Datasets:

copenlu

/

citeworth

like 2

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The discourse surrounding the ecotourism model suggests this activity represents the best option for the economic improvement in PAs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The discourse surrounding the ecotourism model suggests this activity represents the best option for the economic improvement in PAs [52] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF51" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[52]" ] }, { "text": "However, examples around the globe have shown that ecotourism is not always successful in achieving equitable socioeconomic benefits, conservation, or both.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, examples around the globe have shown that ecotourism is not always successful in achieving equitable socioeconomic benefits, conservation, or both [53] [54] [55] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF52", "BIBREF53", "BIBREF54" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[53] [54] [55]" ] }, { "text": "Although the actors perceived tourism as the most important activity to promote local development, they also believe it had not been translated into a better quality of life yet.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although the actors perceived tourism as the most important activity to promote local development, they also believe it had not been translated into a better quality of life yet.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, the increased purchase power has allowed access to different material goods (such as stereos, televisions, and cars), or the establishment of small convenience stores, but it has also resulted in the reduction of local self-sufficiency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, the increased purchase power has allowed access to different material goods (such as stereos, televisions, and cars), or the establishment of small convenience stores, but it has also resulted in the reduction of local self-sufficiency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As expressed by some actors, this situation has forced some locals to buy the products they previously produced, such as maize for subsistence, or sabal palm for construction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As expressed by some actors, this situation has forced some locals to buy the products they previously produced, such as maize for subsistence, or sabal palm for construction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In recent years, policymakers involved in conservation actions have firmly maintained that market-oriented activities mitigate local monetary needs, substitute traditional productive activities, and consequently reduce human pressures on natural ecosystems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, policymakers involved in conservation actions have firmly maintained that market-oriented activities mitigate local monetary needs, substitute traditional productive activities, and consequently reduce human pressures on natural ecosystems [46, 47] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF45", "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[46, 47]" ] }, { "text": "Inside PAs, this one-dimensional interpretation of needs perceives monetary revenues as the answer to access basic goods without depleting natural resources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Inside PAs, this one-dimensional interpretation of needs perceives monetary revenues as the answer to access basic goods without depleting natural resources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This was the perception of all stakeholders including local people who did not have access to ecotourism.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This was the perception of all stakeholders including local people who did not have access to ecotourism.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Stakeholders showed consensus on the idea that ecotourism would be the central activity to achieve both biodiversity conservation and local improvement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Stakeholders showed consensus on the idea that ecotourism would be the central activity to achieve both biodiversity conservation and local improvement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This result is particularly relevant given that the number of tourists visiting PAs in developing countries has risen in recent years, generating an important source of economic income.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This result is particularly relevant given that the number of tourists visiting PAs in developing countries has risen in recent years, generating an important source of economic income [48, 49] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF47", "BIBREF48" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[48, 49]" ] }, { "text": "In Mexico, the CONANP estimates that federal PAs attract around 5.5 million visitors annually, generating 3 million U.S. dollars only by entrance fees.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In Mexico, the CONANP estimates that federal PAs attract around 5.5 million visitors annually, generating 3 million U.S. dollars only by entrance fees [50] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF49" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[50]" ] }, { "text": "As a consequence, the CONANP has facilitated credits to local communities to develop ecotourism initiatives, as a way to achieve local sustainable development inside PAs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a consequence, the CONANP has facilitated credits to local communities to develop ecotourism initiatives, as a way to achieve local sustainable development inside PAs [50, 51] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF49", "BIBREF50" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[50, 51]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The challenge to achieve integral conservation projects in PAs, therefore, has been twofold: to include interest of local residents, and to incorporate the agendas of external stakeholders involved in the implementation of local conservation actions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The challenge to achieve integral conservation projects in PAs, therefore, has been twofold: to include interest of local residents, and to incorporate the agendas of external stakeholders involved in the implementation of local conservation actions [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "However, power asymmetries and lack of consensus on the main goals have usually resulted in projects representing the interests of few stakeholders, thus, challenging conservation initiatives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, power asymmetries and lack of consensus on the main goals have usually resulted in projects representing the interests of few stakeholders, thus, challenging conservation initiatives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many examples exist in Mexico where lack of communication or differences in perceptions among relevant actors have jeopardized the success of conservation strategies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many examples exist in Mexico where lack of communication or differences in perceptions among relevant actors have jeopardized the success of conservation strategies [16, 17, [23] [24] [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16, 17, [23] [24] [25]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Two complicating factors can be identified in risers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Two complicating factors can be identified in risers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Firstly, small particle sizes and large gas velocities are essential to facilitate the transport of solids, demanding small grid sizes and time steps.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Firstly, small particle sizes and large gas velocities are essential to facilitate the transport of solids, demanding small grid sizes and time steps.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, risers are computationally demanding to simulate and simplifying assumptions are often used in the literature, such as using 2D simulations and coarse grids.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, risers are computationally demanding to simulate and simplifying assumptions are often used in the literature, such as using 2D simulations and coarse grids.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recent research has placed much emphasis on developing sub-grid models to achieve better results from coarse grid simulations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recent research has placed much emphasis on developing sub-grid models to achieve better results from coarse grid simulations [7] [8] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7] [8] [9]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Other published data using similar validated questionnaires in assessing sexual function at 12 months post-LRP reported inferior results (39-64%) compared to these results of 90.2, 78 and 66.4% in the <50, 50-59, and ‡60 year old age groups, respectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other published data using similar validated questionnaires in assessing sexual function at 12 months post-LRP reported inferior results (39-64%) compared to these results of 90.2, 78 and 66.4% in the <50, 50-59, and ‡60 year old age groups, respectively [34, 35, 40] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34", "BIBREF35", "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[34, 35, 40]" ] }, { "text": "The pROB results showing no significant difference between age groups at all time-points may have been affected by our mean preoperative sexual function scores, which showed significant differences between age groups (P = 0.01).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The pROB results showing no significant difference between age groups at all time-points may have been affected by our mean preoperative sexual function scores, which showed significant differences between age groups (P = 0.01).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The higher preoperative function paralleled by higher expectations of recovery postoperatively in younger men may explain the difficult for these patients to achieve a greater percent of baseline sexual function by SF-36 v2/UCLA PCI subscale analysis compared to older men.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The higher preoperative function paralleled by higher expectations of recovery postoperatively in younger men may explain the difficult for these patients to achieve a greater percent of baseline sexual function by SF-36 v2/UCLA PCI subscale analysis compared to older men.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In all of the above examples, an inÿnite number of transitions takes place in the time interval ( ∞ − ; ∞ ) for any ¿ 0.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In all of the above examples, an inÿnite number of transitions takes place in the time interval ( ∞ − ; ∞ ) for any ¿ 0.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are, however, also Zeno hybrid automata for which there exists an interval ( ∞ − ; ∞ ) in which no transitions take place, while an inÿnite number of transitions takes place at ∞ .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are, however, also Zeno hybrid automata for which there exists an interval ( ∞ − ; ∞ ) in which no transitions take place, while an inÿnite number of transitions takes place at ∞ .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One such example is the obvious hybrid automaton that describes the evolution of the discontinuous di erential equation dx=dt = −sgn x.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One such example is the obvious hybrid automaton that describes the evolution of the discontinuous di erential equation dx=dt = −sgn x.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More generally, di erential equations of the form dx=dt = F(x), where F is piecewise continuous, tend to exhibit this kind of Zeno behavior.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More generally, di erential equations of the form dx=dt = F(x), where F is piecewise continuous, tend to exhibit this kind of Zeno behavior.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The classical way of analyzing such systems is by introducing the notion of sliding modes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The classical way of analyzing such systems is by introducing the notion of sliding modes [8, 18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 18]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Connected component labeling is a process that assigns unique labels to the connected components of a binary (black and white) image as labels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Connected component labeling is a process that assigns unique labels to the connected components of a binary (black and white) image as labels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As illustrated in Figure 1 , each connected component of black pixels is assigned an integer value as a unique label.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As illustrated in Figure 1 , each connected component of black pixels is assigned an integer value as a unique label.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More specifically, each pixel assigned a label such that pixels in the same connected component have the same label and those in different connected components have different labels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More specifically, each pixel assigned a label such that pixels in the same connected component have the same label and those in different connected components have different labels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this figure, 3 connected components of black pixels have assigned labels 1, 2, or 3.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this figure, 3 connected components of black pixels have assigned labels 1, 2, or 3.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are two common ways of defining connectedness in a binary image, i.e., 4-connectedness and 8-connectedness.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are two common ways of defining connectedness in a binary image, i.e., 4-connectedness and 8-connectedness [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In this paper, we use the 4-connectedness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we use the 4-connectedness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The demand for data visualization has significantly grown in recent years with the increasing availability of digitized data across everyday domains.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The demand for data visualization has significantly grown in recent years with the increasing availability of digitized data across everyday domains [44] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF45" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[44]" ] }, { "text": "Visualizations aim to enhance understanding of underlying data by leveraging human visual perception, evolved for fast pattern detection and recognition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Visualizations aim to enhance understanding of underlying data by leveraging human visual perception, evolved for fast pattern detection and recognition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Understanding the effectiveness of a given visualization in achieving this goal is a fundamental pursuit in data visualization research and has important implications in practice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Understanding the effectiveness of a given visualization in achieving this goal is a fundamental pursuit in data visualization research and has important implications in practice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Recently, FPU-type models have been studied in the context of energy transport and Fourier heat law in 1D chains of particles.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, FPU-type models have been studied in the context of energy transport and Fourier heat law in 1D chains of particles [5, 6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6, 7]" ] }, { "text": "Quite unexpectedly, FPU-type models, namely Hamiltonians of the type (1) with non-linear inter-particle interaction V (x) (and no on-site potential), turned out to be anomalous heat conductors, due to slow power law decay of transport (velocity-velocity or current-current) time correlation functions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Quite unexpectedly, FPU-type models, namely Hamiltonians of the type (1) with non-linear inter-particle interaction V (x) (and no on-site potential), turned out to be anomalous heat conductors, due to slow power law decay of transport (velocity-velocity or current-current) time correlation functions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These results, namely that correlations decay universally as C(t) ∼ t −3/5 , and correspondingly that Kubo transport coefficient diverges as κ(L) ∼ L 2/5 as a function of the chain length L, have later been successfully explained in terms of hydrodynamic arguments and mode-mode coupling theory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These results, namely that correlations decay universally as C(t) ∼ t −3/5 , and correspondingly that Kubo transport coefficient diverges as κ(L) ∼ L 2/5 as a function of the chain length L, have later been successfully explained in terms of hydrodynamic arguments and mode-mode coupling theory [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Finally, though we suggested several interesting properties of the above model, we must admit that most of our conclusions are based on numerical evidence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, though we suggested several interesting properties of the above model, we must admit that most of our conclusions are based on numerical evidence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, we believe that it should be a challenging and not impossible future task to try to provide more rigorous justifications (and perhaps proofs) of our results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, we believe that it should be a challenging and not impossible future task to try to provide more rigorous justifications (and perhaps proofs) of our results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Establishing rigorous asymptotic Markovian property would enable one to systematically code and enumerate all the many-body (unstable, hyperbolic) periodic orbits and to use them explicitly in a classical or semi-classical trace formulae, for example to calculate the transport coefficients directly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Establishing rigorous asymptotic Markovian property would enable one to systematically code and enumerate all the many-body (unstable, hyperbolic) periodic orbits and to use them explicitly in a classical or semi-classical trace formulae, for example to calculate the transport coefficients directly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We feel that IFPU chain may become a useful toy model of a chaotic field theory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We feel that IFPU chain may become a useful toy model of a chaotic field theory [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "These study results indicate that short-term exposure to FCVs and refueling can improve a variety of impressions among participants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These study results indicate that short-term exposure to FCVs and refueling can improve a variety of impressions among participants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is encouraging that impressions of FCVs improve with exposure as opposed to decline for the future of FCV acceptance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is encouraging that impressions of FCVs improve with exposure as opposed to decline for the future of FCV acceptance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The positive reaction to hydrogen vehicles is a result that is consistent with many previous studies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The positive reaction to hydrogen vehicles is a result that is consistent with many previous studies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Over the past decade, a strong consensus has emerged within the literature that the perceived safety of hydrogen fuel is not a concern for consumer deployment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Over the past decade, a strong consensus has emerged within the literature that the perceived safety of hydrogen fuel is not a concern for consumer deployment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, many of the past studies have been conducted in the context of hydrogen vehicles in public transportation, including taxis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, many of the past studies have been conducted in the context of hydrogen vehicles in public transportation, including taxis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This study exploring fuel cell powered passenger cars finds similar results with respect to the safety perception of hydrogen.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study exploring fuel cell powered passenger cars finds similar results with respect to the safety perception of hydrogen.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results from this study reveal similar reactions as those found in a previous longitudinal study with the same vehicle.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The results from this study reveal similar reactions as those found in a previous longitudinal study with the same vehicle [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In both studies, exposure improved perceptions of safety and found that respondents considered the performance of the vehicle (in terms of acceleration, braking and handling) to be acceptable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In both studies, exposure improved perceptions of safety and found that respondents considered the performance of the vehicle (in terms of acceleration, braking and handling) to be acceptable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The longitudinal respondents faced greater exposure to range limitations, but interestingly, both sets of respondents had similar desires for an acceptable range of the FCV.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The longitudinal respondents faced greater exposure to range limitations, but interestingly, both sets of respondents had similar desires for an acceptable range of the FCV.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, both sets of respondents did not consider refueling to be exceptionally difficult.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, both sets of respondents did not consider refueling to be exceptionally difficult.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The participants of this study experienced refueling via witnessing the process, while participants of the longitudinal study actively refueled the vehicles themselves.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The participants of this study experienced refueling via witnessing the process, while participants of the longitudinal study actively refueled the vehicles themselves [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "A sizeable minority of 30% of drive-clinic participants entered the study believing that driving with hydrogen was less safe than gasoline.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A sizeable minority of 30% of drive-clinic participants entered the study believing that driving with hydrogen was less safe than gasoline.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "After exposure to the vehicle, this proportion had dropped to 7%.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After exposure to the vehicle, this proportion had dropped to 7%.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A similar result was found with the safety perception of refueling as more than 40% of participants entering the study considered refueling with hydrogen to be less safe than gasoline.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A similar result was found with the safety perception of refueling as more than 40% of participants entering the study considered refueling with hydrogen to be less safe than gasoline.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "After exposure to refueling, only 13% considered it to be less safe.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After exposure to refueling, only 13% considered it to be less safe.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These trends not only indicate that perceptions of safety may not be a major inhibitor to hydrogen, but that consumer exposure to the hydrogen vehicle environment can help to improve hydrogen acceptance among populations that may harbor reservations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These trends not only indicate that perceptions of safety may not be a major inhibitor to hydrogen, but that consumer exposure to the hydrogen vehicle environment can help to improve hydrogen acceptance among populations that may harbor reservations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is important to note this these results exist at a time when the safety record of hydrogen has been demonstrated to be quite good.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is important to note this these results exist at a time when the safety record of hydrogen has been demonstrated to be quite good.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Hydrogen vehicle marketing experts have observed that exposure through media stories can impact public acceptance, especially general opinions of safety and quality of the hydrogen driving experience.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hydrogen vehicle marketing experts have observed that exposure through media stories can impact public acceptance, especially general opinions of safety and quality of the hydrogen driving experience [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "To better understand potential consumer response to new vehicle types, marketing researchers support test-drives to raise consumer familiarity with new vehicle types.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To better understand potential consumer response to new vehicle types, marketing researchers support test-drives to raise consumer familiarity with new vehicle types, [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "However, some vehicle features, such as range restrictions and fuel-efficient driving potential, may take more time for consumers to understand and accommodate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, some vehicle features, such as range restrictions and fuel-efficient driving potential, may take more time for consumers to understand and accommodate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Consumer interactions with hydrogen buses have been the source of most hydrogen response studies to date.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consumer interactions with hydrogen buses have been the source of most hydrogen response studies to date.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One of the earliest occurred in 1998 when the first hydrogen bus was publicly deployed in Munich.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the earliest occurred in 1998 when the first hydrogen bus was publicly deployed in Munich.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Passengers aboard this bus were surveyed using standard Likertscale responses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Passengers aboard this bus were surveyed using standard Likertscale responses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Overall, few barriers to hydrogen acceptance were uncovered.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Overall, few barriers to hydrogen acceptance were uncovered.