Datasets:

copenlu

/

citeworth

like 2

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Reduced on-device software complexity: Modern threats have become extremely sophisticated, requiring complex antivirus software to detect and mitigate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Reduced on-device software complexity: Modern threats have become extremely sophisticated, requiring complex antivirus software to detect and mitigate [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "By deploying a relatively simple agent on mobile devices and pushing complex detection software into the network, the complexity of mobile software can be minimized.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By deploying a relatively simple agent on mobile devices and pushing complex detection software into the network, the complexity of mobile software can be minimized.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This reduces the ondevice attack surface and the effort required to port the agent to new platforms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This reduces the ondevice attack surface and the effort required to port the agent to new platforms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Managing the financial needs and operations of any business is very important to the management of the company, because it has an effect on both profits and liquid assets of the firm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Managing the financial needs and operations of any business is very important to the management of the company, because it has an effect on both profits and liquid assets of the firm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Financial needs are largely classified into two types of needs: working capital needs and fixed capital needs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Financial needs are largely classified into two types of needs: working capital needs and fixed capital needs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "That part of finance which enables an enterprise to conduct its day-to-day operations is called working capital.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "That part of finance which enables an enterprise to conduct its day-to-day operations is called working capital.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We need to analyze short term assets and liabilities carefully in order to manage the firm's liquidity, management of working capital helps managers to manage their operation of the firm through making available cash to pay for short-term debt and the maturity of long term debt as well as expenses resulting for daily operations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We need to analyze short term assets and liabilities carefully in order to manage the firm's liquidity, management of working capital helps managers to manage their operation of the firm through making available cash to pay for short-term debt and the maturity of long term debt as well as expenses resulting for daily operations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "So, an optimal level of working capital must be kept to trade off between return and risk.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "So, an optimal level of working capital must be kept to trade off between return and risk (Ranjith, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ranjith, 2008)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In this study, by considering sustainable development and government policies, combining past conditions and spatial factors, SS, SRD, and GSI scenarios have been considered to estimate future land use/cover changes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, by considering sustainable development and government policies, combining past conditions and spatial factors, SS, SRD, and GSI scenarios have been considered to estimate future land use/cover changes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Spatiotemporal simulation under the three scenarios reflects that even if historical trends and interactions in space are the driving forces in the simulation process, government regulations are also a significant driving factor for urban development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Spatiotemporal simulation under the three scenarios reflects that even if historical trends and interactions in space are the driving forces in the simulation process, government regulations are also a significant driving factor for urban development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, previous studies declared that during the land use/cover change process, government policies play a crucial role in sustainable development and environmental improvement.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, previous studies declared that during the land use/cover change process, government policies play a crucial role in sustainable development and environmental improvement [52, 66] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF50", "BIBREF64" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[52, 66]" ] }, { "text": "During the decade from 2007 to 2017, land use/cover change in the study area revealed a lot of problems related to population aging, green space improvement, and an imbalance in terms of district development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During the decade from 2007 to 2017, land use/cover change in the study area revealed a lot of problems related to population aging, green space improvement, and an imbalance in terms of district development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To overcome these issues, city planners and governments adopted new plans and policies to control future development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To overcome these issues, city planners and governments adopted new plans and policies to control future development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "From the simulation results for 2027 and 2037, we find that SRD and GSI are different than SS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From the simulation results for 2027 and 2037, we find that SRD and GSI are different than SS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If we only concentrate on historical trends, the built-up zones will continue to enlarge until all space is changed into built-up areas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If we only concentrate on historical trends, the built-up zones will continue to enlarge until all space is changed into built-up areas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "SRD and GSI suggest that establishing a zoning plan can be effective to avoid chaotic urban sprawl and wasted public facilities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "SRD and GSI suggest that establishing a zoning plan can be effective to avoid chaotic urban sprawl and wasted public facilities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The cropland area under the SRD scenario is more considerable than the one under the GSI scenario; the reason for this is that in SRD, UCA is considered as a restricted area to limit urban sprawl and ensure the balance between cropland and green space.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The cropland area under the SRD scenario is more considerable than the one under the GSI scenario; the reason for this is that in SRD, UCA is considered as a restricted area to limit urban sprawl and ensure the balance between cropland and green space.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the near future, due to the population decreasing and aging, it is expected that there will be greater demand for green than for cropland; subsequently, the structure of land use/cover in the study area is anticipated to change from the state under SRD to that under GSI.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the near future, due to the population decreasing and aging, it is expected that there will be greater demand for green than for cropland; subsequently, the structure of land use/cover in the study area is anticipated to change from the state under SRD to that under GSI.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "There are many studies that simulated land use/cover change from different perspectives and for distinct purposes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are many studies that simulated land use/cover change from different perspectives and for distinct purposes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Ahmed and Kamruzzaman predicted land use/cover changes in the capital city of Bangladesh and analyzed their interactions with land surface temperature in 2019 and 2029.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Ahmed and Kamruzzaman predicted land use/cover changes in the capital city of Bangladesh and analyzed their interactions with land surface temperature in 2019 and 2029 [38] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[38]" ] }, { "text": "Deilami and Kamruzzaman forecasted the urban heat island and its impact on land use/cover changes under three policy scenarios.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Deilami and Kamruzzaman forecasted the urban heat island and its impact on land use/cover changes under three policy scenarios [39] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[39]" ] }, { "text": "However, the influence of modeling variables has been overlooked in the simulation of land use/cover change.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the influence of modeling variables has been overlooked in the simulation of land use/cover change.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this study, we did not only analyze the effect of modeling variables on land use/cover change by using CA-Markov model but also considered the influence of government policies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, we did not only analyze the effect of modeling variables on land use/cover change by using CA-Markov model but also considered the influence of government policies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Accordingly, the distribution of land use/cover has been simulated under three scenarios which can provide prospective conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Accordingly, the distribution of land use/cover has been simulated under three scenarios which can provide prospective conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The original contribution of the present paper is to conduct a sound spatial analysis based on mathematical grounds that was successfully implemented by previous studies to simulate changes of land use/cover, taking into account specific Japanese government policies and respecting social and geographic contexts of the study area, implying that TMA is the largest metropolitan area in the world and witnessing a declining population and an increase in elderly people.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The original contribution of the present paper is to conduct a sound spatial analysis based on mathematical grounds that was successfully implemented by previous studies to simulate changes of land use/cover, taking into account specific Japanese government policies and respecting social and geographic contexts of the study area, implying that TMA is the largest metropolitan area in the world and witnessing a declining population and an increase in elderly people.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We believe the results will be a useful reference for city planners and decision makers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We believe the results will be a useful reference for city planners and decision makers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The use of minimally invasive surgery has resulted in a reduction in trauma, pain and recovery times for patients.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of minimally invasive surgery has resulted in a reduction in trauma, pain and recovery times for patients [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "However, from the perspective of a surgeon, minimally invasive surgery is really minimal access surgery.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, from the perspective of a surgeon, minimally invasive surgery is really minimal access surgery [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The reduced access afforded by the small incision limits perception, reduces dexterity, increases strain and the likelihood of error.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The reduced access afforded by the small incision limits perception, reduces dexterity, increases strain and the likelihood of error [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6]" ] }, { "text": "To overcome this, researchers are working towards a tetherless micro-robot (microbot) capable of conducting medical procedures within the human body.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To overcome this, researchers are working towards a tetherless micro-robot (microbot) capable of conducting medical procedures within the human body.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Tetherless microbots could revolutionize medicine, being potentially cheaper, less painful and more flexible than the existing minimally invasive surgery systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Tetherless microbots could revolutionize medicine, being potentially cheaper, less painful and more flexible than the existing minimally invasive surgery systems [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Health researchers, undertaking research amenable to quantitative analysis, once tended to emphasise data collected from clinical records (e.g. numbers of treatments or hospital readmissions) or from observations by health professionals (e.g. participants' abilities performing functional tasks measured on clinician-administered tools).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Health researchers, undertaking research amenable to quantitative analysis, once tended to emphasise data collected from clinical records (e.g. numbers of treatments or hospital readmissions) or from observations by health professionals (e.g. participants' abilities performing functional tasks measured on clinician-administered tools).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the latter part of the last century, researchers became concerned that morbidity, mortality and hospital admissions and discharges data, did not always provide sufficient information to determine incidence, prevalence and outcome.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the latter part of the last century, researchers became concerned that morbidity, mortality and hospital admissions and discharges data, did not always provide sufficient information to determine incidence, prevalence and outcome [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Researchers began to include measures which collected data directly from participants (e.g. measures of self-reported function and health outcome).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Researchers began to include measures which collected data directly from participants (e.g. measures of self-reported function and health outcome).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the 1980s caution was urged to ensure that such self-reported measures were meaningful, valid and reliable.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the 1980s caution was urged to ensure that such self-reported measures were meaningful, valid and reliable [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Its natural seedlings had been repeatedly collected in Nakaumi Lagoon and then transplanted to North Ariake Sea and Mizushima Sea several times, since their collection method was developed in Nakaumi Lagoon in the 1880s.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Its natural seedlings had been repeatedly collected in Nakaumi Lagoon and then transplanted to North Ariake Sea and Mizushima Sea several times, since their collection method was developed in Nakaumi Lagoon in the 1880s [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "However, its natural seedlings collected in Mizushima Sea had been re-transplanted to Nakaumi Lagoon in the late the 1950s, because natural seedling production in Nakaumi Lagoon decreased due to deterioration of water quality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, its natural seedlings collected in Mizushima Sea had been re-transplanted to Nakaumi Lagoon in the late the 1950s, because natural seedling production in Nakaumi Lagoon decreased due to deterioration of water quality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, when catches temporarily increased in Osaka Bay, its adults had been actively released from Osaka Bay to Nakaumi Lagoon, Ariake Sea, and Mizushima Sea in the early 1960s.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, when catches temporarily increased in Osaka Bay, its adults had been actively released from Osaka Bay to Nakaumi Lagoon, Ariake Sea, and Mizushima Sea in the early 1960s.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although many records available on transplantation and release, the frequencies and numbers of haplotypes were different at each population ( Table 3) , indicating the maintenance of the independent genetic structures in 9 populations analyzed in this study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although many records available on transplantation and release, the frequencies and numbers of haplotypes were different at each population ( Table 3) , indicating the maintenance of the independent genetic structures in 9 populations analyzed in this study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, the pairwise Φ ST values showed that the genetic differences among 8 populations in Japan were relatively high level ( Table 4) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the pairwise Φ ST values showed that the genetic differences among 8 populations in Japan were relatively high level ( Table 4) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Otherwise, the NJ tree constructed using the pairwise Φ ST value formed 4 independent clusters with Nakaumi Lagoon, North and South Ariake Sea, Osaka Bay and Wakasa Bay along with a single combined cluster with Suo Sea, Mizushima Sea, Mikawa Bay and Korea (Figure 2) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Otherwise, the NJ tree constructed using the pairwise Φ ST value formed 4 independent clusters with Nakaumi Lagoon, North and South Ariake Sea, Osaka Bay and Wakasa Bay along with a single combined cluster with Suo Sea, Mizushima Sea, Mikawa Bay and Korea (Figure 2) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although its natural seedlings or adults had been repeatedly transplanted among Nakaumi Lagoon, North Ariake Sea, Mizushima Sea and Osaka Bay, their population structures were demonstrably independent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although its natural seedlings or adults had been repeatedly transplanted among Nakaumi Lagoon, North Ariake Sea, Mizushima Sea and Osaka Bay, their population structures were demonstrably independent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All of these results definitely indicate little effect of past transplantation to the current genetic diversity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All of these results definitely indicate little effect of past transplantation to the current genetic diversity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Notably, no official records of transplantation and release were available among Suo Sea, Wakasa Bay, Mikawa Bay and Korea, all of which were involved in the single cluster.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Notably, no official records of transplantation and release were available among Suo Sea, Wakasa Bay, Mikawa Bay and Korea, all of which were involved in the single cluster.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Fat and protein percentages of first lactation cows in the Elsenburg herd were reduced from respectively 3.80 and 3.41% in 1984 to 3.52 and 3.15% in 1997.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fat and protein percentages of first lactation cows in the Elsenburg herd were reduced from respectively 3.80 and 3.41% in 1984 to 3.52 and 3.15% in 1997.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fat and protein yield, however, increased from 166 and 148 kg in 1984 to 259 and 234 kg respectively in 1997.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fat and protein yield, however, increased from 166 and 148 kg in 1984 to 259 and 234 kg respectively in 1997.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Selection for increased milk yields also reduced the fat percentage in regional herds in the USA.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Selection for increased milk yields also reduced the fat percentage in regional herds in the USA (Kelm et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kelm et al., 2000)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "This research examines the use of polymers waste known as \"leather bags or pure water bags\" as a partial replacement of fine aggregates in the production of concrete.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This research examines the use of polymers waste known as \"leather bags or pure water bags\" as a partial replacement of fine aggregates in the production of concrete.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is particularly important in view of the observation made by experts that in future there would be no sand to be used for construction work.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is particularly important in view of the observation made by experts that in future there would be no sand to be used for construction work (Shetty, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Shetty, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "This polymer has a common name of poly (ethylene oxide) or PEO and has an IUPAC name poly (oxyethene).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This polymer has a common name of poly (ethylene oxide) or PEO and has an IUPAC name poly (oxyethene).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The fracture behaviour of concrete with steel fibres loaded under direct tension is depicted in Figure 1b .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The fracture behaviour of concrete with steel fibres loaded under direct tension is depicted in Figure 1b .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Steel fibres are activated only after the concrete cracks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Steel fibres are activated only after the concrete cracks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At any given displacement, δ tot , the total resistance of SFRC member is given as the sum of remaining concrete resistance and the resistance offered by the steel fibres intercepted by the crack.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At any given displacement, δ tot , the total resistance of SFRC member is given as the sum of remaining concrete resistance and the resistance offered by the steel fibres intercepted by the crack.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since the concrete resistance drops down rather fast with crack opening, the total resistance is primarily given by the resistance of the fibres.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the concrete resistance drops down rather fast with crack opening, the total resistance is primarily given by the resistance of the fibres.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The steel fibres display a relatively ductile behaviour and continue to provide the resistance even at rather high crack opening displacements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The steel fibres display a relatively ductile behaviour and continue to provide the resistance even at rather high crack opening displacements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This results in a ductile tensile performance of SFRC.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This results in a ductile tensile performance of SFRC.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The influence of steel fibres on the mechanical properties of concrete under ambient conditions has been significantly investigated and well-reported.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The influence of steel fibres on the mechanical properties of concrete under ambient conditions has been significantly investigated and well-reported [14, 15, [17] [18] [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14, 15, [17] [18] [19]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Chilli, an important spice crop of Bangladesh is widely grown both in winter and summer seasons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Chilli, an important spice crop of Bangladesh is widely grown both in winter and summer seasons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Area under chilli cultivation was 93.55 thousand hectares producing about 102.25 thousand tons in the year 2012 -13 (BBS 2015 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Area under chilli cultivation was 93.55 thousand hectares producing about 102.25 thousand tons in the year 2012 -13 (BBS 2015 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Chilli is used in green and dried forms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Chilli is used in green and dried forms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is especially liked for its pungency, spicy taste and the appealing colour, it adds to the food.