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The central segment of the measurement model uses a series of cross-correlation calculations as shown in the equation below. This function essentially measures the similarity of two signals.
- where x and y are the two signals whose correlation is to be measured
- t1 and t2 are the period over which the correlation is measured
- and τ is an offset between the two signals under measurement
- (adapted from [Ifeachor and Jervis 1993])
This equation may be applied to any two signals, though for the purpose of our measurement model it is employed to analyse a pair of binaural signals (the signals that reach the ears of a listener or a head and torso simulator as discussed previously
). In this case, τ is usually measured over a range that is large enough to encompass the maximum interaural time difference that is caused by the physical separation of human ears, typically ±1 ms, though this can be specified in the measurement model.
The final output value is then commonly taken to be the maximum absolute value across the range of τ. However, we tend to use the maximum value, not the maximum absolute value for two reasons. Firstly, we believe that positive and negative output values relate to different perceived attributes and using the absolute value causes this difference to be lost. Secondly, the use of half-wave rectification as described previously
causes the range of results from the measurement to be between 0 and 1, meaning that the absolute and raw value maxima will be identical.
Also useful is the fact that the value of τ of the maxima relates to the interaural time difference of the sound. This can be used to predict the perceived location of the sound, though is not a full model of the perceptual process of localisation.
Both the maximum value of the calculation and the related value of τ are passed on for further processing in the measurement model. | <urn:uuid:5afe21ef-486f-45c1-8eb1-74d68ff22c9c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://iosr.surrey.ac.uk/projects/PMMP/ccc.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.943573 | 385 | 3.46875 | 3 |
The NOAA National Benthic Inventory (NBI) is a dynamic quantitative database on benthic species distributions obtained from studies conducted by NOAA and partnering institutions in estuarine and coastal-ocean areas of the United States.
The data in this occurrence resource has been published as a Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A), which is a standardized format for sharing biodiversity data as a set of one or more data tables. The core data table contains 202,122 records.
This IPT archives the data and thus serves as the data repository. The data and resource metadata are available for download in the downloads section. The versions table lists other versions of the resource that have been made publicly available and allows tracking changes made to the resource over time.
The table below shows only published versions of the resource that are publicly accessible.
How to cite
Researchers should cite this work as follows:
NOAA (2018): National Benthic Inventory. v1. GBIF Secretariat. Dataset/Occurrence. https://nccos-coastalscience-products-web-ipt.azurewebsites.net/
Researchers should respect the following rights statement:
The publisher and rights holder of this work is United States Geological Survey. To the extent possible under law, the publisher has waived all rights to these data and has dedicated them to the Public Domain (CC0 1.0). Users may copy, modify, distribute and use the work, including for commercial purposes, without restriction.
This resource has been registered with GBIF, and assigned the following GBIF UUID: 5199d77b-fc69-4c85-94f2-4d3e63e777ff. United States Geological Survey publishes this resource, and is itself registered in GBIF as a data publisher endorsed by U.S. Geological Survey.
Occurrence; benthic; infauna; macroinfauna
|Bounding Coordinates||South West [16, -162], North East [50, -64]|
Benthic infauna (Kingdom Animalia) collected throughout estuarine and coastal shelf areas of the U.S.
|Start Date / End Date||1991-03-18 / 2017-10-14|
No Description available
|Title||National Benthic Inventory|
The personnel involved in the project:
- Point Of Contact
Method step description:
- Methods for the associated projects are described in the National Benthic Inventory web site (https://products.coastalscience.noaa.gov/nbi/).
Marine, harvest by iOBIS | <urn:uuid:856499f6-5d90-47bd-9eec-04afda1dc307> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ipt-obis.gbif.us/resource?r=noaa_nbi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.817952 | 548 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The prime rate in lending is an important concept that impacts borrowers and lenders alike. Put simply, it is the interest rate that banks charge their most creditworthy customers. But this seemingly straightforward term holds significant implications, affecting everything from mortgage rates to credit card APRs. So, what is the prime rate in lending, and why does it matter? In this article, we’ll dive into the details, exploring how the prime rate works and how it can shape the lending landscape for individuals and businesses. Get ready to unravel the mysteries of the prime rate and gain a deeper understanding of its impact. Let’s begin our journey!
What is the Prime Rate in Lending?
When it comes to borrowing money, understanding how interest rates work is essential. One critical concept in lending is the prime rate. The prime rate serves as a foundation for interest rates across various financial products, including loans and credit cards. In this article, we will delve into what the prime rate is, how it is determined, and the impact it can have on borrowing costs. So, let’s explore the world of prime rates in lending!
Defining the Prime Rate
The prime rate refers to the interest rate that banks and other financial institutions offer to their most creditworthy customers. It serves as a benchmark for setting interest rates on different lending products. Typically, the prime rate is tied to the federal funds rate, which is the interest rate at which banks lend to one another overnight. However, it is important to note that the prime rate is not directly determined by the Federal Reserve.
Financial institutions set their own prime rates, which are influenced by various factors such as the federal funds rate, overall economic conditions, and the institution’s cost of borrowing. The prime rate is often presented as a percentage above or below the federal funds rate.
Factors Influencing the Prime Rate
Several key factors influence the determination of the prime rate. Understanding these factors can help borrowers anticipate potential changes in the prime rate and make informed decisions about their borrowing needs. Here are some of the main factors that financial institutions consider:
- Economic conditions: The state of the economy, including factors like inflation, unemployment rates, and GDP growth, plays a crucial role in setting the prime rate. When the economy is thriving, the prime rate tends to be higher, reflecting increased borrowing costs. Conversely, during economic downturns, financial institutions may lower the prime rate to stimulate borrowing and economic activity.
- Federal Reserve policy: Although the Federal Reserve does not directly set the prime rate, its monetary policy decisions can indirectly impact the prime rate. When the Federal Reserve raises or lowers the federal funds rate, it affects short-term borrowing costs for banks. Financial institutions adjust their prime rates accordingly to align with market conditions.
- Risk assessment: Financial institutions consider the creditworthiness of their customers when determining the prime rate. Borrowers with higher credit scores and lower default risk may receive more favorable interest rates. This is because lenders view them as less likely to default on their loans, reducing the risk associated with lending to them.
- Competition: The prime rate can also be influenced by competition among financial institutions. If one bank lowers its prime rate to attract more customers, other banks may follow suit to remain competitive in the market. Conversely, if a bank increases its prime rate, others might do the same to maintain profitability.
The Impact of the Prime Rate
The prime rate has a significant impact on the borrowing costs for individuals and businesses. Here’s how the prime rate can affect different types of loans and financial products:
The prime rate indirectly affects mortgage interest rates. Most mortgages have rates that are based on a certain percentage above the prime rate. For example, if the prime rate is 4% and a mortgage has an interest rate of prime rate + 1%, the borrower would pay an interest rate of 5%. Therefore, changes in the prime rate can impact the affordability of mortgages and monthly mortgage payments.
Personal Loans and Auto Loans:
Similar to mortgages, personal loans and auto loans often have interest rates tied to the prime rate. Borrowers with excellent credit scores may qualify for loan rates below the prime rate, while those with lower credit scores may face rates above the prime rate. Therefore, changes in the prime rate can directly affect the interest rates on these types of loans.
Many credit cards have variable interest rates that are directly tied to the prime rate. If the prime rate increases, credit card interest rates also rise, increasing the cost of carrying a balance. On the other hand, a decrease in the prime rate can lead to lower credit card interest rates, providing potential savings for cardholders.
Business loans, including lines of credit and term loans, often have interest rates based on the prime rate. Small businesses with strong credit profiles may qualify for rates below the prime rate, while riskier businesses might face higher rates. Changes in the prime rate can have a direct impact on the cost of borrowing for businesses.
Monitoring the Prime Rate
Given the significance of the prime rate on borrowing costs, it is important for individuals and businesses to monitor any changes or potential shifts in the prime rate. There are several ways to stay informed:
- Financial news and websites: Keeping up with financial news and visiting reputable websites can provide valuable insights into changes in the prime rate. Many financial news outlets regularly report on interest rate movements and the factors influencing them.
- Bank and lender updates: Financial institutions may notify their customers of any changes in their prime rates. Subscribing to newsletters or email updates from your bank or lender can help you stay informed about adjustments in interest rates.
- Financial advisors: Seeking guidance from financial advisors can be beneficial, especially when planning major borrowing decisions. Advisors can provide personalized insights based on your financial situation and help you navigate the impact of prime rate changes.
The prime rate serves as a crucial benchmark for interest rates in lending. Financial institutions determine their prime rates based on factors such as economic conditions, Federal Reserve policy, risk assessment, and competition. The prime rate influences the borrowing costs for various financial products, including mortgages, personal loans, credit cards, and business loans. Monitoring changes in the prime rate is important for borrowers to anticipate potential shifts in interest rates and make informed borrowing decisions.
Prime Rate 101: A Quick and Simple Explanation in Just 1 Minute
Frequently Asked Questions
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is the prime rate in lending?
The prime rate in lending refers to the interest rate that banks charge their most creditworthy customers. It serves as a benchmark for the interest rates offered on various types of loans, such as mortgages, personal loans, and business loans.
How is the prime rate determined?
The prime rate is typically determined by the federal funds rate set by the central bank, which influences the interest rates at which banks lend to each other. However, individual banks may also consider their cost of funds, market conditions, and risk factors when setting their prime rates.
Does the prime rate fluctuate?
Yes, the prime rate can fluctuate over time. It often changes in response to adjustments made by the central bank to the federal funds rate. Economic factors, such as inflation, economic growth, and market conditions, can also influence changes in the prime rate.
Who benefits from a low prime rate?
A low prime rate benefits borrowers as it usually leads to lower interest rates on loans. Individuals and businesses seeking credit can take advantage of the lower borrowing costs associated with a low prime rate.
Can the prime rate affect my mortgage interest rate?
Yes, the prime rate can have an impact on mortgage interest rates. Many adjustable-rate mortgages are tied to the prime rate, meaning changes in the prime rate can result in changes to the interest rate and monthly mortgage payments.
Is the prime rate the same for all banks?
No, the prime rate can differ slightly among banks. While most banks base their prime rate on the federal funds rate, they may incorporate additional factors or adjust the rate based on their own business strategies, cost of funds, and market conditions.
What credit score is needed to qualify for the prime rate?
To qualify for the prime rate, borrowers generally need an excellent credit score. A credit score above 700 is typically considered favorable for obtaining the most favorable interest rates, including the prime rate.
How often does the prime rate change?
The prime rate can change periodically, although it is often adjusted in response to significant changes in the federal funds rate. Changes in the prime rate are typically announced by individual banks and are not standardized across all financial institutions.
The prime rate in lending refers to the interest rate that commercial banks charge their most creditworthy customers. It serves as a benchmark for various loan products, including mortgages, personal loans, and business loans. This rate is determined by the central bank of a country and is influenced by factors such as economic conditions, inflation, and monetary policies. Lenders often set their interest rates based on the prime rate, adding a certain percentage to it. Borrowers with a good credit history can benefit from lower interest rates, while those with a less favorable credit profile may face higher rates. Understanding the prime rate in lending is essential for borrowers and enables them to make informed decisions when seeking credit. | <urn:uuid:9428b0db-dd97-4bea-b4a5-7a6dba6f977c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ishratamin.com/what-is-the-prime-rate-in-lending/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.955692 | 1,887 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Posts Tagged "Senior Music Programs"
Do you know learning to make music helps your child develop skills that are quite difficult to acquire from any other activity?
For instance, if a child starts playing a musical instrument before the age of seven their neurons are likely to show a strong connection between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. In simple words, music supports the growth and development of every part of the human brain and also contributes to greatly improved academic skills.
The real advantage is that even if music lessons don’t extend to a higher professional level, your child will have developed a love of music as well as music skills that will enrich their entire adult lives.
- From learning foreign languages to bringing back memories in Alzheimer’s patients, music improves memory and brain function.
- Before children can understand words and gestures, they learn to recognize musical notes. Subsequently, the music develops fine motor skills.
- Whether grown-up or child, music improves spatial reasoning. How? It is because visuospatial ability and music stimulate the same neurons in the brain.
- When a child takes a music lesson, they learn to process different types of complex sounds which in turn improves their listening and speaking skills.
However, the most important thing of all is that it is never too late to learn how to make music as the Sing-Play approach makes it all so easy.
This is an integrated approach to music-making that fosters personal development as well as skill acquisition. It offers us a lifetime of enjoyment and satisfaction.
Sing-Play develops the ear, so no music notation is taught in the beginning.
We learn how to hear more accurately and be able to replicate what we hear, either vocally, or on our instrument.
We learn to trust that if it doesn’t sound right we are correct, as well as how to self-correct.
Sing-Play helps us to feel how music moves in many different ways, depending on the genre. We learn to play the rhythm of the words in songs and how moving as we play helps our music-making.
Sing-Play helps us to connect to the music inside us and bring it out. As we already hear the music it becomes very easy to master the specific technical aspects that each instrument has, so we are making-music that is fluent.
Sing-Play helps develop our memory for new songs and remembering songs from many years ago.
Sing-Play is an organic process, during which we often discover limiting ideas, or memories of what other people have said to us, and teaches us how to release them so that our music-making becomes freer and nurturing.
Back pain is a common condition managed in primary care and one of the commonest causes of disability in Western societies. Drugs and surgery are the traditional methods to deal with pain.
For over a hundred years lessons in the Alexander Technique have taught students how to activate the principles that govern human functioning. The genius of Alexander’s discoveries, is that we all can learn as adults how to recapture the ease and freedom of movement so beautifully demonstrated by young children.
Lessons in the Alexander Technique are very frequently used for Pain Management. Going beyond regular treatments for physical problems, students gain long term relief from such aliments as:
- Back and neck problems
- Repetitive Strain Injuries
It can be used to accelerate recovery from surgery or injuries caused by accidents. Alexander Technique works holistically. It not only helps alleviate physical suffering but can also help to improve overall health, both physically and psychologically.
The fact is, the mind cannot be separated from the body, so that what happens in the body affects the mind and vice versa. Even “gym rats” notice that after an intense workout they feel better not just physically, but also mentally. In fact, according to the American Psychological Association, prolonged stress from work, home life or other situations can contribute to physical ailments, like high blood pressure and circulation issues, and, in severe cases, put some people at a heightened risk for heart problems.
“Lessons in the Alexander technique offer an individualized approach designed to develop lifelong skills for self-care that help people recognize, understand, and avoid poor habits affecting postural tone and neuromuscular coordination.”
−British Medical Journal | <urn:uuid:ddd69e3c-14a4-410c-9f6e-05ae6b2497c3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://judithmuir.com/tag/senior-music-programs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.946627 | 889 | 3.46875 | 3 |
A noun is a word for a person, place, or thing.
The girl has crayons on the tabletop.
(Girl is a person. Crayons are things. Tabletop is a place.)
A noun is often the subject. Sometimes it does other jobs.
The girl will draw a picture.
(Girl is the subject. Picture is a thing the girl will draw.) | <urn:uuid:8f4d8d8a-dbb6-4353-af57-d4e982b00167> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://k12.thoughtfullearning.com/lessonplan/using-nouns-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.912476 | 82 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The East Coast Origin of Wyoming’s Name
It is a beautiful name. We love saying it. We are proud to say it. But where does the name Wyoming come from?
There are many names that sound very different in other languages. In this case, Wyoming comes from what we call the Delaware Indian. We say Delaware but they pronounce it Lenape. The Lenape have a word that sounds something like mecheweami-ing, when they say it phonetically. That word means “at/on the big plains”. But that tribe was describing a place in Pennsylvania. The new white settlers in the area thought they heard the natives saying Wyoming. So they called it the Wyoming Valley.
Other sources say the name Wyoming is based on an Algonquin Indian word meaning "large prairie place."
U.S. Representative James M. Ashley of Ohio proposed the name “Wyoming Territory” in 1865. He knew the name because he was born in the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania. Eventually, Mr. Ashley traveled out the see the place that he had named. But he went home with second thoughts, saying “…there was not enough fertility in the soil to subsist a population sufficient for a single congressional district. Not one acre in a thousand can be irrigated.” But it was too late. The land had been named.
Wyoming was not the only name considered for our great state. Others were Cheyenne, Shoshoni, Arapaho, Sioux, Platte, Big Horn, Yellowstone and Sweetwater. | <urn:uuid:3b86dde5-b4cd-4f57-946e-c42a89c43119> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://kgab.com/the-east-coast-origin-of-wyomings-name/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.967157 | 325 | 3.859375 | 4 |
A PCB, known in full as a Printed Circuit Board, is a board that applies conductive traces and other elements etched into a copper foil. The role of the board is to connect electronic devices electronically. They also help give the machines the ability to function swiftly by allowing for easy movement of electricity. The best PCB companies offer PCB assembly and SMT assembly services. This post seeks to expound on PCB assembly and SMT assembly.
What is PCB assembly?
PCB assembly is the process of manufacturing a PCB board with components mounted on it. PCB assembly is a lengthy process. It involves several manual and automated steps that must be executed with utmost care and attention to detail. The slightest errors in the process can result in numerous issues and failures of the final project or assembly.
The process of PCB assembly
The process features the following steps;
- Application of the solder paste
- Placing the components (this process is entirely automated using robotic and place machines)
- Solidification of the solder paste to the correct specifications
- Reflow soldering; where the solder paste is melted, and the assembly is moved in the conveyor belt then exposed to a series of heaters for cooling
- Inspection of the PCB to ensure its functionality (the role of this step is to identify faulty connections, component misplacements, and other issues)
- Through-hole component insertion
- Final inspection
What is SMT assembly?
SMT assembly, also known as surface mounting, is a method for producing electronic circuits by placing components directly on the surface of a board. This technique was established in the late 1970s and the early 1980s. Its establishment was a result of the continued growth of the electronics manufacturing industry.
The SMT assembly process
- Determining the positioning of the components and how the PCB is meant to function
- Application of the soldering paste for holding the components together
- Solder paste inspection (the process is automated mainly)
- Automatically selecting, reviewing, and placing the components
- Reflow soldering for connecting the components
- Testing the PCB to ensure that the assembly process was successful
What is the relationship between PCB assembly and SMT assembly?
SMT assembly is an alternative to PCB manufacturing. Both PCB assembly and SMT assembly are methods efficient and modern methods of assembling electronics. The two methods are highly similar. Another similarity between these two terms is that they both involve the application of circuit boards. Both PCB and SMT are types of circuit boards. The components involved in SMT assembly are also similar to those involved in PCB assembly. In simpler terms, PCB assembly is a processing service based on SMT.
PCB assembly can be defined as the circuit board plug-in assembly process, also known as SMT. The two processes have a lot of similarities and quite a few differences. The primary difference is that PCB is a popular processing technology that involves buying back the PCB substrate and mounting it to the PCB via a specific technology. It helps increase the processes of procuring components. | <urn:uuid:7d0dd9e2-c7d5-40d8-98fa-470cdf3f7729> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://krysmanufacturing.com/the-processes-of-pcb-and-smt-assembly/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.955419 | 619 | 3.8125 | 4 |
A major Roman mosaic is coming to a town near you! It is rare that we get a chance to see such treasures up close and personal on this side of the pond. Mosaics hold a fascinating window into historical and architectural meaning, and understanding life in ancient times.
In 1996 during some highway construction, a massive mosaic was discovered in Lod, Israel, near Tel Aviv. Known as the Lod Mosaic, three major panels have been selected for a loan exhibition. When the mosaic was uncovered in Israel, the authorities opened it to the public and 30,000 people traveled to see it during a single weekend! Wow!
Most unique about this traveling display is that the mosaic is being displayed on the floor, as it was originally intended to be seen. Mosaic pavements were an integral part of ancient architecture. With its debut at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, these preserved segments will travel this April 2011 to San Francisco’s Legion of Honor, move on to Chicago’s Field Museum, and end in Columbus, Ohio. Click here for the full Exhibition Schedule.
THE BIG PICTURE
Many mosaics left in situ, are often abandoned to the ravages of time, with little or no protection. Most mosaics “of note” are carefully lifted from their original sites, conserved, and then re-located indoors to enrich the collections of museums of ancient art.
In 2006-2007, the Getty Villa curated Stories in Stone: Conserving the Mosaics of Roman Africa, bringing over 50 major ancient works to the US from Tunisia, displayed as works of art, mainly wall mounted. I had the opportunity to give mosaic workshops and artist demos along with this exhibition, as visitors explored some of the world’s most amazing mosaics right in Los Angeles.
In recent decades, archaeologists and conservators have increasingly recognized the importance of conserving mosaics as whole pavements, in their original architectural surroundings. This attention to display is ground-breaking (pun intended). The Lod Mosaic is one such well-funded conservation effort, done in conjunction with the Israel Antiquities Authority.
The mosaic will be presented in the “theoretical context of an archeological excavation”. This means it will not be hanging on a wall in a museum, but you will be able to see the works as the pavements, and in the orientation of the original excavation site. After the US tour, the Lod mosaic heads back to a brand spanking new “in-situ” crib, known as the Shelby White and Leon Levy Lod Mosaic Archaeological Center, which will open to the public in 2012/13.
HOME SWEET HOME
A major excavation site in Sicily, known as Villa del Casale, is currently undergoing massive renovations to its visitor center. Coverings were constructed over the excavation site in mid-1970’s, and with age and the harsh Mediterranean sunlight, the panels have discolored over time. The armature of the roofing also casts shadows making it difficult to photograph here. There are gangways which give one a bird’s-eye view of the massive and complex mosaics.
Another recent Roman excavation La Villa del Tellaro, in south-eastern Sicily, near Noto, was opened to the public in 2008. Benefiting from the conservation advances, the archeologists have taken great pains to create a visitors center that keeps the mosaic in its original orientation.
It seems that every day, there are reports of another Roman villa or city being unearthed. This recent momentum has drawn attention to the medium, which is now considered of greater consequence beyond purely aesthetic value. Municipalities see mosaic excavations are an important vehicle for increased cultural tourism and tool for preserving the value of cultural heritage. Returning antiquities to their country of origin is a hotly debated subject.
You can follow the back story on The Lod Mosaic project through its own excellent website, http://www.lodmosaic.org/, rich with historical information and conservation news.
Mosaic Art NOW, editor and blogger, Nancie Mills Pipgras has written a very comprehensive article about the mosaic, with lots of links to ancillary websites and videos that have sprouted up around the mosaic, which you can access here.
The Metropolitan Museum has made a very good short video, giving highlights of the excavation. | <urn:uuid:bbb6cdbf-484b-4725-b3f5-b739e9c7f9da> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://lilliansizemore.com/roman-mosaic-stay-or-go/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.948801 | 900 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The Meta Crisis is a complex and interconnected set of challenges that threaten the long-term survival and wellbeing of humanity. At its core, the Meta Crisis is a crisis of spirit, a crisis of consciousness, and a crisis of Values. It stems from the belief that humans are separate from nature and from each other, and that the pursuit of individual, tribal and national self-interest is the primary driver of human behavior and success.
The Meta Crisis manifests in a multitude of ways, including environmental degradation, social and economic inequality, political polarization, and the corruption and erosion of institutions of governance, economy, society, and religion. These challenges are not isolated, but rather interconnected and mutually reinforcing. For example, the destruction of ecosystems leads to the displacement of populations, which in turn fuels social and political instability and conflict, leading to additional environmental destruction.
The Meta Crisis is a result of a narrow and short-sighted worldview that prioritizes short-term gains over long-term Wisdom, Justice, and Regenerativity. It requires a fundamental shift in consciousness and values, one that recognizes the interconnectedness of all life and the need for cooperation, compassion, and wisdom to address the local and global challenges we face.
Addressing the Meta Crisis requires a comprehensive and integrated approach that includes political, economic, social, and cultural transformations. It requires us to confront our own assumptions and biases and to embrace a New Vision of what it means to be human and to live in harmony with God, nature and One Another across the generations. | <urn:uuid:6e460d20-e544-4770-a5fe-b50a412260c9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://lionsberg.wiki/lionsberg_wiki_books/the_battle_for_the_spirit_of_america/1.1_defining_the_meta_crisis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.918181 | 307 | 2.875 | 3 |
Effective Strategies for Building Self-Confidence in Communication
Building self-confidence in communication is essential for effectively expressing oneself and connecting with others. Here are some strategies to help enhance your communication confidence:
1. Prepare and practice:
One effective strategy for building self-confidence in communication is to prepare and practice what you want to say. This can involve researching the topic, organizing your thoughts, and rehearsing your delivery. By being well-prepared, you will feel more confident in your knowledge and ability to communicate effectively.
2. Focus on strengths:
Another strategy is to focus on your strengths and positive attributes. Recognize the unique qualities and skills that you bring to the table, whether it’s your expertise, creativity, or empathy. By acknowledging and embracing these strengths, you can boost your confidence in communicating with others.
3. Set realistic goals:
Setting realistic goals can also help build confidence in communication. Start by setting small, achievable goals for yourself, such as speaking up during a meeting or presenting a short report. As you accomplish these goals, your confidence will grow, allowing you to tackle more challenging communication tasks.
List of strategies:
- Prepare and practice
- Focus on strengths
- Set realistic goals
How Body Language and Nonverbal Cues Enhance Confident Communication
In addition to verbal communication, body language and nonverbal cues play a significant role in enhancing confident communication. Here’s why they are important:
1. Establishing rapport:
Your body language can help establish rapport with others by conveying openness and approachability. Maintaining eye contact, using open gestures, and having an upright posture can signal confidence and make others more receptive to your message.
2. Conveying confidence:
Body language and nonverbal cues can also convey confidence in your communication. Standing tall, using purposeful hand gestures, and speaking with a clear and steady voice can project self-assurance to others. This can enhance the impact of your message and increase your credibility.
3. Enhancing understanding:
Nonverbal cues such as facial expressions, nodding, and mirroring can enhance understanding between communicators. These cues show active listening and engagement, which can help build trust and rapport with others. Additionally, they can help clarify meaning when verbal communication may be ambiguous.
List of ways body language enhances confident communication:
- Establishing rapport
- Conveying confidence
- Enhancing understanding
Overcoming Common Obstacles to Communicating with Confidence
Communicating with confidence can sometimes be challenging due to various obstacles that may arise. Here are some common obstacles you might encounter and strategies for overcoming them:
1. Fear of judgment or rejection:
Fear of judgment or rejection is a common obstacle to communicating with confidence. To overcome this fear, remind yourself that everyone has different perspectives and opinions. Focus on expressing yourself authentically rather than seeking approval from others.
2. Negative self-talk:
Negative self-talk can undermine your confidence in communication. Challenge negative thoughts by replacing them with positive affirmations or realistic statements about your abilities. Remind yourself of past successes in communication to boost your confidence.
3. Lack of assertiveness:
A lack of assertiveness can hinder confident communication. Practice assertiveness by expressing your thoughts and opinions respectfully and directly. Use “I” statements to convey your perspective and be open to listening to others’ viewpoints as well.
List of common obstacles:
- Fear of judgment or rejection
- Negative self-talk
- Lack of assertiveness
The Contribution of Active Listening to Confident Communication
Active listening plays a crucial role in confident communication. When we actively listen to others, we demonstrate respect and empathy, which helps build trust and rapport. This not only enhances our understanding of the speaker’s message but also allows us to respond effectively and confidently.
Benefits of Active Listening:
Active listening offers numerous benefits that contribute to confident communication. Firstly, it helps us gain a comprehensive understanding of the speaker’s perspective, enabling us to respond thoughtfully and appropriately. Additionally, active listening promotes effective problem-solving by allowing us to identify underlying issues or concerns. It also fosters positive relationships as it demonstrates our genuine interest in others’ thoughts and feelings.
Techniques for Active Listening:
To actively listen, we can employ various techniques. One technique is maintaining eye contact with the speaker, which shows attentiveness and engagement. Another technique is paraphrasing or summarizing what the speaker has said to ensure accurate comprehension. Additionally, asking open-ended questions encourages further elaboration from the speaker, facilitating deeper understanding.
Techniques and Exercises to Improve Communication Confidence
Improving communication confidence requires practice and self-awareness. Here are some techniques and exercises that can help enhance confidence in communication:
Visualizing successful communication scenarios can boost confidence. Imagine yourself confidently expressing your thoughts or ideas in different situations, such as public speaking or presenting at work.
Replacing negative self-talk with positive affirmations can significantly impact confidence levels. Remind yourself of past successes and focus on your strengths rather than dwelling on perceived weaknesses.
Engaging in role-playing exercises allows you to practice various communication scenarios in a safe environment. This helps build confidence by familiarizing yourself with potential challenges and developing strategies to overcome them.
Requesting feedback from trusted individuals can provide valuable insights into areas for improvement. Constructive criticism helps identify communication patterns or habits that may hinder confidence and allows for targeted growth.
Managing Nerves and Anxiety in High-Pressure Communication Situations
High-pressure communication situations, such as job interviews or important presentations, can trigger nerves and anxiety. However, there are strategies to manage these emotions and communicate confidently:
Taking slow, deep breaths helps calm the nervous system and reduces anxiety. Practice diaphragmatic breathing by inhaling deeply through your nose, holding for a few seconds, and exhaling slowly through your mouth.
Visualize yourself successfully navigating the high-pressure situation with confidence. Imagine feeling calm, composed, and delivering your message effectively.
Thorough preparation builds confidence. Research the topic extensively, anticipate potential questions or challenges, and practice your presentation or responses beforehand. The more prepared you are, the more confident you will feel.
Focusing on the Audience:
Instead of fixating on your own nervousness, shift your focus to the audience’s needs and interests. Concentrate on delivering value to them rather than worrying about personal insecurities.
The Role of Assertiveness in Communicating with Confidence and How to Develop It
Assertiveness is crucial for confident communication as it involves expressing oneself effectively while respecting others’ rights and opinions. Developing assertiveness skills can greatly enhance communication confidence:
Assertiveness lies between passivity (not expressing oneself) and aggression (expressing oneself at the expense of others). It involves clear communication of thoughts, feelings, and needs while considering others’ perspectives.
Practicing Assertion Techniques:
Assertiveness can be developed through various techniques. “I” statements, where you express your thoughts or feelings without blaming others, are effective in asserting yourself while maintaining respect. Additionally, learning to say “no” when necessary and setting boundaries helps establish assertive communication.
Developing self-confidence is essential for assertiveness. Focus on building a positive self-image, recognizing your strengths, and celebrating past successes. The more confident you feel about yourself, the more assertive you will become in expressing your thoughts and opinions.
Tips for Adapting Communication Style while Maintaining Confidence in Different Audiences or Situations
Adapting communication style to different audiences or situations is crucial for effective and confident communication. Here are some tips to help maintain confidence while adjusting your approach:
Understanding Audience Needs:
Before communicating with a particular audience, take time to understand their needs, preferences, and expectations. Tailor your message accordingly to ensure it resonates with them.
Flexibility in Communication Style:
Be open to adapting your communication style based on the situation or audience. This may involve using simpler language for non-experts or adjusting your tone and body language to match the cultural norms of a specific group.
Active Listening and Empathy:
Demonstrate active listening skills by genuinely engaging with the audience’s ideas and concerns. Show empathy by acknowledging their perspectives and validating their emotions. This fosters trust and enhances confident communication.
The Impact of Self-Awareness on Confident Communication and How to Cultivate It
Self-awareness is vital for confident communication as it allows us to recognize our strengths, weaknesses, triggers, and biases. Cultivating self-awareness can significantly enhance communication confidence:
Engage in reflective practices such as journaling or meditation to gain insights into your thoughts, emotions, and communication patterns. Regular self-reflection helps identify areas for improvement and promotes personal growth.
Request feedback from trusted individuals to gain an external perspective on your communication style. This feedback can provide valuable insights into blind spots or areas where you may need to adjust your approach.
Emotional Intelligence Development:
Developing emotional intelligence enhances self-awareness. Pay attention to your emotions during communication interactions and learn to regulate them effectively. Understanding how emotions influence your communication allows for more confident and controlled responses.
Recommended Resources and Courses for Enhancing Communication Confidence
There are various resources and courses available that can help enhance communication confidence. Here are some recommendations:
– “The Confidence Code” by Katty Kay and Claire Shipman
– “Crucial Conversations: Tools for Talking When Stakes Are High” by Kerry Patterson, Joseph Grenny, Ron McMillan, and Al Switzler
– “Effective Communication Skills” offered by Coursera
– “Confident Communication Mastery” offered by Udemy
Online Articles and Blogs:
– Harvard Business Review’s articles on effective communication strategies
– TED Talks on public speaking and confident communication
These resources provide valuable insights, techniques, and guidance for enhancing communication confidence.
In conclusion, learning effective communication skills and practicing them with confidence can greatly enhance our ability to express ourselves clearly and connect with others in various aspects of life. | <urn:uuid:aeb4ba74-76be-465d-a957-0abf0f2b488b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://looksmaxer.com/how-to-communicate-with-confidence-in-2023-expert-tips-to-boost-your-confidence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.902238 | 2,107 | 2.859375 | 3 |
When someone develops depression, health professionals usually focus their attention on the brain.
In some cases, however, it is a person’s thyroid that is the source of the problem.
Symptoms of Depression or Undiagnosed Hypothyroidism?
So what is hypothyroidism and how can it be misdiagnosed as depression?
The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland situated at the front of the throat, that controls how quickly the body uses energy. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland is under-active and fails to secrete enough hormones into the bloodstream for optimal brain and body functioning.
Symptoms of hypothyroidism include:
- Depressed mood;
- Weight gain;
- Difficulty concentrating;
- Low blood pressure;
- Dry, coarse skin and hair;
- Hoarse voice;
- Slow reflexes;
- Inability to tolerate cold;
- Enlargement of the thyroid gland.
The overlap of symptoms shared by depression and hypothyroidism can produce a misdiagnosis of depression instead of hypothyroidism. Misdiagnosis can have a major impact on an individual because the cause and treatment options for depression and hypothyroidism are not the same.
In some cases, however, depression and hypothyroidism can coexist, especially in older women. Research suggests that up to 20% of all chronic depression cases are associated with low production of thyroid hormones. Conversely, 40% of individuals with hypothyroidism have significant signs and symptoms of depression.
Treatment for hypothyroidism varies greatly from treatment for depression, which is why those misdiagnosed with depression instead of hypothyroidism tend not to improve.
The most effective treatment for hypothyroidism is a drug treatment that requires lifelong management. It involves taking a synthetic thyroid hormone pill once a day. This oral medication restores hormones to adequate levels, reversing the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism.
On the other hand, treatments for depression can include (but are not limited to), psychological treatments such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Interpersonal Therapy, Behaviour Therapy and Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy. Antidepressant medication may also be prescribed to be used in combination with therapy. Other sources of support that can also help in the treatment of depression include meditation training, exercise, diet and support groups.
In cases where depression and hypothyroidism coexist, studies have shown that not only do thyroid replacement medications often improve depressive symptoms, they also boost the effectiveness of antidepressant medication.
If you have a) been diagnosed with depression, b) do not feel that you are improving after trying numerous treatment options, and c) appear to experience the symptoms of hypothyroidism then you might like to book an appointment with your GP. Explain your symptoms and concerns, they will likely be able to assist further. On the other hand, if you are struggling with a dual diagnosis of depression and hypothyroidism, then an appointment with a qualified therapist can be of great benefit.
Author: M1 Psychology
To make an appointment try Online Booking. Alternatively, you can call M1 Psychology Brisbane on (07) 3067 9129
- Nemeroff, C.B., Simon, J.S., Haggerty, J.J. Jr., & Evans, D.L. (1985). Antithyroid antibodies in depressed patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142(7), 840–843.
- Pies, R. W. (1995). Women, mood, and the thyroid. Women Psychiatry Health, 4, 4–10. | <urn:uuid:99058b3e-c033-4c1e-b972-8d89f2d430d2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://m1psychology.com/depression-or-undiagnosed-hypothyroidism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.918653 | 748 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) mutations and haemoglobinuria syndrome in the Vietnamese population
Malaria Journal volume 8, Article number: 152 (2009)
In Vietnam the blackwater fever syndrome (BWF) has been associated with malaria infection, quinine ingestion and G6PD deficiency. The G6PD variants within the Vietnamese Kinh contributing to the disease risk in this population, and more generally to haemoglobinuria, are currently unknown.
Eighty-two haemoglobinuria patients and 524 healthy controls were screened for G6PD deficiency using either the methylene blue reduction test, the G-6-PDH kit or the micro-methaemoglobin reduction test. The G6PD gene variants were screened using SSCP combined with DNA sequencing in 82 patients with haemoglobinuria, and in 59 healthy controls found to be G6PD deficient.
This study confirmed that G6PD deficiency is strongly associated with haemoglobinuria (OR = 15, 95% CI [7.7 to 28.9], P < 0.0001). Six G6PD variants were identified in the Vietnamese population, of which two are novel (Vietnam1 [Glu3Lys] and Vietnam2 [Phe66Cys]). G6PD Viangchan [Val291Met], common throughout south-east Asia, accounted for 77% of the variants detected and was significantly associated with haemoglobinuria within G6PD-deficient ethnic Kinh Vietnamese (OR = 5.8 95% CI [114-55.4], P = 0.022).
The primary frequency of several G6PD mutations, including novel mutations, in the Vietnamese Kinh population are reported and the contribution of G6PD mutations to the development of haemoglobinuria are investigated.
Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is one of the most common enzymatic disorders of red blood cells in humans and has a varied clinical presentation . The World Health Organization has defined the different G6PD variants according to the magnitude of the enzyme deficiency and the severity of haemolysis. The clinical expression of G6PD deficiency varies from severe enzyme deficiency to increased enzyme activity (class I to class V). The commonest clinical patterns are; 1) neonatal jaundice, 2) congenital haemolytic anaemia, 3) drug-induced haemolysis and 4) favism.
G6PD is the initial enzyme involved in the pentose phosphate pathway of erythrocyte metabolism. It is involved in the production of NADPH and indirectly of reduced glutathione necessary for the protection of the cells from oxidative stress. This enzyme is encoded by the G6PD gene, which is located at chromosome Xq28. The G6PD gene exhibits remarkable polymorphism in human populations and G6PD is known to have over 400 variants. These variants are distinguished by their electrophoresis and biochemical characteristics and some variants are not associated with significantly reduced enzyme activity in erythrocytes . However, there are numerous mutations found in the G6PD gene, which are geographically isolated and cause a deficiency of the enzyme in erythrocytes [3–8]. Almost all G6PD deficiencies are caused by a point mutation of the genomic DNA resulting in an amino acid substitution . To date, 140 mutations of the G6PD gene have been identified.
The incidence of G6PD deficiency is high in malaria endemic areas. There is evidence to support the hypothesis that G6PD deficiency confers a protective effect against illness following Plasmodium infection and genetic variability maintained at the G6PD locus appears to be an example of a balanced polymorphism . In Africa and Southeast Asian countries where Plasmodium falciparum is endemic, the incidence of G6PD deficiency is estimated to be more than 10% (summarized by Matsuoka, 2005). In contrast, in Japan, Northern China and Northern European countries, where malaria is historically not endemic, the incidence of G6PD deficiency is less than 0.1% (summarized by Matsuoka, 2005). In the northern Vietnamese population, the incidence of G6PD deficiency is highly variable between ethnicities. The frequency of G6PD deficiency in the Kinh and the Mong ethnic groups, who traditionally have lived outside malaria transmission areas, is low (0.5% and 0.7%, respectively). The prevalence among ethnic groups living in the foothills of 4 provinces in the north of Vietnam (Thanh Hoa, Son La, Ha Giang, and Hoa Binh), the breeding area of the main malaria vector Anopheles minimus, ranges from 9.7% to 31% .
The blackwater fever (BWF) syndrome is characterized by severe intravascular haemolysis and anaemia producing dark urine in patients, and is also associated with malaria [12, 13]. The pathogenesis of BWF remains unclear [14, 15]. However, G6PD deficiency has been identified as a cause of haemolysis in patients receiving primaquine, or other oxidant drugs, and it is the single factor most often associated with acute intravascular haemolysis [3, 4, 8, 16–18]. Chau et al showed in Vietnam that BWF was associated with quinine ingestion, malaria infection and G6PD deficiency, and that these three factors were not mutually independent and may interact . The nature of the interaction is unclear, particularly as quinine is not an oxidant drug, like primaquine, known to cause haemolysis in G6PD deficiency. However, the overlapping risk factors suggest that haemoglobinuria caused by G6PD deficiency should not be regarded as a separate syndrome .
Though the prevalence of G6PD deficiency in Vietnamese populations has been reported, the genetic variants responsible for this deficiency and their associations with haemoglobinura have not been determined. G6PD mutations were screened in patients with haemoglobinuria and in G6PD deficient healthy individuals to identify the G6PD variants causing G6PD deficiency in the Vietnamese general population and to investigate the contribution of G6PD mutations to the development of haemoglobinuria.
Three separate sample groups were collected from the Kinh and S'tieng ethnic groups at different times in Vietnam. Ethnicity was self-reported by the individuals enrolled in the study. The first group comprised of 266 healthy Vietnamese Kinh who lived in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC; male N = 162, female N = 98, not recorded N = 4). In 2000, venous blood (5 ml) was collected in EDTA anticoagulant and G6PD deficiency was determined by the methylene blue reduction test . From the remaining EDTA blood sample (3 ml) the plasma was removed and the cell pellet was stored at -20°C.
The second group comprised of 258 healthy Vietnamese S'tieng who lived in Binh Phuoc province. Finger prick blood samples were taken in 2001 and the level of G6PD was determined by the G-6-PDH kit (Sigma diagnostics, UK) according to the manufacturer's specification. The control samples used for this assay were healthy individuals with known G6PD deficiency. The remaining whole blood was stored at -20°C.
The third group was comprised of 82 patients with haemoglobinuria admitted to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases (HTD) HCMC between 1993 and 1996 (male N = 75, female N = 5, not recorded N = 2). Macroscopically haemoglobinuria was defined as patients who had passed red or black urine. Microscopically haemoglobinuria was defined as a range of 0.1–1.8 g/dl of free Hb in urine, or Hb in the urine detected by Combur 9 Test Strips (3+ to 4+; Roche Diagnostics). Venous blood (2 ml) was taken from these patients and the level of G6PD was determined by screening RBCs using the micro-methaemoglobin reduction test . All patients were investigated for the presence of malaria by thick and thin peripheral blood smears. 21/80 patients had confirmed malaria by the ParaSight F test, that detects P. falciparum HRP2. 15 of these 21 patients also had positive smears for P. falciparum and one was positive for both P. falciparum and P. vivax on admission to HTD. 5/21 patients had a positive blood smear result from the referring hospital but were negative on admission at HTD. Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites per microlitre of blood ranged from 20 to 75,360 (mean: 17615 per/μl). Transmission of malaria at the time of this study in this area of southern Vietnam occurs sporadically. The malaria patients in this study could therefore be defined as non-immune or partially immune individuals. Patients were then divided into two groups; haemoglobinuric patients with G6PD deficiency and haemoglobinuric patients without G6PD deficiency. 48/82 haemoglobinuric patients were defined as G6PD deficient based on a methaemoglobin reduction test of <5 at hospital admission (number of tests performed at admission N = 79) and discharge [number of tests performed at discharge N = 68; discharge at <1 week (N = 24), 1–2 weeks (N = 37), >2 weeks (N = 7)]. 35/82 haemoglobinuric patients had a further methaemoglobin reduction test at follow up (follow up was at >54 days post hospital admission and ranged from 54–365 days). From the follow up test 23 were confirmed as G6PD deficient. Therefore in this study 48/82 haemoglobinuric patients are defined as "probable G6PD deficient" and 23/82 are defined as "definite G6PD deficient". Plasma was removed from the remaining blood sample and the blood cell pellet was stored at -20°C.
DNA was extracted from frozen blood cell pellets or whole blood by the Nucleon genomic DNA extraction Kit (Tepnel Life Sciences, United Kingdom).
DNA fragment amplification
Primers were designed to PCR amplify all 13 exons of the G6PD gene (table 1). The complete exonic regions were generated in 14 fragments ranging between 150–400 bp in length. PCR was performed in a 25 μL reaction containing 25 μM of each specific primer, 0.2 mM of each dNTP, 1 – 2.5 mM MgCl2, approximately 100 ng of DNA and 1 unit of AmpliTaq polymerase (Applied Biosystems, USA). PCR cycling conditions were as follows; 95°C for 5 min, annealing temperature (see Table 1) for 1 min then 30 cycles of 72°C for 1 min, 95°C for 30 s, annealing temperature for 1 min, and then 72°C for 5 min once. PCR products were separated on a 2% agarose gel containing 1 μg/ml ethidium bromide and bands were visualized by ultraviolet illumination (for specific PCR product sizes see Table 1).
Mutation detection by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP)
PCR products were analysed by SSCP to detect mutations. Sequence variation can be recognized by band size changes on polyacrylamide gel (Figure 1), when comparing bands to a wild type control. PCR products were denatured at 80°C for 10 min prior to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 5 μl of the denatured PCR product was mixed with loading buffer (98% formamide, 0.025% xylene cyanol FF and 0.025% bromophenol blue). The samples were separated on 6–8% polyacrylamide gels (acrylamide and bisacrylamide at a ratio of 99:1) in a tris borate buffer (TBE) containing 5% glycerol. If fragments were not separated effectively then the ratio of acrylamide to bisacrylamide was altered (39:1 or 19:1) and the percentage of glycerol was increased to 10%. Gels were electrophoresed in a vertical tank (Gibco BRL Sequencing System) at a constant power of 4W for 18 hours at 4°C. Gels were silver stained by standard procedures and then dried onto Whatman 3 MM paper using a vacuum gel drier.
Cloning and DNA sequencing
Two or three samples for each unusual band pattern detected on an SSCP gel were prepared for sequencing to confirm the location of the sequence change. The PCR products were gel purified using a Geneclean kit (BIO 101, USA) and then cloned using the TOPO TA Cloning kit for Sequencing (Invitrogen, UK). Cloned plasmids for sequencing were extracted from Escherichia coli by the Perfectprep Plasmid Mini Kit (Eppendorf, Germany). PCR products that were sequenced directly where purified using the QIAquick PCR Purification kit (Qiagen, UK). Plasmid DNA templates were sequenced using the M13 forward and reverse primers, whereas PCR templates were sequenced using the specific primers that had initially generated the PCR fragment (Table 1). DNA sequencing was performed on a CEQ8000 capillary sequencer (Beckman, Singapore). The sequence of each sample was compared to the sequence of G6PD in GenBank (accession No. X55448) to identify the mutations.
Fisher's exact test was used for all comparisons and was performed within the STATA software package.
Phenotypic screening for G6PD deficiency in healthy individuals from two ethnic groups, the Vietnamese Kinh and S'tieng, showed that the overall prevalence of the G6PD deficient phenotype in the southern Vietnamese population is relatively high at 11.3% (59/524). The difference in the prevalence of G6PD deficiency between the two Vietnamese ethnicities was not significant; 8.7% (23/266) in the Kinh and 14% (36/258) in the S'tieng (p = 0.07). Of the 23 G6PD deficient Kinh, 17 were male, five were female and one unknown (sex not recorded). Of the 36 G6PD deficient S'tieng, 28 were male and eight were female. In Vietnamese Kinh patients with haemoglobinuria, the frequency of "probable G6PD deficiency" was 58.5% (48/82). Twenty-eight percent (23/82) of haemoglobinuric patients had "definite G6PD deficiency." Of the 82 haemoglobinuric patients, five were female and 75 were male. All patients with probable G6PD deficiency were male (N = 48).
To identify the molecular cause of G6PD deficiency in this population the G6PD gene was screened for mutations in healthy individuals (of both Kinh and S'tieng ethnic groups) who were G6PD deficient, and in all haemoglobinuric patients (N = 82). Across the three groups eight polymorphisms were identified within the G6PD gene (Table 2). Five of these variants have been described in other populations, namely Gaohe Gaozhou (A95G; His32Arg), Coimbra "Shunde" (C11763T; Arg198Cys), Chinese-5 (C13184T; Leu342Phe), and Viangchan Jammu (G13031A; Val291Met) and nt13714C>T . Three variants identified in this Vietnamese population are novel (two non-synonymous polymorphisms and one silent): Vietnam1 (G7A; Glu3 Lys); Vietnam2 (T10148G; Phe66 Cys); and Vietnam3 (C10170 T, Ser73 Ser) (Table 2).
In the healthy G6PD deficient group (both Kinh and Stieng) 37.3% (22/59) have no detectable mutation in the G6PD gene and 28.8% (17/59) have a synonymous polymorphism only. 33.9% (20/59) of the healthy G6PD deficient group have detectable non-synonymous G6PD variants. In the haemoglobinuria group, 25.6% (21/82) of patients harbour non-synonymous polymorphisms in the G6PD gene. Within the haemoglobinuria group of those patients with measured G6PD deficiency 39.6% (19/48) harboured non-synonymous G6PD polymorphisms, and 14/48 had a synonymous polymorphism (9/48 of these patients harboured both synonymous and non-synonymous G6PD polymorphisms). In contrast the patients without measured G6PD deficiency harboured significantly fewer non-synonymous G6PD polymorphisms (2/34 (6%), P = 0.001) but a similar number of synonymous polymorphisms (10/34 (29%), P = 1.0).