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The survey found that direct contact with the technology was correlated with more positive assessments and that concern over negative associations with the Hindenburg dirigible accident in 1937 and the hydrogen bomb were not present.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The survey found that direct contact with the technology was correlated with more positive assessments and that concern over negative associations with the Hindenburg dirigible accident in 1937 and the hydrogen bomb were not present [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In the present study, the authors address both gaps in the literature and examine how transformational leaders foster innovation by managing resources embedded in social relations among organizational members.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present study, the authors address both gaps in the literature and examine how transformational leaders foster innovation by managing resources embedded in social relations among organizational members.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The authors focus on upper echelons (CEOs and their top management teams; hereafter, TMT) because they have the ultimate responsibility to set strategic directions, make strategic decisions, and create organizational cultures that foster or inhibit innovation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The authors focus on upper echelons (CEOs and their top management teams; hereafter, TMT) because they have the ultimate responsibility to set strategic directions, make strategic decisions, and create organizational cultures that foster or inhibit innovation (Kang et al., 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kang et al., 2015)" ] }, { "text": "Consequently, this study explores TMT relationships with external entities for bringing value and innovation possibilities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, this study explores TMT relationships with external entities for bringing value and innovation possibilities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "A social capital perspective takes us beyond organizational confines to capture internal group \"bonding\" (collaboration, cooperation, and trust) and external \"bridging\" linkages.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A social capital perspective takes us beyond organizational confines to capture internal group \"bonding\" (collaboration, cooperation, and trust) and external \"bridging\" linkages (Adler and Kwon, 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Adler and Kwon, 2002)" ] }, { "text": "Exploring social capital as a mediator addresses another literature gap that limits TFL impacts to intra-organizational boundaries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Exploring social capital as a mediator addresses another literature gap that limits TFL impacts to intra-organizational boundaries (Flynn and Staw, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Flynn and Staw, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "Transformational leaders must scan the environment to discover and establish extensive internal and external exposures to diverse viewpoints.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Transformational leaders must scan the environment to discover and establish extensive internal and external exposures to diverse viewpoints (Heavey et al., 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Heavey et al., 2009)" ] }, { "text": "Transformational leaders become role models for spanning boundaries and proactively reaching outside actors to exchange information, foster inter-organizational collaboration, forge coalitions, and leverage resources.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Transformational leaders become role models for spanning boundaries and proactively reaching outside actors to exchange information, foster inter-organizational collaboration, forge coalitions, and leverage resources (Den Hartog and Belschak, 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Den Hartog and Belschak, 2012)" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, TFL may strongly encourage followers to form external social capital that creates and sustains competitive advantages.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, TFL may strongly encourage followers to form external social capital that creates and sustains competitive advantages (Carter et al., 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Carter et al., 2015)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Extensive research is carried out on the radio-frequency (RF) plasma treatment of natural silk fibers by modifying their wetting, dyeing, and printing properties; tensile properties; shrink resistance; flame retardance; antibacterial properties; biocompatibility; hydrophilicity; and hydrophobicity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Extensive research is carried out on the radio-frequency (RF) plasma treatment of natural silk fibers by modifying their wetting, dyeing, and printing properties; tensile properties; shrink resistance; flame retardance; antibacterial properties; biocompatibility; hydrophilicity; and hydrophobicity [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "RF plasma treatment is a dry and clean process and does not suffer from any environmental and health concerns.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "RF plasma treatment is a dry and clean process and does not suffer from any environmental and health concerns.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has a major advantage over the conventional wet chemical process in terms of reduction of waste and pollution problems and conservation of chemicals, water, energy, and time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It has a major advantage over the conventional wet chemical process in terms of reduction of waste and pollution problems and conservation of chemicals, water, energy, and time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "RF plasma treatment on silk fibers with non-polymerizable precursors, such as inert gases, only influences their outermost surfaces by increasing or decreasing the surface roughness up to few-nanometer skin depths.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "RF plasma treatment on silk fibers with non-polymerizable precursors, such as inert gases, only influences their outermost surfaces by increasing or decreasing the surface roughness up to few-nanometer skin depths.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Removing contaminants like pollutants, oxide layer, etc. from the surface and also etching the weakly bonded components from the fibers can easily be achieved by plasma treatment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Removing contaminants like pollutants, oxide layer, etc. from the surface and also etching the weakly bonded components from the fibers can easily be achieved by plasma treatment [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In order to meet the challenge of maintaining a clean environment and supporting the sustainable development of modern industries, many governments, local authorities, and regulators have decided to support non-fossil fuels such as wind, hydro, and solar as well as biomass, biofuels, and biogas and to some extent replace conventional energy production based on fossil fuels by the energy generated from these low carbon sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to meet the challenge of maintaining a clean environment and supporting the sustainable development of modern industries, many governments, local authorities, and regulators have decided to support non-fossil fuels such as wind, hydro, and solar as well as biomass, biofuels, and biogas and to some extent replace conventional energy production based on fossil fuels by the energy generated from these low carbon sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "According to the so-called Winter Package proposed by the European Commission in the late 2016, the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in electricity generation should increase significantly even up to 50% in the European Union by 2030.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "According to the so-called Winter Package proposed by the European Commission in the late 2016, the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in electricity generation should increase significantly even up to 50% in the European Union by 2030 [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The package also encourages national governments to support decentralized production and self consumption of electricity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The package also encourages national governments to support decentralized production and self consumption of electricity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, a new role of prosumers for electricity consumers has been created.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, a new role of prosumers for electricity consumers has been created.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Winter Package states: Consumers are active and central players on the energy markets of the future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Winter Package states: Consumers are active and central players on the energy markets of the future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consumers across the EU will, in the future, have a better choice of supply, access to reliable energy price comparison tools, and the possibility of producing and selling their own electricity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Consumers across the EU will, in the future, have a better choice of supply, access to reliable energy price comparison tools, and the possibility of producing and selling their own electricity [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Based on this, perspectives on the further development of RES in the EU seem to be quite optimistic.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on this, perspectives on the further development of RES in the EU seem to be quite optimistic.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Radiation oxidation in the Al / ad.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Radiation oxidation in the Al / ad.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "H2O heterosystem was carried out at room temperature (T = 300K).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "H2O heterosystem was carried out at room temperature (T = 300K).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The samples were irradiated on an isotope 60 Co source with a dose rate dФ γ / dt = 1.03 Gy/ s. The absorbed dose determined by the ferrosulfate dosimeter was varied within the Ф γ = 0.5-120 kGy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The samples were irradiated on an isotope 60 Co source with a dose rate dФ γ / dt = 1.03 Gy/ s. The absorbed dose determined by the ferrosulfate dosimeter was varied within the Ф γ = 0.5-120 kGy [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Soft pneumatic actuators (SPAs) with internal fluidic channels (commonly referred to as PneuNets) are made of highly stretchable elastomer materials, which deform upon the pressurisation of the internal channels to create a predefined motion.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Soft pneumatic actuators (SPAs) with internal fluidic channels (commonly referred to as PneuNets) are made of highly stretchable elastomer materials, which deform upon the pressurisation of the internal channels to create a predefined motion [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The response of this type of actuators is governed by its morphology, which is defined by the geometry of the internal fluidic channels and the properties of the materials used in fabrication.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The response of this type of actuators is governed by its morphology, which is defined by the geometry of the internal fluidic channels and the properties of the materials used in fabrication.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Inserting a flexible but inextensible strain limiting layer, in the form of a paper or fabric, at the base of the SPA prevents it from elongating and forces it to generate a bending motion that is analogous to that of a human finger.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Inserting a flexible but inextensible strain limiting layer, in the form of a paper or fabric, at the base of the SPA prevents it from elongating and forces it to generate a bending motion that is analogous to that of a human finger.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, this class of bending actuators is being adopted as compliant soft gripper fingers, which are able to passively conform to objects of complex geometries and adapt to dimensional variations and location uncertainty.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, this class of bending actuators is being adopted as compliant soft gripper fingers, which are able to passively conform to objects of complex geometries and adapt to dimensional variations and location uncertainty [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, the soft nature of the elastomer materials used to create these soft gripper fingers, allows grasping of delicate objects safely without damaging their surface.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the soft nature of the elastomer materials used to create these soft gripper fingers, allows grasping of delicate objects safely without damaging their surface [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The XRD of EFB, 0.5 wt%, 1 wt% Cu-EFB and copper nanoparticles were illustrated in Figure 2 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The XRD of EFB, 0.5 wt%, 1 wt% Cu-EFB and copper nanoparticles were illustrated in Figure 2 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The important peak position for amorphous and crystalline parts of cellulose were analysed and the data were presented in Table 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The important peak position for amorphous and crystalline parts of cellulose were analysed and the data were presented in Table 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The noticeable strong crystalline peak for EFB powder was observed around 2θ = 22.2˚, which represented the crystallographic (002) plane of cellulose materials of EFB.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The noticeable strong crystalline peak for EFB powder was observed around 2θ = 22.2˚, which represented the crystallographic (002) plane of cellulose materials of EFB [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The position of (002) peak might be shifted to higher angle (2θ) after treatment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The position of (002) peak might be shifted to higher angle (2θ) after treatment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This shifting suggests that copper nanoparticles were present on the internal pore walls of EFB fibers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This shifting suggests that copper nanoparticles were present on the internal pore walls of EFB fibers [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "Besides that, new peak appears at 2θ = 42.3˚ for Cu-EFB powders which attributed to (111) Cu plane from the cubic copper crystal.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides that, new peak appears at 2θ = 42.3˚ for Cu-EFB powders which attributed to (111) Cu plane from the cubic copper crystal [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "This confirmed that, copper nanoparticles were impregnated on EFB powder.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This confirmed that, copper nanoparticles were impregnated on EFB powder.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, at copper nanoparticles XRD spectrum, one single peak at 42.3˚ was detected which definite the appearance of Cu phase in the sample.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, at copper nanoparticles XRD spectrum, one single peak at 42.3˚ was detected which definite the appearance of Cu phase in the sample [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "From XRD profile it definite that after impregnation, no CuO peak was detected.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From XRD profile it definite that after impregnation, no CuO peak was detected.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This finding indicates that, the copper nanoparticles in the composite were stable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This finding indicates that, the copper nanoparticles in the composite were stable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The estimated percentage of crystallinities of EFB, 0.5 wt% and 1 wt% Cu-EFB powder were presented in Table 1 , which exhibits an increment in crystallinity after impregnation of copper nanoparticles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The estimated percentage of crystallinities of EFB, 0.5 wt% and 1 wt% Cu-EFB powder were presented in Table 1 , which exhibits an increment in crystallinity after impregnation of copper nanoparticles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 3(b) , it can be seen that small spherical nanoparticles with size ~100 nm were formed throughout the surface of EFB.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 3(b) , it can be seen that small spherical nanoparticles with size ~100 nm were formed throughout the surface of EFB.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The existences of nanoparticles on EFB were confirmed via 3D topographs (Figure 3(c) and Figure 3(d) ) where the thickness of the surface was increased.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The existences of nanoparticles on EFB were confirmed via 3D topographs (Figure 3(c) and Figure 3(d) ) where the thickness of the surface was increased.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Most of the works have been done on FOFC-based applied metrology, but there are few reports on the temporal coherence function (TCF) of an FOFC, which is important for interference phenomenon.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most of the works have been done on FOFC-based applied metrology, but there are few reports on the temporal coherence function (TCF) of an FOFC, which is important for interference phenomenon.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We had analyzed the temporal coherence function of the FOFC.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We had analyzed the temporal coherence function of the FOFC [11] [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11] [12]" ] }, { "text": "As a result, it has been understood that the coherence peak exists during the time which is equal to the repetitions interval in the traveling direction of the FOFC.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, it has been understood that the coherence peak exists during the time which is equal to the repetitions interval in the traveling direction of the FOFC.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Based on this new understanding, new applications can be proposed fairly readily.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on this new understanding, new applications can be proposed fairly readily [13] [14] [15] [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13] [14] [15] [16]" ] }, { "text": "For example, measurement of the average temperature change over a distance of 3 m was demonstrated.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, measurement of the average temperature change over a distance of 3 m was demonstrated [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, we proposed FOFC-based tandem interference, the possibility of the length measurement and the length delivery by the proposed system were also reported.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, we proposed FOFC-based tandem interference, the possibility of the length measurement and the length delivery by the proposed system were also reported [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) (KBG) is a forage crop native to Asia and Europe, and is one of the most widely used cool-season turfgrass in both temperate and cooler regions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) (KBG) is a forage crop native to Asia and Europe, and is one of the most widely used cool-season turfgrass in both temperate and cooler regions (Gan et al., 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Gan et al., 2016)" ] }, { "text": "KBG is able to reproduce both sexually (seeds) and asexually (apomixes), and it has been demonstrated that a complex series of polyploidy and aneuploidy exists among the different strains.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "KBG is able to reproduce both sexually (seeds) and asexually (apomixes), and it has been demonstrated that a complex series of polyploidy and aneuploidy exists among the different strains (Muntzing, 1940; Löve, 1952; Huff, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Muntzing, 1940; Löve, 1952; Huff, 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Both the variable ploidy and the versatile reproduction mode are likely results of its advanced adaptiveness.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Both the variable ploidy and the versatile reproduction mode are likely results of its advanced adaptiveness (Raggi et al., 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF63" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Raggi et al., 2015)" ] }, { "text": "Over a long-term natural selection period in a wide area that is subject to great climatic variation, wild KBG genotypes have been shown to have an increased inherent diversity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Over a long-term natural selection period in a wide area that is subject to great climatic variation, wild KBG genotypes have been shown to have an increased inherent diversity (Burt and Christians, 1990) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Burt and Christians, 1990)" ] }, { "text": "With ecotype selection and intraspecific hybridization breeding, an increasing number of KBG cultivars have begun to appear on the commercial turf market.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With ecotype selection and intraspecific hybridization breeding, an increasing number of KBG cultivars have begun to appear on the commercial turf market (Curley and Jung, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Curley and Jung, 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "In our previous study, we demonstrated that a dendrogram of the same materials (except for Z73) carried out with 20 RAPD primers was generally similar to the results obtained in this study.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In our previous study, we demonstrated that a dendrogram of the same materials (except for Z73) carried out with 20 RAPD primers was generally similar to the results obtained in this study (Tu et al., 2017) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF50" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Tu et al., 2017)" ] }, { "text": "Clusters I and III in the RAPD dendrogram were found to approximately correspond to that in the SSR and SSR+SRAP dendrograms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Clusters I and III in the RAPD dendrogram were found to approximately correspond to that in the SSR and SSR+SRAP dendrograms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this study, Cluster II materials were found to be equal to the sum of the materials in Clusters II and IV in the RAPD cluster analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, Cluster II materials were found to be equal to the sum of the materials in Clusters II and IV in the RAPD cluster analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "A module which is containing critical thinking components, those are interpretation, analysis, conclusions, evaluation, explanation and self-regulation are called as critical thinking skillsbased module.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A module which is containing critical thinking components, those are interpretation, analysis, conclusions, evaluation, explanation and self-regulation are called as critical thinking skillsbased module (Fascione, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fascione, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Critical thinking skills-based module can be developed through several ways including: through open-ended questions, conceptual questions and Socratic questions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Critical thinking skills-based module can be developed through several ways including: through open-ended questions, conceptual questions and Socratic questions (Redhana & Liliasari, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Redhana & Liliasari, 2008)" ] }, { "text": "Open ended question is the ability to observe the activities of student's thinking in using their knowledge and then applied in daily life.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Open ended question is the ability to observe the activities of student's thinking in using their knowledge and then applied in daily life (Soeyono, 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Soeyono, 2013)" ] }, { "text": "Conceptual question is used to help students begin the process of solving problems and guide students to master the learned concepts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Conceptual question is used to help students begin the process of solving problems and guide students to master the learned concepts (Redhana & Liliasari, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Redhana & Liliasari, 2008)" ] }, { "text": "Socratic questions are critical questions that will help the students to develop ideas on the material which is being studied; therefore, the understanding of the subject becomes more profound.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Socratic questions are critical questions that will help the students to develop ideas on the material which is being studied; therefore, the understanding of the subject becomes more profound (Redhana, 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Redhana, 2012)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Critical thinking is a capability to consider any information from any sources and then processing in a creative and logic way, also analysing until it was concluded if that is correct and can be maintained.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Critical thinking is a capability to consider any information from any sources and then processing in a creative and logic way, also analysing until it was concluded if that is correct and can be maintained (Moon, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Moon, 2008)" ] }, { "text": "Critical thinking is thinking seriously, active, accurate in analysing all of the information which has been received with a rational reason; therefore, every action that taken is correct.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Critical thinking is thinking seriously, active, accurate in analysing all of the information which has been received with a rational reason; therefore, every action that taken is correct (Liberna, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Liberna, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Critical thinking is used to make an assessment of the information, explain the reasons and solve the problem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Critical thinking is used to make an assessment of the information, explain the reasons and solve the problem (Thomas, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Thomas, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Critical thinking has an important role in making the right decisions to resolve problems during the study or in daily life.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Critical thinking has an important role in making the right decisions to resolve problems during the study or in daily life (Snyder & Snyder, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Snyder & Snyder, 2008)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Critical thinking can be trained in formal schools through the interaction between teachers and students which is visualised in the learning process.