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is especially liked for its pungency, spicy taste and the appealing colour, it adds to the food (Mathukrishnan et al., 1993) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mathukrishnan et al., 1993)" ] }, { "text": "Chilli is used as pickles, sauces and other beverages.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Chilli is used as pickles, sauces and other beverages (Purseglove et al., 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Purseglove et al., 1991)" ] }, { "text": "It has medicinal values also.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It has medicinal values also.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is a principal ingredient in the Bangladeshi kitchen as curry powder and paste.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is a principal ingredient in the Bangladeshi kitchen as curry powder and paste.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "One can then verify that, globally, E is isomorphic to V ⊗ det V .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One can then verify that, globally, E is isomorphic to V ⊗ det V .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The condition that L is positive is now equivalent to O P(V ) (1) being positive which is the same as saying that V is ample in the sense of Hartshorne.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The condition that L is positive is now equivalent to O P(V ) (1) being positive which is the same as saying that V is ample in the sense of Hartshorne, [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "We therefore obtain the following result as a corollary of Theorem 1.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We therefore obtain the following result as a corollary of Theorem 1.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Replacing O P(V ) (r + 1) by O P(V ) (r + m), we also get that S m (V ) ⊗ det V is Nakano-positive for any non-negative m, where S m (V ) is the m:th symmetric power of V .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Replacing O P(V ) (r + 1) by O P(V ) (r + m), we also get that S m (V ) ⊗ det V is Nakano-positive for any non-negative m, where S m (V ) is the m:th symmetric power of V .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "After the first version of this mansucript was completed I received a preprint by C Mourogane and S Takayama.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "After the first version of this mansucript was completed I received a preprint by C Mourogane and S Takayama, [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "There they prove that V ⊗ det V is positive in the sense of Griffiths, assuming the base manifold is projective.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There they prove that V ⊗ det V is positive in the sense of Griffiths, assuming the base manifold is projective.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The method of proof is quite different from this paper, as is the metric they find.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The method of proof is quite different from this paper, as is the metric they find.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is clinical condition in which metabolic activity of the carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism that contributes to several kinds of complications including diabetic nephropathy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is clinical condition in which metabolic activity of the carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism that contributes to several kinds of complications including diabetic nephropathy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Diabetic nephropathy is one of the major complications of diabetes mellitus.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Diabetic nephropathy is one of the major complications of diabetes mellitus.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Diabetic nephropathy is the most important cause of death in diabetics, of whom, 30-40% eventually develop end-stage renal failure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Diabetic nephropathy is the most important cause of death in diabetics, of whom, 30-40% eventually develop end-stage renal failure (Giorgino et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Giorgino et al., 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "In the present study, a single dose of alloxan injection affected kidney functions and produced a marked increase in glucose, urea, creatinine, lipid peroxidation levels and decrease in oxidation stress markers over a period of 28 days.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present study, a single dose of alloxan injection affected kidney functions and produced a marked increase in glucose, urea, creatinine, lipid peroxidation levels and decrease in oxidation stress markers over a period of 28 days.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Treatment with both the ethanolic roots extract of Pseudocedrela kotschyi and glibenclamide prevented urinary excretion of glucose.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Treatment with both the ethanolic roots extract of Pseudocedrela kotschyi and glibenclamide prevented urinary excretion of glucose.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Importantly, marked reduction in glucose urea, creatinine, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation levels and increase in oxidative stress markers over a period of 28 days brought about by the ethanolic roots extract of Pseudocedrela kotschyi indicates its protective effect on the renal functions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Importantly, marked reduction in glucose urea, creatinine, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation levels and increase in oxidative stress markers over a period of 28 days brought about by the ethanolic roots extract of Pseudocedrela kotschyi indicates its protective effect on the renal functions (De Zeeuw, 2007; Boukhris et al., 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(De Zeeuw, 2007; Boukhris et al., 2012)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Organic compounds natural or synthetic are the main source of medical agents and drugs, so knowledge of their molecular structure and conformation is important because it has a direct correlation with their activity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Organic compounds natural or synthetic are the main source of medical agents and drugs, so knowledge of their molecular structure and conformation is important because it has a direct correlation with their activity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Among of bioactive organic compounds are benzoxazole derivatives; previous reports revealed that substituted benzoxazoles possess diverse chemotherapeutic activities including antibiotic, antimicrobial, antiviral, topoisomerase inhibitors, and antitumor activities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Among of bioactive organic compounds are benzoxazole derivatives; previous reports revealed that substituted benzoxazoles possess diverse chemotherapeutic activities including antibiotic, antimicrobial, antiviral, topoisomerase inhibitors, and antitumor activities [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "Benzoxazoles possess the structural isosteres of natural nucleotides (such as adenine and guanine) which allow them to interact easily with the biopolymers of living systems and different kinds of biological activity can be obtained.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Benzoxazoles possess the structural isosteres of natural nucleotides (such as adenine and guanine) which allow them to interact easily with the biopolymers of living systems and different kinds of biological activity can be obtained [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Benzoxazoles are widely used in industry, among them 2-phenylbenzoxazoles used as organic brightening laser dyes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Benzoxazoles are widely used in industry, among them 2-phenylbenzoxazoles used as organic brightening laser dyes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Other industrial applications were reported, such as dopants in organic light-emitting diodes, chromophores, and chemosensors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other industrial applications were reported, such as dopants in organic light-emitting diodes, chromophores, and chemosensors [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In the present study, PM participants with poor sleep quality had more headache frequency and more severe headaches than PM participants without poor sleep quality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present study, PM participants with poor sleep quality had more headache frequency and more severe headaches than PM participants without poor sleep quality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Considering that headache frequency and intensity are closely associated with headache-related disability and health-related quality of life, poor sleep quality may be an important factor for such aspects in individuals with PM.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Considering that headache frequency and intensity are closely associated with headache-related disability and health-related quality of life, poor sleep quality may be an important factor for such aspects in individuals with PM [42] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF41" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[42]" ] }, { "text": "Sleep quality may be improved using pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Sleep quality may be improved using pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments [43] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[43]" ] }, { "text": "Our present findings suggest that, among individuals with PM, proper assessment and treatment of poor sleep quality may be needed to reduce headache-related disability and improve quality of life besides improving headache symptoms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our present findings suggest that, among individuals with PM, proper assessment and treatment of poor sleep quality may be needed to reduce headache-related disability and improve quality of life besides improving headache symptoms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The ARCPAC project was one of several complementary activities associated with the International Polar Year (IPY) and coordinated through the Polar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface Measurements and Models, of Climate, Chemistry, Aerosols, and Transport (POLARCAT) program (http://www.polarcat.no/).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ARCPAC project was one of several complementary activities associated with the International Polar Year (IPY) and coordinated through the Polar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface Measurements and Models, of Climate, Chemistry, Aerosols, and Transport (POLARCAT) program (http://www.polarcat.no/).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The ARCPAC project overlapped in space and time with the springtime deployment of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-sponsored Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) project (http://www.espo.nasa.gov/arctas/), which had many similar goals as ARCPAC but which covered a larger area of the Arctic .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ARCPAC project overlapped in space and time with the springtime deployment of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-sponsored Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) project (http://www.espo.nasa.gov/arctas/), which had many similar goals as ARCPAC but which covered a larger area of the Arctic .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Coordination between AR-CPAC and ARCTAS included wingtip-to-wingtip comparisons with the NASA DC-8 and P-3B aircraft and simultaneous vertically stacked flight segments combining the NOAA WP-3D with the NASA P-3B and the lidar-equipped NASA B-200 aircraft.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Coordination between AR-CPAC and ARCTAS included wingtip-to-wingtip comparisons with the NASA DC-8 and P-3B aircraft and simultaneous vertically stacked flight segments combining the NOAA WP-3D with the NASA P-3B and the lidar-equipped NASA B-200 aircraft (Bierwirth et al., 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bierwirth et al., 2010)" ] }, { "text": "The ARCPAC project also coordinated one flight segment in clear and cloudy air with the Convair 580 aircraft operated as part of the US Department of Energy/Canadian National Research Councilsponsored Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign (IS-DAC), which focused on the meteorology, microphysics, radiation, and interaction with aerosols of near-surface clouds in the Alaskan Arctic (http://acrf-campaign.arm.gov/isdac/).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ARCPAC project also coordinated one flight segment in clear and cloudy air with the Convair 580 aircraft operated as part of the US Department of Energy/Canadian National Research Councilsponsored Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign (IS-DAC), which focused on the meteorology, microphysics, radiation, and interaction with aerosols of near-surface clouds in the Alaskan Arctic (http://acrf-campaign.arm.gov/isdac/).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The ARCPAC program was also linked with ship-borne observations made in the North Atlantic and European Arctic as part of the NOAA-sponsored International Chemistry Experiment in the Arctic LOwer Troposphere (ICEALOT) campaign (http://saga.pmel.noaa.gov/Field/icealot/).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ARCPAC program was also linked with ship-borne observations made in the North Atlantic and European Arctic as part of the NOAA-sponsored International Chemistry Experiment in the Arctic LOwer Troposphere (ICEALOT) campaign (http://saga.pmel.noaa.gov/Field/icealot/).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Chalcone (1,3-Diphenyl-2-propen-1-one) (Scheme 1) is an aromatic ketone that forms the central core for a variety of important biological compounds, which are known collectively as chalconoids.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Chalcone (1,3-Diphenyl-2-propen-1-one) (Scheme 1) is an aromatic ketone that forms the central core for a variety of important biological compounds, which are known collectively as chalconoids.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They show antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They show antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Some chalcones demonstrated the ability to block voltage-dependent potassium channels.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some chalcones demonstrated the ability to block voltage-dependent potassium channels [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "They are also intermediates in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, which are substances widespread in plants and with an array of biological activities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They are also intermediates in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, which are substances widespread in plants and with an array of biological activities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Chalcones are also intermediates in the Auwers synthesis of flavones.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Chalcones are also intermediates in the Auwers synthesis of flavones.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Due to ineffective drugs, cancer is the second most leading cause of death after heart attack.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to ineffective drugs, cancer is the second most leading cause of death after heart attack.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the researchers have accelerated their efforts for the generation of new anticancer drugs with high therapeutic index.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the researchers have accelerated their efforts for the generation of new anticancer drugs with high therapeutic index.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this connection, a clinically effective antitumor derivative of chalcone (calicheamicin) has stimulated the investigators to concentrate their studies on chalcones and related compounds.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this connection, a clinically effective antitumor derivative of chalcone (calicheamicin) has stimulated the investigators to concentrate their studies on chalcones and related compounds [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Electrochemical methods have proved to be very sensitive for the determination of organic molecules, including drugs and related molecules in pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological fluids.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Electrochemical methods have proved to be very sensitive for the determination of organic molecules, including drugs and related molecules in pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological fluids [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6] [7] [8]" ] }, { "text": "The advance in experimental electrochemical techniques in the field of analysis of drugs is due to their simplicity, low cost and relatively short analysis time when compared with the other techniques.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The advance in experimental electrochemical techniques in the field of analysis of drugs is due to their simplicity, low cost and relatively short analysis time when compared with the other techniques.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The use of carbon based electrodes, especially glassy carbon electrode, for electroanalytical measurements has increased in recent years because of their applicability to the determination of substances that undergo oxidation reactions, a matter of great importance in the field of clinical and pharmaceutical analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of carbon based electrodes, especially glassy carbon electrode, for electroanalytical measurements has increased in recent years because of their applicability to the determination of substances that undergo oxidation reactions, a matter of great importance in the field of clinical and pharmaceutical analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Redox properties of drugs can give insights into its metabolic fate or their in vivo redox processes or pharmaceutical activity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Redox properties of drugs can give insights into its metabolic fate or their in vivo redox processes or pharmaceutical activity [9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Smart home communication still exhibits security vulnerabilities that give rise to many security threats via attacks such as a Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attack, replay, eavesdropping, impersonations, and a Denial of Service (DoS) attack.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Smart home communication still exhibits security vulnerabilities that give rise to many security threats via attacks such as a Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attack, replay, eavesdropping, impersonations, and a Denial of Service (DoS) attack [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] }, { "text": "An attacker can manipulate these devices and compromise several different demand response programs which promote these policies, such as penalties, prizes, consumer cooperation, and notification policies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An attacker can manipulate these devices and compromise several different demand response programs which promote these policies, such as penalties, prizes, consumer cooperation, and notification policies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These programs can lower electricity costs in the market and maintain the supply and demand balance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These programs can lower electricity costs in the market and maintain the supply and demand balance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This will help to develop a greener smart home, and, as a result, the smart grid becomes more reliable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This will help to develop a greener smart home, and, as a result, the smart grid becomes more reliable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The results show that prominences and boundaries can be viewed as manifestations of the same underlying speech production process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results show that prominences and boundaries can be viewed as manifestations of the same underlying speech production process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This has, of course, many theoretical implications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This has, of course, many theoretical implications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As foremost is the fact that the suprasegmental variables used (f 0 , energy envelope, duration) seem to work seamlessly to the same end, which is to signal the hierarchical and parallel structure of the linguistic signals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As foremost is the fact that the suprasegmental variables used (f 0 , energy envelope, duration) seem to work seamlessly to the same end, which is to signal the hierarchical and parallel structure of the linguistic signals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The role of signal energy as a reliable determinant of prosodic structure is interesting, but not altogether surprising.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The role of signal energy as a reliable determinant of prosodic structure is interesting, but not altogether surprising [62] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF62" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[62]" ] }, { "text": "On the one hand, it diminishes the role of f 0 , while on the other hand, it also provides it with more freedom for other (post-lexical) prosodic functions that are not strictly related to the hierarchical structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the one hand, it diminishes the role of f 0 , while on the other hand, it also provides it with more freedom for other (post-lexical) prosodic functions that are not strictly related to the hierarchical structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Also, in the proposed accent and boundary annotation the wavelet analysis is performed to a few one-dimensional signals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, in the proposed accent and boundary annotation the wavelet analysis is performed to a few one-dimensional signals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, a neurally more plausible approach would be a truly multidimensional representation of speech signal similar to the multi-scale visual analyses.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, a neurally more plausible approach would be a truly multidimensional representation of speech signal similar to the multi-scale visual analyses [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "Crucially, the wavelet trees relate the accents and boundaries together phonetically hinting at a unified mechanism, in both production and perception, between the phonetic realisation of these primary concepts of prosodic phonology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Crucially, the wavelet trees relate the accents and boundaries together phonetically hinting at a unified mechanism, in both production and perception, between the phonetic realisation of these primary concepts of prosodic phonology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The physical nature of the mass transport through microporous and hydrophobic membranes was analyzed in DCMD assuming an uniform pore size of the entire membrane.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The physical nature of the mass transport through microporous and hydrophobic membranes was analyzed in DCMD assuming an uniform pore size of the entire membrane [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "It was concluded that the mass transport takes place via combined Knudsen/molecular di¤usion mechanism.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It was concluded that the mass transport takes place via combined Knudsen/molecular di¤usion mechanism.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, due to pore size distribution of the MD membranes, more than one mechanism of mass transport can occur simultaneously through the entire membrane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, due to pore size distribution of the MD membranes, more than one mechanism of mass transport can occur simultaneously through the entire membrane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) is the most used configuration of the membrane distillation (MD) processes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) is the most used configuration of the membrane distillation (MD) processes [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "This refers to a thermally driven transport of water through microporous hydrophobic membranes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This refers to a thermally driven transport of water through microporous hydrophobic membranes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The membrane is maintained between a hot solution (i.e. feed side) and cold pure water (i.e. permeate side).