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On the outside, yellow watermelons look exactly the same as pink watermelons with an identical, striped green rind. So what makes the inside colors different? Traditional watermelons get their signature pink hue from lycopene, the same antioxidant that makes tomatoes and grapefruits red. Yellow watermelons don’t contain lycopene, so they never take on a reddish color.
Surprisingly, the cultivation of yellow watermelons came before pink watermelons. First grown in Africa about 5,000 years ago, yellow watermelons went through generations of selective cross-breeding for texture, color and sweetness before any pink variety ever appeared. | <urn:uuid:e2bdcea1-3272-4c1f-aa34-561144168f36> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.microgreens.co.in/product/yellow-watermelon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.867891 | 145 | 2.6875 | 3 |
First Manassas or First Bull Run as it was called in the North was the first major battle between land forces of the Civil War. The outcome of the battle also set the general pattern for battles in the first two years of the war. That pattern being tactical Union defeats with the Confederacy being incapable of following up on the strategic opportunities presented by their victories.
Union – 28,450 troops under BG Irvin McDowell
Confederate – 32,230 under BG Joseph Johnston and BG P.G.T. Beauregard
A key point is to remember that uniforms were not standardized on either side this early in the war. Both armies looked like multi-colored mobs and the lack of standardization was to increase confusion about unit identity on the day of the battle. Another Point to remember is that the Confederate forces were those of two different armies and neither army was completely engaged during the battle. Only about half of the Confederate forces took part in the decisive fight around Henry house Hill. The commanders of both armies but especially the Confederates comprised almost a who’s who of people that would be prominent later in the war.
The Opening Skirmish: On July 18th Tyler’s Division of the Union Army tried and failed to force Blackburn’s Ford across Bull Run on the direct route to Manassas Junction. He was supposed to just demonstrate in that direction while avoiding an engagement. Instead got into a fight with Longstreet’s Brigade of Confederates that was guarding the ford. Tyler continued the fight at the Ford until McDowell arrived personally and ordered him to break off the engagement.
The Confederates planned on standing on the defensive just south of the Bull Run River with the approximate center of their line being the stone bridge along the Warrenton Pike where it crosses the river. By contrast the Union planned a two piece attack with Tyler’s Division demonstrating along the river line while a Two Divisions would march around the Confederate flank, cross Bull Run at the Sudley Springs Ford and attempt to roll up their line from the confederate left.
The morning of the battle itself found the action beginning around 0800 as Tyler’s division demonstrated by the Stone Bridge. About 0900-0915 the Evan’s Brig. on the Confederate left flank began engaging the lead elements of the Union 2nd division as they approached Matthew’s Hill from the west. Evan’s was reinforced by two more brigades but the Union troops arrived too fast forcing the Confederates to engage as they came up and not allowing them concentrate. Around 1100 hours the Confederates were driven from Matthew’s Hill and retreated to Henry House Hill where the first units of Joe Johnston’s Army was arriving and they could establish a defensive line as the Union Army kept approaching.
As the Confederate troops attempted to establish their new position on Henry House Hill vital time was bought by the privately raised Legion of Wade Hampton which delayed the Union troops by about five minutes in a short sharp fight at the foot of the hill. Incidentally, Hampton’s Legion suffered the highest casualties of any unit engaged at First Manassas.
After the Confederates had retreated they established a defensive line in the shape of a an inverted semicircle. This shape allowed the Confederates to fire on the Union troops from three sides as they came up the hill in the assault.
It was at this time that Stonewall Jackson earned his nickname as his Brigade fought desperately and bought the remainder of the time necessary for the Confederates to consolidate their position.
The key and decisive part of the battle was the fighting that swirled around Henry House Hill in the afternoon from roughly noon until 1600. The Union army had gotten two batteries of Regular Army artillery in good position to fire on the Confederate lines.
As the fight developed the Union initially had a superiority of force of somewhere between 3 and as much as 5 to 1. If they had concentrated and attacked with an entire division or even an entire brigade they probably could have taken the hill and won the battle, but they did not d that. Instead, the Union troops advanced and attacked a regiment at a time.
As each Union regiment assaulted the crest of the hill they were repulsed and thrown back only to be replaced by a fresh regiment to whom the same thing happened. Throughout the course of the afternoon the Union troops continued to assault in the way until there was a mass of defeated mixed up Union regiments at the foot of the hill.
Keep in mind also that the Confederate troops were continually being reinforced as Johnston’s Shenandah troops were fed into the battle as they arrived from the railhead at Manassas Junction. Eventually the balance of forces started to swing against the Union.
The battle finally turned entirely against the Union hen the Confederate cavalry of J.E.B. Stuart attack and overran the two batteries of Union artillery that had been so damaging to the Confederates all afternoon. This was doubly worse as the artillery was caught as it was displacing to get a better angle of fire on the defenders.
As the artillery was overrun fresh confederate troops of Jubal Early and Arnold Elzey followed the cavalry and plowed into the Union right collapsing it forcing the entire Union army to begin to retreat. The Union troops managed to retreat in fairly good order until they reached the Cub Run bridge where a destroyed wagon on the bridge itself caused a traffic jam forced the army to cross the creek on foot. It was here that rumors of confederate cavalry turned a retreat into a rout and then a rout into a panic. The only Union unit that maintained discipline was the 14th U.S. Infantry which kept its order and continued to fight serving as a rear guard for the entire union army as they fled the battlefield.
The Confederates were too exhausted to immediately pursue the defeated Union army and by the time they were rested the next day rain overnight had turned the roads into a morass and ruled out any effective pursuit. This allowed the defeated Union Army of the Potomac to regroup and reconsolidate in and around Washington D.C. in the next few weeks. The first Union campaign of the war had ended in failure. Casualties were actually fairly light for such a large battle, especially when considered by the casualties standards of later battles of the Civil War. | <urn:uuid:550c9716-b17f-42a4-b644-2dd4667aa09a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.military-history.us/2014/08/the-first-battle-of-manassas-21-july-1861/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.981216 | 1,295 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Social media has transformed the way we communicate, created entirely new economic industries, and has impacted everything from politics to social movements. And most of this transformation has taken place over the last ten years. Even though social media can do a lot of good globally, it’s not without its downsides. Here’s what parents need to know about the pros and cons of social media and how to help kids navigate social media apps safely.
How kids use social media
It’s safe to assume that social media is not going away anytime soon. That means parents need to find ways to manage their child’s engagement and understand its impact on them.
A recent study by Nature Canada showed that students from grades 7-12 were spending up to seven hours per day on their screens. When you compare that to the recommended screen time of two hours, you can see why some experts might see cause for concern.
Not only are kids spending a lot of time on their screens, but they’re spending that time engaging in social media. Another study out of the U.S. on teen social media use shows that YouTube and Instagram are the top two social media apps teens use. But, with TikTok being the fastest growing app among teens, those figures might change soon.
To sum it up: kids are spending a lot of time on social media. We’re far past the point of assuming that social media is some benign influence in your kid’s life. As a parent, it’s important you understand what popular social media apps are and how they work. That way, you can be attentive to what they’re consuming and have an open conversation about using social media effectively.
5 popular social media platforms for teenagers and kids
To better understand social media platforms, we’re breaking down the five most popular social media apps that kids and teens are currently engaged in, along with some alternatives that you might not have heard about.
While you grew up watching cable television, chances are your kids are going up watching YouTube. A 2018 study out of the U.S. found that 81 per cent of parents with kids age 11 or younger let their kids watch YouTube videos, while 34 per cent say their child watches YouTube content regularly. Typically, kids enjoy watching content created by vloggers, as it’s a source of creativity, inspiration and shared passions—such as crafts, make-up, or gaming. The site also provides an option for younger kids called YouTube Kids, with family-friendly content and enhanced parental controls.
Instagram is all about images and video sharing. For example, if your kids are home all day with their cat, they’ll post it, along with the relevant hashtags (their cat may even have its own Insta account!). If they’re into fashion and just bought a new outfit, you’ll see photos from them at the store trying on the outfit and then at home styling it. The photos are usually filtered. Instagram is about sharing something at the moment.
TikTok has been like a lightning bolt to social media. About one-third of the users are between the ages of 10-19. Another 30 per cent are aged 29 and under. What are kids doing on TikTok? Dancing and participating in TikTok Challenges. So many of the viral dances that have become mainstream have started on TikTok, and teens are usually the ones leading the way. TikTok has also become a hot spot for music discovery. There are a lot of musicians posting music and kids either reposting or dancing to those tunes.
Snapchat is really is about being in the moment. All “snaps,” as they’re called, disappear within 24 hours or once all followers have viewed it. What kids are mostly doing, however, is creating Snapstreaks. Snapstreaks are when two friends snap at each other for consecutive days. These are all video messages, and friends try to keep the streak going for as long as possible, sometimes months. Kids and teens love it because it encourages interaction and communication between friends.
Twitch is a trending platform that’s designed mostly for online gamers. It allows users to watch live stream feeds of other gamers while they’re playing. With over 9 million active streamers, it’s one of the most popular streaming platforms around. Brands like United Masters, a platform for indie musicians, have partnered with Twitch to hold their conferences or other events. Esports are also incredibly popular with teens and are now broadcasting over Twitch.
Pros and cons of social media for kids and teens
Popular or not, there are good and not so good aspects of social media. Let’s walk through the pros and cons that parents should be aware of.
Pros of social media for youth
- Connecting with friends – This is probably the best part about social media. No matter where your kids’ friends are, they can still connect with them and interact, especially in scenarios where they can’t connect in-person.
- Learn new things – Believe it or not, social media has become a beacon of education, especially on platforms like YouTube. Even TikTok is being praised for its educational value as an alternative to teaching kids.
- Create a business – Kid and teen influencers on social media are earning some serious dollars through sponsorship deals. Even if your child isn’t an influencer, social media has become integral in helping kids launch and build their own online businesses.
- Entertainment and self-expression – Regardless of the platform, social media is an avenue for your kids to express themselves and have fun doing it. Whether that’s through dance, song, or comedy.
Cons of social media for youth
- Cyberbullying – For whatever reason, people can get really mean on social media. And kids are no different. They post hateful comments and can “gang up” on someone and say the most inappropriate and hideous things. Just because this doesn’t happen in real life doesn’t mean cyberbullying doesn’t have a real impact on your kids. It does.
- Could form bad habits – Excessive amounts of screen time could lead to some bad outcomes. Social anxiety, self-image issues, and even FOMO (fear of missing out) are potential repercussions of too much screen time. Kids need to separate what happens on social media from real life, and if they’re in front of a screen for half the time they’re awake, those lines might get blurred.
- Could negatively impact mental health – It’s easy for kids to look at the highlight reel of someone else’s life and feel bad about their own. The pressure to live up to some curated standard of living can prove too much for kids (or anyone, for that matter), which can negatively impact their mental well-being. Social media depression and addiction are common among young people, so it’s essential parents begin conversations at home to help set boundaries and limit scenarios where this concerns could present themselves.
Help kids use social media responsibly
If they’re not already, your kids are going to be on social media, and if you paid attention to the stats, they’re going to be on there a lot. As a parent, you should play a role in making sure what your kids see is fun, entertaining, and at least somewhat educational.
Mydoh is all about education. We want your kids to understand their finances and what it means to manage their money. The Mydoh Smart Cash Card and app help your kids learn, earn, save, and be responsible with where and how they spend their money.
This article offers general information only and is not intended as legal, financial or other professional advice. A professional advisor should be consulted regarding your specific situation. While the information presented is believed to be factual and current, its accuracy is not guaranteed and it should not be regarded as a complete analysis of the subjects discussed. All expressions of opinion reflect the judgment of the author(s) as of the date of publication and are subject to change. No endorsement of any third parties or their advice, opinions, information, products or services is expressly given or implied by Royal Bank of Canada or its affiliates.
Teach Your Kids How To Earn, Spend & Save Money
with the Mydoh App & | <urn:uuid:21ba8129-22d5-4cad-a773-59c64c1660e7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.mydoh.ca/learn/blog/lifestyle/social-media-for-kids-teens-pros-and-cons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.952259 | 1,732 | 2.625 | 3 |
The COVID-19 pandemic is rampaging across continents, leaving death, fear, and uncertainty in its wake. The virus is known to cause more severe illness and have a higher death rate in people who are already sick or immunocompromised, as well as the elderly. Several nations, states, and provinces have announced total lockdowns to try and minimize the impact of the virus.
With over 720,000 people affected so far, leaving nearly 34,000 dead, people with chronic medical conditions are naturally anxious and fearful. They wonder about their risk of becoming sick, as well as whether they can still get medical care and the medications they are currently on. One such condition is diabetes mellitus, in which the patient must often take the peptide hormone insulin with or without other medications to keep their blood glucose levels in check.
The American Diabetes Association says there is not enough data to show whether people with diabetes are more likely to get COVID-19 than the general population. The problem people with diabetes face is primarily a problem of worse outcomes, not a higher chance of contracting the virus.
Image Credit: Maya Kruchankova / Shutterstock
Are diabetic children at higher risk?
The European Society of Pediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) also says that there is no robust evidence that children with type 1 diabetes mellitus who have well-controlled blood sugar levels are at a higher risk for COVID-19 or severe illness. Moreover, children who catch the virus are typically at much lower risk for illness than adults.
Exceptions may exist in the case of children with poor control of diabetes or for children who are extremely obese, even though they are in good health otherwise. Such children may develop more complicated lung disease with COVID-19 infection. Such children should be cared for vigilantly to prevent this infection.
The usual preventive measures apply for both parents or caregivers and child patients: thorough and frequent handwashing, social distancing, and protective measures at all times. Online learning at home is likely to be a healthier option for children’s education at the present time.
If symptoms should develop in children with diabetes, medical advice should be taken over the phone to find out whether the child should be isolated at home to rest and recover, as is typically advised for mild cases, or should be taken to the doctor’s office. Management of the sick child in COVID-19 with diabetes follows the same “sick day” advice already outlined by the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD). The child’s endocrinologist should also be kept in the loop. Such children must have frequent monitoring for blood glucose and ketone levels, insulin must be continued, and the dosage increased as required.
Are diabetics more likely to catch the illness?
The American Diabetes Association says that in China, people with diabetes were much more likely to develop serious complications or to die of the infection – if one caught it, in the first place. Thus, prevention reduces the risk in these cases to below the baseline risk.
Like other viral infections, COVID-19 can cause the development of diabetic ketoacidosis in type 1 diabetics who have a failing pancreas. This can progress to sepsis and septic shock.
When to take alarm
As for others, diabetic patients should be careful to observe social distancing. The following are the emergency warning signs of COVID-19 in adults, and should prompt an immediate medical consultation:
- Breathing difficulty or shortness of breath
- Chest pain or pressure which is persistent
- New-onset confusion or difficulty in arousing to full consciousness
- Bluish discoloration of the lips or face
Will diabetics continue to get what they need?
Australia serves as a model in the area of ensuring people in isolation who have underlying medical conditions get the care they require.
In Australia from March 11, 2020, onwards, that the Department of Health has stated that neither insulin nor anti-diabetic medications are in short supply, nor any other products supplied through the National Diabetes Services Scheme (NDSS). As such, patients are advised not to buy increased supplies of any drug or product in order to stockpile it against future emergencies. Instead, diabetic patients may order their medications and other supplies, as always.
The various departments concerned with the care of patients and the supply of essential medications and devices are constantly communicating with each other and coordinating their services in order to ensure patients have access to up to date information. This will be crucial in allowing them to remain safe and healthy. There is also a nonstop hotline to call the government’s health information line in a time of need.
Telemedicine to the rescue
Secondly, the Diabetes Australia has passed on information from the government of Australia that it plans to provide telemedicine services which will be billed in bulk, to deliver medicines to patients’ doorsteps, to increase the budget to accommodate more staff to care for older patients and step up the capacity to provide medical services for aboriginal people living in remote places. To increase the efficiency of the deliver-to-home services, the government will allow pharmacies that can accept online prescriptions to participate.
The telehealth consultations under the Medicare services began from March 13, 2020. These online services will be provided by GPs, specialist doctors, nurses, and health workers allied to mental health services. Any Medicare beneficiary who is over 70, has chronic underlying medical illnesses such as diabetes mellitus, aboriginal people who are over 50 years, people with a weakened immune system for any cause, pregnant women, and those who need to look after their newborn infants, can avail of this consultation. | <urn:uuid:e60396fb-9381-48d4-a45c-373e8775a610> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.news-medical.net/news/20200329/Has-COVID-19-affected-diabetes-care.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.953727 | 1,170 | 3.578125 | 4 |
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The Historic Railroad Trail within Lake Mead National Recreation Area brings us into direct contact with the rich history of Hoover Dam and the creation of Lake Mead. It also provides some outstanding scenic views of the lake and its mountain setting. It is one of Southern Nevada's most unique trail experiences. Come along with us on this virtual hike. The history is as exciting as the recreation opportunities.
Uncover Railroad HistoryWalk, ride a bicycle, or roll a wheelchair along the historic railroad bed previously used to haul materials for the construction of Hoover Dam. The trail features incredible vistas of Lake Mead and Boulder Basin and five tunnels – each approximately 25 feet wide, 30 feet high, and 300 feet long.
The 3.7-mile (one way) Historic Railroad Trail takes us back to 1931 when the federal government partnered with Six Companies, Inc., a consortium of six major western construction firms, to build nearly 30-miles of railroad connecting the Hoover Dam and Boulder City with cement mixing plants, quarry pits, a gravel sorting plant, and other resources in Las Vegas needed to build the dam.
The railroad tracks were dismantled in 1962. This trail was established in 1992, and connection to the Hoover Dam became open to the public in 2007.
The entire trail is considered historically significant. As you begin, look for a rocky road on the south side of the railroad bed. This is believed to be the original road created for the construction of Hoover Dam.
Approaching tunnel #1, on the right, look down the ravine to see concrete plugs taken out of Hoover Dam to install the turbines.
Tunnel #1 has eight sections of vertical supports, five of which have horizontal planks to prevent rocks from falling onto the tracks. Fallen rocks would result in unwanted delays in the 24-hour dam-building schedule.
Tunnels #2 and #5 were damaged in fires in 1990 and 1978 respectively. Shotcrete was sprayed to prevent falling rock where original supports were burned or deformed.
As you near the dam there is the “bone yard” featuring archeological remnants of the original equipment – brought by the railroad - to build the dam.
Last updated: May 31, 2023 | <urn:uuid:35e47360-a796-4d24-b9dd-ecd8713b88da> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.nps.gov/lake/learn/historic-railroad-tunnel-trail.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.957344 | 455 | 2.90625 | 3 |
If you Google images of the Blue Mountains in Jamaica, your eyes are captivated by the deep green of the vegetation that covers the mountain, the calming blue of the sky and depending on the picture you have clicked on, the white clouds and mist that sometimes covers the top of the mountain. It is stunning. The Blue Mountains are the longest mountain range on the Eastern side of the Island, it is home to the world famous Blue Mountain coffee and was also the refuge for escaped enslaved Africans, known as the Maroons in 1655.
The origin of the name Maroon is unclear. It is widely agreed that the word is derived from the Spanish word ‘
Most of the information about Queen Nanny and her exploits with the Maroons comes from word of mouth. It is believed that she was born in the 1600s in modern-day Ghana as a member of the Ashanti tribe, a matrilineal society
Revered for her expertise in guerilla warfare, Nanny trained the Maroons in combat and led them in their fight against the British from 1728 to 1734. According to the Understanding Slavery Initiative, Queen Nanny taught her fighters how to disguise themselves with branches and leaves to resemble trees and ambush the British. These tactical skills were necessary as the Maroon rebels raided plantations to free slaves, gather food and arms, and then burn the estates.
She is believed to have been an Obeah woman and would use her powers to protect the soldiers she led. According to some accounts, she was also able to catch bullets with her bare hands and she single-handedly defeated a troop of British soldiers with a boiling pot of water. Queen Nanny was not just a spiritual woman and healer, she was also known for her wisdom and would encourage people to continue with the customs and traditions they had come with from Africa.
Some claim that she died in 1734 when Nanny Town was destroyed by British forces who claimed that they killed all the Maroons. However, other accounts claim that Nanny and other survivors managed to escape to a new hideout. According to the profile on her by the Jamaican Information Services, Nanny was still alive in 1739 when two treaties were signed by Quao and Cudjoe which granted land to Nanny and her Maroons where they built the New Nanny Town settlement. Other accounts have it that Nanny signed a Treaty with the British in 1740 and that she died in 1750.
What is undeniable is her courage and legacy. Her memory is immortalized in various ways; her portrait is on the $500 bill, her praises are written in poems and songs such as ‘Queen of the Mountain’ by Burning Spear. In 1982, the Jamaican government declared her a National Hero. She is currently the only woman to have been conferred with that honor. | <urn:uuid:a416f784-9c8f-4196-b785-938f6e1660bb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.nuorigins.com/nanny-of-the-maroons-the-queen-of-the-mountain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.986412 | 577 | 3.28125 | 3 |
The Oi Nai Cultural Festival is a time-honored tradition in Japan that celebrates the country’s rich cultural heritage. Held annually in various parts of Japan, this festival brings together people from all walks of life to celebrate the beauty of Japanese dance, music, and art. Whether you’re a tourist or a local, the Oi Nai Cultural Festival is a must-see event that you won’t want to miss!
In this article, we’ll take a closer look at the origins of the Oi Nai Cultural Festival and what you can expect to see at this incredible event. From traditional Japanese dances to street performances and local food stalls, the Oi Nai Cultural Festival has something for everyone. Discover the magic of this festival and add it to your list of must-see events in Japan!
The Oi Nai Cultural Festival is a celebration of Japan’s vibrant culture and heritage. Whether you’re a lover of traditional music and dance or simply looking for a new way to immerse yourself in Japanese culture, this festival is the perfect opportunity to do so. Get ready to be swept away by the sights and sounds of the Oi Nai Cultural Festival and let yourself be transported to a world of beauty and wonder.
Are you ready to experience the magic of the Oi Nai Cultural Festival for yourself? In this article, we’ll share some practical tips and strategies to help you make the most of your trip to this exciting event. From finding the best local accommodations to making the most of your festival experience, we’ve got you covered with everything you need to know. So what are you waiting for? Let’s dive in!
The Oi Nai Cultural Festival is a celebration of Japan’s rich cultural heritage.
Discovering the Origins of the Oi Nai Cultural Festival
The Oi Nai Cultural Festival has a long and fascinating history that dates back hundreds of years. Originally known as the Oi Matsuri, this festival was first celebrated in the Edo period (1603-1868) when it was held as a celebration of the local fishing community. Over time, the festival grew to become a celebration of Japan’s wider cultural heritage, with local communities coming together to showcase their unique traditions and customs.