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Critical thinking can be trained in formal schools through the interaction between teachers and students which is visualised in the learning process (Nafi'ah & Prasetyo, 2015; Thompson, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Nafi'ah & Prasetyo, 2015; Thompson, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Learning process which is designed to train students to think critically,; therefore that students have a purpose to survive and compete in real life.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Learning process which is designed to train students to think critically,; therefore that students have a purpose to survive and compete in real life (Nusarastriya, Sapriya & Wahab, 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Nusarastriya, Sapriya & Wahab, 2013)" ] }, { "text": "The learning process which is integrated with critical thinking trained through all subjects in high school, and also biology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The learning process which is integrated with critical thinking trained through all subjects in high school, and also biology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Characteristic of biology is requires a distinctiveness in thinking, and this makes it possible to train critical thinking skills to enhance the concepts of biology.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Characteristic of biology is requires a distinctiveness in thinking, and this makes it possible to train critical thinking skills to enhance the concepts of biology (Nuryani, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Nuryani, 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The development in 21 century needs human resources which have quality and adaptation capability to face the changes of the times.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The development in 21 century needs human resources which have quality and adaptation capability to face the changes of the times (Widhy, 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Widhy, 2013)" ] }, { "text": "As an impact, everyone needs skills.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As an impact, everyone needs skills.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Skills that needed are life skills and career, skills in technology, media and information, also innovation and critical thinking skills.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Skills that needed are life skills and career, skills in technology, media and information, also innovation and critical thinking skills (Ledward & Hirata, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ledward & Hirata, 2011)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Critical thinking in learning biology is developed one through literature because literature is a kind of text types that capable to empowering critical ideas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Critical thinking in learning biology is developed one through literature because literature is a kind of text types that capable to empowering critical ideas (Khatib & Alizadeh, 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Khatib & Alizadeh, 2012)" ] }, { "text": "The literature which accommodates critical thinking does not promote about rote learning content, but to focus on the learning process.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The literature which accommodates critical thinking does not promote about rote learning content, but to focus on the learning process (Lunenburg, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lunenburg, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Literature that accommodates critical thinking skills can be either as a book or modules.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Literature that accommodates critical thinking skills can be either as a book or modules.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Electricity generation in Saudi Arabia causes major environmental consequences that include an impact on air, climate, water and land.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Electricity generation in Saudi Arabia causes major environmental consequences that include an impact on air, climate, water and land (Al-Natheer, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Al-Natheer, 2006)" ] }, { "text": "As per 2012 data, Saudi Arabia has been the world's ninth largest CO 2 emitter with 2.8% of global emissions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As per 2012 data, Saudi Arabia has been the world's ninth largest CO 2 emitter with 2.8% of global emissions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Due to heavy reliance on fossil fuels, the electricity and heat production contributes 56.34% of internal CO 2 emissions in Saudi Arabia.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to heavy reliance on fossil fuels, the electricity and heat production contributes 56.34% of internal CO 2 emissions in Saudi Arabia.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite recent efforts of the government to diversify its economy, as of December 2015, the petroleum sector accounts for roughly 80% of budget revenues, 45% of GDP and 90% of export earnings.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite recent efforts of the government to diversify its economy, as of December 2015, the petroleum sector accounts for roughly 80% of budget revenues, 45% of GDP and 90% of export earnings (Forbes, 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF50" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Forbes, 2016)" ] }, { "text": "The current energy supply is exclusively sustained by fossil fuel with no input from any source of renewable energy (RE) despite having longest sunshine hours and highest solar radiation intensity in the world.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The current energy supply is exclusively sustained by fossil fuel with no input from any source of renewable energy (RE) despite having longest sunshine hours and highest solar radiation intensity in the world (Rehman, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF93" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rehman, 2010)" ] }, { "text": "Jeddah, Riyadh, and Dammam, the three big cities of Saudi Arabia are having an average of 5.78 kWh/m 2 /day insolation which is much higher than the global scale of 1.36 kWh/m 2 /day.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Jeddah, Riyadh, and Dammam, the three big cities of Saudi Arabia are having an average of 5.78 kWh/m 2 /day insolation which is much higher than the global scale of 1.36 kWh/m 2 /day (Frohlich, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF52" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Frohlich, 2006)" ] }, { "text": "The availability of raw material also makes Saudi Arabia, an attractive destination for solar energy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The availability of raw material also makes Saudi Arabia, an attractive destination for solar energy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There is availability of silicon oxide for the PVs in the white rock/sand with the highest ratio of 99.5% compared to red sand and limestone having 86.7% and 13.5%, respectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There is availability of silicon oxide for the PVs in the white rock/sand with the highest ratio of 99.5% compared to red sand and limestone having 86.7% and 13.5%, respectively (Elani and Bagazi, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF41" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Elani and Bagazi, 1998)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Accumulation of autogenic carbonate sediments suggests a net precipitation of CaCO 3 from the water column in both bays.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Accumulation of autogenic carbonate sediments suggests a net precipitation of CaCO 3 from the water column in both bays.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Mineral precipitation would drastically alter seawater pH, pCO 2 , and carbonate saturation in carbonate accumulating systems like Florida Bay and Shark Bay but for the production of organic matter by primary producers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Mineral precipitation would drastically alter seawater pH, pCO 2 , and carbonate saturation in carbonate accumulating systems like Florida Bay and Shark Bay but for the production of organic matter by primary producers (Smith and Veeh 1989) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF44" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Smith and Veeh 1989)" ] }, { "text": "The oxidation of organic matter, conversely, dissolves CaCO 3 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The oxidation of organic matter, conversely, dissolves CaCO 3 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, net autotrophic systems, where primary production exceeds respiration, should produce more organic matter and CaCO 3 than they consume; and, net heterotrophic ecosystems should consume organic matter and CaCO 3 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, net autotrophic systems, where primary production exceeds respiration, should produce more organic matter and CaCO 3 than they consume; and, net heterotrophic ecosystems should consume organic matter and CaCO 3 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Given the propensity of inorganic P to be immobilised by sorption onto CaCO 3 , net autotrophic ecosystems should then be storing P as P sorbed to carbonates, whereas net heterotrophic systems should liberate inorganic P sorbed to carbonates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given the propensity of inorganic P to be immobilised by sorption onto CaCO 3 , net autotrophic ecosystems should then be storing P as P sorbed to carbonates, whereas net heterotrophic systems should liberate inorganic P sorbed to carbonates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, changes in the balance of autotrophic and heterotrophic processes have the potential to not only change the storage of organic matter in ecosystems, but also the storage and mobility of P. Hence, the large quantity of P stored in the sediments of P-limited Florida and Shark Bays could be remobilised out of the soils if rates of primary production in the benthos were reduced below respiration rates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, changes in the balance of autotrophic and heterotrophic processes have the potential to not only change the storage of organic matter in ecosystems, but also the storage and mobility of P. Hence, the large quantity of P stored in the sediments of P-limited Florida and Shark Bays could be remobilised out of the soils if rates of primary production in the benthos were reduced below respiration rates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "P mobilisation has the potential to either fuel additional primary production of phytoplankton and macroalgae in these bays or to become sources of nutrients for adjacent ecosystems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "P mobilisation has the potential to either fuel additional primary production of phytoplankton and macroalgae in these bays or to become sources of nutrients for adjacent ecosystems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Given the importance of low-nutrient, clear water in the coral reef ecosystems adjacent to both bays, maintenance of the net autotrophic state of the seagrass beds of Florida Bay Table 3 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given the importance of low-nutrient, clear water in the coral reef ecosystems adjacent to both bays, maintenance of the net autotrophic state of the seagrass beds of Florida Bay Table 3 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Note the different scales of the Y axes between top and bottom panels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Note the different scales of the Y axes between top and bottom panels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The presence of phytoplasmas was tested by molecular method nested-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) from the sample, which contained mix of tissues of leaf, petiole with veins of 1st line and phloem from summer shoots.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The presence of phytoplasmas was tested by molecular method nested-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) from the sample, which contained mix of tissues of leaf, petiole with veins of 1st line and phloem from summer shoots.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Isolation of DNA was made by modifi ed protocol.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Isolation of DNA was made by modifi ed protocol (Ahrens & Seemüller, 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ahrens & Seemüller, 1992)" ] }, { "text": "In the fi rst PCR reaction were used primers P 1 /P 7, in the second PCR reaction were used primers R 16 F2n/R 16 R2.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the fi rst PCR reaction were used primers P 1 /P 7, in the second PCR reaction were used primers R 16 F2n/R 16 R2 (Gundersen & Lee, 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Gundersen & Lee, 1996)" ] }, { "text": "The samples were later separated by electrophoresis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The samples were later separated by electrophoresis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The initial assumption at the beginning of this literature review was that there would be an abundance of research performed in multiaxial vibration since most mechanical and electronics products are universally subject to multidegrees of freedom (MDoF) dynamic loading.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The initial assumption at the beginning of this literature review was that there would be an abundance of research performed in multiaxial vibration since most mechanical and electronics products are universally subject to multidegrees of freedom (MDoF) dynamic loading.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, only limited life-cycle modeling studies focusing on multiaxial vibration have been published in the literature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, only limited life-cycle modeling studies focusing on multiaxial vibration have been published in the literature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Analytical and experimental investigations of structures exposed to multiaxial harmonics and random loading are also scarce.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Analytical and experimental investigations of structures exposed to multiaxial harmonics and random loading are also scarce.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most studies found in the literature are focused on uniaxial loading.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most studies found in the literature are focused on uniaxial loading.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, military and commercial standards were developed to mitigate the testing limitations by proposing sequential uniaxial excitation as a compromise and proxy for simultaneous multiaxial excitation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, military and commercial standards were developed to mitigate the testing limitations by proposing sequential uniaxial excitation as a compromise and proxy for simultaneous multiaxial excitation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In qualifying products subject to vibration, it is common to test sequential uniaxial vibration profiles found in standards such as MIL-STD-810G.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In qualifying products subject to vibration, it is common to test sequential uniaxial vibration profiles found in standards such as MIL-STD-810G.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Unfortunately, current standards do not provide vibration profiles for simultaneous multiaxial vibration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unfortunately, current standards do not provide vibration profiles for simultaneous multiaxial vibration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Single axis electrodynamic and hydraulic shakers have been the prevailing tools for performing harmonic and random vibration testing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Single axis electrodynamic and hydraulic shakers have been the prevailing tools for performing harmonic and random vibration testing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Unfortunately, uniaxial sequential testing may provide overly optimistic fatigue durability results.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Unfortunately, uniaxial sequential testing may provide overly optimistic fatigue durability results [10, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10, 13]" ] }, { "text": "While several different schemes are widely used to test devices sequentially in the various axes, it is understood that they are rough approximations to the ideal of simultaneous multiaxial testing and must be in the linear regime.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While several different schemes are widely used to test devices sequentially in the various axes, it is understood that they are rough approximations to the ideal of simultaneous multiaxial testing and must be in the linear regime.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Uniaxial excitations are applied to test products even though most field operational data indicate that these products are exposed to multiaxial dynamic loading environments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Uniaxial excitations are applied to test products even though most field operational data indicate that these products are exposed to multiaxial dynamic loading environments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Examples include a spacecraft launch, a military ground vehicle over rough terrains, a helicopter blade during instability, and an aircraft wing exposed to turbulent flow.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Examples include a spacecraft launch, a military ground vehicle over rough terrains, a helicopter blade during instability, and an aircraft wing exposed to turbulent flow.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, serious compromises must be made in the experimental design to perform meaningful tests on a single-axis electrodynamic shaker.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, serious compromises must be made in the experimental design to perform meaningful tests on a single-axis electrodynamic shaker.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, to simulate multiaxial vibrations, the MIL-STD-810G recommends performing the vibration tests by sequentially applying single axis excitation to a test article along three orthogonal axes (X, Y, and Z).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, to simulate multiaxial vibrations, the MIL-STD-810G recommends performing the vibration tests by sequentially applying single axis excitation to a test article along three orthogonal axes (X, Y, and Z).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This can be accomplished by exciting the structure in one direction then repeating the procedure twice after rotating the structure 90 ∘ each time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This can be accomplished by exciting the structure in one direction then repeating the procedure twice after rotating the structure 90 ∘ each time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Depending on the complexity of the structure, this procedure may require designing a different fixture for each rotation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Depending on the complexity of the structure, this procedure may require designing a different fixture for each rotation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Understanding the failure mechanisms due to complex vibration loading is becoming increasingly important for current systems that are progressively complex and electronically rich.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Understanding the failure mechanisms due to complex vibration loading is becoming increasingly important for current systems that are progressively complex and electronically rich [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "These failure mechanisms can be exploited through accelerated multiaxial vibration testing, which may provide reliability improvements at significantly lower cost.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These failure mechanisms can be exploited through accelerated multiaxial vibration testing, which may provide reliability improvements at significantly lower cost [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "Unfortunately, difficulties encountered in this approach have limited its application and acceptance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unfortunately, difficulties encountered in this approach have limited its application and acceptance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some of these difficulties can be traced, in part, to a lack of understanding of the propagation of multiaxial dynamic loads from the system level to individual components.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some of these difficulties can be traced, in part, to a lack of understanding of the propagation of multiaxial dynamic loads from the system level to individual components.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To appreciate a particular failure mechanism by means of testing, it is important to resolve the dynamic loads by simulating the actual vibration conditions, which can be accomplished with a multiaxial shaker.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To appreciate a particular failure mechanism by means of testing, it is important to resolve the dynamic loads by simulating the actual vibration conditions, which can be accomplished with a multiaxial shaker.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "It is believed that intermittent hypoxic training IHT would potentiate greater performance improvements compared to similar training at sea level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is believed that intermittent hypoxic training IHT would potentiate greater performance improvements compared to similar training at sea level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The effectiveness of hypoxic training to improve performance, however, varied among different sports.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The effectiveness of hypoxic training to improve performance, however, varied among different sports [3, 43] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 43]" ] }, { "text": "Increased hypoxic stress at altitude facilitates key physiological adaptations within the athlete and could increase the training stimulus.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Increased hypoxic stress at altitude facilitates key physiological adaptations within the athlete and could increase the training stimulus.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, it is widely accepted that prolonged exposure to extreme altitude is detrimental for muscle structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it is widely accepted that prolonged exposure to extreme altitude is detrimental for muscle structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, hypoxia impairs O 2 delivery, which decreases one's maximal oxygen uptake VO 2max relative to normoxia.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, hypoxia impairs O 2 delivery, which decreases one's maximal oxygen uptake VO 2max relative to normoxia.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Highly trained subjects seem to suffer more under hypoxic conditions than untrained people.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Highly trained subjects seem to suffer more under hypoxic conditions than untrained people.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Generally, an individual response to the altitude should be expected, and our results confirm this statement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally, an individual response to the altitude should be expected, and our results confirm this statement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The opposite effect of hypoxia on differences between DSC curves after 1 h of rest and before the exercise can be observed for women.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The opposite effect of hypoxia on differences between DSC curves after 1 h of rest and before the exercise can be observed for women.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Differential curves shown in Fig. 7 indicate that these differences increase with increasing altitude in the female group.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Differential curves shown in Fig. 7 indicate that these differences increase with increasing altitude in the female group.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The clear minimum in the temperature range 50-60°C, accompanied by the maximum in the temperature range 70-80°C is well visible for women who trained in HYP5 conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The clear minimum in the temperature range 50-60°C, accompanied by the maximum in the temperature range 70-80°C is well visible for women who trained in HYP5 conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As no significant changes have been found in mean values of albumin as well as globulins levels between ''be'' and ''r1h'' periods for women in our study, the shape of the described HYP5 differential curve does not result from changes of these proteins concentration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As no significant changes have been found in mean values of albumin as well as globulins levels between ''be'' and ''r1h'' periods for women in our study, the shape of the described HYP5 differential curve does not result from changes of these proteins concentration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The suggested explanation may be connected with changes in the proportion of different albumin forms: unligated and carrying different ligands.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The suggested explanation may be connected with changes in the proportion of different albumin forms: unligated and carrying different ligands.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Various forms of albumin unfold in different temperature ranges, e.g., the denaturation of fatty acid-free albumin molecules proceeds in much lower temperatures than the denaturation of non-defatted albumin.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Various forms of albumin unfold in different temperature ranges, e.g., the denaturation of fatty acid-free albumin molecules proceeds in much lower temperatures than the denaturation of non-defatted albumin [36, 37] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35", "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[36, 37]" ] }, { "text": "The decline of unligated form to increase the ligands bounded form of albumin 1 h after the completion of the exercise in HYP5 training can explain the shape of curves shown in Fig. 7 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The decline of unligated form to increase the ligands bounded form of albumin 1 h after the completion of the exercise in HYP5 training can explain the shape of curves shown in Fig. 7 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is worth noting that at HYP4 conditions differential curves for men and women are very similar.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is worth noting that at HYP4 conditions differential curves for men and women are very similar.