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The membrane is maintained between a hot solution (i.e. feed side) and cold pure water (i.e. permeate side).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Due to the hydrophobic nature of the membrane, liquid water cannot penetrate inside the dry membrane pores unless a transmembrane hydrostatic pressure exceeding the liquid entry pressure of water (LEPw), which is characteristic of each membrane, is applied.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to the hydrophobic nature of the membrane, liquid water cannot penetrate inside the dry membrane pores unless a transmembrane hydrostatic pressure exceeding the liquid entry pressure of water (LEPw), which is characteristic of each membrane, is applied.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This condition results in the formation of liquid-vapor interfaces at the entrances of each membrane pore.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This condition results in the formation of liquid-vapor interfaces at the entrances of each membrane pore.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this process, the membrane acts only as a physical support for the vapor-liquid interfaces and does not contribute to the separation performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this process, the membrane acts only as a physical support for the vapor-liquid interfaces and does not contribute to the separation performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If a temperature di¤erence is maintained between both sides of the membrane, a transmembrane vapor pressure is created.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If a temperature di¤erence is maintained between both sides of the membrane, a transmembrane vapor pressure is created.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "According to the theory of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics, water and volatile molecules evaporate from the hot liquid/vapor interface, cross the pores in vapor phase and condense on the liquid/vapor interface kept at lower temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to the theory of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics, water and volatile molecules evaporate from the hot liquid/vapor interface, cross the pores in vapor phase and condense on the liquid/vapor interface kept at lower temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The predicted values for the discounting preference model (fe ~~ $B) were mapped onto a second-order spline function having five segments to define the form of the function.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The predicted values for the discounting preference model (fe ~~ $B) were mapped onto a second-order spline function having five segments to define the form of the function.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the model for the comparison of investments included seven estimated parameters for the response function (a,-,j = 1 to 6 and an intercept J 0 ), 14 scale values for Stimulus Set A (the lowest and highest scale values were fixed to define the scale unit), and six scale values for Stimulus Set B.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the model for the comparison of investments included seven estimated parameters for the response function (a,-,j = 1 to 6 and an intercept J 0 ), 14 scale values for Stimulus Set A (the lowest and highest scale values were fixed to define the scale unit), and six scale values for Stimulus Set B.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These values were estimated to minimize the sum of the 96 data-model squared discrepancies using Marquardt's compromise procedure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These values were estimated to minimize the sum of the 96 data-model squared discrepancies using Marquardt's compromise procedure (Draper & Smith, 1981) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Draper & Smith, 1981)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "We validate the CCF in various tasks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We validate the CCF in various tasks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In classification problem, we follow the sliding-window mechanism to handle object detection with fixed aspect ratio (pedestrians and faces).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In classification problem, we follow the sliding-window mechanism to handle object detection with fixed aspect ratio (pedestrians and faces).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It achieves the state-of-the-art performance for pedestrian and face detection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It achieves the state-of-the-art performance for pedestrian and face detection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In regression problem, better performance is shown in edge detection than traditional channel features, and based on this CCF also applies to object proposal generation following the EdgeBox algorithm.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In regression problem, better performance is shown in edge detection than traditional channel features, and based on this CCF also applies to object proposal generation following the EdgeBox algorithm [46] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[46]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The stock market plays a very important role in modern economic and social life.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The stock market plays a very important role in modern economic and social life.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Investors want to maintain or increase the value of their assets by investing in the stock of the listed company with higher expected earnings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Investors want to maintain or increase the value of their assets by investing in the stock of the listed company with higher expected earnings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a listed company, issuing stocks is an important tool to raise funds from the public and expand the scale of the industry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a listed company, issuing stocks is an important tool to raise funds from the public and expand the scale of the industry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In general, investors make stock investment decisions by predicting the future direction of stocks' ups and downs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, investors make stock investment decisions by predicting the future direction of stocks' ups and downs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In modern financial market, successful investors are good at making use of high-quality information to make investment decisions, and, more importantly, they can make quick and effective decisions based on the information they have already had.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In modern financial market, successful investors are good at making use of high-quality information to make investment decisions, and, more importantly, they can make quick and effective decisions based on the information they have already had.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the field of stock investment attracts the attention not only of financial practitioner and ordinary investors but also of researchers in academic.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the field of stock investment attracts the attention not only of financial practitioner and ordinary investors but also of researchers in academic [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "This paper proposes a framework for automatic salient object extraction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper proposes a framework for automatic salient object extraction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The framework is used to detect and track salient objects in a given video automatically and construct a list of spatio-temporal features for our video database system, BilVideo.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The framework is used to detect and track salient objects in a given video automatically and construct a list of spatio-temporal features for our video database system, BilVideo [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "This process aims to reduce the huge amount of time and effort required for manual selection and labeling of objects for video indexing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This process aims to reduce the huge amount of time and effort required for manual selection and labeling of objects for video indexing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Secondly, the FAST method, calibrated on L'Aquila damage data of regular infilled RC buildings ) is applied to verify its applicability to less homogenous samples of non-regular RC infilled buildings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Secondly, the FAST method, calibrated on L'Aquila damage data of regular infilled RC buildings ) is applied to verify its applicability to less homogenous samples of non-regular RC infilled buildings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The applicability of FAST to the broader context of Central Italy is inspected through a one-to-one comparison of building damage estimation for the 42 buildings considered.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The applicability of FAST to the broader context of Central Italy is inspected through a one-to-one comparison of building damage estimation for the 42 buildings considered.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The 42 buildings are a very inhomogeneous sample including infilled RC frame typologies different from the regular clay-hollow brick infilled RC buildings considered for FAST calibration made on the L'Aquila data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The 42 buildings are a very inhomogeneous sample including infilled RC frame typologies different from the regular clay-hollow brick infilled RC buildings considered for FAST calibration made on the L'Aquila data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, even if the buildings are from the same region (i.e., Apennine area of Central Italy), they also refer to completely different urbanization contexts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, even if the buildings are from the same region (i.e., Apennine area of Central Italy), they also refer to completely different urbanization contexts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "L'Aquila is the main city of the Abruzzo region with more than 70,000 inhabitants, while the towns struck by the 2016 August earthquake (Accumoli, Arquata del Tronto, Norcia and Amatrice) are towns with a population ranging from less than 1000 up to 5000 inhabitants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "L'Aquila is the main city of the Abruzzo region with more than 70,000 inhabitants, while the towns struck by the 2016 August earthquake (Accumoli, Arquata del Tronto, Norcia and Amatrice) are towns with a population ranging from less than 1000 up to 5000 inhabitants (Demo Istat 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Demo Istat 2016)" ] }, { "text": "This can result, sometimes, in less standardized design protocols and different construction practices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This can result, sometimes, in less standardized design protocols and different construction practices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Tunable inductor has been a research focus for years to achieve more versatility in modern radio frequency circuits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Tunable inductor has been a research focus for years to achieve more versatility in modern radio frequency circuits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Tunable inductors with good values can lead to reconfigurable communication systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Tunable inductors with good values can lead to reconfigurable communication systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Tunable inductors are building blocks of reconfiguration resonators, filters, impedance matching networks, voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), or power amplifiers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Tunable inductors are building blocks of reconfiguration resonators, filters, impedance matching networks, voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), or power amplifiers [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Due to demand for high performance and small size, RF tunable inductors have a major role in RF circuit design.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to demand for high performance and small size, RF tunable inductors have a major role in RF circuit design.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although the MEMS structures were widely used in many applications, they require complex fabrication and structures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although the MEMS structures were widely used in many applications, they require complex fabrication and structures [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "To achieve high quality and low loss requirements, the size of the inductor is usually large, and the fabrication process is normally complicated compared to the device proposed in this article.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To achieve high quality and low loss requirements, the size of the inductor is usually large, and the fabrication process is normally complicated compared to the device proposed in this article [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6]" ] }, { "text": "The proposed research makes it possible for a novel tunable inductive structure with smaller size and straight forward manufacturing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The proposed research makes it possible for a novel tunable inductive structure with smaller size and straight forward manufacturing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The structure of the tunable inductor is a planar design with simple fabrication process, and the vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ) thin film stubs are used as switches instead of having any movable parts such as in a MEMS switch.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The structure of the tunable inductor is a planar design with simple fabrication process, and the vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ) thin film stubs are used as switches instead of having any movable parts such as in a MEMS switch [7, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 8]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In the US, men perceive more discrimination against their group now than ever before, and some believe the bias men experience is more severe than the bias women experience.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the US, men perceive more discrimination against their group now than ever before, and some believe the bias men experience is more severe than the bias women experience (Bosson et al., 2012; Kehn & Ruthig, 2013; Wilkins, Wellman, Babbitt, et al., 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF44" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bosson et al., 2012; Kehn & Ruthig, 2013; Wilkins, Wellman, Babbitt, et al., 2015)" ] }, { "text": "This pattern makes it critical to understand how individuals respond to men who claim to be victims of gender discrimination.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This pattern makes it critical to understand how individuals respond to men who claim to be victims of gender discrimination.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We examined the differences between men and women's attitudes toward an anti-male bias claimant and how SLBs and GID moderated those reactions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We examined the differences between men and women's attitudes toward an anti-male bias claimant and how SLBs and GID moderated those reactions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "We found that SLBs moderated reactions to anti-male sexism claimants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We found that SLBs moderated reactions to anti-male sexism claimants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "SLB endorsers, regardless of their gender, reacted more positively toward anti-male bias claimants than SLB rejecters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "SLB endorsers, regardless of their gender, reacted more positively toward anti-male bias claimants than SLB rejecters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is consistent with the contention that SLB endorsers are more receptive to highstatus groups' discrimination claims because those claims reinforce the status hierarchy they perceive as being legitimate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is consistent with the contention that SLB endorsers are more receptive to highstatus groups' discrimination claims because those claims reinforce the status hierarchy they perceive as being legitimate (Wilkins et al., 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wilkins et al., 2013)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In addition to the evidence presented here, the methods used to develop the measure ensured content and face validity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to the evidence presented here, the methods used to develop the measure ensured content and face validity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Expert review with social care stakeholders was used to identify attributes and ensure ASCOT's sensitivity to outcomes of interest to policymakers and relevance to the evaluation of social care interventions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Expert review with social care stakeholders was used to identify attributes and ensure ASCOT's sensitivity to outcomes of interest to policymakers and relevance to the evaluation of social care interventions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This approach was complemented by a literature review exploring service users' understanding of social care outcomes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This approach was complemented by a literature review exploring service users' understanding of social care outcomes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cognitive interviews were conducted to check social care service users' understanding of terms and clarify the wording of the items.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Cognitive interviews were conducted to check social care service users' understanding of terms and clarify the wording of the items [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Third-party monitoring software that runs on top of the application of interest can be used to log system events, or the application code of the software being evaluated can be modified directly.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Third-party monitoring software that runs on top of the application of interest can be used to log system events, or the application code of the software being evaluated can be modified directly (Nielsen, 1993) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Nielsen, 1993)" ] }, { "text": "The data gathered usually consists of large amounts of low-level system events such as keystrokes and mouse movements that are cryptic and difficult to analyze in a meaningful manner.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The data gathered usually consists of large amounts of low-level system events such as keystrokes and mouse movements that are cryptic and difficult to analyze in a meaningful manner.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Extracting and filtering important data segments from the large amounts of irrelevant data is crucial to using logged data effectively, but it is difficult.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Extracting and filtering important data segments from the large amounts of irrelevant data is crucial to using logged data effectively, but it is difficult (Hilbert and Redmiles, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hilbert and Redmiles, 1998)" ] }, { "text": "Once relevant information is identified, it can be even more difficult to interpret the data from a qualitative standpoint because logged data does not convey this information well.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Once relevant information is identified, it can be even more difficult to interpret the data from a qualitative standpoint because logged data does not convey this information well (Hammontree, Hendrickson, and Hensley, 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hammontree, Hendrickson, and Hensley, 1992)" ] }, { "text": "Lastly, a significant goal for evaluators, but one that is rarely achieved effectively, involves combining logged data with other measures of usability for data analysis and interpretation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lastly, a significant goal for evaluators, but one that is rarely achieved effectively, involves combining logged data with other measures of usability for data analysis and interpretation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Under the coercive model, the deterrence of violations is the fundamental purpose of environmental enforcement.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Under the coercive model, the deterrence of violations is the fundamental purpose of environmental enforcement (Markel, 2000 (Markel, , 2005 Mintz, 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Markel, 2000 (Markel, , 2005 Mintz, 1995)" ] }, { "text": "The imposition of enforcement sanctions is the most effective way to induce compliance with regulatory obligations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The imposition of enforcement sanctions is the most effective way to induce compliance with regulatory obligations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Under the cooperative model, enforcement focuses more on compliance than deterrence based on the premise that regulated facilities face incentives to comply other than enforcement threats.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Under the cooperative model, enforcement focuses more on compliance than deterrence based on the premise that regulated facilities face incentives to comply other than enforcement threats (Stoughton et al., 2001; Andreen, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40", "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Stoughton et al., 2001; Andreen, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "In this light, a coercive approach may even be counterproductive by engendering intransigence and ill will from facilities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this light, a coercive approach may even be counterproductive by engendering intransigence and ill will from facilities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Over the years, environmental enforcement in the United States has shifted from traditional, deterrence-based enforcement toward a more partnership-based, less adversarial approach that uses multiple tools to induce compliance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Over the years, environmental enforcement in the United States has shifted from traditional, deterrence-based enforcement toward a more partnership-based, less adversarial approach that uses multiple tools to induce compliance (Stoughton et al., 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Stoughton et al., 2001)" ] }, { "text": "During the 1990s, EPA adopted enforcement policies designed to provide a more flexible approach to inducing regulatory compliance by offering \"compliance incentives\" and \"compliance assistance\" to regulated facilities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "During the 1990s, EPA adopted enforcement policies designed to provide a more flexible approach to inducing regulatory compliance by offering \"compliance incentives\" and \"compliance assistance\" to regulated facilities (Andreen, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Andreen, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Similarly, many states have replaced aspects of traditional enforcement with some form of cooperation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly, many states have replaced aspects of traditional enforcement with some form of cooperation (Andreen, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Andreen, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "However, no shift from a coercive to a cooperative approach has been complete.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, no shift from a coercive to a cooperative approach has been complete.