Datasets:

copenlu

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citeworth

like 2

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The existence of pronounced negative deviations (outliers) in the Z e -R plots which were clearly associated with either pronounced temporal changes in the gauge observations, or with spatial gradients in the PPI scans in the vicinity of the gauge, have been associated with the systematic errors predicted for non-uniformly populated pulse resolution volumes and logarithmic receivers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The existence of pronounced negative deviations (outliers) in the Z e -R plots which were clearly associated with either pronounced temporal changes in the gauge observations, or with spatial gradients in the PPI scans in the vicinity of the gauge, have been associated with the systematic errors predicted for non-uniformly populated pulse resolution volumes and logarithmic receivers (Rogers, 1971) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rogers, 1971)" ] }, { "text": "These sometimes notable outliers were removed from the Z e -R scatter plots prior to fitting.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These sometimes notable outliers were removed from the Z e -R scatter plots prior to fitting.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such effects are difficult if not impossible to correct for because one lacks detailed information on gradient structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such effects are difficult if not impossible to correct for because one lacks detailed information on gradient structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In other circumstances, the radar was found to be reading low when rain-gushes of order 100 mm/h gauge rates were observed for some of these outliers, or a temporal aliasing problem was evident, with the rain arriving at a gauge near the middle of the 10-minute interval between radar sweeps over that gauge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In other circumstances, the radar was found to be reading low when rain-gushes of order 100 mm/h gauge rates were observed for some of these outliers, or a temporal aliasing problem was evident, with the rain arriving at a gauge near the middle of the 10-minute interval between radar sweeps over that gauge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The only way to remedy the loss of such events to the accumulated rainfall is to sacrifice on volume scans, and increase the repetition frequency of the low-level radar sweeps.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The only way to remedy the loss of such events to the accumulated rainfall is to sacrifice on volume scans, and increase the repetition frequency of the low-level radar sweeps.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such a procedure was not undertaken during AMMA because of the interest in the vertical development of the convection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such a procedure was not undertaken during AMMA because of the interest in the vertical development of the convection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The tumor microenvironment is a niche that responds to signaling proteins produced by tumor cells and supplies growth factors that support tumor growth and metastasis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The tumor microenvironment is a niche that responds to signaling proteins produced by tumor cells and supplies growth factors that support tumor growth and metastasis (Quail and Joyce, 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Quail and Joyce, 2013)" ] }, { "text": "Much ongoing work seeks inhibitors of tumorigenesis that target the signaling molecules All rights reserved.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Much ongoing work seeks inhibitors of tumorigenesis that target the signaling molecules All rights reserved.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "No reuse allowed without permission.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "No reuse allowed without permission.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "P73 were cloned due to their structural similarity to p53 and have been shown to share functions with the tumor suppressor gene p53, but their contributions to the inhibition of tumor formation or to the response to chemotherapy has been uncertain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "P73 were cloned due to their structural similarity to p53 and have been shown to share functions with the tumor suppressor gene p53, but their contributions to the inhibition of tumor formation or to the response to chemotherapy has been uncertain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many studies have revealed p53-like functions of TAp73, such as their ability to induce apoptosis, yet initial studies indicated that p73 were not often mutated in human cancer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many studies have revealed p53-like functions of TAp73, such as their ability to induce apoptosis, yet initial studies indicated that p73 were not often mutated in human cancer [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "It is known that abnormal expression of p73 gene plays an important role in the progression of colorectal cancer and its detection may be used to predict the prognosis of colorectal cancer and to guide treatment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is known that abnormal expression of p73 gene plays an important role in the progression of colorectal cancer and its detection may be used to predict the prognosis of colorectal cancer and to guide treatment [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "ENAs in space plasmas possess energies in the range of a few eV up to MeV depending on their origin and formation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "ENAs in space plasmas possess energies in the range of a few eV up to MeV depending on their origin and formation [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "For ENAs with energies below 1 keV/amu, when passing through a thin foil, the angular scattering significantly increases and ionisation efficiency decresases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For ENAs with energies below 1 keV/amu, when passing through a thin foil, the angular scattering significantly increases and ionisation efficiency decresases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "ENAs of about 300 eV/amu have a too low energy to pass through a typical thin carbon foil.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "ENAs of about 300 eV/amu have a too low energy to pass through a typical thin carbon foil [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "For efficient ionisation of neutrals with energies below 1 keV, surface ionisation was identified as the only viable technique, meeting all requirements for implementation to an instrument on a space mission regarding weight, volume and durability of the material.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For efficient ionisation of neutrals with energies below 1 keV, surface ionisation was identified as the only viable technique, meeting all requirements for implementation to an instrument on a space mission regarding weight, volume and durability of the material [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "The fundamental requirements on the charge state conversion surface (CS) for this application are high ionisation efficiency for the atomic species of interest and a narrow spread in the angular scattering distribution of the ionised atoms leaving the surface, both to maximise transmission through the instrument.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The fundamental requirements on the charge state conversion surface (CS) for this application are high ionisation efficiency for the atomic species of interest and a narrow spread in the angular scattering distribution of the ionised atoms leaving the surface, both to maximise transmission through the instrument.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The former is given by the physical properties of the surface material, e.g. band structure, the latter by the surface roughness and texture, thus requiring a very smooth surface at the atom level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The former is given by the physical properties of the surface material, e.g. band structure, the latter by the surface roughness and texture, thus requiring a very smooth surface at the atom level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Imaging of plasma populations using energetic neutral atoms became a standard measurement in space plasma research to investigate planetary magnetospheres or even the outer boundaries of our solar system, where the heliosphere encounters the local interstellar medium.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Imaging of plasma populations using energetic neutral atoms became a standard measurement in space plasma research to investigate planetary magnetospheres or even the outer boundaries of our solar system, where the heliosphere encounters the local interstellar medium [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) are generated in various processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) are generated in various processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For magnetospheric research, the process of charge exchange of energetic ions with a cold neutral background gas is the most important.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For magnetospheric research, the process of charge exchange of energetic ions with a cold neutral background gas is the most important.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Contrary to ions, the trajectories of energetic neutral atoms remain almost undisturbed after their formation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Contrary to ions, the trajectories of energetic neutral atoms remain almost undisturbed after their formation [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore measurements of populations and directions of ENAs in space plasmas offer valuable clues to ENA formation and magnetospheric or heliospheric plasmas and their interaction and therefore further our understanding of global plasma processes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore measurements of populations and directions of ENAs in space plasmas offer valuable clues to ENA formation and magnetospheric or heliospheric plasmas and their interaction and therefore further our understanding of global plasma processes [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Research in ENA measurements started in the late 1960s, when first neutral atom imaging instruments were developed and flown on sounding rockets to measure neutral hydrogen in the Earth's atmosphere.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Research in ENA measurements started in the late 1960s, when first neutral atom imaging instruments were developed and flown on sounding rockets to measure neutral hydrogen in the Earth's atmosphere [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The spectrometer for these experiments consisted of a deflector at the opening to prevent charged particles from entering the instrument followed by a thin carbon foil to ionise the incoming neutrals.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The spectrometer for these experiments consisted of a deflector at the opening to prevent charged particles from entering the instrument followed by a thin carbon foil to ionise the incoming neutrals [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The ionisation of the neutrals is necessary * Corresponding author.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ionisation of the neutrals is necessary * Corresponding author.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Tel.: +41 316314424. for subsequently deriving their velocity and mass in electrostatic and magnetic analysers, and hence their energy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Tel.: +41 316314424. for subsequently deriving their velocity and mass in electrostatic and magnetic analysers, and hence their energy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To this day, neutral atom imaging spectrometers on space missions follow this concept as a matter of principle.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To this day, neutral atom imaging spectrometers on space missions follow this concept as a matter of principle.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Sustainability encompasses not only the environmental dimension, but also social and economic ones, as it is defined by the Brundtland Commission.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Sustainability encompasses not only the environmental dimension, but also social and economic ones, as it is defined by the Brundtland Commission [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "Consequently, a methodology to measure sustainability is getting extremely important.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, a methodology to measure sustainability is getting extremely important.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The measurement of the environmental dimension of sustainability is the most mature method of the three.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The measurement of the environmental dimension of sustainability is the most mature method of the three.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The depth of water in some areas can exceed 4 m as in floating rice areas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The depth of water in some areas can exceed 4 m as in floating rice areas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Apparently each of these types of floods requires specific adaptive traits, which necessitates the development of unique varieties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Apparently each of these types of floods requires specific adaptive traits, which necessitates the development of unique varieties [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "Though DWR is cultivated in small areas with low yield, attention should be given to achieve breakthrough in yield potential.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Though DWR is cultivated in small areas with low yield, attention should be given to achieve breakthrough in yield potential.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many advanced lines of DWR having better yield potential have been developed by Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many advanced lines of DWR having better yield potential have been developed by Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "There are many directions for future research on ACO algorithms for protein folding problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are many directions for future research on ACO algorithms for protein folding problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It might be fruitful to consider ACO approaches based on more complex solution components than the simple local structure motifs used here.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It might be fruitful to consider ACO approaches based on more complex solution components than the simple local structure motifs used here.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, separate pheromone matrices could be used for independently reinforcing secondary and tertiary interactions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, separate pheromone matrices could be used for independently reinforcing secondary and tertiary interactions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, it would be interesting to develop and study ACO algorithms for other types of protein folding problems, such as the 3-dimensional HP model.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, it would be interesting to develop and study ACO algorithms for other types of protein folding problems, such as the 3-dimensional HP model [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In the wake of abnormal weather and damage to the environment, people have gradually come to value environmental protection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the wake of abnormal weather and damage to the environment, people have gradually come to value environmental protection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Traditional petroleum polymers that have been commonly used are not eco-friendly, as they cause tremendous damage to the environment, from the exploitation of their raw materials to their production.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Traditional petroleum polymers that have been commonly used are not eco-friendly, as they cause tremendous damage to the environment, from the exploitation of their raw materials to their production [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, eco-friendly bio-degradable materials have now been developed in order to substitute the petroleum polymers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, eco-friendly bio-degradable materials have now been developed in order to substitute the petroleum polymers [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, their raw materials are obtained from renewable natural sources, and have satisfactory biodegradation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, their raw materials are obtained from renewable natural sources, and have satisfactory biodegradation [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, eco-friendly bio-degradable materials are more environmentally protective than traditional petroleum polymers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, eco-friendly bio-degradable materials are more environmentally protective than traditional petroleum polymers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "PLA is one common environmentally protective material, and it has good mechanical properties, physical properties, thermal stability, and ease of processing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "PLA is one common environmentally protective material, and it has good mechanical properties, physical properties, thermal stability, and ease of processing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These features give PLA high potential for commercialization.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These features give PLA high potential for commercialization [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Distance Learning (DL) is a modality of teaching and learning that has grown and produced good results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Distance Learning (DL) is a modality of teaching and learning that has grown and produced good results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Group activity is an important component in classroom teaching.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Group activity is an important component in classroom teaching.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Interactions between students over the course of some educational activity are crucial to the learning process, as each student shares with the others his/her knowledge, questions and impressions of what was discussed in class, thus enriching the learning process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Interactions between students over the course of some educational activity are crucial to the learning process, as each student shares with the others his/her knowledge, questions and impressions of what was discussed in class, thus enriching the learning process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This form of learning is called Collaborative Learning.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This form of learning is called Collaborative Learning (Coutinho, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Coutinho, 2007)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The computer support to collaborative learning is called Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning-CSCL.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The computer support to collaborative learning is called Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning-CSCL (Dimitracopoulou, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Dimitracopoulou, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Systems that implement collaborative learning must include cooperation and communication mechanisms so that the learning process can be performed with quality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Systems that implement collaborative learning must include cooperation and communication mechanisms so that the learning process can be performed with quality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Also, such systems must have group creation mechanisms and ways of monitoring for the facilitators (teachers).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, such systems must have group creation mechanisms and ways of monitoring for the facilitators (teachers).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Sensitivity to environmental conditions and susceptibility to foliar diseases may be associated with large variability of edaphoclimatic conditions in Brazil and the indication of cultivars of reduced adaptability and stability to different microclimates.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Sensitivity to environmental conditions and susceptibility to foliar diseases may be associated with large variability of edaphoclimatic conditions in Brazil and the indication of cultivars of reduced adaptability and stability to different microclimates [16] [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16] [17]" ] }, { "text": "In modern agriculture, the recommendation of cultivars with high grain yield and with stability to climatic variations is decisive, by taking advantage of improved environments or that showing adequate performance under adverse conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In modern agriculture, the recommendation of cultivars with high grain yield and with stability to climatic variations is decisive, by taking advantage of improved environments or that showing adequate performance under adverse conditions [6] - [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ], [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]", "[18]" ] }, { "text": "Like this, the identification of genotypes of oats of high performance in characters of agronomic interest and industry, less demanding the use of fungicide and with adaptability and stability, may favor a more sustainable production of oat cultivation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Like this, the identification of genotypes of oats of high performance in characters of agronomic interest and industry, less demanding the use of fungicide and with adaptability and stability, may favor a more sustainable production of oat cultivation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Organizations, as well as individuals, face an increasing need to reflect on routes to be taken in the future, about what to do or what direction to follow.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Organizations, as well as individuals, face an increasing need to reflect on routes to be taken in the future, about what to do or what direction to follow (Roche, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Roche, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "In other words, they are forced to plan.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In other words, they are forced to plan.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Forecasting the results of football matches has a crucial role for the management of teams in a football league, in planning their posture and deciding on their evolution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Forecasting the results of football matches has a crucial role for the management of teams in a football league, in planning their posture and deciding on their evolution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Results forecasting is an attempt to predict the future behavior from already observed data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Results forecasting is an attempt to predict the future behavior from already observed data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For purposes of forecasting, it is critical to identify which variables or information is relevant and should be included in the predictive models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For purposes of forecasting, it is critical to identify which variables or information is relevant and should be included in the predictive models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In football, one such variable is home advantage, i.e., the advantage of playing at home.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In football, one such variable is home advantage, i.e., the advantage of playing at home.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In recent years, in various sports, research has been deepened to verify the existence of home advantage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, in various sports, research has been deepened to verify the existence of home advantage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "That such advantage impacts on the outcome of games is supported by several papers, considering not only football, but also baseball, volleyball, American football, among other sports.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "That such advantage impacts on the outcome of games is supported by several papers, considering not only football, but also baseball, volleyball, American football, among other sports (Courneya & Carron, 1992; Pollard, 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Courneya & Carron, 1992; Pollard, 2002)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Altman used the F-test to analyse fi ve fi nancial indicators.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Altman used the F-test to analyse fi ve fi nancial indicators.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The sample tested included 33 bankrupt enterprises together with 33 fi nancially sound enterprises.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The sample tested included 33 bankrupt enterprises together with 33 fi nancially sound enterprises.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The original Altman model was 95% accurate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The original Altman model was 95% accurate (Altman, 1968) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Altman, 1968)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "These projects prove that computations performed in bioinformatics require ample computational resources that are available through the use of Grid or Cloud computing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These projects prove that computations performed in bioinformatics require ample computational resources that are available through the use of Grid or Cloud computing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the paper, we present a newly developed Cloud4PSP (Cloud for Protein Structure Prediction) system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the paper, we present a newly developed Cloud4PSP (Cloud for Protein Structure Prediction) system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cloud4PSP is a cloud-based computational framework for 3D protein structure prediction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cloud4PSP is a cloud-based computational framework for 3D protein structure prediction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cloud4PSP was designed and developed for the Microsoft Azure commercial Cloud.