The most common polymorphism found in this study was the synonymous polymorphism nt13714C>T (C 13714 T; Tyr437Tyr). 42.1% (45/107) of G6PD deficient individuals in the Vietnamese population had this polymorphism and 29.3% (24/82) in the haemoglobinuria group. The second most common polymorphism found in this study was the Viangchan variant; 36% (13/36) of healthy G6PD deficient S'tieng, 9% (2/23) of healthy G6PD deficient Kinh and 22% (18/82) of Kinh with haemoglobinuria (35.4% with G6PD deficiency and 2.9% without).
Comparing the frequencies of G6PD deficiency in healthy Kinh and haemoglobinuric Kinh (table 3) demonstrates that G6PD deficiency is significantly associated with haemoglobinuria in the Kinh [comparison of "probable G6PD deficient" haemoglobinuric patients to healthy controls, OR = 14.9, 95%CI (7.7 to 28.9), P < 0.0001; comparison of "definite G6PD deficient" haemoglobinuric patients to healthy controls, OR = 4.11, 95%CI (2.04 to 8.34), P < 0.0001]. Some other possible reasons for haemoglobinuria other than G6PD deficiency in this patient population are malaria, anti-malarial treatment (quinine), other treatment, other infections (two patients had possible leptospirosis and two with possible sepsis) and thalassemia (one patient)".
The frequency of the most common non-synonymous G6PD mutation (Viangchan) was significantly higher in G6PD deficient Kinh with haemoglobinuria than in G6PD-deficient healthy Kinh (OR = 5.7, 95%CI [1.14 to 55.4], P = 0.022). The Chinese-5 mutation has a low frequency in this population and the frequency was not significantly different between G6PD deficient Kinh with haemoglobinuria and G6PD deficient healthy Kinh (OR = 0.14, 95%CI [0.002 to 1.9], P = 0.09). Two variants, Vietnam1 and Gaohe Gaozhou, were only seen in the G6PD deficient Kinh with haemoglobinuria and not in the G6PD deficient healthy Kinh. In contrast, G6PD Vietnam2 was only seen in the G6PD deficient healthy Kinh group.
Table 4 summarizes the frequency of other factors that have previously been related to the development of haemoglobinuria and more specifically BWF. 58.5% of the patients with haemoglobinuria were G6PD deficient, 25.6% had malaria confirmed by a positive blood smear and 17% received anti-malarial treatment (either quinine or primaquine). The percentage of patients with haemoglobinuria that had non-synonymous mutations resulting in mild to severe G6PD deficiency was 25.6%.
The frequency of G6PD deficiency in Southeast Asia is highly variable . Within Vietnam the incidence of G6PD deficiency varies between the northern and southern areas and among ethnicities. In southern Vietnam, there is a high prevalence of G6PD deficiency in ethnic Kinh (8. 7%) and S'tieng (14%), who live in areas which are or were until recently highly endemic for malaria. In northern Vietnam, where malaria transmission is lower, G6PD deficiency is virtually absent .
Studies have shown that the distribution of G6PD variants also vary with geographical area and/or ethnic group. Matsuoka et al has reported that nine variants are present in China, nine in Malaysia, five in Thailand and four in Myanmar . In Vietnam at least seven variants have been reported . In this study, eight different polymorphisms were identified of which six resulted in an amino acid substitutions and three were novel mutations. The major G6PD variants reported in south-east Asian countries are G6PD Viangchan (G13031A) and G6PD Mahidol (G11658A). Almost all of the G6PD-deficient cases detected in Laos , Cambodia [10, 24], Thailand [25, 26] and Malaysian Malays are G6PD Viangchan, while G6PD Mahidol is the most common variant in Myanmar [22, 28, 29]. G6PD Mahidol is also common in Thailand [25, 30] and Malaysia .
In Vietnam, the G6PD Viangchan is the most common variant. A previous study in Lam Dong province also reported that G6PD Viangchan is the dominant G6PD variant in the Vietnamese population . It can be hypothesized that the strong historical connection between Vietnam and China has resulted in the presence of common Chinese variants, such as Gaohe Gaozhou, Chinese-5 and Coimbra "Shunde" , in this Vietnamese population. Interestingly, the G6PD Mahidol mutation was not seen in this Vietnamese population. This is different from Thailand and Myanmar , where G6PD Mahidol is common. Notably, in this study, two novel non-synonymous variants (Vietnam1 and Vietnam2) and one novel silent polymorphism (Vietnam3) were identified. Even though the frequencies of these mutations are low, it is possible that a new generation of G6PD mutation is occurring in the Vietnamese population.
Studies in Southeast Asia report that G6PD Viangchan is in linkage disequilibrium with the silent polymorphism nt13714C>T [22, 26, 27]. In this study, 72.7% (24/33) of the subjects that harbour Viangchan also harbour nt13714C>T. The interpretation of these results could either be that the linkage disequilibrium between Viangchan and nt13714C>T is not absolute in the Vietnamese, or that detection of the nt13714C>T polymorphism by SSCP was not 100% sensitive. Findings to support the later are that the G6PD Viangchan mutation was demonstrated to be completely co-inherited with the silent polymorphism nt13714C>T in a previous study in the Vietnamese population . Matsuoka et al also found six previously published variants (Gaohe, Quing Yuan, Union, Canton, Kaiping and Bao Loc) in the Vietnamese Kinh of Lam Dong province. Of these, only the G6PD Gaohe variant was detected in this cohort of Vietnamese Kinh. In addition, 38% (41/107) of G6PD deficient people in this study had no identifiable mutation in the G6PD gene. Even though three novel G6PD variants were identified in this study, the SSCP method used may not have been a sensitive enough method to detect all mutations that exist in the population. In the future, direct sequencing of the G6PD gene would improve the sensitivity to detect G6PD variants. Alternatively some of these patients may not truly be G6PD deficient. There are two limitations of this study regarding the ascertainment of G6PD deficiency. Firstly, three different tests were used in the three subject groups, which were collected at different points in time, and in two different locations. This is not ideal, however in Vietnam, a rapidly developing nation, resources can vary over time. The use of two screening tests (methaemoglobin reduction test and methylene blue reduction test) may have lead to a reduction in sensitivity. Secondly, the specificity of the G6PD testing of haemoglobinuric patients may have been compromized, as the results depend on the time between haemolysis and the performance of the test. For the majority of haemoglobinuric patients screening for G6PD deficiency took place on hospital admission and at the time of discharge, so mis-classification could have occurred depending on the period between haemolysis and testing. A smaller subset of patients had further testing at follow up (>54 days post hospital admission), a time where G6PD testing would have been accurate. Therefore it could be a combination of the SSCP method lacking sensitivity and sub-optimal G6PD testing that is responsible for the lack of identifiable mutations in the G6PD gene in individuals deemed G6PD deficient in this study.
BWF has been associated with recent or active malaria, and with the ingestion of oxidant drugs such as primaquine. 25.6% of the patients with haemoglobinuria had confirmed malaria. In this Vietnamese Kinh cohort, the association between G6PD deficiency and haemoglobinuria was strong. The association between G6PD deficiency and haemolysis has been shown in at least four clinical syndromes, oxidative stress-induced haemolysis, favism, neonatal jaundice and chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia .
Of the G6PD variants, only G6PD Viangchan was shown to be associated with haemoglobinuria in the Kinh group. The G6PD Viangchan variant is one of the class 2 G6PD variants known to be associated with chronic haemolytic anaemia (according to Beutler, 1994 ). The frequency of the Chinese-5 variant, as well as other variants that result in a severe to mild enzyme deficiency, is low in the population, so comparisons are statistically unreliable. Currently, the rarity of haemoglobinuric patients from malaria endemic regions of Vietnam leaves one unable to expand these studies in a larger sample set.
The haemoglobinuric patients investigated in this study of G6PD variation were hospitalized between 1993 and 1996. Since the early 2000s it has been rare for the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in HCMC to admit patients with haemoglobinuria associated with malaria. This is may be related to a change in the treatment policy for malaria in Vietnam. In 1990 the first intervention trial investigating the use of artemisinin derivatives for the treatment of malaria in southern Vietnam was published . Following the success of this and subsequent trials, artesunate replaced quinine in the national recommendations for the treatment of malaria in Viet Nam from 1998 onwards. After this date very little quinine has been used in Viet Nam. It is possibly this change in treatment for malaria from quinine to the artemisinin derivatives that has lead to significantly less drug induced haemolysis in Vietnamese individuals that are G6PD-deficient and infected with malaria.
This study reports the primary frequency of several G6PD mutations in Vietnam. G6PD Viangchan, a common south-east Asian variant, was found to be the most prevalent and two novel non-synonymous variants (Vietnam1 and Vietnam2) and one silent polymorphism (Vietnam3) were identified in this Vietnamese population. G6PD deficiency is a major risk factor for haemoglobinuria in Vietnamese Kinh and within the G6PD deficient population G6PD Viangchan was significantly associated with haemoglobinuria.
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We would like to thank all patients who agreed to provide samples for this study. We acknowledge the contribution of staff from the Malaria Ward in the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City for patient recruitment and sample collection. This study was funded by The Wellcome Trust, UK
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
NTH carried out the molecular genetics study, collected healthy samples, carried out the G6PD test using the G-6-PDH kit, performed the analysis and drafted the manuscript. JC participated in the design of the study. TTHC carried out the micro-methaemoglobin reduction test, recruited the patients and collected clinical data. TTH and ND were involved in recruiting the patients and collecting clinical data. JF conceived of the study, participated in its design and edited the manuscript. SJD participated in the data analysis, drafted and edited the manuscript
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Hue, N.T., Charlieu, J.P., Chau, T.T.H. et al. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) mutations and haemoglobinuria syndrome in the Vietnamese population. Malar J 8, 152 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-8-152 | <urn:uuid:bbb00be1-714f-4506-a23a-2870660f98b6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-8-152 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.912144 | 8,726 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Cryptocurrency has been around for more than a decade now, yet it still struggles to reach mass adoption. One of the reasons for this is the lack of engagement from the general public. In this article, we will explore the role of engagement in driving mass adoption of cryptocurrencies. If you are planning to invest in Crypto, you can learn more by visiting quantum ai website.
What is Crypto Adoption?
Crypto adoption refers to the widespread use and acceptance of cryptocurrency as a legitimate means of payment and store of value. Currently, only a small fraction of the world’s population uses cryptocurrencies, and even fewer businesses accept them as payment.
The Importance of Engagement
Engagement is the key to driving mass adoption of cryptocurrencies. When people are engaged with a product or service, they are more likely to use it, share it with others, and become advocates for it. The same is true for cryptocurrencies.
Education as Engagement
One of the most significant barriers to crypto adoption is a lack of understanding. Many people are unfamiliar with how cryptocurrencies work, how to use them, and why they are necessary. Therefore, education is crucial for driving engagement with cryptocurrencies.
Crypto companies can educate the public through various means, including webinars, social media, and workshops. They can also partner with educational institutions to create courses that teach students about cryptocurrencies.
Gamification as Engagement
Gamification is the process of making something more engaging by adding game-like elements. Crypto companies can use gamification to drive engagement and educate users about cryptocurrencies.
For example, some companies have created mobile games that reward users with cryptocurrency for completing certain tasks. These games help users learn about cryptocurrencies while also incentivizing them to use them.
Community Building as Engagement
Community building is another essential element of driving engagement with cryptocurrencies. People are more likely to use a product or service if they feel like they are part of a community.
Crypto companies can build communities around their products by creating forums, social media groups, and online chat rooms. These communities allow users to connect with one another, share information, and ask questions.
The Role of UX Design in Engagement
User experience (UX) design is the process of creating products that are easy to use, intuitive, and enjoyable. Good UX design can play a significant role in driving engagement with cryptocurrencies.
Crypto companies can use UX design to create user-friendly wallets, trading platforms, and other tools that make it easy for users to interact with cryptocurrencies. By making these tools more accessible, companies can drive engagement and make it easier for users to adopt cryptocurrencies.
The Importance of Trust
Trust is essential for driving engagement with cryptocurrencies. Many people are skeptical of cryptocurrencies because they are still relatively new and not widely understood.
Crypto companies can build trust by being transparent about their operations, following industry best practices, and providing excellent customer service. They can also partner with reputable organizations to demonstrate their commitment to security and compliance.
The Role of Regulation in Crypto Adoption
Regulation can play a significant role in driving mass adoption of cryptocurrencies. While some people view regulation as a hindrance to the growth of cryptocurrencies, others see it as a necessary step in building trust and legitimacy.
Regulation can help protect consumers from fraud and ensure that cryptocurrencies are used for legitimate purposes. It can also provide a framework for businesses to operate within, making it easier for them to adopt cryptocurrencies.
Engagement is the key to driving mass adoption of cryptocurrencies. By educating the public, using gamification, building communities, focusing on UX design, building trust, and working with regulators, crypto companies can create an ecosystem that is more accessible, trustworthy, and user-friendly. As more people become engaged with cryptocurrencies, we are likely to see wider adoption and a more robust crypto economy.
It’s important to remember that driving mass adoption of cryptocurrencies will not happen overnight. It requires a concerted effort from the crypto industry, regulators, and consumers alike. While engagement is a critical factor, it’s not the only one. Crypto companies must continue to innovate and create new products and services that meet the needs of consumers. Regulators must strike a balance between protecting consumers and fostering innovation. And consumers must be willing to take the time to educate themselves about cryptocurrencies and the benefits they offer. With the right approach, we can create a more equitable, accessible, and decentralized financial system for all. | <urn:uuid:12442abd-83d3-4cc7-8440-86f39ea1998c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://marketbusinessnews.com/crypto-adoption-understanding-the-role-of-engagement-in-driving-mass-adoption/329226/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.945683 | 902 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Risk and Protective Factors
In order to reduce the effects of toxic stress on children’s health, it is important to not only to identify its risk and protective factors, but also empower families by helping them to develop and bolster protective factors, such as resilience. The National Research Council and Institute of Medicine (2009)1 define protective factors as “a characteristic at the biological, psychological, family, or community level that is associated with lower likelihood of problem outcomes or that reduces the negative impact of a risk factor on problem outcomes” (p. xxvii). Risk factors refer to as “a characteristic at the biological, psychological, family or cultural level that precedes and is associated with a higher likelihood of problem outcomes” (p. xxvii).
In children, risk factors for toxic stress include neglect and abuse, family violence, extreme poverty, substance abuse, and parental mental health problems.2,3 However, it should be noted that not every child who was exposed to adversity, or toxic stress develops health problems.
Research has shown that protective factors, such as resiliency, and strong social and emotional support buffer the effects of toxic stress. Some children are resilient. Resilience is the “ability to adapt well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or significant sources of stress.” It is the ability to bounce back from difficult experiences. Several factors play a role in resilience including personality, biology, high IQ, empathy, social problem-solving. 4
1National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (2009). Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities. Committee on the Prevention of Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse Among Children, Youth, and Young Adults: Research Advances and Promising Interventions. Mary Ellen O’Connell, Thomas Boat, and Kenneth E. Warner, Editors. Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
2Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., Siegel, B. S., Dobbins, M. I., Earls, M. F., McGuinn, L., . . . Wood, D. L. (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129(1), e232-e246. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2663.
3 Shonkoff, J. P., Boyce, W. T., & McEwen, B. S. (2009). Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities building a new framework for health promotion and disease prevention. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 301(21), 2252-2259. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.754
Miller-Lewis, L., Searle, A. K., Sawyer, M. G., Baghurst, P. A., & Hedley, D. (2013). Resource factors for mental health resilience in early childhood: An analysis with multiple methodologies. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health,
Rutter, M. (2013). Annual research review: Resilience—Clinical implications. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(4), 474-487.
Cowen, E.L.; Wyman, P.A.; Work, W. C. Resilience in highly stressed urban children: concepts and findings. Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med. 1996, 73, 267–284.
Laporte, L., Paris, J., Guttman, H., Russell, J., & Correa, J. A. (2012). Using a sibling design to compare childhood adversities in female patients with BPD and their sisters. Child Maltreatment, 17(4), 318-329. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559512461173. | <urn:uuid:87dcb1e4-94a2-4f95-b90a-ad25d2eb821e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://med.fsu.edu/childStress/risk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.869581 | 849 | 3.609375 | 4 |
In our rapidly evolving world, technology is the driving force behind transformation in various sectors, and healthcare is no exception. An exhilarating breakthrough in this realm is the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). But what exactly is IoMT, and how can it reshape our healthcare landscape,well lets find out.
IoMT refers to a network of interconnected medical devices and sensors, all linked through the internet. These devices gather vital health data, such as heart rates, glucose levels, and medication adherence, and send it in real-time to healthcare professionals. This interconnected web of medical technology holds immense potential to revolutionize healthcare in several impactful ways.
Firstly, IoMT can elevate patient care and monitoring. Through wearable devices like smartwatches and fitness trackers, individuals can effortlessly track their health metrics and share this information with doctors remotely. This facilitates the early identification of health concerns and timely interventions, leading to better overall health outcomes.
Secondly, IoMT can streamline healthcare operations. Healthcare facilities can utilize connected devices to automate tasks like inventory management, patient tracking, and asset monitoring. This not only conserves valuable time and resources but also minimizes the risk of human errors, enhancing the efficiency and reliability of healthcare services.
Moreover, IoMT can usher in the era of telemedicine, enabling patients to engage in virtual consultations with doctors via video calls or chat platforms. This particularly benefits individuals residing in remote areas or facing mobility challenges, as they can access medical advice and treatment without the need to undertake tiring journeys.
The potential of IoMT goes even further. It holds the promise of personalized medicine, tailoring treatments to individual needs based on their unique health data. This personalized approach has the potential to yield more effective treatments and improved patient outcomes.
Nevertheless, amidst its numerous merits, IoMT also presents challenges and potential drawbacks. A significant concern is data security and privacy. As medical information traverses the internet, the risk of unauthorized access and data breaches looms. Implementing robust security measures is imperative to protect sensitive health data.
Additionally, reliance on technology can inadvertently foster dependency. Healthcare providers must strike a delicate balance between leveraging IoMT for efficiency while retaining a human touch in patient care. The human elements of empathy and understanding remain crucial in delivering high-quality healthcare.
In summation, the Internet of Medical Things emerges as a transformative force in healthcare, uniting patients, medical professionals, and devices in unprecedented ways. Its potential to enhance patient care, streamline healthcare processes, and facilitate telemedicine is monumental. As technological advancement surges forward, IoMT is poised to play an even more pivotal role in personalized medicine, reshaping healthcare delivery as we know it. Nonetheless, it is essential to address data security apprehensions and uphold a patient-centered approach, ensuring that IoMT genuinely enriches healthcare accessibility and efficacy for all. | <urn:uuid:8db6df9c-3527-4b57-94f0-396b0e00530d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://medicircle.in/the-future-of-healthcare-embracing-the-internet-of-medical-things-iomt | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.92427 | 581 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Last Updated on August 21, 2023 by Reiner Chase
Naturally, straight hair cannot permanently become curly without an external intervention like heat or chemical treatments. However, temporary methods like curling irons or perms can create the appearance of curls.
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How Does Hair Become Curly or Straight?
We have three types of hair: straight, wavy, and curly. The shape of your hair follicle determines your hair texture. Those with straight hair have round follicles, while those with curly hair have oval or flattened follicles.
If you have straight hair, your follicles are shaped like tubes. This lets the natural oil produced by your scalp travel down the length of your hair shaft easily, resulting in smooth, shiny strands.
The shape of your follicle determines how tightly wound your strands are. This affects how easily your hair can be styled and how well it holds a curl. People with naturally curly hair have elliptical or flat-shaped follicles.
This article walks you through the factors that contribute to your hair turning from straight to curly. Keep reading!
Factors that Influence the Change of Your Hair from Straight to Curly
It’s essential to understand the shape of the follicle determines your hair texture. While the shape of your follicle can be influenced by genetics, age, and hormones – it’s primarily determined by your ethnicity.
So if you have naturally straight hair, it’s unlikely that you’ll be able to achieve perfect curls, no matter how much product you use or how often you curl your hair. However, a few factors can make your hair naturally turn from straight to curly, as explained below.
It’s a common misconception that hair texture is determined solely by genetics. In reality, hormones play a significant role in dictating how our hair looks and feels. So, what happens when our hormone levels change
For some people, this can mean that straight hair becomes curly. While genetics are important, they don’t determine the texture alone. Hormones play a significant role as well.
There are several types of growth cycles for your hair follicles. These cycles affect the type of cells produced during each process, affecting the thickness and quality of your hair on different parts of your head.
The more anagen (growth) phases in one area, the thicker and more coarse the hair will be. The fewer anagen phases, the finer and less dense the hair will be.
Hormonal changes during puberty or pregnancy can alter your hair texture from straight to curly. The texture changes usually happen because of hormonal changes. It’s related to the levels of estrogen and testosterone in your body.
While you may be born with a particular hair type, that doesn’t mean it will stay that way forever. Your hair texture can change as you age. You may go from having splendid, straight hair as a child to having thick, coarse locks when you become an adult.
Alternatively, if you now have naturally curly or wavy hair, your locks could turn into something completely different. What influences these changes as we grow older?
For starters, hormones significantly affect how our hair changes over time. Testosterone is one hormone that affects our strands. During puberty, girls get higher testosterone levels than boys, which is why many girls develop coarser hair during this stage. Women also produce more testosterone as they enter menopause, and their hormone levels drop—this means they may notice softer strands after they hit 50 years old or so.
However, not all hormonal fluctuations cause a change in the texture of our tresses—it’s what the hormone does to the scalp follicles that have the most effect on how our hair looks over time.
When it comes to hair texture, genetics play a significant role. If both of your parents have straight hair, likely, you will too. But if one parent has curly hair and the other has straight hair, there’s a chance you could inherit either texture.
However, if you have dormant curl hormones, they might be triggered at some point, and your straight hair will become curly. For example, pregnancy often triggers new growth in wavy or curly textures.
While chemotherapy treats cancer, it can also have the side effect of changing hair texture. Some people who receive chemotherapy treatment find that their straight hair becomes curly or wavy.
Chemotherapy may cause this change in texture because it weakens and damages the roots of your hair, exposing them to frizziness and kinks. Chemotherapy treatments usually don’t cause a change in natural curl pattern (from spiral curls to tight curls), but some chemo patients have reported changes in curl pattern as well as a difference in thickness and length.
How to Turn Straight Hair to Curly Voluntarily
Do you have straight hair but have always dreamed of having curly locks? You’re not alone. Many women with straight hair envy those with curly hair. But what if we whisper that you can achieve the look of curly hair without using harsh chemicals or hot tools? That’s right – there are several methods you can use to get beautiful, bouncy curls without damaging your hair.
Here are the best ways to get curly hair without using a curling iron or a blow dryer:
- Put your wet hair in a bun on top of your head before bed and let it air dry overnight.
- Get an updo for formal occasions and then undo it later in the day for a more casual look.
- Twirl sections of your hair around a large barrel curling iron to create curl-damped waves.
- Use Velcro rollers and wrap them all over until you have them on every area of your head except for the bangs. Leave these rollers in for about 10 minutes before taking them out and brushing through the curls as they cool down and set in place!
The DIY Method
- Twist wet hair into two strands opposite each other and tie one end of each strand with a rubber band, then loosely braid them together, scrunching up pieces so they stick together to ensure they don’t unravel during the process. Wait 20 minutes or so (or as long as you want), remove the bands, and voila – curly hair!
Breaking Down the Percentage of People with Curl Hair
Natural curl hair is not commonplace. It is estimated that around 11% of the world’s population has curled hair. A case study on Asians reveals that 15% boast curly hair, 45% have straight hair, and 40% have wavy hair. Genetic polymorphisms and environmental factors primarily influence the trend.
How do I stop my hair from turning curly?
Curly hair is a beautiful natural asset for many, but sometimes, a sleek, straight style is desired. If your hair tends to become curly or wavy and you want to maintain the straight look, here are a few tips that will help you achieve your hair goals:
- Use a good quality hair straightening shampoo:
Using a straightening shampoo can help relax the hair cuticles and keep them smooth, resulting in fewer curls and waves.
- Condition your hair properly:
Regular conditioning helps smoothen the hair strands and keeps them tamed, reducing their tendency to curl.
- Blow-dry your hair:
If you allow your hair to air-dry, it may naturally curl or wave. On the other hand, blow-drying helps you control the drying process and keep your hair straighter.
- Utilize straightening irons:
When used in moderation and with proper heat protection, hair straighteners can help maintain a straight hair look for longer periods.
- Brush your hair regularly:
Regular brushing evenly distributes the natural oils in the scalp along your hair, preventing it from curling up.
- Consider using a straightening serum:
Hair serums coat the hair strand providing a layer of protection against humidity – a major factor causing curliness.
- Opt for a professional straightening treatment:
If you find that none of the at-home measures are effective enough, salon-grade treatments like keratin treatments or Japanese straightening can help keep the curls at bay for an extended period.
- Eat healthily and stay hydrated:
Healthy hair begins from the inside. Ensure that you consume a balanced diet and drink plenty of water to strengthen your hair strands and avoid frizziness.
- Use anti-frizz products:
These help keep moisture levels in check, preventing your hair from curling up due to humidity in the air.
- Trim regularly:
Regular trims will eliminate split ends, which can exacerbate curliness.
Should Your Hair Care Routine Change if Your Hair Turns Curly?
The answer is yes. When your hair changes its texture from straight to curly or wavy, it’s time to reassess your hair care routine. Here are key reasons why you should alter your hair routine and some efficient ways to maintain your new curly locks.
1. Different Hair Structure
Straight hair and curly hair have completely different structures. Thus, they require varying types of maintenance. Curly hair tends to be more porous than straight hair, which means it can easily absorb moisture but also lose it rapidly.
2. Change in Natural Oils Distribution
The scalps of individuals with curly locks produce natural oils, but these oils often struggle to travel down the hair’s length due to the spiraling nature of curls. This results in the hair having dry ends and a greasy scalp.
3. Varied Frequency of Hair Wash
The frequency of washing curly hair should ideally be less than straight hair because shampoos can strip away natural oils. Hence, decreasing the frequency can help in maintaining the necessary oil in your locks.
4. Different Types of Hair Products
Straight hair and curly hair demand different kinds of care products. For curly hair, it’s preferable to use products that provide moisture, maintain curls, and reduce frizz.
5. Use of Different Tools
Hair tools that work for straight hair may not work for curls. For instance, instead of a brush, a wide-toothed comb or fingers are recommended for detangling curly hair to avoid breakage.
|Straight Hair||Curly Hair|
|Oils easily distribute from scalp to end||Oils struggle to travel down the hair|
|Can be washed frequently||Wash less frequently|
|Any type of comb/brush works||Ideally, use a wide-toothed comb|
|Most types of products work||Moisture-retaining products are needed|
If you have straight hair and wish to know if it can become curly, the answer is: maybe. The jury is still out on why people have naturally straight hair while others have naturally curly or wavy hair. But we know that the shape of your hair follicle plays a role in determining your hair texture. Factors such as hormonal change, aging, and genetics might change your hair naturally from straight to curly.
Alternatively, if you have straight hair, you were born with straight-haired follicles. But that doesn’t mean you can’t style your hair differently – including making it look curly. With ideal products and styling techniques, you can achieve any look you want. So go ahead and experiment until you find the perfect style for you. | <urn:uuid:5eeef6d0-66e7-4aea-bebc-90fe233b0b75> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://mennstuff.com/can-straight-hair-become-curly/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.934396 | 2,354 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Control of Content: Examining Media Ownership in the News Media Industry
The control of content within the news media industry is a topic of increasing concern and scrutiny in today’s society. The ownership of media outlets plays a crucial role in shaping the narratives and information presented to the public, ultimately influencing public opinion and perception. For instance, consider a hypothetical scenario where a conglomerate corporation owns multiple news channels, newspapers, and online platforms. This concentrated ownership raises questions about the diversity of viewpoints that are being represented and whether there may be an inherent bias in the information disseminated to the masses.
Media ownership has become increasingly consolidated over time, with a few major corporations dominating the landscape. This consolidation has led to concerns regarding potential conflicts of interest, lack of competition, and limited perspectives. When only a handful of entities control vast portions of the news media industry, it becomes imperative to examine how this concentration impacts editorial decisions and consumers’ access to diverse sources of information. By critically analyzing media ownership structures, we can gain insights into how power dynamics shape content production within the news media industry and how these dynamics affect our understanding of current events and societal issues.
The issue of media ownership and its implications on the news media industry has been a topic of concern for many years. To understand the current landscape, it is important to examine the historical background that has shaped this industry.
One example that highlights the impact of media ownership can be seen in the case study of Company X, which owned several major television networks and newspapers. As a result of their consolidation efforts, they were able to dominate the market and control a significant portion of the content consumed by audiences nationwide. This level of control raised questions about diversity of perspectives and potential biases within the news coverage provided by these outlets.
To further illustrate the magnitude of media consolidation, consider the following bullet points:
- A handful of conglomerates now own a majority share in both print and broadcast media.
- Independent local newspapers have dwindled as larger corporations acquire them.
- The digital age has brought new challenges with tech giants also exerting influence over news distribution platforms.
- Media mergers and acquisitions have accelerated over time, leading to an increasingly concentrated media landscape.
A table showcasing four key players in today’s media ownership landscape could provide additional context:
|Media Conglomerate||Key Holdings|
|Company A||TV networks ABC, ESPN; Newspapers X,Y,Z|
|Company B||Cable channels CNN, HBO; Newspaper M|
|Company C||Movie studios Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios|
|Company D||Streaming platform Netflix; Newspaper N|
This historical overview demonstrates how changes in media ownership have shaped the news media industry over time. In light of these developments, it becomes crucial to explore their impact on journalism itself – examining not only how information is disseminated but also considering issues such as objectivity, independence, and accountability. Transitioning into our next section on “Impact on Journalism,” we delve deeper into these aspects affected by media consolidation and ownership.
Impact on Journalism
Control of Content: Examining Media Ownership in the News Media Industry
The historical context surrounding media ownership sheds light on the current state of affairs in the news media industry. To illustrate this point, let us consider a hypothetical case study involving a major newspaper company called Global Press Inc. In the early 20th century, Global Press Inc. was an independent and influential news organization known for its unbiased reporting and commitment to journalistic integrity.
However, over time, there was a shift in the ownership structure of Global Press Inc., with larger conglomerates acquiring majority stakes in the company. This change in ownership brought about several consequences that continue to shape the landscape of journalism today.
Firstly, one significant effect has been the consolidation of power among a few media giants. With conglomerates owning multiple news outlets across various platforms, they possess immense influence over public discourse by controlling what stories are covered and how they are presented. As a result, certain narratives may be prioritized or marginalized based on their alignment with corporate interests.
Secondly, this concentration of media ownership has led to concerns regarding diversity and pluralism within the news media industry. Smaller independent voices struggle to compete against well-funded conglomerates, resulting in limited representation of diverse perspectives and alternative viewpoints being overshadowed.
Thirdly, commercial pressures have increased as profit-driven motives become more prominent in the decision-making process. The need for higher ratings or click rates can lead to sensationalized content or biased reporting aimed at attracting audiences rather than providing objective information.
These developments emphasize the importance of examining media ownership structures critically and understanding their impact on journalism’s role as a watchdog for society. A closer look at these issues will further elucidate how regulatory frameworks play a crucial role in ensuring responsible content dissemination while preserving freedom of expression.
Next section: Regulatory Framework
The impact of media ownership on journalism cannot be understated. It has the potential to shape news coverage, influence public opinion, and even manipulate narratives. To illustrate this point, let us consider a hypothetical scenario where a major media conglomerate acquires a significant stake in multiple news outlets across different platforms.
This consolidation of power results in several implications for journalism:
- Homogenization of News Content: When one entity controls various news organizations, there is a risk of homogenizing news content. This can lead to a limited range of perspectives being presented to the public, stifling diversity and critical thinking.
- Sensationalism and Clickbait: In an increasingly competitive media landscape, sensationalism and clickbait tactics may become more prevalent as companies strive for higher ratings or website traffic. The pursuit of profit could overshadow journalistic integrity.
- Conflicts of Interest: Media ownership by corporations with vested interests in other industries introduces conflicts that compromise independent reporting. For example, if a media owner also owns businesses related to energy production, they may downplay negative environmental impacts or promote their own products without impartiality.
- Gatekeeping Power: With concentrated ownership comes increased gatekeeping power – the ability to control what information reaches the public sphere. This concentration can limit access to diverse voices and alternative viewpoints that are essential for fostering democratic discourse.
To further understand these implications visually, we present the following table showcasing the potential consequences of media consolidation:
|Limited Perspective||Reduced variety of opinions diminishes critical analysis||A single corporate viewpoint dominates political coverage|
|Loss of Journalistic Ethics||Profit-driven motives undermine accuracy and objectivity||False stories gain popularity due to lackluster fact-checking|
|Suppression of Dissent||Independent voices are marginalized or silenced, hindering a thriving democracy||Journalists who challenge the status quo face threats and intimidation|
|Erosion of Public Trust||Concentrated ownership raises concerns about bias and manipulation, eroding public trust in news organizations||Public skepticism towards media grows due to perceived lack of impartiality|
In light of these potential consequences, it is imperative that regulatory frameworks address the issue of media consolidation. Such regulation should aim to preserve journalistic integrity, promote diversity of voices, and ensure the free flow of information.
Consolidation of Power
The regulatory framework plays a crucial role in shaping the landscape of media ownership in the news media industry. However, despite these regulations, consolidation of power remains a significant concern. This section will examine how consolidation occurs and its implications for content control.
To illustrate this issue, let us consider a hypothetical case study involving Company XYZ, a major conglomerate that owns multiple news outlets across different platforms. Through strategic acquisitions and mergers over the years, Company XYZ has gradually expanded its reach and influence within the industry. As a result, they now have substantial control over both traditional print newspapers and digital news platforms.
Consolidation of power can lead to several concerning outcomes:
- Limited diversity of voices: When a few large companies dominate the market, there is a risk of homogenized content as their editorial decisions may prioritize profit or certain ideological perspectives.
- Reduced competition: With fewer independent players in the field, competition diminishes, which might impede innovation and quality journalism.
- Loss of local coverage: Consolidation often results in downsizing or closure of smaller regional outlets, leading to reduced coverage of local issues that are vital to communities.
- Influence on public opinion: Media organizations with consolidated power may shape public discourse by selectively choosing what stories to cover or how they present them.
To highlight the extent of consolidation in the news media industry further, consider the following table:
|Company||Ownership||News Outlets Owned|
|Company XYZ||Conglomerate||National newspaper A; Online news portal B|
|Corporation ABC||Multimedia Group||Radio station C; Regional newspaper D|
|Organization LMN||Broadcast Network||Television channel E; Digital magazine F|
This table illustrates how different companies own diverse types of media outlets across various formats. Such extensive ownership allows for considerable control over content dissemination and influences public opinion.
In light of these concerns, it is crucial to address the challenges posed by consolidation of power in the news media industry. The subsequent section will delve further into specific issues and potential solutions that can safeguard the integrity and diversity of news content in an increasingly consolidated landscape.
Challenges and Concerns
As the consolidation of power in the news media industry continues to shape its landscape, it is essential to consider the challenges and concerns associated with such concentration. By examining these issues, we can gain a deeper understanding of the implications that media ownership has on content control.
One example that highlights the challenges posed by media consolidation is the case of News Corp’s acquisition of various media outlets. With Rupert Murdoch at the helm, this conglomerate became one of the most influential players in global news media. The concentration of power in one entity raises questions about editorial independence and potential biases in reporting. It also limits diversity and competition within the industry, as smaller voices struggle to compete against well-funded giants.
To further comprehend the concerns surrounding media ownership consolidation, let us explore some key points:
- Lack of diverse perspectives: When a few major companies dominate an industry, there is a risk of homogeneity in viewpoints presented to audiences. This can result in limited access to alternative narratives or marginalized voices.
- Reduced journalistic autonomy: Consolidation often leads to cost-cutting measures, which may compromise journalistic integrity and quality. Journalists might face pressure to conform their reporting to fit corporate interests or avoid controversial topics.
- Threats to democracy: A concentrated media environment can undermine democratic processes by influencing public opinion through biased reporting or silencing dissenting voices.
- Loss of local journalism: Media consolidation tends to prioritize profitability over local coverage. As a consequence, communities may lose vital sources of information about local events and issues.
The table below provides a visual representation of how consolidated media ownership impacts different aspects:
|Limited diversity||Narrowed range of perspectives||Homogeneous news coverage|
|Compromised autonomy||Decreased freedom for journalists||Self-censorship and conformity|
|Threat to democracy||Manipulation of public opinion||Biased reporting and propaganda|
|Loss of local journalism||Decreased access to vital community news||Disappearing coverage of neighborhood events|
The concentration of media ownership raises significant concerns, but it is crucial to explore potential solutions and alternatives that may mitigate these challenges. In the subsequent section, we will delve into strategies aimed at ensuring a more diverse and independent news media landscape.
Moving forward, let us consider possible solutions and alternatives in addressing the issues arising from media consolidation.
Solutions and Alternatives
Control of Content: Examining Media Ownership in the News Media Industry
Challenges and Concerns Persist
Despite the rapid growth and accessibility of news media, challenges and concerns surrounding media ownership continue to persist. The concentration of media ownership in the hands of a few powerful conglomerates raises questions about diversity, independence, and the potential for biases in reporting. To illustrate these concerns, let us consider a hypothetical scenario where one major media corporation owns several television networks, radio stations, newspapers, and online platforms. In this scenario, it is crucial to explore the various challenges that arise.
One significant challenge is the limited diversity of voices and perspectives represented in the news media landscape. When a single entity controls multiple outlets across different mediums, there is an increased risk of homogenized content being disseminated to audiences. This lack of diversity can result in reduced coverage of certain issues or marginalized communities, leading to an incomplete understanding of events and perpetuating inequalities.
Another concern relates to editorial independence. With concentrated media ownership comes the potential for interference by corporate interests or political affiliations that may compromise journalistic integrity. Journalists could face pressure to present information through biased lenses or even self-censorship due to fear of reprisal from their employers or sponsors. Such scenarios undermine public trust in journalism as a reliable source of unbiased information.
Moreover, market dominance by a select few corporations creates barriers for new entrants into the industry. Smaller independent outlets often struggle to compete against well-established giants with vast resources at their disposal. As a result, alternative viewpoints may be stifled while conglomerates maintain control over narratives shaping public discourse.
These challenges call for innovative solutions and alternatives that promote diverse perspectives within the news media industry. By fostering greater competition among media organizations, we can encourage wider representation and ensure more balanced reporting on critical issues affecting society today.
To evoke an emotional response from readers when examining these challenges further:
- Loss of community-based journalism resulting from media consolidation
- Suppression of investigative reporting due to corporate influence
- Exclusion of minority voices and underrepresented communities in the news cycle
- Manipulation of public opinion through biased narratives
To complement this emotional appeal, we can present a table showcasing statistics related to media ownership concentration:
|Media Conglomerate||Number of Outlets Controlled||Percentage of Market Share|
This table visually demonstrates the dominance exerted by a few conglomerates compared to independent outlets, further emphasizing the need for action.
In conclusion, as we delve deeper into examining media ownership in the news media industry, challenges and concerns surrounding diversity, independence, and monopolistic practices become more apparent. By acknowledging these issues objectively, we pave the way for exploring potential solutions and alternatives that will promote a more inclusive and unbiased news landscape. | <urn:uuid:30f0bb9d-9476-48c1-968d-edf17abcf63e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://metroresearch.org/control-of-content/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.920425 | 2,936 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Michigan is taking action to turn around the substandard trends in early literacy the state has seen in recent years. This course outlines Essential 5 in the series of research-supported instructional practices designed to positively impact literacy development for K-3. Essential 5 will focus on the five stages of word recognition and letter-sound relationships. You will also become familiar with the current state of early literacy performance as well as research and methods that uphold this essential. This course is part of the Essential Instructional Practices in Early Literacy, K-3 series.
In this course, you will:
- Recognize the state of Early Literacy in Michigan and your role in the improvement process,
- Assess your current knowledge of Early Literacy teaching methods, especially this essential practice,
- Understand Ehri’s five phases of word recognition and how they relate to teaching the five bullets of Essential 5, and
- View classroom videos that demonstrate the essential in practice. | <urn:uuid:0c2ab449-90fb-49d5-b8ae-ab2dd8e9cf68> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://michiganvirtual.org/course/essential-instructional-practices-in-early-literacy-k-3-essential-5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.93724 | 194 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Whenever you hear a knocking noise or a ticking noise from your vehicle, it is a sign that something is wrong. It could be a result of a lack of lubrication, a sign that something has broken, or something is about to break. Now, some engines have a normal ticking sound, which is caused by the electrical components like relays and injectors. Also, the engine itself makes some noise, turning the way it does.
However, in general, engines should only make a soft, ticking noise. There should not be a knocking noise. If your engine develops a knocking noise while driving, you might notice a warning light on the dashboard, telling you that there is a problem. If it is a red light, you have to stop immediately. However, if the warning light is amber, you can manage the engine till you get to an auto technician.
Now, the first thing you should check when you notice a knocking noise from your engine is the oil level. The most common cause of low oil levels is an oil leak. This could be either external or internal. To find out if you have an external oil leak, check the floor underneath your vehicle in the morning. If you do not see any external oil leaks, then the leak could be internal. There are lots of sources of internal oil leaks. These include piston rings, valve guide seals, o-rings and so on. If your engine burns oil past the piston rings or valve guide seals, you will see blue smoke from the exhaust.
Also, other causes of ticking noises could be from various parts of the engine. For example, worn camshaft lobes can cause a ticking in the upper engine. In the lower engine, a worn crankshaft and connecting rod bearings could cause such a noise.Advertisement
Once your engine develops such knocking noises or ticking noises, there is no quick fix. You have to replace the malfunctioning parts, or replace the entire engine itself. Once an engine is low on oil enough to make a knocking sound, it is usually too late. Thus, it is extremely important for you to always change your oil, even if you carry out no other maintenance on your vehicle.
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Moose and Muffin Craft as a great accompaniment to Math or Writing Studies. It would work well for narrative, retell, sequencing, fairytale or thematic units. This is a cut and paste activity. Artwork created by me and copyrighted.
This would work well in a literacy or writing centers! Includes props. It also work well for math studies – addition or subtraction.
This is a digital product. Nothing will be mailed.
Moose and Muffin Craft
Writing Prompt Templates (5) (2 editable)
Hope you enjoy!
Please remember to leave feedback,
This product is for single-classroom use only. You may purchase additional licenses through the checkout option. Discounted options are available for district or whole grade-level options. Please email me at: mandy (at) mycreativekingdom.com for further information.
Moose and Muffin Craft by Amanda Fyhrie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
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true art of questioning is to discover what the pupil does know or is
capable of knowing."
Only one genius of Einstein's brilliance?
Einstein's life and work
". . . science cannot focus on immediate practical results if it is not to wither away. The insights and methods developed by science serve practical purposes only indirectly and often only for future generations; . . . . If scientific research crumbles, the intellectual life of the nation shuts down, and with it, numerous possibilities for future advancement."
Albert Einstein, "The Plight of German Science: A Danger for the Nation." 21-12-1921. 1
Annus Mirabilis | Universal shift | Special Relativity | General Relativity | Biographical | Social | Epistemological
"To know what is impenetrable to us really exists, manifesting itself as the highest wisdom and the most radiant beauty, which our dull faculties comprehend only in their most primitive forms the knowledge, this feeling, is at the center. . . ."
Albert Einstein's insights.
His comments on the scientific method.
Mirabilis 1905, in brief
two parts of science | dialectical method | defining science | Newton | Einstein's context
1905, was quite an
impressive year for Einstein's publications including:
effect where photons generate a flow of electrons, in phosphorus for
example means that light (high frequency) & electricity are interchangeable.
2. special relativity & the limitation of the speed of light.
3. molecular (and
4. Brownian Motion
(molecules & atoms) as related to heat; the warmer the gas the faster the movement of molecules.
human being, his discoveries and his motives.
Germans emerged from the Holy Roman Empire in 1815 & German unification, 1871.
His life span: 1879-1955
born March 14,
1880, moved to Munich, Bavaria.
1894, moved to Milan, Italy.
son of a business clerk he was a weak student in grade school
he had mixed experience in the Swiss Federal Polytechnic Institute
self-taught in the electrical engineering
a fine technician
1902, in Zurich, he worked in the Swiss patent office after graduate school
His discoveries in two miraculous years (annus
1915, November finished the final versions of his gravitational field equations – the basis of the "general theory of relativity."
Began a lifelong quest for brining relativity and quantum mechanics into a grand unified theory
Died in Princeton, New Jersey on April 19, 1955.
- the relations
of atoms & heat or Brownian motion
- electrons and
photoelectricity or the photoelectric effect
and gravity in “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies;” he described a more precise prediction of a simpler system than Newton’s
- inductive response
to special relativity is general relativity
our concept of the universe with the architecture of space-time
- confirmed two
anomalies in observational data:
- 1) bending of light rays as they pass a massive (gravitational field) object &
- 2) indifference of the speed of light to the direction of propagation.
- a lifelong, Ghandian
- sought the unified field theory to bring gravity and quantum mechanics together as Maxwell had done for electromagnetism
“The laws of nature become simpler at higher dimensions”
(M. Kaku, p. 79)
the problem of light (electromagnetic
human ethical obligation
• Einstein details
and Quarks (subatomic particles)
• Kaku, Beyond Einstein
"the noble building of Euclid's geometry . . . . even the most out-of-the-way proposition of this science to be untrue."
"Euclidean geometry deals with things called 'straight lines,' to each of which is ascribed the property of being uniquely determined by two points situated on it."
(Einstein, 1916, pp. 1-2).
Newton's Euclidean geometry Einstein's geometry
- elliptical orbits of planets and comets around the sun due to gravitational attraction
- all mechanical action has equal and opposite reaction
- material world is constant
- incessantly moving
matter interacting with moving matter
- small invisible
balls, atoms or corpuscles in the ether of space account for reality
- stationary, flat, or Euclidean geometry adequately measures space
- steadily advancing
linearity of time
- Time as a constant, unvarying and universally the same, quality independent of space
- Sir Isaac Newton
Newton's prism and a replica of his reflecting telescope of 1672.
Newton's inadvertent observational error.
1. Einstein on Politics. David E. Rowe & Robert Schulmann, eds., Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007. pp. 90-91.
2. Michio Kaku & Jennifer Thompson. Beyond Einstein, New York: Random House, 1995.
3. David Cassidy. Einstein and Our World, 1995.
4. Thomas Levenson, Einstein in Berlin. New York: Bantam Books, 2003.
5. Abraham Pais, Subtle is the Lord: The Science and life of Albert Einstein. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
6. Albert Einstein, Relativity: The Special and General Theory. Robert W. Lawson, trans. New York: Crown Publishers (1916) 1961.
facets of Science
Three ways to understand a scientific certainty.
Galilei | Murray Gell-Mann | Jacob Bronowski | Stephen
Hawking | Karen Horney | Ernst Mayr | Ian
Analysis | Population
Index | Global
Warming Index | Nature
Index | knowledge | <urn:uuid:69ebbdd6-2ec6-40c1-bb67-ab8dbfd758d7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://myweb.rollins.edu/jsiry/EinsteinHome.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.81031 | 1,221 | 3.390625 | 3 |
By some estimates, 18 million people die each year from sepsis triggered by endotoxins – fragments of the outer membranes of bacteria. A biochemical engineer at Missouri S&T has patented a method of removing these harmful elements from water and also from pharmaceutical formulations.
Her goal: improve drug safety and increase access to clean drinking water in the developing world.
“Initially, we were using these polymers to coat anti-cancer drugs,” says Dr. Sutapa Barua, assistant professor of chemical and biochemical engineering at S&T. “That was my focus. So I knew these polymers work, that they were bio-compatible.”
The technique, as outlined in a July 2016 article in the journal Nanotechnology, involves a one-step phase separation method, using a syringe pump, to synthesize the nanoparticles.
Those polymer nanoparticles have a high endotoxin removal efficiency of nearly 1 million endotoxin units per milliliter of water, using only a few micrograms of the material.
After synthesis, the particles were characterized using a transmission electron microscope and dynamic light scattering. A custom-made fluorescence assay was used to determine the degree of binding between the endotoxins, which are also known lipopolysaccharides, and the nanoparticles. The fluorescent compound BODIPY was used to tag the endotoxin for identification purposes.
The ramifications of this method — referred to in the 2016 journal article as “endotoxin hitchhiking” — could be substantial.
As the journal noted in an online “Lab Talk” feature, more than 200,000 people die each year in the United States from sepsis, part of that estimated 18 million worldwide.
The study “has large implications for the healthcare system, especially for those patients suffering from sepsis,” the journal editors wrote. “This novel removal technique has the potential to be explored for the removal of other deadly toxins that can be found in the bloodstream from a number of different diseases.”
The study further results in an “efficacious system that is applicable to minimize the endotoxin level for a variety of applications, including drinking water purification, drug formulation or pharmaceutical preparation.”
For Barua, there’s a more personal stake in the research.