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite the dichotomy between these approaches, agencies rarely rely exclusively on one approach; studies of agency enforcement reveal that \"most enforcers use a flexible, hybrid strategy that includes elements of both coercion and cooperation\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the dichotomy between these approaches, agencies rarely rely exclusively on one approach; studies of agency enforcement reveal that \"most enforcers use a flexible, hybrid strategy that includes elements of both coercion and cooperation\" (Rechtschaffen, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rechtschaffen, 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The photonic bandgap materials introduced in the late eighties allow to control the emission and propagation of electromagnetic waves into a dielectric substrate to an extent that was previously not possible.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The photonic bandgap materials introduced in the late eighties allow to control the emission and propagation of electromagnetic waves into a dielectric substrate to an extent that was previously not possible [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "Although many applications have initially been proposed in the field of optics, the scalability of these structures opens up the possibility of using them in the microwave regime.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although many applications have initially been proposed in the field of optics, the scalability of these structures opens up the possibility of using them in the microwave regime.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this frequency range, photonic bandgap materials have attracted a lot of attention as substrates for antennas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this frequency range, photonic bandgap materials have attracted a lot of attention as substrates for antennas [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]" ] }, { "text": "The basic idea is to match the operational bandwidth of the antenna with the bandgap of the photonic crystal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The basic idea is to match the operational bandwidth of the antenna with the bandgap of the photonic crystal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The utilization of a photonic crystal substrate, instead of the original bulk substrate, has shown to reduce the excitation of surface wave modes, and as a consequence improves the antenna radiation efficiency, reduces the side lobe level and mitigates the problems related to coupling.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The utilization of a photonic crystal substrate, instead of the original bulk substrate, has shown to reduce the excitation of surface wave modes, and as a consequence improves the antenna radiation efficiency, reduces the side lobe level and mitigates the problems related to coupling.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Traditional network authentication solutions usually need the support of a trusted third party or called a Certificate Authority (CA).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Traditional network authentication solutions usually need the support of a trusted third party or called a Certificate Authority (CA) [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "A CA is assumed to be responsible for authenticating all the nodes in the network, such as Kerberos and X.509 scheme.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A CA is assumed to be responsible for authenticating all the nodes in the network, such as Kerberos and X.509 scheme.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the centralized server suffers from a single point of service denial and compromise.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the centralized server suffers from a single point of service denial and compromise.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Using the sum of all person-time at risk, we calculated 1-, 2-, and 3-year incidence rates for each outcome measure by giardiasis exposure status.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Using the sum of all person-time at risk, we calculated 1-, 2-, and 3-year incidence rates for each outcome measure by giardiasis exposure status.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To examine the association between giardiasis and IBS while controlling for confounding and preserving the match between exposed and unexposed persons, we developed stratified (by matched exposed/unexposed group) Cox proportional hazard models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To examine the association between giardiasis and IBS while controlling for confounding and preserving the match between exposed and unexposed persons, we developed stratified (by matched exposed/unexposed group) Cox proportional hazard models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For these models specifically, we only included outcomes that were first documented at least 90 days after the index date because IBS is a chronic condition and definitions of IBS require a symptom duration of ≥3 months.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For these models specifically, we only included outcomes that were first documented at least 90 days after the index date because IBS is a chronic condition and definitions of IBS require a symptom duration of ≥3 months [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Persons with outcomes documented within 90 days of the index date were excluded from this analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Persons with outcomes documented within 90 days of the index date were excluded from this analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Individuals were followed until outcome, censorship, or end of the study period.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Individuals were followed until outcome, censorship, or end of the study period.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sex and age were controlled by matching.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sex and age were controlled by matching.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Covariates considered for inclusion in a multivariable model included geographic region, healthcare utilization quartile, anxiety, depression, smoking, and documented HIV infection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Covariates considered for inclusion in a multivariable model included geographic region, healthcare utilization quartile, anxiety, depression, smoking, and documented HIV infection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Covariates were selected using backward elimination (P < .10 to stay), followed by evaluating whether excluded variables changed the estimate for giardiasis-PI-IBS association by >10%.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Covariates were selected using backward elimination (P < .10 to stay), followed by evaluating whether excluded variables changed the estimate for giardiasis-PI-IBS association by >10%.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For each covariate, we tested an interaction term to assess whether variables associated with the outcome criterion differed between individuals with a diagnosis of giardiasis and those without.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For each covariate, we tested an interaction term to assess whether variables associated with the outcome criterion differed between individuals with a diagnosis of giardiasis and those without.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Adjusted models were also stratified by age group (<20 years, ≥20 years) and sex.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Adjusted models were also stratified by age group (<20 years, ≥20 years) and sex.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The proportional hazards assumption was assessed by examining survival plots and evaluating correlations between Schoenfeld residuals and ranked survival times.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The proportional hazards assumption was assessed by examining survival plots and evaluating correlations between Schoenfeld residuals and ranked survival times.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All data management and analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.3.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All data management and analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.3.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "A further controlling factor of the generation of equatorial ionospheric irregularities is the orientation of the solar terminator with respect to the geomagnetic field lines.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A further controlling factor of the generation of equatorial ionospheric irregularities is the orientation of the solar terminator with respect to the geomagnetic field lines (Tsunoda, 1985) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Tsunoda, 1985)" ] }, { "text": "When the terminator is aligned with the geomagnetic field, the longitudinal gradient in the E-region Pedersen conductivity maximises.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When the terminator is aligned with the geomagnetic field, the longitudinal gradient in the E-region Pedersen conductivity maximises.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This causes an enhancement in the eastward electric field and, in turn, the polarisation electric fields within any ionospheric perturbations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This causes an enhancement in the eastward electric field and, in turn, the polarisation electric fields within any ionospheric perturbations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently the strength of the irregularities maximises during these times.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently the strength of the irregularities maximises during these times.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the south-east Asian longitude sector the magnetic declination is small and so the maxima in the irregularity strength occur at the equinoxes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the south-east Asian longitude sector the magnetic declination is small and so the maxima in the irregularity strength occur at the equinoxes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In this study, image dithering based on 2×2 Tchbichef moment is utilized on colour images dithering.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, image dithering based on 2×2 Tchbichef moment is utilized on colour images dithering.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A 2×2 pixel block is chosen here instead the popular standard 8×8 sub block image to produce minimum reconstruction error.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A 2×2 pixel block is chosen here instead the popular standard 8×8 sub block image to produce minimum reconstruction error.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the previous research, image dithering for gray scale image based on 2×2 TMT has performed better than 2×2 DWT.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the previous research, image dithering for gray scale image based on 2×2 TMT has performed better than 2×2 DWT (Ernawan et al., 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ernawan et al., 2012)" ] }, { "text": "Experimental results also show that TMT requires lower computation to dither colour image than DWT.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Experimental results also show that TMT requires lower computation to dither colour image than DWT.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This study will not only inspect the image quality visually but also evaluate the difference between the original image and its reconstructed image.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study will not only inspect the image quality visually but also evaluate the difference between the original image and its reconstructed image.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Soil organic matter (OM) levels depend on the interaction between input and decomposition rates, which are controlled by factors such as climate, soil properties, drainage, and land use.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Soil organic matter (OM) levels depend on the interaction between input and decomposition rates, which are controlled by factors such as climate, soil properties, drainage, and land use.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In situ stabilisation and destabilisation mechanisms slow down or accelerate turnover rates.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In situ stabilisation and destabilisation mechanisms slow down or accelerate turnover rates (Parfitt et al., 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Parfitt et al., 1999)" ] }, { "text": "Organic matter content is related to several soil properties such as complexation, macro-and micronutrient reservoirs, cation exchange capacity, microorganism population, chemical and physical properties, and OM interaction with components such as N, P, and S.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Organic matter content is related to several soil properties such as complexation, macro-and micronutrient reservoirs, cation exchange capacity, microorganism population, chemical and physical properties, and OM interaction with components such as N, P, and S.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Energy security and greenhouse gas abatement have become driving forces for developing low carbon, renewable and sustainable energy technologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Energy security and greenhouse gas abatement have become driving forces for developing low carbon, renewable and sustainable energy technologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Biofuels are a promising technological option in light duty vehicle transportation due to the possibility of blending with fossil fuels, and fitting with existing fuel distribution infrastructure and light duty vehicles without significant adaptation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Biofuels are a promising technological option in light duty vehicle transportation due to the possibility of blending with fossil fuels, and fitting with existing fuel distribution infrastructure and light duty vehicles without significant adaptation [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In spite of some limitations (blending wall, infrastructure compatibility, etc,), second generation ethanol remains a promising fuel for transportation due to much research and development and the emergence of demonstration-scale facilities that are in operation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In spite of some limitations (blending wall, infrastructure compatibility, etc,), second generation ethanol remains a promising fuel for transportation due to much research and development and the emergence of demonstration-scale facilities that are in operation [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In most cold climate regions of the World, overhead transmission lines and their substations are subject to ice accumulation for an extended period each year due to freezing rain or drizzle, in-cloud icing, icing fog, wet snow, or frost.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In most cold climate regions of the World, overhead transmission lines and their substations are subject to ice accumulation for an extended period each year due to freezing rain or drizzle, in-cloud icing, icing fog, wet snow, or frost.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition to mechanical damage due to excessive ice accumulation and dynamic loads caused by wind, the presence of ice and snow on insulators may lead to flashover faults that result in power network outages.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to mechanical damage due to excessive ice accumulation and dynamic loads caused by wind, the presence of ice and snow on insulators may lead to flashover faults that result in power network outages.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In recent years, several incidents related to the flashover of iced insulators have been reported in China, Canada, and other countries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, several incidents related to the flashover of iced insulators have been reported in China, Canada, and other countries [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]" ] }, { "text": "In January to February 2008, continuous cryogenic freezing rain and snow disasters occurred in Central China, East China, and South China.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In January to February 2008, continuous cryogenic freezing rain and snow disasters occurred in Central China, East China, and South China.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A total of 36,740 transmission lines and 2,018 power stations in 13 provinces were damaged by ice accretion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A total of 36,740 transmission lines and 2,018 power stations in 13 provinces were damaged by ice accretion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Over 30 million customers in more than 170 countries, approximately half the population of those areas, were also without power for periods of 2 to 15 days.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Over 30 million customers in more than 170 countries, approximately half the population of those areas, were also without power for periods of 2 to 15 days.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The ice storm resulted in huge financial losses of power systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The ice storm resulted in huge financial losses of power systems [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11] [12] [13] [14] [15]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In comparison with other complicated structures (such as engines, air compressors, and pumps), couplings are easy to be replaced in shaft systems and there are many types.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In comparison with other complicated structures (such as engines, air compressors, and pumps), couplings are easy to be replaced in shaft systems and there are many types.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In other words, for complicated equipment (e.g., an engine), once the type has been decided upon in the design stage of a shaft system, it would be very difficult or unrealistic to modify any inertia or stiffness of it.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In other words, for complicated equipment (e.g., an engine), once the type has been decided upon in the design stage of a shaft system, it would be very difficult or unrealistic to modify any inertia or stiffness of it.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, in this paper, the chosen specific strategy is to modify the coupling, which contains two moments of inertia and torsional stiffness between them.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, in this paper, the chosen specific strategy is to modify the coupling, which contains two moments of inertia and torsional stiffness between them [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "For rotating machines, one of the most important problems is torsional vibration of shafts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For rotating machines, one of the most important problems is torsional vibration of shafts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The adverse impact caused by torsional vibration includes vibration of the whole machine, damage in the transmission system, excessive wear of bearings and gears, and even shaft fracture.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The adverse impact caused by torsional vibration includes vibration of the whole machine, damage in the transmission system, excessive wear of bearings and gears, and even shaft fracture [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "For shaft structures, numerical models are usually needed to evaluate torsional vibration characteristics in the engineering design 2 Shock and Vibration stage, but some structural parameters (such as the rotary inertia of the motor and the actual torsional stiffness of gears) cannot be accurately obtained easily.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For shaft structures, numerical models are usually needed to evaluate torsional vibration characteristics in the engineering design 2 Shock and Vibration stage, but some structural parameters (such as the rotary inertia of the motor and the actual torsional stiffness of gears) cannot be accurately obtained easily.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, there are inevitably considerable discrepancies between the designs and the actual structures based on such imperfect theoretical models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, there are inevitably considerable discrepancies between the designs and the actual structures based on such imperfect theoretical models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "So suppression of torsional vibration is a big challenge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "So suppression of torsional vibration is a big challenge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If there is a method that does not require an accurate theoretical system model in solving the torsional vibration problems and can also achieve structural modifications to the system based on measured data, this method will bring many advantages in practice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If there is a method that does not require an accurate theoretical system model in solving the torsional vibration problems and can also achieve structural modifications to the system based on measured data, this method will bring many advantages in practice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "There are some new type 1-specific studies that can potentially be incorporated into our model in the future.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are some new type 1-specific studies that can potentially be incorporated into our model in the future [9, 33, 34] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF34", "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 33, 34]" ] }, { "text": "The flexible and transparent structure of the model facilitates the addition of other complications, such as heart failure, which can potentially be linked with the existing mortality equations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The flexible and transparent structure of the model facilitates the addition of other complications, such as heart failure, which can potentially be linked with the existing mortality equations [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "New information on CVD risk will enhance understanding of whether variations in risk exist between different type 1 diabetes populations and reduce uncertainty surrounding these estimates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "New information on CVD risk will enhance understanding of whether variations in risk exist between different type 1 diabetes populations and reduce uncertainty surrounding these estimates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Currently, there is no simple and universal tool for assessing the impact of spatial development on population, infrastructure and the environment in relation to the proposed plan.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, there is no simple and universal tool for assessing the impact of spatial development on population, infrastructure and the environment in relation to the proposed plan.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this paper, we have proposed a means to add security provisions to spatial development plans utilizing a simple algorithmic procedure based on existing impact assessment methods and tools.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we have proposed a means to add security provisions to spatial development plans utilizing a simple algorithmic procedure based on existing impact assessment methods and tools.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The universality of the proposed algorithm lies in the fact that it can easily be optimized and implemented in various countries despite various legal regulations and variable values that pertain to areas in which further development is planned.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The universality of the proposed algorithm lies in the fact that it can easily be optimized and implemented in various countries despite various legal regulations and variable values that pertain to areas in which further development is planned.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At present, the methods and tools of impact assessment are the best means for preventing the occurrence of activities with negative impacts on population and environment in areas of with high technological risk.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "At present, the methods and tools of impact assessment are the best means for preventing the occurrence of activities with negative impacts on population and environment in areas of with high technological risk [26, 27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26, 27]" ] }, { "text": "For this reason it is absolutely necessary to create and implement a similar tool of assessing the impact of spatial development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this reason it is absolutely necessary to create and implement a similar tool of assessing the impact of spatial development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "It is important to mention that the SDIA tool is not intended to be developed as a directive mechanism, but only as an informative tool for providing recommendations to assessors on whether it is suitable to carry out the planned spatial development in a given area or not.