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cloud4PSP was designed and developed for the Microsoft Azure commercial Cloud.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the paper, we show the architecture of the Cloud4PSP, its unique features, and the advantages of using the queue-based architecture instead of direct communication.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the paper, we show the architecture of the Cloud4PSP, its unique features, and the advantages of using the queue-based architecture instead of direct communication.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We also present the processing model used by the system for those who would like to extend the system with new prediction methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We also present the processing model used by the system for those who would like to extend the system with new prediction methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, we show the scalability of the system based on the designed architecture on the example of sample prediction processes performed with the use of the ab initio prediction method designed by S. Warecki and L. Znamirowski.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, we show the scalability of the system based on the designed architecture on the example of sample prediction processes performed with the use of the ab initio prediction method designed by S. Warecki and L. Znamirowski [66] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF64" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[66]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The pattern of stress assignment in the no condition reveals a strong lexical source of information and a weaker but substantial default pattern.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The pattern of stress assignment in the no condition reveals a strong lexical source of information and a weaker but substantial default pattern.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As in the children study , neither lexically based nor default stress assignment indices approach 1.0 in this condition, suggesting the existence of additional factors in the process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As in the children study , neither lexically based nor default stress assignment indices approach 1.0 in this condition, suggesting the existence of additional factors in the process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consistent with the children study, no frequency effects were obtained in the comparison between Groups 1 and 3.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consistent with the children study, no frequency effects were obtained in the comparison between Groups 1 and 3.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The failure of the frequency manipulation to produce reliable differences either in stress assignment or in response times warrants further investigation to determine whether the words that were chosen and altered to produce the nonword stimuli do in fact give rise to reliable frequency effects themselves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The failure of the frequency manipulation to produce reliable differences either in stress assignment or in response times warrants further investigation to determine whether the words that were chosen and altered to produce the nonword stimuli do in fact give rise to reliable frequency effects themselves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The manipulation of diacritic (i.e., presentation condition) has allowed us to observe the effects of all three information sources, alone and in combination.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The manipulation of diacritic (i.e., presentation condition) has allowed us to observe the effects of all three information sources, alone and in combination.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The effects of this manipulation on LexI are strongest (double effect size) for Group 2 items, as expected, given that items in this group were not subject to lexical influences, further attesting to the importance of lexical information for stress assignment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The effects of this manipulation on LexI are strongest (double effect size) for Group 2 items, as expected, given that items in this group were not subject to lexical influences, further attesting to the importance of lexical information for stress assignment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Differences in PenI are not robust, consistent with a comparatively less important, or less consistent, role of the default pattern in stress assignment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Differences in PenI are not robust, consistent with a comparatively less important, or less consistent, role of the default pattern in stress assignment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is also possible that additional sources of information (e.g., morphology) may have been operative for some items, thus increasing within-group item variance and rendering group differences in PenI statistically insignificant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is also possible that additional sources of information (e.g., morphology) may have been operative for some items, thus increasing within-group item variance and rendering group differences in PenI statistically insignificant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The wrd condition is the only one in which near-perfect performance is observed, as shown by LexI being indistinguishable from 1.0 for Groups 1 and 3.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The wrd condition is the only one in which near-perfect performance is observed, as shown by LexI being indistinguishable from 1.0 for Groups 1 and 3.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is important that LexI remains lower and significantly different from 1.0 for Group 2, confirming earlier observations that the printed stress diacritic alone is insufficient to guarantee an intended stress pattern.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is important that LexI remains lower and significantly different from 1.0 for Group 2, confirming earlier observations that the printed stress diacritic alone is insufficient to guarantee an intended stress pattern (Protopapas, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Protopapas, 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Group 2 items, which did not resemble the particular words they were derived from, but bore a diacritic consistent with their stress pattern, were stressed as indicated by the diacritic on average only 91% of the time (LexI = 0.83).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Group 2 items, which did not resemble the particular words they were derived from, but bore a diacritic consistent with their stress pattern, were stressed as indicated by the diacritic on average only 91% of the time (LexI = 0.83).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The co-HMM model is implemented using MATLAB and the uni-modal HMMs were trained using Kevin Murphy Toolbox.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The co-HMM model is implemented using MATLAB and the uni-modal HMMs were trained using Kevin Murphy Toolbox [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "The input audio-visual features were computed at 50 frames per second.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The input audio-visual features were computed at 50 frames per second.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We first down sample all these input observations to 25 frames per second before training our models to reduce training time and memory requirements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We first down sample all these input observations to 25 frames per second before training our models to reduce training time and memory requirements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Given the continuous labeling nature of our concatenated-HMM model, prediction outputs are also computed at 25Hz.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given the continuous labeling nature of our concatenated-HMM model, prediction outputs are also computed at 25Hz.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Once we get these output labels, we up sample them back to the original frame rate of 50fps.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Once we get these output labels, we up sample them back to the original frame rate of 50fps.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Isoperimetric problems consist in maximizing or minimizing a cost functional subject to integral constraints.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Isoperimetric problems consist in maximizing or minimizing a cost functional subject to integral constraints [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "They have found a broad class of important applications throughout the centuries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They have found a broad class of important applications throughout the centuries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Areas of application include astronomy, physics, geometry, algebra, and analysis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Areas of application include astronomy, physics, geometry, algebra, and analysis [6, 17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 17]" ] }, { "text": "Concrete isoperimetric problems in engineering have been also investigated by a number of authors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Concrete isoperimetric problems in engineering have been also investigated by a number of authors [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Colleters are secretory structures consisting of a parenchymatous middle axis surrounded by a layer of secretory palisade-like epidermal cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Colleters are secretory structures consisting of a parenchymatous middle axis surrounded by a layer of secretory palisade-like epidermal cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Th ese structures are present mainly on the adaxial surface of the stipule and occur in 60 angiosperm families.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Th ese structures are present mainly on the adaxial surface of the stipule and occur in 60 angiosperm families (Thomas 1991; Da Cunha & Vieira 1993) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF42", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Thomas 1991; Da Cunha & Vieira 1993)" ] }, { "text": "The function of colleters is still under debate, but it is believed that they protect the shoot apex and lateral buds by a physical or chemical mechanism.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The function of colleters is still under debate, but it is believed that they protect the shoot apex and lateral buds by a physical or chemical mechanism (Thomas 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Thomas 1991)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "This paper proposes new p-based pile-soil interaction models and develops their associated solutions to capture response of rigid piles subjected to soil movement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper proposes new p-based pile-soil interaction models and develops their associated solutions to capture response of rigid piles subjected to soil movement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The impact of soil movement was encapsulated into a power-law distributed loading p over a sliding depth, and load transfer model was adopted for the piles-soil interaction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The impact of soil movement was encapsulated into a power-law distributed loading p over a sliding depth, and load transfer model was adopted for the piles-soil interaction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Regarding a single layer, the solutions are provided as function of loading depth (b ~ αb, c, or L s ), and the p (via the gradient A r ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Regarding a single layer, the solutions are provided as function of loading depth (b ~ αb, c, or L s ), and the p (via the gradient A r ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As for a 2-layer profile, the solutions are developed for a uniform p to a sliding depth L s , which is underlined by subgrade modulus k s , mk s for sliding and stable layer, elsewhere in light of more measured data.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As for a 2-layer profile, the solutions are developed for a uniform p to a sliding depth L s , which is underlined by subgrade modulus k s , mk s for sliding and stable layer, elsewhere in light of more measured data [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "Given an inclined sliding and complex geometrical layers, a modulus k s and ratio m should be determined for the entire sliding layer, and stable layer, which allow the p-based model (for piles in one or two horizontal soil layers) to be applied.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given an inclined sliding and complex geometrical layers, a modulus k s and ratio m should be determined for the entire sliding layer, and stable layer, which allow the p-based model (for piles in one or two horizontal soil layers) to be applied.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, the 2-layer model and solutions offer excellent predictions to measured response of pertinent piles subjected to lateral spreading.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, the 2-layer model and solutions offer excellent predictions to measured response of pertinent piles subjected to lateral spreading [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The CES units are practically maintenance free.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The CES units are practically maintenance free.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, they do not impose any environmental problem, unlike magnetic energy storage units.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, they do not impose any environmental problem, unlike magnetic energy storage units [2, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 7]" ] }, { "text": "The operation is quite simple and less expensive compared with SMES which requires a continuously operating liquid helium system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The operation is quite simple and less expensive compared with SMES which requires a continuously operating liquid helium system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In CES systems there is no need to ensure a continuous flow of current, as required in magnetic storage systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In CES systems there is no need to ensure a continuous flow of current, as required in magnetic storage systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Participants also completed an 18-item measure of regulatory focus.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Participants also completed an 18-item measure of regulatory focus (Lockwood, Jordan, & Kunda, 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lockwood, Jordan, & Kunda, 2002)" ] }, { "text": "This measure includes a promotion and a prevention subscale; both were reliable (promotion alpha = .83, prevention alpha = .84).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This measure includes a promotion and a prevention subscale; both were reliable (promotion alpha = .83, prevention alpha = .84).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The subscales were not significantly correlated, r = -.18, p = .13.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The subscales were not significantly correlated, r = -.18, p = .13.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In general, participants reported higher promotion (M = 7.15) than prevention (M = 5.63) orientations, t(67) = 6.23, p < .001.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, participants reported higher promotion (M = 7.15) than prevention (M = 5.63) orientations, t(67) = 6.23, p < .001.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "We next examined self-construals as predictors of role model preferences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We next examined self-construals as predictors of role model preferences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Both the independent and interdependent self-construal subscales were moderately reliable (alphas = .60 and .64, respectively).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both the independent and interdependent self-construal subscales were moderately reliable (alphas = .60 and .64, respectively).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "European Canadian participants reported marginally higher independent self-construals (M = 4.87) than did Asian Canadian participants (M = 4.54), F (1, 65) = 3.17, p = .08.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "European Canadian participants reported marginally higher independent self-construals (M = 4.87) than did Asian Canadian participants (M = 4.54), F (1, 65) = 3.17, p = .08.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast, Asian Ca-nadian participants reported marginally higher interdependent self-construals (M = 4.85) than did European Canadian participants (M = 4.53), F (1, 65) = 2.92, p = .09.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, Asian Ca-nadian participants reported marginally higher interdependent self-construals (M = 4.85) than did European Canadian participants (M = 4.53), F (1, 65) = 2.92, p = .09.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The relatively weak differences in self-construals between Asian Canadian and European Canadian participants may be due to the fact that many of the Asian Canadian participants had been living in Canada for several years; prolonged exposure to North American cultural values may have resulted in increased independence and decreased interdependence among these participants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The relatively weak differences in self-construals between Asian Canadian and European Canadian participants may be due to the fact that many of the Asian Canadian participants had been living in Canada for several years; prolonged exposure to North American cultural values may have resulted in increased independence and decreased interdependence among these participants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We note, however, that recent research suggests that East Asians living in a North American context may actually report relatively high levels of interdependence when self-construals are measured with subjective Likert scales, because they use North Americans as their reference group.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We note, however, that recent research suggests that East Asians living in a North American context may actually report relatively high levels of interdependence when self-construals are measured with subjective Likert scales, because they use North Americans as their reference group (Heine, Lehman, Peng, & Greenholtz, 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Heine, Lehman, Peng, & Greenholtz, 2002)" ] }, { "text": "Thus, the weak differences in self-construals obtained in this sample may not be the result of acculturation, but rather may simply reflect the fact that differences in self-construals between East Asians and North Americans tend to be relatively small.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the weak differences in self-construals obtained in this sample may not be the result of acculturation, but rather may simply reflect the fact that differences in self-construals between East Asians and North Americans tend to be relatively small (Oyserman, Coon, & Kemmelmeier, 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Oyserman, Coon, & Kemmelmeier, 2002)" ] }, { "text": "In any case, our hypotheses specifically concerned the relationship between self-construals and preferences for role models, which can also be examined without specific reference to cultural groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In any case, our hypotheses specifically concerned the relationship between self-construals and preferences for role models, which can also be examined without specific reference to cultural groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Feed is generally the highest variable costs at aquaculture facilities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Feed is generally the highest variable costs at aquaculture facilities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Understanding nutrient requirements and implementing appropriate feeding strategies can reduce waste and increase profits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Understanding nutrient requirements and implementing appropriate feeding strategies can reduce waste and increase profits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Feed efficiency is vital in livestock farming in general and of course, in the case of aquaculture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Feed efficiency is vital in livestock farming in general and of course, in the case of aquaculture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "From a management standpoint frequent feeding (number feeding per day) of fish may not be economical due to increased labour costs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "From a management standpoint frequent feeding (number feeding per day) of fish may not be economical due to increased labour costs (Riche et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Riche et al., 2004)" ] }, { "text": "So, one of the problems in fish production is to obtain a good balance between fish growth and food consumption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "So, one of the problems in fish production is to obtain a good balance between fish growth and food consumption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, equally important it is to know the growth and nutritional needs of fish, as knowing the best feeding strategies for a species.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, equally important it is to know the growth and nutritional needs of fish, as knowing the best feeding strategies for a species (Jobling, 1993; Goddard, 1996; Jørgensen et al., 1996; Gokcek et al., 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jobling, 1993; Goddard, 1996; Jørgensen et al., 1996; Gokcek et al., 2008)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "In addition to the clustering study the following steps were performed: investigation of the relative contribution of each trait to the genetic divergence among them, estimation of the greatest distance in the cluster of shortest distances between each line, and Genetic divergence in cowpea genotypes with upright growth and early cycle estimation of the mean intergroup distances corresponding to the groups formed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to the clustering study the following steps were performed: investigation of the relative contribution of each trait to the genetic divergence among them, estimation of the greatest distance in the cluster of shortest distances between each line, and Genetic divergence in cowpea genotypes with upright growth and early cycle estimation of the mean intergroup distances corresponding to the groups formed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then the graphical dispersion was outlined, based on results of the cluster analysis of intra and intergroups of the lines, also obtained based on Mahalanobis' D 2 statistic.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then the graphical dispersion was outlined, based on results of the cluster analysis of intra and intergroups of the lines, also obtained based on Mahalanobis' D 2 statistic.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The analysis of canonical variables was also used, to evaluate the relative contribution of each trait to the divergence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The analysis of canonical variables was also used, to evaluate the relative contribution of each trait to the divergence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All tests were performed using software Genes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "All tests were performed using software Genes (Cruz 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Cruz 2001)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The Lattice Boltzmann method has also been used to simulate water.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Lattice Boltzmann method has also been used to simulate water [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] }, { "text": "To our knowledge, it is not fast enough for the task of simulating large-scale water in real time due to small time steps.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To our knowledge, it is not fast enough for the task of simulating large-scale water in real time due to small time steps.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches can also be combined.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches can also be combined.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, in movie effect production, FLIP is currently a very popular method, which combines aspects of both methods.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, in movie effect production, FLIP is currently a very popular method, which combines aspects of both methods [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "As a fully 3D method, it is also too slow for most real-time games.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a fully 3D method, it is also too slow for most real-time games.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Shallow water equations provide a more physically based approach to heightfield water simulation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Shallow water equations provide a more physically based approach to heightfield water simulation [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "They are slightly more complicated than the pipe method but still fast enough for games.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They are slightly more complicated than the pipe method but still fast enough for games.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They have also been extended in various ways and implemented on the GPU.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They have also been extended in various ways and implemented on the GPU [11, 13, 33] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11, 13, 33]" ] }, { "text": "However, there is some evidence that the visual difference to the pipe method is quite small when modeling large-scale water bodies in a gaming context.