One of the highlights of the Oi Nai Cultural Festival is the traditional Yosakoi dance, which originated in the city of Kochi in the mid-1950s. This high-energy dance is performed by groups of dancers dressed in colorful costumes and typically involves handclaps, drumming, and other traditional Japanese instruments. Other popular dances include the Awa Odori dance, which originated in Tokushima prefecture, and the Bon Odori dance, which is performed during the summer months in various parts of Japan.
While many of the festival’s traditions have evolved over time, the Oi Nai Cultural Festival remains a celebration of the rich and varied cultural heritage of Japan. From its origins as a small fishing festival to its current status as one of Japan’s most important cultural events, the Oi Nai Cultural Festival is a testament to the beauty and diversity of Japanese culture.
The Musical Performances of the Oi Nai Cultural Festival
Apart from the traditional Japanese dance performances, the Oi Nai Cultural Festival is also known for its diverse musical performances. From local choirs to traditional Japanese instruments like the shamisen and the shakuhachi, the festival offers a wide range of music styles for visitors to enjoy. One of the most popular musical performances is the taiko drum performance, which features groups of drummers playing traditional Japanese drums in a fast-paced and high-energy style.
Many of the festival’s musical performances are deeply rooted in the local culture and traditions of the region. For example, the festival held in the city of Sakata is famous for its local three-stringed instrument called the Tsugaru-jamisen, which is played by local musicians during the festival. Whether you’re a lover of traditional music or simply looking to explore Japan’s rich cultural heritage, the Oi Nai Cultural Festival is sure to offer something for everyone.
Celebrating the Beauty of Japanese Dance and Music
If you’re a fan of traditional Japanese dance and music, then the Oi Nai Cultural Festival is the perfect destination for you. Featuring a wide range of dance performances, including the famous Yosakoi dance and Awa Odori dance, the festival offers visitors a chance to experience the vibrant and exciting world of Japanese folk dance.
Along with dance performances, the Oi Nai Cultural Festival is also famous for its street performances, which feature a range of artists and performers from across Japan. From jugglers and magicians to street musicians and acrobats, the festival’s street performers are a truly eclectic mix of talent and creativity.
Finally, no visit to the Oi Nai Cultural Festival would be complete without sampling some of the local food offerings. From traditional Japanese street food like yakitori and okonomiyaki to regional dishes like soba noodles and takoyaki, the festival’s food stalls offer visitors a chance to taste the unique flavors of Japan’s different regions and traditions.
Exploring the Art and Craft of Japan at the Oi Nai Cultural Festival
In addition to traditional Japanese dance and music, the Oi Nai Cultural Festival also offers visitors a chance to explore the unique art and craft of Japan. From local pottery and woodwork to traditional Japanese calligraphy and painting, the festival’s art and craft stalls showcase the work of some of Japan’s most talented and innovative artists.
Whether you’re a collector of traditional Japanese art or simply an admirer of fine craftsmanship, the Oi Nai Cultural Festival is the perfect place to find unique and beautiful works of art. So why wait? Start planning your trip to this incredible event today and discover the beauty and wonder of the Oi Nai Cultural Festival for yourself!
Learning about Japanese Culture at the Oi Nai Cultural Festival
For those who want to learn more about Japan’s rich cultural heritage, the Oi Nai Cultural Festival is the perfect destination. Featuring a wide range of educational and informative events, including traditional Japanese tea ceremonies and cultural tours of the local area, the festival offers visitors a chance to immerse themselves in the beauty and wonder of Japanese culture.
Whether you’re a student of Japanese culture or simply looking to expand your horizons, the Oi Nai Cultural Festival has something for everyone. So why not plan your trip today and discover the magic of this incredible event for yourself?
Experiencing a One-of-a-Kind Cultural Immersion in Japan
The Oi Nai Festival is an annual cultural event held in Japan that attracts tourists from all over the world. The festival is a celebration of traditional Japanese culture and is events and activities centered on that theme.
One of the main draws of the Oi Nai Festival is the opportunity to experience Japanese culture in a way, unlike anything else. The festival’s activities are designed to immerse visitors in traditional Japanese culture – from the food, music, and traditional activities to the people decked in traditional attire, there’s always something to see and do at the Oi Nai Festival.
If you’re interested in learning more about Japanese culture and immersing yourself in the local way of life, the Oi Nai Festival is a must-visit. Not only will you have the chance to participate in events and activities that let you experience traditional Japanese lifestyle, but you’ll also get to make memories that will last a lifetime.
Exploring the Streets of the Oi Nai Festival
One of the best ways to experience the Oi Nai Festival is by taking a stroll along its vibrant and festive streets. The festival streets are lined with traditional Japanese stalls that sell all sorts of food, souvenirs, and trinkets. You can immerse in Japanese cuisine through the various food vendors that offer both traditional and modern cuisine in the festival.
Additionally, you’ll be able to witness traditional Japanese arts and crafts, such as kimonos and traditional ornaments. The streets are decorated with traditional lanterns, ceramics, and wood crafts made by different communities. You can also see traditional performances of Japanese folk music and get to see Japanese drums performances.
Simply walking along the streets is an experience in itself- you’ll get to experience the rush of the festival activities and feel the camaraderie with the locals who participated in the celebrations.
Participating in Traditional Japanese Games and Activities
The Oi Nai Festival offers visitors plenty of opportunities to participate in traditional Japanese games and activities. You can try your hand at fishing, kite flying, and even dance the traditional Bon-Odori dance. You can also engage with the locals, learn some Japanese customs, interact with people from various regions and immerse yourself in Japanese culture.
These games and activities provide a unique opportunity for visitors to learn more about the Japanese way of life and how traditional Japanese cultural activities have evolved over the years. Engaging in these activities will leave you with a greater appreciation for the culture and its people.
Bringing Home a Piece of Japan through Festival Souvenirs
Another great aspect of the Oi Nai Festival is its wide variety of unique souvenirs and keepsakes. These souvenirs are perfect for those who seek a physical reminder of their visit to the festival. From Japanese beauty products to traditional Japanese souvenirs, you can shop at different stalls, producing a unique blend of different regions in Japan that provides different kinds of items.
One of the most coveted souvenirs of the Oi Nai Festival is the kimono, the traditional Japanese attire famous worldwide. You can buy traditional kimonos from the local community who attends the festival every year, perfect for those looking to bring a piece of Japan’s esteemed culture back home.
Additionally, other traditional souvenirs like masks, figurines, ceramics, embroidery, and bags can provide a taste of authentic Japanese culture for visitors who wish to take home a physical reminder of their trip.
Sampling Local Japanese Cuisine
Food is a crucial part of the Oi Nai Festival. You can taste from diverse food vendors that offer both traditional and modern Japanese cuisine. You can try some edamame, takoyaki or ramen offered alongside modern food like burgers and hotdogs.
Tasting the festival’s local cuisine is an excellent way to be immersed in the community’s culture and get to learn more about the history and traditions associated with various local Japanese dishes. You can also take home some local sweets and snacks to enjoy a taste of Japan even after the festival.
Be sure to come with an appetite and a curious spirit- there are always new flavors to discover and new tastes to experience at the Oi Nai Festival.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What is the Oi Nai Cultural Festival?
The Oi Nai Cultural Festival is a festival that celebrates Japan’s cultural heritage.
What can visitors expect from the festival?
Visitors can expect to discover the origins of the festival, experience traditional Japanese dance and music, immerse themselves in Japanese culture, and bring home souvenirs.
Where does the Oi Nai Cultural Festival take place?
The festival takes place in Japan.
Would you like to check out our article ‘Why Travel Insurance is Essential for Every Trip‘ in this category?
Check out video on YouTube for more information. | <urn:uuid:2ce1dabb-1fe7-4982-8ff9-3f1b40010eb0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.odysseyroute.com/the-oi-nai-cultural-festival-of-japan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.935357 | 2,428 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Koi Krylgan Kala, Karakalpakstan
Koi Krylgan Kala (Koy-Krylgan Kala) holds a special place among the many Zoroastrian ruins in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. Located 30 kilometers east of ancient Khorezm, Uzbekistan, its name translates from the ancient Khorezm language as "Fortress of Dead Sheep". This once-majestic outpost forms part of the Ellik Kala (50 Fortresses) citadels and is distinguished by its atypical circular construction.
Koi Krylgan Kala was discovered by chance in 1938 during an expedition led by renowned archaeologist Sergei Pavlovich Tolstoy. Dated to the 4th-3rd centuries BC based on the ceramic fragments and bronze arrowheads found within its walls, Koy-Krylgan was considered the oldest building in all of Central Asia at the time of its discovery.
The fortress was built by Khorezmian architects using local materials, most notably clay. It dominated its corner of the Kyzylkum Desert until the beginning of the 1st century AD, when it was likely destroyed either by Saka nomads or a huge fire. Koi Krylgan Kala had an unusual circular shape and a total diameter of 90 meters, inside of which was a two-story citadel with a diameter of 42 meters and a height of 8 meters. The outer 7-meter wall was flanked with 9 towers and surrounded by a moat. Between this outer wall and the inner fortress was a space filled with buildings, including pantries used to store grain and food supplies in the event of an extended siege.
The fortress is presumed to have been a Zoroastrian temple dedicated to the water goddess Anahita and the sun god Siyavush. Its inhabitants left ossuaries in the fortress, and some speculate that ritual ceremonies were once held here at the tombs of ancient Khorezmian rulers. A separate theory suggests that astronomical research was also carried out at the temple. Although many questions remain, the fortress has shed considerable light on our understanding of the history of Khorezm.
From 1950 to 1957, another expedition in Uzbekistan conducted excavations at Koy-Krylgan Kala and concluded that the fortress was revived at the beginning of the 2nd century AD. During these excavations, fragments of centuries-old walls were discovered which have proven helpful in the study of ancient Avestan scripts. | <urn:uuid:a92657c9-4d4b-403c-96ce-6a578ae68422> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.orexca.com/uzbekistan/karakalpakstan/koi-krylgan-kala.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.969902 | 521 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Developmental Biology, 7.5 Credits
In the course you will learn how a cell can develop into an organism with hundreds of different cell types. When the fertilized egg divides and develops into an embryo, it occurs through differential gene expression. The course deals with the various stages in the early development of the fertilized egg, which includes cell differentiation, cell migration and organogenesis. The course covers how the embryo obtains its three-dimensional shape. You will also learn how evolution has affected embryo development by studying different model organisms. The course introduces experimental methods in developmental biology.
Level of education
First cycle, has less than 60 credits in first-cycle course/s as entry requirements (G1F)
School of Science and Technology | <urn:uuid:8ba63b94-8581-44ed-b7b9-e3cc6a2655b4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.oru.se/english/study/exchange-studies/courses-for-exchange-students/course/developmental-biology-bi306g | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.940211 | 150 | 2.703125 | 3 |
A Bachelor of Science is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years. This course is fundamentally based on the basic principles of scientific studies namely Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry. B.Sc (Non-Medical) syllabus has been mindfully designed to offer students an all-inclusive insight into the dominant theories and basic concepts of science. Subjects usually studied under this degree are Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry, Computer Science, Computer Applications etc. Candidates who are interested in computer science and information technology can also opt for a Bachelor of Science [B.Sc] degree. With the advancements in the domain of science and technology, this programme has become one of the most studied degree courses in Indian Institutions nowadays.
- To make the students aware about the scientific developments in the world
- To make the students employable in the industries who are core chemical producers, biotechnology driven and electronically sound.
- To enable the student understands about different temperaments and emerging scientific tools and equipmen
Bachelor of Science (BSc) offers theoretical as well as practical knowledge about different subject areas. These subject areas include Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Biology and other fields depending on the specialization a student opts. This programme course is most beneficial for students who have a strong interest and background in Science and Mathematics. The course is also beneficial for students who wish to pursue multi and inter-disciplinary science careers in future. Following are the various programme outcomes:
- This course forms the basis of science and comprises of the subjects like physics, chemistry, biology, zoology and mathematics.
- It helps to develop scientific temper and thus can prove to be more beneficial for the society as the scientific developments can make a nation or society to grow at a rapid pace.
- After the completion of this course students have the option to go for higher studies i.e. M.Sc. and then do some research for the welfare of mankind.
- After higher studies students can join as scientist and can even look for professional job oriented courses.
- This course also offers opportunities for serving in Indian Army, Indian Navy, Indian Air Force as officers.
- Students after this course have the option to join Indian Civil Services as IAS, IFS etc.
- Science graduates can go to serve in industries or may opt for establishing their own industrial unit.
- B. Sc. graduates have a wide variety of options available in terms of topics, subjects, & field.
- They have an option to pursue a post-graduation degree in their respective field.
- Students can also join non-science master degree courses such as animation, management, and journalism computer technology, etc after the completion of B.Sc. degree.
- The degree widens a candidate’s job scope for B.Sc. (Non-Medical) significantly as they are eligible to work in many sectors of the industry.
- Graduates also have the option to join the teaching stream which provides considerably greater job security.
Minimum percentage and others criteria for admission will be as per UGC/ Concerned Regulatory Bodies.
Provided below are the criteria that need to be met for the given course.
For National Students
- 10+2 or its equivalent with Physics, Chemistry & Mathematics.
For International Students
- Rule framed by University Grants Commission (UGC) and notified in its website www.ugc.ac.in will be followed for deciding the eligibility and admission of International students to various courses offered in Om Sterling Global University, Hisar.
|03.||Classical Mechanics and theory of relativity|
|04.||Electricity Magnetism and Electromagnetic Theory|
|05.||Chemistry Lab.- I|
|06.||Physics lab.- I|
|09.||English (Compulsory) English Literature and Language-I|
|04.||Properties of Matter and Kinetic Theory of Gases|
|07.||Ordinary Differential Equations|
|09.||English (Compulsory) English Literature and Language-II|
|10.||Computer Awareness Level I|
|02.||Chemical Bonding Laboratory|
|03.||Computer Programming and Thermodynamics|
|04.||Wave and Optics -I|
|07.||Partial Differential Equations|
|01.||Physical Chemistry for the Biosciences|
|02.||Physical Chemistry for the Biosciences Laboratory|
|04.||Waves & Optics- I|
|06.||Number Theory and Trigonometry|
|02.||Green Chemistry Laboratory|
|03.||Quantum and Laser Physics|
|06.||Sequences and Series|
|07.||Special Functions and Integral transforms|
|01.||Instrumental Methods of Analysis|
|02.||Instrumental Methods of Analysis Laboratory|
|03.||Solid State and Nano Physics|
|04.||Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy|
|06.||Groups and Rings|
How to Apply
You can fill-up the Admission Enquiry Form below if you have any queries regarding the admission procedure of B.Sc. (Non-Medical). Now, if you are unable to decide on which programme to choose, feel free to reach out to us via the FREE tele-counseling button. If you have decided that you pursue B.Sc. (Non-Medical) and start a highly-rewarding career in this domain then go ahead and fill-up the Online Application now.
- September 25, 2023
- September 5, 2023
- July 10, 2023
- May 1, 2023 | <urn:uuid:3db45891-c68b-41e9-95ac-e07507a9b86f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.osgu.ac.in/programs/b-sc-non-medical/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.861023 | 1,185 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Our Educational Library
Every year, the volunteers of the Pacific Beach Coalition elect an animal or a plant in danger and every year the slogans are voted by the community over Fog Fest weekend. We use the Earth Hero Honoree as an educational theme to educate adults and children about these wonderful creatures and how WE can help them by changing some of our habits.
Earth Honoree of the Year
Here is a list of all our Honorees since 2011:
2023 Nudibranch – “Ocean hugs for Sea Slugs“
2022 Mission Blue – “Mission Blue Needs You“
2020-21 Albatross – “Be a Boss – Help the Albatross“
2019 Kelp – “We all need a little Kelp“
2018 Sea Stars – “Sea Stars, Sea Change“
2017 Dolphins & Porpoises – “Make a Splash by Ending Trash!“
2016 Sea Otters – “Healthy Waters, Healthy Otters“
2015 Native and Coastal Bee – “Bee the Change, Bee an Earth Hero!“
2014 Snowy Plovers – “Little Things Matter“
2013 Sharks – “Take a bit out of litter!“
2012 Sea Turtles – “Be Turtley Cool“
2011 California Gray Whale – “Make a Whale of a Difference“
We generally post or link to educational resources that align or apply primarily to our field and education programs with the focus on wildlife, pollution prevention as well as local, regional and statewide environmental issues affecting our coastal ecosystem in San Mateo County, the Bay Area, California and West Coast.
However, like the migration of whales or seabirds we often see along our shores, or the flow of runoff to our ocean from our creeks or streets, we understand global issues such as the Pacific Gyre “Garbage Patch” or marine debris traveling on ocean currents knows no boundaries. Pollution in our environment- regardless where we live – impacts us all on Planet Earth.
From toddlers to pre-schoolers to high school and college students, our youth education program brings coastal stewardship right into the classroom. Each year during Earth Week from Pacifica to Half Moon Bay and Montara, our young Earth Heroes take the pledge to protect and are inspired to value and appreciate their environment. After a week filled with school assemblies presented by experts and aligned with science standards, our coastline becomes their classroom where students are joined by their families to “take action”. All ages connect to not only experiential learning in the field, but also to an entire community of Earth Heroes. Over the years, our youth education program has also included after-school programs.
In 2019, we lead 18 school assemblies from Pacifica to Half Moon Bay allowing 6000 to 7500 kids to come back home with a better understanding of the marine ecosystem and the dangers of marine debris.
In mid 2019, we started the Naturalist program which consists in bringing naturalists to our monthly beach cleanups. These well trained professionals have been educating thousands of volunteers about the trash found on the beach, the local environment and the marine eco-system. This has so far been a very well received program love by adults and children.
Consider sponsoring our education programs by making a tax deductible contribution or in-kind donation at any time of the year.
For Teachers or Parents Doing Home Schooling
1. Ready to Print Activities from the Teacher Toolkits
The information available in our resource library highlights and supports our annual educational theme to inspire and teach environmental stewardship. Here is a list of the teacher toolkits we put together for teachers and parents doing homeschooling:
Nudibranch – Teacher Toolkit and Activities
Mission Blue – Teacher Toolkit and Activities
Albatross – Teacher Toolkit, Fun Facts
Kelp – Teacher Toolkit, Fun Facts
Sea Stars – Teacher Toolkit, Fun Facts
Dolphins & Porpoises – Teacher Toolkit
Sea Otters – Teacher Toolkit, Fun Facts
Native and Coastal Bees – Teacher Toolkit
2. Activity Sheet for Extra Credits
We were very excited to put together an activity sheet that teachers can print and give to their students to earn extra credits. It includes a table to fill, a graph bar to create and a short paragraph to write.
This piece was first created by 2 teachers from a school in San Carlos but we made it more generic to give every teachers a chance to use it.
For Students or Home School Children
1. Community Service Hours
If you are a student and need a form to fill out your Community Service Hours, feel free to use the one we created for you. You can fill out all the information your school needs. Remember to bring it to each beach cleanup or habitat restoration events you attend in order for our site captains to confirm and sign your hours!
2. Track Your Plastic Footprint
This is an easy way to know how much plastic you consume at home. We might not notice it but everything that is put in a garbage bag ends up in the local landfill and a large amount will actually end up in the Ocean! To make a difference, we invite you do to this exercise at home with your parents.
We invite you to learn more on how you can be an Earth Hero – every day!
Please contact us if you’d like to us to consider an educational resource or relevant information that meets our guidelines. | <urn:uuid:6e7b14e0-e8dc-46bd-ad9b-e6d445fb1bc1> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.pacificbeachcoalition.org/learn/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.927815 | 1,132 | 2.609375 | 3 |
As a fancier examines racing pigeons, an assessment of their wings is performed. Are there characteristics of the racing pigeon wing structure that can be used as a predictor of flight and racing performance? If so, what are they? In this two-part article, we will take a closer look at the flight mechanism of the racing pigeon and the desired qualities in the structure of its wing.
A Look at the Flight of the Racing Pigeon
The wings of a racing pigeon function to bring the bird up into the air, keep the bird in the air, propel it forward and allow it to maneuver. As the bird glides, its wings are similar to that of an airplane and its lift is a result of its forward movement. When flapping, the wings function both to lift and to propel the bird forward.
Unfortunately, examination of the wing structure can provide no evidence of the bird’s ability to maneuver. But, the fancier can, through wing examination, somewhat determine the bird’s ability for lift and forward propulsion.
Assessing the Wing for Lift
As you examine the wing for lift, there are four qualities you will assess:
- Curve of the wing
- Feather quality
- Wing surface area
- Shoulder support of the wing
Let’s discuss each of these in greater detail.
Curve of the Wing
When we talk about the curve of the wing, we are referring to the curve, ‘hump’ or camber you see on the top of the outstretched wing as you look at it from the front. This curve makes it possible for the bird to achieve its lift.
In order to achieve the lift, a lower air pressure is needed on one side of the wing compared to the other. This is accomplished through the curve of the wing—the air takes longer to pass over the top ‘humped’ surface of the outstretched wing, causing lower air pressure above the wing in relation to the pressure of the air passing over the flat, lower surface of the wing. The air pressure difference creates a force acting upwards, or the ‘lift’.
This phenomenon is known as the Bernoulli principle. Bernoulli proposed that air has two pressures– a dynamic pressure generated by moving air, such as that felt by someone walking into the wind, and a static pressure, which is simply the weight of the air. The combination of these two equals the total air pressure and must always be the same. Therefore, as air flows faster its weight must become less. This means that air rushing over the curvature of the top surface of the wing generates a low pressure area, resulting in lift.
Using this principle, the force of the bird’s lift must be enough to support its weight in order for the bird to easily maintain its height. So, you need to look for a noticeable camber, or curve, in the bird’s outstretched wing. This is a desirable quality versus a flatter wing. It is difficult to say just what is the perfect curvature, however, a flatter wing will cause the bird to have to use more energy in staying aloft, fatiguing quickly.
The air needs to flow around the wind smoothly in streamlines. If the air cannot flow in unbroken streamlines, it develops eddies which lead to turbulence. This turbulence prevents a smooth air flow, resulting in a loss of lift and an increase in wing drag. The drag of the wing refers to its resistance to its passage through the air.
Good feather quality is necessary for the bird to achieve maximum lift. Readily assessed by examination and handling, good feather quality is genetic trait plus the result of good nutrition and care.
Wing Surface Area
The surface area of the wing influences the lift the bird is capable of. With more air acting upon a big wing, there is an ability to develop more lift. However, though the surface area includes the length and width of the primary and secondary feathers and you would assume the bigger the wing the better, when it comes to flight propulsion, there are limits on the size of the primary feathers. We will look at that further in the second part of this article.