A native of Bangladesh who came to the U.S. for graduate school, she cites the 2012 death of Bangladeshi writer Humayun Ahmed— reportedly from sepsis — as a contributory factor in her efforts to focus on endotoxin removal. Barua says she knew several members of the writer’s family personally.
Barua, who joined the university in 2014, also recently received a $25,000 start-up grant from the university’s office of technology transfer and economic development and $10,000 from Missouri S&T’s Innovation Fund.
The Technology Acceleration Grant will be used to develop a low-cost, portable bio filtration kit to synthesize nanoparticles capable of adsorbing water-borne toxins; the other grant will be used to hire undergraduate and graduate student researchers. | <urn:uuid:2f46c47b-d837-41ac-bd1a-6339f76e5eb3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://news.mst.edu/2018/07/missouri-st-biochemical-engineer-patents-low-cost-method-of-removing-bacterial-toxins-from-fluids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.94415 | 651 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Could eating a strict low-fat vegetarian or vegan diet really ‘reverse’ coronary heart disease, and if so should everyone be eating this way?
BHF dietitian Victoria Taylor says:
The idea that a low-fat vegetarian or vegan diet could ‘reverse’ heart disease has been circulating for more than 20 years. This way of eating has become more popular in the last couple of years. It has lots of benefits, but the truth is more complex than headlines suggest.
A study published in 2014 looked at 198 patients to further investigate whether eating a strict plant-based diet could stop or reverse heart disease. It found of the 177 patients who stuck to the diet, the majority reported a reduction in symptoms and 22 percent had disease reversal confirmed by test results. But that study didn’t just rule out animal products – it also cut out added oils, processed foods, sugar, refined carbohydrates, excess salt, fruit juice, avocado, and nuts. Physical activity was also encouraged and prescribed medication continued.
Should I switch to a plant-based diet?
We do know that a Mediterranean-style diet, which includes plenty of fruit, veg, pulses and fish, and only small amounts of meat, may be easier to follow than a strictly plant-based diet. It’s also linked to lower rates of heart disease than a conventional Western diet.
Remember, a plant-based diet isn’t automatically healthy. Too much-saturated fat, sugar, and salt from any source can harm your health. There is an increasing number of manufactured plant-based snack foods available, from cupcakes and coconut yogurts to vegan burgers, pizzas, and nuggets. It’s still important to read food labels and understand what you are eating. | <urn:uuid:0b4f3778-2e13-4112-b2a5-34fa63b49405> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://newsbynature.com/2018/02/21/can-a-plant-based-diet-reverse-heart-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.949757 | 365 | 2.734375 | 3 |
River Environment Classification REC2
REC2 (River Environment Classification, v2.0)
The River Environment Classification (REC) is a database of catchment spatial attributes, summarised for every segment in New Zealand's network of rivers. The attributes were compiled for the purposes of river classification, while the river network description has been used to underpin models.
Typically, models (e.g. CLUES and TopNet) would use the dendritic (branched) linkages of REC river segments to perform their calculations. Since its release and use over the last decade, some errors in the location and connectivity of these linkages have been identified. The current revision corrects those errors, and updates a number of spatial attributes with the latest data.
REC2 provides a recut framework of rivers for modelling and classification. It is built on a newer version of the 30m digital elevation model, in which the original 20m contours were supplemented with, for example, more spot elevation data and a better coastline contour. Boundary errors were minimised by processing contiguous areas (such as the whole of the North Island) together, which wasn't possible a decade ago. Major updates include the revision of catchment land use information, by overlaying with the latest land cover database (LCDB3, current as at 2008), and the update of river and rainfall statistics with data from 1960-2006.
The river network and associated attributes have been assembled within an ArcGIS geodatabase. Topological connectivity has been established to allow upstream and downstream tracing within the network. REC2 can be downloaded as a zip file and used directly in ArcMap. Alternatively, the layers can be extracted as shape files.
NIWA acknowledges funding from the Terrestrial and Freshwater Biodiversity Information System (TFBIS) towards the preparation of REC v2.
Update to REC2 (version 5)
An updated version of REC2 (version 5) is now available for download. Improvements and enhancements include correction and reconfiguration of the network where necessary, and an update to variables such as annual rainfall and cumulative areas.
To view the data decompress and display with any Esri ArcGis software. The data consists of a geometric river network and associated catchment boundaries. Additionally, tables are provided within the geodatabase to quantify physical attributes associated with each flow line and within its catchment in the network. N.B. This is a very large .zip file download of 476MB. | <urn:uuid:74ce38c7-2d7b-4269-b415-666a190a5360> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://niwa.co.nz/freshwater/management-tools/environmental-flow-tools/river-environment-classification | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.926 | 511 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Solar power generation higher than expected last year
Last year, solar panels in the Netherlands generated 8 to 18 percent more energy than expected, according to calculations by Utrecht University. The yield was still slightly lower than the record year in 2018, ANP reports.
The university compared the energy generated by solar panels with the long term average used by meteorological institute KNMI, from 1981 to 2010. In 2020, solar panels in the Netherlands on average generated 12.6 percent more energy than the long term average. In 2019, solar panels generated 9.5 percent more than expected, and in record year 2018 16.8 percent more.
Solar panels generated more energy nationwide, but most in the southern parts of the country. Solar panels in Vlissingen, which usually has a high number of sunshine hours, performed the best.
According to the researchers, the many heat records broken last year did not contribute much to solar panel energy yields. This is because hot solar panels don't perform at their best, researcher Wilfried van Sark said to the news wire. "A cold day in May is actually more favorable in that respect."
In the past year, solar panels contributed almost 5 percent of the Netherlands' electricity demand. | <urn:uuid:097df0e0-165c-42a2-83b5-3d5d5359d6a6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://nltimes.nl/2021/01/09/solar-power-generation-higher-expected-last-year | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.943451 | 249 | 3.328125 | 3 |
TOLLS ON ROADS AND BRIDGES ORDINANCE, 1962
(W.P. Ordinance VIII of 1962)
1. Short title and
3. Government may levy
4. Power of Government
to set up toll gates and stations.
5. Table of tolls to
be affixed to or near toll gates, etc.
6. Collection of
7. Tolls may be
8. Power of Government
to cancel a lease.
9. Lessee may
10. Tolls may be
11. Liabilities of
persons employed in the management of tolls.
12. Lessee and his
agents deemed to be persons appointed to collect tolls.
13. Penalty for refusal
to pay tolls, etc.
14. Penalty for unlawful
levy of tolls or doing unlawful acts under colour of the Ordinance.
15. Powers of
toll-collector to seize vehicles, animals, etc., for non-payment of tolls.
16. Police officers to
17. Jurisdiction of
18. Power of Government
to delegate its powers.
19. Power to make rules.
20. Repeal and savings.
TOLLS ON ROADS AND BRIDGES ORDINANCE, 1962
(W.P. Ordinance VIII
An Ordinance to amend and consolidate
the law relating to the levy of tolls on public roads and bridges in the
province of [the
WHEREAS it is expedient to amend and consolidate the law relating to the
levy of tolls on public roads and bridges in the province of
Now, THEREFORE, in pursuance of the
Presidential Proclamation of the seventh day of October, 1958, and having
received the previous instructions of the President the Governor of West
Pakistan, in exercise of all powers enabling him in that behalf, is pleased
to make and promulgate the following Ordinance:-
1. Short title and extent.–
(1) This Ordinance may be called the
Tolls on Roads and Bridges Ordinance, 1962.
(2) It extends to the whole of
2. Definitions.– In this Ordinance,
unless the context otherwise requires, the following expressions shall have
the meanings hereby respectively assigned to them, that is to say–
(a) “Government” means
relating to national highways and strategic roads declared as such by or
under a Federal Law, the Federal Government and in relation to other
matters, the Provincial Government];
(b) “toll” means a charge levied
under this Ordinance for the use of a road or bridge.
3. Government may levy tolls.–
Government may cause tolls to be levied
on all persons, animals, vehicles or other things using, crossing or passing
over any road or bridge vesting in it or which may hereafter vest in it at
such rates as it may notify in the official Gazette:
Provided that Government may
declare any person or any class or classes of persons, animals, vehicles or
other things to be exempted
from the payment of such tolls.
4. Power of Government to set up toll
gates and stations.– When the rates of tolls to be levied upon any
bridge or road have been notified, Government may set up or cause to be set
up at or near such bridge or road, toll gates or stations for the collection
5. Table of tolls to be affixed to or
near toll gates, etc.– A table of the tolls authorised to be taken at
any toll gate or station set up under section 4, legibly written or printed,
shall be affixed to some conspicuous place in or near such toll gate or
6. Collection of tolls.– Government
may place the collection of tolls leviable under this Ordinance under the
management of such person as may appear to it proper.
7. Tolls may be leased.– (1)
Government may, from time to time, lease out the tolls of a bridge or road,
by public auction or private contract for any period not exceeding five
years, on such terms and conditions, as Government may consider desirable:
[Provided that in the
case of Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT) projects the period of lease may
be such as may be determined by the Government.]
(2) When the tolls are put up to
auction, the officer conducting the auction may, for reasons to be recorded
in writing, refuse to accept the offer of the highest bidder, and may accept
any other bid, or may withdraw the tolls from the auction.
(3) The acceptance of any bid at an
auction conducted under the provisions of sub-section (2) by the officer
conducting the auction shall be subject to confirmation by Government.
(4) All arrears due from the lessee on
account of the lease of the toll may be recovered from him or from his
surety, if any, as if they were arrears of land revenue.
8. Power of Government to cancel a
lease.– (1) Government may cancel the lease of the tolls on any bridge
or road on the expiration of three months’ notice in writing to the lessee
of its intention to do so.
(2) When any lease is cancelled under sub-section (1), Government shall pay
to the lessee such compensation for the unexpired period of the lease as the
Engineer for Provincial Roads and District Officer (Revenue) in case of
District Roads] may award.
(3) Any party dissatisfied with the award
* *] given under sub-section (2), may, within thirty days of the date of
such award, appeal to the [Chief
Engineer for Provincial Roads and Executive District Officer (Revenue) in
case of District Roads], whose decision shall be final.
anything contained in this section in the case of BOT contract the lease
shall be cancelled in accordance with the terms of the contract.]
9. Lessee may surrender lease.– The
lessee of the tolls of any bridge or road may surrender his lease on the
expiration of one month’s notice in writing to Government of his intention
to do so, on payment of such compensation as Government may direct.
10. Tolls may be compounded.– Any
person entrusted with the management of the collection of tolls under this
Ordinance may, for a period not exceeding one year, or where the tolls on
any bridge or road have been let under section 7, the lessee of such tolls
may, for the period of lease or any shorter period, compound for the tolls
payable for passage over such bridge or road.
11. Liabilities of persons employed in
the management of tolls.– Every person employed in the management of
tolls levied under this Ordinance shall be subject to the same
responsibilities as would lie on him if employed in the collection of land
12. Lessee and his agents deemed to be
persons appointed to collect tolls.– When the tolls on any bridge or
road have been duly leased under section 7, the lessee, and every person
employed by the lessee as his agent for collecting the tolls, shall be
deemed to be persons appointed to collect tolls under this Ordinance, and
shall exercise all powers and be subject to all responsibilities attaching
to persons appointed to collect tolls under this Ordinance.
13. Penalty for refusal to pay tolls,
(a) while crossing or passing
over any bridge or road on which tolls are levied, refuses to pay the proper
(b) with intent to avoid
payment of such toll, fraudulently or forcibly crosses such bridge or passes
over such road without paying the toll; or
(c) obstructs any
toll-collector or lessee or any of his assistants or agents in any way in
the execution of their duty under this Ordinance;
shall be punished with fine which may extend
to two hundred rupees.
14. Penalty for unlawful levy of tolls
or doing unlawful acts under colour of the Ordinance.– Whoever–
(i) not being appointed to
collect tolls under this Ordinance, levies or demands any toll on any public
road or bridge ; or
(ii) unlawfully and
extortionately demands or take any other or higher toll than the lawful
(iii) under colour of this
Ordinance seizes or sells any property, knowing such seizure or sale to be
(iv) in any manner
unlawfully extorts money or any valuable thing from any person under colour
of this Ordinance;
shall be liable, on conviction before a
magistrate, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or to a
fine not exceeding five hundred rupees, or both.
Powers of toll-collector to seize vehicles, animals, etc., for non-payment
of tolls.– Without prejudice
to any other penalty that may be imposed under this Ordinance, in case of
non-payment of any toll on demand, the officer appointed to collect the same
may seize any of the vehicles or animals on which it is chargeable, or any
part of their burden of sufficient value to defray the toll, and, if any
toll, together with the cost arising from such seizure, remains undischarged
for twenty-four hours, the case shall be brought before the officer
appointed to superintendent the collection of the tolls, who shall thereupon
issue a notice that on the afternoon of the next day, exclusive of Sunday
and any closed holiday, he shall sell such property by auction and at the
time specified in such notice he may sell the property seized for the
discharge of the toll, and all expenses occasioned by such non-payment,
seizure and sale:
Provided that if at any time before the
sale has actually begun, the person whose property has been seized tenders
the amount of all expenses incurred, and double the toll payable by him, the
property seized shall forthwith be released.
Police officers to assist toll-collectors.– Every police officer shall be bound to assist a toll-collector, when
required, in the discharge of his duties under this Ordinance, and for that
purpose shall have the same power as he possesses in the exercise of his
ordinary police duties.
Jurisdiction of Courts barred.–
No proceedings shall lie in any Court in respect of the amount of
compensation payable under section 8 or 9 or the abatement of any rent or
lease money payable under this Ordinance.
18. Power of Government to
delegate its powers.– Government may delegate any
of its powers and functions under this Ordinance to any local authority
officer subordinate to it or any other person].
19. Power to make rules.– Government
may after previous publication, make rules for the purpose of carrying into
effect the provisions of this Ordinance.
20. Repeal and savings.–
(1) The Tolls on Roads and Bridges Act, 1875
hereinafter referred to as the said Act, is hereby repealed.
Notwithstanding the repeal of the said Act, everything done, action taken,
obligation, liability, penalty or punishment incurred, inquiry or proceeding
commenced, officer appointed or person authorised, jurisdiction or powers
conferred, rule made, notification issued or lease granted under the
provisions of the said Act shall, if not inconsistent with the provisions of
this Ordinance, continue in force and be deemed to have been respectively
done, taken, incurred, commenced, appointed, authorised, conferred, made,
issued or granted under this Ordinance. | <urn:uuid:fc941835-cb89-48d1-a51a-58599fff111f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://pakistanlawyer.com/punjab-tolls-on-roads-and-bridges-ordinance-1962/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.900942 | 2,482 | 2.5625 | 3 |
DIM’s Influence on Immune Health: Food’s Crucial Role
If you’re trying to enhance your immune system, check out DIM defense mechanisms booster foods. These foods contain DIM, an effective compound recognized for being able to increase the defense mechanisms and promote overall health and wellness. By including these types of food into your diet, it is possible to optimize your defense mechanisms function and potentially prevent illness.
So what are the top DIM immune system booster foods you ought to be eating? Continue reading to find out.
- DIM immunity mechanism booster foods contain a compound noted for its immune-boosting properties.
- Incorporating these types of food into your diet can optimize your defense mechanisms function and promote overall health and wellness.
- Top DIM immune system booster foods include cruciferous vegetables, citrus fruits, mushrooms, fermented foods, spices and herbs, and superfoods.
Precisely What is DIM and How Can It Increase the Defense Mechanisms?
If you’re considering increasing your defense mechanisms, then you’ve likely encounter the phrase “DIM”. But what exactly is DIM, and how does it work to improve defense mechanisms function?
DIM (short for diindolylmethane) is a compound that’s found naturally in cruciferous vegetables, including broccoli, cauliflower, and kale. It’s recognized for its immune-boosting properties, which will help support immune cell activity and promote a healthy immune response.
As well as its immune-boosting benefits, DIM is also noted for its capability to support healthy hormone metabolism, which makes it helpful for both men and women.
In terms of DIM immunity mechanism booster vitamins, there are lots of supplements in the marketplace that incorporate this compound to their formulas. These supplements could be a convenient way to get more DIM to your diet if you’re struggling to consume enough DIM-rich foods.
Cruciferous Vegetables: The Powerhouse of DIM
Cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, and kale are some of the top DIM immunity mechanism booster foods. These veggies are loaded with DIM, a potent compound that supports optimal immune system function.
Research has revealed that DIM will help stimulate immune cell activity and promote a wholesome immune response. Incorporating cruciferous vegetables in your diet can help increase your intake of DIM and other necessary nutrient elements, ultimately causing better overall health and immunity.
Natural DIM Immune Booster
In addition to being a wealthy supply of DIM, cruciferous vegetables also contain natural DIM immune booster properties. These veggies are filled with antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that help to combat off harmful pathogens and protect your defense mechanisms.
To have the most immune-boosting advantages from cruciferous vegetables, it’s essential to eat them raw or lightly cooked. Overcooking can destroy a few of the essential nutrients and enzymes these vegetables contain.
|Cruciferous Vegetables||DIM Content (per 100g)|
Adding cruciferous vegetables to your diet is an easy and delicious method to boost your immune system. You can consider roasting them with a little olive oil and garlic, or adding those to stir-fries or salads.
By including natural DIM immune booster foods like cruciferous vegetables to your diet, you are able to help support your immune system to work at its best.
Citrus Fruits: Vit C and DIM Combo for Immunity
Citrus fruits provide high vit c content, which is essential for immune system function. But did you know that citrus fruits also contain DIM, making them an effective defense mechanisms booster?
Organic DIM immune booster properties seen in citrus fruits help to stimulate the immunity mechanism and improve immune cell function. Incorporating citrus fruits like oranges, grapefruits, and lemons into your daily diet can offer an organic source of DIM and vitamin C for optimal immune function.
A good way to include citrus fruits inside your diet would be to start every day with a glass of fresh-squeezed orange juice. You can even add citrus fruit for your salads or use them being a flavoring agent within your cooking.
Organic DIM Immune Booster Properties in Orange
|Vit C||70 mg|
|Organic DIM Immune Booster Properties||Present|
As well as containing vit c and DIM, oranges also have other vital nutrients like fiber, folate, and potassium that play a role in overall health. You will enjoy an orange being a snack or add it to your smoothies for any nutrient-packed drink.
Overall, citrus fruits certainly are a delicious method to boost your defense mechanisms and improve overall health. By incorporating them to your diet, it is possible to benefit from their organic DIM immune booster properties and optimize your immune system function.
Mushrooms: A Natural Supply of DIM and Immune Support
Mushrooms are a great natural source of DIM and may provide additional immune support. Among the best mushrooms to eat for DIM immune system booster foods include shiitake, maitake, and reishi mushrooms.
These mushrooms contain beta-glucans, which can activate immune cells and enhance immune function. Additionally, they contain antioxidants that can combat oxidative stress and inflammation, both of which can impact the immunity mechanism.
While incorporating mushrooms to your meals is a terrific way to enjoy their immune-boosting benefits, you can even consider taking DIM immune booster supplements which contain mushroom extracts for convenience. These supplements can provide a concentrated dose of the beneficial compounds found in mushrooms, making it simpler to support your immunity mechanism.
Fermented Foods: Gut Health and Immunity
Incorporating fermented foods in your diet can play a role in a healthy gut microbiome and boost your defense mechanisms function. Fermented foods which are also full of DIM could be particularly beneficial for immune support. A few examples of fermented foods that have DIM include sauerkraut, kimchi, kefir, and yogurt.
When buying fermented foods, look for options that are organic and unpasteurized to ensure the highest nutrient content. Additionally, if you are a new comer to consuming fermented foods, begin with small portions and gradually boost your intake to prevent digestive discomfort.
Along with incorporating fermented foods into your diet, you might also consider DIM immune booster supplements that support gut health and immune function. These supplements typically contain a blend of probiotics, digestive enzymes, and other nutrients that promote a wholesome gut microbiome and optimize immune system function.
Herbs and Spices: Flavorful DIM Immune Boosters
Spices and herbs not merely add flavor to your meals, however they also provide additional immune-boosting good things about DIM-rich foods. Incorporating herbs like turmeric, ginger, and oregano, in addition to spices like cinnamon and cloves, to your meals can improve the potency of DIM’s immune-boosting properties.
Turmeric, as an example, contains curcumin, a compound recognized for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Adding a pinch of turmeric for your dishes can help reduce inflammation within the body and promote a wholesome immune response. Ginger is another herb that is shown to have immune-boosting effects. It has gingerol, a compound known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, that can help support immune cell activity.
Oregano is an additional herb that can provide immune-boosting benefits. It has carvacrol, a compound known for its antimicrobial properties. Incorporating oregano in your meals can help support a healthy gut microbiome and promote a strong immunity mechanism. Cinnamon is actually a spice that can provide immune-boosting benefits. It has cinnamaldehyde, a compound that is shown to have antimicrobial properties and will help support a wholesome immune response.
If you’re looking to get the best DIM immune system booster supplements including these spices and herbs, be sure to look at the label to make sure they are a part of therapeutic doses.
The Best DIM Immune System Booster Supplements
In terms of finding the best DIM defense mechanisms booster supplements, it’s important to choose items that are backed by scientific research and contain high-quality ingredients. Try to find supplements that contain natural DIM from cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, in addition to additional immune-boosting ingredients like vit c, zinc, and probiotics.
The best DIM immune system booster supplements currently available include DIM Plus by Nature’s Way, which contains 100mg of natural DIM per capsule and it is enhanced with vitamin E and BioPerine for optimal absorption. Another excellent option is DIM Complex by Pure Encapsulations, containing 125mg of natural DIM per capsule and it is formulated with additional immune-boosting ingredients like ascorbic acid and zinc.
By incorporating the very best DIM immunity mechanism booster foods in your diet and supplementing rich in-quality DIM products, you can optimize your immune system function and support overall health and wellness.
Superfoods: Power-Loaded With DIM and Immune Support
When it comes to increasing your immune system, there are several superfoods that provide a power-packed mixture of nutrients, including DIM. These types of food are not only high in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, they also contain immune-boosting properties.
An example of the superfood which contains DIM is chia seeds. These tiny seeds are packed with omega-3 essential fatty acids, fiber, and protein, causing them to be an excellent addition to your diet. Additionally, they contain antioxidants that assist fight inflammation and support immune function.
Flaxseeds are another superfood which can be rich in DIM. In addition they contain lignans, that are compounds with antioxidant properties that might help reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Incorporating flaxseeds to your diet will help improve gut health, reduce inflammation, and support immune function.
Spirulina is actually a blue-green algae which is sometimes called a superfood because of its nutrient-dense profile. It’s high in protein, vitamins, and minerals, including iron and calcium. Spirulina also includes antioxidants that help fight inflammation and promote immune function.
DIM Immune Booster Vitamins and Pills
If you’re looking for a convenient approach to boost your immunity mechanism with DIM, there are many DIM immune booster vitamins and pills available on the market. These supplements typically contain a combination of vitamins, minerals, and herbs that work synergistically to aid immune function.
When selecting a DIM immune booster supplement, try to find one that contains high-quality ingredients and is clear of artificial colors and flavors. Additionally, make sure to stick to the recommended dosage on the label to ensure you’re getting the correct quantity of nutrients.
Incorporating superfoods into your diet and taking DIM immune booster vitamins or pills is definitely an efficient way to support your immune system. Through making these small changes in your lifestyle, it is possible to optimize your immune function and improve your overall health and wellness.
Other Immune-Boosting Strategies Beyond DIM Foods
While incorporating DIM-rich foods in your diet can easily boost your immunity mechanism, there are other strategies you are able to implement to further enhance your immunity.
Just about the most important aspects of maintaining a wholesome immunity mechanism is leading an overall healthy lifestyle. Regular exercise, adequate sleep, and stress management are key aspects of a wholesome lifestyle that can help support a solid immune system.
Additionally, there are several DIM immune booster products and tablets available for sale that can complement your dietary efforts. These supplements typically contain concentrated doses of DIM and will provide additional immune support for anyone in need. However, it is important to talk to your healthcare provider prior to starting any new supplement regimen.
Remember, while incorporating DIM-rich foods and supplements in your diet can offer significant immune-boosting benefits, it is important to maintain a general healthy lifestyle to make certain optimal defense mechanisms function.
Boost Your Immunity with DIM-Rich Foods
Incorporating DIM-rich foods into your diet is an efficient approach to boost your defense mechanisms and improve overall health and wellness. In case you are an adult looking for additional support, you may even consider DIM immune booster pills.
DIM immune booster pills contain concentrated quantities of DIM and other immune-boosting nutrients, and can be quite a convenient way to ensure you are receiving an adequate amount of these important compounds. However, it is important to talk to a doctor before taking any new supplements.
As well as DIM immune booster pills, there are other strategies it is possible to employ to aid your immune system. Maintaining a proper lifestyle is essential, including regular exercise, adequate sleep, and stress management.
By including DIM-rich foods like cruciferous vegetables, citrus fruits, mushrooms, fermented foods, herbs and spices, and superfoods in your diet, it is possible to optimize your immune system function. These foods provide essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that support immune cell activity and promote a healthy immune response.
In conclusion, improving your immunity with DIM-rich foods is a straightforward and effective way to back up your overall health and wellness. If additional support is needed, DIM immune booster pills can be a great option, but always check using a doctor first. Be sure you prioritize a healthy lifestyle as well, and you’ll be moving toward a stronger immune system. | <urn:uuid:7ae46437-8b8d-4f4c-834a-022876964a2b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://peace2010.net/330/dim-immune-booster-tablets-your-daily-wellness-companion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.930311 | 2,832 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Main Difference – Sort vs Sought
Sort and Sought are another pair of homophones that can prove to be a big challenge for English learners. Although these words sound alike, they have totally different meanings. Sought is the past participle of seek whereas sort is equivalent in meaning to words like type or category. This is the main difference between sort and sought. This difference will be further analyzed in this article.
Sort – Meaning and Usage
Sort is a noun and a verb. As a noun, sort is similar in meaning to type, category or kind. The following examples will help you to understand the meaning of this noun.
He asked me all sorts of questions.
What sort of a person are you?
I think it is a sort of a rabbit – but I’m not sure.
He listens to a strange sort of music.
We didn’t know that she was running around with that sort of people.
Sort, as a verb, means to arrange something systematically or resolve a problem or difficulty. See whether you can derive this meaning from the following sentences.
I’ll help you to sort out these clothes.
We need time to sort this out.
He sat down and sorted through the mail.
Sorting pebbles, beads, and pieces of fabric and is a good activity for children.
A counselor can help you to sort out this problem.
Sought – Meaning and Usage
Sought is the past tense of the verb ‘seek’. Seek means to search or look for. When you seek something, you are trying to look for something. Look at how sought has been used in the following sentences.
After years of abuse, she finally sought the help of a counselor.
He sought a solution to the problem.
We sought shelter in a lonely cabin.
The king sought a physician who could cure the prince.
The phrase ‘sought after’ is an adjective. This adjective indicates that a person is in great demand. For example,
She was the most sought-after actress in Hollywood.
They wanted to admit their son to the most famous and sought after school of the country.
This house is located in a highly sought after area in London.
Difference Between Sort and Sought
Sort is a noun and a verb.
Sought is a verb.
Sort means to arrange systematically or resolve a problem.
Sought means to search or look for.
Sort is equivalent to type, category, and kind.
Sought is not a noun.
“sorting tomatoes at the factory” by Gan-Shmuel archive ארכיון גן-שמואל, (CC BY 2.5) via Commons Wikimedia
“Doctor takes blood pressure” by Bill Branson (Photographer), Source: National Cancer Institute, Public Domain via Commons Wikimedia | <urn:uuid:3e30d48d-c0f2-4a5e-97c9-d0f5f500b1f7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://pediaa.com/difference-between-sort-and-sought/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.935578 | 606 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Is the number of teeth in dogs the same as ours? As we lose our baby teeth, do they lose "puppy teeth" as well? As puppies and as adults, dogs have different numbers of teeth, and they may lose teeth at any age.
A dog should have how many teeth?
As a puppy grows into an adult dog, the number of teeth in his mouth will change.
The number of puppy teeth
Puppies are actually born without teeth; it's only after they reach three to four weeks of age that their puppy teeth emerge (formally known as deciduous teeth).
In general, puppies are usually all 28 teeth by the age of 3 to 5 months. Included in this group are incisors, canines, and premolars.
|Type of Tooth||Upper Teeth||Lower Teeth||Age of Eruption (weeks)||Function|
In some dogs, however (particularly toy or small breeds), puppies and adult teeth take longer to develop.
It's called retained teeth when puppy teeth don't fall out on their own and stay in the mouth of the puppy.
As a result, there may be overcrowding, resulting in abnormal positioning of adult teeth and increased susceptibility to periodontal problems.
It is generally thought that retained teeth are caused by genetics. Small breed dogs are more likely to suffer from retained teeth. For adult teeth to emerge, your veterinarian will have to remove these teeth surgically.
The Number of Adult Dog Teeth
Dogs' permanent teeth begin emerging between the ages of 3-7 months. The number of permanent teeth in an adult dog's mouth is 42, compared to 32 in a human.
The maxilla in their upper jaw is composed of 20 teeth, while the mandible in their lower jaw contains 22 teeth.
Different types of dog teeth
Canines, incisors, premolars, and molars are different types of teeth in dogs with different purposes. Listed below is an explanation of the purpose of each type of tooth that is located in the mouth:
Adult Canine Teeth
|Type of Tooth||Upper Teeth||Lower Teeth||Age of Eruption (months)||Function|
Dogs have teeth in the front of their mouths that are called incisors. There are 6 incisors on the top and bottom jaws.
As well as grabbing food, the dog's incisors can also be used for grooming or chewing.
Both dogs and cats have one root per tooth and relatively small teeth.
Canines are the longest front teeth in the mouth that have the appearance of fangs.
Canines are found on both the upper and lower jaws of dogs, so they have 4 in total. They have well-developed, slightly curved teeth for better object grip.
The root of the canine tooth is also a single root.
A premolar is located behind the canine. Eight premolars are on each side of an adult dog's top jaw, and eight on each side of the bottom jaw.
Food is ground up and sheared with these teeth.
It is believed that premolar teeth have between 1 and 2 roots that hold them in place in the mouth.
Dogs have molars at the back of their mouths. Premolars are similar to molars in many ways.
The top jaw has four molars and the bottom jaw has six. To make food easier to swallow and digest, the teeth grind food into small pieces.
Depending on how many roots they have, they can anchor in the dog's mouth with three to one root.
What Causes Dogs to Lose Their Teeth?
There is no reason for a dog to lose teeth except when they transition from puppy teeth into adult teeth. If you see your dog losing an adult tooth, make an appointment with your veterinarian right away.
These are the most common causes for dogs to lose their adult teeth.
An advanced dental disease in a dog's mouth is the most common reason for them to lose teeth. In the absence of proper dental care-like brushing and veterinary dental cleanings-periodontitis can cause diseased gums and decaying teeth.
Dogs' bodies naturally reject decaying teeth, but the process can be uncomfortable and painful for them, and in severe cases, it can cause a life-threatening infection.
Further studies have linked dental disease to systemic health problems affecting the heart, liver and kidneys. Symptoms of a dog's mouth infection can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
A dog can lose teeth as a result of trauma, such as chewing on the wrong object or being injured in their mouth.
Dense minerals or bone are commonly found in items that cause fractures or tooth loss.
It is best to avoid giving your dog bones such as beef bones or pork bones because these are too hard to chew on and can cause fractures and damage to their teeth.
Decay of the teeth
It is not surprising that dogs' teeth decay and wear and tear much more quickly than our own, partly because they are more likely to use them for other activities than eating and drinking.
Teeth are used for picking things up, carrying things, and chewing. As well as food and feces, dogs' mouths also pass various things, such as slobbery toys, hair, dirt, and feces. This can negatively affect their dental health.
A dog's teeth can decay at an extraordinarily fast rate (especially those of small breeds and Greyhounds), often requiring extractions by a vet.
Veterinary professionals often recommend that pet owners have their teeth cleaned under general anesthesia and that any diseased teeth be extracted as soon as possible. Veterinary professionals perform this procedure every day.
An infected tooth can cause much more pain to your dog's mouth if it is left behind rather than being removed. As a matter of fact, dogs can eat just fine without their teeth if necessary.
Make sure your dog's teeth are healthy
It's so important to keep your pet's mouth healthy so they can live a long and healthy life.
A veterinarian should be consulted if you notice that your dog's teeth are falling out, his teeth are loose or wiggly or his breath is getting worse.
Despite the fact that your pet appears to just have lost one tooth, it is likely they have more diseased teeth that need to be removed.
Consult your veterinarian about your pet's dental health right away, before it becomes malnourished. You can discuss your dog's dental health during your pet's annual examination before there is a problem. | <urn:uuid:fbde985f-663d-4e84-9a55-b4957189fb76> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://petlur.com/post/what-are-the-number-of-teeth-a-dog-has-and-can-they-lose-any-of-them | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.957789 | 1,352 | 3.453125 | 3 |
COVID-19 Cases in Canada: Wastewater Surveillance Reveals Significant Undercount
A study published in Emerging Infectious Diseases has revealed a significant underestimation of COVID-19 cases in Canada. The research focused on the correlation between the levels of SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, in untreated wastewater. And the reported COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations in Ontario, Canada. This study underscores the value of wastewater surveillance in enhancing local decision-making and COVID-19 surveillance systems.
Wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 can provide an indication of disease prevalence in the community. This method becomes particularly relevant when the eligibility for PCR testing changes or when healthcare facilities are overwhelmed with testing capacity.
In Ontario, due to a surge in COVID-19 cases following the emergence of the Omicron variant, clinical SARS-CoV-2 testing restricted to at-risk groups. As a result, wastewater surveillance has become an essential tool to monitor COVID-19 levels in the community.
Wastewater Surveillance The Study and Its Findings
The wastewater surveillance study involved sampling untreated wastewater from two treatment plants in Peel, Ontario. Three to five days a week. The viral RNA extracted and purified for reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) testing.
The researchers found that the correlations between wastewater SARS-CoV-2 loads and reported cases were strongest on the sampling date. However, during the Omicron wave, the daily median viral load in wastewater much higher than in preceding waves. Suggesting a significant underestimation of COVID-19 cases.
The study findings suggest a 6.5- and 18.7-fold underestimation of COVID-19 cases at the peak of the fifth and sixth COVID-19 waves. This discrepancy is likely due to changes in clinical PCR testing policy. And eligibility introduced by the provincial government of Ontario.
As the number of PCR tests declined, the percent positivity and wastewater viral load-to-case ratio increased in Peel. These findings highlight the importance of wastewater data in COVID-19 surveillance and local decision-making.
The study underscores the value of wastewater surveillance in tracking the spread of COVID-19. Especially when testing capacity is limited or eligibility changes. As the pandemic continues to evolve, tools like wastewater surveillance will be crucial in providing accurate data to inform public health decisions.
The case of Ontario, Canada, serves as a reminder that the actual number of COVID-19 cases may be significantly higher than reported, highlighting the need for continued vigilance and robust surveillance systems. | <urn:uuid:c61cfed2-944d-4cc0-8726-361c3b2890b2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://plicker.net/covid-19-cases-in-canada-wastewater-surveillance-reveals-significant-undercount/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.897855 | 536 | 2.796875 | 3 |
This is post two of our four-part series on renewable energy. If you tuned into our blog post yesterday, we introduced the idea of using renewable energy as a way to keep up with economic demand while reducing our impact on the environment. It may have left you with some questions about what our options are – so keep reading to learn about some of the major trends in renewable energy, including solar and wind power!
What is Solar Energy?
Plants are able to harness energy from the sun, so why can’t we? Solar energy is generated by converting the sun’s thermal energy into electrical energy. Solar energy is the most abundant renewable energy source available and generates clean, reliable, and affordable electricity without releasing greenhouse gases and other air pollutants. There are two ways in which solar energy can be converted into electricity:
- Photovoltaics: Photovoltaic cells (PVs) change sunlight directly into electricity.
- Solar thermal/electric power plants: Solar thermal/electric power plants generate electricity by concentrating solar energy to heat a fluid and produce steam to power a generator.
Solar installations in the US have become much more widespread, increasing seventeen fold since 2008. When operating at optimal conditions our current solar capacity can produce enough energy to power 4 million American homes.
What are the Pros of Solar Energy?
1. Abundant: Solar energy is the most abundant resource on earth and has strong potential to help us meet our growing energy demands. Currently, the world consumes about 15 terawatts of energy (1 terawatt = 1 trillion watts). The sun deposits 173,000 terawatts (TW) of solar radiation on the surface of the Earth continuously – that’s more than 10,000 times our current energy demand! Surprisingly, one does not need to live on the equator to benefit from solar energy. Germany generates about 7% of its total electrical needs from solar energy.
2. Zero emissions: Producing solar power does not release harmful emissions into the atmosphere.
3. Siting: Small scale solar may be installed almost anywhere. Many solar panels may be placed on rooftops of existing buildings – reducing their land footprint. Large-scale solar thermal/electric power plants have a larger land footprint, as they require a lot of space.
4. Low maintenance: When installed properly, solar panels require very little maintenance.
What are the Cons of Solar Energy?
1. Intermittent: Solar energy – while abundant – is not constant. The amount of solar energy hitting the earth’s surface varies depending on the time of day, time of year, weather patterns, and location. Most cities experience the greatest demand for power in the afternoon and early evening when solar energy is not able to be captured it its greatest potential. Solar energy plants are also vulnerable to changes in cloud cover and weather patterns – a plant’s efficiency may be significantly compromised by a cloudy day or afternoon storm.
2. Energy storage: One solution to the challenge of intermittent energy sources is investing in energy storage. In these systems, batteries and other devices store generated energy for later use. Unfortunately, energy storage systems right now are costly and underdeveloped. We need to make a commitment to advancing research and development in energy storage technologies, such as flow batteries and grid energy storage systems, if we are serious about transitioning into a new energy model where energy demands are met from renewable sources.
3. Cost: It is very expensive to bring a solar plant on line. While technological advances and federal incentives have caused the cost producing solar energy to fall dramatically over the past 20 years, solar energy production is still more expensive than coal and natural gas. One way to examine the competitiveness of different energy sources is to compare levelized energy costs. The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is calculated by taking the total cost to build and operate a new power plant over its lifetime divided by its expected energy output –measured in dollars per kilowatt hour ($/kW-hr). Coal and natural gas have low LCOEs ($.07-.$14/ kW-hr). The LCOE of solar power is nearly double that of coal and natural gas, averaging between $0.13 and $0.24/kW-hr.
*It is important to note that growing demand for energy coupled with federal incentives may lower the levelized cost of solar energy in the future. Solar energy is economically-competitive with conventional energy sources in several states, including California, Hawaii, Texas, and Minnesota.
4. Rare earth materials: Many photovoltaic cells are made of rare earth minerals like silicon and other metals like mercury, lead, and cadmium. These materials required in PV cells can be rare, expensive, and potentially harmful to the environment.
What is Wind Energy?
Wind energy is energy extracted from air flow using wind turbines. Wind turbines convert kinetic energy (energy from motion) into mechanical power and then electricity. A single 1 Megawatt (MW) turbine can generate enough electricity to power 225-300 homes. Wind energy makes up 4.4 percent of the total US electricity generation. In the last 10 years installed wind capacity has increased by nearly 880%. In 2012, wind was ranked the number one source of new U.S. electricity generation capacity – representing 43% of all new electric additions.
What are the Pros of Wind Energy?
1. Low levelized cost: Wind energy has a very low levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The cost of wind energy has come down 85% over in the last 20 years. Recall, average LCOE for coal and natural gas range between $0.07 and $0.14/kW-hr. Wind ranges between $0.08 and $0.20/kW-hr, making it a competitive option for those living in the right geographic areas.
2. Small environmental footprint: Wind energy does not produce harmful atmospheric emissions. Wind farms also have a small land footprint, allowing for the land beneath them to be used for other purposes like farming and cattle ranching. Futhermore, wind turbines have a relatively low impact on species populations. The effects of turbines bird and bat populations has been a long contested within the scientific community, however, a recent National Wind Coordinating Committee report concluded that these impacts are low and do not pose a threat to species populations.
3. Quick construction and high payback: Wind has one of the fastest “energy payback times” of any source of electricity. With careful siting and community outreach, wind farms can be built in a fraction of the time it takes to install their conventional counterparts (coal and natural gas). Some wind farms can be completed in less than a year, meaning they can begin recovering the cost and energy expended to build the farm much earlier – sometimes in as little as three to eight months.
What are the Cons of Wind Energy?
1. Siting and transmission: The best sites for wind farms are often located in remote locations far from areas in which energy demand is high. Transmission is necessary in order to bring electricity from wind farms to cities. Unfortunately, a great deal of energy is lost in transmission. The EIA estimates that 6% of energy produced in the U.S. is lost during transmission and distribution, this figure becomes much higher when the distance the energy must travel increases.
2. Energy storage: Similar to solar energy, wind is an intermittent energy source. Therefore, more sophisticated technology in energy storage must be adopted to help store excess energy produced when demand is low.
Feeling like a renewable energy expert yet? You will be by the end of this series! Tune next week to explore the benefits and limitations to hydro, tidal, biomass, and geothermal energy.
Post 2: What are the Pros and Cons of Solar and Wind Energy? | <urn:uuid:13c5d68b-8a0a-44a9-8f68-047c7cd5b1e7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://populationeducation.org/what-are-pros-and-cons-solar-and-wind-energy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.927051 | 1,603 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Appealing Lilly Pillys
Humans tend to view trees from either an aesthetic or functional perspective. Is it well shaped, does it have beautiful flowers or edible fruit or is its timber of commercial value? But trees have much more significance than this. They are a vital part of the environment, without which much of the life on land would not be sustained. During daylight they convert carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil into carbohydrates in the elegant chemical cycle of photosynthesis. These are then processed into the other essential chemicals of life – proteins, lipids, vitamins etc. The waste product of photosynthesis is oxygen which is needed by all animals to survive. A large variety of animals use different parts of the tree as a food source (shoots, leaves, flowers, fruit or seed) and in turn provide food for other animals. Yet others utilise the tree as nesting or perching sites.
From an aesthetic point of view lilly pillys are very appealing with their attractive shape, lustrous green foliage, the new growth often pink, flowers of constellations of creamy-white stamen and brightly coloured fruit. Functionally the fruit is edible not just for a range of birds and mammals, but for us. There are about 50 species of Syzygium in Australia that occur naturally in tropical and sub-tropical rainforests from the Kimberly region, across the top of Northern Territory and down the east coast to northern New South Wales. Most of these species, from shrubs to tall trees in their natural environment, are very tolerant of a range of soil types and are very attractive ornamental trees in the garden.
The riberry (Syzygium luehmannii) is a medium sized tree with an average height of 6 – 8m and width of 4 – 6m in cultivation. It prefers full or partial sun. Since it is fast growing with a dense habit when young, it makes an excellent screening tree or can be pruned as a hedge. The fruit, which matures between December and February, is pear-shaped and red with a cranberry-like flavour that makes excellent jam and cordial.
The blue lilly pilly (Syzygium oleosum) is another adaptable species that grows in any well drained soil. It can grow to 15m with dense foliage commonly retained to ground level, resulting in a pyramid-shaped tree. Once established it will survive extended dry periods. The mid-sized elliptical leaves are loaded with oil dots and give off a lemony aroma when crushed. The fruit, which ranges in colour from pink to purple, has a delicious crisp taste.
The scrub cherry (Syzygium austral) is another lilly pilly that can be hedged, although it forms a beautiful specimen tree that grows to 15m in cultivation. This tree has large, pleasantly crisp pink/red fruit that can be eaten raw or used to make jams and jellies. | <urn:uuid:65e20b08-8c74-4973-bd26-d0704453baf3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ppnn.org.au/2016/07/20/appealing-lilly-pillys/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.956506 | 605 | 3.265625 | 3 |
The United States uses Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) as the basis of financial reporting. The International Financial Accounting Standards (IFRS) is an alternative way to report financials. This article from Ernst and Young compares the two methods of financial reporting.
Ernst & Young’s US GAAP vs. IFRS: The Basics (http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/US_GAAP_v_IFRS:_The_Basics/$FILE/US%20GAAP%20v%20IFRS%20Dec%202011.pdf)
After reading the article from Ernst and Young, answer the following questions:
- How does the GAAP reporting method cause cash flows to differ from net income?
- How are the features of the Income Statement, Balance Sheet, and Statement of Cash Flow utilized in both the GAAP and the IFRS reporting methods?
- Does it make sense to adapt a worldwide standard for financial reporting? Should this be mandated or voluntary?
- Calculate some of the potential costs and benefits of switching from GAAP to IFRS | <urn:uuid:56cb6e88-670a-4934-92a6-48baea60b324> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://proficientwritershub.com/vs-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.912551 | 234 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Simulium is a very speciose genus of the black fly family Simuliidae that includes many important pests of humans and animals. Cytotaxonomic and morphological studies have made substantial progress in Simulium systematics. 16S rRNA and ITS-1 DNA sequence studies have assisted this progress. Intensive multi-gene molecular systematic investigations will, however, be required for a comprehensive understanding of the genus’ taxonomy and evolution. Our research was conducted to investigate the relationships of Thai Simulium at the subgeneric, species group and species levels. We also examined the possibility of using mitochondrial DNA sequences to facilitate Simulium species identification. Data were collected from three mitochondrial genes (COI, ND4 and 16S rRNA) and two segments of the nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA (the D1 to D2 and the D4 expansion regions). The subgenera Simulium and Gomphostilbia were monophyletic in most analyses. Nevermannia included Montisimulium but was otherwise monophyletic in multigene analyses. In most analyses, Simulium and Nevermannia were more closely related to each other than to Gomphostilbia which was usually basal. Species groups were generally monophyletic. Within Gomphostilbia, however, the batoense species group was always paraphyletic to the other two species groups found in Thailand. Three species groups in Simulium were not monophyletic. The tendency to gill filament number reduction for some species groups in the subgenus Simulium was associated with a derived position in multigene analyses. Most species were monophyletic with two exceptions that probably represent species complexes and will present difficulties for rapid mitochondrial DNA identification.
Keywords: Black fly - Simulium - Multigene analyses - Gomphostilbia - Nevermannia | <urn:uuid:58051448-1dad-48ee-bcc2-262f86d227cb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://publications.australian.museum/phylogenetic-relationships-among-the-black-fly-species-diptera-simuliidae-of-thailand-based-on-multiple-gene-sequences/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.943661 | 394 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Objectives: The primary objective of this guideline is to assist the practitioner in choosing an appropriate acute medication for an individual with migraine, based on current evidence in the medical literature and expert consensus. It is focused on patients with episodic migraine ( headache on ≤ 14 days a month).
Methods: A detailed search strategy was used to find a relevant meta-analyses, systematic reviews and randomized double-blind controlled trials. Recommendations were graded with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Working Group, using a consensus group. In addition, a general literature review and expert consensus were used for aspects of acute therapy for which randomized controlled trials were not available.
Results: Twelve acute medications received a strong recommendation for use in acute migraine therapy (almotriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zomitriptan, ASA, ibuprofen, naproxen sodium, diclofenac potassium, and acetaminophen). Four received a weak recommendation for use (dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, codeine-containing combination analgesics, and tramadol- containing medications). Three of these were NOT recommended for routine use (ergotamine and codeine- and tramadol- containing medications). Strong recommendations were made to avoid use of butorphanol and butalbital- containing medications. Metoclopramide and domperidone were strongly recommended for use when necessary. Our analysis also resulted in the formulation of eight general acute migraine management strategies. These were grouped into: 1) two mild-moderate attack strategies, 2) two moderate-severe attack or NSAID failure strategies, 3) three refractory migraine strategies, and 4) a vasoconstrictor unresponsive-contraindicated strategy. Additional were developed for menstrual migraine during pregnancy, and migraine during lactation.
Conclusion: This guideline provides evidence-based advice on acute pharmacological migraine therapy, and should be helpful to both health professionals and patients, The available medications have been organized into a series of strategies based on patient clinical features. These strategies may help practitioners make appropriate acute medication choices for patients with migraine. | <urn:uuid:5b6f19a5-00d0-468f-bfdb-bf02b2882f91> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23968886/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.917628 | 461 | 2.578125 | 3 |
M.A. in School Psychology
Educational Services and Leadership
College of Education
Committee Member 1
Middle school students--Attitudes; Multiculturalism in mass media
The attempt to answer the question, "Do racially motivated movies (media) affect young adolescents' attitude on multiculturalism?" was capable of yielding significant results. The study required sampling a population of seventh and eighth graders. The participants demonstrated variability in regards to ethnicity, age, social class, and level of cognitive functioning. Using the paired sample t, ANOVA and various non-parametrical tests, the answer to the question seems to correspond with the research. Therefore, using media can have a significant and an immediate effect, on not only multiculturalism, but human behavior as well.
Norman, Nacovin J., "Multiculturalism and the media: using racially motivated films to increase attitudes about race" (2002). Theses and Dissertations. 1493. | <urn:uuid:495a115c-9cb5-46cd-8205-e74c6b554a49> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://rdw.rowan.edu/etd/1493/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.847262 | 195 | 2.59375 | 3 |
According to the World Bank, the global poverty rate is lower than it has ever been in recorded history. More than 1 billion people have been lifted out of extreme poverty (defined as living on less than $1.90 per day) over the past 25 years.