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there is some evidence that the visual difference to the pipe method is quite small when modeling large-scale water bodies in a gaming context [34] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[34]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "We are currently examining several issues in order to extend and elaborate on the work presented in this paper.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We are currently examining several issues in order to extend and elaborate on the work presented in this paper.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First of all we are investigating on the way, that a learning theory can be combined with the business model in order to provide a full set of system requirements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First of all we are investigating on the way, that a learning theory can be combined with the business model in order to provide a full set of system requirements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Another issue that is being currently examined is the development of an Architecture Description Language (ADL) that will be customized to describe software architectures especially for the domain of LMSs, and will be based on extensions of the UML in combination with existing ADLs and development methods.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Another issue that is being currently examined is the development of an Architecture Description Language (ADL) that will be customized to describe software architectures especially for the domain of LMSs, and will be based on extensions of the UML in combination with existing ADLs and development methods [30, 31, 32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30, 31, 32]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Hidden Markov model (HMM) is a representative of state space models and is also a special case of dynamic Bayesian networks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hidden Markov model (HMM) is a representative of state space models and is also a special case of dynamic Bayesian networks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It expresses the change of internal state of the system caused by input, which make the change of output.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It expresses the change of internal state of the system caused by input, which make the change of output.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "HMM not only reflects the internal state of system but also shows the relationship of internal state and external input and output of system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "HMM not only reflects the internal state of system but also shows the relationship of internal state and external input and output of system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In 80s of 20th century, HMM was successfully applied in speech recognition.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In 80s of 20th century, HMM was successfully applied in speech recognition [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "HMM is also applied in the fields of optical character recognition, bioinformatics, troubleshooting and finance, etc.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "HMM is also applied in the fields of optical character recognition, bioinformatics, troubleshooting and finance, etc [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [6] [7]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "To be successfully applied for the image classification task, an image descriptor (feature) should be highly discriminative and invariant against image content.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To be successfully applied for the image classification task, an image descriptor (feature) should be highly discriminative and invariant against image content [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Such a descriptor should generate features with high variance and good distribution over category samples.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such a descriptor should generate features with high variance and good distribution over category samples.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, it should be robust to different levels of image quality and resolution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, it should be robust to different levels of image quality and resolution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There is a large collection of visual descriptors available in the literature with corresponding strengths and weaknesses.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There is a large collection of visual descriptors available in the literature with corresponding strengths and weaknesses [12] , [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ], [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]", "[13]" ] }, { "text": "In order to provide standardized descriptors of image and video content, MPEG-7 standard defines three classes of still image visual descriptors: color, texture and shape descriptors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to provide standardized descriptors of image and video content, MPEG-7 standard defines three classes of still image visual descriptors: color, texture and shape descriptors [14] , [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ], [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]", "[15]" ] }, { "text": "Each class of visual features characterizes only a certain aspect of image content, so the combination of features is necessarily employed to provide an appropriate description of image content.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each class of visual features characterizes only a certain aspect of image content, so the combination of features is necessarily employed to provide an appropriate description of image content.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We performed exhaustive experiments on combining several MPEG-7 color and texture descriptors which were carefully chosen to meet the requirements of fast calculation, compact representation and high discriminative power.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We performed exhaustive experiments on combining several MPEG-7 color and texture descriptors which were carefully chosen to meet the requirements of fast calculation, compact representation and high discriminative power.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Circularized forms of small RNAs are abundant in some Archaea.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Circularized forms of small RNAs are abundant in some Archaea [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "Some box C/D snoRNAs seem to be present predominantly or possibly exclusively as circular RNAs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some box C/D snoRNAs seem to be present predominantly or possibly exclusively as circular RNAs [9] [10] [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9] [10] [11]" ] }, { "text": "This is also true for assorted other small RNA species, among them the 5S rRNA.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is also true for assorted other small RNA species, among them the 5S rRNA [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "The biosynthesis of most of these circular RNAs remains unknown.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The biosynthesis of most of these circular RNAs remains unknown.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Only in a few select cases it is understood as a consequence of enzymatic splicing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Only in a few select cases it is understood as a consequence of enzymatic splicing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Many circular RNAs in Archaea are produced by BHB-element-dependent enzymatic splicing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many circular RNAs in Archaea are produced by BHB-element-dependent enzymatic splicing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition to tRNAs, rRNAs (including 5S rRNA), and 7S RNA, our analysis shows that this also pertains to a large subset of box C/D snoRNAs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to tRNAs, rRNAs (including 5S rRNA), and 7S RNA, our analysis shows that this also pertains to a large subset of box C/D snoRNAs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The generic BHB model we derived from BHB elements reported in the literature does not conform to the strict, canonical BHB motif.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The generic BHB model we derived from BHB elements reported in the literature does not conform to the strict, canonical BHB motif.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, a substantial fraction of the BHB elements previously described in the literature also deviate from the ideal model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, a substantial fraction of the BHB elements previously described in the literature also deviate from the ideal model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our choice of the covariance model has sufficient sensitivity to recognize most the candidates and at the same time has acceptable specificity, see Table 3 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our choice of the covariance model has sufficient sensitivity to recognize most the candidates and at the same time has acceptable specificity, see Table 3 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Models using the canonical-structure are effectively unable to discriminate between confirmed BHB-containing sequences and background due to the low information content of the BHB structure motif.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Models using the canonical-structure are effectively unable to discriminate between confirmed BHB-containing sequences and background due to the low information content of the BHB structure motif.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This problem becomes even more severe if we disable the standard Infernal prior, and use only the canonical sequencestructure information for training.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This problem becomes even more severe if we disable the standard Infernal prior, and use only the canonical sequencestructure information for training.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We conclude that a suitably generic model is necessary to detect BHB elements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We conclude that a suitably generic model is necessary to detect BHB elements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The candidate elements can postprocessed by grouping them together with known types of BHB structures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The candidate elements can postprocessed by grouping them together with known types of BHB structures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Comparison between the generic BHB model (g) and two more strict models sdp and szp that are closer to the canonical BHB element.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Comparison between the generic BHB model (g) and two more strict models sdp and szp that are closer to the canonical BHB element.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The most strict model szp uses a near-zero prior to establish a model entirely based on canonical BHB motifs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The most strict model szp uses a near-zero prior to establish a model entirely based on canonical BHB motifs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The model called sdp is based on canonical BHB motifs but uses the same prior which was used to build our general model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The model called sdp is based on canonical BHB motifs but uses the same prior which was used to build our general model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Each model was tested with 21 confirmed C/D box snoRNA sequences.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Each model was tested with 21 confirmed C/D box snoRNA sequences [39] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[39]" ] }, { "text": "Only the generic model g can reliably find the BHB motif in all tested sequences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Only the generic model g can reliably find the BHB motif in all tested sequences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The table lists Table 4 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The table lists Table 4 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, a sizable number of unclassified sRNAs apparently are not associated with BHB elements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, a sizable number of unclassified sRNAs apparently are not associated with BHB elements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We could, however, not find common sequence or structure motifs that might be associated with a common alternative processing pathway.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We could, however, not find common sequence or structure motifs that might be associated with a common alternative processing pathway.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "With a few exceptions, the first articles on group rings of infinite groups appeared in the early 1950s.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With a few exceptions, the first articles on group rings of infinite groups appeared in the early 1950s.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A key person in that line of research was I. Kaplansky, known for his many deep contributions to ring theory and operator algebra.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A key person in that line of research was I. Kaplansky, known for his many deep contributions to ring theory and operator algebra.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In his famous talk, given at a conference that was held on June 6-8, 1956 at Shelter Island, Rhode Island, New York, he proposed twelve problems in the theory of rings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In his famous talk, given at a conference that was held on June 6-8, 1956 at Shelter Island, Rhode Island, New York, he proposed twelve problems in the theory of rings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One of those problems was the following (see e. g.).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One of those problems was the following (see e. g. [16, 17] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16, 17]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The proposed Markov model for asynchronous dutycycled MAC protocols has been applied in X-MAC protocol to optimize some protocol parameters to achieve desirable performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The proposed Markov model for asynchronous dutycycled MAC protocols has been applied in X-MAC protocol to optimize some protocol parameters to achieve desirable performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Conceptually, X-MAC is considered as higher efficient protocol than synchronized S-MAC protocol because of the avoidance synchronization overheads.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Conceptually, X-MAC is considered as higher efficient protocol than synchronized S-MAC protocol because of the avoidance synchronization overheads.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, asynchronous X-MAC can achieve more desirable performance than synchronized S-MAC for the delay and throughput.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, asynchronous X-MAC can achieve more desirable performance than synchronized S-MAC for the delay and throughput [49] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF48" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[49]" ] }, { "text": "But this does not mean that asynchronous X-MAC does not suffer from hidden terminals especially when varying the vehicles and density.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But this does not mean that asynchronous X-MAC does not suffer from hidden terminals especially when varying the vehicles and density.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As the vehicles and density increases, more than one vehicle wake up and begin to send their preambles simultaneously.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As the vehicles and density increases, more than one vehicle wake up and begin to send their preambles simultaneously.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, other vehicles cannot determine the information in preambles and collisions occur.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, other vehicles cannot determine the information in preambles and collisions occur.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, and based on the assumption used in Markov model in synchronous MAC protocol, our proposed model uses two different values of probabilities for transmission and collision, p s and p f , respectively, to handle the hidden terminal problem and to estimate the communication links performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, and based on the assumption used in Markov model in synchronous MAC protocol, our proposed model uses two different values of probabilities for transmission and collision, p s and p f , respectively, to handle the hidden terminal problem and to estimate the communication links performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, we should distinguish between the effect of asymmetric and symmetric links in order to provide the adequate functionality to routing protocols.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, we should distinguish between the effect of asymmetric and symmetric links in order to provide the adequate functionality to routing protocols.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Asymmetric links are caused by several factors like node mobility, heterogeneous radio technologies, and irregularities in radio ranges.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Asymmetric links are caused by several factors like node mobility, heterogeneous radio technologies, and irregularities in radio ranges.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although it is difficult to achieve high network connectivity, high data rate transmission, and low latencies, but according to our observations, it is expected that asymmetric links will be more common in the future VSNs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although it is difficult to achieve high network connectivity, high data rate transmission, and low latencies, but according to our observations, it is expected that asymmetric links will be more common in the future VSNs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Actually, the hidden terminal problem will be more complicated with the existence of asymmetric links, where the receiver and the sender do not share the channel feedback and hidden nodes may interfere with the on going transmissions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Actually, the hidden terminal problem will be more complicated with the existence of asymmetric links, where the receiver and the sender do not share the channel feedback and hidden nodes may interfere with the on going transmissions [50] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF49" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[50]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, because of the feedback from the receiver in RTS/CTS, exchanged messages may have to pass through several relay nodes before being delivered to all others nodes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, because of the feedback from the receiver in RTS/CTS, exchanged messages may have to pass through several relay nodes before being delivered to all others nodes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, MAC protocols might need to exploit asymmetric links to solve the hidden terminal problem while maintaining the lowest cost.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, MAC protocols might need to exploit asymmetric links to solve the hidden terminal problem while maintaining the lowest cost.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact the network utilization and cost are weights derived and constrained by the network resource management (NRM) approach, where some routing or MAC protocols based on QoS parameters such as (power consumption, throughput, and latency) are application-dependent and imposed by the node specification.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact the network utilization and cost are weights derived and constrained by the network resource management (NRM) approach, where some routing or MAC protocols based on QoS parameters such as (power consumption, throughput, and latency) are application-dependent and imposed by the node specification.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, to optimize these parameters in order to achieve the desirable benefits and network performance, the NRM approach shall be chosen based on the desire QoS parameters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, to optimize these parameters in order to achieve the desirable benefits and network performance, the NRM approach shall be chosen based on the desire QoS parameters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, the inclusion of asymmetric links in the MAC protocol design can further improve the network performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, the inclusion of asymmetric links in the MAC protocol design can further improve the network performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "To better understand the mechanism of a MAC protocol, it is useful to realize that MAC protocols consists usually of three main logical components.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To better understand the mechanism of a MAC protocol, it is useful to realize that MAC protocols consists usually of three main logical components [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "First, a collision avoidance (CA) algorithm which uses physical carrier-sensing to register and/or reserve the channel for the duration of the data transmission.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, a collision avoidance (CA) algorithm which uses physical carrier-sensing to register and/or reserve the channel for the duration of the data transmission.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Second, a contention resolution algorithm which uses mechanisms such as back-off to regulate the access to the channel.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, a contention resolution algorithm which uses mechanisms such as back-off to regulate the access to the channel [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "Third, distributed coordination function (DCF) which is not specifically designed for high mobility network.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Third, distributed coordination function (DCF) which is not specifically designed for high mobility network [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "This means that they indicate both the reliability and magnitude of the experts' ratings [see 59].", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This means that they indicate both the reliability and magnitude of the experts' ratings [see 59].", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Compared to the ICC, the r wg statistic is a more stable and unbiased indicator of interrater agreement.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared to the ICC, the r wg statistic is a more stable and unbiased indicator of interrater agreement [55, 56, 60] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF59", "BIBREF60", "BIBREF65" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[55, 56, 60]" ] }, { "text": "It is suggested the low estimates for the ICCs are due to the small number of items (or criteria) used in the scale for assessing the relational framework.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is suggested the low estimates for the ICCs are due to the small number of items (or criteria) used in the scale for assessing the relational framework.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The magnitude of ICCs depends on the number of items in the scale and the inter-item correlations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The magnitude of ICCs depends on the number of items in the scale and the inter-item correlations [59] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF64" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[59]" ] }, { "text": "Note in Table 3 that four items are used in the assessment of the relational framework, as opposed to 7 in the overall framework.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Note in Table 3 that four items are used in the assessment of the relational framework, as opposed to 7 in the overall framework.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Energy security is a key factor for sustaining the socioeconomic and industrial development of a country.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Energy security is a key factor for sustaining the socioeconomic and industrial development of a country [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Energy security is a priority for almost all countries, even though there is still no widely accepted definition of energy security.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Energy security is a priority for almost all countries, even though there is still no widely accepted definition of energy security [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "There are a number of definitions which can be divided into those focused on the security of supply (short-term energy security) and definitions which take account of a broader concept of energy security (long-term energy security).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are a number of definitions which can be divided into those focused on the security of supply (short-term energy security) and definitions which take account of a broader concept of energy security (long-term energy security).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Dyer and Trombetta state that \"energy security is in association with national security and defines the continuous availability of energy in varied forms, in sufficient quantities and at affordable prices\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Dyer and Trombetta state that \"energy security is in association with national security and defines the continuous availability of energy in varied forms, in sufficient quantities and at affordable prices\" [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Winzer analyzed 36 definitions of energy security and he himself defined energy security as \"the continuity of energy supplies relative to demand\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Winzer analyzed 36 definitions of energy security and he himself defined energy security as \"the continuity of energy supplies relative to demand\" [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "The European Commission defines energy security as \"the ability to ensure that future essential energy needs can be met, both by means of adequate domestic resources worked under economically acceptable conditions or maintained as strategic reserves, and by calling upon accessible and stable external sources supplemented where appropriate by strategic stocks\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The European Commission defines energy security as \"the ability to ensure that future essential energy needs can be met, both by means of adequate domestic resources worked under economically acceptable conditions or maintained as strategic reserves, and by calling upon accessible and stable external sources supplemented where appropriate by strategic stocks\" [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "The International Energy Agency has developed a short-term and long-term approach to energy security, which defines energy security as \"an uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The International Energy Agency has developed a short-term and long-term approach to energy security, which defines energy security as \"an uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price\" [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "The short-term approach considers energy security as the system's ability to meet the particular country's energy needs, whereby the absolute focus is on the security of supply.