In evaluating the feathers as part of the wing’s surface area, take note of the secondary flight feathers. These should form a full and complete base in the outstretched wing to ensure maximum lift. However, the size of the secondary feathers should not compromise the action of the primary feathers.
If the secondary feathers are long in relation to the primaries, then the flight will be fast, yet energy-draining and of short duration. On the other hand, if the secondary feathers are short, the flight may be more energy-efficient and sustained but will be slower. Ideally, for endurance racing, the most efficient design is secondary feathers just slightly shorter in length than the first primary feather, which is the one closest to the body.
Shoulder Support of the Wing
The length of the humerus bone, the one that runs from the bird’s shoulder to its elbow, is another characteristic that can be assessed during examination of the racing pigeon’s wing structure. The length of this bone varies per bird and affects the functioning of the wing.
Muscles attaching to this bone, such as the supracoracoideus muscle, enable the up-pull of the wing above the bird’s back after the downward stroke. As the bird becomes more fit, these muscles become fuller and more firm along with the pectoral muscles, which are the muscles enabling the down stroke, also pulling on the humerus.
There is no known optimal length for the humerus bone but it should be proportional to the rest of the wing. This provides not only a strong wing base but also maintains the correct supporting angle for the wing. The angle of the wing is important in the creation of additional lift.
As the bird angles the leading edge of the wing up into the air current, it results in additional lift. With the wind edge lifted, the air flows downwards off the rear of the wing, creating a ‘downwash’ which adds to the lift. The greater the tilt of the wing against air flow, the greater the downward deflection of air and the greater the lift generated. However, past a certain point, the wing edge elevation can create so much resistance that forward flight is impossible.
For the sustained flight, an elevation of 4° from the flat is the best position of the outstretched wing. Less than that, the drag may be lower but the lift is small. No elevation of the wing edge, as in the case of the bird flying with a straight, level wing, is not economic in flight. But, as the wing angle increases to 15°, the lift will disappear, causing the bird to stall.
Other Factors Affecting Lift
Two other factors affect the bird’s lift— air density and the air speed. With air density, more lift is created when on hot days when the air is thin and light. This lighter air results in less air passing over the wing, preserving the bird’s energy in flight.
With air speed, as the air flows faster over the wing, there is less pressure above the wing. This results in a greater lift. Doubling the air speed over the bird’s wing will quadruple the lift.
You have probably seen this in action if you have noticed how a bird with outstretched wings can appear to suddenly rocket towards the sky when facing the wind on the loft roof. On the other hand, you have seen the difficulty birds have in achieving a descending altitude when attempting to land in a strong wind.
This concludes our review of the wing structure in relation to lift. In the second part of this article, we will look as the structure of the racing pigeon’s wing in relation to propulsion in flight. | <urn:uuid:1ab02949-d531-43e8-a423-9a457823a57c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.pigeonracingpigeon.com/whats-new/racing-pigeon-flight-and-wing-structure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.948351 | 1,625 | 3.59375 | 4 |
It's always a good thing to remind ourselves of the basics -- efficient development processes come from the foundation of Lean management!
Lean management focuses on minimizing waste to maximize flow and productivity. In other words, Lean is a process and a set of principles for optimizing the throughput of a system.
What is the history of Lean Management?
The precursor to Lean management is the Toyota Production System (TPS), which focused on respect for people, making work visible, continuous improvement (Kaizen), long-term planning and active problem solving.
The result was better products, delivered faster, with greater consistency at a lower cost--that met customer needs.
Lean management principles
From TPS, Lean management principles were developed to improve product development. Here are the core principles of Lean.
Value is defined as something the customer is willing to pay for. Therefore, the elimination of internal steps and processes that don’t increase customer value are opportunities for improvement.
A fundamental principle of Lean management is smooth, continuous flow. This is achieved by eliminating turbulence caused when the flow through any process is stopped. This can be because the resource is overloaded, offline, or not available for some reason. Such interruptions reduce flow and decrease throughput of the system.
Critical steps in maintaining flow include making work visible, minimizing queues and constraining the Work in Progress (WIP).
Visual management is critical because it (obviously) allows you to see the work. When work is visible, it's then possible to see the queues so that you can eliminate them and keep the work flowing.
Managing Work in Progress is important because systems loaded at a high capacity have very long cycle times. By effectively managing and constraining the WIP you can reduce loading and increase throughput.
Every day the team isn't working on the correct priorities extends the project one day. While this delay seems small at first, they build up over time and exponentially extend the project. By ensuring the team is working on the right thing at the right time, a continuous state of flow is maintained.
Pull systems have many benefits over push systems. They naturally reduce multitasking and manage WIP. And when they are used in conjunction with prioritization of work, they ensure the resource is always doing the most important thing. This not only maintains a high level of throughput, it increases the value of the work that is getting done as well.
In Lean, the primary goal is to constantly improve the system. Fortunately there are many proven improvement opportunities for companies that are in the early stages of their Lean journey.
Once you have made the work visible, you can implement standup meetings that provide fast feedback and enable the team to clear blockages. A good step after that is to implement decentralized planning by getting feedback from the people that will actually do the work. This makes the plans more accurate and it increases buy-in from the team. But don’t forget, this is product development so plans change. So it’s important to implement a rolling wave planning process where you make updates based on progress, and add new details for the next two weeks. Planning ensures that everyone on the team has correct priorities and the progress is never stalled. In other words, maintain a steady state of flow to optimize throughput!
Implementing Lean management can be a sea change in organizational approach to product development, but the results are worth the effort!
Want to know more about the cause of project delays? Watch this video.
Guide to Lean Project Management
Guide to Lean
Science and economics behind “failing fast”
Lean Product Development the Opportunity of the Century
Lean Product Development Case Study
Principles of Lean Product Development
Lean Product Development Value Chain
Get started with Lean Product Development
Cultural Resistance to Lean
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Virginia environment officials say they will soon begin monitoring the air near a public elementary school outside the town of Radford amid concerns that pollution from an Army weapons plant there is endangering people’s health.
For the first time in the more than 65 years since the facility, the Radford Army Ammunition Plant, began burning hazardous explosives and other waste without environmental controls, the monitoring will measure how much lead reaches the surrounding community. Officials may add the capability to measure arsenic, chromium and other pollutants as well.
In July, ProPublica reported that open burning of hazardous waste was standard practice at U.S. military facilities despite the fact it has been banned by law for years at almost every other type of industrial operation. The Radford plant is just one of at least 51 military sites across the country where dangerous materials are burned on a regular basis, according to documents obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency and reported by ProPublica.
The Department of Defense and environmental regulators have insisted that the burns are safe, but those assurances have relied on computer models to estimate the pollution and officials had never measured the actual emissions — either at the burn sites within the boundaries of the military bases, or in the surrounding civilian residential areas.
According to the federal toxic release inventory, the Radford plant is the single largest polluter in Virginia, responsible for millions of pounds of toxic chemicals every year. Some who live near Radford fear that the pollution has contributed to poor health in the region, including unusually high rates of thyroid disease and elevated rates of cancer in the surrounding counties.
But the health links have never been studied and no measures have ever been taken of the reach of the actual pollution from the plant.
Earlier this month, a draft EPA report obtained by ProPublica showed that the first tests of the burn pollution taken by Army officials inside the plant detected higher levels of some pollutants than previous computer models had estimated. Arsenic was emitted at rates 37 times greater than what federal officials had previously estimated when determining the burns were safe for public health. Lead — dangerous to children’s cognitive development — was emitted at five times the level estimated to be safe. Cadmium, silver and methyl chloride also exceeded previous estimates.
The new air monitor will be purchased by the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, with a grant from the EPA, and will cost $26,000. It will mainly detect lead levels, but a DEQ spokesman says arsenic and chromium may also be part of the monitoring.
According to the spokesman, the monitor’s installation has been planned since the spring, and is unrelated to ProPublica’s reporting about the open burn practices in Radford. The monitor is being installed to comply with new EPA guidelines requiring monitoring for facilities that are known to emit lead in excess of new federal ambient air quality standards proposed by the EPA in 2015. In numerous interviews with the agency’s staff over the past four months, plans to install the monitor were never mentioned.
Once in place, the monitor could provide the first concrete answers for a region that has been seeking them more than a half a century. DEQ officials could not say when the monitor would begin operating or how soon its findings would be available to the public. | <urn:uuid:a6b0114a-9ddd-43ff-8023-baecd45ab7c7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.propublica.org/article/at-last-air-monitor-set-to-test-for-lead-near-military-open-burn-site | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.96702 | 658 | 2.921875 | 3 |
In 2010, paleontologists Lü Jun-chang, Fucha Xiao-hui, and Chen Jin-mei named Fenghuangopterus lii, a small pterosaur from Liaoning, China. Fenghuangopterus was found in rocks of the Tiaojishan Formation, famous for its exquisitely preserved Middle Jurassic fossils. Fenghuangopterus is named for Fenghuang Mountain in Liaoning, but also references the mythological bird known as a “Fenghuang,” sometimes considered to be a Chinese phoenix.
It’s known from a single well-preserved specimen, made up of a mostly complete skull with teeth; the neck, torso, and base of the tail; both shoulders and wings, and the hips and both legs. The skull is crushed and can be seen from the left side with much of the palate and interior side of the right mandible visible. Its total length was just under 8 cm (just over 3 inches) and is roughly triangular in profile. The upper jaws have 11 teeth on each side, and are widely spaced. The oral margin of the upper jaw isn’t a straight line, instead the gaps between the teeth are concave. The teeth themselves are narrow and conical in cross-section, and slightly recurved. Unlike many pterosaurs of the Jurassic, the teeth of Fenghuangopterus are oriented more-or-less vertically.
The remainder of the skeleton is largely present and articulated, missing only the tips of both wings, and the middle and end of the tail. From snout to hips, the body was roughly 30 cm (12 inches) long and the total wingspan is roughly 95 cm (three feet). In life, Fenghuangopterus was roughly the same size as a pileated woodpecker, but with longer, narrower wings. Only the base of the tail is preserved, but similar pterosaurs had fairly long tails that were mobile at the base and stiffer at the end. Additionally, many well-preserved specimens of complete long-tailed pterosaur tails show vertical vanes and other ornaments at their tips, so it’s likely that Fenghuangopterus was similarly adorned.
Lü and colleagues regarded Fenghuangopterus as the earliest scaphoganthine, a small group of long-tailed pterosaurs with distinctive teeth and jaws known from Late Jurassic rocks. In addition to Fenghuangopterus, this group also includes Scaphognathus from Germany, Sordes from Kazakhstan, and Harpactoganthus from the USA. Scaphognathines are members of the Rhamphorhynchidae, a large family of fish-eating pterosaurs known from the Middle and Late Jurassic. Most other rhamphorhynchids have teeth oriented forward and outward, unlike scaphognathines. The rhamphorhynchids are among the pterosaurs most closely related to the short-tailed pterodactyloids which originated in the Late Jurassic and would come to dominate the Cretaceous skies.
Rhamphorhynchids had relatively long and narrow wings, similar to living swifts and swallows. The narrow wings and long tail allowed rhamphorhynchids to be fast and acrobatic fliers. Fenghuangopterus was a carnivore that focused largely on fish, and the environment of the Tiaojishan Formation at the time it was deposited was a temperate forest with a large number of lakes and rivers, offering many opportunities for hunting. | <urn:uuid:8eb095c4-a3dd-4975-a0b6-c16e5528a80a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.pteros.com/pterosaurs/fenghuangopterus.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.954847 | 757 | 3.734375 | 4 |
The Role Of Overcommunication At Work With 3 Examples: Is It Good Or Bad?Communication is the foundation of any successful workplace. It helps to build trust, create a positive company culture, and foster collaboration. Overcommunication, in particular, has become increasingly important in today’s remote work environment. But what exactly is overcommunication, and how does it differ from other forms of communication? In this blog post, we will explore the role of overcommunication in the workplace. We will discuss its benefits, such as avoiding confusion, providing purpose, building a positive company culture, and creating accountability. We will also cover when over-communication can go wrong and strategies for effective overcommunication. By the end of this post, you will better understand whether over-communication is good or bad for your workplace. Let’s dive in!
What is Overcommunication, and what is its importance?Overcommunication refers to excessive or redundant communication beyond what is necessary or productive. It can involve providing abundant information, repeating messages unnecessarily, or inundating others with constant updates or notifications. In today’s work culture, communication is vital, and overcommunication is crucial in ensuring everyone is on the same page. However, over communication goes beyond what is expected or necessary, and while it can be instrumental in remote work settings, it needs to be appropriately managed. Maintaining an open line of communication through constant updates can help build trust within the team and foster a positive work culture. Still, excessive communication can lead to information overload and decreased productivity. Therefore, striking a balance between effective communication and overcommunication is critical to achieving success in the workplace.
How Overcommunication Differs from Under communicationBalancing communication in the workplace can be a challenge. Over-communication and under communication are two extremes that can both lead to negative consequences. Undercommunication can result in misunderstandings and mistakes, while over-communication can lead to information overload and confusion. Finding the right balance between too much and too little communication is crucial. When used effectively, over-communication can improve collaboration and productivity. However, it’s essential to refrain from excessive or unnecessary communication that could harm productivity rather than help it.
How Overcommunication Differs from Information OverloadIn today’s information age, it’s easy to confuse overcommunication with information overload. Although the two may seem similar, they are distinct phenomena that affect employees differently. Over-communication is the excessive communication of information, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. Information overload, on the other hand, refers to the feeling of being overwhelmed with too much information. While both can lead to decreased productivity and increased stress levels among employees, employers should focus on creating open communication channels and setting expectations for communication frequency to avoid overcommunication.
Benefits of Effective OvercommunicationEffective over-communication can provide several benefits to the workplace, such as;
- Enhanced clarity: Overcommunication ensures all relevant information is shared, leaving no room for ambiguity or misunderstandings. This can be particularly useful in complex projects or when dealing with critical instructions.
- Alignment and coordination: Over-communication can facilitate better coordination among team members or departments, helping to align efforts, prevent duplication of work, and ensure everyone is on the same page.
- Handling emergencies or crises: During emergencies or crises, overcommunication becomes crucial. Rapid and comprehensive dissemination of information can enable quick response, minimize risks, and ensure the safety and well-being of individuals involved.
- Customer satisfaction: In customer-facing roles, over-communication can be beneficial. Providing regular updates, offering proactive assistance, and being responsive to customer inquiries can enhance customer satisfaction and loyalty.
- Managing remote or distributed teams: Over-communication can be valuable when working with remote or distributed teams. Frequent check-ins, virtual meetings, and consistent updates can bridge the distance gap, foster collaboration, and maintain a sense of connection.
Other Interesting Reads
Strategies for Effective OvercommunicationCreating an effective overcommunication strategy is crucial to avoid misunderstandings and improve teamwork in the workplace. Here are some strategies;
Keep it SimpleEffective communication is essential in the workplace, but it can be challenging to strike a balance between providing enough information and overloading team members with too much. That’s where keeping it simple comes in. When communicating with colleagues, it’s essential to use clear, concise language that everyone can understand. Avoiding technical jargon or expressions that may not be familiar to all team members can help ensure that messages are received and understood as intended. Additionally, repeating critical information help reinforce its importance and clarify any confusion. Check out “How To Practice Effective Communication In Leadership: A Guide For Leaders“
Hold Short, Frequent MeetingsHolding short, frequent meetings can effectively prevent miscommunication and keep everyone on the same page. These meetings can discuss project status updates, address concerns, and clarify expectations. Regular check-ins allow team members to identify and resolve issues before they become larger problems quickly. It’s important to ensure that these meetings are focused and have a clear agenda to avoid wasting time. Technology like video conferencing can make it easier for remote team members to attend and participate in these meetings. Check out “What Time Management Skills Do For A Manager? A One-stop Guide“
Mix-Up Modes of CommunicationIn today’s digital age, several modes of communication are available to us, from email and messaging apps to video conferencing tools. Mixing up the modes of communication can help ensure that important messages are received and understood. By using multiple channels, such as email, phone calls, and in-person meetings, you can prevent miscommunication and reach team members who prefer different forms of communication. Additionally, choosing the appropriate mode of communication depending on the urgency and complexity of the message can lead to effective over communication and better collaboration among team members. Check out “Effective Communication Styles At Work: Which One Should You Pick?“
Be Open to FeedbackBuilding a culture of open communication is crucial to effective over communication in the workplace. Encouraging feedback and active listening can help prevent misunderstandings and improve team dynamics. When team members feel comfortable sharing their thoughts and ideas, they’re more likely to be invested in the project’s success and the company. In addition, regular check-ins and follow-ups ensure everyone is on the same page while creating a culture of openness and trust. In turn, this leads to better collaboration, improved productivity, and, ultimately, growth for the business.
Don’t Wait on News; Share Information before it’s a ProblemIn today’s fast-paced work environment, it’s easy to fall into the trap of waiting for news to come to us. However, effective over communication means taking a proactive approach and sharing information before it becomes a problem. Waiting on the news can lead to misunderstandings, missed deadlines, and wasted resources. By creating clear communication channels and expectations, teams can ensure everyone is on the same page and that important information is shared on time. Regularly scheduled meetings or check-ins can keep everyone up-to-date without overwhelming them with too much information.
Over communication examples
- Excessive Email Updates: A team leader bombards their team members with frequent and lengthy updates on minor developments or routine tasks, leading to email overload and decreased productivity. The constant flow of information can make it difficult for team members to identify and prioritize important messages.
- Micromanagement: A manager excessively checks in on employees, constantly requesting progress reports and task updates, even for routine or well-defined projects. This excessive monitoring can create a sense of mistrust, hinder autonomy, and impede employee productivity.
- Repetitive Meetings: A team holds multiple weekly meetings, often discussing the same topics or providing redundant updates. These meetings consume significant time and can leave employees feeling overwhelmed and frustrated, as they could have utilized that time for focused work.
ConclusionOvercommunication can be a powerful asset for remote teams to stay connected and on track. It is a way to avoid confusion, keep everyone informed, and build a positive company culture. However, over communication can become overwhelming if not executed effectively. The key is to strike a balance and use strategies that work best for your team. For example, keep communication simple, hold short and frequent meetings, mix up modes of communication, be open to feedback, and don’t wait on the news. By implementing these strategies, you can create effective overcommunication in the workplace that will benefit your team’s productivity and overall success. Want more tips on to establish effective communication among your team and become a better manager, sign up for Risely- Manager’s Buddy!
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What is an example of overcommunication?
An example of overcommunication is constantly sending unnecessary and redundant messages or updates to team members, inundating them with excessive information that hinders their productivity and focus.
Is it possible to overcommunicate?
Yes, it is possible to overcommunicate. Overcommunication occurs when there is excessive communication, which can lead to information overload, decreased productivity, and frustration among team members.
When and why is over-communication important?
Overcommunication can be important during emergencies, crises, or when there is a need for transparency and alignment. It helps ensure clarity, coordination, and timely dissemination of crucial information.
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5 Proven Ways Managers can Build Collaboration in a Team In today’s fast-paced world, team collaboration is the key to success. But, not all workplaces are conducive to collaborative teams.… | <urn:uuid:02abebdf-54fc-4494-b3a0-62be03cf4076> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.risely.me/overcommunication-at-work-good-or-bad/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.916058 | 2,112 | 2.625 | 3 |
On Friday 10th September, Year 1 children had a fantastic time at their ‘Toy Day’. They began the day by playing with different old toys, after which they carried out some archaeology, digging to find lots more. They then had to sort the old toys into different materials and order them from oldest to newest. In the afternoon, they took part in a craft session during which they were able to make a selection of old toys such as cup and ball, a cork boat, a spinning top and a fishing game. The children enjoyed the day and loved learning lots of new things about toys from the past. | <urn:uuid:e9d7b661-a5ea-40da-8a9b-303daf27cb37> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.saintnicholasschool.net/2021/09/21/toy-day-in-year-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.992056 | 127 | 2.578125 | 3 |
A short while later, Noah Webster, later famous for his dictionary, went after Jefferson, noting that thermometers, which Jefferson loved, were terrible ways to record data and his micro-climate observations didn't mean anything.
While it was great to see men who didn't know what they were talking about argue about how clueless the other was, it was left to a woman, Eunice Foote, to do some science. In 1856 her experiments established a modern understanding of the greenhouse effect and the heat-trapping effects of CO2.
Thanks to Peter Caires and BBC Ideas, you can get the scoop in a breezy short piece below.
- 1799: Thomas Jefferson, Noah Webster And The First Global Warming Debate
- The Doomsday Lobby: How Hype And Panic Impact Science Funding
- Survey Suggests Children Of Gay Fathers Are Well Adjusted
- NIMBY-ism May Be Why Renewables Won't Make A Difference In The US
- First Nationwide Survey Of Climate Change Education | <urn:uuid:3727046a-6aa7-4f85-97f8-203257ac8ac7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.science20.com/content/while_men_talked_about_climate_change_eunice_foote_pioneered_the_science | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.949313 | 206 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Spare a thought for the Juan de Fuca tectonic plate, not long for this world (in tectonic plate terms) as it slowly slides under the continent of North America. Geologists are hoping it can help solve one of the biggest mysteries in their field – how tectonic plates die.
The Juan de Fuca plate is the last remnant of the much bigger Farallon plate, which has been disappearing under North America for tens of millions of years. It's the perfect opportunity to study how plates eventually get swallowed up, and how that might cause seismic and volcanic activity on the surface.
In particular, researchers William Hawley and Richard Allen, from the University of California, Berkeley, are interested in a gap that's appearing in the Juan de Fuca plate – which may in fact represent a tearing of the plate way down below the surface.
"The tearing not only causes volcanism on North America but also causes deformation of the not‐yet‐subducted sections of the oceanic plate offshore," write the researchers in their newly published paper.
"This tearing may eventually cause the plate to fragment, and what is left of the small pieces of the plate will attach to other plates nearby."
All the rock that gets buried as a plate is subsumed has to go somewhere, and the large-scale deformations and breaks that can occur aren't easy for scientists to predict or map.
Using data from 217 earthquakes and more than 30,000 seismic waves, Hawley and Allen have been able to put together a detailed 3D picture of this particular part of the Cascadia Subduction Zone. Specifically, they identified which parts of the rock were from the Juan de Fuca plate.
They found what looks like a tear more than 150 kilometres (93 miles) deep, and it matches a previously identified area of weakness on the Juan de Fuca plate at the surface, known as a propagator wake.