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is important to mention that the SDIA tool is not intended to be developed as a directive mechanism, but only as an informative tool for providing recommendations to assessors on whether it is suitable to carry out the planned spatial development in a given area or not.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We are currently developing software that comprises the SDIA.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We are currently developing software that comprises the SDIA.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, we aim to provide means for visualizing the SDIA tool's outcomes in geographic information systems (GIS).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, we aim to provide means for visualizing the SDIA tool's outcomes in geographic information systems (GIS).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These systems are generally considered to be the most adequate tools for displaying geographic elements, processes, and their inter-relations in areas of interest.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These systems are generally considered to be the most adequate tools for displaying geographic elements, processes, and their inter-relations in areas of interest [37] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[37]" ] }, { "text": "The GIS platform will contribute to the clearer interpretation of SDIA's acquired outcomes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The GIS platform will contribute to the clearer interpretation of SDIA's acquired outcomes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "There are many adverse effects on population groups in highly industrial and developing societies that result from careless anthropogenic activities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are many adverse effects on population groups in highly industrial and developing societies that result from careless anthropogenic activities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These effects may vary in nature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These effects may vary in nature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They may be economic, psychological, or they may directly trigger physical health problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They may be economic, psychological, or they may directly trigger physical health problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most notably, in cases where the environment is polluted or damaged during spatial development, there is a direct negative impact on public health.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Most notably, in cases where the environment is polluted or damaged during spatial development, there is a direct negative impact on public health [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The development of a territory, spatial development as it is termed, is as old as humankind.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The development of a territory, spatial development as it is termed, is as old as humankind.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Humans have always tried to adapt newly settled territories to their needs while also increasing the utility value of these territories; typically, individual residences and other facilities are built in a given area.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Humans have always tried to adapt newly settled territories to their needs while also increasing the utility value of these territories; typically, individual residences and other facilities are built in a given area [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "At present, spatial development is, once again, experiencing a considerable expansion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At present, spatial development is, once again, experiencing a considerable expansion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Pop-ulation groups now congregate in large urban agglomerations which continuously expand.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Pop-ulation groups now congregate in large urban agglomerations which continuously expand [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "As a result, new industrial plants are built and their appropriate placement is a necessary prerequisite for the approval of any spatial development.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, new industrial plants are built and their appropriate placement is a necessary prerequisite for the approval of any spatial development [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In addition to creating severe public health concerns (for instance an alteration in the genetic pool of the group), these activities have a severe economic impact.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to creating severe public health concerns (for instance an alteration in the genetic pool of the group), these activities have a severe economic impact.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additional costs need to be covered in order to maintain a classical economic growth rate and restore the environment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additional costs need to be covered in order to maintain a classical economic growth rate and restore the environment [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, a model of spatial development that enables a dignified way of living for our generation but also maintains good conditions for future generations is warranted.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, a model of spatial development that enables a dignified way of living for our generation but also maintains good conditions for future generations is warranted [8] [9] [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8] [9] [10]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "By definition, most complementary-alternative medicine (CAM) therapies are not scientifically proven.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "By definition, most complementary-alternative medicine (CAM) therapies are not scientifically proven (Cassileth, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Cassileth, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "The epistemologies of conventional medicine treatments and CAM are largely different; what is evidence of a claim, what counts as a warrant for that evidence, and what are the standards of validity, are all epistemology linked questions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The epistemologies of conventional medicine treatments and CAM are largely different; what is evidence of a claim, what counts as a warrant for that evidence, and what are the standards of validity, are all epistemology linked questions (Sampson, 2001; Pallas, 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sampson, 2001; Pallas, 2001)" ] }, { "text": "Despite the absence of scientific evidence, the interest in CAM in the lay public of Western societies has increased during the last twenty years, and younger people seem to be more positive towards the use of CAM than the elderly.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the absence of scientific evidence, the interest in CAM in the lay public of Western societies has increased during the last twenty years, and younger people seem to be more positive towards the use of CAM than the elderly (Astin, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Astin, 1998)" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Combination of intelligent methods is a brilliant idea which results in powerful techniques having the advantages of different methods simultaneously.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Combination of intelligent methods is a brilliant idea which results in powerful techniques having the advantages of different methods simultaneously.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, in several recent researches, evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been utilized in order to develop fuzzy systems (FSs) for modeling, identification and classification tasks.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, in several recent researches, evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been utilized in order to develop fuzzy systems (FSs) for modeling, identification and classification tasks (Eftekhari and Katebi, 2008; Asadi et al., 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Eftekhari and Katebi, 2008; Asadi et al., 2013)" ] }, { "text": "These systems are generally called evolutionary fuzzy systems (EFSs).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These systems are generally called evolutionary fuzzy systems (EFSs).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It will be noted that, developing a FS is a complex process and hence requires employing some optimization techniques to achieve more reliable results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It will be noted that, developing a FS is a complex process and hence requires employing some optimization techniques to achieve more reliable results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The proposed projects were also a matter of strategic value to Brazil, which planned to dam the Inambari, Urubamba, Junín, Ene, and Tambo rivers, which feed into Brazil's Madeira River in the heart of the Amazon basin.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The proposed projects were also a matter of strategic value to Brazil, which planned to dam the Inambari, Urubamba, Junín, Ene, and Tambo rivers, which feed into Brazil's Madeira River in the heart of the Amazon basin.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Brazil has long sought to exert greater control over Madeira's upstream flows, as the river supplies energy to the Santo Antonio and Jirau hydropower plants in the state of Rondônia.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Brazil has long sought to exert greater control over Madeira's upstream flows, as the river supplies energy to the Santo Antonio and Jirau hydropower plants in the state of Rondônia.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, they entailed significant risks for many vulnerable communities on the Peruvian side of the border, with concession rights being granted by MINEM without the state consulting locals first.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, they entailed significant risks for many vulnerable communities on the Peruvian side of the border, with concession rights being granted by MINEM without the state consulting locals first (Mundo 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mundo 2010)" ] }, { "text": "Accordingly, for many on the Peruvian side, mobilizing against the treaty and its proposed projects was an existential necessity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Accordingly, for many on the Peruvian side, mobilizing against the treaty and its proposed projects was an existential necessity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "We frequently encounter boundary value problems (BVPs) in optimal control.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We frequently encounter boundary value problems (BVPs) in optimal control [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "The solution of BVPs is always a concern.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The solution of BVPs is always a concern.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The solution of two-point boundary value problems (TPBVPs) of stiff systems requires special methods such as shooting techniques.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The solution of two-point boundary value problems (TPBVPs) of stiff systems requires special methods such as shooting techniques [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "Even these special methods are trial and error methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Even these special methods are trial and error methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The singular perturbation methods, which are not trial and error methods, remove stiffness, reduce the order of the system and satisfy the specified boundary conditions of the system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The singular perturbation methods, which are not trial and error methods, remove stiffness, reduce the order of the system and satisfy the specified boundary conditions of the system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The crux of singular perturbation theory is as follows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The crux of singular perturbation theory is as follows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The degenerate system, obtained by suppressing the perturbation (small) parameters is of reduced order and can satisfy the specified boundary conditions of the slow modes only.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The degenerate system, obtained by suppressing the perturbation (small) parameters is of reduced order and can satisfy the specified boundary conditions of the slow modes only.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The rest of the specified boundary conditions of the fast modes are lost in the process of stiffness removal (degeneration).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The rest of the specified boundary conditions of the fast modes are lost in the process of stiffness removal (degeneration).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Boundary layers are formed due to the nonuniform convergence of the exact solution to the degenerate solution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Boundary layers are formed due to the nonuniform convergence of the exact solution to the degenerate solution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Boundary layers correspond to the rapid region of transition in the exact solution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Boundary layers correspond to the rapid region of transition in the exact solution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Now boundary layer corrections have to be added to recover the lost boundary conditions and to improve the degenerate solution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Now boundary layer corrections have to be added to recover the lost boundary conditions and to improve the degenerate solution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Also boundary layer corrections should ensure that the solution is unique.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also boundary layer corrections should ensure that the solution is unique.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "So far singular perturbation methodology has been developed for mainly one-and two-parameter problems in digital control systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "So far singular perturbation methodology has been developed for mainly one-and two-parameter problems in digital control systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The generalisation process of singular perturbation methodology, for any number of parameters in digital control systems represented in state space form, has already started.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The generalisation process of singular perturbation methodology, for any number of parameters in digital control systems represented in state space form, has already started [6, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 5]" ] }, { "text": "The main aim of this paper is to present a generalised singular perturbation methodology for initial and boundary value problems of digital control systems represented in classical form.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main aim of this paper is to present a generalised singular perturbation methodology for initial and boundary value problems of digital control systems represented in classical form.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Accordingly singular perturbation methods have been developed for initial and boundary value problems of a stable linear time-invariant multi-parameter multi-time-scale digital control system with small parameters multiplying the lowest functions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Accordingly singular perturbation methods have been developed for initial and boundary value problems of a stable linear time-invariant multi-parameter multi-time-scale digital control system with small parameters multiplying the lowest functions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Please note that the large number of corrections does not pose a problem due to the fact that all corrections need be evaluated for only a limited number of values of k depending on the order of approximation, as shown in the illustrative example.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Please note that the large number of corrections does not pose a problem due to the fact that all corrections need be evaluated for only a limited number of values of k depending on the order of approximation, as shown in the illustrative example.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The methods are given up to first-order approximation and can be easily extended to higher order approximations if required.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The methods are given up to first-order approximation and can be easily extended to higher order approximations if required.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When we suppress h 1 and h 2 in (A.4), we get a trivial solution and the initial conditions w.0/ and w.1/ are lost in this degeneration process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When we suppress h 1 and h 2 in (A.4), we get a trivial solution and the initial conditions w.0/ and w.1/ are lost in this degeneration process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These two initial conditions are to be recovered from the transformed equations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These two initial conditions are to be recovered from the transformed equations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To find the corresponding transformations we approximate the roots of (A.3), assuming |4h 2 | < 1, using the binomial expansions If we add a slow stable mode (which gives rise to a coefficient of O.1/, as the slow eigenvalues are of O.1/ in digital systems) to the system (A.1), case (1) becomes a two-time-scale system whereas case (2) becomes a three-time-scale system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To find the corresponding transformations we approximate the roots of (A.3), assuming |4h 2 | < 1, using the binomial expansions If we add a slow stable mode (which gives rise to a coefficient of O.1/, as the slow eigenvalues are of O.1/ in digital systems) to the system (A.1), case (1) becomes a two-time-scale system whereas case (2) becomes a three-time-scale system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Times to induction of, and recovery from, clove oil anaesthetization for each seahorse were submitted to t tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to evaluate the effectiveness of clove oil per sex, life stage and reproductive state for H. reidi.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Times to induction of, and recovery from, clove oil anaesthetization for each seahorse were submitted to t tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to evaluate the effectiveness of clove oil per sex, life stage and reproductive state for H. reidi.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) Tukey post-hoc test was used to determine significantly different means.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) Tukey post-hoc test was used to determine significantly different means.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Where appropriate, logarithmic transformations [y = log (x + 1)] were performed to meet the prerequisites of normality and homogeneity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Where appropriate, logarithmic transformations [y = log (x + 1)] were performed to meet the prerequisites of normality and homogeneity (Zar, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF52" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Zar, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "Due to the low sample size (n = 3) juveniles were excluded from the statistical analyses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to the low sample size (n = 3) juveniles were excluded from the statistical analyses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recapture data were analyzed through t and χ² tests.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recapture data were analyzed through t and χ² tests (Zar, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF52" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Zar, 1999)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Prior work highlighted that one of the key features of spreadsheets is its malleability, and is used in situations where data has to be edited.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Prior work highlighted that one of the key features of spreadsheets is its malleability, and is used in situations where data has to be edited (Dourish, 2017) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Dourish, 2017)" ] }, { "text": "In our study, we found that when dealing with uncertainty, this malleability enabled participants to use spreadsheets as a notepad and exploration tool and explore and understand different possible scenarios.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our study, we found that when dealing with uncertainty, this malleability enabled participants to use spreadsheets as a notepad and exploration tool and explore and understand different possible scenarios.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, we also found that an important aim was to then transform the data and insights from this analysis stage into a form that can be presented to decision-makers, and spreadsheets provide limited support for this purpose.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, we also found that an important aim was to then transform the data and insights from this analysis stage into a form that can be presented to decision-makers, and spreadsheets provide limited support for this purpose.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Spreadsheets were not only difficult to summarise as deliverables, but were also rarely shared in the analysis stage because of their comprehensiveness and complexity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Spreadsheets were not only difficult to summarise as deliverables, but were also rarely shared in the analysis stage because of their comprehensiveness and complexity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Though spreadsheet content could be the result of collaborations outside of the spreadsheet, the structure was often the reflection of a single user's point of view, which was difficult to understand for others.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Though spreadsheet content could be the result of collaborations outside of the spreadsheet, the structure was often the reflection of a single user's point of view, which was difficult to understand for others.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Due to the attractive features including low cost, ease of deployment, and mobility support, the wireless LAN (WLAN) has become the dominant Internet access method and has been widely used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to the attractive features including low cost, ease of deployment, and mobility support, the wireless LAN (WLAN) has become the dominant Internet access method and has been widely used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Meanwhile, the number of 802.11 wireless devices, which always contain lots of sensors, such as orientation or acceleration sensors, has grown exponentially in recent years.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Meanwhile, the number of 802.11 wireless devices, which always contain lots of sensors, such as orientation or acceleration sensors, has grown exponentially in recent years.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The rapid growth of the devices and applications often requires WLAN access points (APs) that handle a large number of client stations (STAs) with a variety of application quality of service (QoS) demands.