This is surely one of the greatest achievements of our time, but there is so much more to be done. There are still billions of people living in poverty around the world. In some regions, the gains we have made are reversing. And with the world’s population on track to grow by 82 million people per year, there will be additional strain on our global resources.
To reach the goal outlined by the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to end poverty and hunger by the year 2030, many policy, economic, social and organizational actions must be taken. Fortunately, emerging technologies – such as the Internet of Things (IoT), 5G wireless technology, blockchain and other tools – can help us achieve this goal. Let’s take a look at a few examples:
1. IoT-based Smart Agriculture Lifting Smallholder Farmers out of Poverty
According to the World Bank, up to 78 percent of the world’s poor live in rural areas and rely on farming to put food on their tables and make a living. Improving the efficiency of agricultural practices is one of the most effective ways to raise incomes of the impoverished. Innovative, new IoT technologies and the data they generate can help rural farmers optimize their operations, from increasing crop yields to reducing the use of fertilizer and water.
For example, Zenvus, a Nigerian startup, is equipping farmers across sub-Saharan Africa with smart soil sensors that collect data such as humidity, temperature, pH, moisture and nutrient levels, and automatically upload it to the cloud for analysis. A mobile app provides tailored advice to the farmers on what, when and how to plant, and connects them to electronic marketplaces to sell their crops.
By providing real-time data and analysis that helps improve farmers’ decision making, IoT technologies reduce the risk of crop failure, decrease production costs, increase yields and provide market access – all of which lead to higher profits and more secure livelihoods.
2. 5G Wireless + IoT Connects the Rural Poor to Education
While IoT technologies can provide tremendous benefits to farmers, they can only do so with reliable connectivity to high-speed Internet. Yet today, approximately 4 billion people, many of whom live in rural areas, still do not have access to the Internet. But this, too, is beginning to change. As low earth orbiting (LEO) satellite constellations are enveloping the globe and 5G wireless networks are rolled out, they will provide high speed Internet access to more than half a billion farms in even the most remote corners of the world.
With its promise of ultra-high bandwidth and super-low latency, 5G will open up new educational opportunities for people in rural communities. Live streams of online classrooms will help educate their youth while adults will get access to online education and gain professional skills, such as computer networking. Much research has shown that access to education is one of the most effective tools for lifting people out of poverty.
3. Blockchain Helping Secure Land Registry and Economic Access for the Poor
In many developing countries, poor recordkeeping practices make it nearly impossible for people to prove they own the land they live on. Without the ability to verify a title or deed, people cannot buy or sell their property, establish creditworthiness, or access loans or other financial tools necessary to improve their economic standing. In India, lack of legal land ownership is a bigger cause of poverty than the caste system or illiteracy.
Distributed ledger, or blockchain, technologies are being piloted in novel new ways to address this problem. In Ghana, for example, the non-profit Bitland introduced a blockchain-based digital registry of land ownership that combines transactions with GPS data and satellite photos to help guarantee property rights. Because blockchain records are virtually impossible to alter, they can also be used to establish credit, allowing land owners to open bank accounts and conduct financial transactions, thus enabling greater financial inclusion and paving the way to sound economic futures.
Although these examples barely scratch the surface of what’s possible today, I hope they underscore this important point: The life and work conditions of billions of people are improving, in part, because of advances in technology. Technologies such as the IoT, 5G and blockchain, combined with sound economic and social policies, are helping break the cycle of poverty around the globe by connecting infrastructure, communications and people, thus paving the way for us to achieve the UN 2030 goal. | <urn:uuid:7a2b0afb-eebe-4bf2-a5d8-001f43092d8a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://real-leaders.com/stories/innovation-technology/3-ways-to-combat-poverty-with-transformational-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.937095 | 954 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Plants require particular types of nutrients in specific quantities and at specific growth stages. Fertilisers are substances that supply plant nutrients and are the most effective means of increasing crop production and of improving the quality of food, fodder and ornamental plants.
Fertilisers are used in order to suppliment the natural nutrient supply in the soil, especially to correct soil deficiencies.
The use of soil teste can help to determine the status of plant available nutrients to develop fertiizer recommendations to achieve optimum crop production.
Efficient application of the correct types and amounts of fertilizers for the supply of the nutrients is ana important part of achieving profitable yield.
The most suitable type of macro- or micro-nutrient fertiliser for a prticular purpose depends on:
- The speed of nutrient uptake desired
- The compination of nutrients required
- Growth-enhancing side effects such as mobilsation of other soil nutrients.
Windmill supplies different types of fertilisers and these include:-
Compounds – two or more nutrients joined together in a chemical process
Blends – a combination of separate fertilisers
Straights fertilisers – supplies one or more major nutrient
Speciality fertilisers – a range of specialised fertiliser targeted at creating value for farmers
Foliar fertilisers – concentrate liquid fertiliser that contains macro and micro nutrients
Timing of fertilisers application is dependent on:-
- Plant type
- Growth stage of the plant
- Type of fertiliser
Choice of application equipment
- Choice of application equipment
Factors affecting fertiliser use efficiency are:-
- Correct placement
- Right amount
- Right kind of material
- Correct timing
- Soil pH | <urn:uuid:5e9c3d18-9756-4bb0-bc74-e76c30a4ae4a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://realestate.marcopoloeng.online/fertilisers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.811182 | 349 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Despite normal hearing acuity, difficulties with processing auditory information have been noted to be the most common problem in children and young people presenting to paediatricians for assessment of behavioural and learning difficulties (Rowe, Rowe & Pollard, 2004; Rowe, Pollard & Rowe, 2005). Auditory processing capacity (APC) is defined as the capacity to hold, sequence and recall auditory information accurately. This capacity to recall what is heard is a developmental capacity that gradually improves throughout childhood. Since children vary in their capacity and rate of development, it is important for those communicating with children to be aware of this because it has significant implications for the way information should be presented – particularly in the classroom.
Rowe, K., & Rowe, K. (2006). BIG Issues In Boys’ Education : Auditory Processing Capacity, Literacy And Behaviour. https://research.acer.edu.au/boys_edu/2 | <urn:uuid:490007d9-3771-42f6-84e3-263e462b4cf0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://research.acer.edu.au/boys_edu/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.928987 | 187 | 4.0625 | 4 |
That victory had my Maker’s Mark all over it. That counter cut that took his bonce clean off? Either would have been a piece of piss to step away from, cause it would have been too slow or wouldn’t have made it through the neck guard if I hadn’t folded the steel a hundred and sixty odd times.iphor tain (Master crafter 1884-1976) talking to his apprentice, the now renowned lysandra taylor
Crafting in CODA necessitates understanding a sequence of principles which allow you to create an item or items that will affect the world around you through the application of some game mechanics. In order for these mechanics to work the principles of crafting are outlined below. At each stage we explain a basic concept whilst referring to steps that are found further down the path; don’t worry these will be explained as you read through.
Finally it is important to note that these are mechanics, devoid of fluff and story and are really brought to life as part of the game when you reach the Crafting Briefs for the fields of Crafting that you can choose from.
General Principles for Crafting
- Crafting is the catchall term for the method used by a crafter to turn resources into designed and then fabricated products.
- There are four clear fields of crafting each of which has several subsections of final product.
- Crafters can invent a product on the spot, which can be dangerous, or craft a product from a predesigned schematic.
- Crafting can be time consuming and relies on design work and the expenditure of resources.
- Each form of the four Crafting Methods uses different principles and focuses on different resources for success.
- When a character attempts to invent they utilise a system provided device, which is IC called a Cerebration Device and OOC is a well dressed Tablet, which allows them to attempt a challenge based on their skills to see if or how well they succeed.
- A sequence of crafting on event is at its core as follows:
- Examine a situation and consider how your crafting can affect its conclusion and whether you believe that the risk of invention and/or the cost of resources makes the crafting worthwhile to you.
- If you have a schematic for something that you think would help and the materials to make it you may immediately begin that process.
- If you do not have a schematic; decide what you want to craft and input this information into your Cerebration Device thereby directing this information to the system and your ref.
- The system will then return the difficulty level of the challenge rating between 1 and 10.
- Perform a Skill Square Challenge which will involve spending resources to fill a grid with different shapes; the more complete the grid the less defects will appear in your final schematic.
- A successful challenge produces a prototype schematic from which you may craft the product you desire.
- Following the schematic craft and then utilise your product.
- An invented prototype schematic may be added to your portfolio for future crafting.
Core Crafting Mechanics
- Crafting is divided into four categories: Alchemy, Artificery, Artisanry and Engineering.
- Each category uses the same game mechanics.
- Crafting is made up of four mechanical factors:
- The Theory section of the mechanics denotes the period of a scene where your character decides if they wish to attempt to create something that they think will affect its outcome.
- They will use their cerebration device to enter the parameters of what they want their creation to do as specifically as they can.
- They will rely on their Crafting Brief to inform them as to what they should be able to achieve.
- The system will then provide a Difficulty Rating out of 10, with 10 being the most difficult, to the cerebration device.
Design (Skill Square Challenge)
- To simulate a character designing a complex schematic for the product that they wish to create, the system provides a Skill Square Challenge to the cerebration device.
- A Skill square is an empty grid of squares which the player attempts to fill in using different shaped pieces.
- The size of the square is dependent on the difficulty of the challenge and will be provided by the event system.
- Shapes are obtained by spending resources, with the amount of shapes gained depending on the skills of the player and the tier of the resource being used.
- The better the resource and/or the better skilled the player the more and varied shape of piece the player will receive.
- Players will then attempt to fill the square with the shapes (spending more resources as required) until the square is completely filled in or as close as the player can make it.
- If there are more than 5 uncovered spaces on your Skill Square Challenge it is considered an auto fail
- Once the skill square has been completed or the player is unable to complete the square, or chooses not to, for whatever reason (lack of time or resources for example) the player carries out a skill check against their specialisation skill to see if they are successful in crafting that item.
- The player makes one skill check with the following parameters for success:
- Critical Failure – The thing that the character has tried to craft does not work and all resources are lost.
- Failure – The thing works for this scene but no schematic can be gained at the end of the event.
- Success – The thing works for the scene and the player may take their schematic home with them at the end of the event.
- Critical Success – The thing works and one defect that may be present is removed.
- If all of the checks are successful the player has designed a viable schematic however for every square left unfilled on the Skill Square Challenge later craftings of this design will have 1 Defect introduced.
- These defects will be explained to the player when their schematic is sent to them in post game.
- Once the Skill Square Challenge is complete a Schematic is formed
- Equally a character may already have a schematic and will have skipped past the Design Phase.
- A Schematic will detail the following features
- Time to build
- Resources needed to build
- Effects of product when completed.
- These factors can be affected by skills that the character may have acquired.
- Players will roleplay crafting their product within the time frame and expending the resources that are required with the caveat being that resources are unnecessary if they were spent in the design phase.
- When crafting is complete the system will provide the player with an approximate phys rep of what they were crafting.
- At the end of the crafting sequence you will have a crafted product
- Any resources expended in the crafting and a record of what you have crafted is recorded by your cerebration device and downloaded to CODA Central in post event.
- If you designed the product on event; your Cerebration Device will record materials spent, success parameters, product parameters and similar notes that will be downloaded to CODA Central in Post Event.
- Successful Prototyping will also be recorded and a schematic for your new product will be added to your character in Post Event.
- Prototypes crafted on events never survive the event and are considered unreliable and trashed in Post Event or before if your storyteller indicates so.
What follows are the very basic concepts of Crafting: Examples and specific rules for each can be found elsewhere
- A Characters Skills and abilities are uploaded to the Cerebration Device that is going to be provided to them in pre-event.
- Resources that are held in the characters “stock” need to be physically represented on event
- Their expenditure will be recorded by the Cerebration Device and deducted from their “Stock” in Post Event.
- Players may repair an item by the following methods:
- If they own the schematic for the product; their Cerebration Device will provide them with a skill square that they can complete by expending materials which allow them to roleplay repairing the item.
- If the players have discovered a product and do not have a schematic for it they may use a Cerebration Device tool to “Scan the QR Code ” which will provide a Skill Square Challenge for them to complete by expending materials. | <urn:uuid:346b4eae-9ae3-414d-9de7-7a473a89b335> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://risingofchaos.com/the-wiki/crafting-principles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.95385 | 1,701 | 2.703125 | 3 |
A science investigatory project, also known as a science fair project, requires a student to ask a question, form a hypothesis, test his hypothesis and then present the results in either a paper or display-board form for examination by the teacher, fellow students and/or a series of judges. An appropriate topic for investigation by a middle school would be the effect of acetone on Styrofoam.
Acetone is a volatile and highly flammable chemical. All experiments should be performed in a well-ventilated area, preferably under an exhaust hood, if available. Wear protective eye wear at all times. Dissolving polystyrene releases a gas in the form of bubbles that may cause the acetone to splash. If you splash any acetone on your skin or in your eyes, rinse thoroughly with water.
What to Study
Styrofoam is the trademarked name of the plastic foam polystyrene. Polystyrene is not biodegradable and resists compression, making it a persistent part of landfill waste. When acetone and polystyrene are combined, the polystyrene dissolves. For the investigatory project, the student could explore the effectiveness of acetone in reducing polystyrene for recycling. The student could measure how much polystyrene is dissolved by a particular volume of acetone.
Each science fair project should be grounded in previous research. Research polystyrene and its effects on the environment at websites like the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Earth911 and Earth Resource foundation. In addition, look for previous experiments relating to polystyrene and acetone or other solvents. For example, the University of South Carolina published an experiment on their website studying the effects of various solvents on polystyrene, including acetone.
Dissolve Styrofoam cups in a series of 500-ml beakers containing increasing volumes of acetone. For example, fill five beakers with 10 ml, 20 ml, 50ml, 100 ml and 200 ml of acetone. Place a stack of five 6-oz. Styrofoam cups in each beaker and measure the amount of time it takes for the stack to dissolve. Continue adding one cup at a time to the acetone until the acetone no longer dissolves the cups. Repeat the experiment three to five times for each volume to get an average time and an average number of cups. Weigh the beakers containing the acetone before you begin adding the cups. Weigh one Styrofoam cup; weigh the beakers after you have dissolved the cups.
Conclusions and More Questions
Report your results as well as any conclusions you draw from the results. For example, do your results suggest that the volume of acetone indicates how quickly the Styrofoam dissolves? Does the volume of acetone affect how much polystyrene can be dissolved in a single beaker? Does dissolving polystyrene in acetone add to the weight of the beaker, and does it match the weight expected by the number of Styrofoam cups added to the beaker?
Many teachers or science fair rules require you to suggest additional studies. For example, would the application of acetone or another solvent to an existing landfill dissolve any polystyrene present beneath other garbage? How much solvent would it take to penetrate 1 foot of garbage? Does the residue of dissolved polystyrene affect the biodegradability of the surrounding matter?
About the Author
Transplanted Yankee Erin Watson-Price lives in Birmingham, Ala., and has been writing freelance articles since 1997. She worked as writer/co-editor for Coast to Coast Dachshund Rescue's newsletter, "The Long and the Short of It." In 2007 she obtained a certification as a copy editor. Watson-Price holds a Bachelor of Arts in creative writing from Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville. | <urn:uuid:c8159abe-4eac-4e1f-9d46-9210e779a9ca> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://sciencing.com/science-investigatory-project-acetone-styrofoam-8709208.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.922613 | 789 | 3.828125 | 4 |
King Lear: Versification and Diction
From King Lear. Ed. Henry Norman Hudson. New York: Ginn and Co., 1911.
The greater part of King Lear is in blank verse, the unrhymed, iambic five-stress (decasyllabic) verse, or iambic pentameter, introduced into England from Italy by Henry
Howard, Earl of Surrey, about 1540, and used by him in a translation of the second and fourth books of Vergil's Aeneid, Nicholas Grimald (Tottel's Miscellany, 1557) employed the measure for the first time in English original poetry, and its
roots began to strike deep into British soil and absorb substance. It is peculiarly significant that Sackville and Norton should have used it as the measure of Gorboduc, the first English tragedy. About the time when Shakespeare arrived in London the infinite possibilities of blank verse as a vehicle for dramatic poetry and passion were being shown by Kyd, and above all by Marlowe. Blank verse
as used by Shakespeare is really an epitome of the development of the measure in connection with the English drama.
In his earlier plays the blank verse is often similar to that of
Gorboduc. The tendency is to adhere to the syllable-counting
principle, to make the line the unit, the sentence and phrase coinciding with the line (end-stopped verse), and to use five perfect iambic feet to the line.1 In plays of the middle period, such as The Merchant of Venice and As You Like It,
written between 1596 and 1600, the blank verse is more
like that of Kyd and Marlowe, with less monotonous regularity in the structure and an increasing tendency to carry on the sense from one line to another without a syntactical
or rhetorical pause at the end of the line (run-on verse,
enjambement). Redundant syllables now abound, and the melody is richer and fuller. In Shakespeare's later plays the blank verse breaks away from bondage to formal line
limits, and sweeps all along with it in freedom, power, and
In the 2238 lines of blank verse in King Lear are found
stress modifications of all kinds. There are 67 feminine (or
double, redundant, hypermetrical) endings, 5 light endings,
90 speech endings not coincident with line endings, and 191
short lines, the greatest number of short lines in any Shakespeare play. Such variations give to the verse flexibility and power, in addition to music and harmony. It is significant
that in King Lear is only one weak ending. Light endings
and weak endings2 are found most abundantly in Shakespeare's very latest plays. For example, in The Tempest are 42 light endings and 25 weak endings.
While French prosodists apply the term Alexandrine only
to a twelve-syllable line with the pause after the sixth syllable, as in I, i, 219, it is generally used in English to designate iambic six-stress verse, or iambic hexameter, of which we have examples in I, i, 217; II, ii, 138; IV, iii, 42, etc. Many
of these occur when there is a change of speaker. The Alexandrine was a favorite Elizabethan measure, and it was common in moral plays and the earlier heroic drama. English literature has no finer examples of this verse than the last
line of each stanza of The Faerie Queene. In King Lear are
about 60 Alexandrines.
1. Couplets. In the history of the English drama, rhyme as a vehicle of expression precedes blank verse and prose. Miracle plays, moral plays, and interludes are all in rhyming measures. In Shakespeare may be seen the same develop
ment. A progress from more to less rhyme is a sure index
to his growth as a dramatist and a master of expression. In
the early Love's Labour's Lost are more than 500 rhyming
five-stress iambic couplets; in the very late The Winter's Tale there is not one. In King Lear are 37 rhyming five-stress iambic couplets, used chiefly for the following purposes: (1) to give a certain amount of emotional pitch and intensity,
as in the king of France's farewell, I, i, 248-255, Lear's reply, I, i, 256-259, and Edgar's speech, III, vi, 100-111; (2) to give epigrammatic effect to a sententious generalization, I, iv, 335-336; and (3), as so frequently in Elizabethan plays, to
mark an exit or round off a speech.
2. The Fool's Snatches. The Fool's longer snatches of
rhyming 'patter' recall both in spirit and in rhythm the extraordinary verse in which John Skelton wrote his satires against Wolsey and the vices and social abuses of the time
of Henry VIII. Such 'Skeltonical verse' as that of I, iv, 111-118; I, iv, 307-311, etc., may be regarded either as irregular anapaestic two-stress (dimeter) with feminine ending
and the first foot an iamb, or as amphibrachic two-stress changing to anapaestic in the closing couplet. In I, iv, 130-137, are eight lines of iambic three-stress (trimeter), and the two stanzas in the speeches which follow are, like the eight
lines in II, iv, 72-79, examples of the ballad stanza of four-
stress (tetrameter) iambic alternating with three-stress ('common metre'). The regular measure of the old ballads seems to have been originally four-stress throughout, as in the
famous stanza, III, ii, 69-72. The Fool's 'prophecy,' III, ii, 75-86, is in iambic four-stress (octosyllabic) verse with feminine endings and trochaic variations.
3. Edgar's Snatches. Most of Edgar's snatches are in ballad rhythm, more or less irregular and with a tendency towards doggerel, but the most characteristic bit of rhyming
verse which he utters when feigning madness, III, vi, 64-71, is in the four-stress trochaic verse catalectic, so often used by Shakespeare for the speech of supernatural beings. These lines may be regarded as a spell or incantation.
In the development of the English drama the use of prose as a vehicle of expression entitled to equal rights with verse was due to Lyly. He was the first to use prose with power and distinction in original plays, and did memorable service
in preparing the way for Shakespeare's achievement. Interesting attempts have been made to explain Shakespeare's distinctive use of verse and prose; and of recent years there
has been much discussion of the question "whether we are justified in supposing that Shakespeare was guided by
any fixed principle in his employment of verse and prose, or
whether he merely employed them, as fancy suggested, for
the sake of variety and relief." It is a significant fact that in many of his earlier plays there is little or no prose, and that the proportion of prose to blank verse increases with the decrease of rhyme. In King Lear four kinds of prose may
be distinguished: (1) The prose of formal documents, as in the forged letter, I, ii, 41-48 ; Goneril's letter, IV, vi, 239-245; and the Herald's proclamation, V, iii, 111-114. In
Shakespeare, prose is the usual medium for letters, proclamations, and other formal documents. (2) The prose of 'lowlife' and the speech of comic characters, as in the Fool's
speeches. This is a development of the humorous prose found, for example, in Greene's comedies that deal with country life. (3) The colloquial prose of dialogue, as in the talk
between Kent, Gloucester, and Edmund, when the play opens. (4) The prose of abnormal mentality. It is an interesting fact that Shakespeare should so often make persons whose
state of mind is abnormal, or seemingly so, speak in prose.
Prose is the speech of Lady Macbeth in the sleep-walking scene; Hamlet when playing the madman speaks prose, as Edgar does when feigning madness; Ophelia in her insanity
either sings snatches of old songs or speaks prose; the development of Lear's insanity may be traced by the prose form of his speech, and, as Professor Bradley has pointed out, almost all his speeches, after he has become definitely insane, are in prose; where he wakes from sleep recovered, the verse returns. Bradley remarks further3:
The prose enters with that speech which closes with his trying
to tear off his clothes; but he speaks in verse some of it very irregular in the Timon-like speeches where his intellect suddenly in his madness seems to regain the force of his best days (IV, vi). . . . The idea underlying this custom of Shakespeare's evidently is
that the regular rhythm of verse would be inappropriate where the mind is supposed to have lost its balance and to be at the mercy of chance impressions coming from without (as sometimes with Lear), or of ideas emerging from its unconscious depths and pursuing one
another across its passive surface.
Footnote 1: There are a few such normal lines in King Lear, for example,
I, i, 39, 42, 52, etc.
Footnote 2: Light endings, as defined by Ingram, are such words as am, can,
do, has, I, thou, etc., on which "the voice can to a certain small extent dwell"; weak endings are words like and, for, from, if, in, of, or,
which "we are forced to run ... in pronunciation . . . into the closest
connection with the opening words of the succeeding line."
Footnote 3: Shakespearean Tragedy, pages 398-399.
How to cite this article:
Shakespeare, William. King Lear. Ed. Henry Norman Hudson. New York: Ginn and Co., 1911. Shakespeare Online. 20 Aug. 2009. (date when you accessed the information) < http://www.shakespeare-online.com/plays/kinglear/learversehudson.html >.
How to Pronounce the Names in King Lear
King Lear Overview
King Lear Summary
King Lear Analysis by Act and Scene
King Lear Character Introduction
King Lear Study Questions
Sources for King Lear
King Lear: FAQ
Famous Quotations from King Lear | <urn:uuid:da21a2d1-58c6-463a-b625-4b95719d77ca> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://shakespeare-online.com/plays/kinglear/learversehudson.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.939488 | 2,270 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The corals seem nothing less than crown jewels of the natural marine world, but the reality contradicts what the eyes meet. Corals are neither plants nor are they hard rock; instead, they are the colonies of the most fascinating marine animals. With their vibrant colors, enthralling textures, and shapes, one could easily recognize them as they are the most bewitching animals in the marine world.
Corals belong to the Phylum Cnidaria of Kingdom Animalia and have been diversified into more than 6000 species. All these species of corals play their roles in maintaining the natural ocean ecosystem. If you want to be a better steward of the ocean world, then stick to this article, as this is going to introduce you to a number of fascinating coral species that can easily mesmerize your mind.
Different types of corals
Although there is a huge number of coral species and it is barely possible to give a brief description of all 6000 species, this article is going to elucidate the coolest and out-of-this-world kinds of corals dwelling in the deep as well as shallow water of the ocean. According to some specific external features and habitat, the corals are divided into 3 major groups.
1: Hard Corals
As the name refers, hard corals are comprised of a hard exoskeleton that is comprised of a special type of Calcium Carbonate known as Aragonite. They are a major part of the ocean’s coral reef surviving in a symbiotic relationship with an alga specie known as zooxanthellae. Apart from helping in the survival race, Zooxanthellae are also the reason for the enchanting colors of the corals.
After attaching themselves to any solid rock or even seabed, corals start dividing vigorously, resulting in the formation of the proper colony, which has a calcareous exoskeleton chiefly comprised of Aragonite. Let’s know the names of some engrossing hard coral species.
- Brain Corals
- Boulter Star Coral
- Bubble Coral
- Race Coral
- Staghorn Coral
2: Soft Corals
Unlike hard corals, soft corals do not have a hard exoskeleton made up of calcium carbonate; rather, they are quite flexible and can move as well as a bend with continuous sea currents. They have minute elements of sclerites that give them support and strength. They have a very fast growth rate that substantially increases their population.
Their structural proteins help them stabilize their cores. They are not dependent on Zooxanthellae, just like hard corals, but they keep these species in their tissue media. Soft corals also have a variety of species that are enough to captivate the human mind. Let’s jump onto its different types.
- Organ Pipe Coral
- Snowflake Coral
- Venus Sea Fan Coral
- Carnation Coral
- Devil’s Hand Coral
3: Deep-Sea Corals
The deep-sea corals are the most recent discovery of corals as their habitat is almost 20,000 feet below the surface of the ocean, but they are one of the oldest organisms existing in the ocean. They are neither exposed to any sort of sunlight nor do they survive on any type of symbiotic relationship.
The only survival aspect that does not let these organisms get extinct is by capturing the microscopic organisms. So, let’s learn about the deep-sea species of corals that are ruling the depths of the ocean.
- Black Coral
- Ivory Bush Coral
- Bamboo Coral
- Lophelia Coral
- Bubble Gum Coral
With the striking colors that directly influence the human mind, the eye-captivating textures and shapes with a large scale of diversity among the species, the corals are one of the most fascinating marine animals that simply enhance the beauty of the ocean to hundred and even thousandfolds. Whether it’s hard coral, soft coral, or even deep-sea coral, they have their own uniqueness that marvels the human mind and insists on them being a better steward of the ocean. | <urn:uuid:fe36b67d-dc36-408f-83d0-7f5c68453888> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://sharksinfo.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-coral-names-and-pictures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.933564 | 853 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Our habits play a crucial role in our ability to meet our goals and become who we want to be. Bad habits — whether it’s biting our nails, overeating, smoking or something else — create roadblocks on the path to becoming our best selves.
And it’s no different when it comes to our finances. Bad money habits can have damaging, long-term consequences for our financial security. But developing healthy financial habits can do wonders for helping us achieve our long-term goals like saving enough for retirement or paying for a child’s college education.
The earlier you develop healthy financial habits, the better your chances of successfully meeting your goals. Here are four financial habits you should start working on today:
1. Separate spending on ‘needs’ and ‘wants’
This is the first step in developing healthy habits. You need to understand where your money is going and then figure out where you need to allocate it to make the best use of it.
Sticking to a spending plan and avoiding impulse buying is crucial for building a healthy savings plan. Create a simple budget that shows you how much money you are bringing in and helps you understand your monthly spending. Add up all of your expenses that you would consider a need — this includes your monthly savings amount, rent, car payment, cable and internet bill, food, etc. (By including your savings amount in your need category, you create an automatic savings plan for yourself — more on that below.) Subtract that total from your income, and what is left over is your free cash flow.
The remaining money is the amount you have at your disposal for your “want” expenses. At the very least, make sure you are not spending more than that. At the end of the month, if you still have money left over, stick it in your savings or investment account. This removes the temptation to spend it and lets you start the next month fresh again. If you consistently have money left over, increase your savings amount.
2. Set up automatic savings
Creating a consistent savings mechanism will ensure you are saving a minimum amount each month or paycheck, making progress toward your longer-term goals. Whether you are saving into an investment account or your bank savings account, set up an automatic contribution from each of your paychecks so that the money is “out of sight, out of mind” and you won’t be tempted to spend it.
Why is this so important? Without having an automatic savings plan, you could be saving $500 one month and then $0 the next. Although this is better than not saving at all, it is not a good practice to adopt. And remember, you can start small. Even if it’s $100 a month, saving consistently will pay off immensely down the road.
3. Participate in your employer-sponsored retirement plan
Saving for retirement is one of the most important financial habits you can build for yourself. The power of tax-deferred investment growth over your entire career can really add up. Another benefit with 401(k)s and other retirement plans is that the money you contribute is pretax, which effectively lowers your taxable income, reducing your tax liability today.
If your employer offers a matching contribution to your 401(k) based on your contribution level, it’s especially important to contribute enough to take advantage of this benefit. The employer is basically offering you free money that you would be turning down. For instance, an employer may offer a retirement savings plan to which you can contribute up to 5% of your salary and it will match up to 3% of that. If you don’t contribute at least 3%, you are in effect saying no to a 3% raise.
If your employer does not offer a retirement savings plan, look into opening a self-directed retirement account such as an IRA so you can benefit from tax-advantaged retirement saving.
4. Start investing now
Time is the greatest advantage investors have when it comes to saving and investing early and consistently. With the power of compound interest, even small amounts can really add up over the years. With compound interest, your interest amount is added to the principal, increasing the amount of interest you earn, even if the rate of return does not change. To take advantage of compound interest, the earlier you start saving, the better.
If you can boost your savings rate, you’ll be even better off in the event of a long period of low investment returns, according to Michael Batnick, director of research for investment firm Ritholtz Wealth Management. “Saving more money can offset lower returns because you’re compounding on top of compounding,” Batnick writes. He points to a comparison of two portfolios over a 20-year period, both starting with contributions of $5,000 a year. The portfolio earning an average of 4% annually, with contributions increased by 10% each year, will have $100,000 more in it compared with a portfolio earning 6% a year, with contributions raised by only 5% ($393,153 vs. $293,534).
Prioritize your goals
If you already have these good financial habits, that’s great. If not, the best time to start developing them is now. Everyone will have their own goals and needs, and, unfortunately, not all of those can be satisfied at the same time. You’ll have to prioritize your goals, but once you do, you can start building healthy habits that will allow you to reach them. Separating your needs from your wants, saving early and often, taking advantage of tax-favored retirement savings plans, and investing now can help you build a solid financial foundation and get you where you want to go.
This article was originally published on NerdWallet.com | <urn:uuid:f2e0d5dd-3694-4ef5-b8a4-b8222dc01fd3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://shermanwealth.com/4-healthy-financial-habits-develop-now/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.950485 | 1,206 | 2.640625 | 3 |
In the 1996 disaster film “Twister,” scientists release probes into a tornado in an attempt to study the movements of a powerful storm and predict its path.
It was considered science fiction at the time.
Fast-forward 19 years and the emerging unmanned aerial systems (UAS) industry in Oklahoma is turning fiction into fact.
Using high-tech unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) that can fly directly into the worst storms and transmit data back to meteorological researchers, the UAS sector offers the promise of averted tragedies and saved lives.
“I like to tell people that this industry right now is like sitting in the ocean waiting to catch a really big wave and riding it all the way to shore,” says Ben Kimbro, executive vice president of Tactical Electronics, a UAS manufacturing and R&D company in Broken Arrow. “UAS is a burgeoning science and industry in Oklahoma. This is one of the best places to monitor tornadoes and severe thunderstorms. Right now, researchers can only predict a storm’s path about ten minutes in advance. With the advent of drone technology and remote monitoring, researchers may be able to push that severe storm warning out to an hour in advance. That adds up to additional lives saved.”
In Oklahoma, UAS technology is being harnessed to aid first responders in search-and-rescue operations and disaster recovery efforts, study short-term and long-term weather patterns, monitor crop growth and harvesting, assist firefighters in the battle against raging wildfires, and develop payloads on drones for all types of applications.
Some 18 aerospace companies are actively engaged in unmanned aerial systems activity across the state. Collectively, these firms employ over 2,000 workers, many of them engaged in research and development at key installations around the state. These include:
What Sets Oklahoma Apart
Oklahoma is home to the only UAS testing and training facility in the US dedicated solely to the UAS marketplace. The state also has the first university graduate degree program in unmanned aerial vehicles at Oklahoma State University in Stillwater and is a unique place in the US offering restricted airspace for UAS testing.
Michael Toscano, president and CEO of the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International, says, “Globally recognized as an aerospace pioneer state, Oklahoma has rapidly become a ‘fly to’ state for research, development, testing, evaluation, training and education of commercial and military unmanned aerial systems, with its central location, ideal terrain, business incentives, testing and development capabilities, and training and education programs.”
In June 2012, Oklahoma was selected by the US Department of Homeland Security as a test site for its new program — Robotic Aircraft for Public Safety — a program to test and evaluate smaller UAS for use by first responders across the country. DHS officials are currently evaluating about 50 companies’ small UAS platforms and technologies in Oklahoma.
“Oklahoma has historically had a really rich aviation industry and a lot of ties to aerospace,” says Kimbro, whose company has developed small UAVs for a variety of research applications. “Our landscape has a lot of wide-open space. We have always been a flying and aerospace-focused state. We have jobs in this industry scattered all over the state. As technology progresses, Oklahoma is a natural fit for the next evolution of the industry.”
Kimbro says several factors set Oklahoma apart as a leader in UAV development, testing and manufacturing: collaboration, talented workforce, and government support.
“Academia, business and government all play together very nicely in Oklahoma,” Kimbro says. “That doesn’t happen everywhere. In Oklahoma, that spirit of collaboration is very sincere and it is supported by our policy makers, our colleges and universities, and our technical and trade schools. We support one another and that gives us a competitive advantage.”
He notes that “Tinker Air Force Base is another huge factor. We have the maintenance contracts for the Global Hawk and Predator. Many of the sub-systems that support this work are scattered across the state, from Oklahoma State University to the University of Oklahoma and many specialized centers.”
Dr. Stephen McKeever — secretary of science and technology for the State of Oklahoma, director of the National Energy Solutions Institute, and Regents Professor of Physics at OSU — says that he worked with Gov. Mary Fallin to put together a strategic plan for UAS in Oklahoma in 2012. “We have been following that plan ever since,” he says. “We put in place the research component that is bearing fruit today across the state. We have decided to focus our research in Oklahoma on aerospace and defense, homeland security, severe weather, agriculture, oil and gas, and first responders.”
McKeever says that “UAS will be a tool that will help all of these industries grow in Oklahoma. OSU is the first school in the nation to offer UAS education from the undergraduate level all the way through a doctorate. The University of Oklahoma offers education in UAS support for weather research. The University of Tulsa offers education for UAS support for information systems.”
More Research Parks
The next step for the state is to develop the research parks “in which industry can grow in collaboration with the expertise at the universities,” McKeever says. “We will also work with our political supporters at the state and federal level to get the necessary legislation in place to allow this industry to thrive.”
Oklahoma is competing against Alaska, Ohio, Virginia, Texas, North Dakota and Nevada to claim a leadership position in the highly competitive UAS arena, but Oklahoma is the only state that offers the comprehensive education and training at every level of expertise in all aspects of the emerging UAS industry, says McKeever. “We are literally competing with places like MIT, Stanford, Berkeley, Mississippi State, Embry-Riddle and a few others, but no one else offers all of the resources that OSU does right here in Oklahoma.”
McKeever adds that “Oklahoma is in this industry for the long haul. It is a really dynamic area and it is highly competitive. We are very committed to this sector, and we are the only state that offers a truly comprehensive approach to the UAS industry.”
James Grimsley, president and CEO of Design Intelligence Inc., a defense contractor engaged in UAS work in Norman, says that “we are now at the starting line of seeing UAS technology enter the commercial world. There is a huge growth opportunity here, and we plan to capitalize on it.”
Between 2015 and 2025, the UAS marketplace will support about $90 billion worth of work. Once the Federal Aviation Administration adopts formal rules for the application of UAVs, Grimsley says that the sky’s the limit for this sector.
“Facebook has already invested $100 million or more into UAS, and Titan was just bought by Google for $10 million,” he says. “Amazon is very serious about deploying UAS technology. They have a very active R&D unit right now. We are in a globally competitive environment.”
Grimsley says his firm will announce a new solar-powered UAV in May. “This will be a significant development step for us, but it won’t be our last,” he says. “Stay tuned for more.”
For the rapidly growing UAS sector in Oklahoma, that seems to be the mantra for all.
Opportunities abound in Oklahoma as new alliances, technologies and programs bring big ideas, skilled workers and financial incentives to The Sooner State. | <urn:uuid:20b91a34-3f5a-44f6-91f5-89721e0bc957> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://siteselection.com/cc/oklahoma/vol1/iss2/uas.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.954627 | 1,605 | 2.8125 | 3 |
In 2023 March 20 is the date of the March equinox and is also the first day of spring (or the first day of autumn if you’re one of my readers in the Southern Hemisphere). In this post I’ll talk about the equinoxes and discuss the commonly held, but not quite correct, view, that they are the two dates in a year when all places on Earth have exactly 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness.
What is an equinox?
The origin of the word equinox comes from two Latin words aequus (equal) and nox (night). This definition suggests that at an equinox the length of the day and night are equal. However, the precise astronomical definition of an equinox is slightly different.
The diagram above shows the Earth in its orbit around the Sun
- At the December solstice, the North Pole is tilted further away from the Sun than at any other time of the year, and the South Pole is tilted nearest the Sun. In the Northern Hemisphere the period of darkness is longest compared with the period of daylight, and in the Southern Hemisphere the reverse applies.
- At the June solstice, the North Pole is now tilted nearest to the Sun. So, the Northern Hemisphere experiences the longest period of daylight.
- There are two times a year when the neither the North Pole nor the South Pole are tilted towards the Sun and these times are the equinoxes. If we take two places with the same latitude, one of which is north of the equator and the other one south of the equator and roughly the same longitude (for example Tokyo and Adelaide, South Australia) they will both have the same amount of daylight at the equinox.
What dates do the equinoxes occur?
The Earth moves in an elliptical orbit around the Sun. This means that it has further to travel in its orbit between the March equinox and the September equinox than in the return leg of its journey from September to March. The two equinoxes are therefore not exactly half a year apart. The time between the March equinox and the following September equinox is around 186 days, whereas the time between the September equinox and the following March equinox is shorter -only 179 days.
In 2022 and 2023 the dates and time of the equinoxes are
- On 20 March 2022 at 15:33
- On 23 September 2022 at 01:04
- On 20 March 2023 at 21:23
- On 23 September at 06:50
The times are in GMT (which is more correctly known as UTC). So, depending on the time zone you’re in, the equinoxes may occur at a different times. If your time zone is far enough ahead or behind GMT they may even occur on a different date.
Are there 12 hours of daylight at an equinox?
When we answer this question, we need to think about what mean by the term: ‘hours of’daylight’?
Do we consider twilight, the time just after sunrise or just before sunset when it is not completely dark, to be daylight?
Or do we consider daylight as being the time when the Sun is above the horizon?
If we use the definition of ‘daylight’ as being the interval between sunrise and sunset, then there are actually slightly more than 12 hours of daylight at the equinox everywhere in the world. This is because
- The definition of sunrise is when the first light from the Sun’s rays reaches above the horizon, not when the centre of the Sun is above the horizon. The diagram below shows the path of the Sun’s disc around sunrise at the equinox in London. In the early morning, the time when the half of the Sun is above the horizon and half below the horizon is 6:04 am, shown as B in the diagram, but sunrise is about a minute earlier
Similarly, in the early evening, the time when half of the Sun is above the horizon and half below the horizon is 6:14 pm, B in the diagram, but sunset – when the last light from the Sun’s rays is above the horizon – is about a minute later
- Secondly, when the Sun is just below the horizon the Earth’s atmosphere bends the Sun’s rays, causing them to appear just above the horizon. This bending of light is known as refraction and has the effect of slightly extending the hours of daylight.
Taken together, these two effects mean that there are slightly more than 12 hours of daylight at the equinox. The date on which there (almost) exactly 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness is called the equilux. This term is rarely used and is not in the dictionary of my spell checker 😉 . In London the equilux occurs on 17 March, three days before the equinox At other locations on the Earth the equilux will occur on different dates
The meteorological seasons
Although March 20 is the first day of the Northern Hemisphere spring, just to confuse matters ,in the UK there is an another definition of the seasons used by meteorologists and widely used by the public as well as the ‘correct’ astronomical definitions. Meteorological spring consist of the months of March, April and May and so starts on March 1 (which is the UK is also St David’s day) and finishes on May 31 Similarly,
- meteorological winter is December, January and February,
- meteorological summer June, July and August and
- meteorological autumn September, October and November
I hope you have enjoyed this post and (if you are in the northern hemisphere) you are looking forward to spring with its warmer weather and more daylight
Publications and videos
For links to my books and videos please visit www.explainingscience.org
View all posts by Steve Hurley | <urn:uuid:4dc9a154-ae9c-465e-a17a-1a914edbc5e6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://spacescience.digital/the-equinox-20-march-2023-explaining-science/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.951144 | 1,239 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Just about every manner of nanoparticle and nanomaterial has been applied to polymer solar cells. Despite all of this work, conversion efficiencies for single p-n junction polymer solar cells are mired at around 9 percent, while cells with more than one p-n junction have mustered efficiencies only as high as 10.6 percent.
All those frustrated efforts made it reasonable to wonder whether nanoparticles would ever provide much of a boost to polymer solar cells.
Now, an X-ray study performed at the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) by a team from the Technical University of Munich (TUM) using DESY’s synchrotron radiation source, PETRA III, has demonstrated that magnetic nanoparticles can improve the performance of polymer solar cells—if the mix is right.
In research published in the journal Advanced Energy Materials, the German-based researchers demonstrated that by making sure the solar cell material contains just about one percent of magnetic nanoparticles by weight, they were able to boost the solar cell’s efficiency.
“The X-ray investigation shows that if you mix a large number of nanoparticles into the material used to make the solar cell, you change its structure”, explains coauthor Stephan Roth, who runs DESY’s microfocus small- and wide-angle x-ray scattering beamline at PETRA III, in a press release. “The solar cells we looked at will tolerate magnetic nanoparticle doping levels of up to one percent by mass without changing their structure.”
How to exploit the nanoparticles is where the Germany-based researchers departed from recent research. Solar cell material doped with gold nanoparticles had already been demonstrated to absorb additional sunlight—which, in turn, produced additional electrical charge carriers when the energy was released again by the gold particles.
“The light creates pairs of charge carriers in the solar cell, consisting of a negatively charged electron and a positively charged hole, which is a site where an electron is missing,” explained the main author of the current study, Daniel Moseguí González, in a press release. “The art of making an organic solar cell is to separate this electron-hole pair before they can recombine. If they did, the charge produced would be lost. We were looking for ways of extending the life of the electron-hole pair, which would allow us to separate more of them and direct them to opposite electrodes.”
To extend the life of the electron-hole pair, the researchers exploited the spin of the electrons. The positively charged hole also has a spin. If the two spins are in the same direction, they can add up to a value of one, or cancel each other out, for a value of zero, if they are oriented in opposite directions. Pairs that have an overall spin value of one last longer than those that have an overall spin of zero.
The key was finding a material capable of converting an electron-hole pair’s overall spin state from zero to one. To accomplish this, the researchers needed nanoparticles made from heavy elements, because they can flip the spin of the electron or the hole so that spins are aligned in the same direction.
The material they hit upon was iron oxide magnetite. By adding just the right amount of the magnetite (doping the substrate with 0.6 percent nanoparticles by weight) they were able to increase the energy conversion efficiency by 11 percent, from 3.05 to 3.37 percent.
“The combination of high-performance polymers with nanoparticles holds the promise of further increases in the efficiency of organic solar cells in the future,” said Peter Müller-Buschbaum of TUM in the release. “However, without a detailed examination, such as that using the X-rays emitted by a synchrotron, it would be impossible to gain a fundamental understanding of the underlying processes involved.” | <urn:uuid:f851787f-9dd2-4589-b558-272f7306369f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://spectrum.ieee.org/magnetic-nanoparticles-boost-polymer-solar-cells | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.94058 | 818 | 3.59375 | 4 |
If you’re new to the thrilling world of pickleball or a seasoned player looking to brush up on your skills, understanding the rules for the pickleball non-volley zone is crucial. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll dive into the ins and outs of this fascinating sport, focusing on this specific aspect. Let’s explore the key rules, strategies, and tips for mastering the pickleball non-volley zone.
Pickleball is a rapidly growing sport that combines elements of tennis, badminton, and table tennis. Played on a smaller court, it’s known for its fast-paced action and requires precision and strategy. The non-volley zone, often called the “kitchen,” plays a critical role in the game. Here, we’ll break down the rules and provide you with the knowledge to excel in this area.
What Is the Pickleball Non-Volley Zone?
The non-volley zone in pickleball is a seven-foot area adjacent to the net on both sides of the court. It extends from the net to the first service boundary line. This area is marked with lines and is crucial for the flow and fairness of the game.
The rules for the non-volley zone are designed to prevent players from smashing the ball right at the net, promoting longer rallies and more strategic play.
Understanding the Rules
- No Volleying in the Zone: The most fundamental rule is that you cannot volley the ball while standing inside the non-volley zone. A volley is a shot where the ball is struck in the air without letting it bounce. Players must step out of the zone before volleying the ball.
- Foot Faults: In pickleball, the non-volley zone includes the space directly above it. This means that your foot cannot be on the line or inside the zone when you make contact with the ball. It’s essential to maintain proper foot positioning to avoid foot faults.
- Double Bounce Rule: Another vital rule related to the non-volley zone is the double bounce rule. The first shot, or serve, must bounce before the return shot. After these two bounces, both teams can either volley or play from the non-volley zone.
- Faults and Point Loss: If a player violates any of these rules, it results in a fault, and the opposing team gains a point. It’s crucial to be aware of these rules to avoid costly mistakes.
Strategies for Success
To excel in pickleball, especially within the non-volley zone, you’ll need a combination of skill and strategy.
- Positioning: Stay close to the non-volley zone line without stepping into it. This positioning allows you to be aggressive while ensuring you’re not violating the rules.
- Drop Shots: Utilize drop shots, which are soft and low shots that just barely clear the net. They can be effective when your opponent is at the non-volley zone, making it challenging for them to return the shot.
- Lob Shots: When your opponents are too close to the net, consider using lob shots that go over their heads and land deep in their court. This can force them to step back, giving you an advantage.
- Communication: Effective communication with your partner is key. Decide who will take which shots and when to advance or retreat from the non-volley zone.
Q: Can I jump over the non-volley zone line to hit a shot?
A: No, you must ensure that both your feet remain outside the non-volley zone when making contact with the ball. Jumping over the line is not allowed.
Q: Can I enter the non-volley zone after the ball has bounced?
A: Yes, once the ball has bounced, you can step into the non-volley zone and play from there without violating the rules.
Q: What happens if the ball touches the non-volley zone line during play?
A: If the ball touches the line, it’s considered in. The line is part of the non-volley zone, and any ball touching it is considered a fault.
Q: Are there any age restrictions for playing in the non-volley zone?
A: No, there are no age restrictions. Players of all ages must adhere to the same non-volley zone rules.
Q: Can I reach over the net to hit the ball in the non-volley zone?
A: You can reach over the net to hit the ball as long as your paddle doesn’t cross the net’s plane. Your opponent’s side of the court is off-limits.
Q: What’s the penalty for violating non-volley zone rules?
A: Violating non-volley zone rules results in a fault, and the opposing team is awarded a point.
Mastering the rules for the pickleball non-volley zone is essential for success in this exciting sport. By understanding these rules, employing effective strategies, and practicing, you can become a formidable player on the court. Remember to always respect the boundaries of the non-volley zone, and you’ll be well on your way to enjoying countless exhilarating pickleball matches. | <urn:uuid:4d8c5237-16be-4a0f-8c7a-d3a50e80cada> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://technewshunt.com/what-are-the-rules-for-the-pickleball-non-volley-zone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.901442 | 1,115 | 2.828125 | 3 |
THE NEW NEW AGE
Hops are often associated with beer, however they have a rich tradition in herbal medicine as a gentle, sleep inducing herb; it is said Abraham Lincoln once slept on a pillow of hops.
Brewed as tea, hops have a bitter, floral flavour.
Use in home brewing, as a tea, tincture, or even soap.
The Wonderful World of Hops: More Than Just Beer Flavors
When you hear the word "hops," beer is probably the first thing that comes to mind. While it's true that hops are one of the key ingredients in beer-making, there's so much more to these plants than just their flavor. In fact, hops have been used for centuries as a medicinal herb and have a wide range of health benefits. In this blog post, we'll explore the wonderful world of hops and dive into the many ways they can be used.