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "From a parsing point of view, discontinuities pose a challenge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From a parsing point of view, discontinuities pose a challenge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Mildly context-sensitive formalisms, that are expressive enough to model discontinuities have high parsing complexity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mildly context-sensitive formalisms, that are expressive enough to model discontinuities have high parsing complexity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, the CKY algorithm for a binary probabilistic LCFRS is in O(n 3k ), where k is the fan-out of the grammar.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, the CKY algorithm for a binary probabilistic LCFRS is in O(n 3k ), where k is the fan-out of the grammar (Kallmeyer, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kallmeyer, 2010)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "One possible solution to reduce culture stress could be to refresh the medium and add fresh ovaries to each Petri dish at day 21 in induction culture, as suggested by earlier reports.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One possible solution to reduce culture stress could be to refresh the medium and add fresh ovaries to each Petri dish at day 21 in induction culture, as suggested by earlier reports [13] - [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ], [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]", "[15]" ] }, { "text": "However, the refreshing protocol does not address the competition for space or possibly oxygen, which leads to a third and better solution: the combination of refreshing and transfer of multicellular structures and pre-embryoids to a separate Petri dish.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the refreshing protocol does not address the competition for space or possibly oxygen, which leads to a third and better solution: the combination of refreshing and transfer of multicellular structures and pre-embryoids to a separate Petri dish.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a preliminary experiment we used a 5 ml pipette to suck up most multicellular structures and pre-embryoids and transferred them in another Petri dish.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In a preliminary experiment we used a 5 ml pipette to suck up most multicellular structures and pre-embryoids and transferred them in another Petri dish.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fresh medium was added to both the old and new plates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fresh medium was added to both the old and new plates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Almost all the immature embryoids evolved into mature embryoids and far less multicellular and pre-embryoids halted their development (data not shown due to insufficient replicates).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Almost all the immature embryoids evolved into mature embryoids and far less multicellular and pre-embryoids halted their development (data not shown due to insufficient replicates).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More importantly, the quality of the mature embryoids seemed better, as measured by improved plant regeneration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More importantly, the quality of the mature embryoids seemed better, as measured by improved plant regeneration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The modern approach to the relation between string theory and gauge theories relies on the AdS/CFT correspondence.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The modern approach to the relation between string theory and gauge theories relies on the AdS/CFT correspondence [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Within this framework the QCD flux tube is expected to be described by a string propagating in a space-time with an extra curved dimension, which can be interpreted as the dynamical string tension, or equivalently, the renormalization group scale.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Within this framework the QCD flux tube is expected to be described by a string propagating in a space-time with an extra curved dimension, which can be interpreted as the dynamical string tension, or equivalently, the renormalization group scale [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Identifying a concrete string theory which would provide a holographic description of non-supersymmetric QCD remains a long shot, and even if this dual string theory were found, it would be outside the regime in which we currently have theoretical control.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Identifying a concrete string theory which would provide a holographic description of non-supersymmetric QCD remains a long shot, and even if this dual string theory were found, it would be outside the regime in which we currently have theoretical control.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "There are two separate regions usually associated with strong winds in Shapiro-Keyser cyclones.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are two separate regions usually associated with strong winds in Shapiro-Keyser cyclones.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The first region is the low-level jet ahead of the cold front in the warm sector of the cyclone.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The first region is the low-level jet ahead of the cold front in the warm sector of the cyclone.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This low-level jet is part of the broader airstream known as the warm conveyor belt, which transports heat and moisture northward and eastward while ascending from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This low-level jet is part of the broader airstream known as the warm conveyor belt, which transports heat and moisture northward and eastward while ascending from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere (Browning 1971; Harrold 1973) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Browning 1971; Harrold 1973)" ] }, { "text": "The second region of strong winds develops to the southwest and south of the cyclone center as a bent-back front wraps around the cyclone.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The second region of strong winds develops to the southwest and south of the cyclone center as a bent-back front wraps around the cyclone.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The strong winds in this region are the focus of this contribution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The strong winds in this region are the focus of this contribution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In our analyses of neutrino-anti-neutrino asymmetry, we have always made the assumption that the net lepton number (i.e., the sum of the three flavor lepton numbers) cannot change.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our analyses of neutrino-anti-neutrino asymmetry, we have always made the assumption that the net lepton number (i.e., the sum of the three flavor lepton numbers) cannot change.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the Lagrangian in Eq. (1.1), this is certainly true.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the Lagrangian in Eq. (1.1), this is certainly true.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If we were to consider vector mediators, then lepton number would not be conserved and we would expect a symmetric system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If we were to consider vector mediators, then lepton number would not be conserved and we would expect a symmetric system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We do not anticipate any further implications for either BBN or photon decoupling if the mediator is a vector.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We do not anticipate any further implications for either BBN or photon decoupling if the mediator is a vector.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Another possibility in the class of SIν models is for a pseudoscalar mediator.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another possibility in the class of SIν models is for a pseudoscalar mediator.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this scenario, neutrinos may recouple after weak decoupling.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this scenario, neutrinos may recouple after weak decoupling [59] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF58" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[59]" ] }, { "text": "Some late portion of recombination could transpire with equilibrium neutrino spectra, but BBN would occur with out-of-equilibrium distributions identical to the standard scenario.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some late portion of recombination could transpire with equilibrium neutrino spectra, but BBN would occur with out-of-equilibrium distributions identical to the standard scenario.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Returning to the scalar-mediator scenario, we only considered the case when the mass of the mediator is much larger than BBN energy scales.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Returning to the scalar-mediator scenario, we only considered the case when the mass of the mediator is much larger than BBN energy scales.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If this were not the case, then it is possible for the mediator to be produced on shell, through reactions like ν +ν → φ+φ, during BBN.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If this were not the case, then it is possible for the mediator to be produced on shell, through reactions like ν +ν → φ+φ, during BBN.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As we take the self-interactions strong enough to ensure neutrino self-equilibrium throughout BBN, light mediators will continue to remain in equilibrium with the neutrino seas until the neutrinos decouple from themselves at late times.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As we take the self-interactions strong enough to ensure neutrino self-equilibrium throughout BBN, light mediators will continue to remain in equilibrium with the neutrino seas until the neutrinos decouple from themselves at late times.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are three ramifications of this.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are three ramifications of this.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, the ϕ-sea acts as a heat bath for neutrinos without conserving number.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, the ϕ-sea acts as a heat bath for neutrinos without conserving number.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With a heat bath and strong coupling, the neutrino seas are in thermal and chemical equilibrium with temperature T ν and vanishing η ν .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With a heat bath and strong coupling, the neutrino seas are in thermal and chemical equilibrium with temperature T ν and vanishing η ν .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The evolution of T ν and η ν in Eqs. (3.5) and (3.6) no longer apply, and we would have to construct an analog of Eq. (2.9) for the ν-ϕ system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The evolution of T ν and η ν in Eqs. (3.5) and (3.6) no longer apply, and we would have to construct an analog of Eq. (2.9) for the ν-ϕ system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Second, if a ϕ-sea persists to times after weak decoupling, then there will be extra energy density in the ν-ϕ system which will become only neutrino and therefore increase the radiation energy density and N eff .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, if a ϕ-sea persists to times after weak decoupling, then there will be extra energy density in the ν-ϕ system which will become only neutrino and therefore increase the radiation energy density and N eff .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This extra energy density is not dark radiation and will have ramifications on temperature power spectra.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This extra energy density is not dark radiation and will have ramifications on temperature power spectra [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "Lastly, the energy in the ϕ-sea will heat the neutrinos to higher temperatures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lastly, the energy in the ϕ-sea will heat the neutrinos to higher temperatures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If this occurs prior to helium formation, the higher neutrino temperature will cause a lower neutron-to-proton ratio and a smaller amount of helium.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If this occurs prior to helium formation, the higher neutrino temperature will cause a lower neutron-to-proton ratio and a smaller amount of helium.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Here the flavor off-diagonal entries produce flavor-changing couplings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here the flavor off-diagonal entries produce flavor-changing couplings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The second matrix represents the coupling scheme we adopt for our early universe weak decoupling and Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) calculations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The second matrix represents the coupling scheme we adopt for our early universe weak decoupling and Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) calculations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We employ an overall coupling strength g and equal strength in all neutrino-neutrino scattering channels, including those which change flavor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We employ an overall coupling strength g and equal strength in all neutrino-neutrino scattering channels, including those which change flavor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our generic model then has two independently specifiable quantities: g and m ϕ .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our generic model then has two independently specifiable quantities: g and m ϕ .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We will further restrict the range of neutrino self-interaction parameters we actually simulate by restricting the mass of the scalar m ϕ to be much larger than the range of temperatures T that our weak decoupling neutrino transport and nuclear reaction calculations cover.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We will further restrict the range of neutrino self-interaction parameters we actually simulate by restricting the mass of the scalar m ϕ to be much larger than the range of temperatures T that our weak decoupling neutrino transport and nuclear reaction calculations cover.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In other words, we will assume m ϕ T .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In other words, we will assume m ϕ T .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The temperature range of our calculations span the entire weak decoupling and BBN epoch.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The temperature range of our calculations span the entire weak decoupling and BBN epoch.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Generously, and therefore conservatively, we take this range to be 30 MeV > T > 1 keV. Restricting the scalar mass to be m ϕ 30 MeV means that we will not have to be concerned with on-shell production and population of these particles during weak decoupling.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Generously, and therefore conservatively, we take this range to be 30 MeV > T > 1 keV. Restricting the scalar mass to be m ϕ 30 MeV means that we will not have to be concerned with on-shell production and population of these particles during weak decoupling.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, though the scalar particles may be produced in significant abundance early on, for example at temperatures T > m ϕ , we will consider only coupling strengths g sufficiently large to keep these particles in equilibrium with the neutrino component.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, though the scalar particles may be produced in significant abundance early on, for example at temperatures T > m ϕ , we will consider only coupling strengths g sufficiently large to keep these particles in equilibrium with the neutrino component.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This guarantees that the scalar particles will have disappeared by the beginning time of our simulations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This guarantees that the scalar particles will have disappeared by the beginning time of our simulations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such relatively large couplings also preclude out-of-equilibrium scalar particle decays and concomitant entropy generation during weak decoupling and BBN.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such relatively large couplings also preclude out-of-equilibrium scalar particle decays and concomitant entropy generation during weak decoupling and BBN.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We note, however, that cosmology does not provide the only constraint on SIν models.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We note, however, that cosmology does not provide the only constraint on SIν models [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In order to understand better how the observed recruitment of B and T cells into the lungs is mediated, we looked at expression of the homeostatic chemokines, CXCL13, CCL19 and CCL21, known to influence lymphocyte migration and to be expressed by epithelial, endothelial and dendritic cells.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to understand better how the observed recruitment of B and T cells into the lungs is mediated, we looked at expression of the homeostatic chemokines, CXCL13, CCL19 and CCL21, known to influence lymphocyte migration and to be expressed by epithelial, endothelial and dendritic cells [7, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 19]" ] }, { "text": "Increased CXCL13 expression from day 1 post infection preceded increased CCL19 and CCL21.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Increased CXCL13 expression from day 1 post infection preceded increased CCL19 and CCL21.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Elevation of CXCL13, primarily a B cell chemoattractant with highest expression on days 1 and 2 coincided with the increase in B cell numbers, suggesting that this chemoattractant may be important in the local B cell response to P. aeruginosa, possibly supporting the recruitment of both B1 and B2 B cell types.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Elevation of CXCL13, primarily a B cell chemoattractant with highest expression on days 1 and 2 coincided with the increase in B cell numbers, suggesting that this chemoattractant may be important in the local B cell response to P. aeruginosa, possibly supporting the recruitment of both B1 and B2 B cell types [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In addition to the cost, by now, mooring has also taken part in the failure of several WECs due to insufficient durability of the mooring system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to the cost, by now, mooring has also taken part in the failure of several WECs due to insufficient durability of the mooring system [7, 9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 9, 10]" ] }, { "text": "Consequently, a Danish research project entitled \"Mooring Solutions for Large Wave Energy Converters\" (MSLWEC) was initiated in 2014, which aimed at reducing the cost of the system, improving the applied design procedure and increasing the durability of the systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, a Danish research project entitled \"Mooring Solutions for Large Wave Energy Converters\" (MSLWEC) was initiated in 2014, which aimed at reducing the cost of the system, improving the applied design procedure and increasing the durability of the systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 1 illustrates a diagram of the project work and presents how the previous tasks have provided the basis and experience for this paper.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 1 illustrates a diagram of the project work and presents how the previous tasks have provided the basis and experience for this paper.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The main aim of this study was to establish a valid cut-off age for discriminating EO-AD from LO-AD.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main aim of this study was to establish a valid cut-off age for discriminating EO-AD from LO-AD.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For this purpose, we applied admixture analysis to investigate a large sample of AD patients.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this purpose, we applied admixture analysis to investigate a large sample of AD patients.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is a specific statistical procedure that has been widely used to determine cut-off ages in other neuropsychiatric disorders.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is a specific statistical procedure that has been widely used to determine cut-off ages in other neuropsychiatric disorders [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6]" ] }, { "text": "We also explored the sociodemographic and clinical features of the two emerging AD subgroups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We also explored the sociodemographic and clinical features of the two emerging AD subgroups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Some issues that may limit our study results must be also described.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some issues that may limit our study results must be also described.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, our sample was homogeneous with regard to ethnicity (all participants were white, Caucasian Italians) and our data were cross-sectional.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, our sample was homogeneous with regard to ethnicity (all participants were white, Caucasian Italians) and our data were cross-sectional.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, in future studies our results should be confirmed in other populations and should consider the longitudinal course of behavioral and neuropsychological clinical phenomenology in the EO-and LO-AD groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, in future studies our results should be confirmed in other populations and should consider the longitudinal course of behavioral and neuropsychological clinical phenomenology in the EO-and LO-AD groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, we considered only the MMSE score as a cognitive index.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, we considered only the MMSE score as a cognitive index.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, some previous studies reported that EO-AD is characterized by a more rapid progression of cognitive impairment, particularly in specific domains such as naming abilities, attentional and visuo-spatial dysfunctions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, some previous studies reported that EO-AD is characterized by a more rapid progression of cognitive impairment, particularly in specific domains such as naming abilities, attentional and visuo-spatial dysfunctions [36] [37] [38] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35", "BIBREF36", "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[36] [37] [38]" ] }, { "text": "However, these works included smaller samples than ours and relatively limited test batteries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, these works included smaller samples than ours and relatively limited test batteries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, future studies should try to define a more precise neuropsychological profile of the two AD subgroups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, future studies should try to define a more precise neuropsychological profile of the two AD subgroups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Lastly, in our study we included only drug-free patients at their first diagnostic visit in order to avoid the influence of drug treatment on symptom expression and to reduce effects on different phases of the illness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lastly, in our study we included only drug-free patients at their first diagnostic visit in order to avoid the influence of drug treatment on symptom expression and to reduce effects on different phases of the illness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In any case, this issue certainly requires further investigation, also in longitudinal studies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In any case, this issue certainly requires further investigation, also in longitudinal studies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Since its discovery in the early 1960s Nitinol has attracted an increasing amount of attention.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since its discovery in the early 1960s Nitinol has attracted an increasing amount of attention.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Its near room temperature phase transformation can result in shape-memory and superelastic capabilities, which allow Nitinol to provide functionality never possible with conventional engineering alloys.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Its near room temperature phase transformation can result in shape-memory and superelastic capabilities, which allow Nitinol to provide functionality never possible with conventional engineering alloys [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Additionally, the good biocompatibility of Nitinol has allowed it to be successfully used in a variety of biomedical devices.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, the good biocompatibility of Nitinol has allowed it to be successfully used in a variety of biomedical devices [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Devices such as stents, vena cava filters, and endodontic files (shown in Figure 1 ) all place unique demands on the material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Devices such as stents, vena cava filters, and endodontic files (shown in Figure 1 ) all place unique demands on the material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The successful application of Nitinol requires precise control of both its transformational and mechanical properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The successful application of Nitinol requires precise control of both its transformational and mechanical properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example an endodontic file must have a transformation temperature below body temperature so it can super-elastically conform to the curved tooth canal during a root canal procedure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example an endodontic file must have a transformation temperature below body temperature so it can super-elastically conform to the curved tooth canal during a root canal procedure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Also the file must have sufficient strength to withstand the torsional stresses placed on it during the procedure to prevent failure within the canal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also the file must have sufficient strength to withstand the torsional stresses placed on it during the procedure to prevent failure within the canal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Ultimate tensile stress (UTS), upper plateau (UP) stress, lower plateau (LP) stress, and austenite finish temperature (A f ) are some of the relevant properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ultimate tensile stress (UTS), upper plateau (UP) stress, lower plateau (LP) stress, and austenite finish temperature (A f ) are some of the relevant properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These properties can all be adjusted, through careful processing, to optimize the performance for a given application.