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The short-term approach considers energy security as the system's ability to meet the particular country's energy needs, whereby the absolute focus is on the security of supply [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "New approaches to energy security highlight the need to take into further consideration the environmental and social Sustainability 2019, 11, 96 3 of 18 aspects as well.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "New approaches to energy security highlight the need to take into further consideration the environmental and social Sustainability 2019, 11, 96 3 of 18 aspects as well [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "A more compound and, at the same time, wider definition by Cherp and Jewell, states that energy security is low vulnerability of vital energy systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A more compound and, at the same time, wider definition by Cherp and Jewell, states that energy security is low vulnerability of vital energy systems [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "Ultimately, energy security 'takes on different specificities depending on the country (or continent), timeframe or energy source to which it is applied'.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Ultimately, energy security 'takes on different specificities depending on the country (or continent), timeframe or energy source to which it is applied' [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, at various levels of analysis energy security 'may contain similar notions of availability, adequacy, affordability and sustainability but the specificities of each will understandably differ at any point in time'.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, at various levels of analysis energy security 'may contain similar notions of availability, adequacy, affordability and sustainability but the specificities of each will understandably differ at any point in time' [13, 14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13, 14]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "At the professional level, association football ('football') is a global business.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the professional level, association football ('football') is a global business.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further, to secure its longevity, millions of pounds are spent annually by professional football clubs and governing bodies on unearthing and developing the next generation of players.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further, to secure its longevity, millions of pounds are spent annually by professional football clubs and governing bodies on unearthing and developing the next generation of players.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As an indication of their commitment to this important process, in the UK The FA Premier League recently invested £320m in the delivery of a new player development system, the Elite Player Performance Plan (EPPP).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As an indication of their commitment to this important process, in the UK The FA Premier League recently invested £320m in the delivery of a new player development system, the Elite Player Performance Plan (EPPP).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "EPPP focuses on four key fundamentals: improving coaching provision; effective measurement; significant gains in player development and player education.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "EPPP focuses on four key fundamentals: improving coaching provision; effective measurement; significant gains in player development and player education [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "This paper investigates the theory of football development through consideration of existing football-specific research and sports talent development models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper investigates the theory of football development through consideration of existing football-specific research and sports talent development models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The study compares the theory with practice in one of the world's most successful youth development systems, Manchester United Football Club.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The study compares the theory with practice in one of the world's most successful youth development systems, Manchester United Football Club.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The study adopted an interview process in the form of retrospective qualitative interview recommended for tracing the development of athletes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The study adopted an interview process in the form of retrospective qualitative interview recommended for tracing the development of athletes [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "Interviews were pilot tested for quality and rigor with a volunteer professional footballer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Interviews were pilot tested for quality and rigor with a volunteer professional footballer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Pilot testing was conducted and refined in association with two authors; this method created a process that could establish the experiences of the participants and provide an interpretive account of daily life.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Pilot testing was conducted and refined in association with two authors; this method created a process that could establish the experiences of the participants and provide an interpretive account of daily life [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "There are much reported work on frequency selective structures for various applications and will not be repeated here.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are much reported work on frequency selective structures for various applications and will not be repeated here [7] - [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ], [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]", "[17]" ] }, { "text": "However, it is to be noted that in order to achieve multi-band frequency selective surfaces, cascaded FSSs are usually used.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it is to be noted that in order to achieve multi-band frequency selective surfaces, cascaded FSSs are usually used.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The cascaded nature of the design leads to relatively thick shield.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The cascaded nature of the design leads to relatively thick shield [18] - [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ], [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]", "[20]" ] }, { "text": "In order to implement the design onto a single layer, loop design is a good choice.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to implement the design onto a single layer, loop design is a good choice [21] [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21] [22]" ] }, { "text": "By taking advantage of printed periodic elements to provide the frequency selective feature, the EMI shield can reject specific unwanted frequencies without affecting other wireless services.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By taking advantage of printed periodic elements to provide the frequency selective feature, the EMI shield can reject specific unwanted frequencies without affecting other wireless services.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This paper describes the design procedure of an ultra-thin and flexible multiple-band rejection EMI shield.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper describes the design procedure of an ultra-thin and flexible multiple-band rejection EMI shield.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Screen-printing technique is adopted for the fabrication of the EMI shield because of its roll-by-roll mass production capability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Screen-printing technique is adopted for the fabrication of the EMI shield because of its roll-by-roll mass production capability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A prototype based on screen-printing is fabricated and its multi-band rejection capability is demonstrated experimentally.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A prototype based on screen-printing is fabricated and its multi-band rejection capability is demonstrated experimentally.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Recall that a normal projective variety X is Fano if it admits an ample anticanonical divisor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recall that a normal projective variety X is Fano if it admits an ample anticanonical divisor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More generally, X is called almost Fano if it has a numerically effective anticanonical divisor; we say that X is truly almost Fano if it is almost Fano but not Fano.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More generally, X is called almost Fano if it has a numerically effective anticanonical divisor; we say that X is truly almost Fano if it is almost Fano but not Fano.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Theorem 1.1 gives us in every dimension the (almost) Fano smooth intrinsic quadrics of Picard number two.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Theorem 1.1 gives us in every dimension the (almost) Fano smooth intrinsic quadrics of Picard number two.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Note that in Theorem 1.1, the variety X is of dimension n + m − 3.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Note that in Theorem 1.1, the variety X is of dimension n + m − 3.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the above table provides us in particular for every dimension with the numbers of (almost) Fano smooth intrinsic quadrics of Picard number two.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the above table provides us in particular for every dimension with the numbers of (almost) Fano smooth intrinsic quadrics of Picard number two.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The overlap with the classification of smooth Fano threefolds by Mori and Mukai consists of the threefold Type 3 with n = 5, m = 1, and the threefold of Type 4 with n = 6, m = 0, which occur as No. 2.30 and No. 2.32 in, respectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The overlap with the classification of smooth Fano threefolds by Mori and Mukai consists of the threefold Type 3 with n = 5, m = 1, and the threefold of Type 4 with n = 6, m = 0, which occur as No. 2.30 and No. 2.32 in [20] , respectively.", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Elucidation of PFCs sources is crucial for prevention and control of human exposure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Elucidation of PFCs sources is crucial for prevention and control of human exposure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, exposure pathways to PFCs prove to be complicated and remain not well known, because humans are exposed to PFCs via a vast number of pathways over an extended period of time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, exposure pathways to PFCs prove to be complicated and remain not well known, because humans are exposed to PFCs via a vast number of pathways over an extended period of time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Possible pathways of human exposure to PFCs include inhalation of volatile and neutral PFCs, ingestion of non-volatiles attached to particles, and exposure of contaminated food and water.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Possible pathways of human exposure to PFCs include inhalation of volatile and neutral PFCs, ingestion of non-volatiles attached to particles, and exposure of contaminated food and water [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "Food intake is regarded to be the most important exposure pathway for the background population, whereas drinking water is dominant for populations near sources of contaminated drinking water.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Food intake is regarded to be the most important exposure pathway for the background population, whereas drinking water is dominant for populations near sources of contaminated drinking water [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "Further research is warranted to elucidate the sources of human exposure to PFCs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further research is warranted to elucidate the sources of human exposure to PFCs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Further classification of these algorithms can be done on the basis of the techniques used for pose estimation, namely feature based methods, dense methods and hybrid methods that employ a combination of both.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further classification of these algorithms can be done on the basis of the techniques used for pose estimation, namely feature based methods, dense methods and hybrid methods that employ a combination of both.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Feature-based methods mainly consist of two steps.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Feature-based methods mainly consist of two steps [18, 21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18, 21]" ] }, { "text": "In the first step, important features are extracted from the images and matched.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the first step, important features are extracted from the images and matched.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the second step, the camera poses are estimated using only these sparse feature points.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the second step, the camera poses are estimated using only these sparse feature points.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reduction in the number of points used in the estimation process greatly reduces the computational load thereby increasing the speed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reduction in the number of points used in the estimation process greatly reduces the computational load thereby increasing the speed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, a large part of useful information in the scene is ignored.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, a large part of useful information in the scene is ignored.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Load analysis is essential for DER system design.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Load analysis is essential for DER system design.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the load analysis or evaluation for buildings is not detailed enough, it will exert a great deal of influence on operations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "If the load analysis or evaluation for buildings is not detailed enough, it will exert a great deal of influence on operations [42, 43] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF41", "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[42, 43]" ] }, { "text": "However, energy supply and demand are usually characterized by strong uncertainty.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, energy supply and demand are usually characterized by strong uncertainty [44] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[44]" ] }, { "text": "If the uncertainty is not taken into account, there will be a mismatch between supply and demand for a DER system and, thereby, the investment and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs will be increased.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the uncertainty is not taken into account, there will be a mismatch between supply and demand for a DER system and, thereby, the investment and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs will be increased.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, in winter or summer, there may be insufficient energy supply.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, in winter or summer, there may be insufficient energy supply.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In transition seasons, there may be inadequate utilization of a DER system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In transition seasons, there may be inadequate utilization of a DER system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In light of the above considerations, many scholars have conducted further research on DER system optimization with regard uncertainty.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In light of the above considerations, many scholars have conducted further research on DER system optimization with regard uncertainty.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With regard to stochastic uncertain optimization, the Monte Carlo simulation is one of the most common methods to deal with models.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With regard to stochastic uncertain optimization, the Monte Carlo simulation is one of the most common methods to deal with models [45] [46] [47] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF44", "BIBREF45", "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[45] [46] [47]" ] }, { "text": "The principle is that the uncertain parameters of the models are stochastically generated with several groups of values according to probability distributions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The principle is that the uncertain parameters of the models are stochastically generated with several groups of values according to probability distributions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The groups of values are combined to divide the problem into a number of scenarios.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The groups of values are combined to divide the problem into a number of scenarios.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this way, an uncertain optimization problem is transformed into a certain optimization problem for multiple scenarios.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this way, an uncertain optimization problem is transformed into a certain optimization problem for multiple scenarios [48] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF47" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[48]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera L.) is a sclerophyllous evergreen shrub that is well adapted to the Mediterranean climate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera L.) is a sclerophyllous evergreen shrub that is well adapted to the Mediterranean climate (Tsiouvaras, 1987) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Tsiouvaras, 1987)" ] }, { "text": "It is the most abundant evergreen species in Greece and constitutes one of the main shrubland types that extends from lowlands to mountainous areas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is the most abundant evergreen species in Greece and constitutes one of the main shrubland types that extends from lowlands to mountainous areas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Extensive goat farming plays a key role in the sustainability of these ecosystems as well as the cost-effective production of safe and high-quality animal products.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Extensive goat farming plays a key role in the sustainability of these ecosystems as well as the cost-effective production of safe and high-quality animal products (Papachristou et al., 2005; Chatzitheodoridis et al., 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Papachristou et al., 2005; Chatzitheodoridis et al., 2007)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Laboratories can be considered as the best place to learn manipulative skills and these skills are learned as part of formal instruction in science.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Laboratories can be considered as the best place to learn manipulative skills and these skills are learned as part of formal instruction in science.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, teaching and learning of science at primary level was more on retention of knowledge where students have to involve themselves with too much writing and too little practical.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, teaching and learning of science at primary level was more on retention of knowledge where students have to involve themselves with too much writing and too little practical (Campbell, 2002; Saat, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Campbell, 2002; Saat, 2010)" ] }, { "text": "In Malaysia, research in science manipulative skills is still limited and much can be done to improve students' laboratory skills, as done in many countries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In Malaysia, research in science manipulative skills is still limited and much can be done to improve students' laboratory skills, as done in many countries (Abrahams & Millar, 2011; Fuccia, Witteck, Markic, & Eilks, 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Abrahams & Millar, 2011; Fuccia, Witteck, Markic, & Eilks, 2012)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Practical work has developed tremendously over the years and has been given increasingly important emphasis around the world.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Practical work has developed tremendously over the years and has been given increasingly important emphasis around the world (Allen, 2012; Hofstein & Mamlok, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Allen, 2012; Hofstein & Mamlok, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Practical work emphasizes learning through inquiry-discovery in which students are encouraged to learn through the discovery of phenomenon that occurs in the environment to facilitate the acquisition of scientific knowledge and understanding of scientific theories.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Practical work emphasizes learning through inquiry-discovery in which students are encouraged to learn through the discovery of phenomenon that occurs in the environment to facilitate the acquisition of scientific knowledge and understanding of scientific theories.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Through practical work, students get an opportunity to investigate phenomenon, draw conclusions, and practice the scientific skills in handling apparatus that lead to meaningful science learning and development of critical thinking skills.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Through practical work, students get an opportunity to investigate phenomenon, draw conclusions, and practice the scientific skills in handling apparatus that lead to meaningful science learning and development of critical thinking skills (Yakar & Baykara, 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Yakar & Baykara, 2014)" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Riveted bridges were constructed using built-up sections which comprise several typically flat plated elements riveted together.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Riveted bridges were constructed using built-up sections which comprise several typically flat plated elements riveted together.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The primary bridge members, such as girders, stringers and floor-beams are joined through riveted connections consisting of a number of rivets and angle clips.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The primary bridge members, such as girders, stringers and floor-beams are joined through riveted connections consisting of a number of rivets and angle clips.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The redundancy of these structures is generally high, since failure of an individual component does not usually lead to progressive collapse.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The redundancy of these structures is generally high, since failure of an individual component does not usually lead to progressive collapse.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is because in a typical riveted member, a fatigue crack will propagate only within the component that has cracked and will not immediately transfer to other adjoining components since the interfaces between components act as crack stoppers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is because in a typical riveted member, a fatigue crack will propagate only within the component that has cracked and will not immediately transfer to other adjoining components since the interfaces between components act as crack stoppers (Sweeney 1979) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sweeney 1979)" ] }, { "text": "However, following failure of the first component and redistribution of the loads to the remaining components, a progressive type of failure may be initiated, depending on geometric configuration, acting load levels and component utilisation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, following failure of the first component and redistribution of the loads to the remaining components, a progressive type of failure may be initiated, depending on geometric configuration, acting load levels and component utilisation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is, hence, both rational and desirable to extend methods to estimate the reliability of riveted bridges and connections beyond the level of individual component failure towards a systems reliability framework, which captures the relationships between individual component and overall system performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is, hence, both rational and desirable to extend methods to estimate the reliability of riveted bridges and connections beyond the level of individual component failure towards a systems reliability framework, which captures the relationships between individual component and overall system performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Most maize (Zea mays L.) growing areas in Kenya have acid soils.