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The rapid growth of the devices and applications often requires WLAN access points (APs) that handle a large number of client stations (STAs) with a variety of application quality of service (QoS) demands [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Our empirical study, as reported in Section 5, shows that APs with the default 802.11 protocol underperform in a deployment with dense STAs, for example, a large-scale data collection environment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our empirical study, as reported in Section 5, shows that APs with the default 802.11 protocol underperform in a deployment with dense STAs, for example, a large-scale data collection environment [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "That is, the observed throughput is much lower than the media access control (MAC) capacity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "That is, the observed throughput is much lower than the media access control (MAC) capacity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our study further reveals that the causes of the above poor performance are as follows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our study further reveals that the causes of the above poor performance are as follows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Clearly missing is a method that uses replicate information to detect consistent peaks and to statistically infer changes in contact frequencies between different conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Clearly missing is a method that uses replicate information to detect consistent peaks and to statistically infer changes in contact frequencies between different conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We address these needs with the following approach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We address these needs with the following approach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We use a distancedependent monotonous fit to estimate the signal decay with increasing distance from the viewpoint, since the unspecific component of the signal decreases monotonously.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We use a distancedependent monotonous fit to estimate the signal decay with increasing distance from the viewpoint, since the unspecific component of the signal decreases monotonously.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As input to the fit we use variance-stabilized read count data.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As input to the fit we use variance-stabilized read count data (Anders and Huber, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Anders and Huber, 2010)" ] }, { "text": "To detect strong interactions we calculate z-scores from the fit residuals and associated p-values.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To detect strong interactions we calculate z-scores from the fit residuals and associated p-values.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the comparison of different conditions we use the methods implemented in the DESeq2 package.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For the comparison of different conditions we use the methods implemented in the DESeq2 package (Love et al., 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Love et al., 2014)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "For the computation of local optimal solution of the shape problem, we propose a Kohn-Vogelius-type functional.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the computation of local optimal solution of the shape problem, we propose a Kohn-Vogelius-type functional.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The stability analysis require the computation of the first-order and second-order shape derivative of the proposed shape functional.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The stability analysis require the computation of the first-order and second-order shape derivative of the proposed shape functional.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For shape analysis, we use the velocity method.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For shape analysis, we use the velocity method [9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Within the literature relating to this topic, the most popular expression for dialysis dose is fractional urea clearance per dialysis treatment (Kt/V).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Within the literature relating to this topic, the most popular expression for dialysis dose is fractional urea clearance per dialysis treatment (Kt/V).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, cumulative Kt/V does not change proportionally with cumulative solute removal when IHD schedules are altered by changes to treatment frequency rather than treatment duration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, cumulative Kt/V does not change proportionally with cumulative solute removal when IHD schedules are altered by changes to treatment frequency rather than treatment duration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This expression is therefore unsuitable for comparisons involving patients on different IHD schedules.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This expression is therefore unsuitable for comparisons involving patients on different IHD schedules [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] }, { "text": "Kt/V is also unsuited for comparisons involving patients on continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT): the steady state blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels do not allow for its calculation by either formal UKM or simplified methods such as that by Daugirdas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Kt/V is also unsuited for comparisons involving patients on continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT): the steady state blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels do not allow for its calculation by either formal UKM or simplified methods such as that by Daugirdas [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Use of various weed management information resources by respondents is presented in Table 2 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Use of various weed management information resources by respondents is presented in Table 2 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As hypothesized, organic producers indicated a significant preference for accessing information through personal experience, or the experience of other farmers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As hypothesized, organic producers indicated a significant preference for accessing information through personal experience, or the experience of other farmers (Jabbour et al. 2013; Walz 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF41" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jabbour et al. 2013; Walz 1999)" ] }, { "text": "Most growers rated weed control on their organic acres as ''fair'' on a four-point poor-excellent scale.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most growers rated weed control on their organic acres as ''fair'' on a four-point poor-excellent scale.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Some injection processing simulations, such as Moldflow Plastics Inside 6.2 ®, use values of the parameters from the Cross-WLF model.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some injection processing simulations, such as Moldflow Plastics Inside 6.2 ®, use values of the parameters from the Cross-WLF model, [9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10]" ] }, { "text": "These experiments were carried out to reproduce the rheological behavior of the materials during the injection process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These experiments were carried out to reproduce the rheological behavior of the materials during the injection process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are studies which apply these models in the reprocessing of thermoplastic materials.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are studies which apply these models in the reprocessing of thermoplastic materials, [11] [12] [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11] [12] [13]" ] }, { "text": "These studies are interesting because the authors calculated the Cross dependent parameters of the mixtures and show how variations in these affect viscosity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These studies are interesting because the authors calculated the Cross dependent parameters of the mixtures and show how variations in these affect viscosity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At the same time, he showed that increasing the temperature has a greater influence on the degradation of thermoplastic than increases in the shear rate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the same time, he showed that increasing the temperature has a greater influence on the degradation of thermoplastic than increases in the shear rate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "We can also find studies on the mixture of polymers with the aim of improving properties of the recovered material.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We can also find studies on the mixture of polymers with the aim of improving properties of the recovered material, [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "In his study of the influence of polyethylene (PE) on recycled polyethylene terephtalate (PET) analyzed, among other things, mechanical and rheological properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In his study of the influence of polyethylene (PE) on recycled polyethylene terephtalate (PET) analyzed, among other things, mechanical and rheological properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "His work is of interest to us because he uses the Cross equation to calculate viscosity, although he only uses a die (L/D 10 mm) so that the viscosity calculated is apparent rather than exact.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "His work is of interest to us because he uses the Cross equation to calculate viscosity, although he only uses a die (L/D 10 mm) so that the viscosity calculated is apparent rather than exact.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In his study, he obtained values of viscosity that got lower as the percentage of PE in the mixtures was increased.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In his study, he obtained values of viscosity that got lower as the percentage of PE in the mixtures was increased.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is also interesting because he also studied in more detail the shear rate interval between 5.000 and 10.000 s -1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is also interesting because he also studied in more detail the shear rate interval between 5.000 and 10.000 s -1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The study of this interval is important as these values most closely match the conditions to which the material is subject during the injection process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The study of this interval is important as these values most closely match the conditions to which the material is subject during the injection process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Both absorption and adsorption involve sorption of refrigerant vapour accompanied by its subsequent desorption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both absorption and adsorption involve sorption of refrigerant vapour accompanied by its subsequent desorption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The latter process requires heat supply.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The latter process requires heat supply.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The origins of the use of thermochemical phenomena for cooling production date back to the mid-nineteenth century; when first absorption chillers were constructed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The origins of the use of thermochemical phenomena for cooling production date back to the mid-nineteenth century; when first absorption chillers were constructed (Asdrubali and Grignaffini, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Asdrubali and Grignaffini, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "The first patents on utilisation of adsorption for this purpose were filed in the1920s.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The first patents on utilisation of adsorption for this purpose were filed in the1920s (Loh, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Loh, 2010)" ] }, { "text": "Mainly due to a more efficient use of heat to produce cooling, absorption chillers have been widely commercialised on an industrial scale, whereas the number of manufacturers of adsorption-based equipment is still limited.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mainly due to a more efficient use of heat to produce cooling, absorption chillers have been widely commercialised on an industrial scale, whereas the number of manufacturers of adsorption-based equipment is still limited.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Continuous research on improving efficiency of these devices should reveal the innovative nature of this technology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Continuous research on improving efficiency of these devices should reveal the innovative nature of this technology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Internet addiction disorder (IAD), or, more broadly, Internet overuse, problematic computer use or pathological computer use, is excessive computer use that interferes with daily life.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Internet addiction disorder (IAD), or, more broadly, Internet overuse, problematic computer use or pathological computer use, is excessive computer use that interferes with daily life.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "IAD was originally proposed as a disorder in a satirical hoax by Ivan Goldberg in 1995.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "IAD was originally proposed as a disorder in a satirical hoax by Ivan Goldberg in 1995 [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "He took pathological gambling as diagnosed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) as his model for the description of IAD.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "He took pathological gambling as diagnosed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) as his model for the description of IAD [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "It is not however included in the current DSM as of 2009.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is not however included in the current DSM as of 2009.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "IAD receives coverage in the press, and possible future classification as a psychological disorder continues to be debated and researched.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "IAD receives coverage in the press, and possible future classification as a psychological disorder continues to be debated and researched.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "True moderating effects are assessed by the interactions between group membership and moderating variables.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "True moderating effects are assessed by the interactions between group membership and moderating variables.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, while participants from the experimental group exposed to photographs of unattractive models have had higher posttest self-esteem as a group, this increase was more pronounced for those whose initial self-esteem was lower than for their more self-confident peers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, while participants from the experimental group exposed to photographs of unattractive models have had higher posttest self-esteem as a group, this increase was more pronounced for those whose initial self-esteem was lower than for their more self-confident peers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In other words, people with lower self-esteem are more susceptible to the effects of downward social comparison that can improve their self-evaluation, which is in accordance with previous research.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In other words, people with lower self-esteem are more susceptible to the effects of downward social comparison that can improve their self-evaluation, which is in accordance with previous research (Jones & Buckingham, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jones & Buckingham, 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The lack of the effect of upward social comparison could be explained by the assimilation effect.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The lack of the effect of upward social comparison could be explained by the assimilation effect.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is known that persons in whom the discrepancy between assessments of their own and an ideal appearance is not large, are more prone to keep their self-esteem at a stable level or even increase it, in different situations of social comparison (including upward comparison).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is known that persons in whom the discrepancy between assessments of their own and an ideal appearance is not large, are more prone to keep their self-esteem at a stable level or even increase it, in different situations of social comparison (including upward comparison) (Jones & Buckingham, 2005; Bessenoff, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jones & Buckingham, 2005; Bessenoff, 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Assimilation effect might also occur in persons who are currently on a diet, because they expect to become more like their chosen ideal, being already in the process of reaching their goal.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Assimilation effect might also occur in persons who are currently on a diet, because they expect to become more like their chosen ideal, being already in the process of reaching their goal (Jones & Buckingham, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jones & Buckingham, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "They perceive their progress as controllable, which makes upward comparison inspiring to them, supporting their efforts to attain the desired look.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They perceive their progress as controllable, which makes upward comparison inspiring to them, supporting their efforts to attain the desired look (Buunk et al., 1990) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Buunk et al., 1990)" ] }, { "text": "We believe this could be the case for at least some of our participants, being that the research was conducted near the end of their senior year, so it is likely that, at the time, they have been in the process of preparing for the prom night.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We believe this could be the case for at least some of our participants, being that the research was conducted near the end of their senior year, so it is likely that, at the time, they have been in the process of preparing for the prom night.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although this explanation may seem trivial, we assume that students, desiring to look as good as possible for their prom night, were undertaking certain activities to achieve that.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although this explanation may seem trivial, we assume that students, desiring to look as good as possible for their prom night, were undertaking certain activities to achieve that.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is therefore possible that the participants did not see the \"attractive\" images as threatening to their perceptions of self-worth.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is therefore possible that the participants did not see the \"attractive\" images as threatening to their perceptions of self-worth.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Although self-esteem and appearance satisfaction are significantly positively correlated in our research, the magnitude of this correlation is moderate, unlike the strong relationship found in other research -.65 in the USA, and .62 in West European countries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although self-esteem and appearance satisfaction are significantly positively correlated in our research, the magnitude of this correlation is moderate, unlike the strong relationship found in other research -.65 in the USA, and .62 in West European countries (Clay et al., 2005; Paxton et al., 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Clay et al., 2005; Paxton et al., 2006)" ] }, { "text": "This finding implies that people in Serbia rely more on other pillars to build their self-esteem, apart from their physical appearance, a claim which requires further empirical support.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This finding implies that people in Serbia rely more on other pillars to build their self-esteem, apart from their physical appearance, a claim which requires further empirical support.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If this assumption is confirmed, it would be interesting to investigate other components of self-esteem and their relative contribution to global self evaluation in Serbs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If this assumption is confirmed, it would be interesting to investigate other components of self-esteem and their relative contribution to global self evaluation in Serbs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Government corruption involves officials using public resources and authorities for personal gain.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Government corruption involves officials using public resources and authorities for personal gain (Rodriguez, Uhlenbruck, & Eden, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rodriguez, Uhlenbruck, & Eden, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "As the interests of politicians and administrators take precedence over the public interest, the quality of governmental services decreases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As the interests of politicians and administrators take precedence over the public interest, the quality of governmental services decreases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Research on government corruption has flourished in the 1960s and 1970s, and since the beginning of the 2000s it has experienced a renaissance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Research on government corruption has flourished in the 1960s and 1970s, and since the beginning of the 2000s it has experienced a renaissance (Sandholtz & Koetzle, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sandholtz & Koetzle, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "Nevertheless, little is known about government corruption and much additional research is required for several reasons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, little is known about government corruption and much additional research is required for several reasons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The right to privacy has been historically protected.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The right to privacy has been historically protected.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has been fundamental for the stability of all democratic societies, and its importance is highlighted throughout the published literature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been fundamental for the stability of all democratic societies, and its importance is highlighted throughout the published literature [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "It is difficult to conceptualise privacy because it is multidimensional, subjective and context dependent; people feel differently about what privacy means to them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is difficult to conceptualise privacy because it is multidimensional, subjective and context dependent; people feel differently about what privacy means to them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "So unsurprisingly its definitions vary widely and a definition of privacy that is acceptable in one context fails in another.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "So unsurprisingly its definitions vary widely and a definition of privacy that is acceptable in one context fails in another.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The volatile notion of privacy and the pervasion of technological innovations throughout our daily lives highlight the importance of personal data privacy and the complexity of controlling it.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The volatile notion of privacy and the pervasion of technological innovations throughout our daily lives highlight the importance of personal data privacy and the complexity of controlling it.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In the field of privacy there is a constant debate over the relative importance of the individual right to privacy versus the common good for society.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the field of privacy there is a constant debate over the relative importance of the individual right to privacy versus the common good for society [1, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 8]" ] }, { "text": "Legislation and regulatory procedures endeavour to establish functions that may find a balance between individuals' right to privacy and the common good.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Legislation and regulatory procedures endeavour to establish functions that may find a balance between individuals' right to privacy and the common good.