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These properties can all be adjusted, through careful processing, to optimize the performance for a given application.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Heat treatment and cold work are the most common processes used to tailor these properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Heat treatment and cold work are the most common processes used to tailor these properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "During aging the nucleation and growth of Ni-rich precipitates has been well documented and is commonly used to increase the A f of Ni-rich Nitinol compositions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "During aging the nucleation and growth of Ni-rich precipitates has been well documented and is commonly used to increase the A f of Ni-rich Nitinol compositions [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Other applications of LSN are railroad/subway monitoring, AC power line monitoring, river monitoring, and border monitoring.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other applications of LSN are railroad/subway monitoring, AC power line monitoring, river monitoring, and border monitoring [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "LSNs used for monitoring these structures consist of a number of sensor nodes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "LSNs used for monitoring these structures consist of a number of sensor nodes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Each sensor node is equipped with sensing elements, a battery, a wireless communication device, a low-capability processor, a small memory, and a small storage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each sensor node is equipped with sensing elements, a battery, a wireless communication device, a low-capability processor, a small memory, and a small storage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The sensors are lined through the structure to provide three main functions: sensing, information relay, and information filtering.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The sensors are lined through the structure to provide three main functions: sensing, information relay, and information filtering.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The sensing function is to observe for any interesting changes in or around the monitored structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The sensing function is to observe for any interesting changes in or around the monitored structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The information relay helps forward observed data to the main station using multihop communication.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The information relay helps forward observed data to the main station using multihop communication.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The filtering function filters out and aggregates multiple pieces of sensed data into smaller messages.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The filtering function filters out and aggregates multiple pieces of sensed data into smaller messages.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This will optimize communication, processing, and routing as well as the power needs thus extending the life of the network.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This will optimize communication, processing, and routing as well as the power needs thus extending the life of the network.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In this way, we can explicitly explain the orthogonality of many of the orthogonal polynomial solutions of (1.1).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this way, we can explicitly explain the orthogonality of many of the orthogonal polynomial solutions of (1.1).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, from our results, we are able to obtain more examples of orthogonal polynomials satisfying differential equations of the type (1.1), which do not appear in the classification by Krall and Sheffer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, from our results, we are able to obtain more examples of orthogonal polynomials satisfying differential equations of the type (1.1), which do not appear in the classification by Krall and Sheffer [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "This is due to the fact that the orthogonality, but not the positive-definiteness (see Definition 2.2), is preserved under a complex linear change of variables which Krall and Sheffer used in their classification.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is due to the fact that the orthogonality, but not the positive-definiteness (see Definition 2.2), is preserved under a complex linear change of variables which Krall and Sheffer used in their classification.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "To efficiently utilize fibres in UHPFRC, one of the promising methods is to appropriately blend several different types of fibres in one concrete matrix.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To efficiently utilize fibres in UHPFRC, one of the promising methods is to appropriately blend several different types of fibres in one concrete matrix [36, 37] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36", "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[36, 37]" ] }, { "text": "There are many studies about the influence of hybrid fibres on the fresh and hardened properties of normal concrete.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are many studies about the influence of hybrid fibres on the fresh and hardened properties of normal concrete [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38", "BIBREF39", "BIBREF40", "BIBREF41", "BIBREF42", "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43]" ] }, { "text": "Due to the fact that the short fibres can bridge the micro-cracks while the long fibres are more efficient in preventing the development of macro-cracks, the mechanical properties of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete can be better than that with only one type of fibre.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to the fact that the short fibres can bridge the micro-cracks while the long fibres are more efficient in preventing the development of macro-cracks, the mechanical properties of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete can be better than that with only one type of fibre [42] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[42]" ] }, { "text": "In recent years, the research focusing on the application of hybrid fibres in UHPFRC or influence of hybrid fibres on the properties of UHPFRC can also be found in the literature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, the research focusing on the application of hybrid fibres in UHPFRC or influence of hybrid fibres on the properties of UHPFRC can also be found in the literature [5, 35] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 35]" ] }, { "text": "However, very little information is available about the dynamic behaviour of UHPFRC incorporating hybrid fibres, which may be attributed to the variation and complexity of the influence from hybrid fibres.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, very little information is available about the dynamic behaviour of UHPFRC incorporating hybrid fibres, which may be attributed to the variation and complexity of the influence from hybrid fibres.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In the context of string theory, the D-branes are natural boundaries for the open strings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the context of string theory, the D-branes are natural boundaries for the open strings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These boundaries have very interesting effects in the theory among them is the non-commutativity of the D-brane coordinates.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These boundaries have very interesting effects in the theory among them is the non-commutativity of the D-brane coordinates [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] }, { "text": "This non commutativity appears due to the presence of a constant B-field on the boundary that implies a change of the symplectic structure on the boundary.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This non commutativity appears due to the presence of a constant B-field on the boundary that implies a change of the symplectic structure on the boundary.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This change of the symplectic structure has been computed using different methods, the most simple is the direct solution of the Field equations subject to the Dirichlet boundary conditions on the 9-p transverse directions and Neumann boundary conditions on p+1 directions parallel to the Dp-brane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This change of the symplectic structure has been computed using different methods, the most simple is the direct solution of the Field equations subject to the Dirichlet boundary conditions on the 9-p transverse directions and Neumann boundary conditions on p+1 directions parallel to the Dp-brane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, for some interesting systems is not possible to solve exactly this problem and the question appears if is there exist other method to compute the symplectic structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, for some interesting systems is not possible to solve exactly this problem and the question appears if is there exist other method to compute the symplectic structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The spaceḢ s log is articulated on the standard homogeneous Sobolev spaceḢ s with an extra logarithmic weight for the high frequency part.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The spaceḢ s log is articulated on the standard homogeneous Sobolev spaceḢ s with an extra logarithmic weight for the high frequency part.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The spaceḢ s,t is nothing but the usual Sobolev spaceḢ t for high frequencies while it behaves likė H s for low frequencies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The spaceḢ s,t is nothing but the usual Sobolev spaceḢ t for high frequencies while it behaves likė H s for low frequencies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If s > t, it is not difficult to see thatḢ s,t =Ḣ s +Ḣ t .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If s > t, it is not difficult to see thatḢ s,t =Ḣ s +Ḣ t .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thẽ L spaces were first used by Chemin and Lerner.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thẽ L spaces were first used by Chemin and Lerner [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Post-retrieval clustering (PRC), also known as search results clustering or ephemeral clustering, is the task of clustering Web search results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Post-retrieval clustering (PRC), also known as search results clustering or ephemeral clustering, is the task of clustering Web search results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For a given query, the retrieved Web snippets are automatically clustered and presented to the user with meaningful labels in order to minimize the information search process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For a given query, the retrieved Web snippets are automatically clustered and presented to the user with meaningful labels in order to minimize the information search process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This technique can be particularly useful for polysemous queries but it is hard to implement efficiently and effectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This technique can be particularly useful for polysemous queries but it is hard to implement efficiently and effectively (Carpineto et al., 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Carpineto et al., 2009)" ] }, { "text": "Indeed, as opposed to classical text clustering, PRC must deal with small collections of short text fragments (Web snippets) and be processed in run-time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, as opposed to classical text clustering, PRC must deal with small collections of short text fragments (Web snippets) and be processed in run-time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The best known types of BK-AO are associated with a severe functional deficiency of C1-inhibitor (C1-Inh), the serpin that controls the proteases of the classic complement pathway convertase and of the contact system that generates BK from high molecular weight kininogen (HK).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The best known types of BK-AO are associated with a severe functional deficiency of C1-inhibitor (C1-Inh), the serpin that controls the proteases of the classic complement pathway convertase and of the contact system that generates BK from high molecular weight kininogen (HK) [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "In such patients, C1-Inh activity is usually less than 30% of standard values.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In such patients, C1-Inh activity is usually less than 30% of standard values.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The hereditary deficiency is caused by a monoallelic mutation in the SERPING1 gene which is responsible for the impaired synthesis and/or secretion of C1-Inh (resulting in low plasma antigen levels) in type I, or for a dysfunctional reactive loop in C1-Inh (but normal secretion) in type II.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The hereditary deficiency is caused by a monoallelic mutation in the SERPING1 gene which is responsible for the impaired synthesis and/or secretion of C1-Inh (resulting in low plasma antigen levels) in type I, or for a dysfunctional reactive loop in C1-Inh (but normal secretion) in type II [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] }, { "text": "BK-AO can also be acquired, either by the production of antibodies binding to C1-Inh or C1q in the context of B lymphoproliferative disease with gammopathy and/or autoimmune disease, or by uncontrolled proteolysis able to destroy C1-Inh (directly or indirectly) in a tumoral setting.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "BK-AO can also be acquired, either by the production of antibodies binding to C1-Inh or C1q in the context of B lymphoproliferative disease with gammopathy and/or autoimmune disease, or by uncontrolled proteolysis able to destroy C1-Inh (directly or indirectly) in a tumoral setting [7] [8] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7] [8] [9]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Currently, the use of multivariate optimization strategies as analytical methodologies is widespread because these strategies reduce the number of experiments required to reach the optimal conditions and indicate the possible influences of some variables on others.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, the use of multivariate optimization strategies as analytical methodologies is widespread because these strategies reduce the number of experiments required to reach the optimal conditions and indicate the possible influences of some variables on others.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Response surface methodology (RSM) is an approach to multivariate optimization used with several analytical procedures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Response surface methodology (RSM) is an approach to multivariate optimization used with several analytical procedures [17, 18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17, 18]" ] }, { "text": "The Box-Behnken design as a model for the multivariate optimization of analytical procedures has higher efficiency than second-order designs such as the Doehlert Matrix and Central Composite Design, and its efficiency is equal to the Doehlert Matrix when three factors are studied.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Box-Behnken design as a model for the multivariate optimization of analytical procedures has higher efficiency than second-order designs such as the Doehlert Matrix and Central Composite Design, and its efficiency is equal to the Doehlert Matrix when three factors are studied [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The traditional solvent extraction methods often used for the extraction of different bioactive compounds have certain drawbacks, such as long analysis times, laborious procedures, low selectivity, low extraction yields and large required amounts of toxic solvents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The traditional solvent extraction methods often used for the extraction of different bioactive compounds have certain drawbacks, such as long analysis times, laborious procedures, low selectivity, low extraction yields and large required amounts of toxic solvents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recently, emphasis has shifted towards the use of sub-and supercritical fluids and GRAS (generally recognized as safe) solvents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, emphasis has shifted towards the use of sub-and supercritical fluids and GRAS (generally recognized as safe) solvents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Among these strategies, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) is one of the most promising processes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Among these strategies, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) is one of the most promising processes [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "ASE offers several advantages including easy automation, faster sample analysis, better repeatability, low required solvent volume, low risk of exposure to solvents and maintenance of samples in an oxygen-and light-free environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "ASE offers several advantages including easy automation, faster sample analysis, better repeatability, low required solvent volume, low risk of exposure to solvents and maintenance of samples in an oxygen-and light-free environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, accelerated extraction systems also allow the operator to control the temperature, pressure, extraction time and number of extractions, which can increase the amount of compounds extracted from the plant when optimized.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, accelerated extraction systems also allow the operator to control the temperature, pressure, extraction time and number of extractions, which can increase the amount of compounds extracted from the plant when optimized [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "During pregnancy, angiogenesis is an important and complex process involving several families of growth factors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During pregnancy, angiogenesis is an important and complex process involving several families of growth factors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Among these, two of the most documented are the family of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and the family of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Among these, two of the most documented are the family of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and the family of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] }, { "text": "On the other hand, meteorin (METRN) is a recently described neurotrophic factor that does not share homologous motifs with VEGF-A or FGF-2, thus forming a new family, named meterorin-like (METRNL), which conserves about 40% of its identity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, meteorin (METRN) is a recently described neurotrophic factor that does not share homologous motifs with VEGF-A or FGF-2, thus forming a new family, named meterorin-like (METRNL), which conserves about 40% of its identity [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "METRN is a secreted protein widely expressed in adult mouse organs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "METRN is a secreted protein widely expressed in adult mouse organs [7, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 8]" ] }, { "text": "It also promotes the formation of GFAPpositive glia via activation of the Jak-STAT3 pathway.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It also promotes the formation of GFAPpositive glia via activation of the Jak-STAT3 pathway [9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10]" ] }, { "text": "In addition to its role as a neurotrophic factor, METRN has been described as an important factor in attenuating angiogenesis at the gliovascular interface.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to its role as a neurotrophic factor, METRN has been described as an important factor in attenuating angiogenesis at the gliovascular interface [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "In the males of L. emarginata, the existence of polymorphism was associated with increased levels of methyl farnesoate in the hemolymph glands and large claws.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the males of L. emarginata, the existence of polymorphism was associated with increased levels of methyl farnesoate in the hemolymph glands and large claws (Sagi et al., 1994; Laufer and Ahl, 1995; Rotllant et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF46", "BIBREF31", "BIBREF44" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sagi et al., 1994; Laufer and Ahl, 1995; Rotllant et al., 2000)" ] }, { "text": "In this species, small-clawed males did not mate under competition circumstances, but did so when isolated with receptive females.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this species, small-clawed males did not mate under competition circumstances, but did so when isolated with receptive females (Sagi et al., 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sagi et al., 1994)" ] }, { "text": "These authors observed smallclawed males, often the same size as females, being carried by large males, and exhibiting the same passive attitude as females.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These authors observed smallclawed males, often the same size as females, being carried by large males, and exhibiting the same passive attitude as females (Sagi et al., 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sagi et al., 1994)" ] }, { "text": "These small males that 'mimic' females avoid aggressive behavior from the primary MM males and may be able to increase their mating opportunities by \"sneak\" mating.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These small males that 'mimic' females avoid aggressive behavior from the primary MM males and may be able to increase their mating opportunities by \"sneak\" mating (Laufer and Ahl, 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Laufer and Ahl, 1995)" ] }, { "text": "In our study, MI males were more active than MM males, moving continuously around the aquaria and contacting the females faster than adult males.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our study, MI males were more active than MM males, moving continuously around the aquaria and contacting the females faster than adult males.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It appears that different male morphotypes are responding differentially to reproductive activities and that increased activity displayed by MI males could represent an active strategy to locate females in the absence of MM males.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It appears that different male morphotypes are responding differentially to reproductive activities and that increased activity displayed by MI males could represent an active strategy to locate females in the absence of MM males.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Yet, while under competitive circumstances, the MI males avoid agonistic interactions and exhibit submissive behavior, suggesting that MI males are 'mate-and-run' breeders while MM males are 'stand-and-defend' breeders.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Yet, while under competitive circumstances, the MI males avoid agonistic interactions and exhibit submissive behavior, suggesting that MI males are 'mate-and-run' breeders while MM males are 'stand-and-defend' breeders.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The presence of some components of essential oils gives the hydrosol its scent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The presence of some components of essential oils gives the hydrosol its scent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hydrosols are, therefore, quite fragrant, strongly flavoured and have a pH of 4.5 to 5.5.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hydrosols are, therefore, quite fragrant, strongly flavoured and have a pH of 4.5 to 5.5 (Schorr, 2004; Tannous et al., 2004; Paolini et al., 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Schorr, 2004; Tannous et al., 2004; Paolini et al., 2008)" ] }, { "text": "Despite the definition reported above, there is no legal definition for hydrosol per se nor grades and standards proposed by industry and the scientific community, nor specifications by international standardization boards and internationally recognized associations such as, ISO or ANFOR.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the definition reported above, there is no legal definition for hydrosol per se nor grades and standards proposed by industry and the scientific community, nor specifications by international standardization boards and internationally recognized associations such as, ISO or ANFOR (Tannous et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Tannous et al., 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Stand-alone WTG are not economically competitive because of their intermittent nature (associated with high cut-in speeds) and because they require large storage capacity to meet the load.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Stand-alone WTG are not economically competitive because of their intermittent nature (associated with high cut-in speeds) and because they require large storage capacity to meet the load.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Stand-alone diesel systems contribute in atmospheric pollution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Stand-alone diesel systems contribute in atmospheric pollution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The diesel generator efficiency drops when it operates at less than 40% of full load, its lifespan shortens and frequency of maintenance increases.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The diesel generator efficiency drops when it operates at less than 40% of full load, its lifespan shortens and frequency of maintenance increases [9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10]" ] }, { "text": "More often, it appears to be difficult to achieve realizable electricity cost savings with respect to the diesel-alone situations (due to high O & M + fuel costs) in a long term.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More often, it appears to be difficult to achieve realizable electricity cost savings with respect to the diesel-alone situations (due to high O & M + fuel costs) in a long term.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, integration of WTG with diesel mini-grids has several advantages.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, integration of WTG with diesel mini-grids has several advantages.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It reduces pollution, may reduce the cost of generating energy (COE) [$/kWh], in a long-run, and provides the reliability of the diesel system as well as the cost-effectiveness of the wind-generated energy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It reduces pollution, may reduce the cost of generating energy (COE) [$/kWh], in a long-run, and provides the reliability of the diesel system as well as the cost-effectiveness of the wind-generated energy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Introduction of WTG into the diesel grid leads to an appreciable reduction in the diesel consumption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Introduction of WTG into the diesel grid leads to an appreciable reduction in the diesel consumption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A hybrid wind-diesel driven power system (with/without battery) is a viable/cost-effective technology for electric supply.