The researchers suggest that as the Juan de Fuca plate turns and twists, parts of it are being pulled off and separated, creating the gap that experts have observed. Some of it might even live on as part of another plate.
More evidence is needed to be sure of what is happening here, but the hypothesis matches seismic activity around southern Oregon and northern California, as well as unusual patterns of volcanism in the region.
Those unusual patterns are the volcanoes known as the High Lava Plains in southern Oregon, where the newest eruptions are at the wrong end of the series from where geologists would expect them to be, based on the direction of drift of the North American tectonic plate.
Fresh volcanic activity caused by the propagator wake and deeper weakness in the Juan de Fuca could perhaps explain this anomaly, the researchers suggest.
As Juan de Fuca disappears, further research – as well as readings from the EarthScope project and the Cascadia Initiative, which were used in this study – should shed more light on how tectonic plates die, and how they've formed the world we live on.
"In many ways, when we're looking at these things, we're looking back in time," seismologist Lara Wagner from the Carnegie Institution for Science, who wasn't involved in the study, told National Geographic.
"If we don't understand how those processes work[ed] in the past, where we can see the whole story and study it, then our chances of seeing what's happening today and understanding how that might evolve in the future are zero."
The research has been published in Geophysical Research Letters. | <urn:uuid:464c0b5b-1667-4396-afdf-25a001b560ab> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sciencealert.com/a-tectonic-plate-is-breaking-apart-under-oregon-and-its-slow-death-is-fascinating-geologists | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.962618 | 730 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Some have gone so far as to say that asteroid mining could grow to become the world's first trillion dollar business, but that still remains to be seen.
So far, Luxembourg and the US are the only two countries in the world who have begun to take legal action toward securing property rights for commercial companies who could, one day, collect rare and precious resources from asteroids.
Last November, President Barack Obama signed the Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act into law, which provides all private US companies the right of ownership over any non-living space resources it can retrieve, be them from asteroids or comets.
While Luxembourg has yet to establish any laws on this point, it's taking definitive steps toward doing so. On Wednesday, the government announced in statement:
"Amongst the key steps undertaken, as part of the spaceresources.luinitiative, will be the development of a legal and regulatory framework confirming certainty about the future ownership of minerals extracted in space from Near Earth Objects (NEO's) such as asteroids."
A lucrative business
This makes NEOs a popular target for aspiring asteroid mining companies - like the US companies Planetary Resources and Deep Space Industries - who would rather have asteroids come to them than chase these objects across the solar system.
One step Luxembourg is considering that the US has not yet considered is directly investing in private companies looking to strike it rich in space. And Planetary Resources is excited at the prospect.
"We commend the Government of Luxembourg in leading the world by establishing this new resource industry, thereby enabling the economic development of near-Earth asteroid resources," Chris Lewicki, who is the president and CEO of Planetary Resources, said on the day of the announcement. "Planetary Resources looks forward to working with Luxembourg."
While scientists are still getting a handle on the exact chemical composition of asteroids, there's evidence to suggest that these objects contain significant traces of a precious chemical element called platinum, which is used in everything from turbine engines to jewellery.
Right now, platinum is going for US$29,000 per kilogram. And according to a 2000 paper, a modest sized asteroid - about half a mile wide - could yield up to 130 tons of platinum, worth about $3.5 billion.
NASA estimates that about 879 near-earth asteroids - at least 0.6 miles (0.9 km) across - exist. While that's potential for a lot of wealth, companies still have to develop the technology to mine these asteroids, and then purchase a rocket to transport that technology to space, which isn't cheap.
Time will tell if these ambitious companies succeed in their endeavours. However, it's safe to say that they have at least gotten the attention of wealthy countries like the US and Luxembourg that could help pave the way toward a future for space miners.
This article was originally published by Business Insider.
More from Business Insider: | <urn:uuid:ae25029c-6cdf-4b08-a92b-cd145745a8a9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sciencealert.com/a-tiny-european-country-just-made-an-unprecedented-move-in-the-space-mining-business | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.954427 | 587 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The badge consists of two parts: photographic film and a holder. The film emulsion is black and white photographic film with varying grain size to affect its sensitivity to incident radiation such as gamma rays, X-rays and beta particles.
The silver film emulsion is sensitive to radiation and once developed, exposed areas increase in optical density (i.e. blacken) in response to incident radiation. One badge may contain several films of different sensitivities or, more usually, a single film with multiple emulsion coatings. The combination of a low-sensitivity and high-sensitivity emulsion extends the dynamic range to several orders of magnitude. Wide dynamic range is highly desirable as it allows measurement of very large accidental exposures without degrading sensitivity to more usual low level exposure. 2b1af7f3a8 | <urn:uuid:a92bab63-1002-4b1c-8faf-18b3881e2e15> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sgcarshoppers.com/forum/general-discussions/black-badge-download-movies-best | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.933617 | 164 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Views: 244 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2019-08-17 Origin: Site
Film blowing machine is very useful. It produces films in a good way. The film produced by the machine is resistant to perforation, high transparency and multi-face fastness. The machine manufacturer is using the latest technological innovations to increase its productivity. Each machine has different prices, features and functions.
This machine of the friction drum heats and melts the plastic particles to produce the film rolls. First of all, the dry polyethylene granules are added into the hopper. The operators monitor the weight of the particles when they are moving from the hopper to the screw. At the time when the granules get in contact with the sloping thread edge turning slants then they go on in the process. The collision and friction of the particles take place in the drum.
There is a heated cylinder present in this machine. External heat is provided to this cylinder in such a way that it melts down the plastic particles. When this plastic comes reaches a molten state, it is filtered through the head. This head is present in the equipment which is useful in eliminating the impurities from the die. When the molten plastic becomes pure, then it is sent to the wind ring cooling section. In this section, the machine starts cooling the plastic to the maximum. In this way, the plastic blows through the collapsing plate. After that, it moves on the traction roll to produce the film. In the end, the machine winds down the finished film into the roller.
Every blown film machine has a unique structure. It is a multi-function machine that provides financial backup. When you plan to purchase this machine, you must check its function. You must choose one that suits your needs and budget. It will definitely bring a return on investment. This machine can blow two films of different widths and styles at the same time. It can produce ecological material films.
These machines could easily blow films of different sizes made from a variety of materials. Materials that can be used to make films include LLDPE, LDPE and HDPE. You can choose different sizes of screws according to your specific requirements. The film can be produced in different widths.
There are many devices that you could add with the Film blowing machine. Each device has a particular function and capacity. One of these devices is auto-winder device. It could be added to the blowing machine without any problem. This device is optional but not available separately. The manufacturers sell it along with the machine. There are several advantages to this auto-winder device. The device can be used not only with single-layer blown film machines, but also with other blown film machines. If you need to buy, you can ask the manufacturer to provide it and the blow molding machine. | <urn:uuid:49043aa1-ff8e-4262-9db0-f7d1ddd94991> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.silstar-cn.com/en/film-blowing-machine-of-the-friction-drum.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.93688 | 578 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Current issue: 57(2)
Under compilation: 57(3)
Traditional timber production may have negative effects on other ecosystem services. Therefore, new forest management guidelines have been developed in order to enhance a habitat suitable for wildlife. In Finland, a recent example of this is grouse-friendly forest management (GFFM) which emphasises the preservation of grouse species (Tetronidae) habitats. This study aimed to analyse the economic effects of these guidelines. An analysis was made on how the application of GFFM affected the Net Present Value (NPV) in a 30-year simulation of forest management of four large forest holdings located from south to north in Finland. In the simulations, traditional forest management practices were compared to two levels of GFFM. Five levels of interest rate were used, namely 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%. In most of the simulations, the NPV was reduced by about 1% or less due to the application of GFFM in comparison to the traditional reference forest management. Only in one case with more intensive GFFM, was the reduction of NPV more than 5%. The interest rates had an impact on the differences between the management approaches. For example, a low interest rate resulted in a higher thinning intensity in GFFM in comparison to traditional forest management, which lead to a higher NPV in GFFM. To sum up, it seems that it would be possible to manage forest holdings in a grouse-friendly manner with minor effects on the economics.
Moose (Alces alces L.) browsing causes severe damage in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedling stands. The effects of this damage on the quality of sawlogs were studied in a long-term controlled experiment. This article reports the stem size and external quality characteristics of Scots pine stems 34 years after artificial moose browsing damage. Damaging the trees by clipping the main stem at the seedling stage reduced the diameter, height, and tree volume of the trees at the end of the experiment. The tree growth reduction was dependent on the severity of clipping. The differences between the damaged and the control trees were more obvious in diameter than in height at the time of final felling. Stem form defects and vertical branches were the most typical externally detectable defects caused by clipping. Defects in the butt logs were detected in 71–89% of the damaged trees, depending on the clipping treatment severity. The stronger the clipping treatment, the more likely the stem form was defected and the more commonly were vertical branches and crooks detected in the stems. The results indicate that both tree dimensions and stem quality suffer from moose browsing. The findings of this controlled experiment more likely underestimate than overestimate the damage in comparison to real moose browsing. Further analyses are required to assess the effects of browsing damage on the internal quality of sawlogs and subsequent economic outcomes.
We modelled the effect of habitat composition and roads on the number and occurrence of moose (Alces alces L.) damage in Ostrobothnia and Lapland using a zero-inflated count model. Models were developed for 1 km2, 25 km2 and 100 km2 landscapes consisting of equilateral rectangular grid cells. Count models predict the number of damage, i.e. the number of plantations and zero models the probability of a landscape being without damage for a given habitat composition. The number of moose damage in neighboring grid cells was a significant predictor in all models. The proportion of mature forest was the most frequent significant variable, and an increasing admixture of mature forests among plantations increased the number and occurrence of damage. The amount of all types of plantations was the second most common significant variable predicting increasing damage along with increasing amount of plantations. An increase in thinning forests as an admixture also increased damage in 1 km2 landscapes in both areas, whereas an increase in pine-dominated thinning forests in Lapland reduced the number of damage in 25 km2 landscapes. An increasing amount of inhabited areas in Ostrobothnia and the length of connecting roads in Lapland reduced the number of damage in 1 and 25 km2 landscapes. Differences in model variables between areas suggest that models of moose damage risk should be adjusted according to characteristics that are specific to the study area.
There is evidence that moose are attracted to fertile growth habitats apparently due to better quality and larger quantities of food. The nutrients in mineral soils originate from the weathering of bedrock and the composition of parental bedrock affects the fertility of produced mineral soil, thus affecting also the import of nutrients into the whole food web. We surveyed the connection between moose damage in forest plantations and the composition of bedrock and surficial deposits in Finnish Lapland. We used a database of compensated moose damage in private forests in years 1997−2010. Undamaged stands in National Forest Inventories (NFI) from years 1986–2008 served as a control data and moose-damaged NFI-stands as a reference data. Bedrock and surficial depositions and the location of studied stands in relation to ancient shorelines were explored by using the digital databases of the Geological Survey of Finland. Moose-damaged stands were concentrated in southwestern and east Lapland in the areas of the Peräpohja Schist Belt and Lapland’s Greenstone Belt that are both composed of nutrient-rich rocks. The bedrock of damaged stands contained a higher proportion of mafic and alkaline rocks than did the control stands. Moose-damaged stands were pine-dominated and grew in more fertile forest sites than did control stands. Part of pine stands probably located in soils formerly occupied by spruce, which may increase the stands’ vulnerability to biotic threats. Especially, there were relatively more moose damage in pine plantations regenerated on fine-grained mineral soils derived from nutrient rich rocks than in less fertile soils.
The occurrence of moose damage was studied using data from three National Forest Inventories (NFIs) accomplished between 1986 and 2008 in Finland. The combined data included a total of 97 390 young stands. The proportion of moose damage increased from 3.6% to 8.6% between the 8th NFI (1986–1994) and the 10th NFI (2004–2008). The majority (75%) of the damage occurred in Scots pine-dominated stands. The proportion of damage was higher in aspen-dominated stands than in stands dominated by any other tree species. The tree species mixture also had a clear effect on the occurrence of damage. Pure Scots pine stands had less damage than mixed Scots pine stands, and moose damage decreased linearly with the increasing proportion of Scots pine. Stands on mineral soil had more frequent moose damage than stands on peatlands. The fertility class of the site had no straightforward effect on the damage frequency. Artificially regenerated stands had more damage than naturally regenerated stands. Accomplished soil preparation measures and the need for thinning or clearing operations increased moose damage. High proportions of moose damage in young stands were found around the country. In the 10th NFI, the largest concentration of damage was found in southwestern Finland. Our study shows the temporal and spatial changes in the occurrence of moose damage and pinpoints some important silvicultural factors affecting the relative risk of young stands over a large geographical area. | <urn:uuid:3a685e7d-e1ac-4925-8416-35da36bef648> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.silvafennica.fi/author/4692 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.961922 | 1,507 | 3.015625 | 3 |
A picture of two males lions making love was taken from Masai Mera National Reserve, Kenya.
Paul Goldstein, a travel guide from Wimbledon, UK, witnessed the two male lions while giving a tour in the reserve.
“It only takes a few seconds for a male and a female lion to mate,” “But these two male lions continued the act for nearly a minute,” Goldstein said.
Goldstein also added that these two male lions stroked each other which showed to be an act of “affection” after they finished mating.
Homosexuality among lions is rare, but still often seen. In fact, 8% of the lions’ sexual intercourses is known to be done between males.
Although lionesses also share homosexuality, such lioness couples are usually found in zoos rather than wildlife.
Animal homosexuality is common in nature and about 450 species are recorded to be having homosexual relationships.
It also reported that in some species the animals refuse to mate with opposite sex.
“Sex is not just about making babies, it’s a way of running a group,” says zoologist Peter Bockman. “Homosexuality is a normal behavior in some animals species,” he added.
What do you think of their loving act? Share your thought on the comments below!! | <urn:uuid:7bcd40cd-88d8-436c-9e31-7322667522f6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.smalljoys.tv/homosexual-lions-caught-on-video/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.967954 | 282 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Summer sun brings childhood fun, but experts warn it also brings skin cancer dangers, even for kids.
“Don’t assume children cannot get skin cancer because of their age,” said Dr. Alberto Pappo, director of the solid tumor division at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital in Memphis, Tenn. “Unlike other cancers, the conventional melanoma that we see mostly in adolescents behaves the same as it does in adults.”
His advice: “Children are not immune from extreme sun damage, and parents should start sun protection early and make it a habit for life.”
So, this and every summer, parents should take steps to shield kids from the sun’s harmful UV rays.
Those steps include:
- Avoid exposure. Infants and children younger than 6 months old should avoid sun exposure entirely, Pappo advised. If these babies are outside or on the beach this summer, they should be covered up with hats and appropriate clothing. It’s also a good idea to avoid being outside when UV rays are at their peak, between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m.
- Use sunscreen. It’s important to apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen to children’s exposed skin. Choose one with at least SPF15 that protects against both UVA and UVB rays. Pappo cautioned that sunscreen needs to be reapplied every couple of hours and after swimming — even if the label says it is “water-resistant.” However, sunscreen should not be used on infants younger than 6 months old because their exposure to the chemicals in these products would be too high, he noted.
- Keep kids away from tanning beds. Melanoma rates are rising among teenagers, partly due to their use of indoor tanning beds. Use of tanning beds by people younger than 30 boosts their risk for this deadly form of cancer by 75 percent, according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
- Get children screened. Early detection of melanoma is key to increasing patients’ odds of survival. Children with suspicious moles or skin lesions should be seen by a doctor as soon as possible, Pappo advised. Removing melanoma in its early stages also increases the chances of avoiding more invasive surgical procedures later on, he added.
There are more sun-safety tips at the Skin Cancer Foundation.
Source: SOURCE: St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, news release, May 2018
Copyright © 2018 HealthDay. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:07de5b95-92fa-41a9-b6db-68f9a68714fb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.smgoregon.com/bmc-health-hub/pediatrics/comes-sun-kid-sun-safety/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.952367 | 527 | 3.046875 | 3 |
When people make it to Mars, they’ll need somewhere to stay. There aren’t many building materials available on the Red Planet. But a compound found in the shells of insects may help. That’s the finding of a new study.
Because Mars is so far away and bringing supplies from Earth so costly, astronauts will need to make a lot of what they’ll need. “The problem is that you need to do it in a place that is the opposite of Earth,” explains Javier Fernandez. A materials scientist, he works at the Singapore University of Technology and Design. He was part of a team that developed a new material that may work to create buildings on Mars.
Earth has plenty of building materials. There’s abundant stone, wood, metals and more. But on the Red Planet, Fernandez says, “The only thing that you have is the soil, the sand, that covers Mars.” Astronauts also will have whatever wastes they create. The team’s new material uses a mix of Martian soil and a compound found in fungi and the shells of crustaceans and insects. Called a composite (Kum-PAAS-it), this material mix could offer one way to use up the discarded shells of insects that may be grown as food on Mars.
To make their composite, the researchers developed a simple process. First, it removes and modifies a compound, called chitin (KY-tin), from shrimp cells. The process also would work for the chitin in insect shells. Then, the scientists mixed that material with regolith. It’s a rocky mixture that imitates Martian soil. The composite was similar to concrete and brick in strength and in density (or weight per volume). With a mold to shape their composite, the scientists made a working wrench. They also 3-D printed a small model of a Martian habitat.
The researchers tested different recipes for their building material. Those recipes differed in how much chitin and regolith were used. To determine how well these blends would work for building, the scientists tested the materials’ strength and resistance to bending.
Materials that use waste and plentiful resources can help tackle big challenges, Fernandez says. And this composite could make it easier to colonize Mars.
After a chemical treatment that makes it easier to use, chitin becomes “chitosan.” Researchers mixed it with an imitation Martian soil, called “regolith,” in varying ratios (plotted on the x-axis). They measured the properties of these mixtures, called composites. White bars (strength) show how much stress a composite can take before bending. Dark bars (bending resistance) quantify composite’s resistance to bending.
- The researchers measured the stress a material can take before it bends and its resistance to bending. Why do you think they considered these two qualities when evaluating their composites?
- Look at how the light and dark bars change as the mixture contains more regolith (increasing from left to right on the x-axis). How does the mixture change with increasing amounts of regolith?
- Which ratio of chitosan to regolith is the best for building? Why?
- Which is the worst? Why?
- Think about some common materials used to build: stone, brick, concrete and metal. What other properties might the researchers want to think about in engineering their building materials?
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How Learning a New Language Can Help a Child’s DevelopmentBrooks
Learning a language at an early age is popular because as the brain develops, it can remember and store more information. It is advantageous for children in school, especially the ones in elementary school, because they have the disposition, guidance, and preparation they need to succeed.
Teaching a young mind is essential. Otherwise, they may not develop the various skills that they need to succeed in their daily life. Learning a new language means speaking to a wider group of people and diving into a different culture. This can teach children to look at their culture and the world as a whole from a different lens.
Learning a new language can help a child’s development in many different ways. Over time, it can become a part of their personality and help them reach greater heights. Starting as young as possible is the best way to ensure that the learning process has a greater impact and better results.
Learning a new language won’t seem like a struggle or a challenge for kids, especially when they learn through games and with the appropriate techniques. However, this knowledge teaches them more than how to speak to a wider group of people. Learning a new language allows children to analyze and learn from the diverse aspects of life that make it unique.
Whether they learn with classmates, a teacher, or a parent, walking along the same path with someone else will make a child more empathic. Through their lessons, they’ll learn how to work with others and grow empathetic for cultures other than their own.
Every subject you teach your child can help them create new paths in their brain and enhance their development. For example, the various types of art, like writing or painting, develop on the right side of the brain, while rational thought develops on the left side.
Problem solving is a necessary skill in life; it’s the ability to rely on yourself to find solutions. Most jobs value employees with these skills because they look for solutions and don’t feel stuck in the problem.
Opens Better Doors
Language is a reliable connection between countries; it’s challenging to learn every language, but speaking two or more will eliminate language barriers. This connection creates new paths and opportunities for the future for most careers, work options, or traveling.
A school curriculum with essential elementary Spanish materials will make learning fun and simple, especially when teaching small kids. It’s never too early to start thinking about your kid’s professional and career development. With several languages under their belt, they’ll achieve results no matter where they go.
Memory and Concentration
The left side of the brain is in charge of critical thinking and logic, two of the main factors that will improve memory and concentration.
Concentration is one of the core elements of any development, and this skill will benefit children throughout their futures. Teaching children how to focus their attention on learning a new language will greatly impact other areas of their lives, too. They can apply the same learning techniques to schoolwork, sports, and hobbies and progressively grow their abilities.
Learning a language comes with cultural baggage, and thoroughly studying the language and culture can help children understand it better. Traveling is one of the main ways to learn, but watching shows or documentaries about language differences will benefit small kids.
Growing up knowing a different language will spark curiosity to learn more. Day-to-day traditions and routines work differently worldwide, and embracing those differences and learning from them can create a better present for everyone.
Like stretching helps your body become more flexible, learning a new language will develop a child’s mental flexibility to think outside the box. A closed mind creates barriers, preventing growth and minimizing stimulation. A flexible mind, on the other hand, will encourage children to grow as empathetic human beings.
Some of the best activities to help a child’s development and mental flexibility are physical activities, playing problem-solving games, and learning a new language. All of these activities will create new neural pathways and give a child the tools they need to thrive.
With so many different cultures, traditions, opportunities, and realities out there, nurturing tolerance in children is one of the best ways to make the world peaceful. Children who don’t experience diversity have limited knowledge of the world outside their own, which can cause intolerance and anger.
If you want your children to grow up to become good people, it all starts with the right education. Promoting mental flexibility and teaching young minds about different cultures can benefit them well into the future.
Navigate Different Environments
Sometimes, the same formula will help with different situations. Learning a language has different techniques than learning other subjects, but they all go on the same path. Think of it like running; children must first learn how to walk before taking on bigger tasks.
Navigating different environments with the right formula and preparation will lead to resiliency. After learning a language, children will have a basis for how to develop this skill. This can make learning other languages easier, opening the door to different opportunities.
Learning a new language at an early age might seem like a just another topic, but it’s bigger than that. Once kids reach a certain age and understand the importance of language and communication, they will also learn the value of knowledge. Having this understanding can help in boosting their confidence.
Many adults struggle with their confidence, especially regarding their skill set as it relates to work and education. Learning a new language will give children the tools they need to deliver results in the future with confidence.
The ability to communicate effectively and find solutions might seem unnecessary at a young age, but with time, children will learn what a powerful tool language is. Every child is different, but if you take the time to teach them these skills, they’ll reap the rewards for the rest of their life. | <urn:uuid:726c4df4-3919-4945-b4e9-0c2958da5380> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sonrisasspanishschool.com/blog/how-learning-a-new-language-can-help-a-childs-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.946672 | 1,211 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Sustainability has never been more vital than it is today, which is why an environmental assessment is an integral stage of any building project.