First, let's talk about the role hops play in beer. Hops are added to beer during the brewing process to provide bitterness and flavor. This bitterness comes from compounds within the hops called alpha acids. The type and amount of hops used in a beer recipe can greatly impact its flavor profile. Some beers are known for their floral and citrusy hop flavors, while others have a more earthy and bitter taste. Hops can also be used to add aroma to beer. When added at the end of the brewing process, hops can give off a pleasant, flowery scent.
But hops are more than just a flavor and aroma enhancer. They have been used as a medicinal herb for centuries. One of the most well-known health benefits of hops is their ability to promote relaxation and restful sleep. This is due to the presence of a compound called humulene, which has a sedative effect on the body. Hops can also have a calming effect on the nervous system, making them great for reducing anxiety and stress.
In addition to their sedative properties, hops are also a natural anti-inflammatory. This is due to the presence of compounds called prenylated flavonoids. These compounds have been shown to inhibit the activity of certain enzymes and cytokines that promote inflammation, making hops a potential treatment for conditions like arthritis and asthma.
Another interesting benefit of hops is their potential to improve cognitive function. Studies have shown that hops can increase blood flow to the brain, leading to improved memory and concentration. Additionally, hops may help to prevent age-related cognitive decline.
Finally, hops can be used in a variety of non-beer-related ways. They can be brewed into a tea, taken as a supplement, or used topically as a skin treatment. Hops contain antibacterial compounds that make them great for treating skin conditions like acne and eczema.
While hops are best known for their role in beer-making, their many health benefits make them worth exploring for other uses too. From promoting relaxation and restful sleep to reducing inflammation and improving cognitive function, hops are truly a versatile plant. Incorporating hops into your health routine could be a great way to reap some of these benefits. Whether you're a beer enthusiast or a health nut, hops are definitely worth considering. | <urn:uuid:e9e9739a-424d-4d72-9d9e-a60cdf9f7906> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://thenewnewage.com/products/hops | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.968522 | 656 | 2.515625 | 3 |
An independent school district is the neighborhood school to which your child is assigned, based on where he or she lives. Tomball ISD has an exceptional rating and is said to be “not just a district…it’s a destination.” This premiere school district may also be a major factor in our area’s population growth. The number of homeowners here may almost double by the year 2030.
What To Know About Schools
- Are free
- Include students from a specific zip code or geographic areas
Other educational choices can include:
- Charter schools – These public schools aren’t managed by the local school district and often prioritize students based on income or need. They are free but may have fees for certain programs.
- Magnet schools – Magnet schools are public schools offering a curriculum especially focused on a specific program (arts, early college, engineering, science, technology, etc.). Magnet schools usually require application during a set timeframe, and they may require auditions or interviews.
- Private schools – Non-public schools are not government funded and require tuition and fees. Curriculums and educational achievement measurements may differ from public schools; some private schools have religious affiliations.
School-Shopping? Here Are 6 Tips
1) District Scores
Test scores may not be the end-all way to judge performance, but they provide valuable information. Tomball ISD students test higher than most Texas schools’, and most of the schools themselves scored A’s.
Texas Education Agency combines several factors for Tomball’s high scores. Nonprofit GreatSchools is another reliable source; Tomball schools averaged 4 out of five stars. Public School Review is a good resource and puts Tomball schools in the top 5% of high-performing Texas schools.
2) Extracurricular Activities
What clubs or after-school programs would benefit your student? Are they held at the school or nearby parks/libraries? Dynamic school districts offer students plenty of opportunities to explore their interests.
3) Money Matters
How much does the district spend on education, per child? With a student-teacher ratio of 16:1, Tomball ISD spends and average of $7,422 per student. (Texas’ base amount has been $6,160 since 2019.)
If your child is physically challenged or has special needs, you may want to know how much is set aside for specific disability programs. Is more spent on art programs than sports? What about monies budgeted for technology expansion? Find out what an ISD’s priorities are when it comes to educational investments and expenses.
4) Talk To Neighbors
If you’re planning to move to a certain community or neighborhood, don’t be shy. Knock on doors and let the homeowners know you’re wondering about the area schools. If you’re intimidated by that, consider visiting HOA (homeowner association) offices and reach out to board members with kids.
Your first grader’s elementary school is a great place to start, but consider visiting middle and high schools, too. “The best way to get a vibe of the district and a particular school is to talk to the principal,” says one Realtor. “Be leery of those principals that don’t want to talk to you.”
Spend time in one or more classrooms. Observe the ways teachers interact with their students and how the students interact with their teachers. How is the material presented and how engaged are the kids?
6) Your Student
Some kids thrive in large, dynamic environments while others need more personalized and individualized attention. You know your child’s needs, abilities, and learning style.
- Does your child need one particular or a variety of physical and sports development programs?
- Is ethnic diversity important to your family?
- Would a music and/or band program benefit your student?
These are just a few of the things you need to consider for your student and your family.
Tomball ISD: A Superior Choice
Based on statistics from knowledgeable, professional organizations and resources, Tomball Independent School District educational facilities are not just better-than-average schools. They are among the best schools in the State of Texas.
- #14 in 2023 Best School Districts in Texas
- #34 of all Texas school districts, 2022-2023
- Graduation rate – 96% (among the top 10% in Texas)
- Math proficiency – 66% (Top 5%)
- Minority enrollment – 51% (Top 1% of most diverse schools in Texas)
- Overall Texas district rank – Top 5%
- Public School Review rating 10/10
- Reading proficiency – 63% (Top 5%)
Tomball Independent School District gets an A+, based on hundreds of parent reviews. But ultimately, you are the best judge of what is right for your student.
If you have questions about Tomball ISD, our schools, or the Tomball Education Foundation, please let us know. Contact Tomball Education Foundation.
Some of the frequently asked questions we receive about Tomball Independent School District are:
A: Tomball Independent School District has 20,262 students in grades PK, K-12.
A: Tomball ISD has a student-teacher ratio of 16 to 1.
It serves nearly 22,000 students in grades pre-kindergarten through 12 across 22 campuses. | <urn:uuid:4f2d4e54-1c38-4fb6-b8d5-5410d3706df7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://tomballedfoundation.com/news/why-you-should-choose-tomball-isd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.951882 | 1,133 | 2.625 | 3 |
Christmas Tree at the House of Blackheads (2014)
Normally, you’d be scorned for chopping down trees, propping them up in your living room, and celebrating as they slowly die on the rug. But do that in December and honey, you got yourself a beloved Christmas tradition.
As customary as it’s become, you can’t deny the inherent strangeness of the Christmas tree. How did a holiday celebrating the Christ Child’s birth in Bethlehem become associated with the fir tree—of which there were approximately zero in Bethlehem?
It is believed that the decoration of fir trees was first established by the Brotherhood of Blackheads (which was neither a punk rock band nor a society for the acne-afflicted). In 1510, the Blackheads chopped down a tree and moved it to the center of Riga (Latvia) to be burned in celebration of the Winter Solstice. Once they’d lugged it there, however, they noticed that the branches were awfully close to the surrounding buildings and that it might put a damper on the festivities if they burned their city to ash.
Supposedly, while the men had their backs turned, arguing about what to do with the tree, some children snuck up and covered it with flowers and fruit and unraveled mittens. Instead of being sent home with cold hands and red bottoms, they were praised by the Brotherhood for it. Other decorations were added to the tree, and it delighted all on Christmas Day. | <urn:uuid:03979e1d-a0cf-47fc-8283-aff3705b2cc6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://treasurestatelifestyles.com/fir-real/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.979824 | 309 | 2.84375 | 3 |
i. Greek, meaning nature, natural order or functions.
ii. Associated with medicine.
What makes us jive?
We are all about the truth. Well, the current truth, since we all know science is more of a liquid than a solid. There is a lot of “information” out there – in forums, website after website (you know). What you may not know, however, are the sources and the credentials.
Why are we different?
We promise to never deliver junk, opinion, or fallacies. Our angle is to review and deliver the most accurate and objective information based on what has been published in well-ranked, peer reviewed scientific journals. Other sources we include are non-profit entities such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American College of Sports Medicine and their related literature. Just the facts, as it should be. We hope you enjoy our articles and learn something new!
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What is the first thing that pops into your mind when you think about antioxidants? Probably something along the lines of… beneficial, healthy and great for longevity. These powerful little protectors of cellular structure and function play an important role in physical well-being, especially when obtained naturally from foods such as berries and… | <urn:uuid:24d75dc8-35ab-4486-9a18-385157e6e50b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://truphys.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.958261 | 386 | 2.703125 | 3 |
(When the Clouds Dance – Wednesday Reflections)
Everyone knows where paper comes from. It is very interesting to think that all the relevant information for the whole of humanity was preserved thanks to the trees. All the great achievements of humanity, everything we know today, could only be taught because of books. The culture and mind, even of those who have never opened a single book, are literally formed by the knowledge of all generations that preceded us. Even though we now have more sustainable options for retaining information, none of this would be possible without what went before. We owe the trees where we’ve come as a civilization, but is that all?
We know today, for example, that trees are highly technological beings. They recharge aquifers through their roots, return thousands of liters of water in the form of moisture to the atmosphere, prevent catastrophes such as typhoons and storms, remove carbon dioxide from the air, capture toxic gases and produce oxygen, help to reduce the temperature , communicate and take care of the entire tree community through networks formed by fungi, offer delicious fruits, reduce noise pollution, prevent soil erosion, make cities and life much more beautiful and their presence provides immense well-being . They literally give us a drink physically, mentally and emotionally.
Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism, attained enlightenment while sitting under the shade of the so-called Bodhi Tree, a religious fig tree with a sculptural trunk, whose figs are highly prized by birds. It attracts pollinating wasps and forms large amounts of seeds. In an anthropocentric world, this detail of the Buddha story has never been given much attention, but what if it was more important than we realize? What if his last and greatest master was the tree he sat under? For those who study Buddhism or simply for those who study and have already made friends with some arboreal individual, it shouldn’t be too difficult to realize that, in order to be happy, we just need to learn to fully be the tree that, deep down, we all already are.
Read more “Wednesday Reflections” on the writer’s website AntonellaYllana.com | <urn:uuid:e33ff336-9285-46df-8bda-910eac0b160a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://verdejardajuda.org/en/2021/09/19/reflection-for-national-tree-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.963864 | 451 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Hats in Victorian times were primarily used for protection from the sun and to avoid getting injured. However, in the later years, the hats became a symbol of authority and style statement – somewhat a “show off”. Women and men wore a different kind of hat.
Victorian women’s hats
In the 1860s, the main headwear for women was the bonnet. The bonnets properly framed a woman’s face. The sunbonnet was made from different fabrics and it protected their face and neck. Young women and girls of the Victorian period also used hats. Most of the hats used were trimmed with ribbons, flowers and at times, veils.
Hats were an essential part of a woman’s apparel. They would always wear a hat when they went out for social events. The hats were typically layered on a wire base covered with straw braids. Sometimes, instead of straw braids, it used twisted fabric and was made from velvet, satin, cotton and tulle fabrics.
Decorating piece on the hats were birds and this was in vogue in the last half of the 19th century. The hats were ornamented by bird parts like their wings, breasts or sometimes the whole bird was used. The Brazilian blackbird was in demand for becoming a showpiece on the hat.
Hats also include hatpins which were either the basic hatpins, or stick pins, or cameo hatpins or even novelty hatpins. Hatpin holders may be classified into boot hair pin holder or tall hair pin holder. One of the most romantic looking hat of the 1850s was a leghorn straw with a wide brim dipped down at the back and slightly at the front. In the early 20th century, hats had wider-brim and were worn high on the head.
Victorian men’s hats
For a formal day and evening wear, men typically wore a top hat or the tall silk hat. A light grey top hat was popularly worn in the 1860s mainly for racing parties. Since the 1870s, there was some change in the trend.
The number of hats that were considered appropriate for informal wear were on the rise. The wide-awake, a broad-brimmed felt hat with a low crown was popular as a countryman’s hat. Victorian men also wore caps which were of firmly woven wool and had a close-fitting. | <urn:uuid:8b259a18-5cb2-4f65-b03c-2a1bb8ddc8a6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://victorian-era.org/victorian-era-costume-hats.html?amp=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.98732 | 498 | 3.5 | 4 |
Every decision we make, every judgment we form, and every perspective we hold is influenced by a complex web of biases.
These biases, often deeply ingrained within us, influence the way we perceive the world and interact with others.
Some are harmless, while others have profound implications for our personal and professional lives.
In this guide, we will dive deep into examples of bias, their origins, and the unseen ways they shape our decisions.
What you will learn in this guide:
- An in-depth look into the various types of biases and their mechanisms.
- Eye-opening insights into how biases sneakily affect our decisions and perceptions.
- Real-world anecdotes and examples that bring the concept of bias to life, making it relatable.
- Scientifically-backed techniques and best practices to recognize and counteract our inherent biases.
- The far-reaching consequences of unchecked biases in society and the need for collective introspection.
So, what exactly is bias? Bias is a preconceived notion or prejudice that we hold, often unconsciously, towards people, things, or situations. These biases can be as straightforward as favoring one color over another or as complex as holding prejudiced views about a particular group of people. While the term ‘bias’ often carries a negative connotation, not all biases are harmful; some even serve as mental shortcuts that help us navigate the complexity of our lives.
Now, you might be wondering, why are we so susceptible to bias? The answer lies in the wiring of our brains. Our brains are bombarded with a staggering amount of information every day. To process this information efficiently, our brains employ a series of shortcuts, also known as heuristics. While these shortcuts help us make quick decisions without getting bogged down by analysis, they are also the breeding ground for biases. In the following sections, we’ll delve deeper into the various types of biases, how they manifest in our daily lives, and what we can do to keep them in check.
Types of Biases and Their Effects
When we talk about biases, it’s essential to recognize that there isn’t just one kind. There are a plethora of biases, each affecting our decision-making, perceptions, and interactions in distinct ways. To fully grasp their implications, let’s break down some of the most common types and delve into their effects.
Cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment, leading us to perceive reality through a distorted lens. Some of the most prevalent cognitive biases include:
- Confirmation Bias: This is our tendency to seek, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms our pre-existing beliefs. It’s why we often gravitate towards news sources or social circles that align with our views.
- Availability Heuristic: We tend to overestimate the importance of information readily available, often due to recent exposure. For instance, if a topic frequently makes the headlines, we might perceive it as more significant than it truly is.
While cognitive biases affect our thought processes, social biases influence our perceptions and interactions with others. Some common social biases include:
- In-group Bias: This is our inclination to favor those who belong to our group, whether it’s based on nationality, race, religion, or even sports teams.
- Halo Effect: When we have a positive impression of someone in one aspect, we’re likely to have a favorable view of them in other areas, even if they’re unrelated.
Let’s delve deeper into a couple of these biases and their real-world implications.
Confirmation Bias and Information Consumption
Think about the last time you were scrolling through your social media feed. Did you notice a pattern in the kind of news or articles you came across? Confirmation bias plays a significant role in the selective consumption of information. As a result, it creates echo chambers where we’re only exposed to viewpoints similar to ours, reinforcing our existing beliefs and making it harder to understand and empathize with opposing views.
Anchoring Bias in Decisions and Negotiations
Anchoring bias refers to our tendency to heavily rely on the first piece of information (the “anchor”) we receive about a topic and base our subsequent judgments and decisions on it. For instance, during negotiations, the first number that’s put on the table often serves as an anchor, influencing the direction of the negotiation. Being aware of this bias can help in making more informed decisions and navigating negotiations more effectively.
Bias in the Real World
While understanding the intricacies and definitions of biases is crucial, it’s equally vital to recognize their tangible impacts in our everyday lives. From the seemingly mundane choices we make to the systemic issues that permeate our societies, biases silently shape our world in profound ways.
Everyday Manifestations of Bias
Every day, without even realizing it, our biases influence numerous aspects of our lives:
- Job Interviews: Interviewers might unknowingly favor candidates who share their hobbies or come from similar backgrounds, overlooking potentially better-qualified candidates.
- Media Consumption: The news we consume, the movies we watch, and the books we read are often filtered through our inherent biases. We might gravitate towards sources that confirm our existing beliefs or avoid content that challenges our viewpoints.
- Social Interactions: Biases can influence who we befriend, trust, or collaborate with. For instance, we might unconsciously strike up a conversation with someone who looks ‘familiar’ or shares our cultural background, overlooking the potential richness of diverse interactions.
Systemic Issues and Bias
Bias isn’t just a personal issue; it’s deeply woven into the fabric of our societies, contributing to larger systemic problems:
- Racism: Racial biases, both overt and subtle, can lead to discrimination, marginalization, and systemic racism. These biases influence everything from employment opportunities to police interactions and judicial decisions.
- Sexism: Gender biases shape societal norms and expectations, often sidelining women and non-binary individuals in various spheres, from workplaces to political platforms.
- Ageism: Age-related biases can result in discrimination against both the young and the elderly, often stereotyping them as either inexperienced and naive or outdated and irrelevant, respectively.
Recognizing and confronting these biases is the first step towards creating a more equitable and just world for everyone.
The Psychology Behind Bias
Understanding the root of biases requires delving into the intricate workings of the human mind. From the brain’s inherent shortcuts to the emotional and rational tug-of-war, the genesis of bias is deeply rooted in our psychology.
The Brain’s Shortcuts: The Role of Heuristics
Our brains, in an effort to process vast amounts of information quickly, often take shortcuts known as heuristics. These mental shortcuts allow us to make swift decisions, but they can also lead to errors in judgment or biases. By relying on these heuristics, we sometimes oversimplify complex situations, leading to potentially biased outcomes.
Past Experiences and Upbringing
Our biases are often a reflection of our past experiences and upbringing. From a young age, we’re exposed to societal norms, familial beliefs, and cultural values. These experiences shape our worldviews and, subsequently, our biases. Whether it’s a childhood incident or the influence of our community, these past interactions play a crucial role in shaping our biases.
Instinct, Emotion, and Rational Thought
The human mind is a complex interplay of instinct, emotion, and rational thought. While our instincts and emotions might push us towards certain biases, our rational mind can often act as a counterbalance. Understanding this balance is key to recognizing when our biases might be taking over and when we’re making more objective decisions.
Biases aren’t just arbitrary judgments we make; they’re deeply embedded in our psychological makeup, influenced by both our brain’s structure and our life experiences.
Combating and Overcoming Bias
While biases are innate to our psychological makeup, it’s essential to recognize that we can actively combat and overcome them. Through a combination of self-awareness, specific techniques, and diverse experiences, we can challenge our inherent biases and cultivate a more objective worldview.
The Power of Self-Awareness and Reflection
One of the first steps in combating bias is recognizing its existence. By being self-aware and regularly reflecting on our decisions and beliefs, we can identify areas where biases may be influencing our judgment. This introspection creates an opportunity for us to challenge and rectify our prejudiced views.
Techniques to Challenge Biases
Specific techniques can help in reducing the impact of biases. One such method is perspective-taking, which involves putting oneself in another person’s shoes, fostering empathy, and challenging preconceived notions. Another technique is slow thinking. By taking the time to think through decisions carefully, we can counteract the brain’s shortcuts and avoid falling into biased traps.
Embracing Diversity and Broadening Horizons
Diverse experiences and interactions play a pivotal role in challenging and reducing biases. By exposing ourselves to different cultures, ideologies, and perspectives, we can break down stereotypical beliefs and gain a more holistic understanding of the world. Whether it’s traveling to a new country, reading a book from a different perspective, or simply engaging in a conversation with someone from a different background, these experiences help erode the walls of bias.
While biases may be a part of our psychological fabric, with concerted effort and the right techniques, we can reduce their influence and move towards a more inclusive and objective outlook.
The Broader Implications of Bias
Biases, while often viewed as individual cognitive missteps, have profound ripple effects on society, culture, and even global dynamics. When these biases become shared or institutionalized, they can shape policies, mold societal norms, and influence cultural narratives, sometimes with detrimental consequences.
Ripple Effects on Society and Culture
Collective biases, when widespread, can reinforce and perpetuate stereotypes, leading to systemic discrimination and inequality. For instance, media bias can skew public perception, potentially leading to fear, misunderstanding, or prejudice against specific groups. Likewise, biases in the workplace can influence hiring and promotion decisions, perpetuating cycles of inequality and underrepresentation. On a cultural level, deeply embedded biases can dictate societal norms, deciding what’s “normal” or “acceptable,” often at the expense of marginalized communities.
Case Studies: The Consequences of Unchecked Biases
The “Crack vs. Powder Cocaine” Sentencing Disparity: In the U.S., the sentencing laws in the late 20th century disproportionately penalized crack cocaine offenses compared to powder cocaine, even though they’re pharmacologically similar. This bias had racial undertones, as crack was stereotypically associated with Black communities, leading to significant disparities in prison sentences between Black and White offenders.
Gender Bias in Medical Research: For decades, medical research predominantly focused on male subjects, even in areas where gender differences were crucial. This bias has led to gaps in our understanding of certain conditions in women and has impacted the effectiveness and safety of treatments.
Representation in Hollywood: The underrepresentation of minorities in films and television, often fueled by biases and stereotypes, has implications beyond entertainment. It shapes societal perceptions, reinforces stereotypes, and limits opportunities for minority actors and filmmakers.
In these case studies and countless others, unchecked biases have had tangible, far-reaching impacts on individuals and communities. The broader implications underscore the importance of recognizing, challenging, and addressing biases on both individual and societal levels.
While biases are often discussed in the context of individual cognition, they also permeate and shape the structures and policies of organizations and systems. These biases, when integrated into the fabric of institutions, can lead to systematic discrimination, perpetuating inequalities on a massive scale. Fortunately, there’s a growing awareness of institutional biases, and many entities are taking steps to address and mitigate them.
The Nature of Institutional Bias
At its core, institutional bias refers to policies, guidelines, or practices within organizations or systems that systematically and unfairly discriminate against certain groups of people. This can be evident in hiring practices, loan approval processes, law enforcement procedures, and many other areas. Often, these biases are so deeply rooted that they’re seen as “just the way things are,” making them particularly challenging to identify and rectify.
For instance, historically, certain financial institutions had lending practices that made it difficult for individuals from specific racial or ethnic backgrounds to secure home loans. Similarly, educational institutions might have admission policies that favor certain demographics over others, inadvertently promoting inequality.
Counteracting Institutional Biases
Recognizing the problem is the first step. Numerous organizations are now investing in bias training for their employees, striving to ensure that everyone is aware of potential biases and equipped to combat them. Beyond training, there’s a push to reassess and, if necessary, redesign policies and practices to be more inclusive and equitable.
Diversity and Inclusion Initiatives: Many companies and institutions now prioritize diversity and inclusion, understanding that a diverse workforce can offer varied perspectives, fostering innovation and promoting fairness.
Transparent Reporting: To maintain accountability, some organizations release data about their hiring practices, pay scales, and more, allowing for public scrutiny and ensuring that they’re on track in their efforts to combat bias.
Collaborations with Third-party Organizations: By partnering with external bodies specializing in bias recognition and reduction, institutions can gain insights into their own practices and make necessary adjustments.
Fight against institutional bias is ongoing, these efforts signal a move in the right direction. By recognizing and addressing these biases, organizations can play a pivotal role in creating a more just and equitable society.
Final Thoughts: The Continuous Journey of Self-awareness
As we navigate through life, encountering and interacting with a vast array of individuals and experiences, our understanding of the world around us continuously evolves. In this journey, recognizing and confronting our biases is not a one-off task, but rather an ongoing commitment. It’s a commitment to personal growth, empathy, and the pursuit of a more inclusive and just society.
The world is ever-changing, and with it, our understanding and perspectives must evolve. This doesn’t mean we should feel guilty about our past biases or misjudgments. Instead, we should view them as opportunities to learn and grow. By approaching the future with an open heart and mind, we can hope to build bridges, foster understanding, and pave the way for a more inclusive tomorrow.
In conclusion, while biases may be a part of the human condition, they don’t have to dictate our actions. By continuously striving for self-awareness, understanding, and change, each of us has the power to make a difference. So, as we move forward, let’s commit to this journey of introspection and growth, creating ripples of positive change in our wake.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is the primary difference between bias and prejudice?
Bias refers to a preference or inclination, especially one that inhibits impartial judgment, while prejudice is a preconceived opinion or feeling, usually based on insufficient or skewed information. Both can be unconscious and can influence our perceptions and actions, but prejudice typically has a more negative connotation associated with unfair treatment or discrimination.
Can biases ever be positive?
Yes, not all biases are negative. For instance, a person might have a bias towards eating healthy foods or exercising regularly. However, even positive biases can become problematic if they prevent us from seeing alternative perspectives or taking in new information.
How can I identify my own biases?
Identifying one’s biases requires self-reflection and openness to feedback. Tools like the Implicit Association Test (IAT) can help uncover unconscious biases. Additionally, seeking diverse experiences, interacting with diverse groups of people, and being open to feedback can also help in recognizing and understanding personal biases.
Is it possible to completely eliminate bias?
It’s challenging to completely eliminate all forms of bias because they often arise from unconscious processes or societal influences. However, by being aware of our biases and actively challenging them, we can reduce their influence on our decisions and actions. | <urn:uuid:1f613829-2f2c-4710-b5b8-27bc1a9a1ba5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://wesleycherisien.com/examples-of-bias/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.923299 | 3,387 | 3.75 | 4 |
Unravel the Mystery of WYFW Meaning in Text – Uncover its Significance with Engaging Examples, Synonyms, and Contrasts. Delve into the Enigmatic Realm of Contemporary Communication through this Enlightening Blog!
WYFW is an acronym commonly used in texting, meaning “What’s Your Favorite Word?” It is often used as an icebreaker to spark conversations or to gain insights into people’s interests and preferences for specific words.
Here you Can Read 5+ Sentences Made of WYFW
1. When meeting new friends online, you can start a conversation by asking “WYFW? Mine is ‘serendipity’!” to get to know each other’s favorite words and initiate an interesting discussion.
2. In a language learning community, participants can ask each other “WYFW in your native language?” to discover unique and lesser-known words that could expand their vocabulary.
3. During writing workshops or creative writing classes, instructors can use “WYFW?” as a warm-up activity to encourage students to share their favorite words and explain why they find them particularly captivating or impactful.
4. On social media platforms, users can post a question like “WYFW when it comes to describing happiness?” to encourage their followers to share their most cherished words for capturing a positive emotion.
5. In a book club, members can ask each other “WYFW from the last novel we read?” to learn which words left a lasting impression or evoked strong emotions, fostering engaging discussions about literary styles and experiences.
Discover 5+ Similar Words for WYFW
Regarding texting, improving your communication skills involves grasping words akin to WYFW
1. WYFW – What’s Your Favorite Word?
2. Favorite terms
3. Preferred vocabulary
4. Beloved lexicon
5. Chosen linguistic gems
6. Treasured expressions
7. Selected verbal treasures
8. Most loved phrases
9. Adored terminology
10. Preferred linguistic delights
10+ Synonyms and Antonyms Of WYFW
1. Favorite term
2. Beloved phrase
3. Preferred expression
4. Chosen vocabulary
5. Treasured lexeme
6. Adored linguistic unit
7. Cherished verbalization
8. Esteemed speech element
9. Loved linguistic construct
10. Valued verbal choice
Reference: “WYFW” is an acronym commonly used in texting, meaning “What’s Your Favorite Word?” It is often used as an icebreaker to spark conversations or to gain insights into people’s interests and preferences for specific words.
1. Preferred term
2. Adored phrase
3. Treasured expression
4. Chosen lexicon
5. Beloved word
6. Cherished vocalization
7. Esteemed linguistic choice
8. Loved verbalization
9. Valued terminology
10. Respected language element
How To Use WYFW
To use WYFW in a sentence: “Hey, since we’re getting to know each other, WYFW?”
To get more information about WYFW, it is an acronym that stands for “What’s Your Favorite Word?”. It is often used in texting as a conversation starter or to learn about someone’s favorite word. It can help initiate discussions and provide insights into people’s interests and preferences when it comes to specific words.
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🔗Let’s Connect Are you seeking an adept digital marketer to elevate your online presence? Or perhaps you’re interested in unraveling the potential of SEO and social media for your business. Let’s connect and explore the endless possibilities together. | <urn:uuid:195c94af-3925-424c-b599-8d5822916bb2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://westudyhere.com/wyfw-meaning-in-text/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.875562 | 1,142 | 2.625 | 3 |
Where is Jamaica?
Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean Sea. It is the third largest island in the Caribbean with 4,320 square miles. Jamaica falls about 145 kilometers south of Cuba and 191 kilometers west of Hispaniola. The country lies at an elevation of above sea level of 17 ° and 19 ° North and longitudes 76 ° and 79 ° West. It has a number of tourist attractions, including mountains (such as Blue Mountains) and Montage Bay, one of the largest towns.
The Bay is considered one of the most beautiful bays of tourist attractions in the entire Caribbean Sea. The Dunn’s River Falls is also a major tourist attraction in Saint Ann and the Blue Lagoon in Portland.
Governance of Jamaica
Jamaica regained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1962 and has a population of 2.9 million since the end. The country has two main types of governance, namely parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy, where the monarchy is ruled by Queen Elizabeth the second. A bipartisan Joint Committee of the Jamaican legislature drafted Jamaica’s current constitution in 1962 and has been in use to date. The Jamaican Parliament consists of two houses, namely the upper house and the lower house.
The citizens of the country directly elect members of parliament, and the governor-general appoints the member of the House representatives. The prime minister and the parliamentary leader of the opposition jointly appoint the Senators. The governor-general may later appoint the senator.
Climate of Jamaica
Jamaica experiences a tropical climate system, which as a result supports a variety of ecosystems along with plants and animals. The climate is diverse but there are some areas that experience a temperate climate, such as the higher places in the interior.
The Liguanea and Pedro Plains on the south coast experience dry times. The areas that receive large amounts of rainfall are home to plants such as bamboo, rosewood, mahogany, ferns and Ebony. The diversity of wildlife, typical of the Caribbean, includes many species that cannot be found anywhere else in the world.
Economy and tourism
Jamaica has a number of important economic sectors, including agriculture, tourism, mining, insurance and financial services, and manufacturing services. Tourism and mining are the main earners of foreign exchange. Research shows that an estimated 1.3 million foreign tourists visit Jamaica each year.
Another study conducted in recent years shows that nearly half of the Jamaican economy depends on services such as tourism for survival. Over the years, Jamaica has shown a steady increase in the country’s gross domestic product since independence.
Languages of Jamaica
The Jamaican people have two main languages that the people speak and as a result it is usually referred to as a bilingual country. Jamaican Standard English is considered the official language used in education, media, government hearings, and legal systems.
Jamaican Potais or otherwise Patwa is the widely spoken language in the country. Recent research shows that 36.5% of Jamaica’s population speaks Patwa, 17.1% mostly uses Jamaican Standard English, and the remaining population is fluent in the two languages. | <urn:uuid:03b420ae-0833-4f02-96f8-e401b2b016f1> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://whereismap.net/what-continent-is-jamaica-in/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.950532 | 647 | 3.125 | 3 |
|Adult male displaying(Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens)|
The Malayan peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron malacense) also known as crested peacock-pheasant or Malaysian peacock-pheasant, is a medium-sized pheasant of the galliform family Phasianidae. The closely related Bornean peacock-pheasant (P. schleiermacheri) was formerly included here as a subspecies, but as understood today, P. malacense is monotypic.
It is one of the shortest-tailed peacock-pheasants. Adult males are about 50 cm long, about half of which is made up by the tail. Their tarsus measures approximately 6.5 cm, and their wings are 20–21 cm long; they weigh from over 600 to nearly 700 g.
The female is slightly smaller than the male, with a noticeably shorter tail; measuring about 40 cm overall, its tail is slightly less than 20 cm long, while its tarsus measures c.6 cm and its wing length is 18 cm. Adult females weigh about 450-550 g.
Their plumage is generally pale brown with small black spots and bands all over, creating the "salt-and-pepper" effect found in most peacock-pheasants. It has iridescent blue-green eyespots with a buff border on its upperwings, back, and on the 22 rectrices, a white throat running down to the center of the breast, and a loose, pointed and upturned dark blue-green crest on its forehead. A bare facial skin surrounds the eyes with their bluish-white iris; usually pink, it becomes bright orange-red during courtship. The bill and legs are blackish.
Female plumage is duller than in males, with a vestigial crest and eyespots only on remiges and rectrices. On the wing coverts and back, they have dark dots instead, which are pointed towards the feather tip.
mtDNA cytochrome b and D-loop as well as the nuclear ovomucoid intron G sequence data places the Malayan peacock-pheasant within the basal radiation of its genus, together with the even more elusive Bornean peacock-pheasant (P. schleiermacheri) – and Palawan peacock-pheasant (P. napoleonis). The common ancestor of the Malay peacock-pheasants probably diverged from its relatives during the Pliocene or maybe Late Miocene, about 5 million years ago (Ma) perhaps.
When the lineages of Borneo and Malaya diverged has not been studied; considering the phylogeny of Polyplectron, an Early Pleistocene date, roughly around 1 Ma, seems reasonable. In that regard, it is probably significant that Borneo was connected to the Southeast Asian mainland during Pleistocene glacial periods with low sea levels. In any case, the phylogeny and biogeography of the basal peacock-pheasants agrees with the idea of reproductive isolation due to rising sea levels during the last ice age's interglacials, whereas the more advanced Polyplectron species are limited to today's mainland Southeast Asia.
A shy and elusive bird, the Malay peacock-pheasant is endemic to lowland forests of the Malay Peninsula from the Isthmus of Kra region southwards. At one time, this species was widespread in Malaysia and Thailand, and reported from southern Myanmar, Sumatra and Singapore, but it probably never occurred in the former two at least in historic times. It has since disappeared from most of its former range, with the remaining population being confined to the lowlands of central Malaysia, perhaps extending barely into Thailand. Although nothing certain is known, there is nothing to suggest that this species is anything other than a sedentary bird; individuals probably do not move a long distance from their place of hatching. They are somewhat territorial, but the ranges of several birds probably overlap except for the core areas. Males move about in an area of approximately 10–60 hectares, while the ranges of females are half that size. The average population density in suitable habitat is estimated as slightly less than seven adult birds per square kilometer.
It inhabits mainly dipterocarp rainforest up to 150 m ASL, rarely occurring even as low as 300 m ASL. While it can utilize secondary forest, such habitat does not seem to be optimal. Its feeding habits are little-studied, but it probably eats a mix of plant matter (particularly fruits) and small arthropods as do its better-known relatives. It forages in typical galliform fashion, utilising its feet and bill to uncover invertebrates from forest litter. Recorded food items include insects such as Diptera, Orthoptera and Hymenoptera (e.g. carpenter ants), mollusks, isopods Camponotus, and fruits and seeds of Annonaceae, Fabaceae and Fagaceae (e.g. stone oaks, Lithocarpus). Other items found in Malay peacock-pheasant stomachs were probably not ingested deliberately; they include moss, twigs, rootlets and part of an Apocynaceae flower.
While captive Malay peacock-pheasants may sometimes appear to polygynous or promiscuous, not forming lasting pair bonds, this is probably atypical as peacock-pheasants are as a rule monogamous with males participating in nest defense and chick rearing. The mating season is not well resolved; recently used nests have been found in March, April and August. Breeding activity may in fact occur essentially all year round (as in many lowland rainforest birds), triggered by abundance of mast rather than by a fixed circannual rhythm. Males scrape the debris and leaf litter off their display sites in forest clearings, from where they maintain vocal contact with their mate and progeny. They adopt various highly stereotyped and ritualised postures and associated plumage displays, which reveal prominent ocelli on remiges and rectrices. These behaviors are likewise used in self-defense. When utilised in pair-bonding behavior copulation may occur subsequent to lateral displays. Anterior displays are also performed which may include curious clicking and vibrating pulsations of feather quills created via stridulation.
Aviculturists report that the males' contribution to reproduction ends after copulation. This is not always the case in instances where pairs are maintained in mixed species enclosures and encouraged to nest naturally. The nest is somewhat vestigial, consisting of twigs and large leaves scraped together on low-lying firm ground, be it on a termite mound a short distance above the forest floor, or the forest floor itself. P. malacense is one of the few pheasants known with certainty to have a one-egg clutch. Incubation takes probably 22–23 days. The species is not infrequently bred in zoos.
Status and conservation
Due to ongoing habitat loss, small population size and limited range, the Malayan peacock-pheasant is evaluated as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Its numbers have declined about two-thirds in the last decade or so, and that this trend is expected to last for another decade at least. It is listed on CITES Appendix II.
Deforestation is the main threat for this species, and has rendered more than half of the places where it was found in the 1970s unsuitable for it. The available habitat has even declined by over three-quarters during that time, indicating that the population – estimated at about 8,000 adults as of 2008 – is close to the maximum possible, as less and less suitable forest is not inhabited by P. malacense. It used to be hunted for food or as a trophy, but compared to deforestation these threats are nearly insignificant nowadays.
While a small amount of selective logging is tolerated by this bird, it depends on sufficient primary forest to persist. Most Malay peacock-pheasants today live in protected areas in Malaysia, namely Taman Negara National Park and Krau Wildlife Reserve in Pahang, and perhaps Sungkai Sambar Deer and Pheasant Wildlife Reserve in Perak and Sungai Dusun Wildlife Reserve in Selangor. There are also a few reports from less strictly-protected areas, such as Pasoh Forest Reserve in Negeri Sembilan. In areas where they receive protection and where suitable habitat is plentiful, the Malay peacock-pheasant can be fairly common, and thus become a flagship species for ecotourism and other forms of sustainable development. A zoo population exists, numbering 189 birds in 35 sites in 1993. Its studbook is maintained by the New York Zoological Society and Wildlife Conservation International. The Department of Wildlife and National Parks of Malaysia is preparing a captive breeding program to bolster the population in reserves and prevent inbreeding depression by release of captive-bred birds.
- BirdLife International (2022). "Polyplectron malacense". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T22679385A137837773. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- "Appendices". CITES. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
- McGowan, Philip J. K.; Kirwan, Guy M. (2020). "Malayan Peacock-Pheasant (Polyplectron malacense)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.mapphe1.01. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
- McGowan (1994), BLI (2008)
- McGowan (1994, 1998), Kimball et al. (2001)
- McGowan (1994, 1998)
- McGowan (1994, 1998), Kimball et al. (2001)
- McGowan (1994, 1998)
- McGowan (1994)
- The estimate of divergence times in Kimball et al. (2001) is probably too low, as they use an uncalibrated and outdated molecular clock that is not well-suited for large-bodied birds.
- McGowan (1994), Kimball et al. (2001)
- Campanotus is a lapsus in McGowan (1994)
- Kimball, Rebecca T.; Braun, Edward L.; Ligon, J. David; Lucchini, Vittorio; Randi, Ettore (2001). "A molecular phylogeny of the peacock-pheasants (Galliformes: Polyplectron spp.) indicates loss and reduction of ornamental traits and display behaviours" (PDF). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 73 (2): 187–198. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01356.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2008.
- McGowan, Philip J.K. (1994). "Malaysian Peacock-pheasant". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of Birds of the World. Vol. 2: New World vultures to Guineafowl. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 548, plate 58. ISBN 84-87334-15-6.
- McGowan, Philip J.K. (1998). "Weights of some birds from the Malaysian forest floor" (PDF). Forktail. 14 (78). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2008. | <urn:uuid:af4388d3-cd0a-4fd7-a9d4-e7cd64d295c0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://wiki.privacytools.io/wiki/Malayan_peacock-pheasant?lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.923135 | 2,425 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Recyclable Plastics: Common Types
<a href=”https://westernelite.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Plastic-Numbers-infographic-scaled.jpg”><img style=”width:100%;” src=”https://westernelite.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Plastic-Numbers-infographic-scaled.jpg”></a><br>Infographic Design By <a href=”https://westernelite.com/”>Western Elite</a>
Plastics have become an integral part of our lives, and it’s hard to imagine a world without them. However, the widespread use of plastics has led to severe environmental problems, especially when it comes to disposing of them. In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of the need to reduce plastic waste and find sustainable alternatives. Recyclable plastics are one such alternative that can help mitigate the impact of plastic waste on the environment. In this blog, we will explore the benefits of using recyclable plastics, the challenges in implementing them, and how they can contribute to a more sustainable future.
Not all plastics are created equal, and some are more easily recyclable than others. In this article, we will explore the most commonly and easily recyclable plastics.
Most Commonly/Easily Recyclable Plastics?
1. PETE (Polyethylene Terephthalate)
PETE is one of the most common and easily recyclable plastics. It is used in various applications, such as water bottles, food containers, and even clothing. PETE is highly recyclable, and it can be melted and reused for different purposes. Most curbside recycling programs accept PETE, and many manufacturers use recycled PETE in their products.
2. HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene)
HDPE is another widely used and recyclable plastic. It is used in various products such as milk jugs, shampoo bottles, and laundry detergent containers. HDPE is highly durable, and it can be melted and reshaped for other applications. Many curbside recycling programs accept HDPE, and it can also be recycled into new products such as plastic lumber.
3. PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)
PVC is a highly versatile plastic that is used in various applications such as pipes, siding, and window frames. While PVC is not as commonly recycled as PETE and HDPE, it can still be recycled. PVC recycling requires a specialized process and equipment, and it is not widely available in curbside recycling programs.
4. LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene)
LDPE is a flexible and lightweight plastic that is used in various applications such as grocery bags and shrink wraps. While LDPE is not as widely recycled as PETE and HDPE, it can still be recycled. Many grocery stores offer recycling programs for LDPE, and it can be recycled into new products such as plastic lumber and shipping envelopes.
5. PP (Polypropylene)
PP is a durable and lightweight plastic that is used in various applications such as yogurt cups and medicine bottles. PP is highly recyclable, and it can be melted and reshaped into new products. Many curbside recycling programs accept PP, and it can also be recycled into products such as battery cases and automotive parts.
In conclusion, PETE and HDPE are the most commonly and easily recyclable plastics, while PVC, LDPE, and PP can also be recycled. It is crucial to recycle plastics to reduce their impact on the environment, and recycling programs are widely available in many communities.
If you are looking for waste management solutions, Western Elite is a waste management specialist that provides innovative and sustainable solutions for businesses and communities. They offer various services such as recycling, waste collection, and disposal, and they are committed to reducing waste and preserving the environment. Visit their website at https://westernelite.com/ to learn more about their services. | <urn:uuid:c99b841b-3f2c-4a8e-afeb-aff5b5434a43> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://wirecandy.com/recyclable-plastics-common-types/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.954838 | 860 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Authored By: Michelle Levy
Edited By: Kandice Sharren and Sara Penn
Submitted on: 04/26/2019
Citation: Levy, Michelle. "Mother Shipton: The Oldest Woman in the WPHP." The Women's Print History Project, 26 April 2019, https://womensprinthistoryproject.com/blog/post/4.
Figure 1. Rauner Special Collections Library, Dartmouth College.
The oldest woman whose titles appear in WPHP is Ursula Southeil, who appears to have lived in York, England in the Tudor period. I say "appears," since, according to Arnold Kellet, “The only historical support for her existence as a woman living in Tudor York is found in the slim pamphlet The Prophesie of Mother Shipton in the Raigne of King Henry the Eighth (1641), which opens with an account of the prediction which apparently brought her national fame.” This prediction was in relation to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey (1473–1530). Wolsey, who had planned his first visit to York in 1530, had been in trouble with Henry VIII due to his failure to negotiate an annulment of his (Henry's) marriage to Katherine of Aragon with Rome. According to the pamphlet, Mother Shipton prophesied that even though Wolsey would see York at a distance, he would never enter the city. The pamphlet also explains that Wolsey sent three of his men to interrogate Shipton, and vowed that she would be burnt at the stake as a witch when he arrived. In fact, Wolsey was arrested on 4 November 1530 just outside of York, in Cawood, on a charge of high treason and died en route to London. Southeil's prophesy was correct; he never entered York. A title page woodcut depicting the prophesy is found in this 1681 printing of Mother Shiptons Prophesie. Here we see how Mother Shipton is figured as a hag, but also as one who wields actual power, as she chastizes Wolsey by pointing her finger at him.
The slim pamphlet ends with a reference to a ship sailing up the Thames and finding the city of London in ruin. This was taken to be a prediction of the fire of London, as we know from a reference in the diary of Samuel Pepys (20 October 1666), who stated that when Prince Rupert on board ship heard of the fire he simply said "now Shipton's prophecy is out" (Pepys 7.333) (Kellet).
Virtually nothing is known about Shipton besides what is related in this volume, which, it must be recalled, appeared more than a century after the events it relates. Historians have debated whether Mother Shipton was in fact an actual person, or just a myth.
Figure 2. The Great Fire of London in the Year 1666, by William Birch, 1792. Wikimedia Commons.
Mother Shipton’s continued presence in popular culture shifted over time. According to Lauren McCrane, by the eighteenth century, she became more of “a literary device rather than [an] historical figure”; she “pervaded popular works of the period even as her significance became more diffuse and indeterminate” (371). She continued to be associated with witchcraft; thus in 1759, Carl Alexander Clerck named a moth after her, due to the hag-like markings on the wing. But she also continued to be viewed as a female truth-teller, as befits the account of her Wolsey prediction, in which she is figured as a woman speaking truth to power. She features throughout the eighteenth century as a complicated feature especially in different performance genres, in puppetry, pantomime, masquerade, and ballad. She was also featured at Mrs. Salmon’s Royal Wax-Works, at 189 Fleet Street; of over two hundred figures displayed at the museum, one of the most intriguing to eighteenth-century visitors was an automaton of Mother Shipton, who kicked visitors as they left the museum (McCrane 370).
Figure 3. Image of a Mother Shipton Moth. Wikimedia Commons.
The titles we have by Mother Shipton in WPHP are works of popular children’s literature. In Mother Shipton's legacy. Or, a favourite fortune-book in which is given, a pleasing interpretation of dreams: and a collection of prophetic verses, moral and entertaining, published in York in 1797, Mother Shipton has been transfigured into a school marm, who prophesies that “Tommy Noodle” will be whipped that day, a prediction that turns out to be correct (the boy is whipped by his father for stealing apples). The work also includes moralistic, nursery-rhyme duties, such as:
He who wishes to grow wise,
At six o’clock must always rise;
And if you loiter, Master Ned.
You supperless must go to bed. (6).
Of course, these words were neither written nor imagined by the historical Mother Shipton, if she existed. It may be questionable, therefore, whether Mother Shipton, and her titles, should appear in the WPHP. As a recurring, influential and complex female figure who pervades popular literature and culture of the period, however, we believe she has earned her place.
WPHP Records Referenced
Southeil, Ursula (person, author)
Mother Shipton's Legacy (title)
Kellett, Arnold. "Shipton, Mother, supposed witch and prophetess." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25420
McGrane, Laura. “Bewitching Politics and Unruly Performances: Mother Shipton Gets Her Kicks in Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Popular and Print Culture.” Forum for Modern Language Studies, vol. 43, no. 4, 2007, pp. 370–84.
Shipton, Ursula. Mother Shipton's legacy. Or, a favourite fortune-book in which is given, a pleasing interpretation of dreams: and a collection of prophetic verses, moral and entertaining. Printed for Wilson, Spence, & Mawman, Anno, 1797. | <urn:uuid:1e3e2a24-04da-4fc8-8943-c052e7936552> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://womensprinthistoryproject.com/blog/post/4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.956913 | 1,348 | 2.75 | 3 |
What Are The Examples Of Marking Tools
COMMON MARKING OUT TOOLS 1- Scriber 2-Marking blue 3-Punch 4-Engineers square 5-Surface plate 6-Surface gauge 7-Angle plate 8-Vee block 9-Spring dividers 10- Ball peen hammer 4.
What are the examples of marking tools. If you use the water-soluble end youll have to wash your fabric before you can get rid of the markings but the benefit is that the markings will stay on your fabric for the duration of your sewing project. Disappearing Ink Marker This marker often has two ends a water-soluble tip and a disappearing ink tip. The definition of marketing tools are product development and promotional strategies and actions that a company uses to develop and promote its products or services.
It also covers tools for weighing or dosing materials. Utility Knives Blades. Marking out consists of transferring the dimensions from the plan to the workpiece in preparation for the next step machining or manufacture.
Crush or cut marks. An example fo marketing tools are social networking television commercials and Internet ads. A tool used in a.
It is placed on a workpiece surface with the flat edge being firm on the workpiece. Below are some of the important tools of digital marketing. Screw Bolt Extractors.
This is typically seen as lines from the marks ie. Top 8 Digital Marketing Tools. These hand tools are used to draw a perpendicular line on material with a scribe.
On the web there are several channels that you can leverage to drive customers to your website like social media PR search display authority websites and so on. Advertising has a wide reach and great for small-scale companies or start-ups that are going low on the marketing budget. Pliers Adjustable Wrenches.
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- How Long Do Carpenter Bees Live | <urn:uuid:987ba140-8938-44ce-b456-9aa8e8d7ab6c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://woodworkingprojectsideas.pages.dev/what-are-the-examples-of-marking-tools | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.872728 | 620 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Crafting a Thesis Statement
What is it?
A thesis statement concisely expresses the argument an essay makes and indicates to readers what the writer knows about the topic. Particularly in shorter essays, the thesis statement is often one sentence placed at the end of the introduction; the body of the essay then provides evidence to prove that thesis. Remember that your thesis is not the same thing as your topic; your thesis is an argument about your topic.
