Enrico Fermi. Subsequently, the [Graphite Reactor](http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev25-34/chapter1.shtml) was built at Oak Ridge to demonstrate that plutonium could be produced from uranium. This pilot scale reactor was a predecessor to the production reactors built at Hanford, Washington and is attributed to be the first to generate electricity. In the 1950's and 1960's, a number of smaller reactors of different designs ([PWR](../type/pwr.htm), [BWR](../type/bwr.htm), [metal cooled](../type/metal.htm), organic coolant, [gas cooled](../type/gcr.htm)) were built and operated. Eventually, in the US, the PWR and BWR designs were the only survivors of the pilot plant stage. The table below shows the history of the early reactors. \| \| \| --- \| \| EBR-1 Reactor - first US Reactor to supply electricity \| \| Photo by J.A. Gonyeau \| 1stl-lite.jpg (34381 bytes) Courtesy [Argonne National Laboratory - West](http://www.anlw.anl.gov/anlw_history/main.html) \| In Russia at about the same time, the Institute of Physics and Power Engineering developed a 10 MW graphite moderated reactor at [Obninsk](http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=obninsk+nuclear). This reactor commenced operation in 1954 and was the precursor of the RBMK design. The reactor was used to provide district heating for many years. The reactor is now shutdown. \| \| \| --- \| \| First Russian Graphite-Moderated Reactor \| \| \| \| Photo by J.A. Gonyeau \| During the 1960's, a number of smaller prototype reactors were designed and operated by utilities and/or government agencies. These included: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| *Year* \| *Unit* \| *MWe* \| *Location* \| *Utility* \| *Reactor Type* \| *Shutdown* \| \| 1957 \| [Shippingport](http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=shippingport+nuclear&btnG=Search) \| 60 \| Shippingport, PA \| Duquesne Light \| PWR / LWBR \| 1982 \| \| 1960 \| [Dresden](http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=dresden+1+nuclear) 1 \| 200 \| Morris, IL \| Commonwealth Edison \| BWR \| 1978 \| \| 1961 \| [Yankee Rowe](http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=yankee+rowe+nuclear) \| 160 \| Rowe, MA \| Yankee Atomic \| PWR \| 1991 \| \| 1962 \| [Big Rock Point](http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=big+rock+point+nuclear) \| 60 \| Charlevoix, MI \| Consumers Power \| BWR \| 1997 \| \| 1963 \| [Indian Point](http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=indian+point+1+nuclear) 1 \| 250 \| Buchanan, NY \| Consolidated Edison \| PWR \| 1974 \| \| 1963 \| [Humboldt Bay](http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=humboldt+bay+nuclear) 3 \| 60 \| Eureka, CA \| PG&E \| BWR \| 1976 \| \| 1963 \| [Hallam](http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=hallam+nuclear) \| 75 \| Hallam, NB \| \| LMGMR \| 1964 \| \| 1964 \| [BONUS](http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=BONUS+nuclear) \| 70 \| Rincon, PR \| \| BWR \| 1968 \| \| 1966 \| [Fermi](http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=fermi+1+nuclear) 1 \| 60 \| Monroe, MI \| Detroit Edison \| LMFBR \| 1978 \| \| 1966 \| [Hanford-N](http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=hanford+N+nuclear) \| 860 \| Richland, WA \| AEC/WPPSS \| LGR \| 1988 \| \| 1966 \| [Pathfinder](http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=pathfinder+nuclear) \| 60 \| Sioux Falls, SD \| Northern States Power \| BWR \| 1967 \| \| 1967 \| [Peach Bottom](http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=peach+bottom+1+nuclear) 1 \| 40 \| Peach Bottom, PA \| Philadelphia Electric \| HTGR \| 1974 \| \| 1969 \| [LaCrosse](http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=lacrosse+nuclear) \| 50 \| Genoa, WI \| Dairyland Power \| BWR \| 1987 \| Legend \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| *Abbreviation* \| *Meaning* \| \| BWR \| Boiling Water Reactor \| \| LGR \| Light Water Cooled - Graphite Moderated Reactor \| \| LMFBR \| Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor \| \| LMGMR \| Liquid Metal (Cooled) -Graphite Moderated Reactor \| \| LWBR \| Light Water Breeder Reactor \| \| PWR \| Pressurized Water Reactor \| Subsequently, larger reactors were designed and operated starting with the San Onofre 1 and Connecticut Yankee PWRs in 1967 and Oyster Creek and Nine Mile Point 1 BWRs in 1969. These newer reactors were rated at 400 to 600 MWe. [Argonne](http://www.anl.gov/Science_and_Technology/History/index.html) and [Oak Ridge](http://www.csm.ornl.gov/PR/NS10-18-02.html) National Labs, [DOE](http://www.em.doe.gov/timeline/) and [NRC](http://www.nrc.gov/who-we-are/short-history.html) have each provided short histories of nuclear power. --- Copyright © 1996-2006. [The Virtual Nuclear Tourist](http://www.nucleartourist.com). All rights reserved. Revised: December 21, 2005.	http://www.nucleartourist.com/basics/early.htm