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A hybrid wind-diesel driven power system (with/without battery) is a viable/cost-effective technology for electric supply.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many projects deployed around the world use hybrid wind-diesel system although it requires a sophisticated control system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many projects deployed around the world use hybrid wind-diesel system although it requires a sophisticated control system [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]" ] }, { "text": "Literature points out that wind-diesel technology is ready for wide spread deployment and to complement existing diesel plants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Literature points out that wind-diesel technology is ready for wide spread deployment and to complement existing diesel plants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Finally, let us emphasise that gaseous deuterium and helium (3 and 4) (un)polarised targets can be used with AFTER@LHCb.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, let us emphasise that gaseous deuterium and helium (3 and 4) (un)polarised targets can be used with AFTER@LHCb [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "The expected luminosities are at least as large as those discussed here.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The expected luminosities are at least as large as those discussed here.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If one can ensure that the nucleus stays intact, this would provide new means to study the GPDs of these light nuclei.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "If one can ensure that the nucleus stays intact, this would provide new means to study the GPDs of these light nuclei [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF42", "BIBREF43", "BIBREF44", "BIBREF45", "BIBREF46", "BIBREF47", "BIBREF48", "BIBREF49", "BIBREF50", "BIBREF51", "BIBREF52", "BIBREF53" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The structure of this Letter is as follows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The structure of this Letter is as follows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In section 2, we recall the main characteristics of the UPCs and the corresponding photon fluxes in the fixed-target mode using the LHC beams.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In section 2, we recall the main characteristics of the UPCs and the corresponding photon fluxes in the fixed-target mode using the LHC beams.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In section 3, we evaluate the expected cross sections for J/ψ exclusive production and the corresponding counting rates both for AFTER@LHC and for RHIC based on Starlight.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In section 3, we evaluate the expected cross sections for J/ψ exclusive production and the corresponding counting rates both for AFTER@LHC and for RHIC based on Starlight [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "In section 4, we extend the discussion in terms of GPDs and show how STSAs allow one to access the GPD E g (x, ξ, t) and present the expected STSA magnitudes for AFTER@LHCb, namely with the LHCb detector is used.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In section 4, we extend the discussion in terms of GPDs and show how STSAs allow one to access the GPD E g (x, ξ, t) and present the expected STSA magnitudes for AFTER@LHCb, namely with the LHCb detector is used.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, we present our conclusions and outlook for light nuclei.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, we present our conclusions and outlook for light nuclei.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The ripening date was significantly related to the respective HAD.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ripening date was significantly related to the respective HAD.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Early ripening requires higher rates of dry matter accumulation in fruits and more rapid translocation of essential leaf elements, which increases the susceptibility to foliar diseases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Early ripening requires higher rates of dry matter accumulation in fruits and more rapid translocation of essential leaf elements, which increases the susceptibility to foliar diseases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, ripening is marked by the release of ethylene, which acts as a senescence hormone, inducing increased disease susceptibility in leaves typical of the late season in most crops.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, ripening is marked by the release of ethylene, which acts as a senescence hormone, inducing increased disease susceptibility in leaves typical of the late season in most crops.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Ethylene production in lesions caused by BLS can induce chlorosis and necrosis of healthy tissues adjacent to the lesion, especially in ethylene-sensitive genotypes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Ethylene production in lesions caused by BLS can induce chlorosis and necrosis of healthy tissues adjacent to the lesion, especially in ethylene-sensitive genotypes (Ciardi et al., 2000; Lund et al., 1998; Stall and Hall, 1984) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ciardi et al., 2000; Lund et al., 1998; Stall and Hall, 1984)" ] }, { "text": "In resistant genotypes, chlorosis is rarely observed as a result of the isolation of lesions by a hypersensitivity reaction in the leaves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In resistant genotypes, chlorosis is rarely observed as a result of the isolation of lesions by a hypersensitivity reaction in the leaves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the resistant genotypes, small punctiform or small lesions, with reduced or no chlorotic spots, were observed on the leaf area with a shot hole in the center of the lesion, indicating a probable hypersensitive reaction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the resistant genotypes, small punctiform or small lesions, with reduced or no chlorotic spots, were observed on the leaf area with a shot hole in the center of the lesion, indicating a probable hypersensitive reaction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This reaction is mainly determined by the metabolic capacity of the plant and could lead to a high degree of disease resistance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This reaction is mainly determined by the metabolic capacity of the plant and could lead to a high degree of disease resistance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The average monthly temperature during this work ranged from 19.1 to 23.1°C, which was considered to be within the ideal range for the development of BLS.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The average monthly temperature during this work ranged from 19.1 to 23.1°C, which was considered to be within the ideal range for the development of BLS (Topp et al., 1993) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Topp et al., 1993)" ] }, { "text": "The total precipitation during the studied period was 675 mm in 2008-09; 712 mm in 2009-10; and 1307 mm in 2010-11 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The total precipitation during the studied period was 675 mm in 2008-09; 712 mm in 2009-10; and 1307 mm in 2010-11 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These values represent the total precipitation recorded for 68, 64, and 80 rainy days, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These values represent the total precipitation recorded for 68, 64, and 80 rainy days, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Cysteine is a non-essential (biosynthesized in humans) -amino acid.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cysteine is a non-essential (biosynthesized in humans) -amino acid.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The side chain on cysteine is thiol, which is nonpolar and thus cysteine is usually classified as a hydrophobic amino acid.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The side chain on cysteine is thiol, which is nonpolar and thus cysteine is usually classified as a hydrophobic amino acid.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The thiol side chain often participates in enzymatic reactions, serving as a nucleophile.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The thiol side chain often participates in enzymatic reactions, serving as a nucleophile.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The thiol is susceptible to oxidization to give the disulfide derivative cystine, which serves an important structural role in many proteins.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The thiol is susceptible to oxidization to give the disulfide derivative cystine, which serves an important structural role in many proteins [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "There are similarities between our work and verification techniques based on program transformation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are similarities between our work and verification techniques based on program transformation [22, 30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22, 30]" ] }, { "text": "Our systematic exploration of execution rules for abstraction is similar to unfolding, and widening is similar to folding.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our systematic exploration of execution rules for abstraction is similar to unfolding, and widening is similar to folding.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main difference is that abstract interpretation widens at syntactic program points using rich domains, while folding happens dynamically on the semantic execution graph.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main difference is that abstract interpretation widens at syntactic program points using rich domains, while folding happens dynamically on the semantic execution graph.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Since solar energy is time dependent, the main disadvantage of this energy resource is the mismatch between the energy supply and the energy demand.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since solar energy is time dependent, the main disadvantage of this energy resource is the mismatch between the energy supply and the energy demand.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In solar vapor absorption systems, the energy received from the solar collector is given as heat input to the generator; hence it has to assure a constant heat input to the absorption chiller during all the process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In solar vapor absorption systems, the energy received from the solar collector is given as heat input to the generator; hence it has to assure a constant heat input to the absorption chiller during all the process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, when energy is available but cannot be given to the process, thermal energy storage (TES) may become an important issue.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, when energy is available but cannot be given to the process, thermal energy storage (TES) may become an important issue.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "TES is a widely studied and used technology due to its potential load reduction, energy savings, and ability to overcome the disadvantage of the intermittent energy supply and demand.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "TES is a widely studied and used technology due to its potential load reduction, energy savings, and ability to overcome the disadvantage of the intermittent energy supply and demand [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "Storage systems could be based on sensible, latent or thermo-chemical heat.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Storage systems could be based on sensible, latent or thermo-chemical heat.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here, a TES system based on phase change materials (PCM) which absorb or release heat when the PCM undergoes a phase change is analyzed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here, a TES system based on phase change materials (PCM) which absorb or release heat when the PCM undergoes a phase change is analyzed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, PCM systems have high-energy storage capacity and isothermal behavior during both charging and discharging processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, PCM systems have high-energy storage capacity and isothermal behavior during both charging and discharging processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are different ways through which heat energy can be stored [ o In external thermal storage systems, the HTF from the solar collectors could be circulated to the hot thermal storage tank to store energy for later use.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are different ways through which heat energy can be stored [ o In external thermal storage systems, the HTF from the solar collectors could be circulated to the hot thermal storage tank to store energy for later use.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The temperature requirement for a vapor absorption system obviously depends on each system; however, heat has to be supplied within a narrow operating temperature range of 5-10 ºC for better performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The temperature requirement for a vapor absorption system obviously depends on each system; however, heat has to be supplied within a narrow operating temperature range of 5-10 ºC for better performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, in this study an internal TES system is developed in order to supply to the absorption chiller constant heat transfer fluid (HTF) temperatures even if the coming temperature from the solar collectors is too high or too low.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, in this study an internal TES system is developed in order to supply to the absorption chiller constant heat transfer fluid (HTF) temperatures even if the coming temperature from the solar collectors is too high or too low.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Using wavelet based multifractal analysis, we analyse the temporal fluctuation of the local regularity of ECG inter-beat interval in episodes of AF and other rhythms and evaluate the practicality of multifractal features in the discrimination of AF from other rhythms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Using wavelet based multifractal analysis, we analyse the temporal fluctuation of the local regularity of ECG inter-beat interval in episodes of AF and other rhythms and evaluate the practicality of multifractal features in the discrimination of AF from other rhythms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We hypothesise that atrial fibrillation rhythm, although irregular, is not a random process, and that preferential conduction patterns leading to various degrees of short-term predictability may lead to identifiable regularity in the AF rhythm.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We hypothesise that atrial fibrillation rhythm, although irregular, is not a random process, and that preferential conduction patterns leading to various degrees of short-term predictability may lead to identifiable regularity in the AF rhythm [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "Ultimately, we propose new measures in a goal to help reaching high and robust detection accuracy of AF from the sequence of inter-beat intervals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ultimately, we propose new measures in a goal to help reaching high and robust detection accuracy of AF from the sequence of inter-beat intervals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The strategy of cooperation within the industry clusters aimed at the choice of innovation strategy should be focused within a specialised expertise, where the strategy is focused on specialisation of an early innovation initiation in the segment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The strategy of cooperation within the industry clusters aimed at the choice of innovation strategy should be focused within a specialised expertise, where the strategy is focused on specialisation of an early innovation initiation in the segment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This strategy requires unique skills in the subject field and continuous innovation in the improvement of expertise.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This strategy requires unique skills in the subject field and continuous innovation in the improvement of expertise.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Depending on the type of business, the risks are connected to the fact that specialisation will become a universal concept.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Depending on the type of business, the risks are connected to the fact that specialisation will become a universal concept [38] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[38]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "There is still much work to be completed in the search for an anti-HIV vaccine.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is still much work to be completed in the search for an anti-HIV vaccine.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Set of the chemotherapies are aimed at killing or halting the pathogen, but treatment which can boost the immune system can serve to help the body fight infection on its own.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Set of the chemotherapies are aimed at killing or halting the pathogen, but treatment which can boost the immune system can serve to help the body fight infection on its own [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "The new treatments are aimed at reducing viral population and improving the immune response.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The new treatments are aimed at reducing viral population and improving the immune response [1, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 3]" ] }, { "text": "This brings new hope to the treatment of HIV infection, and we are exploring strategies for such treatments using optimal control techniques.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This brings new hope to the treatment of HIV infection, and we are exploring strategies for such treatments using optimal control techniques.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Observation revealed high air pollution tolerance index (APTI) in the sequence of C. gigantean (Fig. 5) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Observation revealed high air pollution tolerance index (APTI) in the sequence of C. gigantean (Fig. 5) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "APTI [ 10 in C. gigantean indicated the high tolerance to air pollution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "APTI [ 10 in C. gigantean indicated the high tolerance to air pollution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This was probably due to the interaction of biochemical parameters in their aerial parts when compared to the APTI values in the other sampled desert plants and irrespective of site specificity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This was probably due to the interaction of biochemical parameters in their aerial parts when compared to the APTI values in the other sampled desert plants and irrespective of site specificity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This suggests that C. gigantean could be used to ameliorate air pollution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This suggests that C. gigantean could be used to ameliorate air pollution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Except C. gigantean, the APTI \\ 10 in the five selected desert plants indicated their sensitivity to air pollution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Except C. gigantean, the APTI \\ 10 in the five selected desert plants indicated their sensitivity to air pollution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similar results were observed by earlier investigators.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Similar results were observed by earlier investigators (Smirnoff 1996; Joshi and Swami 2007; Rahimi et al. 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Smirnoff 1996; Joshi and Swami 2007; Rahimi et al. 2010)" ] }, { "text": "In the present study, the influence of environmental variables (high wind velocity, high temperature and low humidity), and frequent dust storms, besides the effect of precipitation, was validated by high ATPI in winter than in the summer seasons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present study, the influence of environmental variables (high wind velocity, high temperature and low humidity), and frequent dust storms, besides the effect of precipitation, was validated by high ATPI in winter than in the summer seasons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "On a vertical SiC-JFET like those of INFINEON, there is a N-type lateral channel with two P-layers connected to the source and the gate terminals respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On a vertical SiC-JFET like those of INFINEON, there is a N-type lateral channel with two P-layers connected to the source and the gate terminals respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because of the difference in potentials between the two P-regions of a PNP structure (Fig. 1) , the punch-through phenomenon may occur.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because of the difference in potentials between the two P-regions of a PNP structure (Fig. 1) , the punch-through phenomenon may occur.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When this happens, the gate current dramatically increases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When this happens, the gate current dramatically increases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The punch-through phenomenon was firstly described in bipolar junction transistors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The punch-through phenomenon was firstly described in bipolar junction transistors [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "It occurs when the two space-charge regions of a PNP structure join.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It occurs when the two space-charge regions of a PNP structure join.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Holes may then diffuse from one P-layer to the other one.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Holes may then diffuse from one P-layer to the other one.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Punch-through can also be observed in PIN diodes, when the space-charge region spreads all over the low-doped base.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Punch-through can also be observed in PIN diodes, when the space-charge region spreads all over the low-doped base [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "This corresponds to a PNN + structure, so there is no current increase, but an electric field rise.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This corresponds to a PNN + structure, so there is no current increase, but an electric field rise.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, this is a very different phenomena, even though it has the same name.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, this is a very different phenomena, even though it has the same name.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "It is principally believed that the more distinct minima identified in the parameter space, the wider the uncertainty interval achieved.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is principally believed that the more distinct minima identified in the parameter space, the wider the uncertainty interval achieved.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There have been efforts to improve the algorithm's performance in finding distinct multiple minima.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There have been efforts to improve the algorithm's performance in finding distinct multiple minima [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "However, we demonstrate that identifying more distinct minima does not always guarantee obtaining wider uncertainty intervals; but the predictive capability of the models gives indications about the spread of the distribution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, we demonstrate that identifying more distinct minima does not always guarantee obtaining wider uncertainty intervals; but the predictive capability of the models gives indications about the spread of the distribution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Section 2.2, we investigate how predictive capability can be quantified and used as an indicator for the spread of the posterior probability distribution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Section 2.2, we investigate how predictive capability can be quantified and used as an indicator for the spread of the posterior probability distribution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "We use Genetic Algorithms (GA) and the Neighbourhood Algorithm (NA) to generate an ensemble of reservoir models for a synthetic reservoir case, the IC Fault model.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We use Genetic Algorithms (GA) and the Neighbourhood Algorithm (NA) to generate an ensemble of reservoir models for a synthetic reservoir case, the IC Fault model [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "These algorithms also have tuning parameters that can be adjusted to change the search behaviour, e.g. global exploration or local refinement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These algorithms also have tuning parameters that can be adjusted to change the search behaviour, e.g. global exploration or local refinement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We then apply a Gibbs sampler for posterior inference from the generated ensemble to calculate the uncertainty interval of the predictions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We then apply a Gibbs sampler for posterior inference from the generated ensemble to calculate the uncertainty interval of the predictions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The uncertainty range is reported as P10-P50-P90 values, which indicate the recovery predictions below which the truth lie with 10%, 50% and 90% probabilities respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The uncertainty range is reported as P10-P50-P90 values, which indicate the recovery predictions below which the truth lie with 10%, 50% and 90% probabilities respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Uncertainty ranges obtained from different sampling strategies are compared, with the intention to identify the factors affecting the spread of the distribution, thus help improve robustness of the overall methodology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Uncertainty ranges obtained from different sampling strategies are compared, with the intention to identify the factors affecting the spread of the distribution, thus help improve robustness of the overall methodology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The indexing problem is worsened by applications, such as patient monitoring, producing large event narratives .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The indexing problem is worsened by applications, such as patient monitoring, producing large event narratives .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this paper we propose CECKD, an integration of the CEC with an alternative indexing mechanism for events and MVIs using Kd-trees.