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "But every time a balance is found, the use of new technologies alters old norms either in favour of the individual or in the interest of the common good, and new norms and functions need to be reestablished to restore the balance, thus forming a vicious circle (see Figure 1) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But every time a balance is found, the use of new technologies alters old norms either in favour of the individual or in the interest of the common good, and new norms and functions need to be reestablished to restore the balance, thus forming a vicious circle (see Figure 1) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The properties of a suspended materials or colloids are affected by the particle size distribution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The properties of a suspended materials or colloids are affected by the particle size distribution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Knowledge about particle size distribution is especially relevant for many products in the food industry, for example fat and protein particles suspended i water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Knowledge about particle size distribution is especially relevant for many products in the food industry, for example fat and protein particles suspended i water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The size and density distribution of particles influences parameters such as \"mouth feel\" and shelf life, which are important quality parameters in the food industry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The size and density distribution of particles influences parameters such as \"mouth feel\" and shelf life, which are important quality parameters in the food industry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this paper we address the problem of inferring information about particle size distribution based on subsurface laser scattering (SLS).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper we address the problem of inferring information about particle size distribution based on subsurface laser scattering (SLS).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The subsurface scattering of light is affected by both the chemical and structural composition of a material.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The subsurface scattering of light is affected by both the chemical and structural composition of a material [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "Based on these properties we have designed a vision system consisting of a hyperspectral laser and a CCD camera for measuring subsurface scattering.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on these properties we have designed a vision system consisting of a hyperspectral laser and a CCD camera for measuring subsurface scattering.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We provide a proof-of-principle for inferring information about particle size distribution demonstrated on a number of dairy products.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We provide a proof-of-principle for inferring information about particle size distribution demonstrated on a number of dairy products.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This system allows an opportunity for effective online monitoring of food products as well as real time process inspection, based on a non-intrusive system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This system allows an opportunity for effective online monitoring of food products as well as real time process inspection, based on a non-intrusive system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Other methods exist for measuring parameters affected by particle size distribution, for example rheology based on a measurement of the consistency and flow of the food product.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other methods exist for measuring parameters affected by particle size distribution, for example rheology based on a measurement of the consistency and flow of the food product [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Another approach is based on measuring the scattering of a water diluted sample.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Another approach is based on measuring the scattering of a water diluted sample [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "However the water dilution can alter the particle composition of the food product.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However the water dilution can alter the particle composition of the food product.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A vision system avoids the intrusive nature of these methods yet being fast and objective.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A vision system avoids the intrusive nature of these methods yet being fast and objective.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Despite SBS values for RelyX were lower than that for Transbond XT, they were greater than the 5.9 to 7.9 MPa considered suitable for routine clinical use.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite SBS values for RelyX were lower than that for Transbond XT, they were greater than the 5.9 to 7.9 MPa considered suitable for routine clinical use [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, SBS values recorded in vivo flowing an orthodontic treatment are significantly lower than those recorded in vitro.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, SBS values recorded in vivo flowing an orthodontic treatment are significantly lower than those recorded in vitro.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The shorter time required for bonding brackets promoted by RelyX could make this adhesive a better option than the conventional 3-step orthodontic composite.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The shorter time required for bonding brackets promoted by RelyX could make this adhesive a better option than the conventional 3-step orthodontic composite.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, there is no data comparing the time required for bracket bonding with both systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there is no data comparing the time required for bracket bonding with both systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Every year, more than billion tons of greenhouse gas emissions were added by the global cement industry, and contributed around 7% of the total emissions to the earth's atmosphere.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Every year, more than billion tons of greenhouse gas emissions were added by the global cement industry, and contributed around 7% of the total emissions to the earth's atmosphere.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Attempts by researchers are beginning to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) for a cleaner environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Attempts by researchers are beginning to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) for a cleaner environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The use of wastes materials from industry such as palm oil fuel ash, fly ash, metakaolin and furnace slag to substitute the amount of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in concrete is one of many options which was widely studied.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of wastes materials from industry such as palm oil fuel ash, fly ash, metakaolin and furnace slag to substitute the amount of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in concrete is one of many options which was widely studied [2] [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4] [5]" ] }, { "text": "Geopolymer being a polymer of inorganic alumina-silicate are synthesized from the alkaline activation of different types of aluminosilicate materials, is one of the alternatives to fabricate environmentally safe concrete, that can contribute to reducing CO2 emission.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Geopolymer being a polymer of inorganic alumina-silicate are synthesized from the alkaline activation of different types of aluminosilicate materials, is one of the alternatives to fabricate environmentally safe concrete, that can contribute to reducing CO2 emission.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the early of 1979s, Joseph Davidovites introduced the geopolymerization technology as a more environment-friendly process.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the early of 1979s, Joseph Davidovites introduced the geopolymerization technology as a more environment-friendly process [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Materials that are rich in silicon and aluminium of geological origin or wastes from industrial are utilized to synthesize the geopolymer concrete.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Materials that are rich in silicon and aluminium of geological origin or wastes from industrial are utilized to synthesize the geopolymer concrete [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7] [8]" ] }, { "text": "Alkaline silicate or/and hydroxides are used as activation of alumina-silicate materials at ambient or oven curing regime.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Alkaline silicate or/and hydroxides are used as activation of alumina-silicate materials at ambient or oven curing regime [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In geopolymerization, alkaline solution plays an important role.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In geopolymerization, alkaline solution plays an important role.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The most common alkaline solution used in geopolymerization is a combination of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) or potassium silicate (K2SiO3).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The most common alkaline solution used in geopolymerization is a combination of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) or potassium silicate (K2SiO3).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this study, a combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate was chosen as the alkaline liquid.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, a combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate was chosen as the alkaline liquid.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sodium based solutions were chosen because they are cheaper than potassium based solutions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sodium based solutions were chosen because they are cheaper than potassium based solutions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Generally sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate are readily available in the market in the form of pellets and gel (liquid).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate are readily available in the market in the form of pellets and gel (liquid) [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "The most commonly used alkaline activator is NaOH.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The most commonly used alkaline activator is NaOH [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15] [16] [17] [18] [19]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "One of the disadvantages of geopolymer mortar is that it is still more expensive than OPC mortar.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the disadvantages of geopolymer mortar is that it is still more expensive than OPC mortar.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Alkali activator solution contributed more than 60% of the geopolymer mortar cost.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Alkali activator solution contributed more than 60% of the geopolymer mortar cost.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Studies have to be made in the area of manufacturing process of sodium hydroxide so as to make it less expensive.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Studies have to be made in the area of manufacturing process of sodium hydroxide so as to make it less expensive [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In the 1940s, Purdon started studying the feasibility use sodium hydroxide as alkali-activator solution to activate the furnace slag.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the 1940s, Purdon started studying the feasibility use sodium hydroxide as alkali-activator solution to activate the furnace slag [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "Alkali activated system which contained calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) and aluminosilicate phases was invented in the late 1950s by Glukhovsky.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Alkali activated system which contained calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) and aluminosilicate phases was invented in the late 1950s by Glukhovsky [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Two types of geopolymer binding systems which are silica-calcium (Si + Ca) with a mild alkaline solution and silicaaluminium (Si + Al) with medium to high alkaline solution.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Two types of geopolymer binding systems which are silica-calcium (Si + Ca) with a mild alkaline solution and silicaaluminium (Si + Al) with medium to high alkaline solution [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "For CASH binding system, the source materials are class F fly ash and metakaolin due to silica and alumina content as the main composition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For CASH binding system, the source materials are class F fly ash and metakaolin due to silica and alumina content as the main composition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Meantime, for the CSH system, furnace slag (GBFS) was included due to its main composition which is silica and calcium.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Meantime, for the CSH system, furnace slag (GBFS) was included due to its main composition which is silica and calcium.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The hydration products of these two systems are also different, whereas in the (Si + Ca) system, calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) is the main product, while zeolite like polymers is the main products for CASH system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The hydration products of these two systems are also different, whereas in the (Si + Ca) system, calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) is the main product, while zeolite like polymers is the main products for CASH system [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Ad hoc networks are wireless, infrastructureless, multi-hop, dynamic networks established using a collection of mobile nodes, providing significant features to the modern communication technologies and services.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Ad hoc networks are wireless, infrastructureless, multi-hop, dynamic networks established using a collection of mobile nodes, providing significant features to the modern communication technologies and services [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In ad hoc networks, clustering is an important technique to divide the large network into several sub networks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In ad hoc networks, clustering is an important technique to divide the large network into several sub networks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cluster-based architectures effectively reduce energy consumption, and enable efficient realization of MAC and routing protocols, security mechanisms and data aggregation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cluster-based architectures effectively reduce energy consumption, and enable efficient realization of MAC and routing protocols, security mechanisms and data aggregation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A cluster is a group of interconnected nodes with a dedicated node called a clusterhead (CH).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A cluster is a group of interconnected nodes with a dedicated node called a clusterhead (CH).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "CHs are responsible for cluster management, such as scheduling the medium access, dissemination of control messages, or data aggregation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "CHs are responsible for cluster management, such as scheduling the medium access, dissemination of control messages, or data aggregation [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, the role of the CH is critical for proper network operation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the role of the CH is critical for proper network operation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Failure of a CH results in expensive CH re-election and re-clustering operations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Failure of a CH results in expensive CH re-election and re-clustering operations [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In terms of compression factor and pedestal energy, the cascaded higher-order soliton compression clearly provides the best performance among the four compression techniques.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In terms of compression factor and pedestal energy, the cascaded higher-order soliton compression clearly provides the best performance among the four compression techniques.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, the fabrication of fibers with different constant dispersion segments is much easier compared to the fabrication of DDFs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the fabrication of fibers with different constant dispersion segments is much easier compared to the fabrication of DDFs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Specifically, PCFs offer greatly enhanced design freedom, such as the precise control of the chromatic dispersion, compared to standard optical fibers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Specifically, PCFs offer greatly enhanced design freedom, such as the precise control of the chromatic dispersion, compared to standard optical fibers [35] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[35]" ] }, { "text": "With fiber taping technologies and the use of PCF becoming commonplace, we anticipate the experimental realization of the cascaded N-soliton compression in the near future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With fiber taping technologies and the use of PCF becoming commonplace, we anticipate the experimental realization of the cascaded N-soliton compression in the near future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "For the adiabatic pulse compression, the fundamental soliton is typically used in a dispersion map with monotonically decreasing dispersion along the propagation direction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the adiabatic pulse compression, the fundamental soliton is typically used in a dispersion map with monotonically decreasing dispersion along the propagation direction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the dispersion decreases slowly enough, the soliton can self-adjust to maintain the balance between dispersion and nonlinearity by reducing its pulse width.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "If the dispersion decreases slowly enough, the soliton can self-adjust to maintain the balance between dispersion and nonlinearity by reducing its pulse width [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "Generation of pulses of less than 200 fs duration has been demonstrated experimentally using DDFs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Generation of pulses of less than 200 fs duration has been demonstrated experimentally using DDFs [10] [11] [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10] [11] [12]" ] }, { "text": "The compression factor is determined by the ratio of input and output dispersion, and the input power requirement is significantly lower than that for the higher-order soliton compression.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The compression factor is determined by the ratio of input and output dispersion, and the input power requirement is significantly lower than that for the higher-order soliton compression.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This compression scheme is attractive since in the compression process, the pulse maintains its transform-limited characteristics and generates much smaller pedestal compared to that in the higher-order soliton compression scheme.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This compression scheme is attractive since in the compression process, the pulse maintains its transform-limited characteristics and generates much smaller pedestal compared to that in the higher-order soliton compression scheme.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the drawback is that the maximum compression factor is limited to about 20, and the fiber length required for broad input pulse tends to be excessively long.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the drawback is that the maximum compression factor is limited to about 20, and the fiber length required for broad input pulse tends to be excessively long [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Further, DDFs can be rather expensive to procure or manufacture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further, DDFs can be rather expensive to procure or manufacture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In order to incorporate the desirable features of both the higher-order soliton compression and adiabatic pulse compression while diminishing their inherent drawbacks, Pelusi and Liu proposed the higher-order soliton ͑N ϳ 2͒ compression in a DDF.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to incorporate the desirable features of both the higher-order soliton compression and adiabatic pulse compression while diminishing their inherent drawbacks, Pelusi and Liu proposed the higher-order soliton ͑N ϳ 2͒ compression in a DDF [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Increasing the soliton order to N ϳ 2 can reduce the required DDF length and increase the pulse compression factor without significant pedestal generation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Increasing the soliton order to N ϳ 2 can reduce the required DDF length and increase the pulse compression factor without significant pedestal generation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An N = 2.1 soliton in a linear profiled DDF with length equal to one soliton period gives a compression factor of 55 and corresponding pedestal energy of 30%.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An N = 2.1 soliton in a linear profiled DDF with length equal to one soliton period gives a compression factor of 55 and corresponding pedestal energy of 30%.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The same compression factor can only be achieved by the conventional higher-order soliton compression using an N ϳ 13 soliton, but the pedestal energy is as high as 75%.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The same compression factor can only be achieved by the conventional higher-order soliton compression using an N ϳ 13 soliton, but the pedestal energy is as high as 75% [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The stacked spectrum of all the clouds (defined as the energy bin-by-bin sum of the spectra of individual clouds; upper limits are treated as points with half of the upperlimit flux and an uncertainty equal to the attributed flux) is shown in Fig. 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The stacked spectrum of all the clouds (defined as the energy bin-by-bin sum of the spectra of individual clouds; upper limits are treated as points with half of the upperlimit flux and an uncertainty equal to the attributed flux) is shown in Fig. 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The measurements include the systematic errors 4 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The measurements include the systematic errors 4 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Spectral measurements available in the range below 200 MeV are explicitly replaced by 2σ upper limits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Spectral measurements available in the range below 200 MeV are explicitly replaced by 2σ upper limits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This was done to reduce the possible contamination of the spectral modelling reported below with a not-accountedfor electron Bremsstrahlung component that is expected to appear in this energy range.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This was done to reduce the possible contamination of the spectral modelling reported below with a not-accountedfor electron Bremsstrahlung component that is expected to appear in this energy range (Neronov et al. 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Neronov et al. 2012)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "For obstruction of the GI tract, we can use plastic stents or SEMS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For obstruction of the GI tract, we can use plastic stents or SEMS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although historically plastic stents, made of rigid polyvinyl, were used for GI obstructions, both morbidity and mortality after insertion of plastic stents are higher than after SEMS placement because traumatic dilation of the stenotic portion is sometimes required before placement of a plastic stent that has a fixed diameter.