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Most maize (Zea mays L.) growing areas in Kenya have acid soils (Muhammad & Underwood, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Muhammad & Underwood, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "Unfortunately, most improved maize germplasm and landraces used by farmers are sensitive to high Al (> 20% saturation), found in many Kenyan acid soils.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Unfortunately, most improved maize germplasm and landraces used by farmers are sensitive to high Al (> 20% saturation), found in many Kenyan acid soils (Ligeyo, 2007; Schulze & Santana, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ligeyo, 2007; Schulze & Santana, 2003)" ] }, { "text": "In these soils, Al toxicity (often > 20% Al saturation) and low P (often < 5.0 mg P kg -1 ) reduce maize grain yield by 16 and 28%, respectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In these soils, Al toxicity (often > 20% Al saturation) and low P (often < 5.0 mg P kg -1 ) reduce maize grain yield by 16 and 28%, respectively (Obura, 2008; Ligeyo, 2007; Schulze & Santana, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27", "BIBREF24", "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Obura, 2008; Ligeyo, 2007; Schulze & Santana, 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, use of lime is highly recommended to enhance food production in the Kenyan acid soils.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, use of lime is highly recommended to enhance food production in the Kenyan acid soils (Kanyanjua et al., 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kanyanjua et al., 2002)" ] }, { "text": "Lime contains Ca and /or Mg compounds that displace H + , Fe 3+ and Al 3+ ions from soil colloids.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lime contains Ca and /or Mg compounds that displace H + , Fe 3+ and Al 3+ ions from soil colloids.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This reduces P sorption in acid soils resulting to increase in soil available P.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This reduces P sorption in acid soils resulting to increase in soil available P (Tisdale et al., 1990; van Straaten, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37", "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Tisdale et al., 1990; van Straaten, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "In Kenya, lime recommendations are meant to completely neutralize soil acidity to pH 7.0.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In Kenya, lime recommendations are meant to completely neutralize soil acidity to pH 7.0 (Kanyanjua et al., 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kanyanjua et al., 2002)" ] }, { "text": "This requires large amounts of lime and has been a hindrance to its adoption, especially by smallholder farmers (SHF).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This requires large amounts of lime and has been a hindrance to its adoption, especially by smallholder farmers (SHF).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This study intended to determine rates of lime required to reduce Al toxicity to levels that maize germplasm grown by farmers in the Kenyan acid soils can tolerate, while reducing soil P sorption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study intended to determine rates of lime required to reduce Al toxicity to levels that maize germplasm grown by farmers in the Kenyan acid soils can tolerate, while reducing soil P sorption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The study objectives reported herein determined: I) soil P sorption capacities, ii) lime requirements and iii) effect of lime on soil pH, available P and Al level on the main maize growing acid soils in the highlands east and west of RV regions, Kenya.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The study objectives reported herein determined: I) soil P sorption capacities, ii) lime requirements and iii) effect of lime on soil pH, available P and Al level on the main maize growing acid soils in the highlands east and west of RV regions, Kenya.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Breast cancer accounts for more than 1 million of the estimated 10 million malignancies diagnosed worldwide each year.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Breast cancer accounts for more than 1 million of the estimated 10 million malignancies diagnosed worldwide each year [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Breast imaging technologies for early diagnosis of disease are improving along with treatments that may improve the prognosis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Breast imaging technologies for early diagnosis of disease are improving along with treatments that may improve the prognosis [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "There has been a recent trend toward minimally invasive procedures such as needle biopsy and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) therapy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There has been a recent trend toward minimally invasive procedures such as needle biopsy and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) therapy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In these procedures, ultrasound (US) imaging is widely used to guide insertion of a needle into tumor tissue because it has the advantages of real-time visualization and cost-effectiveness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In these procedures, ultrasound (US) imaging is widely used to guide insertion of a needle into tumor tissue because it has the advantages of real-time visualization and cost-effectiveness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "During the procedure, a clinician holds an US probe with one hand and inserts the needle with the other.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During the procedure, a clinician holds an US probe with one hand and inserts the needle with the other.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the case of RFA therapy, the needle then emits radiofrequency energy from microwaves to heat and destroy the tumor lesion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the case of RFA therapy, the needle then emits radiofrequency energy from microwaves to heat and destroy the tumor lesion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Alternatively, the needle takes a sample of the tumor for biopsy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Alternatively, the needle takes a sample of the tumor for biopsy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For breast tumors, these therapies are promising as they are minimally invasive, cause less scarring, have quick recovery rates, and decrease cost.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For breast tumors, these therapies are promising as they are minimally invasive, cause less scarring, have quick recovery rates, and decrease cost.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "One of the Japanese birches, Monarch birch (Betula maximowicziana) , is distributed in the cool temperate zone from the eastern part of Honshu Island to Hokkaido in Japan.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the Japanese birches, Monarch birch (Betula maximowicziana) , is distributed in the cool temperate zone from the eastern part of Honshu Island to Hokkaido in Japan (OHWI, 1965) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(OHWI, 1965)" ] }, { "text": "B. maximowicziana is a monoecious species with an outcrossing breeding system involving wind-pollination and wind dispersal of seeds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "B. maximowicziana is a monoecious species with an outcrossing breeding system involving wind-pollination and wind dispersal of seeds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "B. maximowicziana is a pioneer tree species that grows rapidly in open sites, such as gaps, and often establishes even-aged stands.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "B. maximowicziana is a pioneer tree species that grows rapidly in open sites, such as gaps, and often establishes even-aged stands (OSUMI and SAKURAI, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(OSUMI and SAKURAI, 1997)" ] }, { "text": "Thus, this species plays important roles in the stability and sustainability of forest ecosystems in the cool temperate zone, not only as a major pioneer tree species but also as a long-lived dominant species.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, this species plays important roles in the stability and sustainability of forest ecosystems in the cool temperate zone, not only as a major pioneer tree species but also as a long-lived dominant species (WATANABE, 1989) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(WATANABE, 1989)" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, in plantations of Cryptomeria japonica, natural germination or recruitment of B. maximowicziana is promoted by artificial disturbance of the soil surface such as clear cutting, site preparation and plantation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, in plantations of Cryptomeria japonica, natural germination or recruitment of B. maximowicziana is promoted by artificial disturbance of the soil surface such as clear cutting, site preparation and plantation (HASEGAWA and TAIRA, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(HASEGAWA and TAIRA, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "These recruited birches can make valuable contributions to forest growth parameters, and may both enhance the public welfare of the forests and provide significant additional natural resources, especially where plantations of C. japonica have been unsuccessful for instance in snowy regions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These recruited birches can make valuable contributions to forest growth parameters, and may both enhance the public welfare of the forests and provide significant additional natural resources, especially where plantations of C. japonica have been unsuccessful for instance in snowy regions (HASEGAWA, 1998; HASEGAWA and TAIRA, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(HASEGAWA, 1998; HASEGAWA and TAIRA, 2000)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In the event of a smoldering fire, a photoelectric smoke alarm clearly outperforms the ionization type.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the event of a smoldering fire, a photoelectric smoke alarm clearly outperforms the ionization type.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Ionization smoke alarms outperform photoelectric alarms in fast moving fire ( Figure 1 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ionization smoke alarms outperform photoelectric alarms in fast moving fire ( Figure 1 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In case of faster reaction, time can be measured in tens of seconds, but in the event of a fast moving fire, these are precious seconds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In case of faster reaction, time can be measured in tens of seconds, but in the event of a fast moving fire, these are precious seconds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Photoelectric smoke alarms typically cost about twice as much as the ionization type alarms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Photoelectric smoke alarms typically cost about twice as much as the ionization type alarms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because of that, ionization type alarms are mostly used in fire protection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because of that, ionization type alarms are mostly used in fire protection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The first step in forming the WSN is the deployment process.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The first step in forming the WSN is the deployment process [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Sensors can generally be placed in the area of interest either deterministically or randomly.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Sensors can generally be placed in the area of interest either deterministically or randomly [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "The choice of the deployment scheme depends highly on the type of sensors, application, and the environment in which sensors will operate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The choice of the deployment scheme depends highly on the type of sensors, application, and the environment in which sensors will operate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In other words, the node's position determines the functionality, lifespan, and the efficiency of the network.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In other words, the node's position determines the functionality, lifespan, and the efficiency of the network.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Controlled node deployment is viable and often necessary when sensors are expensive, or when their operation is significantly affected by their position.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Controlled node deployment is viable and often necessary when sensors are expensive, or when their operation is significantly affected by their position.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The node positions have enormous impact on the effectiveness of the WSN and the efficiency of its operation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The node positions have enormous impact on the effectiveness of the WSN and the efficiency of its operation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Optimized sensor placement is problematic, even in deterministic deployment scenarios.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Optimized sensor placement is problematic, even in deterministic deployment scenarios.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Complexity is often introduced by the quest to employ the least number of sensors in order to meet the application requirements and by the uncertainty in a sensor's ability to detect an object due to distortion that may be caused by terrain, or the sensor's presence in a harsh environment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Complexity is often introduced by the quest to employ the least number of sensors in order to meet the application requirements and by the uncertainty in a sensor's ability to detect an object due to distortion that may be caused by terrain, or the sensor's presence in a harsh environment [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The sensor node in the WSN is a small embedded computing device that interfaces and communicates with sensors/actuators via short-range wireless transmitters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The sensor node in the WSN is a small embedded computing device that interfaces and communicates with sensors/actuators via short-range wireless transmitters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has limited battery resources, processing and communication capabilities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It has limited battery resources, processing and communication capabilities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sensor nodes form a logical network in which data packets are routed hop-by-hop towards management nodes, typically called sinks or base stations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sensor nodes form a logical network in which data packets are routed hop-by-hop towards management nodes, typically called sinks or base stations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the WSN comprises a potentially large set of nodes that may be distributed over a wide geographical area, indoor or outdoor placed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the WSN comprises a potentially large set of nodes that may be distributed over a wide geographical area, indoor or outdoor placed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sensed data can be stored on the Internet through web-based technologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sensed data can be stored on the Internet through web-based technologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Users can access data remotely as long as they have an Internet connection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Users can access data remotely as long as they have an Internet connection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Today, many WSN applications use smartphones as a gateway between the sensor network or user and the Internet.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Today, many WSN applications use smartphones as a gateway between the sensor network or user and the Internet.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This allows the sensor network and/or the users to be mobile.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This allows the sensor network and/or the users to be mobile.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Implementation of a web-based WSN architecture provides a scalable solution with applicability in many areas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Implementation of a web-based WSN architecture provides a scalable solution with applicability in many areas [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "But the design of WSN platform must deal with challenges in energy efficiency, costs, and application requirements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But the design of WSN platform must deal with challenges in energy efficiency, costs, and application requirements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensor nodes working together for numerous sensing and monitoring services.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensor nodes working together for numerous sensing and monitoring services.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Applications of WSN are: environmental monitoring, industrial machine monitoring, surveillance systems, military target tracking, etc.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Applications of WSN are: environmental monitoring, industrial machine monitoring, surveillance systems, military target tracking, etc.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Each of the application differs in features and requirements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each of the application differs in features and requirements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The application requirements vary in terms of computation, storage, and user interface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The application requirements vary in terms of computation, storage, and user interface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Till now, there is no single platform applicable to all applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Till now, there is no single platform applicable to all applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The development of new communication protocols, algorithms, designs, and services are needed to support diversity of applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The development of new communication protocols, algorithms, designs, and services are needed to support diversity of applications [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "One of the most interesting phenomena that can be monitored by WSN is fire.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the most interesting phenomena that can be monitored by WSN is fire.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to provide early detection of residential fire, a large number of detectors should be deployed in buildings.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to provide early detection of residential fire, a large number of detectors should be deployed in buildings [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "This is crucial for early extinguishing, life saving and reduction of potential damages.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is crucial for early extinguishing, life saving and reduction of potential damages.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Detectors should measure periodically smoke concentration or temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Detectors should measure periodically smoke concentration or temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Security detection and surveillance based on web based WSN is becoming an increasingly important area of research.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Security detection and surveillance based on web based WSN is becoming an increasingly important area of research.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The advantage of the webbased WSN monitoring architecture for fire detection is accessibility of sensed data using an Internet connection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The advantage of the webbased WSN monitoring architecture for fire detection is accessibility of sensed data using an Internet connection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In case when fire is detected, the fire department will be provided with a constant stream of information about the location and spread of the fire; while the deployed firefighters will have information about the building's plan, an initial location of the fire, fire spreading, presence of toxic gases and other factors that may affect them.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In case when fire is detected, the fire department will be provided with a constant stream of information about the location and spread of the fire; while the deployed firefighters will have information about the building's plan, an initial location of the fire, fire spreading, presence of toxic gases and other factors that may affect them [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Hydrogen facility designers and operators are concerned about the selectivity of their chosen hydrogen detection device.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hydrogen facility designers and operators are concerned about the selectivity of their chosen hydrogen detection device.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This concern was clearly evidenced during a NREL/DOE Hydrogen Sensor Workshop in 2011 when sensor selectivity was repeatedly cited by end-users as a highly important analytical parameter of hydrogen sensors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This concern was clearly evidenced during a NREL/DOE Hydrogen Sensor Workshop in 2011 when sensor selectivity was repeatedly cited by end-users as a highly important analytical parameter of hydrogen sensors [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "The response of a sensor to an interferent can lead to false positives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The response of a sensor to an interferent can lead to false positives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such incidents of false positive alarms and their consequences have been reported.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such incidents of false positive alarms and their consequences have been reported [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "Conversely interferents may also suppress the sensor's response, leading to a false negative, which may have serious safety consequences as leaked hydrogen may go undetected.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Conversely interferents may also suppress the sensor's response, leading to a false negative, which may have serious safety consequences as leaked hydrogen may go undetected.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "ALK-positive ALCL is an only recently recognized subgroup of CD30-positive ALCL of T-and null-cell phenotype.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "ALK-positive ALCL is an only recently recognized subgroup of CD30-positive ALCL of T-and null-cell phenotype.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A strong argument for distinction of this type of lymphoma is the occurrence of the t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation which is almost exclusively found in this age and morphologically specific group of T-and nullcell ALCL.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A strong argument for distinction of this type of lymphoma is the occurrence of the t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation which is almost exclusively found in this age and morphologically specific group of T-and nullcell ALCL.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, it is only rarely found in other lymphomas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, it is only rarely found in other lymphomas [4, 6, 16, 21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 6, 16, 21]" ] }, { "text": "Because of growing evidence of the better prognosis of this subgroup than ALK-negative ALCL patients and because of the younger patient group, several authors tend to regard ALK-positive ALCL or \"ALKoma\" as a clinical entity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Because of growing evidence of the better prognosis of this subgroup than ALK-negative ALCL patients and because of the younger patient group, several authors tend to regard ALK-positive ALCL or \"ALKoma\" as a clinical entity [4, 6, 7, 16, 17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 6, 7, 16, 17]" ] }, { "text": "The morphology of many of these tumors is neither anaplastic nor large cell.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The morphology of many of these tumors is neither anaplastic nor large cell [3, 4, 6, 7, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4, 6, 7, 13]" ] }, { "text": "Indeed, several subgroups of ALK-positive lymphomas can be recognized other than the common-type ALCL: a monomorphic variant, a small cell variant, a lymphohistiocytic variant, a mixed cell variant, a sarcomatoid variant, a Hodgkin's-like variant, and a giant cell variant.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, several subgroups of ALK-positive lymphomas can be recognized other than the common-type ALCL: a monomorphic variant, a small cell variant, a lymphohistiocytic variant, a mixed cell variant, a sarcomatoid variant, a Hodgkin's-like variant, and a giant cell variant [3, 5, 6, 7, 12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 5, 6, 7, 12]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, also in pathological respect, defining ALK-positive lymphoma as an entity instead of a subgroup of ALCL seems justified.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, also in pathological respect, defining ALK-positive lymphoma as an entity instead of a subgroup of ALCL seems justified.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The floater tries to float on the surface of the ocean wave with the translator that moves relative to the stator due to wave action.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The floater tries to float on the surface of the ocean wave with the translator that moves relative to the stator due to wave action.