In many cases, local authorities are now making sustainability assessments a mandatory requirement, so it’s important to understand how sustainability ratings are evaluated and calculated.
The most comprehensive environmental assessment is the BREEAM certification.
In this article, we explain what BREEAM certification is, how buildings are assessed for sustainability, and how your project can achieve a ‘BREEAM excellent’ rating.
What Is the BREEAM Rating System?
The BREEAM rating system is designed to provide a measure of a building’s environmental performance, taking into account important factors such as energy consumption, construction materials and environmental impact.
BREEAM is an independent, third-party rating system which can be applied to individual buildings, construction and infrastructure projects and wider communities.
‘BREEAM’ stands for Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method and the rating system was first implemented in the UK in the 1990s. Although it was originally a voluntary assessment, local government authorities and councils now regularly use the system to assess a building project’s overall sustainability.
Since it was first developed, the BREEAM rating system has become the foremost international rating system. An Excellent BREEAM accreditation is highly desirable, demonstrating that a building project is sustainable and has minimised its effect on the surrounding environment.
This not only helps architects and developers obtain building regulations approval, but it impacts the world more positively.
The BREEAM rating system provides a building with an overall score based on certain factors. These are:
- Health and wellbeing
- Land usage
The BREEAM assessment is carried out by an accredited BREEAM Assessor, who provides a benchmarked percentage score and an overall BREEAM rating for a building.
The ratings are broken down into six classifications, based on the overall percentage score provided:
- Outstanding (minimum 85%)
- Excellent (minimum 70%)
- Very Good (minimum 55%)
- Good (minimum 45%)
- Pass (minimum 30%)
- Unclassified (less than 30%)
The highest possible BREEAM accreditation is an Outstanding score, which can only be achieved through a pass mark of 85% or above. The minimum score needed to pass the accreditation is 30%. Below this, a building will be unclassified, meaning they are not accredited by the BREEAM rating system.
How Are Buildings Rated Through BREEAM?
BREEAM is an independent measure of sustainability, and that means a building can only be assessed by a qualified and impartial BREEAM Assessor. This ensures that BREEAM’s high standards are met, while providing the measure with a level of integrity that’s recognised internationally.
An independent BREEAM Assessor generally carries out two separate assessments of a building.
First, they’ll provide a measure of sustainability during the Design Stage of a construction project, and a certain level of accreditation may be required for planning applications to be approved. The second stage of assessment is carried out after the building has been built, providing a final measure of sustainability and highlighting areas for future improvement.
Throughout both stages of assessment, a BREEAM Assessor primarily focuses on ten distinct areas of sustainability in order to arrive at a final BREEAM accreditation score.
BREEAM accreditation takes into account energy efficiency. This means looking at which energy sources are going to be used throughout the building’s lifespan, how much energy a building is going to waste and how energy efficiency can be improved. A BREEAM Assessor will also look at how much carbon output a building is likely to generate and how this might be reduced.
The management of a project is incredibly important and BREEAM looks at how management teams work towards reaching sustainability goals. BREEAM provides an assessment of management policies in relation to the environment and best sustainability practices at every stage, from design through to completion.
BREEAM accreditation takes into account how much water a project is going to consume. This is measured in terms of the water needed to build and the water needed to sustain a building while it is being used. BREEAM assesses overall water usage and water waste, as well as water management policies.
BREEAM Assessors examine how much waste is going to be produced as a result of the construction project. This takes into account the waste produced during the construction phase and the waste that’s likely to be generated after it is complete. The ultimate goal is to reduce waste as much as possible and projects are marked accordingly on their ability to do this.
A project should minimise the level of pollutants it releases into the surrounding environment. BREEAM measures the total pollutants that a project will release throughout its lifespan, with the goal being to minimise pollution and, if possible, remove the potential for pollution entirely.
- Health and Wellbeing
A BREEAM assessment doesn’t only look at the physical qualities of a building but takes into account the health and wellbeing of the people who will live or work inside it. The health and wellbeing category measures important factors including health and safety, evacuation procedures, ventilation and light levels.
BREEAM assesses the sustainability of materials that have been used in a building’s construction and any materials that may be needed for future maintenance. The aim is to promote sustainable design and this takes into account the type and source of materials used and how they are used.
BREEAM accreditation takes into account how a project is connected to sustainable modes of transport. The aim is to promote integration into existing public transport networks, thereby reducing carbon emissions and improving the overall sustainability of a project.
- Land Usage
BREEAM looks at the impact a project has on the surrounding land, ensuring that land use is sustainable. This category looks at whether a site is brownfield or greenfield and it assesses the impact that a project will have on existing wildlife habitats and biodiversity.
The final category for assessment is innovation. This broad category examines how a project goes beyond the norm to achieve sustainability. BREEAM Assessors will take into account innovative new designs and systems that are being used and developed in order to improve the overall sustainability of a building or community.
What Is BREEAM Excellent?
BREEAM Excellent is one of the highest accreditations that can be awarded to a building or project through the rating system. A BREEAM Excellent certification is one of the best benchmarks to aim for, demonstrating that a project is sustainable and environment-friendly in design and operation.
BREEAM estimates that only around 10% of assessments are given the coveted Excellent award. A higher benchmark than Excellent is Outstanding, but this is much more difficult to achieve. BRE estimates that less than 1% of projects achieve this status and this level of certification is reserved for industry innovators.
How Do You Achieve BREEAM Excellent?
BREEAM Excellent is the most sought after accreditation.
The first step in gaining Excellent accreditation is to appoint a dedicated BREEAM Assessor to oversee your application. A BREEAM Assessor will hold the BREEAM accredited Assessor qualification, and they have the skills, knowledge and license necessary to carry out the accreditation process on your building or project.
In order to be awarded the BREEAM Excellent status, an application must receive a minimum score of 70%. This percentage is calculated from the number of ‘credits’ that a building is awarded. Each of the different categories, such as waste or water, has a total number of possible credits attached to it. The overall score is calculated based on the number of credits scored in each category.
To achieve BREEAM Excellent, a building must demonstrate its sustainability credentials across the entire range of categories, not just in one single area. However, certain categories are given higher weightings than others and this is based on what is deemed to be most essential in terms of sustainability. This weighting can vary depending on whether a building is residential or commercial.
Important areas of the BREEAM assessment to focus on for a BREEAM Excellent certification are:
Energy accounts for the largest weighting in the BREEAM accreditation assessment. The percentage of points awarded in the energy category is up to 22.5%.
Energy efficiency is required for Building Regulations approval, so this is an area that should be prioritised from the initial design stage. To achieve maximum credits in the energy category a building needs to demonstrate that it is limiting its energy output, and thereby limiting its carbon footprint, through the use of energy saving measures.
The use of renewable energy such as solar PV and energy saving measures, like insulation, are key to achieving a high score in the energy category.
Incorporate Sustainable Materials into the Design
A significant proportion of credits are also weighted towards the materials used in a construction project. It is important that a building incorporates sustainable materials into its design.
An assessor will start by looking at the materials used in construction. Recycled materials and materials that could be recycled again in the future secure more points. Materials that will last longer and materials that are non-polluting are considered to have an added sustainability factor.
An assessor will consider where the materials have been sourced, what their carbon footprint is and if they are local materials or not.
Innovation Is Key
To achieve BREEAM Outstanding, innovation credits will be necessary. Innovation accounts for as much as 10% of the available credits and it can be the difference between Excellent and Outstanding.
Innovation is a subjective concept but credits will be awarded for unique designs. For example, projects that use unusual materials or trial energy saving measures.
We have been assessing buildings using BREEAM for 16 years and are experts in BREEAM certification.
Our experienced team of consultants are licensed to carry out independent BREEAM assessments and have the expertise and knowledge to ensure projects meet their sustainability requirements. To find out more, visit our BREEAM Hub.
Our sustainability specialists work to identify areas for improvement and work collaboratively with design teams on a range of different projects in order to ensure their environmental impact is minimised.
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The unheard impact: technology and the teaching profession
By Lainie Keper,
Education International (EI) recently hosted a consultation event to provide feedback into the 2023 Global Education Monitoring Report on technology and education.
EI members from across the world made it clear that technology is being woven into education in ways beyond a piece of equipment in a classroom.
It shapes curricula, pedagogy, teacher management systems and the nature of the profession itself. Technology is not only changing how we teach, but what we teach, who teaches and, as the pandemic has shown, where we teach, as schools and teachers implemented and led an almost overnight shift in the delivery of teaching and learning.
While it enables access to education during school closures, technology also creates a new context that both teachers and learners need to adapt to and navigate, with new challenges and consequences.
However, the ways in which technology in education is impacting the teaching profession itself are often overlooked.
To provide a more holistic perspective on working with technology in education, the consultation centred around the working lives of teachers.
The consultation generated some lively discussion and identified three salient takeaways on the ways technology in education impacts the teaching profession.
The implementation of technology and the move to teleworking has had a profound impact on the working conditions and well-being of teachers and education service personnel.
EI’s Global Report on the Status of Teachers 2021 demonstrated a concern that technological advances and policy changes are contributing to increased teacher workload and a decrease in teacher well-being. As the accessibility of the teachers has become greater, the lines between work and home have become blurred, as the right to disconnect has been challenged.
Teachers expressed how technology, which should in theory reduce the administrative load, is increasing the administrative burden in practice and raising concerns around digital privacy rights, not only regarding students’ data, but teachers as well.
For instance, the input of teacher management systems to track teacher attendance can often lead to repercussions for the teacher, while failing to address the root causes of teacher absenteeism.
The ease of data capture, storage and surveillance in digital spaces requires robust regulation, oversight and regular auditing by teachers and their unions.
Curriculum and assessment
The curriculum and pedagogy are also transforming due to technology in education. As digital skills become a priority, teachers are seeing a prioritising of STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) subjects and a de- prioritisation of those which can be more easily digitised, at the expense of breadth of learning opportunities.
Similarly, as systems switch to digital assessments, curriculum is narrowing to be shaped by the test. Teachers are also concerned over the ways in which inequity can be exacerbated when using digital tests (typing speed, familiarity with the device, navigating the testing browser, etc).
There were serious concerns raised around who owns and develops the curriculum. As teachers are placing more of their content onto digital platforms such as Google Schools, teacher ownership of the curriculum, resources and content that they developed, which can include worksheets, readings, videos, audio files and lectures, is unclear.
Once the content has been uploaded onto the platform, it becomes the employers’ (when it goes onto the platform), but then is also accessed by the tech company and mined for data.
At the same time, an increasing amount of edtech companies are moving into the curriculum development space, selling it in accompaniment to the devices.
New forms of shadow education through online courses, digitally enhanced private tutoring and even social media platforms, means schools will be increasingly dependent on digital infrastructure provided by giant technology corporations and on resources, tools and platforms provided by the edtech industry.
EI affiliates expressed concerns over the lack of information on how much money and data is being exchanged in contracts between education systems and these companies.
This raises questions about who is creating and delivering free, high-quality content being presented in schools: teachers with professional expertise and experience or tech giants?
Nothing about teachers, without teachers
Decisions around the planning, implementation, regulation and evaluating of technology includes the training, curricula, pedagogy and materials or equipment being used.
Teachers, school leaders and education service personnel must be included in these decisions.
In a 2020 EI study, Teaching with Tech, we found that 45 per cent of respondents were not at all consulted with regards to the introduction of new digital technologies, while 29 per cent were consulted on “only a few aspects”.
Unilateral top-down decision-making means that teachers have no pre- implementation opportunity to raise questions or flag concern. This also holds true for monitoring and evaluation of the technology.
Union leaders shared examples of how the quick switch to online assessments, with little input from unions, led to rocky implementation.
Social dialogue is a key step forward, particularly in collective bargaining spaces, albeit in a limited capacity.
This digital transformation of, and in, education ought to be reflected in collective agreements. In the beginning of the pandemic, EI’s member organisation in Argentina, CTERA, reached an important collective agreement with the government, aimed at restructuring work in education during the lockdown and combating the work overload imposed by teleworking.
The agreement set out the first-ever defined concept of the right to disconnect, and it required the Ministry of Education to invest in providing technological resources for distance education.
Technology is not going to disappear from schools, and many of the challenges we face with regards to edtech around equity, access and quality, existed pre-pandemic.
However, it is urgent to learn through these experiences, evaluate impact and measure positive and negative effects of the new ways of working with technology in education.
The ways we use technology should stem from deliberate choices and should not just move forward, blindly accepted as the new normal for the teaching profession with no questions asked.
A report summarising the key takeaways from this event is available at: bit.ly/3QObpAg
Lainie Keper is a Research, Policy and Advocacy Coordinator for Education International. She is a former secondary history and civics teacher. Lainie holds a joint master’s in Education Policy for Global Development (GLOBED) from the Autonomous University of Barcelona, the University of Glasgow and the University of Cyprus.
The opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect any official policies or positions of EI, the AEU or the SSTUWA. This article was first published on the EI website and has been reproduced here with permission. | <urn:uuid:0686bcdc-eacd-428a-ab7d-0b34590485b8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sstuwa.org.au/WesternTeacher/20/november-2022/unheard-impact-technology-and-teaching-profession | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.951625 | 1,358 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Apr, 2022 - By SMI
According to the research, hugging the pillow gives anxiety reducing effect similar to that of breathing exercises based on meditation
Around one third of people across the world are affected by anxiety disorders and it is the ninth leading cause of disability globally. The treatment available for anxiety include therapy and pharmaceutical solutions. So, now researchers at University of Bristol, U.K. developed a novel cushion-like device that when hugged, mechanically stimulates breathing and the test conducted suggest that this device could help students reduce anxiety before test.
In the beginning the team created five electronically powered cushions with shape of puffy-pancake. The team designed these small devices for reproducing the feeling of touching pets or interacting with other people that simulate the sensation of purring, breathing, combination of purring and breathing, and a heartbeat. The fifth device even emitted diffused light with rainbow colors. The team tested the new cushion on a group of subjects including 24 students. The found that the breathing only cushion was most preferred to hold and touch. Studying the response, the team developed larger version of this cushion, which comprised microfiber outer casing, an air bladder in the middle, and polyester stuffing. As last the cushion was rhythmically deflated and inflated through a pump that was not visible or audible to the user.
Furthermore, the team tested the cushion by inducing anxiety in 129 other volunteers and asked them to solve some mathematics problems verbally in front of each other. Before the test, the team assigned 40 subjects a breathing exercise based on meditation, 45 subjects were asked to hug the breathing cushion to their belly and chest, while 44 subjects were assigned to do nothing. The team found that the anxiety significantly decreased in cushion-hugging and meditation group of subjects than the one did nothing. The team is now investigating the mechanism by which the breathing cushion reduced anxiety.
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In search of customized market research solution? We are here to help you. Contact us. | <urn:uuid:c897c247-4eac-419b-9512-95d45330b47c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.stratagemmarketinsights.com/news/researchers-develop-novel-cushion-for-treating-anxiety-624 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.958791 | 440 | 2.65625 | 3 |
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How to Watch the Rare Transit of Mercury Across the Sun on Monday
On Monday, a very cool astronomical event will occur: The smallest planet, Mercury, will appear to move across the face of the Sun. This relatively rare event, called a transit, happens on average only about 13 times per century.
Mercury is small, but big enough that with the right equipment it will appear as an inky black dot silhouetted against the Sun, moving slowly across its face. In the article below I’ll detail the important times of the transit, how to watch it, why this event is rare, and just why it’s so interesting.
Looking at the Sun without proper equipment is very dangerous. Like, “blinding yourself badly and perhaps permanently” level dangerous. Never look through a camera, binoculars, a telescope, or any kind of optical device at the Sun unless it has been set up to do so safely by someone who knows what they’re doing.*
OK, we good? Good. Now let’s talk transit.
Observing Mercury Slide Across the Sun
(All times are listed in Coordinated Universal Time, or UTC; subtract four hours for Eastern U.S. time, five for Central, six for Mountain, and seven for Pacific).
The transit begins on Monday at about 11:12 UTC. This is the moment the edge of Mercury first appears to touch the edge of the Sun. It takes about three minutes for the planet’s entire disk to move completely into the disk of the Sun.
Mercury reaches the midpoint of the transit more than three hours later, at 14:15 UTC. The beginning of the end of transit is at 18:39 UTC, when the leading edge of Mercury touches the inside edge of the Sun; three minutes later it’s all over as the trailing edge of Mercury leaves the Sun behind.
NASA put together a brief animation showing what it will look like:
The transit takes so long that most of the planet will see at least a part of it; the Sun rises during the transit for much of the western U.S. for example, and sets midtransit for most of Africa and eastern Europe. Sorry, Australia, Japan, and Indonesia; the transit happens at night for you and you’ll miss it.
But don’t despair! Lots of observatories are doing live webcasts of the transit:
- NASA will post a live stream on NASA TV and on their Facebook page. They’ll also post transit images from the Solar Dynamics Satellite as quickly as possible on that observatory’s page as well.
- The Virtual Telescope Project
- Telescope manufacturer Celestron will be doing a live Periscope session
- Kirkwood Observatory at Indiana University–Bloomington
- The Institute of Cosmos Sciences at the University of Barcelona
- Phoebe Waterman Haas Observatory in Washington, D.C.
- The European Space Agency has a lengthy list of events around the world for the transit, too.
- Julio Vannini using a small but nice solar 'scope in Nicaragua Added May 5
- Sky and Telescope magazine will be holding a live streamed viewing Added May 5
- The Mt. Lemmon Sky Center will add images to their Facebook page as they acquire them Added May 6
- The Hume Cronyn Observatory Added May 6
- You can try searching Google for more, of course. I’ll add more places to this list as I hear about them.
If you want to see this for yourself, I imagine lots of astronomy clubs will be hosting events for it. See if there’s one near you!
If you already have the proper equipment, then by all means give it a shot. That includes the proper solar filter on your telescope, binoculars, or camera. Instructions for how to do this can be found in many places online; Fred Espenak has details (written for an eclipse but still appropriate), and his page on viewing eclipses is relevant as well. You might be able to project the image of the Sun onto a piece of paper and see the transit, but I’m not sure Mercury will be big enough to see this way. If you want to try it, I have links and instructions on my page describing the 2012 transit of Venus.
If it’s clear in Colorado, I plan on watching this myself. I have a specially constructed solar telescope, and while it’s difficult to get my phone connected to it correctly, I’ll give it a try. I might even stream it live on Periscope if I can get it working. Follow me on Twitter for up-to-the-minute info on that.
How This Works
So why do we see a transit? Like an eclipse, it depends on geometry. It is, after all, like a mini-eclipse!
Mercury orbits the Sun closer than Earth does. Its orbit is very slightly tilted with respect to ours, by about 7°. That’s not much, but given the geometry, it's enough that in most cases when Mercury gets between us and the Sun, it misses the Sun’s actual disk, passing above or below it.
Because Mercury’s orbit is tilted, it appears to move “up and down” compared with Earth’s orbit. It crosses the plane of our orbit twice every Mercury year (those points on its orbit are called “nodes,” which are indicated in the illustration above), physically passing through one node or the other every 44 days or so (Mercury’s orbital period, its year, is about 88 days long). From Earth’s point of view, we see one or the other of Mercury’s nodes directly in line with the Sun twice per our year as well as we orbit the Sun. As it happens, those times are in May and November.
To see a transit, Mercury has to be positioned at one of its nodes at the same time Earth happens to be aligned such that the node is in front of the Sun. We then see Mercury in front of the Sun, and we get a transit!
That’s why transits are rare; everything has to line up just so. It’s also why we only see Mercury transits in May or November. The next one will be on Nov. 11, 2019, so only about 3½ years from now. The next one after that is 13 years later, on Nov. 13, 2032. I hope you can catch this one or the next. It’ll be a long wait for the one after that.
So, What’s the Big Deal?
I know that some folks might think this whole thing is a ho-hum event. I can assure you, with no hint of bias at all, that these people are hollow shells of humans.
No, seriously, this really is pretty cool. I’ve seen a couple of Mercury transits (and two Venus transits, too), and it’s decidedly weird to see that tiny, perfect little circle slowly move across the Sun’s face. It connects you with the cycles of the Universe, shows you how wonderful and rare and grand such events can be. Just ask these folks.
It’s scientifically useful as well. Theoretically it can be used to determine the scale of the solar system, which was very important before the invention of modern techniques like radar timing to get the distances to the planets. In practice it’s very hard, because Mercury is so small. It turns out it’s hard to do with Venus for other reasons, but not for lack of trying.
But the 2003 and 2006 transits of Mercury were used to determine the diameter of the Sun more accurately than ever before: 1,392,684 +/- 65 km. That’s an accuracy of 99.995 percent! Not bad.
Also, when you see this transit, you’re seeing an example of how astronomers find exoplanets, worlds orbiting other stars. If an exoplanet has an orbit aligned such that we see it edge-on, the planet passes directly in front of its host star. This transit blocks a small fraction of the star’s light, which can in many cases be detected, and tells us about the orbit and physical size of the planet. Mercury’s transit is this exact phenomenon up close!
So, in my unbiased opinion, if you get a chance to catch this event either for yourself or online via an observatory’s live stream, you should take it. The Universe rarely puts on such a well-timed and regularly scheduled event for us, so the least we can do is oblige it.
And one final note: If you want to impress your friends with your Mercury knowledge, watch my episode of Crash Course Astronomy featuring the diminutive planet. It’s actually a very cool (well, hot) place.
* Glancing at the Sun with your unaided eye probably won’t cause serious or permanent damage, but duh, it hurts, so don’t do it. It’s more dangerous for children than adults, because as we age our corneas get yellower, slightly dimming the more dangerous bluer light. Wearing sunglasses can actually make it worse, because they dim the light enough to dilate your pupils but may not block the more dangerous invisible radiation. So it’s not a good idea either way. | <urn:uuid:a93a815a-5bc2-4a13-8f99-3ac4ca22de50> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/how-to-watch-the-rare-transit-of-mercury-across-the-sun-on-monday | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.930895 | 2,001 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Clematis, known as the genus of the plants, is plotted in gardens as well as in pots also. You need to keep specific points to take care of the plants. The most known variety of clematis is “Ville De Lyon,” also called the Clematis City Of Lyon. They grow as branches that may tame to climb over buildings or form decorative arches adjacent to other species like trees and shrubs.
Clematis Ville de Lyon (C.v.d.l.) is a hybrid species of a flowering vine native to Europe and Asia. Its flowers bloom from mid-spring to early summer. The plants are grown in gardens around the world for their beautiful flowers.