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although historically plastic stents, made of rigid polyvinyl, were used for GI obstructions, both morbidity and mortality after insertion of plastic stents are higher than after SEMS placement because traumatic dilation of the stenotic portion is sometimes required before placement of a plastic stent that has a fixed diameter [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "Consequently, plastic stents have rarely been used since the 1990s when uncovered SEMS first became available.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, plastic stents have rarely been used since the 1990s when uncovered SEMS first became available.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "SEMS are generally packaged in a compressed form and constrained around a delivery device, making dilation unnecessary and reducing the risks of perforation, obstruction, or migration, which can occur with plastic stents.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "SEMS are generally packaged in a compressed form and constrained around a delivery device, making dilation unnecessary and reducing the risks of perforation, obstruction, or migration, which can occur with plastic stents [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Spatial epidemiological studies have assessed the incidence rates of TB in some parts of Ethiopia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Spatial epidemiological studies have assessed the incidence rates of TB in some parts of Ethiopia [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]" ] }, { "text": "However, to date, no spatial epidemiological analyses of TB treatment outcomes have been reported in Ethiopia.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, to date, no spatial epidemiological analyses of TB treatment outcomes have been reported in Ethiopia.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There have been studies conducted in Iran and Argentina that reported variability in TB treatment outcomes across districts with low socio-economic status and difficult access to public transportation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There have been studies conducted in Iran and Argentina that reported variability in TB treatment outcomes across districts with low socio-economic status and difficult access to public transportation [10, 11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10, 11]" ] }, { "text": "Understanding the spatial distribution of TB treatment outcomes is important for measuring the effect of investments in TB control, and for measuring achievements of End TB strategies at the local level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Understanding the spatial distribution of TB treatment outcomes is important for measuring the effect of investments in TB control, and for measuring achievements of End TB strategies at the local level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In wearable and pervasive computing, activity recognition is tackled as a problem of learning by demonstration.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In wearable and pervasive computing, activity recognition is tackled as a problem of learning by demonstration [18, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18, 19]" ] }, { "text": "Meaning is attributed to the sensor data streams by \"comparing\" them to \"known signals\".", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Meaning is attributed to the sensor data streams by \"comparing\" them to \"known signals\".", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This mapping from sensor signals to activity or context classes is done using machine learning techniques or information retrieval techniques.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This mapping from sensor signals to activity or context classes is done using machine learning techniques or information retrieval techniques.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The \"known signals\" are defined at design-time based on a training dataset comprising the sensor signals corresponding to activities or contexts elicited in a training environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The \"known signals\" are defined at design-time based on a training dataset comprising the sensor signals corresponding to activities or contexts elicited in a training environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Here we understand opportunistic sensing as the process of acquiring and interpreting data from sensors that just happen to be available in the surroundings of the user to eventually infer human activities and context.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here we understand opportunistic sensing as the process of acquiring and interpreting data from sensors that just happen to be available in the surroundings of the user to eventually infer human activities and context.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, our work relates closely to sensing and context frameworks, and data processing techniques for activity recognition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, our work relates closely to sensing and context frameworks, and data processing techniques for activity recognition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Lowlevel network self-organization (e.g. node discovery, MAC protocols, decentralized routing) is also required, but it is not the focus of this paper.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lowlevel network self-organization (e.g. node discovery, MAC protocols, decentralized routing) is also required, but it is not the focus of this paper.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We assume that this is readily available.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We assume that this is readily available.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Protocols such as Zigbee offer basic functionalities that support the realization of the system presented here.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Protocols such as Zigbee offer basic functionalities that support the realization of the system presented here.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A number of more advanced approaches exist for the coordinated emergence of sensing networks.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A number of more advanced approaches exist for the coordinated emergence of sensing networks [29, 30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29, 30]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In pattern recognition, classification and data analysis, similarity measures are used to quantify the strength of a relationship between two variables.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In pattern recognition, classification and data analysis, similarity measures are used to quantify the strength of a relationship between two variables.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Commonly used examples are, Pearson's product-moment correlation for measuring linear dependence between two numerical variables, the Jaccard coefficient for measuring co-occurrence of two species types, and the Hubert-Arabie adjusted Rand index for comparing partitions of two different clustering algorithms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Commonly used examples are, Pearson's product-moment correlation for measuring linear dependence between two numerical variables, the Jaccard coefficient for measuring co-occurrence of two species types, and the Hubert-Arabie adjusted Rand index for comparing partitions of two different clustering algorithms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A commonly used coefficient for measuring similarity between two ordinal variables with identical categories is the weighted kappa measure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A commonly used coefficient for measuring similarity between two ordinal variables with identical categories is the weighted kappa measure [1] [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, weighted kappa is a standard tool for assessing reliability of categorical rating instruments and scales in social, behavioral and medical sciences.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, weighted kappa is a standard tool for assessing reliability of categorical rating instruments and scales in social, behavioral and medical sciences [2, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 4]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "PID controller is the most dominating form of feedback for industrial plants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "PID controller is the most dominating form of feedback for industrial plants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless many of them show poor performances, due among others to inadequate tuning of their parameters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless many of them show poor performances, due among others to inadequate tuning of their parameters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, several different automatic tuning procedures with varying objectives and complexity are desirable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, several different automatic tuning procedures with varying objectives and complexity are desirable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Autotuning methods operate usually as follows: Some important characteristics of the plant are first measured by simple experiments, which are then used to design or tune the controller parameters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Autotuning methods operate usually as follows: Some important characteristics of the plant are first measured by simple experiments, which are then used to design or tune the controller parameters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this perspective, the measurement of robustness margins can reveal a great interest, because these margins and the frequencies at which they occur are crucial for the determination of control system stability and performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this perspective, the measurement of robustness margins can reveal a great interest, because these margins and the frequencies at which they occur are crucial for the determination of control system stability and performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The identified points of the frequency response can be used for obtaining a process model that approximate well the plant in this important frequency region.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The identified points of the frequency response can be used for obtaining a process model that approximate well the plant in this important frequency region [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "They can also be employed to adjust the corresponding robustness margins to the desired values and then to verify if the desired robustness specifications are effectively satisfied.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They can also be employed to adjust the corresponding robustness margins to the desired values and then to verify if the desired robustness specifications are effectively satisfied [6, 7, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7, 8]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The phasor I Q is in addition to U T and φ T the third parameter of the UPFC.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The phasor I Q is in addition to U T and φ T the third parameter of the UPFC [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "In mathematical derivation the current I Q is expressed with the susceptance B Q that enables the analytical solutions of equations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In mathematical derivation the current I Q is expressed with the susceptance B Q that enables the analytical solutions of equations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The sum of the currents I Q and I T of the parallel branch is denoted as I PAR .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The sum of the currents I Q and I T of the parallel branch is denoted as I PAR .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The major objective of power systems is to supply electricity to its customers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The major objective of power systems is to supply electricity to its customers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "During emergency state of the power system, it may shed partial loads to ensure the power supply to important loads, as the last resort to maintain system integrity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During emergency state of the power system, it may shed partial loads to ensure the power supply to important loads, as the last resort to maintain system integrity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Load shedding in bulk power system has been studied many years.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Load shedding in bulk power system has been studied many years [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Such calculations are simple if each voxel in the different volumes represents the same point in the anatomy of the subject, but can be impractical if different volumes of the series are distorted relative to each other.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such calculations are simple if each voxel in the different volumes represents the same point in the anatomy of the subject, but can be impractical if different volumes of the series are distorted relative to each other.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Diffusion-weighted images, however, are often acquired using Echo-Planar Imaging (EPI), to reduce acquisition time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Diffusion-weighted images, however, are often acquired using Echo-Planar Imaging (EPI), to reduce acquisition time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Unfortunatelly, this fast acquisition scheme is highly sensitive to eddy currents induced by the large diffusion gradients.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Unfortunatelly, this fast acquisition scheme is highly sensitive to eddy currents induced by the large diffusion gradients [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "These eddy currents can cause significant distortions in the phase-encoding direction where the image bandwidth is quite low (see Fig. 1 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These eddy currents can cause significant distortions in the phase-encoding direction where the image bandwidth is quite low (see Fig. 1 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since the degree and nature of this artefact typically vary both with the strength and orientation of the diffusion-sensitizing gradient, distortions can dramatically change the direction of highest diffusion supposed to correspond to fiber direction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the degree and nature of this artefact typically vary both with the strength and orientation of the diffusion-sensitizing gradient, distortions can dramatically change the direction of highest diffusion supposed to correspond to fiber direction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Equation (3) describes right and left moving sound waves with linearized speed 1 and complex amplitude functions a and −ia, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Equation (3) describes right and left moving sound waves with linearized speed 1 and complex amplitude functions a and −ia, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The sound waves oscillate slowly with frequency and evolve over longer times of the order 1/ 2 according to (4).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The sound waves oscillate slowly with frequency and evolve over longer times of the order 1/ 2 according to (4).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As described in Section 2, the dispersionless version of (4), given in (6), also arises directly from the MRS equation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As described in Section 2, the dispersionless version of (4), given in (6), also arises directly from the MRS equation (2) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(2)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Away from a vacuum, the Eulerian form of the one-dimensional, nonisentropic gas dynamics equations is a 3 × 3 strictly hyperbolic system of conservation laws.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Away from a vacuum, the Eulerian form of the one-dimensional, nonisentropic gas dynamics equations is a 3 × 3 strictly hyperbolic system of conservation laws [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "There are three wave fields: genuinely nonlinear left and right moving sound waves, and linearly degenerate entropy waves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are three wave fields: genuinely nonlinear left and right moving sound waves, and linearly degenerate entropy waves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the absence of an entropy wave, the interaction between weakly nonlinear, counter-propagating sound waves is negligible to leading order in the wave amplitudes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the absence of an entropy wave, the interaction between weakly nonlinear, counter-propagating sound waves is negligible to leading order in the wave amplitudes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Asymptotic expansions show that the velocity perturbations in the sound waves satisfy separate inviscid Burgers equations, and, after a sufficiently long time, the left and right moving sound waves form shocks and decay in the same way as they would in a unidirectional wave.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Asymptotic expansions show that the velocity perturbations in the sound waves satisfy separate inviscid Burgers equations, and, after a sufficiently long time, the left and right moving sound waves form shocks and decay in the same way as they would in a unidirectional wave.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Home FV availability is often studied in relation to other concepts such as FV accessibility, children's awareness of FV availability and children's preferences for FV.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Home FV availability is often studied in relation to other concepts such as FV accessibility, children's awareness of FV availability and children's preferences for FV.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some studies also combine the measurement of home FV availability and accessibility in one concept, making it difficult to distinguish their singular influences.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some studies also combine the measurement of home FV availability and accessibility in one concept, making it difficult to distinguish their singular influences [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "In this study, home FV availability was defined as whether FV were present in the home environment, e.g. in the fridge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, home FV availability was defined as whether FV were present in the home environment, e.g. in the fridge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Accessibility was defined as whether FV were accessible to children, e.g. FV in easy-to-reach locations and ready-to-consume forms.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Accessibility was defined as whether FV were accessible to children, e.g. FV in easy-to-reach locations and ready-to-consume forms [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "Whenever studies have used items on both availability and accessibility, it will be reported as such.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Whenever studies have used items on both availability and accessibility, it will be reported as such.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This study investigated home FV availability, but not accessibility.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study investigated home FV availability, but not accessibility.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Rheological behavior of 316L stainless steel feedstock with RWFO as binder components has been analyzed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Rheological behavior of 316L stainless steel feedstock with RWFO as binder components has been analyzed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is found that pseudoplastic behavior occurs for all binder formulations with viscosity decrease with increasing shear rate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is found that pseudoplastic behavior occurs for all binder formulations with viscosity decrease with increasing shear rate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The viscosity decreases with the increasing quantity of RWFO in the binder system showing that lubrication is much influenced by the quantity of RWFO.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The viscosity decreases with the increasing quantity of RWFO in the binder system showing that lubrication is much influenced by the quantity of RWFO.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However the flow activation energy and moldability index shows that binder formulation of F2 is better which strongly indicates that the optimal feedstock formulation between PP and RWFO is a 20/20 volumetric ratio.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However the flow activation energy and moldability index shows that binder formulation of F2 is better which strongly indicates that the optimal feedstock formulation between PP and RWFO is a 20/20 volumetric ratio.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This might be due to the contents of the stearic and oleic acids components inside the RWFO being less able to strongly influence the wettability of the feedstock.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This might be due to the contents of the stearic and oleic acids components inside the RWFO being less able to strongly influence the wettability of the feedstock [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "It is also indicative that the RWFO can be used as a sustainable binder system in MIM and further improvement of the binder ratio can be done by additional stearic acids in the binder systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is also indicative that the RWFO can be used as a sustainable binder system in MIM and further improvement of the binder ratio can be done by additional stearic acids in the binder systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In response, many firms are experiences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In response, many firms are experiences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These programs are instituting a variety of programs to enhance customers' waiting based on either superior operations or on creative management of customers' perceptions of time.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These programs are instituting a variety of programs to enhance customers' waiting based on either superior operations or on creative management of customers' perceptions of time (Larson 1987) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Larson 1987)" ] }, { "text": "Operations-based initiatives, such as increasing the number of servers, having a superior queue processing system, or instituting a flexible personnel deployment policy, focus primarily on reducing the actual duration of the wait.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Operations-based initiatives, such as increasing the number of servers, having a superior queue processing system, or instituting a flexible personnel deployment policy, focus primarily on reducing the actual duration of the wait.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Perceptions-based measures, on the other hand, aim to reduce customers' perceptions of either the expected duration of the wait or the uncertainty surrounding it.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Perceptions-based measures, on the other hand, aim to reduce customers' perceptions of either the expected duration of the wait or the uncertainty surrounding it.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many service providers today employ such measures to fill customers' waiting times using devices such as video displays with news updates, weather forecasts, and the latest sports scores.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many service providers today employ such measures to fill customers' waiting times using devices such as video displays with news updates, weather forecasts, and the latest sports scores (Larson 1987) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Larson 1987)" ] }, { "text": "The institution of such stimulating measures is supported by the finding that filled time appears to pass more quickly than empty time.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The institution of such stimulating measures is supported by the finding that filled time appears to pass more quickly than empty time (McGrath and Kelly 1986) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(McGrath and Kelly 1986)" ] } ]