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The floater utilizes the rise and fall of the sea wave at a single point for energy conversion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The floater utilizes the rise and fall of the sea wave at a single point for energy conversion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As the translator moves linearly due to the reciprocating motion of the floater, the wave energy so extracted is converted into electrical energy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As the translator moves linearly due to the reciprocating motion of the floater, the wave energy so extracted is converted into electrical energy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A lot of mathematicians analyzed and proposed different mathematical models for understanding the nature of oceanic wave.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A lot of mathematicians analyzed and proposed different mathematical models for understanding the nature of oceanic wave [22, 23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22, 23]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "We propose a method that extracts features from raw GPS trajectories using deep learning.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We propose a method that extracts features from raw GPS trajectories using deep learning.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our key idea is to represent GPS trajectories as 2D image data structures (called trajectory images) and use these trajectory images as input of deep learning.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our key idea is to represent GPS trajectories as 2D image data structures (called trajectory images) and use these trajectory images as input of deep learning.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is based on the knowledge that deep learning works well in the field of image recognition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is based on the knowledge that deep learning works well in the field of image recognition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, a DNN can detect local semantic attributes of images, such as skin patterns and tail shapes of animals, as human can understand by looking them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, a DNN can detect local semantic attributes of images, such as skin patterns and tail shapes of animals, as human can understand by looking them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is because a DNN has a structure that approximates the operation of the neocortex of a human brain, which is associated with many cognitive abilities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is because a DNN has a structure that approximates the operation of the neocortex of a human brain, which is associated with many cognitive abilities [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Our assumption is that a DNN can suitably detect particular attributes from the trajectory images: Movement trajectories inherently contain 2D spatial information that is more naturally perceivable for a human brain (i.e., a DNN) rather than simple latitude, longitude, and timestamp values.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our assumption is that a DNN can suitably detect particular attributes from the trajectory images: Movement trajectories inherently contain 2D spatial information that is more naturally perceivable for a human brain (i.e., a DNN) rather than simple latitude, longitude, and timestamp values.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Throughout the history of software development the structure and layout of the working environment, as well as the way in which employees have been situated within the working environment, has gone through a number of changes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Throughout the history of software development the structure and layout of the working environment, as well as the way in which employees have been situated within the working environment, has gone through a number of changes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These range from the individualistic, hierarchical approach, to the team approach commonly adopted in organisations today.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These range from the individualistic, hierarchical approach, to the team approach commonly adopted in organisations today.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These changes aimed at leveraging time, cost, quality, productivity and success of development projects.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These changes aimed at leveraging time, cost, quality, productivity and success of development projects (Avison and Fitzgerald, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Avison and Fitzgerald, 2003)" ] }, { "text": "A team approach was often found to improve productivity, flexibility and performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A team approach was often found to improve productivity, flexibility and performance (Katzenbach and Smith, 1993; Olson, Covi, Rocco, Miller, and Allie, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Katzenbach and Smith, 1993; Olson, Covi, Rocco, Miller, and Allie, 1998)" ] }, { "text": "In an effort to further improve the time, cost and quality of software development projects, an approach known as 'radical collocation' has also been devised whereby the members are located in the same room for the duration of the project.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In an effort to further improve the time, cost and quality of software development projects, an approach known as 'radical collocation' has also been devised whereby the members are located in the same room for the duration of the project (Olson et al, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Olson et al, 1998)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The best known class of biodegradable polymers for sustained drug delivery is poly (dL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The best known class of biodegradable polymers for sustained drug delivery is poly (dL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "PLGA is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer that is hydrolytically degraded into nontoxic oligomer and monomer, lactic acid, and glycolic acid.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "PLGA is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer that is hydrolytically degraded into nontoxic oligomer and monomer, lactic acid, and glycolic acid [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "This is the reason that it has been used extensively in nanoparticulate drug delivery systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is the reason that it has been used extensively in nanoparticulate drug delivery systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Flurbiprofen-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were also studied extensively in various aspects for their application in ocular inflammation and proved to have good stability and ocular tolerance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Flurbiprofen-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were also studied extensively in various aspects for their application in ocular inflammation and proved to have good stability and ocular tolerance [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "PLGA/Eudragit RL100 is a good nanovector for ophthalmic delivery and in past it was used for ciprofloxacin.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "PLGA/Eudragit RL100 is a good nanovector for ophthalmic delivery and in past it was used for ciprofloxacin [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "Based on these considerations, various strategies have been employed to modify NPs properties, including the use of cationic or biodegradable polymers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on these considerations, various strategies have been employed to modify NPs properties, including the use of cationic or biodegradable polymers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We have evaluated the particle formation process of the NPs prepared from PLGA polymers with the benefit of positively charged polymers, Eudragit RL100 in different ratios, which could interact with the anionic mucins present in the mucus layer at the surface of the eye.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We have evaluated the particle formation process of the NPs prepared from PLGA polymers with the benefit of positively charged polymers, Eudragit RL100 in different ratios, which could interact with the anionic mucins present in the mucus layer at the surface of the eye [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "The current study aimed at developing and optimizing a polymeric nanoparticulate formulation of CsA for ocular delivery to improve corneal uptake efficiency to treat dry eye disease using design of experiments by employing 3-level full factorial design (design-Expert software, version 8; Stat-Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The current study aimed at developing and optimizing a polymeric nanoparticulate formulation of CsA for ocular delivery to improve corneal uptake efficiency to treat dry eye disease using design of experiments by employing 3-level full factorial design (design-Expert software, version 8; Stat-Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Dry eye disease can also be known as Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, either due to insufficient tear production or excessive tear evaporation, both resulting in tears hyperosmolarity that leads to symptoms of discomfort and ocular damage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Dry eye disease can also be known as Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, either due to insufficient tear production or excessive tear evaporation, both resulting in tears hyperosmolarity that leads to symptoms of discomfort and ocular damage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Dry eye disease is a prevalent disease that affects visual acuity, activities of daily living, and quality of life.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Dry eye disease is a prevalent disease that affects visual acuity, activities of daily living, and quality of life.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Various environmental factors like contact lenses, pollution, working at video display terminals can affect the tear film and proceed up to infection, corneal ulcer, and blindness.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Various environmental factors like contact lenses, pollution, working at video display terminals can affect the tear film and proceed up to infection, corneal ulcer, and blindness [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]" ] }, { "text": "CsA is a wellknown immunomodulatory agent that is commonly used to prevent rejection after organ/tissue transplantation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "CsA is a wellknown immunomodulatory agent that is commonly used to prevent rejection after organ/tissue transplantation [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "It prevents T-cells from releasing cytokines (primarily interleukin-6) that incite the inflammatory component of dry eye.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It prevents T-cells from releasing cytokines (primarily interleukin-6) that incite the inflammatory component of dry eye [8] [9] [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8] [9] [10]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Nanoparticles systems accelerate the drug penetration, increase corneal uptake, and avoid systemic absorption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nanoparticles systems accelerate the drug penetration, increase corneal uptake, and avoid systemic absorption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is able to deliver more intact drug at site of action as compared to free drug.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is able to deliver more intact drug at site of action as compared to free drug [11] [12] [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11] [12] [13]" ] }, { "text": "After administration, colloidal drug carriers can remain at the application site (cul-de-sac) and the prolonged release of the active ingredient starts by particle degradation or erosion, drug diffusion, or a combination of both, depending on the biodegradable or inert nature of the polymer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "After administration, colloidal drug carriers can remain at the application site (cul-de-sac) and the prolonged release of the active ingredient starts by particle degradation or erosion, drug diffusion, or a combination of both, depending on the biodegradable or inert nature of the polymer [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "Polymeric nanoparticle formulation is one of the strategies currently used to improve drug absorption across biological membranes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Polymeric nanoparticle formulation is one of the strategies currently used to improve drug absorption across biological membranes [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "Based on the literature data, the three most commonly used polymers in ophthalmic drug formulations are poly (alkyl cyanoacrylates), polycaprolactone, and poly (lactic acid)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on the literature data, the three most commonly used polymers in ophthalmic drug formulations are poly (alkyl cyanoacrylates), polycaprolactone, and poly (lactic acid)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Other polymers with ocular drug delivery application include chitosan, Eudragit RL/Eudragit RS, polystyrene, and poly (acrylic acid).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Other polymers with ocular drug delivery application include chitosan, Eudragit RL/Eudragit RS, polystyrene, and poly (acrylic acid).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Much of the published data suggests that in the case of ophthalmic drug delivery, an appropriate particle size and a narrow size range, ensuring low irritation, adequate bioavailability, and compatibility with ocular tissues, should be sought for every suspended drug.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Much of the published data suggests that in the case of ophthalmic drug delivery, an appropriate particle size and a narrow size range, ensuring low irritation, adequate bioavailability, and compatibility with ocular tissues, should be sought for every suspended drug [16, 17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16, 17]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The sets of the spectral singularities for closed linear operators on a Banach space was given by Nagy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The sets of the spectral singularities for closed linear operators on a Banach space was given by Nagy [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "Nagy shows that the set of spectral singularities dened according to his general denition coincides in the case of dierential operators as dened by Naimark and Lyance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nagy shows that the set of spectral singularities dened according to his general denition coincides in the case of dierential operators as dened by Naimark and Lyance [7] , [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ], [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]", "[10]" ] }, { "text": "Pavlov established the dependence of the structure of the spectral singularities of Schrödinger operators on the behaviour of the potential function at innity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Pavlov established the dependence of the structure of the spectral singularities of Schrödinger operators on the behaviour of the potential function at innity [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The spectral analysis of dierential equations with spectral singularities was investigated by Naimark.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The spectral analysis of dierential equations with spectral singularities was investigated by Naimark [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Schwartz studied the spectral singularities of a certain class of abstract linear operators in a Hilbert space.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Schwartz studied the spectral singularities of a certain class of abstract linear operators in a Hilbert space [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "The following denition of spectral singularities is given by Schwartz.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The following denition of spectral singularities is given by Schwartz.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Diabetes first detected during pregnancy is classified as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Diabetes first detected during pregnancy is classified as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "GDM is associated with significant short and longterm sequelae on both the mother and the offspring.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "GDM is associated with significant short and longterm sequelae on both the mother and the offspring.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "During pregnancy, gestational diabetes is associated with increased risk of pre-eclampsia, pre-term labour, Caesarean-section, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, together with a substantial increase in medical cost.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "During pregnancy, gestational diabetes is associated with increased risk of pre-eclampsia, pre-term labour, Caesarean-section, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, together with a substantial increase in medical cost [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "Post-delivery, mothers with GDM have a 7-13 folds increase risk of progression to T2DM and are at increased risk for other cardio-metabolic disorders compared to mothers with normoglycaemia during pregnancy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Post-delivery, mothers with GDM have a 7-13 folds increase risk of progression to T2DM and are at increased risk for other cardio-metabolic disorders compared to mothers with normoglycaemia during pregnancy [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5]" ] }, { "text": "Offspring born to mothers with GDM are at increased risk of obesity, T2DM and other cardio-metabolic abnormalities compared to offspring of normoglycaemic mothers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Offspring born to mothers with GDM are at increased risk of obesity, T2DM and other cardio-metabolic abnormalities compared to offspring of normoglycaemic mothers [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6] [7]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Image quality enhancement algorithms are developed to improve the visual appearance of an image by increasing the contrast, adjusting brightness, and enhancing visually important features.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Image quality enhancement algorithms are developed to improve the visual appearance of an image by increasing the contrast, adjusting brightness, and enhancing visually important features [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Image enhancement is very important pre-processing stage in most image processing applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Image enhancement is very important pre-processing stage in most image processing applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example in face recognition systems, the algorithms may fail to recognize faces correctly due to changes in illumination.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example in face recognition systems, the algorithms may fail to recognize faces correctly due to changes in illumination [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Wireless sensor systems are increasingly popular for monitoring biological, environmental and industrial conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Wireless sensor systems are increasingly popular for monitoring biological, environmental and industrial conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The absence of wires alleviates discomfort for patients.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The absence of wires alleviates discomfort for patients.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, allowing measurements to be taken from a distance can protect the safety of industrial workers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, allowing measurements to be taken from a distance can protect the safety of industrial workers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, much research has been undertaken, particular in the development of miniaturized wireless systems for pressure measurement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, much research has been undertaken, particular in the development of miniaturized wireless systems for pressure measurement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These can be used for the monitoring of intracranial and intraocular pressure, along with the pressure inside many body cavities such as the gastrointestinal and urinary tract.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These can be used for the monitoring of intracranial and intraocular pressure, along with the pressure inside many body cavities such as the gastrointestinal and urinary tract [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "This information can be used for clinical studies in areas such as cardiology and pulmonology.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This information can be used for clinical studies in areas such as cardiology and pulmonology [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The quality of the feature set is a key factor influencing the performance of a classification algorithm.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The quality of the feature set is a key factor influencing the performance of a classification algorithm [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "Irrelevant and/or redundant features can have an adverse affect on the accuracy of a classifier, as well as increasing the time required to learn a model and the complexity of the trained classifier.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Irrelevant and/or redundant features can have an adverse affect on the accuracy of a classifier, as well as increasing the time required to learn a model and the complexity of the trained classifier.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similarly, measured features collected from a realworld problem can fail to discriminate adequately between classes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly, measured features collected from a realworld problem can fail to discriminate adequately between classes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To address these weaknesses, Evolutionary Computing (EC) has been used widely for both feature-selection to choose relevant features, and feature selection, to evolve new features which provide better discrimination and can be used to augment the original feature space.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To address these weaknesses, Evolutionary Computing (EC) has been used widely for both feature-selection to choose relevant features, and feature selection, to evolve new features which provide better discrimination and can be used to augment the original feature space.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With respect to feature construction, methods fall into two-categories: filter methods are applied to data, independently of a classification technique, while wrapper methods use classification performance to rank new features.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With respect to feature construction, methods fall into two-categories: filter methods are applied to data, independently of a classification technique, while wrapper methods use classification performance to rank new features.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here we focus on filter-based feature-construction and therefore provide a brief review of relevant literature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here we focus on filter-based feature-construction and therefore provide a brief review of relevant literature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To avoid confusion between trees evolved by GP and forest trees, we use the term program to refer to a GP-tree.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To avoid confusion between trees evolved by GP and forest trees, we use the term program to refer to a GP-tree.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Montmorillonite is widely used for the preparation of polymer composites.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Montmorillonite is widely used for the preparation of polymer composites.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recent research focuses on incorporating layered silicates, especially Na-MMT, that could be used as the reinforcing phase due to the latter's very high aspect ratio (∼100).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recent research focuses on incorporating layered silicates, especially Na-MMT, that could be used as the reinforcing phase due to the latter's very high aspect ratio (∼100).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, with a very low loading of MMT (1-10%), the produced nanocomposites exhibit up to tenfold increase in mechanical, thermal, electrical, and barrier properties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, with a very low loading of MMT (1-10%), the produced nanocomposites exhibit up to tenfold increase in mechanical, thermal, electrical, and barrier properties [20, 21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20, 21]" ] }, { "text": "However, it is very difficult to achieve full dispersion of clay inside the polymer matrix.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it is very difficult to achieve full dispersion of clay inside the polymer matrix.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To achieve better dispersion, clay may be modified with various cationic surfactants including quaternary ammonium, phosphonium, and imidazolium ions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To achieve better dispersion, clay may be modified with various cationic surfactants including quaternary ammonium, phosphonium, and imidazolium ions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Organomontmorillonite clays, for example, can be obtained through the ion exchange reaction between cations in basal planes of the clay (Na + , Ca 2+ ) and organic cations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Organomontmorillonite clays, for example, can be obtained through the ion exchange reaction between cations in basal planes of the clay (Na + , Ca 2+ ) and organic cations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This cation exchange process results in the expansion of the interlayer spacing and an increase in the basal spacing of the MMT.