The clematis Ville De Lyon is mainly planted from July to October and can grow up to 6 to 7 feet. These clematis plants, which have late-blooming varieties, may need severe trimming to prevent overgrowth.
Grow in broad sun to partial shade on rich, medium moisture-content, well-drained soils. The optimum places for vining hybrids are those where the base of the vines are sheltered, but the blooming portions are in full sun to part shade.
In summers, where it’s hot and muggy, like in the St. Louis region, a little midday shade is typically a good thing. Clematis vines require a ladder or other structure to grow on. Roots must be cold, in the shade, and consistently wet.
Perennials, annuals, or small trees can provide shade for root zones. A substantial root mulch is desired. Keep soils from drying out.
Although their epidermis is brittle, their branches are resilient. Therefore, caution is crucial when directing their branches and aiding Clematis ‘Ville de Lyon’ in ascent. The planting distance for clematis “Ville de Lyon” is between 40 and 50 cm.
Clematis “Ville de Lyon” should first be immersed in water with a herbicide for twenty minutes planting time seedlings with bare stems or potting medium so that the roots can receive enough water.
The most common reason clemaits city of Lyon doesn’t grow is the unsuitable conditions. They need soil that is wet yet has good drainage. It’s essential to keep the roots shaded and cool. The development and flowering of the clematis city of Lyon will be hampered if the top is kept in the shadow for an extended period.
To ensure that the base of a clematis ‘Ville de Lyon’ is in the shade, carefully placing other plants around it is a great idea. You can also sprinkle some pebbles or stones around the base.
To prevent burning on the leaves during the summer, providing adequate shade for clematis “Ville de Lyon” is recommended. You can use compost to maintain the roots warm. Pay close attention to avoid the vines breaking during inclement weather. In icy conditions, clematis “Ville de Lyon” must be covered against frost.
To know more about the plantation and want more advice for planting, get in touch with Plant Judo. | <urn:uuid:0578606f-33dd-4636-91e2-fb82f195760d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.tampabaynewswire.com/2022/07/18/how-to-take-care-of-the-clematis-city-of-lyon-110265 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.938304 | 666 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Many different types of numbing spray are available, and they can be used in a variety of applications. Some sprays contain strong anesthetics like benzocaine and others merely contain herbal products. Situations where a numbing spray may be useful range from simple procedures like waxing up to medical problems like burns or poison oak rash. If a numbing spray contains a drug, then serious side effects may occur, especially if the product instructions are not followed carefully.
The simplest form of numbing spray contains only natural products. The manufacturers of this type of spray typically market it toward people who wish to numb the skin before beauty treatments like waxing. Example ingredients include the essences of peppermint, aloe vera and patchouli.
Some products for the waxing market may contain controlled anesthetic medications. Lidocaine is one of these anesthetic ingredients. A typical lidocaine concentration in the bottle is about four percent. Generally, the person sprays the product onto the skin to be waxed and waits a few minutes for the spray to numb the area.
Those with medical problems may also be able to soothe skin with numbing sprays. Products for medical use typically use ingredients like benzocaine or lidocaine. These are drugs that usually offer a more significant anesthetic capability.
Conditions that may benefit from numbing sprays are generally skin conditions. These include temporary issues like sunburn and poison oak irritation. Rashes from poison sumac, poison ivy and local irritation from insect bites may also be less painful after using a numbing spray, as can mild cuts. Symptoms from more severe skin problems such as burns or hemorrhoids may also be soothed by these sprays.
Anesthetic medications carry side effects, even though they are not ingested or injected. The risk of these adverse reactions still exists. A user can inadvertently apply too high a dose on his or her skin, if the area of skin application is too large, or if more than the recommended dose is applied. Drugs that a person applies on the skin can move through the skin barrier and into the body as well.
Possible lidocaine side effects include mental confusion, vision issues and irregular heartbeats. With benzocaine, a spray user can experience dizziness, difficulty breathing and other serious issues. Numbing sprays may also be dangerous if someone sprays them into the mouth, throat or eyes, and can even cause a lethal condition where the body cannot circulate enough oxygen. Potentially lethal allergic reactions, though rare, can also occur. | <urn:uuid:f4a15e5e-42a7-4da1-9a2c-cff8179706de> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.thehealthboard.com/what-is-numbing-spray.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.932719 | 523 | 2.578125 | 3 |
What Is Ayurveda?
Ayurvedic Medicine is a system that literally translates into the science of life. This system also translates as the science of medicine. The Ayurvedic system dates back 5,000 years. Ayurveda looks into the human body in a way that it breaks down every part of the body and how it interacts with nature. In other words, it is not humans and nature. It’s humans are nature, and nature is human. Ayurveda has been around longer than any other medicine and because of that, it was the original knowledge used to fix ailments and “dis-ease” in the body. Ayurveda considers the human body and soul as a microcosm in the mass macrocosm of the universe. Humans are merely small entities in a vast universe that coexists together to heal from the inner most part of the soul.
Ayurvedic medicine doesn’t just take a disease and treat it through medication, it takes the whole human, not just symptoms, but the root causative factor, into consideration. Every human body is so unique why would it ever be considered okay to treat any individual the same as another? Ayurveda analyzes each person through their unique constitution by having the patient answer a series of questions in relevance to the chief complaint at hand, medical history, and questions relevant to the patient from childhood all the way to present moment, reading the pulse and looking at the tongue. Also, it is important to understand that Ayurveda doesn’t just spend five minutes with each patient. Ayurvedic practitioners sit with the patient to find the intimate translucency between patient and practitioner. The practitioner needs to know you and your condition fully to understand how to treat you in completeness.
Relativity of The Five Elements of Life
The relativity of the five elements of life and how they exist in the human body governs the principles of Ayurvedic medicine. These five elements are fire, water, air, ether, and earth. The body possesses all of these elements.
Consider fire for instance, heat control or fire regulates the body’s temperature. This principle also governs the digestive fire. Alongside, if you ever have heard someone say “fire in their eyes”, Vision is relative to fire as well. Air is the idea of how things such as fluid and blood move through the channels. The means to get from one place to the next. Air also obviously controls the breath or “prana” the life force energy. 60% of water makes up the human body. So, the idea of water as a component of the body is a primary ingredient. We literally can't survive without it. In some cases water can also treat a condition. The earth value in the body is the idea of the stability and strength within the body. What are the stable trees within the body; the bones and the muscles, these are the strength or grounded earthly principles within the body. Ether or Space is all that is in between the physical channels of which air, water, blood and other fluid pass through. In this idea it is very relative that the principles of every living thing on the planet are connected and humans are no different.
“Prakriti” Your Creation Questionnaire
After examining the patient, a constitution or “Prakriti” questionnaire is asked. This questionnaire asks questions of the patient to see how they are from birth to now. This gives the practitioner a better understanding of which of the five elements are more prevalent in that specific person. ‘Dosha’ is the name of these bioenergetic combinations of the elements. The Doshas have three parts: Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. Vata holds the quality of air and space, Pitta holds the fire and water principle, and Kapha holds the qualities of earth and water. Depending on the outcome of your prakriti and full analysis, it allows me to determine which dosha is more prevalent in you. After finding out all of this information, it is then that the I the practitioner treats the patient whether it’s through:
Massage and Rejuvenation Therapies
Ayurveda is the primary form of medicine when wanting to understand yourself in body, in mind and in consciousness. | <urn:uuid:112cdc35-a94f-4571-9b10-06da11804371> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.thepract.com/ayurveda-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.941666 | 899 | 2.9375 | 3 |
An early automotive innovator, Cummins advanced the diesel engine and pushed for its use in trucking. Now the company is taking bold – and practical – steps toward a cleaner and greener future.
Columbus, Indiana, is a pretty little town in the American heartland that could come straight out of a Norman Rockwell painting from the 1940s. But Columbus is no mere farming community. A quick drive through its downtown reveals a town with significant architectural and cultural diversity. That’s because over a century ago, Columbus had its very own mad scientist in town — a sort of precursor to Doc Brown from “Back to the Future” — whose endless tinkering and sometimes outlandish projects led to the founding of one of the most important power-generation corporations on the planet today.
Born in 1888, Clessie Cummins was an Indiana farm boy with an eighth-grade education who was at the perfect age to become fascinated by automobile technology at its birth. In particular, Cummins was fascinated by diesel engines. By the early 1900s, diesel, despite being the fuel that launched internal-combustion engine technology, had largely fallen by the wayside as gasoline-powered engines became the dominant form of propulsion for cars and trucks.
But Cummins recognized that diesel had unique strengths that made it the ideal fuel for farm, construction, and highway applications that needed large amounts of engine torque and horsepower. By 1919, he’d perfected his design to the point that he founded Cummins Engine in his hometown and set about changing how freight moved.
Over a century later, Cummins’ name is indelibly intertwined with the story of diesel engines for transportation and power-generation systems all over the world. Today, the company is pushing forward to embrace, research, develop and deploy a host of new power-generation systems in its corporate mission to combat climate change and help save the planet.
A Diversity of Engine Solutions
Cummins invited a select group of transportation journalists to its headquarters in Columbus to discuss the state of a global transportation system on the cusp of great change and how it intends to help its customers through this change.
As a corporation, Cummins intends to take a leadership role in battling climate change globally, and the company has been very vocal recently about this new mission.
CEO Tom Linebarger, for example, gave an impassioned speech at the Advanced Clean Energy Expo (ACT Expo) in May, in which he called climate change the “existential crisis of our lifetime.” He said that he — and Cummins — refuse to sit idly by and then try to explain to future generations why they refused to act while the planet was burning up.
But importantly, both Linebarger and executives in Columbus reaffirmed an extremely important point: Achieving global sustainability goals are pointless if people do not have the means to create a better, more prosperous future for themselves and their children.
In other words, all the advanced, complex, highly technical and expensive powertrain options imaginable won’t do the planet one bit of good if people can’t afford to buy them and get reliable service from them.
Uma Vajapeyazula, director of Cummins’ engine business on-highway product strategy, noted that there is “an unprecedented mix” of new powertrain technologies already on the commercial vehicle market today.
“We believe this foreshadows what Mike Roeth, the executive director of the North American Council of Freight Efficiency, has predicted,” she said. “We are fast approaching a period he calls ‘the messy middle’ — a period where some technologies come to market before others. And in this environment, fleets will experiment with several different alternative-fuel or zero-emissions powertrains in an effort to discover which technology works well for its particular applications. And, moreover, this could very well mean that fleets may have to simultaneously adopt several different powertrain technologies to support different applications in different geographic regions.”
To deal with the coming messy middle, Vajapeyazula said that Cummins has a “unique” advantage in its corner: a broad portfolio of existing power options, as well as powertrain solutions that are in development for both near- and long-term deployment.
Vajapeyazula said Cummins will unveil several vehicle power options on the path to net zero, including a few surprises. These include:
- A new, medium-duty gasoline engine.
- A new generation of smaller-displacement, heavy-duty diesel engines.
- A new generation of “fuel-agnostic” internal combustion engines that can burn natural gas or liquid hydrogen (as well as smaller-displacement models that can run on gasoline or propane).
- Battery-electric powertrains.
- Hydrogen fuel cell powertrains.
- Hybrid powertrains.
“We understand that the messy middle is going to require a diversity of solutions,” Vajapeyazula explained. “And we believe that our portfolio is one big way Cummins can help the trucking industry through this transition to net zero.”
Although the future of zero emissions powertrains looks bright, that future simply is not accessible right now, she said. “It’s basically a question of timing. We want to help our customers bridge this coming gap with power options that make the most sense based on technology that is accessible right now.
“Diesel and gasoline engines will be a mainstay for many fleets for some time to come, until other solutions, such as BEVs or natural gas engines, are fully developed, enter production and achieve sufficient scale to bring pricing down,” Vajapeyazula explained. “So, instead of pushing customers into alternative powertrains that cannot yet meet their application requirements, Cummins will use its expertise and advanced electronic engine control systems to deliver smaller, more efficient gasoline and diesel engines that emit fewer NOX emissions but still deliver performance on par with engines available today.”
Vajapeyazula said that soon, Cummins will have smaller engines — mostly likely in the 10L range — that will perform like never before, while meeting all current NOX regulations.
“This is a great example of how Cummins intends to be real, and practical, with this approach,” she added. “At Cummins, we don’t like to compromise on power. But thanks to Cummins technology and innovation, we no longer have to grow the size of the engine to make that happen." Technologies such as higher compression ratios, variable valve technology, and advanced engine control systems will allow Cummins to develop smaller-displacement diesels with power densities that allow, say, a 10L engine to play a role in the lower rating of mid-bore space and start competing in heavy-duty segment.
Zero-Emissions Performance on Par with Diesel
Cummins made headlines at ACT Expo both with the launch of its new X15 natural gas engine, as well as an announcement that it would soon use the same technology to develop a similar engine that will burn liquid hydrogen as fuel.
This is part of the “fuel-agnostic engine” platform that Cummins announced earlier this year. These engines all use a basic “bottom” structure containing the pistons by simply changing out the specialized heads on the “top” part of the engine to accommodate the appropriate fuel. Using this technology, Cummins said it will soon be able to supply fleets with the same basic engine platforms capable of running natural gas, propane or even hydrogen.
“We can make an engine run on any fuel today,” said Jim Nebergall, general manager, hydrogen engines, Cummins. “But hydrogen is simply the lowest-cost zero-emissions fuel out there. And, even better, the maintenance on these engines is similar to that on diesel engines today. There’s not a lot of change, involved. And there’s not a lot of risk. So, for our customers, we think this is going to be an outstanding zero-emission fuels option.”
This breakthrough was made possible by Cummins’ earlier work getting the industry’s first natural-gas heavy-duty engines to market, added David King, North American on-highway product manager for natural and renewable gas engines.
“We learned a lot about how these engines perform, particularly in regard to the different heat signatures these fuels have,” King explained. “The head of the engine really manages its thermal environment. And we’ve learned how to design different engine heads for different fuels to create the proper thermal environment for the optimal combustion of each specific fuel. We can now really control temperatures inside the engine as well as the combustion event itself. In practical terms, we can really push the engine to the point that we get performance that is as close as possible to diesel engines today. That can mean up to 500 hp and 1,850 lb-ft of torque. That’s zero-emissions performance on par with anything available today.”
Cummins hydrogen engines will be clean-burning and require selective catalytic reduction (SCR) exhaust aftertreatment systems as well, Nebergall added. “When you burn hydrogen, you create nitrogen as a byproduct,” he said. “The engines produce much lower NOX than current engines. But SCR will still be necessary.”
The fact that these are spark-ignited engines that share a certain number of components with other Cummins engines will help with scale and reducing costs. The engines also share a common fuel system, as well as sharing a common onboard storage system with Cummins fuel-cell vehicles.
Cummins hydrogen ICE field trials are slated to begin in 2024, with production starting in 2027.
With a bold mission statement and a focus on its customers, Cummins intends to be a major player in trucking’s shift away from fossil fuels toward a net zero future. And, perhaps most importantly, company executives assert that thanks to its unique history, long experience with both diesel engines and trucking, engineering expertise, global reach, international dealer network and on-hand capital available to invest billions of dollars in multiple powertrain and alternative fuel solutions, Cummins is perhaps uniquely suited to meet the demanding goals it has laid out for itself over the coming two decades. No one yet knows how the market will dictate tomorrow’s transportation solutions. But regardless of which technologies win out, Cummins is determined to be a global player in fueling trucking’s future.
Corrected 1/24/2022, 2:30 EDT, to clarify remarks about the role of smaller-displacement engines and a misspelled occurence of Vajapeyazula. | <urn:uuid:13e99fac-5499-4535-abdf-95cbc32a57b5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.truckinginfo.com/10175501/cummins-returns-to-its-pioneering-roots | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.946944 | 2,260 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Reduce Your New Zealand Carbon Footprint With These Truck Parts
Looking to reduce your carbon footprint? You might not think of your truck as a key player in reducing emissions – but it can be! With a few simple changes to your truck’s parts, you can significantly reduce the amount of carbon dioxide your truck emits.
Here are a few truck parts that can help you reduce your carbon footprint in New Zealand.
Tire Pressure Monitoring System
Tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS) are designed to provide drivers with real-time information about the pressure in their vehicle’s tires. This information can be used to help improve fuel economy and optimize tire wear.
There are two main types of TPMS: indirect and direct. Indirect TPMS uses sensors that are mounted on the vehicle’s wheels to measure tire pressure. Direct TPMS uses sensors that are mounted inside the tires themselves to measure pressure.
Most new trucks are equipped with direct TPMS. This type of system is considered to be more accurate than indirect TPMS, and it is less likely to give false readings.
TPMS can be a useful tool for helping to maintain proper tire pressure. However, it is important to remember that TPMS is not a substitute for regular tire maintenance. Drivers should still check their tires regularly for proper pressure and tread wear.
TPMS has been shown to reduce a vehicle’s carbon footprint in a number of ways. One is by improving fuel efficiency. Under-inflated tires can lead to increased rolling resistance, which in turn reduces fuel efficiency by as much as 3.3%.
Another way that TPMS reduce a vehicle’s carbon footprint is by reducing tire wear. Properly inflated tires last longer and need to be replaced less often, which reduces the number of tires that need to be produced. It is estimated that every 10% increase in tire life leads to a 0.5% decrease in the number of tires that need to be manufactured.
In addition, TPMS can help to reduce the number of accidents caused by flat tires or blowouts. These types of accidents often result in traffic congestion and the release of harmful emissions from idling vehicles.
Overall, TPMS are a simple and effective way to reduce a vehicle’s carbon footprint. By improving fuel efficiency and reducing tire wear, TPMS can help to save money and protect the environment.
An electric winch is a device used for pulling or lifting a load and is powered by an electric motor. A truck winch is a type of electric winch that is used to pull or lift a load, typically a heavy load, onto a truck. Truck winches are used in a variety of applications, such as towing, hauling, and lifting.
An electric winch reduces the carbon footprint on a truck in a number of ways. First, an electric winch does not require the use of fossil fuels, which are a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.
Second, an electric winch is more efficient than a gasoline-powered winch, meaning that it requires less energy to operate. This results in fewer emissions of carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas responsible for climate change.
Finally, an electric winch is less likely to leak fluids, such as oil, which can contaminate the environment.
LED lights are quickly becoming the preferred lighting option for many truckers due to the many benefits they offer. One of the biggest benefits of LED lights is that they help reduce a truck’s carbon footprint.
Traditional incandescent bulbs emit a lot of heat, which means they require more energy to produce the same amount of light as an LED bulb. LED bulbs also last a lot longer than traditional bulbs, so you won’t have to replace them as often. This means less waste going into landfills.
LED bulbs are also much more efficient than traditional bulbs, so they use less energy overall. This not only saves you money on your fuel bill but also reduces the amount of emissions from your truck.
If you’re looking for ways to reduce your truck’s carbon footprint, LED lights are a great option. Not only will they save you money, but they’ll also help keep the environment a little bit cleaner.
The average truck emits about 20 pounds of carbon dioxide for every gallon of gasoline it burns. But a new solar panel system developed by Michigan-based startup Solar Roadways could slash a truck’s carbon footprint by up to 80 per cent.
Solar Roadways’ system consists of modular panels that can be embedded with solar cells, LED lights, and sensors. The panels can be used to create roads, parking lots, and driveways that generate renewable energy and provide real-time information about road conditions.
The company says its system can generate enough electricity to power a truck’s cabin and accessories, and even recharge the batteries of electric vehicles. That could significantly reduce a truck’s fuel consumption and emissions.
Solar Roadways is still in the early stages of development, but the company says its system could be commercially available within the next few years. If successful, it could help to reduce the carbon footprint of the trucking industry and make a significant contribution to the fight against climate change. | <urn:uuid:afd123cb-fe74-4353-8ef2-0e80230b6aff> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.trucksnz.nz/reduce-your-carbon-footprint-with-these-truck-parts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.957218 | 1,077 | 2.859375 | 3 |
There was no way Kevin Schmidt was going to let doctors remove his esophagus — even if it might mean it would also remove his cancer.
“Sleeping in a recliner the rest of my life and eating saltine crackers the rest of my days — for me that was not an option,” said Schmidt, who was diagnosed with stage 3B esophageal cancer three years ago, at age 55. “So I asked my doctors, ‘What’s plan B?’ and they said, ‘Let’s get outside the box,’ and that is what we did.”
The esophagus connects the throat to the stomach with 10 to 13 inches of muscular tube comprised of layers. Esophageal cancer, of which there are two kinds, starts in the inner layer and grows outward. Common treatment is an esophagectomy with gastric pull-up, a surgical procedure in which the stomach is used to replace the esophagus.
Schmidt had a large tumor at the base of his esophagus that had spread to seven of his lymph nodes. And in 2013, he was diagnosed with adenocarcinoma esophageal cancer.
Esophageal adenocarcinoma commonly starts in the lower esophagus and is often the result of Barrett’s esophagus — which Schmidt also had. “Barrett’s esophagus is a precancerous condition in which the normal tissue lining in the esophagus changes to tissue that resembles the lining of the intestine. This is thought to be a complication of longstanding gastroesophageal reflux disease,” said Dr. Michael Nosler, a therapeutic gastroenterologist with UCHealth in northern Colorado. Barrett’s esophagus increases the chance of esophageal cancer thirty-fold, but only 1 percent of Barrett’s patients develop the cancer each year.
Radiology oncologist Dr. Joshua Petit and oncologist Dr. Ross McFarland decided to attack Schmidt’s cancer with an aggressive chemotherapy and radiation strategy.
“Any time you use chemo and radiation together it’s more toxic than either alone — and this was a sensitive area,” McFarland said. “The chemotherapy is used to kill the tumor, but also makes the radiation more effective on the tumor. Unfortunately, it also makes it more effective on normal cells as well.”
Because Schmidt’s lymph nodes were at risk, a large area of radiation was necessary, which caused a lot of pain, McFarland said. Schmidt was on a feeding tube and lost a lot of weight.
“I lost about 70 pounds in five months,” Schmidt said. “I was a wreck. It was bad, but I bounced back and I got healthier. These guys did a good job. They definitely saved my life.”
To make sure Schmidt continued to enjoy his life, doctors had to eliminate the cancer’s precursor: Barrett’s.
“Because we were treating the cancer without removing the esophagus, we needed to do something about his Barrett’s,” Nosler said. “We needed to take away that cancer risk as well as the cancer.”
Nosler had been following cryotherapy’s use and effectiveness to eliminate tumors and cancerous cells.