Creating a thesis
A good thesis is the result of a lengthy process involving brainstorming, critical reading, [usually] researching, and revising. You cannot determine your final stance on a topic until you have reflected on the available evidence.
- Consider your topic carefully. Do not choose a topic just because you think it will be easy to research or write a lot about it. What really interests you? What relates to the class? What fits your assignment instructions?
- Narrow your topic by determining a question you want to answer about it. What issues/ideas are debated about this topic? What questions do you have? What do you want to know more about? What is your connection to the topic? Ask yourself who, what, when, where, and why questions to stimulate your thinking: What happened to the dinosaurs? When did it happen? Who were their predators? Where did they live? Why did they become extinct?
- Determine a tentative claim stating an argument about your chosen aspect of the topic. This is your working thesis. As you continue to develop or research evidence to support your working thesis, consider how new information affects it. Your thesis statement will likely change throughout your writing process; never be afraid to adjust it!
Elements of an effective thesis
AN EFFECTIVE THESIS STATES A DEBATABLE CLAIM THAT CAN BE SUPPORTED WITH EVIDENCE.
A thesis statement is not a fact; it takes a position about a fact – a position that not everyone will support.
FactsDinosaurs became extinct millions of years ago.
ThesisBased on geological and paleontological evidence, a giant meteor striking the earth probably caused the extinction of dinosaurs.
AN EFFECTIVE THESIS IS NEITHER TOO BROAD NOR TOO NARROW
To strike a balance between broad and narrow, you must be as specific as possible while also ensuring you will be able to find sufficient evidence to support your claim. Consider the length of your paper: a two-page paper needs a much more specific thesis than a longer paper.
Too Broad: Dinosaurs became extinct for many complex reasons.This thesis provides little direction for the argument to follow, which makes it too broad. Will the writer discuss the dinosaurs’ process of becoming g extinct? All of the reasons? Some of the reasons? How much of this claim can reasonably be covered in a single paper?
Too Narrow: The Tyrannosaurus Rex became extinct because its tiny arms limited its ability to hunt the small dinosaurs increasingly common in its environment.This thesis provides such specific information that the writer may find little to expand upon in the paper other than simply repeating information included in the thesis statement.
Balanced: Dinosaurs became extinct because they were unable to adapt to their changing environment.This thesis explains what the argument will be (why dinosaurs went extinct) without going into so much detail that the paper’s main points have already been shared. It is not so broad that the writer must spend pages setting up the argument. | <urn:uuid:052ce0b4-fa94-4148-a2c1-1046273cfbef> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://writingcenter.kennesaw.edu/resources/handouts/thesis_statement.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.952132 | 711 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Pineapples were once luxury items in Europe and America. In fact, the fact that they were so exotic-looking and hard to grow made them worth hundreds or thousands of dollars (in today’s currency). Pineapple luxury seems absurd, but they were only grown in South America and the Caribbean in the 1800s. Even hothouses throughout Europe had a hard time producing proper pineapples.
Pineapple luxury centerpieces
According to Mental Floss, When the fruity fad made its way to America, “one pineapple could cost as much as $8000 (in today’s dollars). This high cost was due to the perishability, novelty, exoticism, and scarcity of the fruit. Affluent colonists would throw dinner parties and display a pineapple as the centerpiece, a symbol of their wealth, hospitality, and status, instantly recognizable by a party’s guests. Pineapples, however, were mainly used for decoration at this time, and only eaten once they started going rotten.
To underscore just how lavish and extravagant pineapples were, consider the pineapple rental market. The fruit evoked such jealousy among the poor, pineapple-less plebs that people could, if they wished, pay to rent a pineapple for the night. Before selling them for consumption, pineapple merchants rented pineapples to people who couldn’t afford to purchase them. Those who rented would take the pineapple to parties, not to give as a gift to the host, but to carry around and show off their apparent ability to afford such an expensive fruit!”
In the 18th and 19th centuries, artists often depicted pineapples in paintings of elites, and you could also find them emblazoned on napkins, china, and more. Pineapples graced finials, bed posts, fountains, teapots, and other high-class decor.
Pineapples go from luxury to mass production
In 1900, James Dole started a pineapple plantation called the Hawaiian Pineapple Company in Hawaii, which later become the Dole Food Company. Eventually, he produced 75% of the world’s pineapples, and they went from being luxury items to food for the masses.
In the UK, importing pineapples from the colonies became common enough that nearly anyone could get their hands on one, ending their time as a status symbol.
According to the BBC (cited below): “Steamships started to import pineapples to Britain regularly from the colonies and the prices consequently dropped. And it wasn’t just the middle classes who could afford a pineapple, but – horror of horrors – the working classes could too.” – WTF fun facts | <urn:uuid:4de3b5b6-81b8-4910-90e9-5d1513bb6521> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://wtffunfact.com/wtf-fun-fact-12794-pineapples-as-luxury-items/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.976799 | 560 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Web Accessibility Remediation: Best Practices for Inclusive Design
Accessibility has become a cornerstone of inclusivity.
Any website owner who wants to adhere to the necessary web accessibility guidelines will need to undertake an accessibility remediation process.
This blog will unpack the steps you must take to comply and provide a more engaging online experience to all visitors.
What is Accessibility Remediation?
Accessibility remediation is the process of ensuring any digital content is accessible to users with disabilities.
Whether you have an existing website or are in the process of designing one, the disabled community needs to be considered.
Website accessibility remediation will also ensure that you comply with standards such as the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) and specific disability acts and legislations such as the ADA or Section 508.
Content that can be remediated for accessibility includes websites, online documents, video, audio, and podcasts.
Why Website Accessibility Remediation Matters
The disabled community faces challenges daily, and it’s our responsibility as a society to provide assistance through inclusivity wherever possible. Even more so because we rely on the web to shop, learn, socialize, and perform other daily tasks.
As a business, providing a more inclusive online experience can help build credibility and trustworthiness, factors that can make or break a brand in the competitive digital landscape.
Over and above this, it’s the law. Acts such as the ADA, AODA, and legislations such as Section 508 all reference web accessibility in some form or another. Businesses that fail to comply could face large fines and unnecessary lawsuits, which could have detrimental long-term effects.
What is Document Remediation?
When you first start exploring web accessibility, there’s a greater emphasis on websites. However, accessibility guidelines also apply to documents.
Accessible documents are clear and easy to understand. When a document is tagged correctly, it’s compatible with assistive technology such as screen readers, which many disabled users rely on to interact online.
Document remediation also takes cognitive and neurological impairments such as dyslexia and color blindness into consideration. This means color contrast and the overall structure of a document matter too.
If you house documents online or on your website, it’s essential to include them in your accessibility remediation process.
The Website Accessibility Remediation Process
Let’s delve into a more detailed overview of the accessibility remediation process.
Audit Your Website
Before remediation can begin, accessibility testing is necessary.
Using your site’s URL, these tools will audit your site according to WCAG as well as the major web accessibility acts.
Following the audit, you will receive a detailed report outlining the level of accessibility your site has achieved and issues that need to be addressed. Examples of these issues could be:
- Insufficient color contrast ratios
- Lack of alternative text
- Keyboard navigation is not supported
- Incorrect header formatting
- Poor or confusing navigation structures
This report is what you will use as a guideline to start remediating your website. You can also use this guide to WCAG standards during this process for a more comprehensive overview of what you should consider.
Scan your website for accessibility related issues for free
Remediate Your Website & Documents
You can now start making adjustments to your website and documents to correct any issues and meet the necessary accessibility requirements.
Remediation can be done automatically, manually, or a combination of both. Automated remediation is quick and will save you time, but a manual remediation process is often more detailed, so there is less chance of you missing any small details.
Both options are effective, though, so there’s no right or wrong way to remediate your site and documents.
Accessibility remediation services are readily available if you do not have an in-house team that is able to assist with these updates
Monitor Your Website
Accessibility compliance is not a once-off task. It requires ongoing monitoring as legal guidelines change and as you update your site or add new documents.
Establishing a monitoring schedule is a recommended best practice. Doing so will reduce the number of changes you need to make at once and ensure you can avoid ADA remediation-related lawsuits.
Over and above this monitoring schedule, it’s best to perform an audit any time you make major updates to your website.
Lastly, it’s recommended that you keep track of any accessibility compliance updates and add them to a statement that’s clearly visible on your site. Most businesses add an accessibility statement to the footer of their site for easy access.
To Sum Up!
With the right tools and assistance, accessibility remediation can be a quick and worthwhile process that will help you do your part to create a more inclusive online space for all.
Making accessibility an integral part of your website design and update processes will also ensure you are always on the right side of the law.
PDF remediation requires you to tag digital elements within a PDF document to make them compatible with assistive technology such as screen readers. These tags organize the information in your document in a logical order that makes it easy for a screen reader to read the content out loud to a user. | <urn:uuid:83ab0e21-b078-4c13-bcb7-837bf9713345> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.accessibilitychecker.org/blog/accessibility-remediation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.903086 | 1,090 | 3.03125 | 3 |
This Altamira Note is an introduction to some of the initial considerations in slurry system designs, specifically mass transfer and kinetics.
Gas-Liquid-Solid Mass Transfer and Kinetics
Mass transfer in a slurry system with reaction can be summarized as follows;
1. Gas phase diffusion of reactants to the gas-liquid interface
2. Reactant diffusion from the gas-liquid interface to the bulk liquid
3. Reactant diffusion through the bulk liquid
4. Reactant diffusion from the bulk liquid to the catalyst external surface
5. Reactant diffusion within the catalyst pores
6. Reactant adsorption at the catalyst active surface sites
7. Reaction at the catalyst surface
8. Product desorption from the catalyst surface
9. Product diffusion from the catalyst pores
10. Product diffusion from the catalyst external surface to the bulk liquid
11. Product diffusion through the bulk liquid
12. Gaseous product (if any) diffusion from the bulk liquid to the gas-liquid interface
13. Gaseous product diffusion from the gas-liquid interface to the gas.
Mechanical agitation in a CSTR and hydrodynamic agitation in a bubble column slurry reactor are often sufficient to provide a well mixed slurry. The bulk liquid concentrations are uniform, and Steps 3 and 11 can often be neglected.
Likewise, the catalyst particles are typically small, less than 50-100µ, and the intra-particle resistances are often negligible. The following discussion assumes an effectiveness factor close to one, and the overall reaction can be based on the external surface area of the catalyst particle. However, if the effectiveness factor for the catalyst is small, then internal resistance must be taken into account.
If one assumes an irreversible first-order reaction at the catalyst surface, and equilibrium at the gas-liquid interface, the steady-state reaction rate at the catalyst surface can be written as:
-rA = kraccAs Eq. 1
kr is the first-order reaction rate constant (L/t)
ac is the catalyst external surface area per unit volume of bubble-free slurry (L-1)
CAs is the concentration of reactant A at the catalyst surface (mole/L3)
-rA is the rate of disappearance of reactant A per unit volume of bubble-free slurry (mole/L3t).
Since the rates for each step are equal at steady-state, an overall balance can be written based on concentrations. And since the reaction is assumed irreversible, the reverse transport processes for product can be neglected. Thus, the rates for mass transfer with chemical reaction (Steps 1-4, neglecting Step 3) can be expressed in terms of concentrations and mass transfer coefficients as:
Step 1: -rA = kgag (CAg – CAig) Eq. 2
Step 2: -rA = kLag (CAiL – CAL) Eq. 3
Step 4: -rA = kcac (CAL - CAs) Eq. 4
kg is the gas-side mass transfer coefficient at thE gas-liquid interface (L/t)
kL is the liquid-side mass transfer coefficient at the gas-liquid interface (L/t)
kc is the mass transfer coefficient at the catalyst external surface (L/t)
CAg is the concentration of reactant A per unit volume of bubble-free slurry (mole/L3)
CAig is the concentration of reactant A per unit volume of bubble-free slurry at the gas-liquid interface (mole/L3)
CAiL is the concentration of reactant A per unit volume of bubble-free slurry at the gas-liquid interface (mole/L3)
CAL is the concentration of reactant A per unit volume of bubble-free slurry (mole/L3)
ag is the gas-liquid interfacial area per unit volume of bubble-free slurry (L-1)
Since equilibrium is assumed at the gas-liquid interface, the interfacial concentrations can be expressed in terms of Henry's law at low concentrations as:
CAig = HcCAiL Eq. 5
where: Hc is the Henry's law constant (mole gas/mole liquid)
Combining Equations 1-5 and eliminating concentrations, the rate can be expressed in terms of reactant gas concentration as:
-rA = koacCAg Eq. 6
ko is the overall rate constant (L/t) expressed as: POPRAWIĆ ULAMKI!!!
1 ac 1 ac Hc 1 1 = + + Hc + Eq. 7 ko ag kg ag kL kc kr
Note that the reciprocals in equation 7 are resistances attributed to each of the diffusions in Steps 1, 2 and 4, the reaction at the catalyst surface, and the intrinsic rate constant. The magnitude of each resistance establishes its importance in the determination of the overall reaction rate.
This discussion has been based on a single position within the reactor. However, under actual operating conditions, gas, liquid and solid dispersions may exist along the reactor height, and the global reaction rate will change with height.
The interfacial surface area per unit volume of bubble-free slurry, ag, for spherical bubbles is:
ag = 6 g/ds Eq. 8
g is the gas holdup
ds is the mean Sauter bubble diameter (L)
nidbi3 defined as: ds = Eq. 9
dbi is the equivalent bubble diameter (L)
ni is the number of bubbles of a particular diameter.
The external catalyst surface area per unit volume of bubble-free slurry, ac, for spherical particles is:
ac = amms Eq. 10
and 6 am = Eq. 11 Dp p
am is the catalyst external surface area per unit mass (L2/M)
Ms is the catalyst mass per unit volume of slurry (M/L3)
p is the density of the catalyst particle (M/L3)
Dp is the diameter of the catalyst particle (L).
It should be noted that the gas-liquid interfacial area for mass transfer is typically less than the catalyst surface area. Thus, the gas-liquid interfacial area per unit volume of slurry often contributes a substantial resistance to the overall mass transfer and hence the overall reaction rate.
Many studies and correlations have been done involving cold flow systems with "similar" slurry physical properties and reactor configurations. However, it has been found that the correlations from these systems often cannot be applied to systems under actual operating conditions. The interfacial area in Equation 8 is based on a bubble size distribution determined in Equation 9.
Therefore, the hydrodynamics of a slurry system are important for the determination of the overall reaction rate. In fact, it is the lack of understanding of the hydrodynamics that has led to many incongruities in the importance of mass transfer resistance versus kinetic resistance in slurry studies of the overall reaction rate.
Slurry physical properties of viscosity and surface tension are important for the determination of the gas-liquid interfacial area, ag. It has been found that impurities present in the liquid often migrate to the interfacial area and alter the "pseudo" viscosity and surface tension at the interface. The effect of temperature and the presence of solids also alter the slurry viscosity. Subsequently, the bubble size distribution, gas holdup, and hence interfacial area may be substantially different. In addition, the type of reactor and its physical characteristics: diameter, height, and gas distributor, affect the hydrodynamics of the system. Thus, reaction characterization and scale-up have proven difficult for the study of slurry systems.
1. Fan, L.S., Gas-Liquid-Solid Fluidization Engineering.,Butterworth, Boston (1989).
2. Rase, H.F., Chemical Reactor Design for Process Plants. Vol 1.John Wiley & Sons, New York (1977) .
3. Saxena, S.C. et al., "Mathematical Modeling of Fischer-Tropsch Slurry Bubble Column Reactors," Chem. Enq. Commun.. (40) 1986, 97-151.
4. Shah, Y.T., Gas-Liquid-Solid Reactor Design.. McGraw-Hill, New York (1979).
5. Shah, Y.T. et al., "Design Parameters Estimations for Bubble Column Reactors," AlChE J.. (28,3) May, 1982, 353-379. | <urn:uuid:1834ff8f-201d-4a74-8831-f325b968d169> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.altamirainstruments.com/notes/12-introduction-to-slurry-reactors.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.865934 | 1,816 | 2.828125 | 3 |
4 Most Popular ways of Deployment in Cloud Computing
This article was published as a part of the Data Science Blogathon
As data science learners and enthusiasts, we feel lucky to be alive at a time when data is being produced at a rate higher than ever in the history of mankind.
There was 5 Exabytes of information created between the dawn of civilization through 2003, but that much information is now created every 2 days, and the pace is increasing.
Eric Schmidt in 2010, executive chairman of Google
But what happens when something is produced in such large quantity with this kind of fast pace. The storage becomes an issue, be it for Food-Grain or the Data. This made data engineers and tech companies of the world innovate new ways to address this problem, of data abundance. It was not possible to keep the data in magnetic tapes or optical drives anymore. Hence came huge data centers and server farms (we can’t get very far from our agrarian roots, can we). But taking care of data storage created a new kind of problem. How to access this data? And how to work upon this?
The one silver bullet to kill these two birds is Cloud Computing. Now the data (including big data and very big data as well) gets stored in clouds, and the same clouds offer solutions to work upon it, from anywhere in the world, using the power of the Internet.
Hence, apart from the skills like statistics, analysis, and programming, which a data scientist must possess, he/she is also expected to know about cloud computing. Because the cloud is the new place where organizations are keeping their data.
Given this condition of employable skill set in India, it’s more pertinent than ever that focus on Cloud-based technology and learning these skills take the front seat in tech institutions’ minds.
It’s not a stretch to say that Data Science and Cloud computing go hand in hand.
This is the second article in the three-article series. Read the first article about “What’s in The Cloud? And why everyone wants a piece of it”.
In this article, I will explain what are the different types of cloud, based on their type of Deployment. You now know that the Cloud is nothing but a network of DataCenters that house hundreds of Servers and these data centers are connected in a network using the internet.
“The Cloud” is not one whole thing, but it’s a collection of many clouds owned by many different entities.
And some of the world’s biggest companies own the maximum share of this market. As is apparent from the chart below, only 6 companies, AWS by Amazon, Azure by Microsoft, Google Cloud, Alibaba Cloud, IBM Cloud, and Salesforce, own 75% of the cloud worldwide.
How do you use Cloud Computing every day?
If you use a computer or a mobile, and you are connected to the internet, either at work or home, in all certainty, you are connecting to the cloud, knowingly or unknowingly.
But when it comes to the many application a non-business user uses, the line between the cloud application and application running on a local computer gets blurry. That’s because the cloud has become part of almost everything we use nowadays.
The MS office (Word, Excel, PPT, etc) installed on your computer is local software. But when you use OneDrive, it’s cloud computing. To make matters more confusing, all of this software now have their cloud counterparts as well. The MS Office on the cloud is purely web-based and is called “Office for the web”. The cloud versions of this software are web-based applications of the same Word, Excel, PowerPoint, etc, and accessed using the web browsers (like chrome or safari). When you use the “office for the web”, there is no need to install anything on your computer.
According to a recent survey, 92% of organizations use the cloud today (link to the website for survey results) and most of them have plans to use the cloud more by the next year.
To list a few cloud-based apps that you might be already using
· Google Drive
· Zoom Meeting
· Microsoft Teams
The list is just a few of the hundreds of cloud-based applications we all interact with on daily basis now.
What are Types of Cloud Computing?
Neither all clouds are the same, nor does one size fit all. Several different models, types, and services are there to match the right solutions to your needs. So the first thing you as a user need to decide what type of Cloud do you want to use?
Based on your needs, you need to determine the type of cloud deployment or the cloud computing architecture on which your cloud services will be implemented.
These are a few most popular ways to deploy cloud services:
1. On a Private Cloud
2. On a Public Cloud
3. On a Hybrid Cloud
4. On a Community Cloud.
These deployment models differ based on hosting type, implementation type, and who all has access to the cloud. All the clouds work on the same principle, i.e. letting the users access the data and services hosted on servers kept in data centers, using the internet. But they differ in terms of location, storage capacity, levels of privacy, security, and accessibility.
Before we get into the nitty-gritty of individual types of deployment, let me explain them, in brief, using a simple analogy.
Let us assume the clouds as the place we use to live and host our guests. In this case, the private cloud is similar to your home (the house may be owned by you or rented). The way you get privacy at your own home, your data gets at your private cloud.
On the other hand are public clouds, which are just like any hotel. You can rent as big or small space, for as long as you want and pay for that only. There you share space (not the room, or maybe that too if you are in a youth hostel) with other users, and hence your privacy is not as much as you enjoy in your own home.
The hybrid cloud is a mix of both. It is like you renting a hotel when you get more guests than your home can accommodate. So you use both.
And the community cloud is unique, as its one type of public cloud, but only for a particular community. For example, a business hotel at the airport. Travelers with similar needs use this facility (A need-based community).
Now let’s dive deep into each deployment type.
A private cloud is the facility of Servers, one or more data centers, or networks used only by one organization.
Remember the house analogy. The Private Cloud is your “Home”. All yours Buddy.
You get maximum privacy and data security here.
Usually, a private cloud would be hosted or housed on the premise of the customer, or you may say the customer’s own data center. But that not the case always. A private cloud could be housed on an independent cloud provider’s infrastructure as well or could be built on rented infrastructure at an offsite, far-off location. What’s common that makes the cloud private is, it’s for only one user. Like your home. If it’s offsite, it’s like your own “farmhouse” property. Only for you, hence fully private.
Why would you use Private Cloud?
Every company has data privacy and safety concerns, some have more and others have less. But for some highly regulated industries, like banking or pharma, sacrificing security and control is not an option. Hence, they need a private cloud. For others, the selling point may be customization.
The apparent advantages of using Private cloud are:
1. You have full control over the hardware and software you use. Because it’s you who purchase it. In comparison the public clouds offer you a deal, take it or leave it.
2. You can customize your hardware and software in any way you feel necessary. On a public cloud, customization is very very limited.
3. You use your firewalls and security protocols. It’s not that private clouds are not prone to the security threat, but the owner and the user have the option to beef up the security as per their industry requirement.
4. Any regulatory compliance and standards related to your industry can be complied with, as you are not limited by the choices offered by the public cloud service provider.
Why would you NOT use Private Cloud?
With all the benefits that come with owning and using a private cloud, there seems no apparent reason why one would not use it.
But like all good things in life, Private Cloud comes at a cost.
The cost of purchasing hardware, software, and the cost of managing it, upgrading it, and customizing it can be too much for a startup, small enterprise, or an individual to bear.
Examples: Dropbox, Instagram, Facebook, and Evernote are some of the prominent Private Cloud user companies. Some of them started from the Public cloud and shifted to private as they grew or acquired.
A Public cloud, like any other public place, is shared. They are shared by more than one organization.
Remember the house analogy. The Public Cloud is your “Hotel”. You have more buddies all around you, sharing space with you.
You get minimum privacy and data security is not as good as a private cloud.
A public cloud lets users gain new capabilities, without the need to spend upfront on new hardware or software. Instead, they either pay a subscription fee or rental for pay-per-use. This helps smaller companies, start-ups, and even established businesses to scale without bothering about managing in-house IT capabilities.
Some Popular Public Clouds are Amazon Web Services (AWS), Salesforce’s CRM system, and Microsoft Azure.
Why would you use Public Cloud?
1. You don’t need to own or manage any infrastructure.
2. The public cloud provider owns, maintains, manages, and is fully responsible for the infrastructure on which your data sits, and your workloads run.
3. Provides high bandwidth network connectivity for high performance and fast access to data and applications.
4. Public cloud services are readily scalable and very elastic. They can adjust to meet your changing workload demands.
5. Pay for what you use.
Why would you NOT use Public Cloud?
1. The organizations where the regulation mandated in-house data management.
2. Organizations that have sensitive data and valuable proprietary workflows.
3. If you have too much money to throw around J
Over the last few years, the global public cloud market has grown rapidly. And this trend is forecasted to continue. Industry analyst Gartner predicts that worldwide public cloud revenues will exceed USD 330 billion by the end of 2022.
Examples: Pinterest, Zynga, Netflix are some of the prominent companies which use the Public Cloud. It created ripples when Netflix moved from a private Cloud to AWS Public Cloud. However, they still run some of its DVD and Streaming business privately. This brings us to another type of Cloud, which is neither fully private, not only Public.
Hybrid cloud, as the name suggests, is a mix and match of both Private and Public cloud. There may be many reasons for an organization to use both. The public cloud may be an extension to their private cloud. They may rent a public cloud as a backup to their private cloud, or in addition to tackling a spike in demand, or any other reason.
Remember the house analogy. The Hybrid Cloud is your “Home” + “Hotel”. You have your entire home for you, and when it is not enough for your needs, you rent some space in a hotel as well. Like if you invite many guests for your marriage and your home can accommodate only some of them, you book hotel rooms to accommodate them (Spike in demand).
In its most developed approach, the private and public clouds integrate and create parallel environments, in which applications and data move seamlessly between private and public clouds.
But that’s not always the case. Many companies use them for managing different types of data and workloads. They use the private cloud for sensitive data and the public cloud for managing applications that use the data.
And some use them for being flexible at the time of peak demand. The reasons are many and different for different companies.
Why would you use Hybrid Cloud?
1. Its best of Both Worlds
2. Gives the benefits of both, Private and Public Clouds.
3. Save your security and regulatory concerns with the Private cloud and ride the uncertainty wave using the Public Clouds.
Examples: Most of the big organizations use this approach. They have their own private cloud and they deploy public cloud for many applications. Companies like Netflix, GE, Walmart, Apple (yes, even Apple uses public options from AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google.)
Community Cloud as the name suggests is shared by a community, just like a community kitchen or common playground of a school (shared by one community – Students).
Taking the house analogy forward, community cloud can be thought of as a “working women hostel” (used by one community – working women) or “American Express Lounge at the airport” (used by one community – AMEX cardholders).
In a community cloud, the infrastructure is shared between several organizations from a specific community, who come together with common concerns. The concerns may be security, compliance, jurisdiction, common application, etc. This is controlled and used by a group of organizations that have shared interests. The costs are spread over fewer users than a public cloud but more than a private cloud.
Why would you use Community Cloud?
1. Cost-effective as it’s shared.
2. Flexible and Scalable as its compatible with all in the community
3. It’s more secure than a public cloud as it has Industry (community specific) level security protocols.
Examples: Government organizations in one country using one community cloud.
We saw “What’s in The Cloud? And why everyone wants a piece of it” in the first part article on cloud computing. This is the second part where we saw all about the deployment models, Private, Public, Hybrid, and Community cloud. There are some other types as well, as the boundaries in the cloud are disappearing faster than anyone imagined. However, these 4 types explain how the Cloud Networks are deployed by any organization or individuals. The benefit and shortcomings of each type pose a challenge and make the other type feasible. But at the same time it gives the choice in the hands of users, and all users for that matter, irrespective of how deep pockets you have. In that sense, cloud computing is an equalizer. Giving opportunity to startups and newcomers as it never existed in history.
In the third and the last part of the article, we will learn about what are different kinds of services cloud computing platforms offer, which come in the baskets named as SaaS (Software-as-a-Service), PaaS (Platform-as-a-Service), IaaS (Infrastructure-as-a-Service), and Serverless computing.
“Cloud is about how you do computing, not where you do computing.” – Paul Maritz, CEO of VMware
About the Author: I am Nilabh Nishchhal. I like making seemingly difficult topics easy and write about them. Check out more at https://www.authornilabh.com/. My attempt to make Python easy and Accessible to all is “Python Made Easy”.
The media shown in this article are not owned by Analytics Vidhya and are used at the Author’s discretion. | <urn:uuid:c70d17cb-2c1c-49ad-a8b1-f7af09111fa9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2021/06/4-most-popular-ways-of-deployment-in-cloud-computing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.941765 | 3,319 | 2.5625 | 3 |
If your child has celiac disease, it means they have an intolerance to gluten, a common ingredient in food. Children can flourish despite having celiac disease with the right medical care, which Ahmet Aybar, MD, of Annapolis Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition in Annapolis, Maryland, can provide. Dr. Aybar is a board-certified pediatrician who provides exceptional specialist services for children and young adults who have gastrointestinal conditions such as celiac disease. Call Annapolis Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition today to schedule a consultation or book an appointment online.
Celiac Disease Q & A
What is celiac disease?
Celiac disease is a chronic condition that develops because your child has an intolerance to gluten.
Gluten is a protein found in wheat and other grains. It’s what makes bread dough elastic, and is a common component of many foodstuffs. Children who have celiac disease can’t digest gluten properly and experience a range of unpleasant symptoms.
The cause of celiac disease isn’t known. However, your child’s chances of developing celiac disease are far higher if you, your partner, or a sibling has celiac disease.
For this reason, it’s vital to visit Annapolis Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, so Dr. Aybar can test your child, especially if they’re starting to show symptoms. Testing for celiac disease involves a simple blood test in most cases.
What are the symptoms of celiac disease?
Symptoms can vary depending on the age of your child. Children under five are likely to have symptoms such as:
- Poor growth
- Distended abdomen
- Foul-smelling diarrhea
School-age children aren’t so inclined to vomit as babies and toddlers. They might have diarrhea, or, in some cases, constipation. They’re also likely to complain of stomach ache. Some children lose weight or can’t put weight on.
Older children who have celiac disease often experience symptoms that don’t seem to relate to their digestive system. These are called atypical symptoms and include:
- Stunted growth
- Weight loss
- Delayed puberty
- Painful bones or joints
- Chronic fatigue
- Recurrent headaches
- Itchy skin rash
- Recurring mouth sores
- Anxiety and depression
Some children exhibit symptoms in their first year, after moving onto solid foods. Others don’t develop symptoms of celiac disease until much later, after years of eating food containing gluten.
The severity of symptoms also varies between children. Some have symptoms that are so mild you might not realize anything is wrong. Some children experience symptoms almost straight away after eating food containing gluten, but the effects only last a few hours. Others have symptoms that last for several days or weeks.
How is celiac disease treated?
There isn’t a cure for celiac disease, and your child is always going to react to eating food containing gluten.
However, the prospects are good for children who have celiac disease. Your child is highly likely to respond well to a gluten-free diet and should feel much better when they’ve not had any gluten for several weeks.
Eliminating gluten from your child’s diet results in a return to normal growth rates, so they should achieve a healthy height and weight for their age, and restore their bone health.
Find out more about testing for celiac disease and eating a gluten-free diet by calling Annapolis Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition today, or book an appointment for your child using the online tool. | <urn:uuid:9128c058-5b09-4481-b3e1-d987b8766bd4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.annapoliskidsgi.com/services/celiac-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.944581 | 764 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Variations in sea ice extent, concentration and thickness are of interest to climate scientists, as together they provide the total ice volume, which can be monitored for the effects of climate change. Sea ice extent and concentration can be determined daily from satellites. However, the technology to accurately measure sea ice thickness is still developing, requiring scientists to compile information from a wide range of instruments, and rely on numerical models to help them understand how it might be varying.
In July 2006, the Australian Government Antarctic Division co-hosted a three day workshop of international experts on Antarctic sea ice to discuss ways to better measure and monitor sea ice thickness. The workshop brought together 60 participants from 13 countries, including observational scientists, modellers and members of the satellite remote sensing community. The group assessed the current state of knowledge on Antarctic sea ice thickness and examined emerging technologies to measure sea ice thickness from the surface, ships, under-ice vehicles and moorings, airborne sensors and satellite sensors.
In the northern hemisphere, de-classified data from US and British navy submarines has shown conclusively that there has been a significant reduction (10% per decade) in Arctic sea ice thickness over the past several decades. There are no long-term submarine records in the Antarctic. However, in greenhouse scenarios, climate models indicate that Antarctic sea ice thickness decreases more rapidly than sea ice extent (suggesting that thickness may be a better indicator of climate change), and predict that these changes should already have started. In the absence of sufficient data, however, we do not know whether important changes in the thickness of Antarctic sea ice are currently going unnoticed.
International efforts to obtain widespread Antarctic sea ice thickness information are progressing. However the goal of a circumpolar baseline of high resolution Antarctic sea ice thickness data is yet to be achieved. The workshop outlined future collaborative programmes that will aim to achieve this in coming years, in particular during the International Polar Year, during which Australia has a leading programme of sea ice zone research.
ANTHONY WORBY, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre and Ice, Ocean, Atmosphere and Climate Programme, AGAD | <urn:uuid:34126fbd-dafc-4551-a3ef-fdecee029b35> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.antarctica.gov.au/magazine/issue-11-spring-2006/science/measuring-sea-ice-thickness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.932656 | 428 | 3.4375 | 3 |
When it comes to managing your health, diet is top priority. However, you can't truly be healthy unless regular exercise is a part of your life too. Diet and exercise go hand in hand. A Whole-Food Plant-Based diet will flood your bloodstream with nutrients, and exercise will make sure everything is distributed well. Your journey to excellent health requires that you keep moving!
We have approximately 640 muscles in our body that keeps us moving. Our heart is also a muscle and it needs regular exercise to maintain optimal function. Your body will "rust" out before it "wears" out, so move it or lose it! You don't need to join a gym to reap the benefits of exercising. The secret to success with exercising is CONSISTENCY....we need to exercise everyday for a minimum of 30 minutes. Walking or jogging, for example, improves your balance, increases your cardiovascular capacity, and increases your muscular endurance all at once. In order to reap these benefits, you need to walk at a brisk pace, (I don't mean drenched in sweat, but you need to at least break a sweat), to keep your heart rate up. Your energy levels with improve, your stress level will go down, you will notice improvement in your sleeping habits, your brain will "lose the fog", etc. Exercise has an extraordinary ability to improve your life from every angle. CONSISTENCY IS THE KEY.
Now, I hear what everyone is saying.....I don't have the time. Listen to me, carve out 30 minutes for yourself....there are 1,440 minutes in a day....you MUST take 30 of those minutes to keep yourself from "rusting out"! When you are done exercising, nothing feels better...every cell in your body will celebrate for the gift you have given it. Besides pages of all the physical benefits exercise will give to you, this is what exercise gives you " behind the scenes":
- Encourages nervous system communication
- Boosts immune function
- Increases insulin sensitivity
- Develops positive bone turnover
- Reduces stress
- Protects the heart and blood vessels
- Stimulates the endocrine system to release healthy hormones
Exercising improves digestion and absorption of nutrients, the number of calories expended during rest and activity, and the way your cells function. Researchers all agree that the benefits of regular exercise unquestionably promotes health and longevity. When exercising, you're using up calories to improve fitness and condition all the muscles in your body, especially your heart.
Of course, exercise also aids in weight management. Muscle mass is more active, so the more muscle tissue you have, the more calories your body requires to sustain it. Even at rest, your muscles burn calories at a higher rate than they do fat tissue. For several hours after exercise, you get a slight elevation in calorie burn. Working out turns you into a calorie-burning machine!!
A common mistake many people make, however, is to eat a higher volume of food when exercising. Total calories burned during and after a workout doesn't warrant eating a large volume of food. If you're trying to lose weight, you need to get rid of 3500 calories to lose 1 pound...people complain that they are exercising and not losing weight...the reason may be they are still taking in too many calories. However, if you're following a WFPB diet, chances are, you don't have to worry about the calories...what could be better??
So, now the warmer weather is here, there really are no excuses not to get out there and move! You need to do something you like so you do it consistently....if you are walking, recruit a friend to walk with you...you will keep each other accountable.
Take 30 minutes out of your day to exercise....you can't afford not to.... | <urn:uuid:61eabffe-33ef-4a52-84c8-38e7392a6bbc> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.asouperhealthyyou.com/blog/happy-spring | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.954159 | 779 | 2.859375 | 3 |
This project is to test and further develop small, inexpensive planetarium projectors, “Nanotariums,” to be made by astronomy educators and/or their students anywhere in the world. They feature educationally useful, single star field images that are projected using quality optics. They can project on any flat or curved surface at a scale useful for teaching small classes or demonstrating the night sky to small groups. Happily, they consume little power, so they can be run from a simple power adapter or even batteries. In an age of expensive, sophisticated, high-end digital planetariums, Nanotariums project a stunning star field at a fraction of the cost. Bright, high color-temperature LEDs and the ability to easily create digital star fields for laser cutting of gobo star plates make this possible. The budgetary goal is to create a basic planetarium projector for approximately $50 US in parts. An added bonus is that these projectors can eventually be offered as full or partial kits. The kits would include corollary information on the physics of optics and light on which the projectors depend. They can justifiably be termed a comprehensive DIY (Do It Yourself) STEM learning project, similar to those at Maker Faires. The proof of concept for this mini-projection system was tested at Columbia College Chicago’s Summer 2013 informal ed program for high school students called Junior Research Scientists. This proposal hopes to take the projector one step further and to develop training materials and workshops for educators. These would be tested in Columbia’s community outreach programs in Chicago, at the International Planetarium Society (IPS) meeting in Beijing 2014, and, hopefully, at the IAU meeting in Hawaii, 2015. | <urn:uuid:0fc0578e-8832-4d22-a653-5b3d1e9b221d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.astro4dev.org/nanotarium-the-most-inexpensive-quality-diy-planetarium-on-earth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.928017 | 352 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Graphene for life: new uses for the ‘wonder material’?Posted on
Once again the wonders of graphene are back in the headlines, with the recent news of a graphene sieve that is able to desalinate sea water. Two years ago we reported here on the spectacular rise in graphene-associated patent filings. Graphene filings have continued to increase since then, but the growth has not been spread evenly between technology areas.
Original excitement around graphene centred on its potential for use in electronic and optoelectronic devices, as well as the opportunity to study fundamental aspects of relativity and quantum mechanics. This focus was reflected in patent filings. Between 2010 and 2014, more than half the total number of patent applications involving graphene published worldwide related to electronics or physics.
Since then, the number of physics or electronics graphene-based applications published each year has stalled, but the total number of graphene-based applications has continued to rise. Graphene researchers appear to be shifting to new topic areas in the quest to find a break-through use for graphene.
Part of the shift is due to the medical sector, which has only recently jumped on the graphene bandwagon. There has been a rapid increase in the number of scientific journal articles discussing graphene for medical use. Published medical device patent applications have shown a similar increase (though are still relatively few in total number).
The interest in graphene for medical devices is easy to understand. Graphene is one of the thinnest, strongest, most electrically conductive materials known. Its flexibility makes it ideal for wearable electrodes. As seen in this article, it can even be mixed with silly putty to monitor blood pressure, or the steps of a small spider.
However, graphene isn’t the only two-dimensional material around. A number of other materials, notably transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) such as MoS2 have been isolated in 2D form. For electrical devices these materials have an important edge over graphene: they have a bandgap, so can act as a switch (unlike pure graphene, which is a semimetal, not a semiconductor).
Recent studies have shown that these new materials are biocompatible (e.g. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00467). So far very few patent applications have been published for TMDs in medical devices. But in a field seeking to produce ever smaller and more flexible devices, a new patent boom may be just around the corner. | <urn:uuid:3d603ebb-ee71-4e8f-a5a4-6bd6f643a5c9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.barkerbrettell.co.uk/graphene-life-new-uses-wonder-material/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.950226 | 531 | 2.9375 | 3 |
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With over 60,000 digitized books available for free, Project Gutenberg is a treasure trove for avid readers. Start exploring today and discover literary gems from around the world. | <urn:uuid:f77f991c-a5d2-438f-8af7-3651a60669e1> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.bollyinside.com/what-is/wiki/project-gutenberg | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.925405 | 329 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Second journey to Italy of Albrecht Dürer
In the autumn of 1505, Dürer made a second journey to Italy, where he remained until the winter of 1507. Once again he spent most of his time in Venice. Of the Venetian artists, Dürer now most admired Giovanni Bellini, the leading master of Venetian early Renaissance painting, who, in his later works, completed the transition to the High Renaissance. Dürer’s pictures of men and women from this Venetian period reflect the sweet, soft portrait types especially favoured by Bellini. One of Dürer’s most impressive small paintings of this period, a compressed half-length composition of the Young Jesus with the Doctors of 1506, harks back to Bellini’s free adaptation of Mantegna’s Presentation in the Temple. Dürer’s work is a virtuoso performance that shows mastery and close attention to detail. In the painting the inscription on the scrap of paper out of the book held by the old man in the foreground reads, “Opus quinque dierum” (“the work of five days”). Dürer thus must have executed this painstaking display of artistry, which required detailed drawings, in no more than five days. Of even greater artistic merit than this quickly executed work are the half-length portraits of young men and women painted between 1505 and 1507, which seem to be entirely in the style of Bellini. In these paintings there is a flexibility of the subject, combined with a warmth and liveliness of expression and a genuinely artistic technique, that Dürer otherwise rarely attained.
In 1506, in Venice, Dürer completed his great altarpiece The Feast of the Rose Garlands for the funeral chapel of the Germans in the church of St. Bartholomew. Later that same year Dürer made a brief visit to Bologna before returning to Venice for a final three months. The extent to which Dürer considered Italy to be his artistic and personal home is revealed by the frequently quoted words found in his last letter from Venice (dated October 1506) to Willibald Pirkheimer, his long-time humanist friend, anticipating his imminent return to Germany: “O, how cold I will be away from the sun; here I am a gentleman, at home a parasite.”
Development after the second Italian trip
By February 1507 at the latest, Dürer was back in Nürnberg, where two years later he acquired an impressive house (which still stands and is preserved as a museum). It is clear that the artistic impressions gained from his Italian trips continued to influence Dürer to employ classical principles in creating largely original compositions. Among the paintings belonging to the period after his second return from Italy are Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand (1508) and Adoration of the Trinity (1511), which are both crowd scenes. Drawings from this period recall Mantegna and betray Dürer’s striving for classical perfection of form through sweeping lines of firmly modeled and simple drapery. Even greater simplicity and grandeur characterize the diptych of Adam and Eve (1507), in which the two figures stand calmly in relaxed classical poses against dark, almost bare, backgrounds.
Between 1507 and 1513 Dürer completed his Passion series in copperplate engravings, and between 1509 and 1511 he produced the Small Passion in woodcuts. Both of these works are characterized by their tendency toward spaciousness and serenity. During 1513 and 1514 Dürer created the greatest of his copperplate engravings: the Knight, Death and Devil, St. Jerome in His Study, and Melencolia I—all of approximately the same size, about 24.5 by 19.1 cm (9.5 by 7.5 inches). The extensive, complex, and often contradictory literature concerning these three engravings deals largely with their enigmatic, allusive, iconographic details. Although repeatedly contested, it probably must be accepted that the engravings were intended to be interpreted together. There is general agreement, however, that Dürer, in these three master engravings, wished to raise his artistic intensity to the highest level, which he succeeded in doing. Finished form and richness of conception and mood merge into a whole of classical perfection. To the same period belongs Dürer’s most expressive portrait drawing—one of his mother. | <urn:uuid:cce0fa9e-ccc3-4014-84d3-172399c75be0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Albrecht-Durer-German-artist/Second-journey-to-Italy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.962157 | 930 | 2.859375 | 3 |
A History of the County of Suffolk: Volume 2. Originally published by Victoria County History, London, 1975.
This free content was digitised by double rekeying. All rights reserved.
46. THE HOSPITAL OF DOMUS DEI, BURY ST. EDMUNDS
The hospital of St. John, more usually known as the 'Domus Dei' or God's House, was founded by Abbot Edmund 1248-56.
There is a chartulary in the British Museum, drawn up about 1425, when Thomas Wyger was warden, pertaining to the Domus Dei, 'gallice Maysondieu'; described as being outside the south gate of the town of St. Edmunds, and under the governorship of the prior of the monastery. (fn. 1)
It was established by Abbot Edmund, when Richard was prior, for supplying hospitality and refreshment to Christ's poor without any fraud or diminution. If any of the poor in the hospital fell into any grave sickness and were not able to depart, they were to tarry till strong enough to go on their way. No brother or sister was to be admitted except they were approved by two wise and discreet wardens who were to act under the guidance of the almoner. Mass was not to be celebrated in the house, nor any altar erected, but a room was to be provided for private prayer. (fn. 2)
A revised ordination of this house by Abbot Simon and the convent shows that the original house had proved inconvenient, so that a new and much enlarged house was built. In this enlarged Domus Dei a chapel and altar were provided for the inmates, and there was also a graveyard attached for the burial of any who might die within the walls. (fn. 3)
Several masters or chaplains of this house are named in the chartulary. They were instituted by the prior of the abbey. Thus in 1394 Prior John Gifford inducted Reginald Sexter, and in 1416 Prior Robert Iklynham inducted Richard Sudbury. (fn. 4)
Richard II in 1392 licensed Robert Stabler chaplain, William Say chaplain, John Redgrave chaplain, and two others, to alienate to this hospital property in Bury and Westhill, in aid of sustaining a chaplain to celebrate in the chapel of Domus Dei; the charter recites the consent of the abbot and convent in 1379 to the founding of a chantry in this hospital for the souls of John Kokerel and Clare his wife, Stephen Kokerel and Agnes his wife, and several others. The stipend for this chantry priest was to be 33s. 4d. to be paid by the master; in addition to board and lodging and fire. (fn. 5)
William Place, priest, master of the hospital of St. John Evangelist, by will of 21 July, 1504, proved on 1 December, 1504, bequeathed small sums to the church of St. Mary, Bury, and to various friars at Lynn, and particular gifts to the abbey of Bury. He made no mention of the hospital of which he had charge, but possibly it benefited, for he left the residue of his goods to his executors to do other good deeds as they should think best to the pleasure of God. (fn. 6)
Wardens of Domus Dei, Bury St. Edmunds
Adam, (fn. 7) temp. Hen. III
Simon de Sermingham, (fn. 8) 1332, 1337
John de Serton, (fn. 9) 1371
Reginald Sexter, (fn. 10) 1394
Richard Sudbury, (fn. 11) 1416
Thomas Wyger, (fn. 12) c. 1425
William Place, (fn. 13) died 1504 | <urn:uuid:36e7ed23-480a-4413-87c7-c47a65146776> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/suff/vol2/pp133-134 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.970513 | 820 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Thai massage draws significant influence from India’s ancient Ayurvedic traditions of medical practice. Ayurvedic medicine, also a holistic form of healing, plays an integral role in the practice of both Hinduism and Therevada Buddhism. Monks and similar practitioners of healing transmitted Ayurvedic techniques to Thailand some 2,500 years ago, thus giving birth to the wonderful phenomenon that is Thai massage.
The practice of traditional Thai massage—actually just one aspect of the ancient Thai science of healing—is poised to become a key component of Thailand’s health care industry, with a particular focus on the elderly. The move into the modern medical system, part of a new government initiative, is being led by the WatPo Thai Traditional Medical and Massage School, which is headquartered in Bangkok at the historic Buddhist temple complex of Wat Po, known as the birthplace of traditional Thai massage.
“Many problems we face cannot be cured by Western medicine, especially in elderly healthcare,” said the school’s manager Serat Tangtrongchitr. “We need to balance the body and the mind in order [for the elderly] to lead a normal life as [far as] possible. [The] Thai Ministry of Public Health feels this is [an] important and cheap way to help people around [the] country.” (IDN-InDepthNews)
The school is working with Thailand’s Ministry of Public Health to provide traditional Thai massage at hospitals and clinics across the kingdom. The Thai government is expanding smaller health care centers in provincial areas away from larger urban centers and aims to ensure that Thai massage forms a major component of treatments available to the public. Serat hopes that by the end of this year, the school will be working with Thailand’s prestigious Chulalongkorn University to incorporate Thai massage therapy into elderly health care through a jointly run specialized clinic within the university’s campus.
Thai massage, sometimes known in Thai as “yoga massage” as the practice can be considered a form of assisted yoga, is part of an ancient healing system that combines acupressure and energy-balancing techniques based on Indian Ayurvedic medicine and yoga postures. An Indian-born Ayurvedic doctor named Jivaka Kumar Bhacca, who lived during the time of the Buddha and is believed to have treated him, is widely considered to be the founding father of traditional Thai medicine and massage.
In more traditional settings, Thai massage also has a spiritual aspect that incorporates the Buddhist practices of mindfulness and loving-kindness that can carry the physical therapeutic treatment to a deeper, more focused level. Rather than rubbing the muscles, Thai massage techniques aim to compress, stretch, and rock the body to clear blockages and relieve tension, and to facilitate energy flow and circulation by stimulating pressure points.
“When it came [to Thailand], it had a mixture of Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, and local herb and local knowledge that developed into Thai traditional medicine,” Serat said. (IDN-InDepthNews)
The existing school at Wat Po was started as a private institution by Serat’s grandfather Kamtorn Tangtrongchit in 1955, although its antecedent was first established in 1832 as Thailand’s first university. It addition to massage, the school also teaches traditional Thai medicine, pharmaceutical science, and midwifery. The school, which also operates training centers outside of Bangkok, offers basic one-week and one-month courses for novices, after which those who are interested in pursuing the practice at a higher level can follow more advanced programs.