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This cation exchange process results in the expansion of the interlayer spacing and an increase in the basal spacing of the MMT [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Hydroxyethyl cellulose is one of the best known polymers from the cellulose family of which the hydroxyl groups are replaced by hydroxyethyl groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hydroxyethyl cellulose is one of the best known polymers from the cellulose family of which the hydroxyl groups are replaced by hydroxyethyl groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has excellent film forming ability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability which makes it a suitable material for biomedical applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It has excellent film forming ability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability which makes it a suitable material for biomedical applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Composites of natural biopolymers with aluminosilicates are used as packaging materials in the food industry.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Composites of natural biopolymers with aluminosilicates are used as packaging materials in the food industry [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, clays are known to exhibit biological activity; hence, biopolymers modified with inorganic particles on base of MMT can be used to design antimicrobial drugs and matrices for drug delivery.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, clays are known to exhibit biological activity; hence, biopolymers modified with inorganic particles on base of MMT can be used to design antimicrobial drugs and matrices for drug delivery.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In this study, we carried out experiments to investigate the validity of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles in improving the freezing capability of cryosurgery in tumor cells and discussed the relative mechanisms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, we carried out experiments to investigate the validity of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles in improving the freezing capability of cryosurgery in tumor cells and discussed the relative mechanisms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results suggested that 10 μg/ mL Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles was more effective to enhance the survival rate of cells in the process of cryoablation as compared with 100 μg/mL and 1000 μg/mL Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles, demonstrating that the concentration of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles exhibited a differentiated influence on the therapeutic efficiency of cryoablation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results suggested that 10 μg/ mL Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles was more effective to enhance the survival rate of cells in the process of cryoablation as compared with 100 μg/mL and 1000 μg/mL Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles, demonstrating that the concentration of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles exhibited a differentiated influence on the therapeutic efficiency of cryoablation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similar results were also observed in the analysis of cell apoptosis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similar results were also observed in the analysis of cell apoptosis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Subsequently, we simulated the entire process of cryoablation in the presence of 100 μg/mL Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles, confirming that the ice crystals were efficiently formed during the freezing and thawing process, which was considered to perform twice killing for MCF-7 breast cancer cells.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Subsequently, we simulated the entire process of cryoablation in the presence of 100 μg/mL Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles, confirming that the ice crystals were efficiently formed during the freezing and thawing process, which was considered to perform twice killing for MCF-7 breast cancer cells [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "When modeling the joint distribution of categorical data, one standard approach is to estimate a log-linear model.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When modeling the joint distribution of categorical data, one standard approach is to estimate a log-linear model (Bishop et al., 1975) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bishop et al., 1975)" ] }, { "text": "This effectively treats any ordinal variable as nominal, which sacrifices information in the ordering.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This effectively treats any ordinal variable as nominal, which sacrifices information in the ordering.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Perhaps more importantly, with many variables the space of possible log-linear models is enormous, and it is difficult to determine which interaction effects to include in the linear predictor.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Perhaps more importantly, with many variables the space of possible log-linear models is enormous, and it is difficult to determine which interaction effects to include in the linear predictor (Vermunt et al., 2008; Si and Reiter, 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF45", "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Vermunt et al., 2008; Si and Reiter, 2013)" ] }, { "text": "Simple main effects or two-way interactions models often are inadequate to describe relationships among survey variables, especially in social science data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Simple main effects or two-way interactions models often are inadequate to describe relationships among survey variables, especially in social science data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, in the ANES, a log-linear model with all two-way interaction terms is insufficient for describing relationships among party, vote intent, and ideology (χ 2 -test p-value < .01), which are included in many analyses in political science.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, in the ANES, a log-linear model with all two-way interaction terms is insufficient for describing relationships among party, vote intent, and ideology (χ 2 -test p-value < .01), which are included in many analyses in political science.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Etching process isolates the ITO coated glass into two parts which are anode and cathode in order to prevent short circuit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Etching process isolates the ITO coated glass into two parts which are anode and cathode in order to prevent short circuit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 2a shows the surface of ITO coated glass substrate after etching process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 2a shows the surface of ITO coated glass substrate after etching process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is seen that the white trench is actually the glass surface where the ITO has been removed through etching process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is seen that the white trench is actually the glass surface where the ITO has been removed through etching process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 2b indicates the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) results of ZnO layer at 100,000 magnifications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 2b indicates the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) results of ZnO layer at 100,000 magnifications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The image of ZnO particles shows that the diameters of the particles are in the range of 50 nm to 100 nm (considered as nanostructures).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The image of ZnO particles shows that the diameters of the particles are in the range of 50 nm to 100 nm (considered as nanostructures) [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "ZnO act as a charge collector where electrons will be collected and accumulated before moving to the ITO electrodes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "ZnO act as a charge collector where electrons will be collected and accumulated before moving to the ITO electrodes [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "We are currently involved in an information revolution where technology facilitates tasks and the daily activities of people, making them more productive; however, it is important to evaluate if the evolution of technology is truly helping people.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We are currently involved in an information revolution where technology facilitates tasks and the daily activities of people, making them more productive; however, it is important to evaluate if the evolution of technology is truly helping people.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In some cases, technology is not necessarily appropriately adopted; for example, if something that is new or novel is being misused, impacting misinformation and ignorance, it could mean the opposite.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In some cases, technology is not necessarily appropriately adopted; for example, if something that is new or novel is being misused, impacting misinformation and ignorance, it could mean the opposite [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In order to argue how technology can help in the interaction among educators and learners during the learning process, it is desirable that educators act as facilitators in the learning process, meaning that they are more interested in the learners learning than in the delivery of teaching.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to argue how technology can help in the interaction among educators and learners during the learning process, it is desirable that educators act as facilitators in the learning process, meaning that they are more interested in the learners learning than in the delivery of teaching.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The World's energy demand is increasing progressively with the request to fulfil growing energy needs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The World's energy demand is increasing progressively with the request to fulfil growing energy needs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Enormous energy consumption is even more serious due to lack of natural resources and expressive ecological instability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Enormous energy consumption is even more serious due to lack of natural resources and expressive ecological instability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The built environment evidently has the highest energy demand in the world, which is a contemporary problem of consideration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The built environment evidently has the highest energy demand in the world, which is a contemporary problem of consideration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the goal is finding an alternative solution in order to reduce the energy demand and losses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the goal is finding an alternative solution in order to reduce the energy demand and losses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Building energy efficiency and performance topics were elaborated via investigations of existing office buildings and computational models respectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Building energy efficiency and performance topics were elaborated via investigations of existing office buildings and computational models respectively [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The current energy consumption in the building sector is approximated to 40% of the total energy consumption in the world.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The current energy consumption in the building sector is approximated to 40% of the total energy consumption in the world.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the primary parameters that mostly affect the commercial buildings energy performance are heating and cooling requirements during the working hours.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the primary parameters that mostly affect the commercial buildings energy performance are heating and cooling requirements during the working hours [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The circular cylinder is often used to test and compare the ability of control methods to suppress flow instabilities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The circular cylinder is often used to test and compare the ability of control methods to suppress flow instabilities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When the Reynolds number of the flow (Re = U ∞ D/ν, where U ∞ is the inflow velocity, D is the cylinder diameter and ν is the kinematic viscosity) reaches about 47, the interaction between the two shear layers becomes linearly unstable, resulting in a supercritical Hopf bifurcation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When the Reynolds number of the flow (Re = U ∞ D/ν, where U ∞ is the inflow velocity, D is the cylinder diameter and ν is the kinematic viscosity) reaches about 47, the interaction between the two shear layers becomes linearly unstable, resulting in a supercritical Hopf bifurcation [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]" ] }, { "text": "For higher Reynolds numbers, a stable limit cycle occurs in the form of the well-known Von Kármán vortex street, where vortices that are shed in turn from each side of the body.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For higher Reynolds numbers, a stable limit cycle occurs in the form of the well-known Von Kármán vortex street, where vortices that are shed in turn from each side of the body.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Our results suggest that Turkers appear to have a wide range of abilities and that some task framings may elicit higher quality performance than others.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our results suggest that Turkers appear to have a wide range of abilities and that some task framings may elicit higher quality performance than others.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is worth emphasizing that we do not utilize any of the quality-control techniques discussed elsewhere for filtering data generated in Mturk and similar environments.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is worth emphasizing that we do not utilize any of the quality-control techniques discussed elsewhere for filtering data generated in Mturk and similar environments [30, 19, 29, 14, 9, 5, 20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF28", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30, 19, 29, 14, 9, 5, 20]" ] }, { "text": "As a result, we do not use our findings as a basis for any general claims about the utility (or lack thereof) of Mturk for crowdsourced content analysis as a reliable method of data collection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, we do not use our findings as a basis for any general claims about the utility (or lack thereof) of Mturk for crowdsourced content analysis as a reliable method of data collection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, we hypothesize that incorporating additional quality control techniques on top of the effective treatment conditions reported in this study could amplify quality improvements beyond what we report here and what other studies have found.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, we hypothesize that incorporating additional quality control techniques on top of the effective treatment conditions reported in this study could amplify quality improvements beyond what we report here and what other studies have found.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Subsequent research is needed to determine the effects of interactions between the worker characteristics, motivational framing, and other interface design manipulations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Subsequent research is needed to determine the effects of interactions between the worker characteristics, motivational framing, and other interface design manipulations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The major difficulty in the use of Lamiaceae species for pharmaceutical purpose in the individual variability, due to genetic and biochemical heterogenecity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The major difficulty in the use of Lamiaceae species for pharmaceutical purpose in the individual variability, due to genetic and biochemical heterogenecity [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "The conventional method of propagation of this species through seeds, the seed viability is very poor, season dependence and low germination rate (<10%) potential restricts its multiplication.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The conventional method of propagation of this species through seeds, the seed viability is very poor, season dependence and low germination rate (<10%) potential restricts its multiplication [8, 17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 17]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, seed derived progenies are does not allow the production of homogeneous populations, due to cross pollination.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, seed derived progenies are does not allow the production of homogeneous populations, due to cross pollination [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Our particular motivation is the use of a T&M system for remote collaboration.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our particular motivation is the use of a T&M system for remote collaboration [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Here, the emerging model of the environment is used to allow a physically remote user to view and navigate the environment, and spatial annotations that are registered to this model and overlaid onto the real world via an appropriate AR display are used to communicate visual/spatial information.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here, the emerging model of the environment is used to allow a physically remote user to view and navigate the environment, and spatial annotations that are registered to this model and overlaid onto the real world via an appropriate AR display are used to communicate visual/spatial information.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For this and many other applications, the paradigm for modeling the environment should be to make the best possible use of all data that can be casually collected and to enable viewing and placement of annotations for as much time as possible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this and many other applications, the paradigm for modeling the environment should be to make the best possible use of all data that can be casually collected and to enable viewing and placement of annotations for as much time as possible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, this means not forcing the user to concentrate on model building, and not discarding all frames that stem from rotation-only movements (as in most SLAM systems) or as soon as the user starts moving (as with panorama mapping).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, this means not forcing the user to concentrate on model building, and not discarding all frames that stem from rotation-only movements (as in most SLAM systems) or as soon as the user starts moving (as with panorama mapping).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It should be noted that there is a trade-off involved between the objective of creating a completely coherent model and the objective of being able to freely move the camera and enable viewing and placement of annotations at all times.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It should be noted that there is a trade-off involved between the objective of creating a completely coherent model and the objective of being able to freely move the camera and enable viewing and placement of annotations at all times.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Many real-world problem classes of the ALBP have not been studied so far.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many real-world problem classes of the ALBP have not been studied so far (Boysen, Fliedner, and Scholl 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Boysen, Fliedner, and Scholl 2008)" ] }, { "text": "In particular, multiple constraints for 2S-ALBP are an open research field.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, multiple constraints for 2S-ALBP are an open research field (Li, Kucukkoc, and Mukund Nilakantan 2017) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Li, Kucukkoc, and Mukund Nilakantan 2017)" ] }, { "text": "In our study, we tackle two such problem classes with three constraints and two different objectives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our study, we tackle two such problem classes with three constraints and two different objectives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We show that our proposed algorithm improves the results of all related studies, where subsets of these constraints have been included.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We show that our proposed algorithm improves the results of all related studies, where subsets of these constraints have been included.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, we are the first to provide benchmark instances and results for the fully constrained 2S-ALBP.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, we are the first to provide benchmark instances and results for the fully constrained 2S-ALBP.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The Simple ALBP (SALBP) follows some special assumptions like, e.g. no assignment restrictions besides the precedence constraints, one-sided stations, etc. .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Simple ALBP (SALBP) follows some special assumptions like, e.g. no assignment restrictions besides the precedence constraints, one-sided stations, etc. .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the objective is to minimise the number of workstations, the SALBP is of type 1 (SALBP-1), while the SALBP-2 consists in assigning tasks to a given number of workstations such that the cycle time is minimised.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the objective is to minimise the number of workstations, the SALBP is of type 1 (SALBP-1), while the SALBP-2 consists in assigning tasks to a given number of workstations such that the cycle time is minimised.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the line efficiency is to be maximised, while both cycle time and number of stations can be altered, the problem is known as SALBP-E.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "If the line efficiency is to be maximised, while both cycle time and number of stations can be altered, the problem is known as SALBP-E (Boysen, Fliedner, and Scholl 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Boysen, Fliedner, and Scholl 2007)" ] }, { "text": "A feasible balance for a given number of stations and a given cycle time is the objective of SALBP-F settings.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A feasible balance for a given number of stations and a given cycle time is the objective of SALBP-F settings (Boysen, Fliedner, and Scholl 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Boysen, Fliedner, and Scholl 2007)" ] }, { "text": "While the SALBP has been studied intensively in the literature, additional constraints coming from real-world applications have been considered rarely.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While the SALBP has been studied intensively in the literature, additional constraints coming from real-world applications have been considered rarely (Lapierre, Ruiz, and Soriano 2006; Boysen, Fliedner, and Scholl 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lapierre, Ruiz, and Soriano 2006; Boysen, Fliedner, and Scholl 2008)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The fact that time and space have these differences does not, in itself, constitute a problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The fact that time and space have these differences does not, in itself, constitute a problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the surface, the differences don't appear to be pointing to a glaring anomaly that requires a reworking of the foundations of physics like the results of the Michelson-Morley experiment did.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the surface, the differences don't appear to be pointing to a glaring anomaly that requires a reworking of the foundations of physics like the results of the Michelson-Morley experiment did.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Yet there is an anomaly, one that has been around for so long that it risks being overlooked because of its familiarity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Yet there is an anomaly, one that has been around for so long that it risks being overlooked because of its familiarity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is to do with the fact that there is no cause for the block universe to be anything other than symmetrical in time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is to do with the fact that there is no cause for the block universe to be anything other than symmetrical in time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In other words, there is no physical basis for one direction of time to be singled out.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In other words, there is no physical basis for one direction of time to be singled out [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "This invites the question, so where is the other direction of time?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This invites the question, so where is the other direction of time?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It may be tempting to speculate that another part of the time axis may carry arrows pointing in the opposite direction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It may be tempting to speculate that another part of the time axis may carry arrows pointing in the opposite direction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "But this will not do, given the impact the discoveries of the violation of the discrete symmetries have for the Hamiltonian.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But this will not do, given the impact the discoveries of the violation of the discrete symmetries have for the Hamiltonian.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Hamiltonian is a mathematical object that defines the dynamics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Hamiltonian is a mathematical object that defines the dynamics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The violation of time reversal symmetry, called T violation for short, implies that there is a different version of the Hamiltonian for each direction of time, yet we observe only one version in our universe and, not surprisingly, only the observed version of the Hamiltonian appears in conventional theories of physics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The violation of time reversal symmetry, called T violation for short, implies that there is a different version of the Hamiltonian for each direction of time, yet we observe only one version in our universe and, not surprisingly, only the observed version of the Hamiltonian appears in conventional theories of physics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Where is the other direction of time and its concomitant version of the Hamiltonian?