“Cryotherapy has a good tissue-depth effect,” he said. “When you are applying it to a large portion, it has a lower risk of forming scars inside the esophagus than radiofrequency ablation (heat and radio-wave treatment). … It was consistent with the broader treatment plan that he [Schmidt] was looking for.”
Cryotherapy uses liquid nitrogen to spray and destroy cells without much damage to the esophagus. Under general anesthesia, a scope the size of a pinky finger is directed down the esophagus, and a ventilation tube in the stomach vents the gas as liquid nitrogen is sprayed through the scope. Nosler freezes a small area for about 20 seconds, lets it thaw for about two minutes, and then repeats the process — typically two cycles for each site. “It is the thawing that destroys the bad cells,’’ he said. “Over time, the body regenerates that area with healthy cells — similar to what happens with a blister.’’
“This was a patient-directed idea,” Nosler said. “It was consistent with doing something that may possibly be effective but minimizing the side effects.”
So far, the treatment is working. Nosler has been able to reduce the portion of Schmidt’s esophagus affected by Barrett’s — which started at 9 centimeters — at the rate of about 2 centimeters per visit. After each visit, Schmidt is sore for a few days and on a diet of mostly liquids. The next few days he experiences no pain, but then as the new skin forms, the tenderness in his throat returns for a few more days. Sessions are about eight weeks apart.
“It’s important that we educate patients about all the treatment choices available to them,” Nosler said. “Cryotherapy is an alternative for those who have a high surgical risk or who decide to opt out of surgery. The difference is one surgery, with higher risk versus multiple smaller treatments that equal a few years of treatment. For Kevin, cryotherapy reflects the vision of how he saw his health care.” | <urn:uuid:f6320b82-a492-4b4f-b1d1-e424f6a9fcc6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.uchealth.org/today/doc-uses-cryotherapy-to-keep-cancer-at-bay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.969023 | 1,168 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Summarizing the problems of lack of sleep
How much sleep do you get? How well do you sleep? A recent poll for the National Sleep Foundation (NSF) reports that 75% of America’s adults are not getting enough sleep and that they have symptoms of sleep problems. Such symptoms can include waking a lot during the night and/or snoring and are frequently ignored as potential sleep problems.
Why the concern? Poor sleep affects every part of our lives:
1. Driving hazards and safety concerns when drivers are drowsy.
2. Tardiness to work or the kids to school.
3. Missing work and activities or making errors at work.
4. Disrupting your partner’s sleep.
5. Relationships can be affected if one partner has abnormal sleep.
These were only a few that were on the list.
How many hours each night do you sleep? Sleep experts recommend 7-9 hours of sleep a night. According to the poll, America’s adults average 6.9 hours of sleep a night. And, since 1998, more people are sleeping less than 6 hours a night. It was reported that 6.5 hours a night is the minimum requirement for optimal function the next day, and only three quarters of respondents actually get this amount of sleep or more. Respondents also report feeling tired and fatigued at least one day a week. The conclusion: we are not getting enough sleep and the quality of it is poor.
How well we are rested directly affects our health. It is known that being overweight may impact sleep. The results of the poll gathered body mass index (BMI) measurements from respondents and approximately two-thirds of the respondents were overweight or obese. This group of respondents also averaged less than 6 hours of sleep a night and experienced more episodes of daytime sleepiness.
The poll also gathered information on people with medical conditions (high blood pressure, arthritis, depression, heartburn) revealing that this group experiences only a few good nights sleep and commonly experiences daytime sleepiness. These groups of respondents are more likely to experience apnea, insomnia, restless leg syndrome and are more likely to think that they have a sleep problem.
What about naps? Naps were enjoyed by approximately 50% of the poll respondents and averages around 50 minutes with a good size group napping 60 minutes or more. The recommended nap is 20-45 minutes. Are we trying to catch-up with longer naps? Active masters swimmers can always enjoy a nap - it comes down to finding the time to fit one in between work, family and (over) training!
To conclude, Americans need more sleep. By reducing our sleep we challenge our safety, health and happiness. Happy siesta!
The article was originally published in the Aqua-Master, 2005 recipient of the TYR / USMS Newsletter of the Year Award. | <urn:uuid:cffde4bc-0187-409a-a8e6-289f0806daa4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.usms.org/fitness-and-training/articles-and-videos/articles/masters-swimmers-need-good-sleep?Oldid=134 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.965255 | 590 | 2.765625 | 3 |
AS MENTIONED IN OUR PREVIOUS ARTICLE, OBESITY CONTINUES TO BE A CONCERN within the pet population. An estimated 40% of pets are now considered overweight.
It’s our collective role to examine the contributory factors – including our interventions – which can put the pet at a higher risk of weight gain. In this article, we will be turning our attention to the feline population to assess the evidence supporting the link between neutering and weight gain.
Lifestyle changes within the human population and increasing urbanisation have resulted in a correlating increase in the number of cats kept indoors, with an estimated 24% of cats living an indoor-only lifestyle in 2015, compared to 15% in 2011.
In addition, most owners either provide food ad lib or feed two to three large meals per day4, which is at odds with the feline behavioural preference to “trickle feed”, taking many small meals throughout the day.
These lifestyle changes have occurred alongside significant levels of neutering. The 2015 PDSA Pet Animal Wellbeing report notes that 92% of cat owners de-sex their pets and we are frequently recommending early neutering. These trends may partly explain the increase in the incidence of obesity; studies have shown a clear correlation between neutering and an increased risk of weight gain.
Gonadal hormones (i.e. oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone) not only control the production of reproductive cells but are also recognised to have an effect on general metabolism and food intake. Other hormones, such as prolactin and leptin, are also thought to be involved.
With the interruption of gonadal hormone production and release which happens after neutering, levels of pituitary hormones increase. Following neutering, prolactin (synthesised in the pituitary gland) is also shown to increase as does leptin (which is synthesised in the liver) and hyperleptinaemia has been found to induce obesity.
An increase in food intake appears to be the most significant contributor when it comes to post-neutering weight gain. In a study of 12 pairs of female kittens offered free access to a dry diet until the age of one year, it was demonstrated that neutering directly affected feeding behaviour, resulting in a period of increased food intake following the procedure.
Reduction in oestrogen levels has 4 been cited as the cause of this increase and linked to the sensation of satiety. This effect is of course exacerbated where ad lib feeding is practised, particularly where a diet is high in fat and energy-dense.
Practitioners should refer to this knowledge when advising owners on neutering and the reflex changes to feeding, exercise and play that we should make. With preventive measures in mind, early signposting is of course best.
As well as discussing each pet’s welfare requirements at the first vaccination course (including the provision of an appropriate diet), we should be mindful to balance the benefits of neutering with a word about the variations which can occur to nutritional requirements.
Tailored diets for the neutered cat are formulated for both gender and life stage, realising that these factors as well as reproductive status have an influence on maintenance energy requirements.
Within the consultation room and beyond, monitoring body condition is essential and can be easily performed by the owner with adequate training. Coaching on BCS is particularly important where our feline patients are less enamoured with a visit to the veterinary practice.
Figure 1 shows a useful take-home reference for monitoring changes in body condition, allowing owners to seek advice when they notice changes. Practitioners should also discuss the importance of environmental enrichment and encouraging play in cats throughout their entire lifetime.
The clear link between neutering and weight gain means we need to be prudent in our nutritional advice during this important time. As most of the pets presented to us in practice are neutered, it seems that our collective efforts to control the pet population and improve overall health in this manner have been effective.
To continue in the vein of preventive health, early conversations about the changing nutritional needs of the cat following neutering are essential.
References and further reading
- Butera, P. C. (2001) Estradiol and the control of food intake. Physiology & Behaviour 99 (2): 175-180.
- Cave, N. J., Backus, R. C., Marks, S. L. et al (2007) Oestradiol but not genistein is associated with an increase in lean body mass. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 91: 400-410.
- Diez, M. and Nguyen, P. (2006) The epidemiology of canine and feline obesity. Veterinary Focus 16 (1): 2-8.
- German, A. (2012) Weight control and obesity in companion animals. Veterinary Focus 22 (2): 38-46.
- Kopelman, P.G. (2000) Physiopathology of prolactin secretion in obesity. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders 2: S104-S108.
- Alexander, L., Salt, C., Thomas, G. and Butterwick, R. (2011) Effects on neutering on food intake, body weight and body composition in growing female kittens. British Journal of Nutrition 106: S19-S23.
- Martin, L. and Siliart, B. (2005) Hormonal consequences of neutering in cats. Waltham Focus 15 (3): 32-35
- Nyugen, P. G. et al (2004) Effects of dietary fat and energy on body weight and composition after gonadectomy in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 65 (12).
- www.pdsa.org.uk: PDSA PAW Report 2015 [online] available at https://www.pdsa.org.uk/get-involved/our-current-campaigns/pdsa-animal-wellbeing-report [accessed 09 February 2016]. | <urn:uuid:4421472e-d174-4e12-b03c-1c6c674447c5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.veterinary-practice.com/article/neutering-and-weight-gain-in-cats-whats-the-evidence | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.923234 | 1,246 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In work funded by the USDA Specialty Crop Research Initiative (www.nifa.usda.gov), engineers led by Qi Wang, PhD, from the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University (www.cmu.edu) have developed a computer vision-based system that can accurately estimate the yields from orchards of apple trees.
Two D300 cameras from Nikon (www.nikon.com) fitted with wide-angle lenses were fixed to an aluminum bar about 0.28 m apart to form a stereo pair, after which they were mounted at the rear of an autonomous vehicle (see figure) to capture images of the fruit. To reduce the variance of natural illumination and allow the system to operate at night, the trees were illuminated with two AlienBees ABR800 flash lights from Paul C. Buff (www.paulcbuff.com).
The autonomous vehicle travels through orchard aisles at a preset constant speed of 0.25 m/sec by following fruit tree rows in the orchard. As it does so, the system scans both sides of each tree row in the orchard. Sequentially acquired images provide multiple views of every tree from different perspectives to reduce the occlusion of apples by foliage and branches.
Online software developed in Python from the Python Software Foundation (www.python.org) controls the image acquisition process. Once acquired, data are then processed offline by software developed in MATLAB from The MathWorks (www.mathworks.com), which detects the apples, identifies the location of the apples from sequential acquired images, counts the apples, and estimates the crop yield.
To detect the pixels in an image that represent a red apple, the algorithm first takes a 1072 × 712-pixel color image and removes any distortion. Then it analyzes the hue, saturation, and value of the pixels in the HSV color space to determine which represent the presence of a red apple.
Although the pixels representing the green apples and foliage are naturally both green, the pixels representing the green apples have a stronger green color. Hence the apple pixels can be separated from the leaves on the trees by analyzing the degree of saturation of the pixels' color.
Most foliage pixels are removed after the saturation segmentation process. However, the central parts of most apples are also removed because the camera flashes generate specular reflections at their centers. The algorithm uses this technique to detect green apple pixels in the images by combining the pixels detected as a result of specular reflection with those obtained by segmentation according to their degree of saturation.
To count the apples, the software determines the average diameter of apples in the images. It does so by calculating the eccentricity of each apple region and uses a thresholding operation to find regions that are relatively round. In cases where image regions contain two or more touching apples, they are segmented.
Because multiple images of each apple tree are captured, the system must eliminate any overestimation of the number of apples present. An onboard POS LV inertial/GPS positioning system from Applanix (www.applanix.com) computes the coordinates of the vehicle and correlates these with stereo images from the cameras. Software then calculates the global coordinates of each apple and eliminates any duplicates.
The system was deployed at the Sunrise Orchard at Washington State University, Rock Island, WA, in September 2011. Results from the test showed that the system worked most effectively in red apple orchards that had been subject to thinning. In a group of red apple trees that had been thinned, the system predicted the yield to within 3.2%. By calibrating the data with a sample based on human measurements, the researchers produced a result that predicted the crop yield to within 1.2%. | <urn:uuid:346c6660-f902-4ea1-843d-6dcf1328220c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.vision-systems.com/home/article/16737811/environmentagriculture-autonomous-vehicle-images-apple-orchard-yields | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.928561 | 764 | 3.515625 | 4 |
WE Modern Humans How to prevent Corona virus (covid-19)?
We modern humans have a new challenge, to get the Corona Virus under control. By following a number of rules you can prevent the virus from spreading. If all people follow these rules, the virus will most likely become controllable.
One of the rules:
Hand hygiene, either with soap and water or with alcohol-based handrub, is one of the best ways to avoid getting sick and spreading infections to others. Indeed, hand hygiene is an easy, inexpensive, and effective mean to prevent the spread of germs and keep everyone healthy.
WHO: How to handwash? With soap and water | <urn:uuid:da801e80-6504-4110-a57e-8673bfd10e35> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.wemodernhumans.com/covid-19-how-to-handwash/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.931974 | 139 | 2.71875 | 3 |
At 12:59 p.m. Moscow time on 30 November, the Nord Stream gas pipeline transmitted its 200 billionth m3 of gas from Russia to Germany via the Greifswald delivery point.
“The Nord Stream gas pipeline is a high profile pan-European infrastructure project, a stellar example of mutually beneficial and productive co-operation between Gazprom and its European partners. Today's development is a clear rebuttal to the skeptics. For six years, Nord Stream has consistently exported Russian gas to the European market via the most cost-efficient transit-free route, i.e. across the Baltic Sea. The gas pipeline is operating at full capacity, providing reliable energy supplies to thousands of companies and households in Europe.
Drawing on the success of Nord Stream, Gazprom is implementing a similar project, Nord Stream 2, with the active support of Europe's leading energy companies. In accordance with the plan, the new gas pipeline will be built by the end of 2019. Gazprom is convinced, as are our partners, that the project will further strengthen the reliability of gas supplies for European consumers and foster the development of the region's energy market,” said Alexey Miller.
Image courtesy of Gazprom.
Read the article online at: https://www.worldpipelines.com/project-news/01122017/nord-stream-delivers-200-billionth-m3-of-gas-to-germany/
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The use of repurposed steel pipes can support a circular economy by reducing the need for new materials and produce CO2e savings as high as 97%, says Sean Conway, Managing Director, Decom Engineering Ltd, UK. | <urn:uuid:afa28525-a128-4f21-b703-658e58956a0e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.worldpipelines.com/project-news/01122017/nord-stream-delivers-200-billionth-m3-of-gas-to-germany/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.918652 | 350 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In all their varity, it is estimated that EU forests and the forest sector currently produce an overall climate mitigation impact that amounts to about 13% of the total EU emissions. This includes both the forests and harvested wood products as a carbon sink, as well as the substitution effect of forest products for materials and bioenergy. With the right incentives and investments, a significant additional contribution can be expected from EU forests, forestry and the forest-based industries.
Over the past two decades, the mitigation potential of forests and the forest sector has been progressively included in the international climate regime. Existing rules are rather complicated and provide limited incentives for mitigation in the forest sector in developed countries. But as the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol negotiate a new climate agreement to be adopted in Paris in December 2015, a new bottom-up approach to emission reduction commitments has emerged. This has opened the door to new approaches for using the forest sector’s mitigation potential. Better use of this potential could also provide a host of additional benefits, including revenue-generation and biodiversity conservation.
Support EU policy-makers
The EU has already decided that emissions and removals from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) are to be included in its 2030 climate policy framework, with a decision on exactly how to do so expected in late 2017. This study aimed to support EU policy-makers in answering this complex question by:
- Determining whether and how to use forests’ sinks and substitution effects as a means to meet the EU’s post-2020 targets, without decreasing the overall level of ambition,
- Identifying new principles and measures to reap the potential of the forest sector to contribute to climate change mitigation in the EU, in synergy with other regional priorities in the land use sector.
Impacts of Climate Smart Forestry in three case studies
This EFI White Paper ‘A new role for forests and the forest sector in the EU post-2020 climate targets’ on Climate-Smart Forestry by Prof. Gert-Jan Nabuurs is a follow-up to the 2015 From Science To Policy study, A new role for forests and the forest sector in the EU post-2020 climate targets. It considers the mitigation impacts of Climate-Smart Forestry in three case study areas in Europe: Spain, Czech Republic and Ireland. | <urn:uuid:83be1a87-4f6a-4956-b070-a44aa3b4cc43> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.wur.nl/en/project/Climate-smart-forestry.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.946735 | 474 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Are you on a quest for the most effective and comprehensive ethics notes to help your UPSC IAS preparation? Now, no need to look further than Lukmaan IAS Ethics Notes.
The Indian Administrative Service (IAS), a prestigious career path, attracts individuals with a passion for shaping India’s future.
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- Ethics and Human Interface: This topic tells you what ethics is, where it comes from, how it affects us, and how to deal with ethical problems in public and private life.
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- Moral Thinkers and Philosophers from India and World: This topic tells you about some famous people who taught us about ethics, such as Gandhi, Tagore, Ambedkar, Plato, Aristotle, Kant, etc. It tells you what they said about ethics, why they are still relevant today, and how they influence public administration and governance.
- Public/Civil Service Values and Ethics in Public Administration: This topic tells you why values and ethics are important in public administration, what ethical issues and challenges we face in public administration, such as corruption, nepotism, whistle-blowing, etc., how laws, rules, regulations, and institutions help us ensure ethical governance, and what examples we can learn from India and world in promoting ethical public administration.
- Probity in Governance: This topic tells you what probity in governance means, why it is important, how it affects different aspects of governance, such as political culture, and social norms.
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Lukmaan IAS ethics PDFs are designed to help you prepare for the UPSC ethics paper in an effective and efficient way.
Here are some suggestions on how to use Lukmaan IAS ethics notes:
Start by reading the introduction chapter, which will give you an overview of the UPSC ethics paper, its format, syllabus, marking scheme, cut-off, etc.
Next, read each chapter according to your preference or weakness.
Each chapter covers one topic or subtopic of the UPSC ethics paper and has the following structure:
- Theory: This section explains the concepts, rules, and principles of the topic in a simple and lucid manner. It also provides you with relevant examples and illustrations to help you understand the theory better.
- Examples: This section illustrates the application of the theory with solved examples and step-by-step solutions. It also gives you tips and tricks to solve similar questions in the exam.
- Exercises: This section provides you with practice questions of varying difficulty levels to test your understanding and skills. It also gives you hints and explanations to help you solve the questions on your own.
- Answers: This section gives you the correct answers to the exercises along with detailed solutions and explanations. It also helps you identify your mistakes and learn from them.
After completing each chapter, revise the key points and notes given at the end of the chapter. These will help you recall the important facts and formulas of the topic.
Once you have finished reading all the chapters, take the mock tests given at the end of the book.
These are simulated tests that mimic the actual UPSC ethics paper in terms of difficulty, pattern, and time limit.
They will help you assess your strengths and weaknesses, improve your speed and accuracy, and boost your confidence.
Review your performance on the mock tests by checking your score, rank, and percentile. Also, analyze your mistakes and learn from them. Identify your weak areas and work on them.
Repeat the above steps until you feel confident and ready for the UPSC ethics paper.
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Order your copy of Lukmaan IAS ethics notes today and get ready to ace UPSC ethics paper with confidence. | <urn:uuid:c09e3064-70a6-4a3f-8fde-4e17a359cb8f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.xaamadda.com/lukmaan-ias-ethics-notes-handwritten-pdf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.885523 | 2,189 | 2.96875 | 3 |
UK researchers have developed a new 3D printing technique — but this press prints not in plastic, glass, or metal, but rather in cells and molecules you’d normally find in living tissue.
Ever felt the need for a piece of living matter but without all the messy “organism” part that just complicates everything? Well, you’re in luck, because a team from the Queen Mary University in London has developed a 3D printing technique “capable of encapsulating and spatially distributing multiple cell types within tuneable pericellular environments.”
The process embeds cells and other molecules in an ink that simulates conditions inside living organisms. Because of this, the building blocks used in printing can behave largely as they would in the body, allowing researchers to explore new avenues of study for biological structures.
“The technique opens the possibility to design and create biological scenarios like complex and specific cell environments, which can be used in different fields such as tissue engineering by creating constructs that resemble tissues or in vitro models,” says Professor Alvaro Mata, the paper’s corresponding author. “[These constructs] can be used to test drugs in a more efficient manner.”
The technique actually mixes two ‘printing’ styles together: molecular self-assembly, described in a university press release as “building structures by assembling molecules like Lego pieces”, and additive manufacturing, the layer-upon-layer approach used in more traditional 3D printing.
Using the two processes in tandem allows the researchers to digitally design and then manufacture structures “with molecular precision” while creating cells and other bioconstructs that mimic tissues or whole body parts.
“This method enables the possibility to build 3D structures by printing multiple types of biomolecules capable of assembling into well defined structures at multiple scales,” says lead author Clara Hedegaard.
“Because of this, the self-assembling ink provides an opportunity to control the chemical and physical properties during and after printing, which can be tuned to stimulate cell behaviour.”
The research addresses a major shortcoming of current 3D-printing techniques: a very limited capacity to stimulate the cells that are being printed, the authors note. The structures printed using this new method hold promise as test-bed-tissues for tissue engineering or regenerative medicine.
The paper “Hydrodynamically Guided Hierarchical Self-Assembly of Peptide-Protein Bioinks” has been published in the journal Advanced Functional Materials. | <urn:uuid:e0b78a77-21d9-4a64-9b2c-52dd4f21b4d7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.zmescience.com/science/3d-print-cells-tissues/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.910688 | 528 | 3.890625 | 4 |
HOW SERIOUS IS HIV FOR CHILDREN?
Where antiretroviral medications (ARVs) and good medical care for pregnant women are available, new infections of children are rare. Anyone age 13 or younger is counted as a child in US health statistics. In 1992, almost 1,000 children were infected. By 2002, there were just 92 new infections. African-American newborns are much more likely to be infected than children of other races.
Most children with HIV were born to mothers with HIV. Others got a transfusion of infected blood. In the developed world, blood for transfusions is screened and most pregnant women are taking ARVs. See fact sheet 611 for more information on pregnancy and HIV.
Infected mothers can pass HIV to their newborns. This happens where mothers do not get good medical care while they are pregnant. It also happens where ARVs are not available, or where blood for transfusions is not always screened.
HOW ARE CHILDREN DIFFERENT?
Children's immune systems are still developing. They have a different response to HIV infection. CD4 cell counts (see fact sheet 124) and viral load (see fact sheet 125) counts are higher than in adults. An infant's viral load usually declines until age 4 or 5. Then it stabilizes.
Children also respond differently to anti-HIV medications. They have larger increases in CD4 cell counts and more diverse CD4 cells. They seem to recover more of their immune response than adults.
Infants have more fat and water in their bodies. This affects the amount of medication available. Children have a very high rate of metabolism. This gradually slows as they mature.
The liver processes drugs and removes them from the body. It takes several years to mature. As it matures, drug levels in children can change a lot.