“In [the initial] training we start with orientation, talking about pressure points, anatomy of [the] body, which part of the body you are supposed to touch, which not,” said massage teacher Sompit Pitasingha, who has been a teacher for 25 years. “We start softly with the body and then go to toes and legs.” (IDN-InDepthNews)
Serat noted that most of the school’s trainees were already working in the country’s burgeoning spa industry and many of them hoped to advance their careers into more therapeutic fields, adding, “We also have western doctors who come here to learn Thai massage to see if they can incorporate it in their practice.” (IDN-InDepthNews)
Wat Po is one of the oldest temples in Bangkok, existing before the city became the capital of modern Thailand, and is one of the country’s most popular tourist attractions. The complex is perhaps best known for the imposing 150-foot-long gilded statue of the Buddha in the main chapel that dates to 1832 and lends Wat Po its English-language moniker the Temple of the Reclining Buddha. More than 1,400 stone inscriptions and illustrations can be found on the walls of buildings in the complex, some of which serve as instructions and references for Thai massage therapists. In December 2011, UNESCO recognized the value of this ancient heritage, by including the inscriptions as part of its “Memory of the World” project, which lists library collections and archival works of historical significance.Thai massage is, in fact, yoga for those of us who are inherently unmotivated. | <urn:uuid:661ca9cc-b385-4bda-8dbd-c01f467b1f6e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.buddhisttimes.news/massage-to-become-key-area-of-thai-health-care-sector/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.958571 | 1,104 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Content and management of the German Sustainable Development Strategy (sustainability management system)
I. Importance, basis and scope of sustainability as a management tool
- Sustainable development (sustainability) is a guiding principle for the policies of the Federal Government. As the goal and benchmark of government action at national, European and international level, it must be taken into consideration for measures in all policy areas. The planetary boundaries of our earth, together with the orientation towards a life of dignity for all, form the absolute guidelines for political decisions.
- Sustainability aims to achieve intergenerational equity, social cohesion, quality of life and recognition of international responsibility. In this sense, economic performance, the protection of the natural foundations of life and social responsibility must be reconciled with each other, so that developments are sustainable in the long term.
- The German Sustainable Development Strategy is the strategy of 2002 (National Sustainable Development Strategy) in the new edition of 2016, with the current update of 2018. It describes a long-term process of policy development, and provides orientation for this process.
- The primary responsibility for sustainable development at a national level lies with the Federal Chancellery, in order to emphasise its importance for all policy areas, and to ensure control across all government ministries.
- Cooperation between all relevant protagonists is essential for the achievement of sustainability. Additional protagonists in sustainability are
a) International level
Germany is committed to making progress towards sustainable development under the auspices of the United Nations (especially in the context of the High-level Political Forum, HLPF) and in the context of other formats such as the G7 and G20, as well as in bilateral relationships.
b) European level
- advocates the strengthening of sustainability and implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development at a European level, in particular by means of an implementation strategy, as well as by linking this with national strategies,
- collaborates closely with other European countries (including in the context of the ESDN) on issues of sustainable development.
c) States and municipalities
There are regular exchanges between the Federal Government and the Länder (federal states) regarding sustainability through the relevant bodies, with the aim of better coordination of activities and goals. The municipal associations are also involved.
d) Civil society (citizens, trade unions, academia, churches and associations)
The protagonists in civil society are called upon in a variety of ways to support the achievement of sustainability, and are constantly involved. Consumers make individual contributions, including through the selection of products and their socially and ecologically sustainable and economically viable use.
e) Private sector
Companies, chambers of commerce and associations are called upon to play their part in sustainable development. Thus, for example, companies bear responsibility for their production as well as their products and services. Providing information to consumers on the health and environmental attributes of the products, as well as on sustainable methods of production, is part of this responsibility.
II. Sustainability management concept
1. For testing and development of measures in their areas of responsibility, government ministries draw on the management concept for sustainable development. This contains the following three elements:
- Principles of sustainable development (see 2. below)
- Indicators and targets (see 3. below)
- Monitoring (see 4. below)
2. Principles of sustainable developmentThe following principles contain the fundamental requirements for sustainable policies. They serve the operationalisation of the guiding principle of sustainable development, and are orientated towards the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, in the context of an urgently-needed transformation of our society and economy.
(1.) Consistently apply sustainable development as a guiding principle in all areas and in all decisions
The overarching goal and benchmark of all activity is to permanently secure the natural foundations of life on earth, and to enable a life of dignity for all people, now and in the future (World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Commission), 1987).
For this purpose, economic performance, the protection of the natural foundations of life, as well as social justice and equal participation, taking into account systemic interactions as well as technological and social innovations, must be considered holistically in all decisions, so that developments are environmentally and socially viable for current and future generations - also from a global perspective. Political action must be coherent.
(2.) Recognise global responsibility
a) In accordance with the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement on climate change, the following must be linked at a global level:
- the fight against poverty, hunger and social inequality and exclusion,
- the respect, protection and guaranteeing of human rights,
- the full participation of everyone in economic and social development,
- the protection of the environment, and in particular of the climate, including adhering to the limits of the ecological carrying capacity in the regional and global framework,
- as well as the rule of law and good governance.
b) Germany should take into account and support sustainable development in other countries. Our actions in Germany should, insofar as possible, not be a burden to people and the environment in other countries.
(3.) Maintain the natural foundations of life
a) To conserve the natural foundations of life, and to respect the planetary limits, material cycles must be closed as quickly as possible and/or brought in line with ecosystemic processes and functions. To achieve this,
- renewable natural resources (such as forests or fish stocks) and the soil may only be used in the framework of their regenerative capacity, and their other ecological functions must not be affected;
- non-renewable natural resources (such as mineral raw materials and fossil energy sources) must be used as sparingly as possible. Renewable resources should replace the use of non-renewable resources, insofar as this reduces the burden on the environment, and this usage is also sustainable in all aspects;
- the release of substances may only take place in accordance with the precautionary principle, in the framework of the ecological limits of the carrying capacity of natural systems (the environment’s capacity to react).
b) Dangers and unreasonable risks to human health and nature are to be avoided.
(4.) Strengthen sustainable operations
a) The structural change necessary for global sustainable consumption and production, and the technical modernisations required for this, should be designed to be economically successful as well as ecologically and socially sustainable - and fair for all generations - in a German and global context.
b) Energy use and consumption of resources as well as transport services must be decoupled from economic growth. At the same time, efforts must be made to ensure the increase in demand for energy, resources and transport services is minimised, and offset by decreasing consumption through efficiency gains (absolute decoupling).
c) Sustainable agriculture and fishing must be productive, competitive as well as socially and environmentally compatible; in particular, they must protect and preserve biodiversity, soil and water, and fulfil the requirements of appropriate animal keeping and preventive consumer health protection.
d) The public budgets are bound to ensure intergenerational equity in all dimensions of sustainability. The financial markets should take into account the requirements of sustainable development.
(5.) Maintain and improve social cohesion in an open society
In order to strengthen social cohesion and not leave anyone behind,
- poverty and social exclusion should be prevented and/or overcome as far as possible, and inclusive prosperity promoted,
- equivalent living conditions should be striven for in all regions,
- everyone should have an equal chance to participate in economic development,
- required modifications to the demographic development should take place at an early stage in politics, the economy and society,
- everyone should be able to participate in social, cultural and political life in a comprehensive and non-discriminatory manner, and
- contributions to the reduction of poverty and inequality should be made worldwide.
(6.) Use education, science and innovation as drivers of sustainable development
a) The required qualifications and competences should be anchored in the entire education system, in the sense of "education for sustainable development".
The opportunities for participation in high-quality education and the acquisition of skills for sustainable development should be further improved, irrespective of origin, gender and age.
b) Scientific findings should be taken into account as the basis for all decisions. Science and research are called upon to increasingly orientate themselves towards the goals and challenges of global sustainable development.
c) Sustainability aspects should be taken into account consistently right from the beginning of innovation processes, in particular in the context of digitalisation, so that opportunities for sustainable development can be utilised, and risks for people and the environment can be avoided. At the same time, the desire for and scope of innovation should be enhanced. | <urn:uuid:c935a385-f231-42c0-833f-d7670ce17086> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/issues/sustainability/management-concept-for-sustainability-402842 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.929788 | 1,794 | 2.921875 | 3 |
So you’ve heard people talk about pickleball and you’re curious to know its origins? Well, look no further! In this article, we’ll take you on a journey through time to uncover the fascinating history of this popular racquet sport. From its humble beginnings on a family vacation to its rise in popularity across the globe, we’ll explore the key milestones and influential figures that have shaped the game we know and love today. So grab your pickleball paddle and get ready for a lesson in pickleball history like never before!
Origins of Pickleball
Pickleball, a popular racquet sport, originated in the United States in the mid-1960s. The sport’s invention can be attributed to three friends: Joel Pritchard, Bill Bell, and Barney McCallum. The three men were trying to come up with a new game to entertain their families during a lazy summer afternoon. They wanted a game that would be suitable for all ages and physical abilities, combining the elements of tennis, badminton, and ping pong.
Invention of Pickleball
One day, while the friends were gathering supplies for their new game, they found themselves without a shuttlecock for badminton. Undeterred, they improvised by using a wiffle ball instead. They lowered the badminton net to a height of 36 inches and began playing with oversized ping pong paddles. The game proved to be a hit, providing hours of entertainment for everyone involved. The friends decided to refine the game further, creating a set of rules and establishing a dedicated court size.
Name and Inspiration
The origins of the name “pickleball” are often debated. According to Joel Pritchard’s wife, the game was named after “Pickle”, the family dog, who was known for chasing the ball and running off with it. However, others claim that the name was derived from the term “pickle boat” in rowing, which refers to a boat that has a crew made up of leftover rowers from other boats. The scattered nature of the sport, combining elements from various sports, might have influenced this choice of name.
Early Development and Spread
The newfound sport of pickleball quickly gained popularity, especially within the Pritchard, Bell, and McCallum families. As word spread about the fun and engaging nature of the game, more people were exposed to pickleball. Some of the early adaptions involved using different ball types and modifying the rules to suit the available playing space.
Introduction to the Public
In 1972, the first known pickleball court was constructed in the backyard of Joel Pritchard’s neighbor, Bob O’Brian. The sport gained further attention when the island community of Bainbridge Island, Washington, held an inaugural pickleball tournament in 1976. Around the same time, the first known pickleball clubs and organizations began to form, allowing players to come together and compete. The sport started to expand beyond its founders’ families and became accessible to the wider public.
Early Adaptations and Rules
In the early days, pickleball was often played with paddles made of wood or plywood. However, materials like fiberglass and composite started to be used as the sport evolved. The original rules were also modified to ensure fairness and balance in gameplay. For example, the “two-bounce” rule was implemented, which stated that each team had to allow the ball to bounce once on each side before they could volley it.
Growth of the Sport
Pickleball’s popularity continued to rise throughout the following decades, leading to the formation of the USA Pickleball Association (USAPA) in 1984. This national organization was established to govern the sport and promote its growth. The USAPA has since played a crucial role in standardizing the rules, equipment specifications, and overseeing tournaments.
Popularity in Retirement Communities
Pickleball found a natural home in retirement communities due to its accessible nature and the relatively low physical demand it places on players. The sport provided a fun and engaging way for residents to socialize, stay active, and compete in a friendly environment. The inclusion of pickleball courts in many retirement communities further fueled the sport’s growth and created a sense of community among players.
In recent years, pickleball has gained international recognition, spreading to countries such as Canada, England, Australia, and many others. It has also become a popular sport in schools and recreation centers worldwide. The International Federation of Pickleball (IFP) was formed in 2010 to serve as the global governing body for the sport and coordinate international competitions.
Competitive Nature and Tournaments
Pickleball is not just a recreational activity but also a competitive sport with numerous tournaments. The sport is played in various formats, including singles, doubles, and mixed doubles. The USAPA National Championships and the US Open Pickleball Championships are two of the most prestigious pickleball tournaments, attracting top players from around the world.
Equipment and Court
Paddle and Ball
Pickleball paddles have evolved over time, with modern versions made from materials like graphite, carbon fiber, or composite. The paddles vary in size and weight, allowing players to choose the one that suits their style of play. The ball used in pickleball resembles a wiffle ball but is crafted to provide the perfect blend of bounce and durability.
A pickleball court measures 20 feet wide and 44 feet long for doubles play. For singles play, the court is reduced to 20 feet wide and 22 feet long. The court is divided into areas such as the kitchen or no-volley zone, serving areas, and the non-volley zone line, which determines where players can execute volleys. The court is specifically designed to accommodate the fast-paced nature of pickleball.
Rules and Gameplay
Object of the Game
The objective of pickleball is to hit the ball over the net, ensuring it lands within the boundaries of the opponent’s court. The game relies on strategy, agility, and hand-eye coordination to outsmart and outmaneuver the opposing team. The first team to reach 11 or 15 points (depending on the agreed-upon rules) with a lead of at least two points wins the game.
Scoring and Serving
Scoring in pickleball follows a rally scoring system, where points can be scored by both the serving and the receiving teams. A team only scores a point when they are serving. The serving team must serve the ball underhand, ensuring it clears the seven-foot non-volley zone at the net. The rules also dictate that the serve must be directed diagonally to the opponent’s court.
Doubles and Singles Play
Pickleball can be played both in doubles and singles formats. Doubles play involves two teams of two players each, while singles play is a one-on-one match. In doubles play, each team takes turns serving and receives two turns to serve before relinquishing the serve to the opposing team. Singles play follows a similar structure, with the sole difference being that there is only one player per team.
Health and Social Benefits
Engaging in pickleball provides numerous health benefits. The sport incorporates aspects of cardio, strength, and endurance training, helping players improve their overall fitness levels. The fast-paced nature of the game facilitates calorie burning and cardiovascular exercise, while the repetitive swinging of the paddle strengthens the upper body muscles.
Pickleball is not only physically demanding but also mentally stimulating. The sport requires players to think strategically, anticipate their opponent’s moves, and make split-second decisions. Engaging in regular pickleball sessions helps improve cognitive functioning, memory, and focus, promoting mental well-being.
Community and Social Connection
One of the greatest aspects of pickleball is the sense of community and social connection it fosters. Whether it’s playing with friends, joining a club, or participating in tournaments, pickleball brings people together. The shared love for the sport creates a supportive and welcoming community, offering opportunities for new friendships, camaraderie, and a sense of belonging.
Pickleball vs Other Sports
While pickleball shares similarities with tennis in terms of court layout and serves, there are notable differences. Pickleball utilizes a smaller court, making it easier for beginners to get into the game and providing a faster-paced experience. The use of specialized paddles and a wiffle ball also sets pickleball apart from tennis, offering a unique playing style and strategy.
pickleball and badminton both feature a net, racquets, and a court, but the similarities largely end there. Badminton is played with lightweight shuttlecocks, and the game emphasizes quick reflexes and agility. Pickleball, on the other hand, uses a heavier ball and is known for its volley-oriented play. Both sports have their own unique appeal and offer different experiences to enthusiasts.
Pickleball and ping pong (table tennis) may seem similar due to their use of paddles and a ball, but they differ significantly. Ping pong is typically played indoors on a table, while pickleball is an outdoor or indoor court-based game. The style of play and rules also vary, with pickleball requiring more mobility and shot placement due to the larger court size.
Notable Players and Personalities
Key Figures in Pickleball
Many individuals have played significant roles in popularizing and advancing pickleball. Joel Pritchard, Bill Bell, and Barney McCallum, the sport’s founding fathers, remain influential figures. The efforts of the USA Pickleball Association, such as its founding members Bev Youngren and Dennis Dacey, have also been vital in the growth and development of the sport.
Professional Pickleball Players
As pickleball’s popularity continues to soar, several players have emerged as professionals, dedicated to competing at the highest level. Some notable players include Simone Jardim, Kyle Yates, Ben Johns, and Lucy Kovalova. These players have achieved remarkable success in national and international tournaments, showcasing the skill and athleticism required to excel in the sport.
Pickleball Trivia and Fun Facts
Strange Origins of the Name
The true origins of the name “pickleball” remain a topic of debate and speculation. While the common belief is that it was named after Joel Pritchard’s dog, “Pickle,” some interesting alternative theories exist. The rowing reference, with “pickle” referring to a boat that has a crew made up of leftovers, adds an intriguing twist to the sport’s name origin.
Guinness World Record Attempts
Pickleball enthusiasts have made attempts to set Guinness World Records for various aspects of the sport. These record attempts include the largest pickleball tournament, longest pickleball rally, and highest altitude pickleball game. These events not only promote pickleball but also showcase the enthusiasm and dedication of the players in pushing the boundaries of the sport.
In conclusion, pickleball has come a long way since its humble beginnings in the 1960s. From a backyard game to a globally recognized sport, pickleball has captivated players of all ages and abilities. As the sport continues to evolve and expand, it offers not only physical and mental benefits but also creates a close-knit community built on camaraderie and friendly competition. With its unique blend of athleticism and strategy, pickleball is here to stay as one of the most engaging racquet sports in the world. | <urn:uuid:3e3aeb51-aa38-4d26-b1b6-49085af66d63> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.calliesports.com/whats-the-history-of-pickleball/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.956832 | 2,430 | 3.21875 | 3 |
So what happens while we sleep?
- Our neurons take a shower: the brain regenerates and toxins are eliminated during rest.
- Each of us has its own chronobiology (waking / sleeping phases): each has its own rhythm over 24 hours (in our DNA).
The essential ? Regularity and quality of sleep.
One sleep cycle = 90 min or 1 hour 30 min
- “Souvenirs, Souvenirs”: every information received during the day is processed, stored, or not (selection process), on our hard disk.
- Emotions, our best friends: the tensions and other negative thoughts accumulated during the day are invited to disappear, thus leaving all the space necessary for a natural and empathic control of our emotions.
- Our biological balance (Homeostasis): the rhythm of the organs is slowed down for a well-deserved rest. Nighttime hormones go into action. (Melatonin_Sleep, Somatropin_Growth_Brain stimulation) | <urn:uuid:8a4f2250-1a74-4e72-8dc1-4f4e051eae72> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.capsurlasophrologie.lu/news/tools/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.901636 | 208 | 3.75 | 4 |
As we approach the end of yet another holy month of Ramadan and prepare to welcome the Eid-ul Fitr celebrations, it is an appropriate time to reflect on the history of Islam in Guyana. According to geographer and historian, Al Bakri, Islam reached Africa by the 8th century through the trans-Sahara trade that included the Kingdoms of Mali, Kanem Bornu, Songhai and Ghana. By the 16th and 17th centuries Islam had firmly taken hold in North, West and other pockets in Africa. Al-Bakri “painted” the following picture of the Empire of Ghana (from where the majority of our Afro-Guyanese ancestors came from) – By the year 1068 Ghana was highly advanced, economically and a very prosperous country. The “city” of Ghana consists of two towns lying on a plain, one of which was inhabited by Muslims, and possessing 12 mosques (one was a congregational mosque for Friday Jummah namaaz), each with its own Imam, Muezzin and paid reciters of the Koran. Bakri also wrote about the later influence of Islam in the Malian Empire (which included Ghana) in the 13th century under Mansa Musa, whose fame spread to Sudan, North Africa and all the way to Europe. Musa was the wealthiest ruler during that period in Africa.
It has always been a very popular but misguided belief held by many East Indians (both Muslims and non-Muslims alike), that Islam first made its way to British Guiana with the arrival of the first batch of East Indian Indentured Immigrants in 1838; however, evidence has shown this to the contrary. Islam was first introduced in British Guiana during the days of slavery when Muslim slaves from West Africa were brought by the British and the Dutch in the 16th and 17th century, to labour on the sugar plantations. Among them were the predominately Muslim nations – Akan (Ashantis), Mandingos (Mandinka) Ful (ani), Susu, and Hausa – with the latter being the largest ethnic/Islamic group in West Africa. Today, the Fulani-Hausa dominate in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo; as well as far as Sudan in the east. It is from some of these areas that Africans were violently uprooted and transported to the “New World”, and against this historical injustice, Islam was first introduced in British Guiana.
The Fulanis were traditionally pastoral and nomadic cattle herders from Western Africa many of whom were Muslims. The term “fullah man” was derived from the word Fulani, it is also a common language for countries in West Africa, and is still being used to describe Indo-Guyanese Muslims in Guyana today, though for the most part in a derogatory way. According to Guyanese diplomat and historian, Dr. Odeen Ishmael, “It may be useful to note that some of the slaves, particularly these who came from the Fula-speaking area of Senegambia, were Muslims. Toby, a young Hausa-speaking Muslim slave in Hanover, Berbice, debated religious questions with the Rev. John Wray, the Congregational missionary in Berbice in the early nineteenth century.” Toby, who became Thomas Lewis according to the London Missionary Society, was able to read the Arabic Quran. As well, a sign of an Islamic presence among the Africans in Demerara was documented by Emilia Da Costa, author of the book, Crowns of Glory, Tears of Blood who wrote that during court trial, “a slave was allowed to use the Muslim oath.”
Historical records showed that the conditions and long hours that the African slaves were forced to toil under were extremely harsh; they were subjected to severe cruelty at the hands of their slave masters on a daily basis. In addition, they were not allowed to practice their religion or to speak their respective mother tongues. And any sign of similar linguistic or cultural affiliations noticed among the slaves resulted in their segregation. Also, there was no stable family unit as relatives were purposely split up and dispersed to different plantations. Eventually, they were literally stripped of all semblances of their native life, traditions and rituals of the land of their birth. Ultimately, they were totally acculturated with the dominant forces at work, converting to the religion of their masters and in the process their African/Islamic names were also Anglicized. Thus, by the time slavery was abolished in 1834 in British Guiana any presence of Islam among the slaves had long since diminished. Nonetheless, up until the early 1830s, a number of Africans still bore their Islamic names such as—Bacchus, Mohamed, Mammadou, Sallat, Mousa, Hannah, Sabah, Feekea, Russanah, etc., as listed in the Berbice Official Gazette dating back to 1803, in which the names of a number of runaway slaves was published after being captured by bush expeditions during the years 1808 to 1810.
Despite the loss of their Islamic roots, traces of the Arabic language were referenced in the early 1800s in several books that ascribed to materials written in Arabic by the slaves that were found in British Guiana. Sylviane A. Diouf in her book “Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas”, quoted from James Rodway’s “History of British Guiana From the Year 1668 to the Present Time,” which stated that evidence of Arabic writings was supposedly found on one of the sugar plantations. According to Rodway, “in 1807 papers were found on a plantation in Essequibo, when a slave exposed a rebellion plot that was planned for Christmas Eve of the same year, based on the slave’s accusation 20 slaves were arrested and the ringleader together with a few others were hanged for their role in the “uprising”. One piece of evidence that was presented during the trial was a letter supposedly written by one of the rebel in Arabic and addressed to the slaves, however since no member of the Court could read the letter its purport could only be guessed at.”
A second book an autobiography titled “A Soldier’s Sojourn in British Guiana, 1806-1808” written by Thomas Staunton St. Clair and published in 1834, also made reference to a slave plot on the colony in 1807. St. Clair was a British soldier stationed in Demerara for three years from 1805 until June 1808. From his personal recollections he mentioned that “a slave woman who lived with a young Scottish overseer on the plantation betrayed the conspirators of a slave rebellion” and when they were captured a piece of paper written in Arabic was found in their possession. More importantly, in 1836, two years prior to the arrival of the first Hindustani Muslims in British Guiana, the London Missionary Society reported that Thomas Lewis – a freed African – was educated in England, had started a school in Union Chapel in New Amsterdam. Lewis was formerly a Muslim known as Toby who could read the Arabic text of the Holy Koran. Last, but not least the very first slave revolt in 1763 was carried by a house slave Kofi (which means born on the Jummah), he was a Muslim from the Akan tribe of Ghana,
These are clear indications that the slaves were still literate in the Arabic language and some may have perhaps still maintained some of their “Fulani” or Islamic customs – reciting from memory verses from the Holy Koran (as was in the case of Toby) and observing fasting and praying in spite of the subjugation of their slaves masters.
A blessed Eid-ul Fitr to all our brothers and sisters in Islam, especially our Afro-Guyanese in remembrance of their religious/cultural observances. | <urn:uuid:9e775210-378f-4e13-950b-f791a300d89c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.caribbeanmuslims.com/the-afro-guyanese-muslims | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.983336 | 1,691 | 2.546875 | 3 |
RCWD – Rare Plant Survey in Anoka County
When the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources’ Division of Ecological and Water Resources requested that the Rice Creek Watershed District (RCWD) complete a rare plant survey along portions of Anoka County Ditch 53-62 prior to completing ditch maintenance work, the RCWD contracted with CCES, Inc. to complete the rare vascular plant survey.
DNR approved rare plant surveyor, Jason Husveth led the CCES team in completing rare plant survey work along 5.15 linear miles (approx. 125 acres) adjacent to Anoka County Ditch 53-62 that was due for maintenance work in the winter of 2015-16. In careful coordination with he District’s Engineer, Houston Engineering Inc., CCES developed a plan for executing a well timed vascular plant survey effort which called for multiple visits through the project area based on the phenology (timing of germination, flowering, maturity )of the rare plants which were being surveyed for. CCES completed the first field review in May of 2014 and used GIS and GPS technology to map any rare vascular plant species detected as well as habitats which may support later season rare species. Areas with the potential to support later season rare plant species were marked for a second field visit.
CCES completed additional survey work in July, August, and September of 2014. Within the project area, CCES detected eleven (11) different vascular plant species which were listed in the State of Minnesota as Endangered, Threatened or Special Concern. Species included twisted yellow-eyed grass (Xyris torta; Endangered), lance-leaved violet (Viola lanceolata var. lanceolate; Threatened), a species of bristle-berry (Rubus stipulatus; endangered), and least moonwort (Botrychium simplex; Special Concern), just to name a few. When rare species were encountered, CCES delineated the population and habitat boundaries and recorded the number of individuals within a population. Voucher specimens were also collected.
Using this important field information, CCES worked with the project team from Houston Engineering, Inc. to devise an avoidance strategy that would meet the requirements of the Minnesota DNR while allowing RCWD to complete their important ditch maintenance project. Following permitting, the contractor was able to begin work and CCES assisted with contractor meetings and flagging of rare species locations in the field to ensure rare vascular plants were protected during the process.
Rare Plant Field Surveys, Voucher Collection, GPS and GIS Mapping Services, Rare Plant Permitting & Avoidance Assistance, Contractor Supervision and Assistance, Presentations to RCWD Board of Managers, Technical Reporting, Coordination with the MNDNR Rare Species Coordinator
Rice Creek Watershed District (RCWD)
Anoka County, MN | <urn:uuid:a874efe2-9647-4fbe-8741-9611245b4b2b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.ccesinc.com/project/rare-plant-survey-in-anoka-county/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.938482 | 584 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Glenridge Elementary fifth grader Tommy Castellano had a genius plan to make the playground at his school more inclusive. He created this plan with a group of his classmates for his Agents of Change project in literacy class. Groups of students began by studying young heroes in their communities, then identified a problem and researched it before creating Shark Tank-style presentations to present to parents and community members on topics such as inclusion, school lunches and an accessible playground. Tommy and his group even developed a survey to send out to all Glenridge families to obtain their feedback and input on the existing playground.
Through this project, Tommy collaborated with his classmates, pursued a passion and practiced researching and writing argumentatively.
“Collaborating with classmates was hard at some points. It was helpful to have more people to help, and we each had a part, but sometimes someone was adding things that upset the team, and at points, I wished I could have done things by myself,” said Castellano. “What I’m feeling right now, (close to the end of the project), is that I’m a little proud to be close to the end, I’m kind of confident that things will go well, and a little frustrated that one of my teammates is disagreeing with the team on some changes on things.”
This project fulfills several characteristics of Empowered Learning, a new district-wide initiative to give students more agency over their learning.
In 2019, the School District announced a new strategic plan focused on educating, inspiring and empowering students. The front-facing tagline is “Educate, Inspire, Empower.”
Milena Garganigo, Assistant Superintendent of Teaching and Learning, spent the last few years focusing on the last part of that mission. Garanigo’s guiding question throughout the process was “how do we help students to be independent with their learning?”
Garanigo and other administrators identified five key strategies: path, place, pace, voice and choice for teachers to use in order to promote 21st-century skills.
While administrators work to implement this program through teacher professional development, the main premise of the program, giving students more independence and agency over their learning, has existed in various forms throughout the district for many years.
Debbie Reilly, the Director of the Family Center, thinks that student choice in learning should begin at a young age.
“It’s through the children’s interests that they are learning, not through a curriculum they’re going page by page in,” Reilly said.
She recalled an instance where students found a feather on the playground. The teachers encouraged the students’ discovery of the feathers through various activities such as drawing and writing.
Family Center student Leo decorates a feather with gems.
Students researched and studied feathers for weeks, as teachers engaged them in math, writing and art activities based on a common interest. Engaging students around real-world topics, such as nature, helps students to connect in-school learning to the outside world.
“It creates a thinking that learning is constant, not just something that you do at school,” Reilly said.
“It creates a thinking that learning is constant, not just something that you do at school.”
— Debbie Reilly
This constant learning moves with students from their pre-school years into elementary school. Glenridge Elementary school first graders are engaged in a collaborative writing project, with students given partners from another homeroom. This helps students to build both written and spoken communication skills, as well as develop new social connections and pursue their interests.
“It’s not just superficial, or things that I care about. It’s got to be what they care about,” said Alicia Schuh, Glenridge first-grade teacher.
Outside of special projects, elementary students are given choice within their daily math lessons. Students are given sheets with options of how to enhance, practice and demonstrate their learning through partner activities, individual worksheets and review videos.
Teachers assign each student “must-do” activities. After they complete these assigned items, teachers then allow students to choose additional tasks based on their own assessment of their needs, building independence and personal awareness about their learning.
While elementary school curriculum is much more flexible, middle school is typically viewed as a time for school to tighten up and for students to practice study skills and work habits that they will need in high school. But WMS eighth grade science teacher Barry Crook believes that eighth grade is the perfect time to give students the freedom to explore intellectually.
“Part of eighth grade is this chance to explore things that you can’t necessarily explore in high school because once you get to high school the grades, the GPAs, the credits start, and there are advanced classes, and then there are AP classes and all that stuff starts to matter,” said Crook.
Barry Crook’s students explore their passions daily through open-ended labs and projects, but most prominently through their city projects. The only prompt given is that students have to design a sustainable city, as part of their learning on climate change. With this open-ended framing, student projects are unique and innovative.
“Students ask ‘Can I build mind maps with pop-ups? Can I instead build a city for 30 million people? Can I build one for 10 million people? Or does it matter if I build mine on the water? Or does it matter if I build underwater? Or could I build a mine on the moon?’ All of those choices lead to interest,” said Crook.
This theme of intellectual independence can also be found in CHS English classes. Students in both Honors American Literature and AP Literature complete author’s projects, where they craft essays and presentations about an author of their choice. The preparation for these products is intensive, with students reading several books by their author and hundreds of pages of academic, critical essays about them.
“Students are not going to be interested or like enthusiastic about their learning unless they’re learning about something they’re truly passionate about.”
— Claire Taussig
CHS senior Claire Taussig is studying American author Willa Cather for her project. She believes the choice of author and topic in this assignment encourages students to put forth more effort.
“You pick your author, you pick your books. Students are not going to be interested or like enthusiastic about their learning unless they’re learning about something they’re truly passionate about,” said Taussig.
Freshmen in College Prep Geometry developed similar skills around intellectual independence during self-paced, computer-based units in their math classes last year. Students worked independently through instructional videos, practice tasks and progress checks on their laptops, while teachers circulated to support. Teachers chose specific units for this learning model later in the school year, after class cohesion and familiarity between students and teachers had already been established.
“We tried to be intentional about the units that we used it for, like proof writing, which requires a lot of individual feedback,” said College Prep Geometry teacher Spencer Hollenbach.
When teachers teach in a whole class manner, struggling students with questions may be left behind, and students who master material easily may be bored. This self-paced method increases the efficiency of a class.
“I really liked it so I could keep going at my pace and not have to wait for others,” said CHS sophomore Ally Ord, former College Prep Geometry student.
Hollenbach also believed that this method decreased pressure on students to perform and master content at a particular pace set by the teacher.
“The way you might typically learn math is you have to meet a certain pace and rigor of the classroom, which can be a stressful thing,” said Hollenbach.
Mastery of concepts builds student confidence, which drives them to continue learning.
However, the individual nature of these computer-based lessons presented a major challenge, each student was in a completely different place on the lessons. This created internal stress for students who felt they had to catch up to classmates moving more quickly than them.
Ord described a spreadsheet posted on the smartboard at the front of the classroom showing each student’s pace and progress through the unit.
“The spreadsheet made me feel a little insecure because I was feeling like I was going slower than everyone when I when in reality, I was going at a normal pace and I understood what was happening,” Ord said.
The individuality of pace also isolated students from each other. Students paced on different activities were less likely to collaborate or engage with each other, instead just engrossed in their own laptops.
“Everyone was off in their own world doing different stuff,” Ord said.
Both Hollenbach and Garganigo acknowledge this lack of connection as a flaw inherent to increased student independence in the classroom.
“With this model, it is really hard to get students working with one another,” said Hollenbach.
“Sometimes empowered learning is everybody together. But a lot of times there’s a lot of everybody doing sort of what they need,” said Garganigo.
Programs in the CTE, or Career and Technical Education department of CHS, encourage students to develop communication and leadership skills. These programs range from full year, school day classes, to more casual clubs, all centered around providing real-life learning opportunities for high school students.
Scott Kreher had been teaching English at Parkway North High School for 13 years prior to coming to teach yearbook full-time at CHS this year.
He believes the choice element of the yearbook helps increase student buy-in and interest. The yearbook is an elective class and editors can choose whether they would like to edit advertisements, design, write, or take photos.
“I feel like when I’ve tried to do this [empowered learning] in English, it feels somewhat forced. If you’re in video production, if you are in yearbook, you chose to be in there,” said Kreher.
Another CTE program, Speech and Debate is a mostly student-run organization, students host weekly meetings with upperclassmen captains who teach them how to prepare for and compete in their particular events.
Kim Zustiak, Speech and Debate coach and Video Production teacher oversees program logistics. This past November, Zustiak oversaw the team’s annual CFC or Clayton Fall Classic tournament. While much of the organization was her responsibility, strong student leadership ran most of the large event, including Speech and Debate President Alice Wang.
“You guys (students) are the ones kind of steering the ship, and we’re just making sure you don’t steer it off course,” said Zustiak.
Clayton High School’s participation in programs like DECA (Distributive Education Clubs of America) and Catalyst aims to help students engage with real-world topics in a meaningful way by providing them with, among other opportunities, community-sponsored internships.
Justin Hildebrand, Business Teacher, DECA Sponsor and Catalyst Advisor, uses an atypical approach with his classes.
“We’ve been trained to think that the grade is the most important thing to come out of school. Right? So if I got an A in a class, that means I did well in that class. And sure, that means that you excelled in the class, but did you actually learn anything you’re going to apply to life later on?” Hildebrand said.
One of the qualities he tries to instill in all of his students is professionalism, “professionalism is something that you can’t teach,” he said. “You can talk about what it means to be a professional but looking like a professional and actually acting professionally are two entirely different things. And you don’t learn that until you’re actually doing it and you’re seeing other people do it.”
Another important quality that Hildebrand tries to foster in his classes is independence. By allowing students to choose what to learn further about gives them agency and independence which gives them confidence.
“It’s not something that they specifically track down and so the fact that they can go out and find their own internships, gives them a chance to find something that really interested in but also it gives you that sense of like accomplishment, and like look, I did this I found this I set this up and so I’m gonna put more effort into it as opposed to like, the feeling that it’s just an assignment,” he said.
Despite the district’s new focus on the skills of leadership and communication from the empowered learning initiative, programs such as yearbook, speech and debate and DECA have existed for decades.
Empowered Learning is sometimes also used to achieve another purpose of the strategic plan, to help students feel connected to the school community.
In Amanda Ketzer’s second-grade class at Captain Elementary school, students lead circle discussions about topics that are important to them and their classmates.
“We’ve set the circle discussions up in such a way where the students know that they’re a part of this community and that they can advocate and share ideas and make decisions about themselves,” Ketzer said.
Administration shares this goal of using Empowered Learning to create connections to school.
Janet Crews is the Instructional Coach for CHS and WMS as well as the District Coordinator of Professional Development, supervising how teachers are educated about Empowered Learning, particularly at the secondary level. Crews believes the ultimate goal of the initiative is to strengthen student connections to school and learning.
“I hope that kids would want to be here, they would see the purpose.”
— Janet Crews
“I hope that kids would want to be here, they would see the purpose,” said Crews.
According to the CDC, feeling connected to school decreases the risk for young people to experience poor mental health, violence, and substance abuse. Giving students input into their community and opportunities to collaborate and form connections allows students to feel more connected to adults and peers at school.
Garganigo created the Empowered Learning initiative with the intention to give students independence and agency, both aspects of learning that cannot be measured by grades and test scores. Some teachers hope that with this new initiative will come a decreased emphasis on grades and standardized testing, which along with community connectedness will decrease student stress.
High school Gifted Specialist and District Gifted Curriculum Coordinator Megan Margherio runs her classroom very differently than a traditional one. Students are given the opportunity to explore and develop solutions to complex problems, either individually or in groups. Margherio believes that standardized testing and grades put undue pressure on her students, and that they feel discouraged by education’s singular focus on grades and tests.
“I would love to see the removal of that high-stakes testing kind of environment where that is so much of the driver of what education looks like,” said Margherio.
Hildebrand also believes that a singular focus on grades and tests is out of step with what students will experience in the workforce.
“In the real world, you’re not graded, you’re evaluated. So it’s all about growing as an individual and as a professional,” said Hildebrand.
The Empowered Learning initiative has made no changes to standardized testing or grading policies.
Empowered Learning can also impose additional demands on teachers. Many empowered learning models require the creation of additional lesson plans, which requires more work on the part of teachers.
But the administration is attempting to alleviate this issue by encouraging teachers to share lesson plans across grade level or content area teams, providing time for lesson planning during the summer or professional development days, or during half-day releases, removing teachers from the classroom to give them additional time to write curriculum. Garganigo maintains that empowered learning is not an additional stress on teachers.
“It’s not about doing more,” said Garganigo, “it’s about thinking differently.”
“It’s not about doing more, it’s about thinking differently.”
— Milena Garganigo
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The Fifth Crime: First in a continuing series with NBC News about the campaign to make “ecocide” an international crime.
In 1948, after Nazi Germany exterminated millions of Jews and other minorities during World War II, the United Nations adopted a convention establishing a new crime so heinous it demanded collective action. Genocide, the nations declared, was “condemned by the civilized world” and justified intervention in the affairs of sovereign states.
Now, a small but growing number of world leaders including Pope Francis and French President Emmanuel Macron have begun citing an offense they say poses a similar threat to humanity and remains beyond the reach of existing legal conventions: ecocide, or widespread destruction of the environment.
The Pope describes ecocide as “the massive contamination of air, land and water,” or “any action capable of producing an ecological disaster,” and has proposed making it a sin for Catholics.
The Pontiff has also endorsed a campaign by environmental activists and legal scholars to make ecocide the fifth crime before the International Criminal Court in The Hague as a legal deterrent to the kinds of far-reaching environmental damage that are driving mass extinction, ecological collapse and climate change. The monumental step, which faces a long road of global debate, would mean political leaders and corporate executives could face charges and imprisonment for “ecocidal” acts. | <urn:uuid:f27884a4-a2c7-432e-9caf-079bdc3919fb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.climatedepot.com/2021/04/10/ecocide-could-become-the-5th-crime-prosecuted-by-the-international-criminal-court-prosecute-imprison-political-leaders-corporate-executives-claim-ecocide-poses-a-similar-threat-to-human/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.931785 | 279 | 2.8125 | 3 |
LONDON (AP) — The U.K. government on Tuesday set itself a more ambitious climate target, pledging to reduce carbon emissions by three-quarters of their 1990 levels by 2035.
The goal was announced ahead of a virtual climate summit that U.S. President Joe Biden plans to host on Thursday.
The new carbon-cutting goal includes for the first time Britain’s share of emissions from international aviation and shipping, as well as the emissions produced in the country. The government says the plan will put the U.K. on course to meet its target of reaching net zero carbon emissions by 2050.
The government says the new target will be enshrined in law, with legislation introduced in Parliament on Wednesday and expected to be on the statute books by summer.
“The U.K. will be home to pioneering businesses, new technologies and green innovation as we make progress to net zero emissions, laying the foundations for decades of economic growth in a way that creates thousands of jobs,” British Prime Minister Boris Johnson said.
Johnson, who is set to host a major global climate summit, known as COP26, in Glasgow in November. said he hoped other world leaders would “follow our lead and match our ambition.”
Britain previously pledged to slash emissions by 68% by 2030, one of the most ambitious targets among developed nations.
The government’s Climate Change Committee recommended the 2035 target last year, and said achieving it would require more electric vehicles, expanded wind power capacity and a reduction in meat and dairy consumption.
Rebecca Newsom of Greenpeace U.K. welcomed the commitment but said “targets are much easier to set than they are to meet, so the hard work begins now.”
Boris Johnson promises to destroy 75% of the British economy by 2035.
The problem is not that the UK will meet his goal. It can't.
The problem is that it will try. https://t.co/IjSBifRIMd
— Steve Milloy (@JunkScience) April 20, 2021
There will be no debate; no cost benefit analysis; no gain but more pain for British households … pic.twitter.com/ZcwJaZeZ4r
— Rupert Darwall (@RupertDarwall) April 20, 2021 | <urn:uuid:b86af8d0-ad11-43ee-9b1b-dbee556beda2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.climatedepot.com/2021/04/20/modern-leadership-uk-pm-boris-johnson-promises-to-destroy-75-of-the-british-economy-by-2035-in-climate-virtue-signal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.952956 | 480 | 2.828125 | 3 |
WASHINGTON, D.C. – As summer begins, millions of Americans celebrate holidays and enjoy more outdoor activities. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) urges consumers to keep safety in mind around pools and at the beach, on the playground, cooking on the grill, mowing the lawn and while riding on bikes, scooters, and ATVs or ROVs.
Make a splash with pool safety.
Drowning remains the leading cause of unintentional death among children ages 1-4 and the second leading cause among children ages 5-14. Drownings can be prevented by following some simple safety steps:
- Never leave a child unattended in a pool or spa, and keep them away from drains.
- Learn how to swim, and teach your child how to swim.
- Drain covers -- Ensure any pool and spa you use has drain covers that comply with federal safety standards. Children can get entrapped by the suction in older, non-compliant drain covers.
- Learn how to perform CPR on children and adults
Turn up the grill safety measures.
The National Fire Protection Association states that an average of 10,200 home fires per year involve grills, hibachis, or barbecues. Following a few safety measures can help reduce fire dangers while grilling:
- Safety check -- Before lighting the grill, do a safety check. Visually inspect the hoses on a gas grill for cracking, brittleness, holes, and leaks.
- Clean the grease trap -- Ensure that the grease trap is clean to reduce the risk of flare-ups and grease fires.
- Use grills outside only, in a well-ventilated area. Never use a grill indoors, or in a garage, breezeway, carport, porch, or under a surface that will burn.
- Never leave a grill unattended, and keep children away from the grill area.
- Grill brushes --Prevent stray wire grill brush strands from ending up in your food. Clean your grill with a ball of aluminum foil or nylon brushes, instead of wire grill brushes.
- For tips on cooking food safely, check USDA and FDA’s websites.
Gear up and ride safely.
Each year, thousands of ATV, bicycle, e-scooter, and skateboard riders – young and old – die or experience life-altering injuries. CPSC recommends that all riders follow these safety guidelines every time they ride:
- Gear-up before riding. This means putting on a helmet meant for your activity. When bicycling, properly wear a helmet that complies with CPSC’s federal safety standard for bicycle helmets. In addition to a helmet, wear elbow and knee pads while riding scooters and skateboards.
- See and be seen. Ride bicycles in the direction of traffic, obey traffic signs and signals, and stay alert.
- Wear additional safety gear when riding ATVs and ROVs, including a DOT-compliant helmet and other protective gear, such as eye protection, boots, gloves, long pants and long-sleeved shirts.
- Do not drive ATVs or ROVs on paved surfaces. Ride on designated trails and at a safe speed.
- Use age-appropriate vehicles. Riders younger than 16 should only drive age-appropriate, youth-model ATVs, never adult models or ROVs.
Also, beware of other dangers during summer activity.
- Hot playground equipment --Check for hot playground equipment surfaces before letting your children play.
- Mowing the lawn --When mowing the lawn, dress properly with substantial shoes, long pants and fitted clothes. Keep children away from the mowing area, and always be on the lookout for children who may have ventured into the mowing area.
- Beach umbrellas --Spike your beach umbrella pole into the sand, and firmly rock it back and forth until it’s buried about 2 feet into the sand and is tilted into the wind to keep it from blowing away and injuring someone.
- Recalled products --Check SaferProducts.gov to see if any of the products you own have been recalled.
About the U.S. CPSC
The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is charged with protecting the public from unreasonable risk of injury or death associated with the use of thousands of types of consumer products. Deaths, injuries, and property damage from consumer product-related incidents cost the nation more than $1 trillion annually. CPSC's work to ensure the safety of consumer products has contributed to a decline in the rate of injuries associated with consumer products over the past 50 years.
Federal law prohibits any person from selling products subject to a Commission ordered recall or a voluntary recall undertaken in consultation with the CPSC.
For lifesaving information: | <urn:uuid:c335bca7-cb42-4a0a-a27b-ff78a6404d39> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.cpsc.gov/Newsroom/News-Releases/2019/Kick-Off-a-Safer-Summer-for-Your-Family | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.908311 | 995 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Data AcQuisition And Real-Time AnalysisScope - Spectrum - Spectrogram - Signal Generator
Software for Windows
Science with your Sound Card!
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Sound Card Comb Filtering and "Flanger" Effects
Note: See the Shifted Monaural Noise ("Jet Sounds") subtopic of the Monaural and Binaural Beats mini-app for an audio demonstrations of comb filtering.
Comb filtering results when you add a delayed version of a signal to itself. At all frequencies for which the delay represents an integer number of full cycles, the delayed and original signals will be in phase and those frequency components will be doubled in level. At all frequencies where the delay represents an odd number of half-cycles, the delayed and original will be 180 degrees out of phase and those components will cancel. The resulting frequency spectrum thus has a series of alternating peaks and dips, with the separation between adjacent peaks (or dips) equal to the reciprocal of the delay time.
For example, if you set the delay to 24 samples and the sample rate is 48 kHz, that constitutes a 500 microsecond delay which represents 2 kHz. The spectrum will thus have peaks at 0, 2, 4, 6... kHz and notches at 1, 3, 5, 7... kHz.
With a stationary delay, the effect of comb filtering is often rather subtle. But when the delay is variable, the effect as the delay changes is striking. If the sound being processed is similar to white noise, it sounds like a jet taking off. The noise from real jet engines reaches your ears via different routes; some directly, some after reflecting off the runway and nearby buildings. When the jet moves, the relative path delays change, producing a distinctive comb-filter sound. For this reason, comb filtering is sometimes referred to as "jet sounds".
You can produce an excellent simulation of jet sounds using two or more streams producing the same noise wave, and applying a modulated timing shift. The Timing Shift topic includes a discussion of how to do this with noise sources.
For signals other than noise, a different approach is required to produce the variable delay. For normal repetitive waves, you can set two streams to produce the same wave, but with a tiny frequency difference (say, less than a few hertz). (Note that you must set each stream's Level to 50% or less since they are added together.) This will give a decent simulation of comb filtering, and will produce some visually interesting waveforms as well. The comb-filtered effect is more pronounced with waves having lots of harmonics that can go in and out of phase.
This works when the frequency difference is too small to hear as a pitch difference. As the waves progress they get more and more out of phase until eventually they are back in alignment again. So, this behaves much like two identical waves with a sinusoidally changing time delay between them.
Alternatively, you can set both streams to the exact same frequency, and use very slow Frequency Modulation (FM) to give the same effect. The advantage here is that you are not limited to a simple sinusoidal modulator; you can use Stream Modulation with another stream supplying any desired modulation shape.
Phase Modulation (PM) is a more general way to produce comb filtering, and has wider application. The effect of phase modulation is identical to time delay for any repeating waveform, without any frequency shift beyond that implied by the changing phase itself.
Comb filters with variable delays have been used in Rock music since Phil Spector used "flanging" with two open-reel tape recorders to produce "The Big Hurt" in the 1950s. Dragging a finger on the reel flange of one recorder caused it to slow down slightly and fall behind the other, creating a delay that increased as long as the pressure on the flange continued. Then doing the same thing to the other recorder caused the relative delay to decrease.
"Phaser" effects pedals for electric guitars were an attempt to duplicate this unique sound, though most of those used only a crude approximation to a true comb filter; instead of peaks and notches at all multiples of some fundamental, as in true comb filtering, they only provided a couple of dips and peaks.
You can create a "perfect" flanging effect with any sound recording by loading it as a Play wave file. Select it as the wave type for two different streams, making sure that each Play source is set to Interpolate between samples. Set each stream's Level to 50% since they will be added together. Now use Phase Modulation on one of the streams to provide the variable time delay, using either the default sine modulator or using another stream as the modulation source.
Note that "phase" is used in a special sense with Play sources; since there may be arbitrary frequencies in the file, a single phase value would be meaningless. Instead, the Phase control (as well as the modulation operation) is calibrated such that 360 degrees is 1024 samples at x1 Rate. The result is that Phase, as used here, is exactly equivalent to time delay... just what is needed for a comb filter.