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Where is the other direction of time and its concomitant version of the Hamiltonian?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The fact that there is no answer in conventional physics constitutes a basic anomaly which calls for a fundamental shift in our thinking about time and space.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The fact that there is no answer in conventional physics constitutes a basic anomaly which calls for a fundamental shift in our thinking about time and space.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "An aqueous extract of (unhydrolysed) MBM was reported to have kaolin (clay) flocculant activity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An aqueous extract of (unhydrolysed) MBM was reported to have kaolin (clay) flocculant activity (Piazza and Garcia 2010a) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Piazza and Garcia 2010a)" ] }, { "text": "This extract contained only a fraction of the MBM protein, since most MBM protein is insoluble.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This extract contained only a fraction of the MBM protein, since most MBM protein is insoluble.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Base-catalysed hydrolysis of MBM gave hydrolysates, which showed intriguing differences in their flocculation ability depending upon the time they were taken from the hydrolysis mixture.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Base-catalysed hydrolysis of MBM gave hydrolysates, which showed intriguing differences in their flocculation ability depending upon the time they were taken from the hydrolysis mixture (Piazza and Garcia 2010b) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Piazza and Garcia 2010b)" ] }, { "text": "The only data concerning flocculation by protease-derived MBM hydrolysates in the literature is a test of a single Versazyme hydrolysate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The only data concerning flocculation by protease-derived MBM hydrolysates in the literature is a test of a single Versazyme hydrolysate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus a more rigorous investigation of flocculation by enzyme-produced MBM hydrolysates is warranted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus a more rigorous investigation of flocculation by enzyme-produced MBM hydrolysates is warranted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "In the research results presented here, MBM was hydrolysed with two proteases, trypsin and subtilisin.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the research results presented here, MBM was hydrolysed with two proteases, trypsin and subtilisin.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Trypsin is a selective protease that preferentially cleaves the peptide bond on the carboxyl side of arginine and lysine.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Trypsin is a selective protease that preferentially cleaves the peptide bond on the carboxyl side of arginine and lysine (Yin et al. 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Yin et al. 2008)" ] }, { "text": "Subtilisin (protease from Bacillus licheniformis) is a protease with broad reactivity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Subtilisin (protease from Bacillus licheniformis) is a protease with broad reactivity (Hill and Schmidt 1962; Guérard et al. 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hill and Schmidt 1962; Guérard et al. 2001)" ] }, { "text": "The soluble hydrolysates were tested for their flocculant activity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The soluble hydrolysates were tested for their flocculant activity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finding sources of renewable flocculants is important because currently used flocculants are prepared from materials manufactured from natural gas and petroleum.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Finding sources of renewable flocculants is important because currently used flocculants are prepared from materials manufactured from natural gas and petroleum (Salehizadeh and Shojaosadati 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Salehizadeh and Shojaosadati 2001)" ] }, { "text": "Also renewable flocculants may be safer than synthetic flocculants, which are known to be toxic or to degrade to toxic products.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Also renewable flocculants may be safer than synthetic flocculants, which are known to be toxic or to degrade to toxic products (Bolto and Gregory 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bolto and Gregory 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Water was purified to a resistance of 18 MW-cm using a Barnstead E-pure system from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Water was purified to a resistance of 18 MW-cm using a Barnstead E-pure system from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Tracking or replicating hand/arm motion is a central part of tele-operation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Tracking or replicating hand/arm motion is a central part of tele-operation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We interact with our environment mainly using vision and touch.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We interact with our environment mainly using vision and touch.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our hands, with their complex structure, high dexterity and precise manipulation ability are critical instruments in recognising shape, stiffness and weight of an object.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our hands, with their complex structure, high dexterity and precise manipulation ability are critical instruments in recognising shape, stiffness and weight of an object (Achibet, 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Achibet, 2015)" ] }, { "text": "Their high touch sensitivity is achieved due to mechanoreceptors embedded in the skin, which aid the detection of vibration, stretching and cutaneous stimuli.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Their high touch sensitivity is achieved due to mechanoreceptors embedded in the skin, which aid the detection of vibration, stretching and cutaneous stimuli.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Lowe defines a descriptor vector named SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform), which is an algorithm that detects distinctive image points and calculates its descriptor based on the orientation histograms of the encountered key points.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Lowe defines a descriptor vector named SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform), which is an algorithm that detects distinctive image points and calculates its descriptor based on the orientation histograms of the encountered key points [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "The extracted points are invariants to scale, rotation as well as source and illumination level changes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The extracted points are invariants to scale, rotation as well as source and illumination level changes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These points are located within a maximum and minimum of a Gaussian difference applied to the space scale.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These points are located within a maximum and minimum of a Gaussian difference applied to the space scale.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This algorithm is very efficient, but the processing time is relatively high and furthermore the working pieces have to have a rich texture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This algorithm is very efficient, but the processing time is relatively high and furthermore the working pieces have to have a rich texture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Worthington studied topographical information from image intensity data in grey scale using the shape from shading (SFS) algorithm.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Worthington studied topographical information from image intensity data in grey scale using the shape from shading (SFS) algorithm [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "This information is used for object recognition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This information is used for object recognition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is considered that the shape index information can be used for object recognition based on the surface curvature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is considered that the shape index information can be used for object recognition based on the surface curvature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Two attributes were used, one was based on low-level information using a curvature histogram, and the other was based on the structural arrangement of the shape index maximal patches and its attributes in the associated region.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Two attributes were used, one was based on low-level information using a curvature histogram, and the other was based on the structural arrangement of the shape index maximal patches and its attributes in the associated region.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In 2005, Abrahamsson considered agile methods to be the best fit for mobile applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In 2005, Abrahamsson considered agile methods to be the best fit for mobile applications [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "Abrahamsson regarded the following agile characteristics as applicable to mobile software: high environment volatility, small development teams, object-oriented development environment, non-safety critical software, application level software, small systems and short development cycles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Abrahamsson regarded the following agile characteristics as applicable to mobile software: high environment volatility, small development teams, object-oriented development environment, non-safety critical software, application level software, small systems and short development cycles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Only the agile characteristic identifiable customer does not match with the corresponding characteristic of mobile software, since the end-users in the distribution of mobile applications are potentially unlimited.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Only the agile characteristic identifiable customer does not match with the corresponding characteristic of mobile software, since the end-users in the distribution of mobile applications are potentially unlimited.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless there are also areas in mobile application development in which the developers are able to identify their customer, e.g. a netbanking app will only be interesting for customers of the respective bank.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless there are also areas in mobile application development in which the developers are able to identify their customer, e.g. a netbanking app will only be interesting for customers of the respective bank.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "It can be accurately and efficiently computed by 1 minimization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It can be accurately and efficiently computed by 1 minimization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, in Computer Vision, it has been shown that if the sparsity is properly harnessed, the choice of input features is no longer critical.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, in Computer Vision, it has been shown that if the sparsity is properly harnessed, the choice of input features is no longer critical [14, 15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14, 15]" ] }, { "text": "It is still important that the number of features is sufficient and that the sparse representation can be correctly found.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is still important that the number of features is sufficient and that the sparse representation can be correctly found.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "A typical design process of a construction project involves various participants from different design disciplines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A typical design process of a construction project involves various participants from different design disciplines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most often, these stakeholders interact with each other in an ad hoc manner that enforces a situation of ill-structured information exchanges.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most often, these stakeholders interact with each other in an ad hoc manner that enforces a situation of ill-structured information exchanges.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When these exchanges of information occur continuously in cycles/loops, it is referred as design iterations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When these exchanges of information occur continuously in cycles/loops, it is referred as design iterations [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "As many different workflow systems have been developed based on different programming models having different internal workflow description, interoperability across workflows generated by different workflow systems is a non-trivial challenge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As many different workflow systems have been developed based on different programming models having different internal workflow description, interoperability across workflows generated by different workflow systems is a non-trivial challenge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Workflow interoperability is fundamental to facilitate sharing of workflows across different workflow systems and therefore has attracted significant attention from the scientific community.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Workflow interoperability is fundamental to facilitate sharing of workflows across different workflow systems and therefore has attracted significant attention from the scientific community.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Within this context, four major approaches for workflow interoperability include workflow language standardization, workflow translation, workflow engine integration, and sharing among data sources.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Within this context, four major approaches for workflow interoperability include workflow language standardization, workflow translation, workflow engine integration, and sharing among data sources [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "As discussed in Section 'Offline learning' , the problem of reconstructing a corrupted multi-parameter physiological signal was formally posed in the 11th annual PhysioNet/CinC challenge.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As discussed in Section 'Offline learning' , the problem of reconstructing a corrupted multi-parameter physiological signal was formally posed in the 11th annual PhysioNet/CinC challenge [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "On this CinC dataset, our method performed well relative to the winning entry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On this CinC dataset, our method performed well relative to the winning entry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The methods used by the respondents to the challenge are substantially different from those described in this article.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The methods used by the respondents to the challenge are substantially different from those described in this article.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, none of them attempted to segment the quasi-periodic signals before reconstructing them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, none of them attempted to segment the quasi-periodic signals before reconstructing them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This impaired their performance on correlated quasi-periodic signals (such as ECG and ABP), but allowed them to process independent signals (e.g., respiration).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This impaired their performance on correlated quasi-periodic signals (such as ECG and ABP), but allowed them to process independent signals (e.g., respiration).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In the USA, the corporate income tax has many benefits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the USA, the corporate income tax has many benefits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First of all, such preferences are provided for those corporations that invest their money in the area.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First of all, such preferences are provided for those corporations that invest their money in the area.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Just apply incentives that encourage businesses to use alternative energy sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Just apply incentives that encourage businesses to use alternative energy sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Of net income deducted state and local taxes on income, 100% of dividends from wholly owned local subsidiaries, interest on securities of local authorities and the state, contributions to charities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Of net income deducted state and local taxes on income, 100% of dividends from wholly owned local subsidiaries, interest on securities of local authorities and the state, contributions to charities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Be exempted within the accelerated reimbursement of fixed capital (depreciation) Allowance for investments on research and development activities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Be exempted within the accelerated reimbursement of fixed capital (depreciation) Allowance for investments on research and development activities (Mitrofanova & Pleshakov, 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mitrofanova & Pleshakov, 2013)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "One of the most important tools are the benefits of tax regulation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the most important tools are the benefits of tax regulation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They are often used both in Russia and abroad.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They are often used both in Russia and abroad.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Benefits stimulate the development of the activity for which they are designed: economic activity increases in preferential activities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Benefits stimulate the development of the activity for which they are designed: economic activity increases in preferential activities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Tax credits help to equalize the position of economic agents, as well as stimulate the development of priority sectors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Tax credits help to equalize the position of economic agents, as well as stimulate the development of priority sectors (Boranukov, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Boranukov, 2008)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Global tax practice under the tax burden at the macro level is the ratio of the amount recovered taxes from taxpayers, to the volume of gross domestic product (GDP) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Global tax practice under the tax burden at the macro level is the ratio of the amount recovered taxes from taxpayers, to the volume of gross domestic product (GDP) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Let us analyze this relation in the previously selected countries (Table 3) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Let us analyze this relation in the previously selected countries (Table 3) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Table 3 leads to the following conclusions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Table 3 leads to the following conclusions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many economically developed countries of the world have reached the maximum share of tax revenue to GDP.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many economically developed countries of the world have reached the maximum share of tax revenue to GDP.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The future growth of budget revenues in these countries is possible by providing direct proportion to tax increases on GDP growth and changes in the structure of tax revenues.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The future growth of budget revenues in these countries is possible by providing direct proportion to tax increases on GDP growth and changes in the structure of tax revenues.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Tax exemptions in Russia in 2012 amounted to 36.9% of GDP, even exceeding the figure the United States, but to the level of tax exemptions France Russia far.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Tax exemptions in Russia in 2012 amounted to 36.9% of GDP, even exceeding the figure the United States, but to the level of tax exemptions France Russia far.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The leader among the countries represented is France, which has the highest proportion of tax revenues to GDP, which can be explained by a more rigid policy on corporate tax and personal income citizens, as well as the lack of a large number of benefits.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The leader among the countries represented is France, which has the highest proportion of tax revenues to GDP, which can be explained by a more rigid policy on corporate tax and personal income citizens, as well as the lack of a large number of benefits (Damjanovic & Ulph, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Damjanovic & Ulph, 2010)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Tax regulation serves two very important tasks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Tax regulation serves two very important tasks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The first is aimed at regulating the economy, because through the tools of tax regulations have an impact on the socio-economic development of the country.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The first is aimed at regulating the economy, because through the tools of tax regulations have an impact on the socio-economic development of the country.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The second is on the ordering of the existing tax system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The second is on the ordering of the existing tax system (Troyanskaya & Tyurina, 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Troyanskaya & Tyurina, 2013)" ] }, { "text": "Improved tax regulation will enable to stabilize the socio-economic and political processes taking place in the world.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Improved tax regulation will enable to stabilize the socio-economic and political processes taking place in the world.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This requires a detailed study of all existing tools of tax regulations, both in Russian and in the world.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This requires a detailed study of all existing tools of tax regulations, both in Russian and in the world.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to achieve accelerated economic growth is necessary to find and implement the most efficient fiscal instruments that allow for a more rapid development of industries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to achieve accelerated economic growth is necessary to find and implement the most efficient fiscal instruments that allow for a more rapid development of industries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In the offshore industry a structure is placed in an oil or gas field for several years, often for over twenty years.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the offshore industry a structure is placed in an oil or gas field for several years, often for over twenty years.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These structures must survive all weather types, including heavy storms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These structures must survive all weather types, including heavy storms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In high or steep waves offshore structures face the problem of wave impact on their bow or bottom.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In high or steep waves offshore structures face the problem of wave impact on their bow or bottom.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One reported case is the Schiehallion FPSO where a rather steep wave had damaged the bow, which finally resulted in an evacuation of all personnel.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One reported case is the Schiehallion FPSO where a rather steep wave had damaged the bow, which finally resulted in an evacuation of all personnel [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, the water can exceed the deck level of a structure in high waves, resulting in the flow of a large amount of water on the deck.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the water can exceed the deck level of a structure in high waves, resulting in the flow of a large amount of water on the deck.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is called green water and often causes damage to deck houses or other equipment on the deck.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is called green water and often causes damage to deck houses or other equipment on the deck [8, 31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 31]" ] }, { "text": "A comprehensive research of green water on the deck of shiptype offshore structures has been conducted by Buchner.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A comprehensive research of green water on the deck of shiptype offshore structures has been conducted by Buchner [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "There is a great need of simulation tools that can predict the impact loads of green water or steep waves and give more insight in the local impact phenomena.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is a great need of simulation tools that can predict the impact loads of green water or steep waves and give more insight in the local impact phenomena.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]