<head><title>Not Acceptable!</title></head><body><h1>Not Acceptable!</h1><p>An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server. This error was generated by Mod_Security.</p></body></html>	Not Acceptable!# Not Acceptable! An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server. This error was generated by Mod\_Security.	https://www.capturedlightning.com/frames/Tesla0.html
<HTML> <HEAD> <META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <META NAME="Author" CONTENT="Howard Purchase"> <META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="Mozilla/4.04 [en] (Win95; U) [Netscape]"> <TITLE>Newfoundland - Howard's Corner of the Web</TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY TEXT="#000000" BGCOLOR="#408080" LINK="#0000EE" VLINK="#551A8B" ALINK="#FF0000"> <CENTER><TABLE BORDER=4 WIDTH="80%" > <TR ALIGN=CENTER> <TD BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"><IMG SRC="sheild.gif" ALT = "Logo"></TD> <TD BGCOLOR="#CCCCCC"><B><I><FONT COLOR="#990000"><FONT SIZE=+4>Newfoundland</FONT></FONT></I></B></TD> <TD ALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"><IMG SRC="sheild.gif" ALT = "Logo"></TD> </TR> </TABLE></CENTER> <BR><BR> <CENTER><TABLE BORDER=6 COLS=1 WIDTH="300" > <TR ALIGN=CENTER> <TD><IMG SRC="nfmap.gif" ALT = "Map"></TD> </TR> </TABLE></CENTER> <BR> <CENTER><TABLE COLS=1 WIDTH="90%" > <TR> <TD><B><FONT COLOR="#CCCCCC">Newfoundland is an island on the east coast of Canada. Together with Labrador it forms the Canadian province of Newfoundand and Labrador. The population is approximately 500,000 people, but that figure is getting lower every year. In 1997 10,000 people chose to leave Newfoundland, presumably to look for work.</FONT></B>  <P><B><FONT COLOR="#CCCCCC">But I think it is a wonderful place to live in some respects and not so great in other. The good far outweighs the bad in my opinion, which is probably why I am still living here. If you can find work here and we get nice weather, which we have had during the last 4 years, Newfoundland has alot to offer. Especially when you consider it has a very low crime rate and extreme weather conditions are almost unheard of. Tornados, hurricanes, floods, really cold temperatures, really hot temperatures, and even severe lightning storms are some things most Newfoundlanders simply know nothing about.</FONT></B>  <P><B><FONT COLOR="#CCCCCC">Work is the biggest problem with this province. There simply isn't enough of it here. Especially in the construction industry, which is where I was employed. Even in the I.T. industry, where I am now employed, Newfoundland is not up to par when compared to the opportunities available in the rest of Canada and the United States. Not only that, salaries are also lower here than the rest of Canada. Housing prices are probably one of the lowest in Canada though, which helps take the sting out of the low salaries.</FONT></B> <BR><BR> <CENTER><IMG SRC="newfoundlandflag.gif" ALT = "Flag"></CENTER>   <P><B><FONT COLOR="#CCCCCC">Here are some facts about Newfoundland:</FONT></B>  <BR><B><FONT COLOR="#CCCCCC">(1) Capital City (St. John's) is the oldest city in North America.</FONT></B>  <BR><B><FONT COLOR="#CCCCCC">(2) Average winter temperature range: +5 to -15 deg Celcius.</FONT></B>  <BR><B><FONT COLOR="#CCCCCC">(3) Average summer temperature range: +15 to +25 deg Celcius.</FONT></B>  <BR><B><FONT COLOR="#CCCCCC">(4) Currency: Canadian dollar</FONT></B>  <BR><B><FONT COLOR="#CCCCCC">(5) Time zone: 1.5 hours later than Eastern Standard Time.</FONT></B>  <BR><B><FONT COLOR="#CCCCCC">(6) Only professional sports franchise: St. John's Maple Leafs.</FONT></B>  <BR><B><FONT COLOR="#CCCCCC">(7) Most easterly point of North America (Cape Spear).</FONT></B>  <BR>  <P><B><FONT COLOR="#CCCCCC">Check out my Newfoundland <A HREF="links.htm#Newfoundland">links</A> for more information.</FONT></B>  <BR> </TD> </TR> </TABLE></CENTER> <CENTER><IMG SRC="lighthouse.gif" BORDER=4 ALT = "Cape Spear"></CENTER> <BR> <CENTER><HR SIZE=3 WIDTH="95%"></CENTER> <BR> <CENTER><I>Last Updated on Oct 22, 1998</I></CENTER> <BR> <CENTER><A HREF="index.html"><IMG SRC="home.gif" BORDER=0 ></A></CENTER> </BODY> </HTML>	Newfoundland - Howard's Corner of the Web \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Logo \| *Newfoundland* \| Logo \| \| \| \| --- \| \| Map \| \| \| \| --- \| \| Newfoundland is an island on the east coast of Canada. Together with Labrador it forms the Canadian province of Newfoundand and Labrador. The population is approximately 500,000 people, but that figure is getting lower every year. In 1997 10,000 people chose to leave Newfoundland, presumably to look for work. But I think it is a wonderful