For flanger effects, you will thus want to start with PM Depth around 1 or 2 percent (10 to 20 samples or 2 to 4 msec). Use a fairly slow modulation rate (such as 0.5 hertz or less for Sine modulation) to give a good simulation of the original technique.
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All rights reserved | <urn:uuid:81bdc15b-4888-4af2-b6d7-99d1070b37a4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.daqarta.com/dw_0aff.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.928563 | 1,159 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Diabetes myths and facts 16 January 2017 Myths about diabetes; what are the facts? There are many myths about diabetes that are often reported as facts; we debunk the most common myths to give you the true story. 1. Myth: Diabetes is caused by eating too much sugar Fact: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease and type 2 diabetes is caused by genetics and lifestyle factors. While sugar doesn’t cause diabetes it can contribute to obesity which is a major risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes. 2. Myth: You have to lose a lot of weight to improve your diabetes Fact: Losing around 5% of your total body weight can improve your diabetes control and have great benefits to your overall health. 3. Myth: It is possible to have a ‘touch of diabetes’ Fact: There is no such thing as a ‘touch of diabetes’. You cannot be ‘a touch pregnant’. Everyone with diabetes has a risk of developing long term complications if they have poor control. 4. Myth: People with type 2 diabetes who need to commence on insulin then become a person with type 1 diabetes Fact: Many people with type 2 diabetes can eventually require insulin injections to control their diabetes. It does not mean you have type 1 diabetes, you still have type 2 diabetes requiring insulin. 5. Myth: People with diabetes need to follow a special diet Fact: People with diabetes benefit from eating a healthy diet that includes a wide variety of foods. It is not only good for people with diabetes but everyone in the community. 6. Myth: Diabetes is not a serious condition Fact: Diabetes can have both short-term and long-term complications that can potentially have an impact on your quality of life. Keeping your diabetes in control will reduce the risk of complications. 7. Myth: People with diabetes can’t play sport Fact: Physical exercise is important for everyone’s health and especially for people with diabetes. Regular exercise helps lower blood glucose levels and benefits overall health. 8. Myth: People with diabetes will be able to control their blood glucose levels all the time Fact: A person with diabetes may experience high and low blood glucose levels, even if they are doing everything right. Illness, pain, medication, travel, food, exercise and stress can all effect blood glucose levels. 9. Myth: People with diabetes can always feel when their blood glucose levels go too low Fact: Not always. Some people may not recognize or feel when they are going low and this can be dangerous. It is important to discuss this with your diabetes team if you don’t know when you are having a low or ‘hypo’. | <urn:uuid:3cbea42d-f42b-40d3-90a3-77864c9098cd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/blog/diabetes-myths-and-facts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.947726 | 540 | 2.75 | 3 |
A dental bridge is a fixed prosthetic that fills the gap created by a missing tooth. It is a natural-looking replacement that is permanently bonded to the adjacent teeth. Bridges can also be supported by dental implants.
The restoration is typically made from porcelain, gold, alloys, or a combination of materials. In most cases, a mixture of metal and porcelain is used. The replacement teeth are fused to metal bands to create a strong bridge structure and replace the missing teeth. Metal-free options are also available for patients who prefer them.
Dental bridges can last for many years with proper care. It is important to maintain good oral hygiene habits to protect the surrounding teeth and gums, as decay can still form under a bridge without proper cleaning. It is also important to visit the dentist regularly so that potential problems are addressed as soon as possible.
Types of Bridges
Traditional bridges use crowns for support. The dental crowns on either side of the bridge are bonded to healthy teeth. A traditional bridge functions like natural teeth and is a long-lasting solution. This type of bridge is not removable and can be cleaned easily at home. It is also very durable and can last many years with proper care. However, while a traditional bridge is more stable than dentures, it can still shift slightly in your mouth, creating sore spots. Our dentist may recommend using a special retainer to prevent the bridge from moving or causing discomfort.
Cantilever bridges are similar to traditional bridges but they are only supported by one healthy tooth on one side. This restoration can be used when there is only one healthy and strong adjacent tooth. Cantilever bridges cannot be removed and are permanently attached or cemented in place. While they are stable in the mouth, this type of bridge is not recommended for patients who are prone to grinding their teeth because the restoration may be damaged.
Maryland-bonded bridges use metal wings for support. Some patients prefer this option because it does not alter the structure of the adjacent teeth. However, this bridge is not ideal for all patients since some may be allergic to the metal alloy the wings are made from. Maryland dental bridges are not removable and they are easy to clean and maintain but can be less durable than other bridge types.
Advantages of Bridges
- Compared to dentures, bridges are more stable as they are cemented in place.
- They function exactly as natural teeth do – you can eat and speak normally without worrying about your teeth coming out.
- Bridges are a permanent restoration and aren’t removable like dentures are.
- Their appearance can be customized to perfectly match that of your existing natural teeth.
- They are quite durable and long-lasting.
To find out more about the dental services we offer at Christopherson Family Dentistry, call (715) 344-9684 or schedule a consultation online. You can also visit Dentist in Stevens Point, WI at 2901 Church St, Stevens Point, WI 54481. | <urn:uuid:63b375fa-69aa-414f-877a-6cfd6a7d0ba9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.drtylerdentistry.com/specialty/dental-bridges-stevens-point-wi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.948683 | 615 | 2.78125 | 3 |
From the moment we wake up until we go to bed, our hands play a vital role in our daily lives. Often, we underestimate the importance of these valuable limbs until we are faced with an injury that can severely affect our quality of life. Injuries and conditions affecting the hands and wrists can be debilitating, but the good news is that telerehabilitation is opening new doors for the recovery and strengthening of these crucial areas of our body.
In the complex system that forms the wrist and hand, there are a total of 29 bones, with 19 of them located in the hand and fingers, 8 in the wrist and 2 in the forearm. Despite their intricate structure, these parts of the body have limited protection compared to other areas, making them more susceptible to fractures and injuries. Falls, blows and accidents are common causes of wrist and hand injuries, as we instinctively try to protect them from impact.
However, it is not only accidents that are a concern. Overuse and repeated movements can also have a negative impact on the health of the hand and wrist, leading to conditions such as tendonitis and carpal tunnel syndrome. These ailments can affect the mobility, strength and function of our hands, which in turn limits our ability to carry out basic daily tasks.
It is in this context that telerehabilitation is making a significant difference in the way we approach and treat hand and wrist injuries and conditions. One of the latest innovations in this field is real-time motion tracking technology, which allows for accurate monitoring and effective therapy without the need for constant visits to a rehabilitation centre.
Physiotherapists together with occupational therapists have a fundamental role to play in rehabilitating the structure and functionality of this important body segment. The hand’s main function is the grip, which is essential to prevent falls due to imbalance and instability. Alterations in the functionality of the hand have been related to aspects such as a reduction in joint range of motion, a decrease in grip strength, pain with resisted movements and other factors related to significant participation in activities of daily living.
The physical and functional rehabilitation of the different pathologies that occur in this part of the body must include different levels and systems, including the musculoskeletal system, which is responsible for maintaining the structure of its tissues in order to maintain functionality. In this aspect, different functions that contribute to the maintenance of adequate independence and autonomy of the patient must be analysed: (i) the dexterity or coordination of finger movements, (ii) the muscular strength of the hand and gripper, (ii) the range of movement of the joints of the hand with greater involvement in the performance of activities of daily living, and (iv) the degree of pain and other sensory aspects.
ReHub, is an example of how technology is advancing and can be a great ally for upper limb injuries. Our technology uses the camera to track hand movement with amazing accuracy. Incorporating a total of 42 detection points on the hand, it can assess and track the evolution of hand movement, providing valuable data for rehabilitation professionals.
The benefits of this technology are manifold. It allows therapists to customise treatment plans more precisely, monitor patients’ progress in real time and adjust therapies as needed. In addition, telerehabilitation with motion tracking technology eliminates the need to constantly travel to a rehabilitation centre, which is especially beneficial for those who live in remote areas or have difficulty getting around.
In conclusion, technologically advanced telerehabilitation, such as ReHub, is revolutionising the way we treat hand and wrist injuries and conditions. With the ability to monitor and improve actual hand movement, we are opening up a new world of possibilities for the recovery and strengthening of these vital parts of our body. It is no longer necessary to face long periods of pain and disability when telerehabilitation is within our reach, providing us with a more effective and convenient way to care for our hands and improve our quality of life.
(1) Chapter included in the book: Hand therapy based on reasoning and clinical practice. Raquel Cantero Téllez (coord.) Seville: Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2020. ISBN 978-84-7993-361-6. Link: http://hdl.handle.net/10334/5442
(2) Bear Lehman J. Hand Rehabilitation in Occupational Therapy [Internet]. Rehabilitación de la mano en terapia ocupacional. Routledge; 2012. Disponible en: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203056455 | <urn:uuid:52ffc45f-b0a4-4ac4-892a-500534ca8429> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.dycare.com/en/rehub-detailed-supervision-for-hand-injury-treatment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.919617 | 940 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The Wealth of Nations is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith. The book offers one of the world's first collected descriptions of what builds nations' wealth, and is today a fundamental work in classical economics. By reflecting upon the economics at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the book touches upon such broad topics as the division of labour, productivity, and free markets. An important theme that persists throughout the work is the idea that the economic system is automatic, and, when left with substantial freedom, able to regulate itself. This is often referred to as the "invisible hand." The ability to self-regulate and to ensure maximum efficiency, however, is limited by externalities, monopolies, tax preferences, lobbying groups, and other "privileges" extended to certain members of the economy at the expense of others. The Wealth of Nations was published 9 March 1776, during the Scottish Enlightenment and the Scottish Agricultural Revolution. It influenced a number of authors and economists, as well as governments and organizations. For example, Alexander Hamilton was influenced in part by The Wealth of Nations to write his Report on Manufactures, in which he argued against many of Smith's policies. Interestingly, Hamilton based much of this report on the ideas of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, and it was, in part, Colbert's ideas that Smith responded to with The Wealth of Nations. The Wealth of Nations was the product of seventeen years of notes, an observation of conversation among economists of the time concerning economic and societal conditions during the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, and took Smith ten years to produce. The result, An Inquiry to the Wealth of Nations, was a treatise which sought to offer a practical application for reformed economic theory to replace the mercantilist and physiocratic economic theories that were becoming less relevant in the time of industrial progress and innovation. It provided the foundation for new economists, politicians, mathematicians, biologists, and thinkers of all fields to build upon. Irrespective of historical influence, The Wealth of Nations represented a clear shift in the field of economics, comparable to Sir Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica for physics, Antoine Lavoisier's Trait l mentaire de Chimie for chemistry, or Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species for biology. | <urn:uuid:ad5c25d2-cd41-4291-8797-1198c8994357> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.eastendbooksptown.com/book/9781548740900 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.950606 | 465 | 3.203125 | 3 |
This quiz addresses the requirements of the National Curriculum KS1 Science for children aged 5 and 6 in years 1 and 2. Specifically this quiz is aimed at the section dealing with materials and objects.
What are things made from? They can be solid, like a brick, or they can be made of liquids or even gases. Some things, like rock and wood, are natural. But other things have been made. The chair you are sitting on may be made of wood, but it has been made in a factory. Many things are made from lots of different materials. Let’s start to find out about materials. | <urn:uuid:77b9ec70-6ede-4404-b16d-4bd9ea3fd27f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.educationquizzes.com/ks1/science/materials-all-about-objects/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.972087 | 127 | 3.828125 | 4 |
With a government shutdown potentially starting on October 1, here’s what to expect. Despite the term “shutdown,” many government functions will remain fully operational due to being deemed essential or having a separate budget process.
However, other government functions will shut down or have limited operations. This means that a government shutdown will be disruptive for many people, but is highly unlikely to push the economy into recession unless it lasted unusually long.
What Will Keep Operating
Many functions of government will remain operational during a shutdown. That includes Social Security and Medicare payments, these are funded through mandatory expenditure and will continue during any government shutdown.
The United States Postal Service is separately funded and will not be impacted by a shutdown. In addition, other critical functions of government will continue to operate, including the military, law enforcement, air traffic control, border protection, most activities of the courts and emergency response.
What Happens To Government Employees’ Paychecks?
However, though many functions of government continue to operate, the wage payment cycle is disrupted. Federal employees will typically fall into one of three broad categories.
Typically, hundreds of thousands of government employees are furloughed and cannot work during a shutdown, often when their jobs are non-essential. In some cases, they will be locked out of their work location. Their workdays would resume when any government shutdown ends, but they will be paid retroactively for the shutdown period as guaranteed by a law passed in 2019 (this was common practice before 2019, but the law then made it official). For example, this may be the case for NASA or Security and Exchange Commission employees not working on critical functions. This is obviously a real cost of a shutdown to the government as employees cannot perform work but are still ultimately retroactively paid regardless. In addition, delayed paychecks can stress hundreds of thousands of household budgets.
Other employees may be excepted. These are workers performing critical functions as defined by the Department of Justice and the Office of Management and Budget. This group is required to work but will not be paid during the shutdown period. Just as with the furloughed group, retroactive pay will occur when the shutdown ends.
For example, this group may include air traffic controllers, where danger to life and property would be substantial if they did not work. Here, there is economic disruption, as working without an immediate paycheck may stretch most household budgets, even if pay will come retroactively when the shutdown ends. There is also some risk that employees, though required to work without immediate pay, do not chose to do so and simply find another job, disrupting services such as airport security screening as has occurred during past shutdowns.
A third group of employees are exempted. These employees typically work for parts of the government funded outside of the annual appropriations process and so their work can continue without immediate disruption. This may be the case for employees of the United States Postal Service, given the different funding mechanism used. As these budgets are not impacted by the shutdown, regular pay will continue for these employees. This group is less impacted by a shutdown.
What Would Shut Down?
What remains operational and what shuts down among the functions of government paid for by the annual appropriations process, is — in many cases — the decision of the Department of Justice and the Office of Management and Budget. However, based on prior shutdowns, it is likely that most non-essential functions of government will be disrupted. Processing of tax returns by the Internal Revenue Service will likely stop, according to most recent guidance, as will inspections by the Environmental Protection Agency. It’s also likely that national park and museums as well as certain immigration services, the Security and Exchange Commission and NASA would see limited services. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children would also likely be paused.
Processing of many loans and grants are likely to be delayed, including health research grants, Department of Housing and Urban Development assistance, and Small Business Administration loans. In most cases, work here would be delayed and resume when the shutdown ends.
Government research such as economic and weather-related studies would likely stop except for essential services such as severe storm warnings. Ironically, this can make the economic impact of a shutdown harder to gauge, if it persists and economic data is not delayed.
The Overall Impact
The biggest economic impact of a shutdown is simply the delay in wage payments to many federal employees. Yes, legislation from 2019 guarantees retroactive payment when the shutdown ends. But the delay in paychecks, depending on the length of the shutdown, could be disruptive to household budgets.
Also, government contractors face a more ambiguous situation. They may or may not be required to work but back pay is not always guaranteed. Or if they are paid, then their employers may not always be reimbursed by the government.
Then many functions of government do continue, either due to being deemed essential or because they are not directly funded by the annual appropriations process. However, the disruption from delayed permitting, grants, inspections and processing in many non-essential parts of government can add up depending on a shutdown’s duration.
In part, the potential pain associated with a longer government shutdown helps explain why government shutdowns have historically been brief. Some have even lasted just a few hours while politicians hammer out a deal.
A shutdown of a few days, as has historically been the case, has a much smaller economic impact than one that lasts two weeks or more, which is historically far less common. So, the risk of the economic severity of a government shutdown is likely related to how long it lasts, and most have been short. | <urn:uuid:fb4f8aa6-c1f1-40f5-9812-10865e106d70> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonmoore/2023/09/26/heres-what-would-be-hit-by-a-government-shutdown/?ss=personalfinance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.968273 | 1,145 | 2.734375 | 3 |
According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), Luke 1:42 should read, "And when Elizabeth heard the greeting of Mary, the fetus leaped in her uterus." Does that sound too extreme? Uncharitable? Check out their "Guide to Language and Abortion" released this month. It argues against using terms like "baby" or "unborn child" because "centering the language on a future state of a pregnancy is medically inaccurate." They say doctors should instead use "embryo" through eight weeks, and then "fetus." Another term declared off-limits is "womb" because it "is a non-medical term that can be used to apply an emotional value to a human organ." They prefer "uterus." Combine these unnecessary word substitutions with the bible verse, and you get the above, ridiculous result.
What's so "non-medical" about "womb," which means an organ in which a baby develops? What is "medically inaccurate" about "baby"? The Latin root of their preferred alternative, "fetus," is "an endearing term" which "means offspring or little one," said FRC's Mary Szoch, Director of the Center for Life and Human Dignity. But most people wouldn't know that. Szoch compared ACOG's guide to high school English students who would "go into Microsoft Word. They would right click and hit that helpful synonyms tool" to try and avoid plagiarism or sound smarter. "It seems like that's what ACOG did."
ACOG recommends replacing short, known words with elongated, incomprehensible expressions. Thus, "heartbeat" becomes "cardiac activity." "Dismemberment" becomes "disarticulation." "Partial-birth abortion" becomes "intact dilation and evacuation." Can doctors only accurately describe situations in jargon? Or do long, Latin words obfuscate (aka hide) the true meaning?
For some terms on its blacklist, ACOG can only resort to contradictions. "The abortion procedure is not a surgery," arguing against "surgical abortion." But it objects to "dismemberment ban" by describing "a recommended method for an abortion procedure," which involves inserting forceps into the mother's body to pull out the baby, either whole or in parts, a method eerily like a surgery. Again, they claim "abortion-on-demand," dismisses "medical needs." But earlier they practically admit to non-medical reasons for abortion in calling "elective abortion" unnecessary discrimination.
The ACOG guide even includes the boogeyman it condemns: medical inaccuracies. "Abortion does not happen" in the last weeks of pregnancy, it argues. But "ACOG's own website says that they oppose restrictions on partial-birth abortion," said Szoch. Do they want more of something that doesn't happen? Furthermore, ACOG claims "there is no recognizable 'heartbeat'" early in pregnancy because the heart isn't fully developed. But Szoch noted a heartbeat "doesn't require a fully developed heart."
The ACOG guide represents "scientists... engaged in politics," Szoch warned. They "completely abandoned science" and "picked up the pro-abortion ideology in its place... championing that instead of good health care." What ACOG is really objecting to is the pro-life movement's successful efforts to persuade Americans about the value and dignity of unborn babies. That's why the guide heeds terms' connotations, not just accuracy. Thus, "chemical abortion... is a biased term designed to... sound scarier...." "'Dismemberment' is intentional use of inflammatory, emotional language." The term "abortion provider... perpetuates the myth that they are not medical experts...." "Partial-birth abortion" is called "graphic, inflammatory language." "Abortion-on-demand... is dismissive...." Is this political messaging or scientific facts?
Of course, ACOG would never suggest their members "not refer to wanted babies as babies," said Szoch. "Only when the child is not wanted" do they "want doctors specifically to dehumanize that child." They wouldn't openly endorse calling John the Baptist -- or Jesus, for that matter -- a "fetus" in the "uterus." So why do they recommend it for other unborn babies? | <urn:uuid:c22081c7-ce89-4740-9214-c9373e37779e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.frc.org/updatearticle/20220316/abortion-thesaurus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.951582 | 898 | 2.53125 | 3 |
We love Maths
Together with experts from the South Yorkshire Maths Hub, we have planned and are delivering a mastery approach to Maths at Gawber in order to provide our children with a much deeper understanding of Maths. We use NCETM Ready to Progress statements to structure our granular approach to the teaching of mathematical concepts. All children are taught to have a deep, conceptual understanding of Maths so that they all make the best progress possible.
At Gawber, our curriculum content is designed to develop children’s declarative, procedural and conditional knowledge so that children can find relationships between facts, procedures and strategies in order to solve problems.
Teachers deliver high quality lessons that use a range of manipulatives and representations where necessary in order for children to ‘see the Maths’ to give them a deeper understanding. Common misconceptions and variations are presented to pupils in order to help build and attain proficiency, resilience and to develop efficient methods of working.
Our EYFS team work hard to develop children’s foundational knowledge and understand how vital this is to help them on their mathematical journeys throughout school and beyond.
Our staff are dedicated to creating 'a love for Maths culture' at Gawber. We encourage children to approach Maths with a positive attitude, even from a young age, our children are shown that Maths is fun. Our EYFS class, Year 1 and Year 1 children all take part in the daily Mastery and Number lessons too in order to embed vital number skills such as subitising and fluency.
Maths Enrichment at Gawber
At Gawber, we strive for all pupils to become independent, resilient and aspirational learners so that they achieve their full potential. Therefore, alongside daily Maths lessons, we provide ample opportunities for our pupils to develop their skills further.
In KS2, all classes take part in ‘Five A Day!’ mini Maths lessons, with a focus on recapping and refining previous knowledge and developing fluency. Our staff provide a variety of same-day interventions, pre-teaching and Maths catch-up sessions throughout school. From Year 2 to Year 6, arithmetic skills are taught alongside Maths lessons. We have clear expectations for each year group and we monitor children’s progress regularly. As a school, we have achieved high results on our Year 4 Times Table Check due to rigorous teaching and the implementation of ‘the times table sticks’ in Year 3 and 4.
Our children love challenging themselves on Times Table Rock Stars. The school took part in the Emile Times Table World Cup last year which really boosted children’s confidence. We have held STEM and TTRS days to enthuse pupils further. Gawber also offer STEAM extra-curricular activities too which are very popular!
National Numeracy Day
As part of National Numeracy Day, children took part in a competition about jobs they would like to have in the future and considered how Maths would be involved in their role. | <urn:uuid:debf6c1b-bbf9-4df6-9a95-5ca95719128d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.gawberprimaryschool.com/maths/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.949096 | 623 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The cases for and against gender quotas
Gender quotas in politics - What are they?
Quotas are explicit requirements on the number of a certain demographic that must be represented in politics.
They are used to create equal representation among genders within legislation and to contribute to the promotion of gender equality, and ease the access of women into positions of government.
To say that gender quotas cause some controversy would be an understatement. On both sides of the debate, passionate arguments exist on whether or not quotas promote equality or inequality.
Samuel, our Youth Activist from Malta, will outline the reasons why he believes gender quotas would not be the best option to promote equality in the place of work. He will also detail the dynamic between gender quotas and meritocracy amongst other things.
The question of meritocracy
Meritocracy may be defined as being judged and awarded based on your capabilities and past achievements regardless of gender, skin colour, creed, etc.
The question that always keeps floating around is do gender quotas effect meritocracy? The answer is simple at first. Putting in so many people in a position based on their gender is not very fair. However, the plot thickens: meritocracy brings into question other things as while the intention behind this sort of positive discrimination is good, one cannot help but question why there is this imbalance. The problem with these sorts of quotas is that they fail to tackle the fundamental problem - if any.
There are many reasons why there are imbalances in certain sectors regarding gender. These reasons may perhaps be summarised in four general cases:
Case A - Gender Specific Jobs
Nothing much can be said about this ever decreasing niche of jobs. These kinds of jobs mainly revolve around modelling and require a particular gender to get the work done in all cases. To put it simply, a male model isn’t useful in showcasing a particular item of clothing aimed for women and the other way around.
Case B - Not Enough People Apply (NEPA) Jobs
NEPA - an abbreviation for not enough people apply (you heard it here first). The premise behind this case is that legally and socially there is nothing preventing a certain gender from applying but rather the problem is not enough people of that particular gender apply.
Case C - Traditionally Gendered Jobs
The rationale behind these jobs is that in the ‘stereotype’ so to speak, men do the more physical labour oriented jobs while women occupy more indoor, less physically demanding jobs. As a result certain areas are more male dominated and vice versa.
Case D - The Grey Area Jobs
This set of jobs are a mix of cases B and C – while there is nothing preventing women from entering the sector of that particular job legally, there may be somewhat of a social stigma or norm. For example, in teaching, women are portrayed teaching younger students while men teach older students.
Do gender quotas help?
The question from here would be do gender quotas help solve these cases? Simply put, the answer in my mind is no. Let’s review the cases.
As said in the example, if one gender is required or targeted, the other is automatically redundant.
Cases B & D
These cases are rather similar in the fact that while it is ideal that there is proportional representation of each gender, shoehorning in people just for that aim would do more damage than good. There are many reasons for this, mainly qualifications and efficiency. Engineering and nursing are perhaps the two sectors that are referred to as the most unequal in terms of gender. The fact is that for the most part, more women go for nursing and more men go for engineering. While there are male nurses and female engineers, why should they have a certain privilege just because their gender is uncommon in that field of work?
For certain jobs, particularly those relating to physical manual labour such as construction, it would be correct to say that they are male dominated. There may be a reason behind this. Scientifically, men are stronger than woman and are better at physical activities like lifting etc. – that’s why in sport we have male and female categories. So it goes without saying that even with the same level of qualification, in areas like construction and other manual jobs, men are still better suited inherently. As a result, jobs like these and many others in the field are left male dominated – as I said before there is a valid reason behind it so we shouldn’t abandon efficiency for the sake of ‘progress’. If it’s not broken, don’t fix it.
At the end of the day the client and the employer want workers who are qualified and able to work correctly. I think I’d be correct in saying that as long as, for example, the doctor knows what s/he is doing, I’m happy.
What am I trying to say? I’m saying that if one wants to have an efficient work place the person needs to be judged on what s/he is capable of, of what s/he managed to achieve. In certain cases, the employer is forced to pass up a candidate just because another one, who may or may not be less qualified, helps the employer reach the quota.
Gender quotas in politics
Making reference to politics, gender quotas in politics are very bad. If you place a gender quota on an institution such as parliament and the electorate doesn’t want to elect so many women, you’d be rendering the whole thing undemocratic. What should be done is that the political parties encourage more women to get into politics and the let the people decide. As a side note; I highly recommend you vote for a candidate based on policy and not gender. Making reference to Malta, the Maltese House of Representatives or “Il-Kamra tad-Deputati” is presently made up of 69 members, only 10 of whom are female. While that is an obvious imbalance, the Maltese MEPs, on the other hand, are 3 women and 3 men. I believe that a proportional representation in areas like politics is slowly coming. Introducing things like quotas to hasten it will create a backlash that hurts more than helps women.
At the end of the day, in most cases, discrimination based on gender is bad. However, when judging whether someone is capable of doing a job s/he must be judged based on what s/he is capable of, and, what the job entails. Therefore where do gender quotas fit in? Only a few jobs either specifically require a particular gender or a certain gender is inherently better at that sort of craft.
Given that in all EU countries there is the entire necessary legal infrastructure (women can’t be paid less, etc.) that prevents discrimination, it is only a matter of time before some form of balance is found. This of course not failing to mention there have been and there still are women in power. For instance, Margaret Thatcher and Angela Merkel both of whom are against quotas. These women, and many others, got to their position with hard work and not via a quota.
Deborah, our Youth Activist from Ireland is pro-gender quotas. She thinks in the long run, they will only serve to improve women’s representation in politics and level the playing field in society. She’ll discuss evidence and examples of how she believes quotas have worked.
A lot of people like to believe in a meritocracy. A system where the ‘best’ person for the job is always the person that gets it. However, I like to be realistic and not idealistic. I think a big part of this is recognising that the society we live in can be really unfair. Not fun to admit, but important nevertheless.
Olympic Sports Broadcaster said, ‘I’m a big fan of quotas. Quotas only come in when every other avenue has been averred and found lacking. Essentially, quotas make everybody say, “right, what do we need to do to change this?"’ I think this totally sums up my opinion on quotas.
For a long time, the lack of women in politics wasn’t even considered an issue. Thankfully, our society now sees it as the glaring problem it is. But how can we do anything to combat it, if we are not being proactive? That’s called being all talk and no action. Quotas are the action we need. A lot of people see this as a situation where the best person for the job is having the opportunity directly taken from them, and rather given to an undeserving woman. However, the purpose of quotas is to widen the pool of applicants to discover MORE talent, not less. In widening the pool, you only make sure that the best person is actually getting the job - why? Because you started off with more people to choose from. A pool of people that included more women.
Equality of access can never be a bad thing. Saying that women don’t always have the same chances in life to reach their full potential isn’t making excuses - it’s stating facts. We must remember there are a number of factors that stop women from accessing leadership roles in the workplace. They’re often known as the 5 C’s.
Childcare - A lack of statutory maternity leave and the long demanding hours of a career in politics that prevent women from rising to leadership positions
Culture - Women holding supportive positions rather than leadership ones
Confidence - Women being less likely to put themselves forward due to factors such as a lack of visible role models and the impact of the media
Cash - According to the Chief Statistics Office of Ireland, women’s income was around 70% that of men’s. This can be a barrier to embarking on expensive election campaigns
Candidate Selection - Gendered recruitment pools, e.g choosing from councillors, political branch membership and trade unions that have higher percentages of men.
Theresa May and Angela Merkel are two of the leading figures in European politics and neither have children. Coincidence? I think not. Just look back at the first of the 5Cs that prevent women from ascending to leadership positions.
So we know that women are underrepresented in politics. We know that action must be taken to change that. But are there any actual, real benefits of having more women in politics? Glad you asked! Here they are.
Countries with a greater proportion of women among top decision makers in legislature have lower levels of income inequality.
When more women leaders hold cabinet positions, there is a trend towards increased spending on health services.
Countries with a greater share of women cabinet ministers exhibit great levels of confidence in their national governments.
There are a myriad of other benefits to having higher percentages of women in politics, and I could literally go on for hours. But at the end of the day, what is the bottomline? As my dear friend and fellow youth activist Ahlam from Belgium said: "Women are half of the world’s population, and half of its potential." We deserve to be half of its decision makers too.
Now that you’ve heard from both sides of the debate, time for you to make up your own mind! What do you think about gender quotas? Leave a comment on social media and let us know. If you feel passionately about this, go out and research the candidate that is most in line with your view. And remember: If you give a shit, #GiveAVote. | <urn:uuid:b20285e3-a23d-4d6a-98ed-a80569557130> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.giveavote.eu/pl/updates/the-cases-for-and-against-gender-quotas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.96036 | 2,372 | 2.921875 | 3 |
This is a good place to start learning about your freshly milled flour. Here are the definitions to some important terms you may find on our packaging as well as the Current Selections page of this website.
The date a specific batch of flour was milled. Kept in a cool, dry place, our flour will stay fresh up to 6 months. To prolong the life of your flour, store it refrigerated or frozen. Remember, we exist so that you have a steady supply of fresh local flour. We’d rather have you buy in smaller quantities that you can use up quickly. Come back and see us more often instead of freezing our product for long storage!
Type of Wheat
This is how wheat is classified based on its hardness, color and growing season. These are the 6 main categories
These are the 6 main categories
Hard Red Winter
Soft Red Winter
Hard Red Spring
The name of the specific wheat variety, such as White Sonora, Red Fife or India Jammu
Protein percentage has traditionally been used to judge a flour’s quality and baking strength. A higher protein percentage, such as 12-15% generally means stronger flour best suited for breads. Lower protein flour, such as 8-10%, is the better choice for cakes, cookies and biscuits – baked goods that incorporate chemical leavening. But be aware; not all protein is created equal. It is not just the percentage of protein that matters, but the quality of the protein. This can be determined by using the farinograph test, which analyses dough by its resistance to paddle mixing. It helps determine important qualities such as water absorption, tolerance to mixing, and dough stability.
The amount of flour that is extracted or milled from a given amount of wheat. A 100% Extraction flour is a whole grain or wholemeal flour, milled to retain 100% of its components: bran, germ and endosperm. Lower extraction rate flours indicate that less of the bran and germ remain in the flour after milling. For example, a traditional powdery fine pastry flour has a low extraction rate of 45-55%, which means it is composed primarily of the white starchy endosperm with the vast majority of bran and germ sifted out.
Refers to the mineral content of a flour after milling. A specific quantity of flour is incinerated to burn off all the organic matter, leaving only the mineral residue. Since the greatest amount of minerals are found in the bran and germ, flour that contains higher amounts of bran and germ will have a higher ash content. The ash content is directly related to the Extraction Rate. High extraction flour, such as a whole grain flour contains a high level of bran and germ, therefore a high level of minerals, resulting in a high ash content.
This test evaluates the soundness of wheat by measuring its enzyme activity, or alpha-amylase activity. We are basically looking at potential sprout damage here. A flour/water slurry is mixed and heated in a test tube to release the starch from water. A plunger is placed on the slurry. The length of time it takes the plunger to sink to the bottom of the tube in seconds is recorded. The more seconds it takes the plunger to drop to the bottom, the higher the falling number. A high falling number indicates lower enzyme activity, slower conversion of starch into sugar, and therefore a slower fermentation process. Lower falling numbers mean that the plunger fell through the slurry in less time pointing to higher enzyme activity, which can result in a sticky dough and reduced loaf volume. | <urn:uuid:3ae123e2-d543-4e49-a0a1-b6e61858cd74> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.gristandtoll.com/flour-properties/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.936628 | 744 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Kidney infections occur when bacteria spreads to the organ and causes inflammation that requires immediate medical attention. The bacteria most often travels through the urethra, but it can also come from other parts of the body and be carried through the bloodstream. Read on to learn more about this common ailment and ways to help prevent it.
Causes: Hygiene And/Or Weakened Immune System
As with many infections, hygiene and immune system health play a significant role in the likelihood of contracting a kidney infection. Being sure that you exercise proper hygiene in the restroom can help prevent bacteria from getting into the urethra and causing an infection.
A weakened immune system can make it more challenging to fight off infection. This gives the bacteria a greater window of opportunity to get into and travel throughout the body and to the kidneys.
Since kidney infections commonly result from bacteria entering the urethra, there are physiological risk factors. One is having a female anatomy, in which case the urethra is much shorter and therefore bacteria has less distance to travel.
Another risk factor is related to men, however, as those with an enlarged prostate have a higher chance of developing an infection. That's because the gland can cause urinary tract blockage, making it more possible for bacteria to travel up before being flushed out.
Causes: Medical Complications
Various medical conditions can put someone at higher risk of developing a kidney infection. For instance, kidney stones are a risk factor as they result from a buildup of dissolved minerals on the lining of the organ, which can block the flow of urine.
Another risk factor is having damaged nerves, which can numb symptoms of a bladder infection that then progresses to the kidneys. Catheters can also increase the risk, as can vesicoureteral reflux, a condition where small amounts of urine flow the wrong way.
As a kidney infection progresses, the organ may become incapable of properly releasing waste through urine. As a result, minerals build up in the body along with water.
The excess salt and liquid can create swelling in various parts of the body, including hands and feet. The medical term for this symptom is edema, which describes puffiness that's specifically related to fluid becoming trapped in the body's tissues. It can also cause swelling in the face.
Symptoms: Atypical Urination
One early sign of a kidney infection is the persistent need to urinate. Since kidneys are responsible for making urine, any disturbance with the organ can cause a change in urine frequency and consistency.
Color and small changes may also be an indication that something is going on with the kidneys. Likewise, there may also be pressure or discomfort that the affected individual feels while urinating. These symptoms can also be present when the infection is still in the bladder, so the earlier the intervention the better.
One of the symptoms that don't seem obviously related to kidney infections are rashes. Skin irritations are often thought to have an exterior cause, such as coming into contact with an allergen.
However, it can also be a sign that something is wrong with the kidneys. That's because kidney infections may result in a build-up of waste in the body. This can cause irritation in the skin, leading to excessive scratching and potentially creating a rash.
Symptoms: Smelly Breath
Kidney infections can cause the body to urinate more frequently, leading to dehydration that allows bad breath-causing bacteria to grow in the mouth. The infection can also be related to nausea and vomiting, which can be the culprit behind bad breath.
Taking antibiotics to cure a kidney infection can also lead to bad breath since they can throw off the balance of bacteria in the gut. Antibiotics can also leave a metallic taste in the mouth, making it more difficult to discern if you have bad breath.
Kidney infections can lead to various symptoms that may cause dizziness. The combination of fatigue and dehydration can give way to lightheadedness. Another possible culprit could be lack of appetite due to nausea related to the infection itself or to treatment.
Kidney infections can also be related to anemia, which causes a lack of hemoglobin in the blood and may result in dizziness, as well. While antibiotic treatment can aggravate some of these symptoms at first, they should subside once the body has made a full recovery.
When a kidney infection occurs, the body may try to flush out the offending toxins by increasing urine frequency. This may cause dehydration that then results in nausea and sometimes even vomiting.
There can also be discomfort in the abdominal region. Coupled with nausea, the person impacted may also experience weight loss. Kidney infections are also treated with antibiotics, which can aggravate these symptoms and cause stomach upset by altering the bacteria in the gut.
Symptoms: Difficulty Breathing
Having trouble breathing isn't a common symptom of kidney infections themselves, but is rather an indication of a further complication happening. Having a hard time getting enough air may be related to kidney failure that is tied to the infection.
It can also be a sign of sepsis, whereby a body's response to an infection damages some of its own tissues. While all symptoms should be addressed promptly, difficulty breathing is one of the more urgent scenarios.
As with any health issue, fatigue is a common symptom as the body is exerting energy trying to heal itself. However, there may also be an underlying reason beyond just needing to rest and recover.
If the kidney infection goes on for a prolonged period, it can cause the organ to become damaged. In this case, there can be a hormonal imbalance that results in less blood cell production. The patient may then become anemic, causing excessive fatigue.
Symptoms: Pain Around The Kidneys
The kidneys are located near a person's midsection on either side of the body. When they become infected, pain or pressure may occur anywhere near this area, front or back.
The tenderness typically is felt somewhere between the ribcage and the hips in the back, abdomen, or both. The discomfort is often felt near the side of the body and may be aggravated by certain positions, be it standing, sitting, or bending in a certain way.
As with many sicknesses, a fever can be associated with kidney infections. The increased body temperature could be a sign that the body is reacting to something unwanted in the organ.
Kidney infections can also be associated with anemia due to a decrease in the hormone erythropoietin. Anemia can cause a fever, as well. However, fevers associated with anemia are often low-grade, whereas a high fever is more likely to be directly related to the infection.
Diagnosis: Tests, Exams, Scans, And More
To diagnose a kidney exam, the doctor will likely perform a physical exam and check for pain around the mid to lower back. They'll also look for signs of dehydration. They will also collect a urine sample to test for the presence of bacteria.
Depending on the scenario, a doctor may also perform an ultrasound, CT scan, or a voiding cystourethrogram. A voiding cystourethrogram is a kind of X-ray that uses a contrast dye to observe the bladder while urinating.
Depending on the severity of the kidney infection, a doctor will often prescribe antibiotics as the first treatment option. Symptoms typically start to go away after just a few days of taking the medicine, but it's imperative to finish the entire course of antibiotics.
The doctor may prescribe a week's worth of medication or more that should be continued even after symptoms disappear. A follow-up urine test may be required to ensure that the infection has cleared.
If the kidney infection is severe, the doctor may admit you to the hospital for in-patient treatment. In this case, antibiotics and fluids are often administered intravenously. The hospitalization period typically lasts between 3 and 7 days.
The doctor may also run urine and blood tests to monitor how the treatment is going. Patients who have diabetes, sickle cell anemia, cancer, severe pain or vomiting, are pregnant, or are seniors are more likely to be admitted.
Complications: EPN, Kidney Abscess, And Sepsis
Complications may occur if the kidney infection is not treated right away. One such case is Emphysematous pyelonephritis, known as EPN. This is a severe infection in which the bacteria releases a toxic gas that leads to severe symptoms and rapid kidney tissue damage.
Another complication is a kidney abscess, which may require surgery. Sepsis can also occur and involves the bacteria getting into the bloodstream. These complications are rare, but they make prompt medical attention that much more necessary.
Since kidney infections are most often the result of bacteria entering the urinary tract through the urethra, it is vital to stay hydrated. Drinking lots of fluids helps to ensure that the urinary tract is frequently being flushed out.
It also promotes frequent urination, which makes it more challenging for unwanted bacteria to make its way up to the kidneys. Aim to have a water bottle on you as often as possible and to get at least the recommended amount of water each day.
Staying hydrated will promote more frequent urination, but it's also important that you don't get into the habit of holding it in. The longer the bladder remains full the more of an opportunity bacteria has to invade the urinary tract.
Be sure to take regular bathroom breaks during the workday or while out and about. Plan rest stops during road trips and stay aware of the nearest restroom while in public. Even if it isn't urgent, it's better to go than to hold it in.
Having a fibrous diet can play a key role in kidney infection prevention. That's because fiber promotes regular bowel movements, which can lower the risk of bacteria spreading to the urinary tract.
Eating a diet with lots of high-fiber foods like fruits and vegetables can help keep things running smoothly. It may even be worthwhile to consider fiber supplements if needed. Keeping the digestive tract healthy and practicing proper hygiene habits can decrease the risk of getting a kidney infection. | <urn:uuid:9b837dfe-df7f-4d1e-bfbd-e3b8dec38c87> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.healthygem.com/health/kidney-infection-signs-and-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.958625 | 2,083 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Governments and donors as part of their commitment to achieve Education for All by 2015 have pledged to get children into school, provide them with quality education and respond to their learning needs. But what is most effective in getting children into school, keeping them there and ensuring that they learn?
The brief Quality education for all children? is based on a 3ie working paper by Krishnaratne, White, and Carpenter. It provides policy relevant messages on the impact of education interventions that address both demand and supply side challenges.
- Development interventions are not only getting more children into school and keeping them there but are also helping children to learn more.
- But some interventions work better than others and different interventions work for different outcomes
- Conditional cash transfers increase school enrolment and attendance, but have no overall impact on children’s test scores.
- School fees subsidies improve enrolment and progress in school, while merit-based scholarships increase learning.
- Distributing teaching and learning aids in school has no impact on school attendance and language test scores of children. However, computer-based learning offered in addition to the regular school curriculum has positive impacts on mathematics test scores.
- Doing a cost-benefit analysis of programmes would allow policymakers to compare programmes more easily, and also make informed choices about which interventions to launch. | <urn:uuid:61ea1fb6-f4c0-4be0-9801-2bb9eed7faf0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.heart-resources.org/doc_lib/evidence-matters-quality-education-for-all-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.966818 | 267 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Built in 1101 as a chapel of the Knights Templar and dedicated to St. John the Baptist, in 1314 it was granted by Frederick III of Aragon to the Augustinian fathers. They enlarged it by adapting it to the Gothic style and built an adjoining convent. Still remaining of the original structure are its gabled façade, its portal with pointed arches and a large rose window. Over the portal, in a niche, stands a Gagini-style sculpture depicting the Madonna and Child (sec. XVI).
The rose window of clear Chiaramonte Gothic style (14th century), much altered over time, was built with local stone from the ancient quarries at Pietretagliate. It is formed by intertwining arches on slender columns converging in the ‘Agnus Dei’ (God’s Lamb), the focal point of a Christological omen, creating a graceful and dynamic movement.
The church, which in the 16th century belonged to the city Senate, was closed as a place of worship in the 19th century and then radically changed.
The bombings of 1943 destroyed the apse and part of the nave, later reconstructed.
Having been given the function of auditorium it is now used as an exhibition space for the diocesan museum. | <urn:uuid:6c929893-5b09-4e88-9754-76c0dc4def75> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.itineraridelgustotrapani.it/en/uncategorized/church-of-st-augustine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.965287 | 269 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Python 3: The Next Generation
Python was created in 1991 -- it's 20 years old now! Lots of time for cruft.
Python 3 is backwards incompatible. Stuff will break. Hopefully the migration will not be grudging, the main thing for most programs will likely be unicode strings.
In 1997 Guido wrote "Python regrets" which later on and with other things became the basis for Python 3000.
A few of the changes (note from me: they were not all mentioned and I didn't take note of everything either!):
- The print statement becomes the print() function.
- Numbers, divisions: division will now be true division by default (1/2 == 0.5 as opposed to the current 1/2 == 0 -- better to teach, especially young ones)
- Dictionaries will use itertools by default to save memory
- Likewise for built-ins like map/filter, many changes to have better speed and/or memory efficiency
With regard to migrating:
- Wait for your dependencies to port
- Have a good test suite
- Move your code to at least 2.6, which is when Python 3 functionality started to be backported
- The -3 switch tells you about incompatibilities
- The 2to3 tool offers diffs on what should be ported
Be careful with Python 3 books, if they cover 3.0 they are already obsolete. Lots of changes!
This talks aims to fill in the gaps in the knowledge of not-quite-beginners-anymore. We'll have a look at: the memory model, mutability, and methods.
Mutable objects are passed by reference, immutable objects (like a string or number) are passed by value.
class Stuff: version = 1.0 john = Stuff()
As a shortcut you can call john.version rather than Stuff.version. However if you assign john.version = "blah", you're hiding access to the class 'version' attribute, and only changing this attribute for the john instance -- basically creating a new local variable.
To initialise, if there's one parent you should do Parent.__init__(self). If you're lower down, try to use super() for MRO and stuff. Extra reading: Python's super() considered super! and Python's Super Considered Harmful.
You can make your own classes act like Python types, by overloading existing operators and existing built-in functions. There are loads of them! __init__, __new__ (for immutable objects), __len__, __eq__, __getslice__, __getitem__, __contains__ (for the 'in' keyword), ...
How to (not) use the stack - performance
The **timeit** module will run a problem a million times and help find which implementation is faster.
The second one is faster, that's the penalty of a stackframe: the len() value is not cached because it could change! (With overloading, etc.) With the 2nd version we removed a function call.
Objects and references
All Python objects have:
- An identity (similar to the memory address)
- A type
- A value (only that one can change, sort of)
References are also called aliases. There is a reference count to track the total number. Variables do not hold data, they point to objects. For instance if 2 variables are assigned 1, they would both be pointing to the same (immutable) Integer object representing 1.
3 types of standard types
His classification, nothing official.
- Storage: Linear/Scalar vs. Container
- Update: Mutable vs. Immutable
- Access: Direct (number) vs. Sequence (string, list) vs. Mapping (dictionary)
"Interned" numbers are a list of integers in range(-5, 257): these are special numbers that are never deallocated.
"is" is a keyword to assess if 2 variables point to the same object.
Beware shallow copy vs. deep copy when you have a list of lists.
Growing memory: When you call .append() and the list is full, 4 free units are malloc'ed, then double that, then a bit less: usually about 12.5% additional free slots are created at once in advance. What this means is that you should try not to have a lot of short lists.
Shrinking memory is a fairly inexpensive operation.
Inserting in the middle of a list creates a lot of shifting. Deque is better for push() and pop(), though less good for access. | <urn:uuid:d53806a5-5136-4ea0-98f5-d6ff183c8205> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.jpichon.net/blog/2011/06/europython-2011-wesley-chun/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.901319 | 966 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Cutting wheels, also known as cut-off wheels, are a versatile tool that can be used for a variety of cutting tasks, from metal to plastic. However, using a cutting wheel can be dangerous if not done correctly. In this article, we will answer the question "How to use a cutting wheel?" and provide some tips to help you use this tool safely and effectively.
How to Use a Cutting Wheel?
Cutting wheels come in different sizes and thicknesses, so it's important to choose the right one for your job. Here are the steps to follow to use a cutting wheel:
Step 1: Choose the Right Cutting Wheel
Choose the right cutting wheel for your job. For example, if you're cutting metal, you'll want to use a cutting wheel that is designed specifically for metal. Using the right wheel for the job is important to ensure a clean, precise cut.
Step 2: Prepare the Material
Before using the cutting wheel, prepare the material by clamping it securely to a work surface. This will help prevent it from moving around while cutting, which can be dangerous.
Step 3: Put on Safety Gear
Wear appropriate safety gear, including eye protection, gloves, and a dust mask. Cutting wheels can produce sparks and debris, so it's important to protect yourself from these hazards.
Step 4: Attach the Cutting Wheel
Attach the cutting wheel to your angle grinder or rotary tool. Make sure it's properly secured and aligned before turning it on.
Step 5: Start Cutting
Start cutting the material with the cutting wheel. Hold the tool with both hands and use light pressure to avoid overheating the wheel or damaging the material. Move the cutting wheel in a straight line, following your cut line.
Step 6: Check Your Progress
Check your progress regularly to ensure that you're achieving the desired results. If you need to make adjustments to your cut, stop the tool and adjust it as needed.
Step 7: Finish the Cut
Once you've completed the cut, turn off the tool and allow the material and cutting wheel to cool down before handling. Remove any dust or debris with a clean, dry cloth.
Tips for Using a Cutting Wheel
- Always wear appropriate safety gear when using a cutting wheel.
- Don't force the cutting wheel through the material. Let the wheel do the work.
- Use a light touch to avoid overheating the cutting wheel or damaging the material.
- Don't use a cutting wheel that is damaged or worn.
- Always follow the manufacturer's instructions for your cutting wheel and tool.
Using a cutting wheel can be a fast and effective way to cut through a variety of materials. By following the steps we've outlined above and using the right cutting wheel for your job, you can achieve clean, precise cuts.
Wool Polishing Buffing Wheel Pad for Angle Grinder
Providing product information on Wool Polishing Buffing Wheel Pad for Angle Grinder, Kamel Abrasives is a professional manufacturer and exporter of Wool Polishing Buffing Wheel Pads for Angle Grinder products. | <urn:uuid:9f2acea4-1243-4ea2-b69d-ca1020ee8b36> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.kamel.com.cn/?p=18581 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.904108 | 634 | 3 | 3 |
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