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper we propose CECKD, an integration of the CEC with an alternative indexing mechanism for events and MVIs using Kd-trees [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "A Kd-tree is a space-partitioning data structure for organizing points in a k-dimensional space.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A Kd-tree is a space-partitioning data structure for organizing points in a k-dimensional space.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Queries and updates in the Kd-tree operate on a hyper-plane region containing the multidimensional points and have tractable computational properties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Queries and updates in the Kd-tree operate on a hyper-plane region containing the multidimensional points and have tractable computational properties [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "The contribution of the integration of CEC with Kd-trees in CECKD is twofold: (a) we study theoretically the computational aspects of CECKD knowledge representation, showing how this is an improvement with respect to CEC; and (b) we experimentally validate the complexity of CECKD specifications for monitoring applications that require long narratives, putting ourselves in comparison with the state-of-the-art approach represented by CEC.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The contribution of the integration of CEC with Kd-trees in CECKD is twofold: (a) we study theoretically the computational aspects of CECKD knowledge representation, showing how this is an improvement with respect to CEC; and (b) we experimentally validate the complexity of CECKD specifications for monitoring applications that require long narratives, putting ourselves in comparison with the state-of-the-art approach represented by CEC.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Undesired tool vibrations, whose main sources are environment, process and machine tool, etc., often accompany machining operations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Undesired tool vibrations, whose main sources are environment, process and machine tool, etc., often accompany machining operations [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "According to the sources, there exist three types of machining vibrations: free vibration, forced vibration, and self-excited vibration.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "According to the sources, there exist three types of machining vibrations: free vibration, forced vibration, and self-excited vibration [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Free vibration occurs because of the collision between the tool and work piece.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Free vibration occurs because of the collision between the tool and work piece.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In CNC milling machine-cutting process, one of the important factors that caused mismachining tolerance is the tool radial vibration, which directly affect the surface geometrical precision and the smallest form errors that under ideal processing conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In CNC milling machine-cutting process, one of the important factors that caused mismachining tolerance is the tool radial vibration, which directly affect the surface geometrical precision and the smallest form errors that under ideal processing conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In actual cutting processing, its negative effects mainly include the machining accuracy of parts, roughness of surface, wear nonuniformity of tool and the cutting process characters of multitooth tool.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In actual cutting processing, its negative effects mainly include the machining accuracy of parts, roughness of surface, wear nonuniformity of tool and the cutting process characters of multitooth tool.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The bigger radial vibration the more unstable tool machining state and bad processing effects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The bigger radial vibration the more unstable tool machining state and bad processing effects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, the vibration caused the system under continuous dynamic alternating load, which result of tool rapid erosion (even chipping of the tool), machine connection property damaged, even the cutting processing halt.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the vibration caused the system under continuous dynamic alternating load, which result of tool rapid erosion (even chipping of the tool), machine connection property damaged, even the cutting processing halt [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Our framework architecture shares many elements with PCC.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our framework architecture shares many elements with PCC [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "However, our approach differs from it in the following aspects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, our approach differs from it in the following aspects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First of all, PCC focuses on security aspects of code mobility while we concentrate on adaptation issues.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First of all, PCC focuses on security aspects of code mobility while we concentrate on adaptation issues.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In our approach, the proof is not used to guarantee, on the client side, that the application is correct with respect to some safety policy but is used, on the server side, to assemble a correct application with respect to the client's capabilities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our approach, the proof is not used to guarantee, on the client side, that the application is correct with respect to some safety policy but is used, on the server side, to assemble a correct application with respect to the client's capabilities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Checking the conformance of the received application according to the proof is beyond the aims of our approach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Checking the conformance of the received application according to the proof is beyond the aims of our approach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "PCC does not put any constraints on the proof system, its main concern is correctness since the whole approach is based on the assumption that a proof can be built.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "PCC does not put any constraints on the proof system, its main concern is correctness since the whole approach is based on the assumption that a proof can be built.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our setting is more demanding since we use the proof system to establish the correctness of the adaptation process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our setting is more demanding since we use the proof system to establish the correctness of the adaptation process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "PCC is entirely based on the machine code while we apply our process on Java bytecode.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "PCC is entirely based on the machine code while we apply our process on Java bytecode.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Energy-saving is an important task today and in the future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Energy-saving is an important task today and in the future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The implementation of energy-saving policies can promote the structural adjustment of industries and products, and affect the enhancement of energy efficiency in production and processing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The implementation of energy-saving policies can promote the structural adjustment of industries and products, and affect the enhancement of energy efficiency in production and processing (He et al., 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(He et al., 2011)" ] }, { "text": "The analyses of consumption patterns and the assessment of feasible energy conservation possibilities show that the potential for energy conservation in the industrial sector and in all sectors is substantial.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The analyses of consumption patterns and the assessment of feasible energy conservation possibilities show that the potential for energy conservation in the industrial sector and in all sectors is substantial (Yang and Mingguang, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Yang and Mingguang, 2011)" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The uncertainties in material properties, geometric dimensions, load conditions and so on are ubiquitous for engineering structures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The uncertainties in material properties, geometric dimensions, load conditions and so on are ubiquitous for engineering structures [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The optimal solutions to the optimization models of engineering structures that neglect these uncertainties may be infeasible because their mechanical performance indices will fluctuate under the uncertainties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The optimal solutions to the optimization models of engineering structures that neglect these uncertainties may be infeasible because their mechanical performance indices will fluctuate under the uncertainties [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Hence these uncertainties must be considered in handling the optimization problems of uncertain engineering structures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence these uncertainties must be considered in handling the optimization problems of uncertain engineering structures [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "Robust design optimization is a frequently-utilized methodology to improve the robustness of structures and reducing the sensitivities of their mechanical performance indices to uncertain factors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Robust design optimization is a frequently-utilized methodology to improve the robustness of structures and reducing the sensitivities of their mechanical performance indices to uncertain factors [5] [6] [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [6] [7] [8]" ] }, { "text": "In the construction of various robust optimization models, the objective robustness is often achieved by simultaneously optimizing the mean of the objective mechanical performance index and minimizing its variation under uncertainties while the constraint robustness is to ensure the satisfaction of constraints when the constraint performance indices fluctuate under the influences of uncertain parameters.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the construction of various robust optimization models, the objective robustness is often achieved by simultaneously optimizing the mean of the objective mechanical performance index and minimizing its variation under uncertainties while the constraint robustness is to ensure the satisfaction of constraints when the constraint performance indices fluctuate under the influences of uncertain parameters [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Implications for future research are diverse, but one major aspect refers to the improvement of teacher support during the intervention.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Implications for future research are diverse, but one major aspect refers to the improvement of teacher support during the intervention.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Apparently, the introductory training to the metacognitive guidance was not sufficient to enable teachers to implement both socioscienti�c decision making and metacognitive instruction into their science classrooms as we had wished.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Apparently, the introductory training to the metacognitive guidance was not sufficient to enable teachers to implement both socioscienti�c decision making and metacognitive instruction into their science classrooms as we had wished.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In future research, we need to be even more aware of the \"teachers' dilemma\" [56, page 1104] to teach according to curricular requirements as well as to focus on the metacognitive instruction and especially become aware of the potential bene�ts of such instruction for students' learning processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In future research, we need to be even more aware of the \"teachers' dilemma\" [56, page 1104] to teach according to curricular requirements as well as to focus on the metacognitive instruction and especially become aware of the potential bene�ts of such instruction for students' learning processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In terms of biology education, it is highly important that the teachers themselves conduct the training and not the researchers, although the latter might lead to better results with respect to student achievement.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In terms of biology education, it is highly important that the teachers themselves conduct the training and not the researchers, although the latter might lead to better results with respect to student achievement [63] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF61" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[63]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In the holographic context, another remarkable development is the evolution of geometrical methods for calculations of entanglement entropy in strongly-coupled field theories.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the holographic context, another remarkable development is the evolution of geometrical methods for calculations of entanglement entropy in strongly-coupled field theories.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Entanglement entropy is useful measure in quantum information theory, many-body physics and QFTs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Entanglement entropy is useful measure in quantum information theory, many-body physics and QFTs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It characterizes various topological phases, serves as an order parameter for phase transitions and has interesting connections to the entropy of black holes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It characterizes various topological phases, serves as an order parameter for phase transitions and has interesting connections to the entropy of black holes [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27", "BIBREF28", "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31", "BIBREF32", "BIBREF33", "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Entanglement entropy is typically difficult to calculate in quantum field theories.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Entanglement entropy is typically difficult to calculate in quantum field theories.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Ryu-Takayanagi prescription however offers a simple and elegant route for the calculation of holographic entanglement entropy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Ryu-Takayanagi prescription however offers a simple and elegant route for the calculation of holographic entanglement entropy [36, 37] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35", "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[36, 37]" ] }, { "text": "It states that entanglement entropy of a sub-system A, is given by the minimal surface in AdS that ends on the boundary of A. This formula obeys strong subadditivity and has reproduced the area law in 2d-CFTs, amongst its other successes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It states that entanglement entropy of a sub-system A, is given by the minimal surface in AdS that ends on the boundary of A. This formula obeys strong subadditivity and has reproduced the area law in 2d-CFTs, amongst its other successes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Photorefractive crystals are materials in which the local refractive index is slightly changed by spatially modulated light intensity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Photorefractive crystals are materials in which the local refractive index is slightly changed by spatially modulated light intensity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, photorefractive crystals can be used as an active or a passive optical element in optical information processing, optical communication and optical storage.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, photorefractive crystals can be used as an active or a passive optical element in optical information processing, optical communication and optical storage [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "Photorefractive materials exhibit photoconductive and electro-optic behavior, and have the ability to detect the store spatial distributions of optical intensity in the form of spatial patterns of altered of refractive index.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Photorefractive materials exhibit photoconductive and electro-optic behavior, and have the ability to detect the store spatial distributions of optical intensity in the form of spatial patterns of altered of refractive index [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "When a photorefractive material is exposed to light, free charge carriers (electrons or holes) are generated by excitation from impurity energy levels to an energy band, at a rate proportional to the optical power.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When a photorefractive material is exposed to light, free charge carriers (electrons or holes) are generated by excitation from impurity energy levels to an energy band, at a rate proportional to the optical power.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These carriers then diffuse away from the positions of high intensity where they were generated, leaving behind fixed charges of the opposite sign.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These carriers then diffuse away from the positions of high intensity where they were generated, leaving behind fixed charges of the opposite sign.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The result is the creation of an inhomogeneous space-charge distribution that can remain in a period of time after the light is removed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The result is the creation of an inhomogeneous space-charge distribution that can remain in a period of time after the light is removed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This charge distribution creates an internal electric field pattern that modulates the local refractive index of the material by virtue of the (Pockels) electro-optic effect.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This charge distribution creates an internal electric field pattern that modulates the local refractive index of the material by virtue of the (Pockels) electro-optic effect [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "With the diffracted intensity of command beams applied to photorefractive material, dynamic Bragg grating can be realized.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With the diffracted intensity of command beams applied to photorefractive material, dynamic Bragg grating can be realized.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Diffracted intensity of command beams switches optical signals with modulating Bragg condition and refractive index.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Diffracted intensity of command beams switches optical signals with modulating Bragg condition and refractive index.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The effectiveness of the methodology is assessed by studying a linear cascade based on the T106 blade section and the CT3 transonic turbine stage analyzed in the framework of the TATEF2 (Turbine Aero-Thermal External Flows) European program.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The effectiveness of the methodology is assessed by studying a linear cascade based on the T106 blade section and the CT3 transonic turbine stage analyzed in the framework of the TATEF2 (Turbine Aero-Thermal External Flows) European program.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The linear cascade was extensively studied in a high-speed wind tunnel with both parallel and tapered endwalls by Duden and Fottner.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The linear cascade was extensively studied in a high-speed wind tunnel with both parallel and tapered endwalls by Duden and Fottner [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "The availability of detailed measurements of flow angle and loss distributions makes it a very interesting test case for the secondary flow modellization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The availability of detailed measurements of flow angle and loss distributions makes it a very interesting test case for the secondary flow modellization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the turbine stage, measurements are available for three different operating conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the turbine stage, measurements are available for three different operating conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Transonic flow regime, low aspect ratio blades, and rotor tip clearance makes it an interesting and challenging configuration for assessing the capabilities of the throughflow procedure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Transonic flow regime, low aspect ratio blades, and rotor tip clearance makes it an interesting and challenging configuration for assessing the capabilities of the throughflow procedure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The comparison between throughflow predictions and experimental data will be discussed in terms of predicted performance and spanwise distributions of flow quantities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The comparison between throughflow predictions and experimental data will be discussed in terms of predicted performance and spanwise distributions of flow quantities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "This work discusses the implementation and validation of novel models for secondary and tip leakage flow effects in an axisymmetric Euler solver with tangential blockage and body forces for turbomachinery applications, which inherits its numerical scheme from a state-of-the-art CFD solver (TRAF code).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This work discusses the implementation and validation of novel models for secondary and tip leakage flow effects in an axisymmetric Euler solver with tangential blockage and body forces for turbomachinery applications, which inherits its numerical scheme from a state-of-the-art CFD solver (TRAF code [8] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "The body force field needed to provide the flow turning by the blade rows is computed explicitly from the flow tangency condition to the S2 streamsurface (i.e., Wu).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The body force field needed to provide the flow turning by the blade rows is computed explicitly from the flow tangency condition to the S2 streamsurface (i.e., Wu [9] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "A novel adaptive formulation for the flow surface is employed in order to accommodate incidence and deviation effects.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A novel adaptive formulation for the flow surface is employed in order to accommodate incidence and deviation effects [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Losses are introduced via dissipative forces which are expressed on the basis of a distributed loss model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Losses are introduced via dissipative forces which are expressed on the basis of a distributed loss model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Secondary flows are modelled as additional 3D flow features associated with the vortices that are created when the non-uniform inlet flow is turned by the blade rows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Secondary flows are modelled as additional 3D flow features associated with the vortices that are created when the non-uniform inlet flow is turned by the blade rows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They are accounted for via a transverse velocity field which-in a circumferentially-averaged sense-is assumed to be represented by Lamb-Oseen-type vortices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They are accounted for via a transverse velocity field which-in a circumferentially-averaged sense-is assumed to be represented by Lamb-Oseen-type vortices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Tip leakage effects for unshrouded blades are modeled in terms of source and sink convective terms in a way that ensures mass and energy conservation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Tip leakage effects for unshrouded blades are modeled in terms of source and sink convective terms in a way that ensures mass and energy conservation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Secondary and tip leakage losses are provided via correlations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Secondary and tip leakage losses are provided via correlations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "We did exhibit in this paper a way to generate hierarchies in the soft masses, for different matter sectors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We did exhibit in this paper a way to generate hierarchies in the soft masses, for different matter sectors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This was achieved in string theory using gauge/gravity duality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This was achieved in string theory using gauge/gravity duality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More specifically, we used a warped deformed conifold background with a holomorphic embedding of D7-branes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More specifically, we used a warped deformed conifold background with a holomorphic embedding of D7-branes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The hierarchy between the radial position of the two stacks of D7s determined the hierarchy between the messenger masses and, hence, the hierarchy in the SUSY breaking splittings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The hierarchy between the radial position of the two stacks of D7s determined the hierarchy between the messenger masses and, hence, the hierarchy in the SUSY breaking splittings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This kind of hierarchies has phenomenological implications for cosmological models which were studied in previous papers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This kind of hierarchies has phenomenological implications for cosmological models which were studied in previous papers [1, 20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 20]" ] }, { "text": "It remains important to achieve in string theory, in the context of the construction presented here, a cosmology consistent with observations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It remains important to achieve in string theory, in the context of the construction presented here, a cosmology consistent with observations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Anthocyanidins of grape berry skins play a key role in wine color intensity, hue and stability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Anthocyanidins of grape berry skins play a key role in wine color intensity, hue and stability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Vitis vinifera L. berries, anthocyanidins occur as 3-O-glucosides (anthocyanins), substituted with two (di-oxygenated: cyanidin-and peonidin-3-O-glucosides) or three (tri-oxygenated: delphinidin-, petunidin-, and malvidin-3-Oglucosides) hydroxyl (-OH) and/or methoxyl (-OCH 3 ) groups in the side-ring (B) of the flavonoid structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Vitis vinifera L. berries, anthocyanidins occur as 3-O-glucosides (anthocyanins), substituted with two (di-oxygenated: cyanidin-and peonidin-3-O-glucosides) or three (tri-oxygenated: delphinidin-, petunidin-, and malvidin-3-Oglucosides) hydroxyl (-OH) and/or methoxyl (-OCH 3 ) groups in the side-ring (B) of the flavonoid structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Position 6 of glucose can also be esterified (acylated anthocyanins) by acetic (acetylated derivatives), p-coumaric (pcoumaroylated derivatives) and, less commonly, caffeic (caffeoylated derivatives) acids.