place to live in some respects and not so great in other. The good far outweighs the bad in my opinion, which is probably why I am still living here. If you can find work here and we get nice weather, which we have had during the last 4 years, Newfoundland has alot to offer. Especially when you consider it has a very low crime rate and extreme weather conditions are almost unheard of. Tornados, hurricanes, floods, really cold temperatures, really hot temperatures, and even severe lightning storms are some things most Newfoundlanders simply know nothing about. Work is the biggest problem with this province. There simply isn't enough of it here. Especially in the construction industry, which is where I was employed. Even in the I.T. industry, where I am now employed, Newfoundland is not up to par when compared to the opportunities available in the rest of Canada and the United States. Not only that, salaries are also lower here than the rest of Canada. Housing prices are probably one of the lowest in Canada though, which helps take the sting out of the low salaries. Flag Here are some facts about Newfoundland: (1) Capital City (St. John's) is the oldest city in North America. (2) Average winter temperature range: +5 to -15 deg Celcius. (3) Average summer temperature range: +15 to +25 deg Celcius. (4) Currency: Canadian dollar (5) Time zone: 1.5 hours later than Eastern Standard Time. (6) Only professional sports franchise: St. John's Maple Leafs. (7) Most easterly point of North America (Cape Spear). Check out my Newfoundland [links](links.htm#Newfoundland) for more information. \| ![Cape Spear](lighthouse.gif) --- Last Updated on Oct 22, 1998 [![](home.gif)](index.html)	http://hpurchase.com/nfldpage.htm
35.230.70.185	35.230.70.185	http://icanhazip.com/
<html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us"> <!--meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"> <meta name="Description" content="A highly detailed timeline of events seen or mentioned in all episodes of the popular television series The X-Files, and The X-Files Movie."> <meta name="KeyWords" content="X-Files, Timeline, time, line, fight, future, events, history, conspiracy, myth, mythology, arc, story, background, links, guest, book, updated, changes, michael, marek, mike, dana, scully, fox, mulder, countries, fan, fandom, satellite, feed, c-band, spoilers"> <title>The X-Files Timeline</title> <style type="text/css"><!--a { text-decoration: none } --> <link rel="icon" href="xf-icon.gif" type="image/png"><!---tab bar---> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="xf-icon.gif"><!---address bar---> <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- function newImage(arg) { if (document.images) { rslt = new Image(); rslt.src = arg; return rslt; } } function changeImages() { if (document.images && (preloadFlag == true)) { for (var i=0; i<changeImages.arguments.length; i+=2) { document[changeImages.arguments[i]].src = changeImages.arguments[i+1]; } } } var preloadFlag = false; function preloadImages() { if (document.images) { main_over = newImage("2003images/main-over.gif"); buttons_04_main_over = newImage("2003images/buttons_04-main_over.gif"); conspiracy_main_over = newImage("2003images/conspiracy-main_over.gif"); conspiracy_over = newImage("2003images/conspiracy-over.gif"); back_conspiracy_over = newImage("2003images/back-conspiracy_over.gif"); back_over = newImage("2003images/back-over.gif"); buttons_10_back_over = newImage("2003images/buttons_10-back_over.gif"); preloadFlag = true; } } // --> </script> <!-- End Preload Script --> <title>The X-Files Timeline</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"></head> <body text="#00ff00" bgcolor="#333333" link="#40EEFF" vlink="#00FFFF" alink="#FF0000" onload="preloadImages();" background="blackground.gif"> <center> <br> <table width="1000" border="1" align="center" cellpadding="15" bgcolor="#081008"> <tr> <td height="100%" bgcolor="#080808"> <table width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="274" valign="middle" bgcolor="#080808"> <font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvatica, Sans Serif">  </font> <center> <font color="#FFFFFF" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvatica, Sans Serif">Serving Fans Since 1997!<br> <br> </font> </center> <TABLE WIDTH=246 BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=0 CELLSPACING=0 bgcolor="#080808"> <TR> <TD> <font color="#F0F0F0"><A HREF="main.shtml"> <IMG SRC="images/Buttons-main.jpg" WIDTH=246 HEIGHT=56 BORDER=0 ALT=""></A></font></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> <font color="#F0F0F0"><A HREF="conspiracy.shtml"> <IMG SRC="images/Buttons-conspir.jpg" WIDTH=246 HEIGHT=30 BORDER=0 ALT=""></A></font></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> <font color="#F0F0F0"><A HREF="back.shtml"> <IMG SRC="images/Buttons-back.jpg" WIDTH=246 HEIGHT=27 BORDER=0 ALT=""></A></font></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> <font color="#F0F0F0"><A HREF="anniversary.html"> <img src="images/Buttons-calendar.jpg" width=246 height=59 border=0 alt=""></a></font></td> </tr> </table> <font color="#00FF00" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvatica, Sans Serif"><b></b></font></td> <td bgcolor="#080808" align="center"><font color="#F0F0F0"><img src="Banner-2007.gif" width="366" height="270">  </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="274" height="181" valign="top" bgcolor="#080808"><table width=100% bgcolor="#080808" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="250" bgcolor="#080808" align-"center"><p><a href="search.shtml"><img src="images/search-flashlight.jpg" width="252" height="106" border="0"></a> <br> <font color="#FFFFFF" size="3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvatica, Sans Serif">Original material in this Timeline is Copyright © 1996-2023, all rights reserved, and may not be reproduced without permission.</font> </p> <p><center></center></p> </td> </tr> </table></td> <td width="686" valign="top" bgcolor="#080808"><p align="center"><font color="#00FF00" size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvatica, Sans Serif" style="text-align: left">At a time when almost all of the "original" X-Files fan sites have disappeared, this site continues to stand watch. </font></p> <p align="left"><font color="#00FF00" size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvatica, Sans Serif">See the <a href="main.shtml">main timeline</a> for pretty much everything that happened in The X-Files that can be assigned an exact or approximate date, organized by year or date range.For a more compressed look at the chronology of the mythology of the series (the oil, bees, aliens, and Conspiracy story arc) you'll want the <a href="conspiracy.shtml">Conspiracy timeline</a> which is updated through Season 10.</font></p> <p align="center"><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font color="#FF0000"><<<</font> <a href="sense.shtml" target="_blank">Making Sense of the X-Files Mythology</a><font color="#FF0000"> >>></font></font></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="146" colspan="2" valign="top" bgcolor="#000000"><hr> <br> <font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Extra:</font> <font size="4"><br> <br> <font color="#F0F0F0" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><u><a href="everything.shtml"> ALL I EVER NEED TO KNOW I LEARNED FROM THE X-FILES</a></u>. </font></font> <font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Lost for many years, we are pleased to present the original 1994 compilation. </font> </td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> </table> </center> </body> </html>	<!-- function newImage(arg) { if (document.images) { rslt = new Image(); rslt.src = arg; return rslt; } } function changeImages() { if (document.images && (preloadFlag == true)) { for (var i=0; i<changeImages.arguments.length; i+=2) { document[changeImages.arguments[i]].src = changeImages.arguments[i+1]; } } } var preloadFlag = false; function preloadImages() { if (document.images) { main\_over = newImage("2003images/main-over.gif"); buttons\_04\_main\_over = newImage("2003images/buttons\_04-main\_over.gif"); conspiracy\_main\_over = newImage("2003images/conspiracy-main\_over.gif"); conspiracy\_over = newImage("2003images/conspiracy-over.gif"); back\_conspiracy\_over = newImage("2003images/back-conspiracy\_over.gif"); back\_over = newImage("2003images/back-over.gif"); buttons\_10\_back\_over = newImage("2003images/buttons\_10-back\_over.gif"); preloadFlag = true; } } // --> The X-Files Timeline \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Serving Fans Since 1997! \| \| \| --- \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| \| Original material in this Timeline is Copyright © 1996-2023, all rights reserved, and may not be reproduced without permission. \| \| At a time when almost all of the "original" X-Files fan sites have disappeared, this site continues to stand watch. See the [main timeline](main.shtml) for pretty much everything that happened in The X-Files that can be assigned an exact or approximate date, organized by year or date range.For a more compressed look at the chronology of the mythology of the series (the oil, bees, aliens, and Conspiracy story arc) you'll want the [Conspiracy timeline](conspiracy.shtml) which is updated through Season 10. <<< [Making Sense of the X-Files Mythology](sense.shtml) >>> \| \| --- Extra: [ALL I EVER NEED TO KNOW I LEARNED FROM THE X-FILES](everything.shtml). Lost for many years, we are pleased to present the original 1994 compilation. \| \|	http://www.themareks.com/xf/