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Position 6 of glucose can also be esterified (acylated anthocyanins) by acetic (acetylated derivatives), p-coumaric (pcoumaroylated derivatives) and, less commonly, caffeic (caffeoylated derivatives) acids (Squadrito et al., 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF44" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Squadrito et al., 2010)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The composition of anthocyanins (relative abundance of individual anthocyanins, ratio of di-oxygenated vs. tri-oxygenated side-ring forms, ratio of acylated vs. non-acylated derivatives, etc) is variable among grapevine varieties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The composition of anthocyanins (relative abundance of individual anthocyanins, ratio of di-oxygenated vs. tri-oxygenated side-ring forms, ratio of acylated vs. non-acylated derivatives, etc) is variable among grapevine varieties (Kallithraka et al., 2005; Monagas et al., 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kallithraka et al., 2005; Monagas et al., 2003)" ] }, { "text": "It has been shown that the profile and structure (e.g. esterification) of skin anthocyanins have an important role in the anthocyanin interactions, such as self-association and co-pigmentation, thereby affecting the intensity and stability of red color in wine.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been shown that the profile and structure (e.g. esterification) of skin anthocyanins have an important role in the anthocyanin interactions, such as self-association and co-pigmentation, thereby affecting the intensity and stability of red color in wine (Han and Xu, 2015; González-Manzano et al., 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Han and Xu, 2015; González-Manzano et al., 2008)" ] }, { "text": "Color intensity increases with the number of substituted groups on the Bring (di-oxygenated forms are more red while trioxygenated shift to blue) and with the replacement of hydroxyl by methoxyl groups (i.e. malvidin has the darkest color).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Color intensity increases with the number of substituted groups on the Bring (di-oxygenated forms are more red while trioxygenated shift to blue) and with the replacement of hydroxyl by methoxyl groups (i.e. malvidin has the darkest color).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Methoxylated anthocyanins (malvidin and peonidin) are also more stable than hydroxylated ones to environmental and viticultural factors .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Methoxylated anthocyanins (malvidin and peonidin) are also more stable than hydroxylated ones to environmental and viticultural factors .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Other authors argue that a phenomenological law is without physical foundation and its use should be avoided and suggest a solid incompressibility equation to replace it.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other authors argue that a phenomenological law is without physical foundation and its use should be avoided and suggest a solid incompressibility equation to replace it (Fortes and Okos, 1980) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fortes and Okos, 1980)" ] }, { "text": "In fact the Darcy-flow model avoids the use of a phenomenological law and its formulation has physical bases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact the Darcy-flow model avoids the use of a phenomenological law and its formulation has physical bases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Besides, contrary to affirmations in the literature, there is no correlation between mass flux and moisture gradient in the medium, contrary to the diffusion model formulation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides, contrary to affirmations in the literature, there is no correlation between mass flux and moisture gradient in the medium, contrary to the diffusion model formulation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "One characteristic feature of separatrix regions is the existence of a density cavity inside the region.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One characteristic feature of separatrix regions is the existence of a density cavity inside the region (Mozer et al., 2002; André et al., 2004; Cattell et al., 2005; Retinò et al., 2006; Khotyaintsev et al., 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF0", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mozer et al., 2002; André et al., 2004; Cattell et al., 2005; Retinò et al., 2006; Khotyaintsev et al., 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Numerical simulations also predict a density cavity as well as strong currents and electric fields within the separatrix region.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Numerical simulations also predict a density cavity as well as strong currents and electric fields within the separatrix region (Shay et al., 2001; Pritchett and Coroniti, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38", "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Shay et al., 2001; Pritchett and Coroniti, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "Several mechanisms have been suggested to explain the formation of the cavity: electron density decrease close to a separatrix can be caused by escape of energetic (hot) magnetospheric electrons to the magnetosheath along a newly opened field line and/or due to parallel electric fields at the separatrix .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Several mechanisms have been suggested to explain the formation of the cavity: electron density decrease close to a separatrix can be caused by escape of energetic (hot) magnetospheric electrons to the magnetosheath along a newly opened field line and/or due to parallel electric fields at the separatrix .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At the same time, the decrease of ion density within the cavity can be due to the acceleration of ions by the strong electric fields in the normal direction as ions move from the magnetosphere into the outflow region.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "At the same time, the decrease of ion density within the cavity can be due to the acceleration of ions by the strong electric fields in the normal direction as ions move from the magnetosphere into the outflow region (Shay et al., 2001; Khotyaintsev et al., 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Shay et al., 2001; Khotyaintsev et al., 2006)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "We find a similar structure of the separatrix region in all our events: (1) a density cavity, (2) strong parallel currents which coincide with the ion boundary, (3) strong electric fields and (4) large potential variations across the region.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We find a similar structure of the separatrix region in all our events: (1) a density cavity, (2) strong parallel currents which coincide with the ion boundary, (3) strong electric fields and (4) large potential variations across the region.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In most events there are multiple density dips inside the cavities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In most events there are multiple density dips inside the cavities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The total width of the cavities varies between 300 km and 2500 km which is from a few to a few tens of the ion inertial length and consistent with observations at much lower altitudes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The total width of the cavities varies between 300 km and 2500 km which is from a few to a few tens of the ion inertial length and consistent with observations at much lower altitudes (Bogdanova et al., 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bogdanova et al., 2006)" ] }, { "text": "The electron distributions observed inside the separatrix regions show a gradual change in the parallel energy due to transition from the magnetospheric to magnetosheath electron population that is consistent with expected signatures when magnetospheric and magnetosheath electrons mix on newly opened field lines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The electron distributions observed inside the separatrix regions show a gradual change in the parallel energy due to transition from the magnetospheric to magnetosheath electron population that is consistent with expected signatures when magnetospheric and magnetosheath electrons mix on newly opened field lines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In the Semantic Web, what is meant by a source description is a semantic model describing the source in terms of the concepts and relationships defined by a domain ontology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the Semantic Web, what is meant by a source description is a semantic model describing the source in terms of the concepts and relationships defined by a domain ontology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are many studies on mapping data sources to ontologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are many studies on mapping data sources to ontologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several approaches have been proposed to generate semantic web data from databases and spreadsheets.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several approaches have been proposed to generate semantic web data from databases and spreadsheets [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "A large amount of data in LOD comes from struc- tured sources such as relational databases and spreadsheets.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A large amount of data in LOD comes from struc- tured sources such as relational databases and spreadsheets.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Publishing these sources into LOD involves constructing source descriptions that represent the intended meaning of the data by specifying mappings between the sources and the domain ontology.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Publishing these sources into LOD involves constructing source descriptions that represent the intended meaning of the data by specifying mappings between the sources and the domain ontology [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "A domain ontology is a formal model that represents the concepts within a domain and the properties and interrelationships of those concepts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A domain ontology is a formal model that represents the concepts within a domain and the properties and interrelationships of those concepts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this context, what is meant by a source description is a schema mapping from the source to an ontology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this context, what is meant by a source description is a schema mapping from the source to an ontology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We can represent this mapping as a semantic network with ontology classes as the nodes and ontology properties as the links between the nodes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We can represent this mapping as a semantic network with ontology classes as the nodes and ontology properties as the links between the nodes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This network, also called a semantic model, describes the source in terms of the concepts and relationships defined by the domain ontology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This network, also called a semantic model, describes the source in terms of the concepts and relationships defined by the domain ontology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 1 depicts a semantic model for a sample data source including information about some paintings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 1 depicts a semantic model for a sample data source including information about some paintings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This model explicitly represents the meaning of the data by mapping the source to the DBpedia 1 and FOAF 2 ontologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This model explicitly represents the meaning of the data by mapping the source to the DBpedia 1 and FOAF 2 ontologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Knowing this semantic model enables us to publish the data in the table into the LOD knowledge graph.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Knowing this semantic model enables us to publish the data in the table into the LOD knowledge graph.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One step in building a semantic model for a data source is semantic labeling, determining the semantic types of its data fields, or source attributes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One step in building a semantic model for a data source is semantic labeling, determining the semantic types of its data fields, or source attributes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "That is, each source attribute is labeled with a class and/or a data property of the domain ontology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "That is, each source attribute is labeled with a class and/or a data property of the domain ontology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In our example in Figure 1 , the semantic types of the first, second, and third columns are title of Artwork, name of Person, and label of Museum respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our example in Figure 1 , the semantic types of the first, second, and third columns are title of Artwork, name of Person, and label of Museum respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, simply annotating the attributes is not sufficient.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, simply annotating the attributes is not sufficient.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Unless the relationships between the columns are explicitly specified, we will not have a precise model of the data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unless the relationships between the columns are explicitly specified, we will not have a precise model of the data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In our example, a Person could be the owner, painter, or sculptor of an Artwork, but in the context of the given source, only painter correctly interprets the relationship between Artwork and Person.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our example, a Person could be the owner, painter, or sculptor of an Artwork, but in the context of the given source, only painter correctly interprets the relationship between Artwork and Person.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the correct semantic model, Museum is connected to Artwork through the link museum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the correct semantic model, Museum is connected to Artwork through the link museum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Other models may connect Museum to Person instead of Artwork.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Other models may connect Museum to Person instead of Artwork.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, Person could be president, owner, or founder of Museum, or Museum could be employer or workplace of Person.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, Person could be president, owner, or founder of Museum, or Museum could be employer or workplace of Person.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To build a semantic model that fully recovers the semantics of the data, we need a second step that determines the relationships between the source attributes in terms of the properties in the ontology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To build a semantic model that fully recovers the semantics of the data, we need a second step that determines the relationships between the source attributes in terms of the properties in the ontology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Whey is opaque greenish yellow with total solids generally of 6.0 to 6.5%, commonly obtained as a by-product from the natural cheese making process, and amount of its production tends to increase as the cheese consumption is on the rise, allegedly due to westernization of eating habits in Korea.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Whey is opaque greenish yellow with total solids generally of 6.0 to 6.5%, commonly obtained as a by-product from the natural cheese making process, and amount of its production tends to increase as the cheese consumption is on the rise, allegedly due to westernization of eating habits in Korea.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fluid whey is rich nutritionally, retaining 52% of the nutrients of the whole milk used Cheddar cheese making.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fluid whey is rich nutritionally, retaining 52% of the nutrients of the whole milk used Cheddar cheese making.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Yield of whey production is approximately 90%.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Yield of whey production is approximately 90% (Kosikowski, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kosikowski, 1997)" ] }, { "text": "Liquid whey contains various useful substances including proteins, lactose, vitamins, minerals, essential amino acids, lactic acid, and various enzymes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Liquid whey contains various useful substances including proteins, lactose, vitamins, minerals, essential amino acids, lactic acid, and various enzymes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It exerts several useful functionalities such as emulsification, foam formation, gas formation, gelatinization, and solubility.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It exerts several useful functionalities such as emulsification, foam formation, gas formation, gelatinization, and solubility (Park et al., 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Park et al., 1998)" ] }, { "text": "Despite the favorable nutrient balance of whey, it has been long neglected in industrial use.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the favorable nutrient balance of whey, it has been long neglected in industrial use.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "As far as relative sweetness is concerned, oligosaccharides are low, compared to sucrose or fructose, which are commonly used sweetener in food industry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As far as relative sweetness is concerned, oligosaccharides are low, compared to sucrose or fructose, which are commonly used sweetener in food industry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, oligosaccharides are frequently applied to manufacture the low-sweet foods by taking advantage of their low sweetness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, oligosaccharides are frequently applied to manufacture the low-sweet foods by taking advantage of their low sweetness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Of the oligosaccharides commercially available, well known are malto-oligosaccharides (MOS), isomaltooligosaccharides (ISO), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), fructo-oligosacchrides (FOS), and soybean oligosacccharides.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Of the oligosaccharides commercially available, well known are malto-oligosaccharides (MOS), isomaltooligosaccharides (ISO), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), fructo-oligosacchrides (FOS), and soybean oligosacccharides.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They are utilized as a carbon source by few toothdecaying germs, and able to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria in the animal intestine by lowering the gut pH. In addition, oliosaccharides are recommended for hyper-glycemic patients, and used in the manufacture of infant formula, soft drinks, ice cream, bread, pharmaceuticals, and animal feeds as well.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They are utilized as a carbon source by few toothdecaying germs, and able to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria in the animal intestine by lowering the gut pH. In addition, oliosaccharides are recommended for hyper-glycemic patients, and used in the manufacture of infant formula, soft drinks, ice cream, bread, pharmaceuticals, and animal feeds as well (Boehm and Stahl, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Boehm and Stahl, 2007)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The intake of selenium worldwide ranges from 7 to 4990 µg/day, and varies greatly from deficient to toxic intakes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The intake of selenium worldwide ranges from 7 to 4990 µg/day, and varies greatly from deficient to toxic intakes [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "New Zealand soils contain low levels of selenium, leading to low levels in the food supply.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "New Zealand soils contain low levels of selenium, leading to low levels in the food supply [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "The most recent New Zealand Total Diet Survey suggested dietary selenium intake was inadequate throughout the New Zealand population, putting them at risk of deficiency.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The most recent New Zealand Total Diet Survey suggested dietary selenium intake was inadequate throughout the New Zealand population, putting them at risk of deficiency [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Recent New Zealand studies have shown low selenium intakes in women of childbearing age and older women based on urinary selenium excretion.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recent New Zealand studies have shown low selenium intakes in women of childbearing age and older women based on urinary selenium excretion [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The presence of feeding enrichment toys resulted in a higher level of activity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The presence of feeding enrichment toys resulted in a higher level of activity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A similar increase in (physical) activity has also been found in other studies, which have investigated the effect of chewable toys on dog-behaviour.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A similar increase in (physical) activity has also been found in other studies, which have investigated the effect of chewable toys on dog-behaviour (Hubrecht, 1993; Wells, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hubrecht, 1993; Wells, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "Making the animal actively obtain food from feeding enrichment stimulates physical exercise and increases behavioural variability, which can have beneficial effects on the animal's physical condition; for example, it may prevent obesity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Making the animal actively obtain food from feeding enrichment stimulates physical exercise and increases behavioural variability, which can have beneficial effects on the animal's physical condition; for example, it may prevent obesity (Markowitz, 1982; Clarke et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Markowitz, 1982; Clarke et al., 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Baseline JPEG (simply called JPEG from this point onwards) file is used in the experiments because it is widely used in the Internet, and in many applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Baseline JPEG (simply called JPEG from this point onwards) file is used in the experiments because it is widely used in the Internet, and in many applications [9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10]" ] }, { "text": "Nevertheless, the introduced algorithms can be altered to extend the fragmentation point detection experiment to other JPEG file types (e.g. progressive, lossless and hierarchical JPEG).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, the introduced algorithms can be altered to extend the fragmentation point detection experiment to other JPEG file types (e.g. progressive, lossless and hierarchical JPEG) [11, 12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11, 12]" ] }, { "text": "It is important to detect fragmentation within the DHT because corrupted DHT would cause image distortion or corruption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is important to detect fragmentation within the DHT because corrupted DHT would cause image distortion or corruption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Nowadays, the advances in field programmable gate array (FPGA), microprocessors, multimedia, integrated circuits, Internet of Things (IOT) and digital signal processing (DSP) have resulted in much more complicated circuits with billions of transistors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nowadays, the advances in field programmable gate array (FPGA), microprocessors, multimedia, integrated circuits, Internet of Things (IOT) and digital signal processing (DSP) have resulted in much more complicated circuits with billions of transistors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The ubiquity of the sophisticated technologies leads to the potential opportunities for the malicious user, because a more intricate and larger system makes it more difficult to detect hidden malicious hardware Trojans.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The ubiquity of the sophisticated technologies leads to the potential opportunities for the malicious user, because a more intricate and larger system makes it more difficult to detect hidden malicious hardware Trojans [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "Counterfeited intellectual property (IP) becomes a main challenge both in academic research and in many commercial products.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Counterfeited intellectual property (IP) becomes a main challenge both in academic research and in many commercial products [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "A significant effect on the probability of occurrence of defects is exerted by the fat content in the feedstock, which is true for both pork and beef.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A significant effect on the probability of occurrence of defects is exerted by the fat content in the feedstock, which is true for both pork and beef.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The probability of occurrence of DFD properties is high in beef containing less than 4% of muscle fat.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The probability of occurrence of DFD properties is high in beef containing less than 4% of muscle fat.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Selective breeding of meattype pigs aimed at changing the ratio between the muscle and fat tissues (from 1 : 1 to 1 : 0.5) has led to an increase in the amount of exudative and dense dry pork.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Selective breeding of meattype pigs aimed at changing the ratio between the muscle and fat tissues (from 1 : 1 to 1 : 0.5) has led to an increase in the amount of exudative and dense dry pork [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]