Bones develop quickly during the early years of life. ARVs can weaken bones in adults. This was also seen in children. See
fact sheet 557 for more information on bone problems in HIV.
RESEARCH ON CHILDREN
The US government supported the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group to study AIDS in children. In Europe, the Pediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS does similar work.
It is very difficult to recruit children into HIV clinical trials. In the US, many children with HIV have already been in more than one research study. With falling infection rates, there are very few new cases of pediatric HIV. The US has considered ending support for its pediatric trials network. Important research questions may be studied in adults.
TREATMENT FOR CHILDREN
HIV-infected children should be treated by a pediatrician who knows about HIV.
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) works very well for children. The death rate of children with AIDS has dropped as much as for adults. However, manufacturers were not required to study their products in children until very recently in the US. As a result, very few ARVs have been studied in children. Still, 12 ARVs are approved for use by children.
The correct doses are not always known. Children's doses are sometimes based on their weight. Another method is body surface area. This formula considers both height and weight. As mentioned above, several factors affect drug levels in children. Dosing may have to be adjusted several times as a child develops.
The doses of some medications for infants and very young children can be individualized. They come in liquid or powder form. Others come in a granular form. Some pills can be crushed and added to food or liquids. Some clinics teach children how to swallow pills. Children who can swallow pills have more medication options.
It is difficult to know when to start treatment for children. Immediate treatment might prevent immune system damage. Delayed treatment may provide better quality of life for several years. However, HIV-related diseases show up much faster in untreated children than in adults. Without treatment, about 20% of children die or develop AIDS within one year. Most HIV-infected children in the US start ART before they are 3 months old.
US Guidelines for ART in children were last updated in November 2005. They can be found on the Internet at http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/Guidelines/
Adherence (see fact sheet 405) is a major challenge for children and infants. Both the child and the parents may need extra help. Many children do not understand why they should put up with medication side effects.
Their parents are usually HIV-positive. They may have their own difficulties with adherence. Their children may take different medications, on a different schedule. Many ARVs taste bad or have a strange texture. A feeding tube directly into the stomach may be necessary if an infant refuses to swallow medications.
THE BOTTOM LINE
Where ARVs and good medical care for pregnant women are available, new infections of children are rare.
Treatment of HIV-infected children is complicated. Not all anti-HIV medications are approved for use by children. The correct dosing is not always known. Children may have a difficult time tolerating medications and taking every dose as scheduled.
However, because children's immune systems are still developing, they might have a better chance of fully recovering from damage caused by HIV.
Children with HIV should be treated by a pediatrician with experience in HIV. | <urn:uuid:7b70e1e8-7c54-4e86-966f-9164fba004c1> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://aidseducator.org/factsheets/612-Children-Youth-and-HIV.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.969295 | 1,109 | 3.84375 | 4 |
The sixth century BC, Ethiopia’s historic route begins with a glance at the tantalizing remains of Yeha – the country’s earliest high civilization.
In a remote part of Tigray region, Yeha rests several hours drive from more accessible city of Axum, the Journey takes you on rough tracks through dramatic highland scenery and eventually end in a beautiful and serene agricultural hamlet. It is there, cloth to a much more recent Christian church that you may see the towering ruins of Yeha´s Temple of the Moon – built more than 2500 years ago, in Sabean Times.
The temple is an imposing rectangular edifice. Though it has been long since its roof and upper storey, the ruins stand some twelve meters in height. As evening falls, the temple´s finely dressed and polished limestone reflects the glow of the setting sun with a warmth and brilliance that cannot be accidental. The huge, precisely fitted blocks from which the inward- inclining walls are formed seem to bear out ancient opinion that Sabean buildings could be filled with water without a single drop being lost.
The legacy of the queen of Sheba lies just below the shifting sands, and hewn churches out of sheer rock attract wide-eyed tourists. The African nation´s historic route begins in the Ancient city of Axum, which dates back to about 100 BC. This capital city was the first place in Ethiopia to adopt a new religion Christianity. According to the Old Testament, the queen of Sheba was born in Axum, but traveled to Israel to meet King Solomon. They had a son called Menlik, who later became the first emperor of Ethiopia. Menlik brought the original Arc of the Covenant back to Ethiopia from Israel. Today, the Arc, which once housed the Ten Commandments, remains well hidden in Axum. It is guarded by selected Monk, whose sole is commitment to protect the sacred vessel.
Axum is also known for its massive, towering sculptures that are more than two thousand years old. Their significance is still under investigation by archaeologists. Made of single blocks of granite, the tallest stood over 33 meters high – the largest monolith stele in the world.
Ethiopia´s oldest city Axum dates back some 2,000 years to when it was the hub of the Axumite Empire. The queen of Sheba made it her capital 1,000 years before Christ. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church was founded here in the fourth century. The Church of St. Mary of Zion in Axum is today one of the holiest Christian sanctuary in Ethiopia, and Ethiopians believe that the church houses the Ark of Covenant, containing the tables on which Moses wrote the Ten Commandments.
The grave of King Kaleb and the grave of King Gebre Meskel, the reputed Bath of the queen of Sheba, and a Museum are other historical attractions in the town. The ruins that are a few kilometers out of town to the south were once the Palace of Sheba apparently. The entrance stairs and floor plan are intact and the palace hade over 50 rooms.
Some 76 Kilometers north from Axum lies the Monastery of Debre Damo (closed to women), situated on a cliff top in one of the wildest parts of Tigray, Which is said to have the oldest existing intact church in Ethiopia. Local tradition says that Abune Aregawi, one of the nine saints, built the church in the 6th century. The Monastery of Debre Damo can only reach by rope pulley. A vertical climb up a rope must be endured for a distance of about 15 meters. Dabre Damo is unique and unforgettable. The bluff on which Damo stands is a real-life Shangri-La. Remote and beautiful, far from the hustle and bustle of the 21st century, the cool celestial island of rock offers Panoramic views over the surrounding countryside and complete seclusion and peace for the 100 or so monks and deacons who live there. The monastery’s treasures include an extensive collection of illuminated manuscripts and the intricate carving on the beams and ceiling of the ancient church around which the monastery is built.
Negash, a village in the Tigray region is known as the earliest Muslim settlement in Africa. A seventh century cemetery has been excavated inside the village boundaries. Negash is also known for the Negash Amedin Mesgid (Mosque). The first Hijra occurred in 615 when a band of Muslims were counseled by Prophet Mohamed to escape Mecca and travel to the Kingdom of Axum, which was ruled by a Christian king and they settled in Negash .
Rock hewn churches
A UNESCO world heritage site of the most astonishing rock-hewn churches in Ethiopia. Lalibela is a mountain hideaway surrounded by peaks as high as 4000 m that has hidden its unique churches from the world for centuries and was the capital of Ethiopia from the tenth century until the thirteenth century when the Zagwe dynasty was ended.
In Lalibela, you will find two main groups of churches, one on each side of the river Jordan and the other church set apart from the rest. The town of Roha – Lalibela lies between the first and the second group of churches.
There are twelve churches and chapels, including various shrines. Some of them are monolithic in the strict sense; the remainders are excavated churches in different degrees of separation from the rock.
The churches in a group are set on several levels, to carry off the heavy summer rains. The trenches serve as a drainage system to the river Jordan. With churches whose placing conforms to the slope of the terrain, the ridge of the roof, gutter edges, the base of the plinth, are slanted in line with it.
The monolithic Bet Giorgis – dedicated to the national saint of Ethiopia is isolated from the other two groups of churches.
The church is described as Lalibelas “most elegant” and “refined” in its Architecture and stonemasonry.
Gondar is located about 730 km from Addis Ababa, situated in the foothills of the Simien Mountains at 2200m above sea level. Gondar was the capital of Ethiopia from the rice of Fasiledes to the fall of Tewodros (1855 -1868). The Castel of Gondar are today the most visible expression of the relatively near past history of Ethiopia. The main imperial precinct, known as the Royal enclosure, covers an area of about 7 hectares, and contains about 5 castles walkways and connecting tunnels surrounded by high stone walls.
The oldest of these is the castle of Fasiledes. The castles of king Fasil´s legacy dated back to the 17th century AD. There exists no instance of the kind in Africa. Fasiledes grandson, Iyasu I the great, built his own castle and decorated it with ivory, gold and precious stones.
Around the castle are found churches of the 17th Century, the most spectacular being Debre Birhan Selassie. The magnificent paintings of angels, facing the ceiling of the church are still incredibly graceful ; may be miraculously spared Gonder´s destruction through different time, the latest being the bombardment of the royal air force to dislodge the Italians who used the castes compound as their headquarter during World War II. Gonder represents a rare care of Ethiopian history to which the nation had cherished for some 200 years. The era was featured by prosperity and leisure that facilitated a renaissance and yet conscious development of culture expressed by art, architecture, music, learning, scholarly study and literature with their own design – a made known as Gonderian style.
Lake Tana is the largest lake in Ethiopia, which flows to Khartoum Sudan and beyond. It was formed by a volcanic blockage and created one of Africa’s greatest waterfalls, called Tis Abay or Tis Isat.
The lake has about 37 islands of which believed 20 have monasteries on them.
Remains of ancient Ethiopian emperors and treasures of the church are kept in the isolated island monasteries. On the island of Tana Qirqos is a rock shown to Paul B. Henze, on which it was told the virgin Mary had rested on her journey back from Egypt; he was also told that Frumentius, who introduced Christianity to Ethiopia, is “allegedly buried on Tana Cherkos” the body of Yikuno Amlak is interred in the monastery of St. Stephen on Daga Island; other emperors whose tombs are on Daga include Dewitt I, Zara Yakob, Ze Dengel, and Fasiledes. Other important islands on Lake Tana include Dek Island and Meshralia.
Tis Abay or Tis Isat falls isolated the lake, in which 18 species of barbus fish evolved, the only extended cyprinid species flock in Africa and the only intact flock in the world. Lake Tana is one of the 250 lakes identified by Lake Net as having globally significant biodiversity.
The Gihon (in Bible) – yet another name for the Blue Nile is a river originating at Lake Tana in Ethiopia. The Nile was one of the four rivers that flowed out of Eden at the beginning of the world. It was the river in Genesis that “Compasses the whole land of Ethiopia and in its waters lived a king also named Gihon. It is also called sometimes `Ribbon of Holy Water’.
Although there are several feeder streams that flow into Lake Tana, the sacred source of the river is generally considered to be a small spring at Gishe Abay. The Blue Nile much later joins the White Nile at Khartoum, Sudan and as the Nile, flows through Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea at Alexandria. The distance from its source to its confluence is reported as about 1,600 km (1000 mi)
The Blue Nile flows generally south from Lake Tana and then west across Ethiopia and northwest into Sudan. Within 30km of its source at Lake Tana, the river enters a Canyon about 400 km long. The power of the Blue Nile may best be appreciated at Tis Isat falls, which are 45m (148 ft) high, located about 40 km downstream of Lake Tana.
The flow of the Blue Nile reaches maximum volume in the rainy season (from June to September), when its supplies about two third of the water of the Nile proper. The Blue Nile, along with that of the Atbara to the north, which also flows out of the Ethiopian highlands, were responsible the annual Nile floods that contributed to the fertility of the Nile valley.
In the heart of Tigray, the northern region of Ethiopia lays a special massif of mountains called Gheralta Mountains.
Gheralta area, with its unique chain of mountains is home of the rock churches some of them are famous for their architecture, ancient paints and manuscripts while others known for their magnificent view.
The Gheralta cluster includes more than 30 structures. Most of the churches date to between the 4th and 6th Centuries. This makes the Gheralta cluster another geographic and artistic point for early Ethiopian Orthodox center next to Axum.
Erta Ale is one of the few active volcanoes and the only active land volcano which is below sea level with colored landscapes on the world that have an almost persistent lava lake. It is an isolated basaltic shield volcano, 50 km wide, rising more than 600m from below sea level in the barren Danakil depression.
The volcano contains a 0.7 x 1.6km elliptical summit crater with several steep-sided pit craters, one of them containing a lava lake. Another larger 1.8 x 3.1 km wide depression, elongated parallel to the trend of the Erta Ale range is located to the SE of the summit and is bounded by curvilinear fault scarps on the SE side. Fresh-looking basaltic lava flows from these fissures have poured in to the caldera and locally overflowed its rim. The caldera is renowned for one, or sometimes two long-term lava lakes that have been active since at least 1967 or possibly since 1906.
Dallol is a field of hydrothermal in the barren salt plain located NNE of the Erta Ale Range in one of the lowest (about 127m below sea level) and the hottest areas of the desolate Danakil depression.
The Dallol craters are the Earth´s lowest known sub aerial volcanic vents. The most recent of these explosion craters, Dallol, was formed during a hydrothermal
The prehistoric site of Tiya in southern Ethiopia houses another collection of some 30 intricately carved stele and is probably an ancient burial ground. The steles are not soaring monoliths as in Axum, but they contain depictions of swords and various enigmatic symbols not found in other regions. According UNESCO, these are the remains of an ancient Ethiopian culture whose age has not yet been precisely determined. The erection of megalithic monuments such as these is a very ancient tradition in Ethiopia.
The city has a long history as an important center of Islamic learning and trading gateway into the winter lands of Africa. It is an independent sultanate with its currency among other thing until its incorporation into Ethiopia in the 19th century. It had been occupied by the Egyptians for the Ottoman Turks. Harar is the fourth sacred city after Mecca, Medina, and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. It is also a center of pilgrimage for Ethiopian and some east African Muslims. Harar has over 90 mosques, saints´ mausoleums and shrines. It is kaleidoscope of colors and a pat of peoples and their culture bringing together. The Harari are its predominant ancient natives and the only urbanized ethnic group from their beginning. At an elevation of about 1850m high, Harar has the most pleasant constant climates
The fantastic limestone caves of Sof Omar lie at about 1300 m above sea level. This is in marked contrast to what you will experience in the Bale Mountains at up to 4000 m high. The caves themselves carry the whole flow the Web River that rises in the Bale Mountains, underground through wonderfully carved caverns for a distance of one and a half kilometers. There are over 16 Kilometers of associated passages, which require skill, time and special equipment for a full exploration. A cool dip in the clear River afterwards refreshes the return drive.
This area, in the southwestern Ethiopia which is close to Lake Turkana, is another haven of pre-historic finds which have been essential in the study of human evolution. Ancient tools and hominid fossils dating back to 2.4 million years ago have been discovered there. The remote area is also home to its huge cultural diversity of people, whose lifestyle have changed very little over the centuries and who have been the subject of much anthropological study. It is one of the most unique places in the world, in that so many cultures inhabit such a relatively small piece of land
One of the world´s most famous hominid fossils, known as ‘Lucy’, was discovered in the lower Awash Valley in the searing heat of the eastern Afar region. The area contains some of the most important paleontological remains on the African continent, and these discoveries – some of which are at least 4 million years old – have enabled scientists to gain invaluable insights in to human evolution. The 3.2 years old ‘Lucy’ was reconstructed after 50 fragments of a skeleton were found in 1974 – about 40% intact. The study of this early hominid skeleton has provided clues as to when and how humans began to walk upright.
The Semien Mountain massif (425 sq km ) is a broad plateau, cat off to the north and west by an enormous single crag over 60 km long. The Semien highlands constitute one of the major mountain massifs in Africa. The region includes many summits which are over 3,800 meters and culminates at the highest point in Ethiopia, Ras Dashen which is 4620 m high.
Fauna within this spectacular splendor live the Walia Ibex, Ethiopian Wolf, Gelada Baboon and Menelik Bushbuck are some of among the endemic ones, as well as the Hamadryas Baboon, Klipspringer. Birds such as Lammergeyer, Augur Buzzard, Verreaux´s Eagle, Kestrel and falcon also live in this mountain
Altitude – ranges between 1700 – 4620 m above sea level and the Temperature ranges between 16 – 30°c
It is an area of high altitude plateau of 2500 sq km with numerous spectacular volcanic plugs and peaks, beautiful tiny alpine lakes and rushing streams from the mountain descending into deep rocky gorges on their way down to the lowlands.
Bale Mountains National park is the largest Afro-Alpine habitat. It offers visitors with opportunities of mountaineering, horse trekking, scenic driving and chances to view some of Ethiopia´s endemic mammals.
Flora- About 1600 plant species shelter in the park of which 160 are endemic to Ethiopia and 34 are strictly endemic to the park
Altitude-ranges between 1500 – 4437 m above sea level and Temperature 15°c-30°c .
Fauna – 78 mammal species of which 17 endemic to Ethiopia. There are rare and endangered as well as endemic species. (e.g Ethiopian Wolf and Mountain Nyala). Over 280 Bird species have been recorded, including eight endemic (e.g Yellow-fronted parrot, Abyssinian long claw, spot Breasted plover and Abyssinian wood pecker) there are several rare endemic frogs, including four species found in Bale alone. Similarly there are two chameleon species restricted to the park.
Awash National Park lies 225 km east of the capital, Addis Ababa and is believed to be the oldest and most developed wildlife reserve in Ethiopia. The park covers 827 square kilometers featuring Fantalle Volcano (1800 meters), extensive mineral hot-springs and other extraordinary volcanic formations. The park s crossed by the deep cutting path of the river Awash, a river with neither source nr outlet.
The wildlife consists mainly of east African plain animals including Menilik´s Bushbuck, Beisa Oryx, bat-eared fox, klipspringer, Caracal, Leopard, colobus and green monkeys, Anubis and Hamadryas baboons, Soemmering´s gazelle, Cheetah, Lion and Kudu. In addition, the park is a habitat for about 462 species of birds of these, six are endemic namely Banded Barbet, Goldon-Nacked Woodpecker, White-Winged Cliff Chat, White-Tailed Starling, thick-billed raven and Wattled Ibis.
Far to the south-west, the Omo National Park, the largest in the country, with an area of 4,068 square kilometers is located. This vast expanse of true wilderness, adjacent to the Omo River, is one of the richest and least-visited wildlife sanctuaries in eastern Africa. Eland, Oryx, Burchell´s zebra, Lewel hartebeest, buffalo, giraffe, elephant, Waterbuck, kudu, Lion, leopard, and many other animals roam within the park´s boundaries.
In addition the Omo national park is a habitat of for over 306 colorful birds specious including Goliath herons, blue breasted Kingfisher and white-checked Turacos. Beyond the open gallery forest on the coast of Omo River, hippos graze on the Savannah slopes against the mountain walls, and waterbuck, bushbuck, and Abyssinian ground hornbills are sometimes to be seen.
Abijata Shala National park is a combination of lakes Abijata and Shala. The park is 887 square kilometer wide; 482 square km of this is covered by the lakes water. The altitude ranges from 1500-2000 meters. The highest peak is Mount Fike, situated between the two lakes. The lakes are terminal, but they are very different in nature. The park was created for many species of aquatic birds, particularly Great White Pelicans, Greater and Lesser Flamingos, Herons, White Necked Cormorant…
This part of the Great Rift Valley is a major flyway for both Palearctic and African migrants, particularly Raptors and Flamingos. The park is also known for world threatened specious of migrant birds like Aguila Heliacal, Falco Naumanni, Circus Macrourus and Glareola Nordmanni. Generally over 400 specious of birds (including 6 endemic birds) and Mammal specious including Greater Kudu, Warthog, Anubis Baboon, Grivet, Colobus monkey, Oribi, Klipspringer and Jackal have been recorded from the park.
It lies on the eastern sides of a small branch of the eastern Rift Valley located 800 km southwest of Addis Ababa. The park is fortunate in possessing rivers and streams, which are by far reasons for the reach wildlife resource of the area. Mago River rises from the north east highlands of the area and cross the park (north to south) and feeds the Omo River, Omo, Mago and Neri rivers are typical features for the Mago National Park.
The park supports a typical bush savanna fauna with 81 larger mammals and 237 species of bird. Among mammals African Elephant, Buffalo, Lesser Kudu, Greater Kudu, Lewel´s Hartebeest, Gerenuk, Giraffe …
The park area is also very well-known for its rich cultural diversity, where many elements of the earliest nomadic life styles are still continued.
The Baro River area, accessible by land or air trough the western Ethiopia town of Gambela, remains a place of adventure and challenge. Traveling across the endless undulating plains of high Sudanese grass, vistors can enjoy a sense of achievement in just finding their way. This is Ethiopia´s true tropical zone and here you can all the elements of the African safari, enhanced by a distinctly Ethiopian flavor.
Nile perch weighing 100 kg can be caught in the waters of the Baro, snatched from the jaws of the huge crocodiles that thrive along the riverbank. The White-eared Kob also haunts the Baro, along with other riverbank residents that include the Nile Lechwe, Buffalo, Giraffe, Tiang, Waterbuck, Roan Antelope, Zebra, Bushbuck, Abyssinian Reedbuck, Warthog, Hartebeest, Lion, Elephant and Hippopotamus. | <urn:uuid:9cdb2fd5-9689-4765-9504-715511de4d6e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://bridgeethiopiatours.com/attractions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.950646 | 4,739 | 2.96875 | 3 |
by Admir Čavalić
Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country with 4 million people, located in the heart of the Balkan region, sharing borders with Croatia in the West and North, with Serbia in the East, and with Montenegro in the South.
It has a very rich history in which we had Illyrian and Slavic tribes, the Roman Empire, Bogomil heretics with their Bosnian Church, several Bosnian kings, the arrival of the Ottoman Empire and the spread of Islam in Europe. Afterwards the Austro-Hungarian Empire, followed by the beginning of World War I in Sarajevo, the birth of the Yugoslav state, then World War II with Partisans fighting in hilly Bosnia, later communist Yugoslavia with its charming dictator, in 1992 the declaration of independence. But also the start of the four-year war with the genocide in Srebrenica in 1995. Since then and until today – the era of transition and Euro-Atlantic integrations.
The political complexity
What makes Bosnia and Herzegovina politically so interesting is the complex administrative-territorial system of the country. Basically there is a state-level government with three presidents, under which there are two entities with their governments, and as a third part a district called Brčko. The first entity, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina covers 51% of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina and is mostly populated by Bosniaks (mostly members of the Islamic religion) and Bosnian Croats (mostly members of the Catholic religion). The Federation is further divided into ten cantons (following the Swiss model), where each canton has its own government and budgets. Cantons are formed by cities and municipalities.
The other entity is called Republic of the Srpska and is accounting for 49% of the territory and is mainly inhabited by Bosnian Serbs (mostly Orthodox religion). Unlike the Federation, which is highly decentralized, the Republic of Srpska is centralized and below the entity government there are only cities and municipalities.
Finally, the Brčko District is independent of two entities and is often referred to as a Hong Kong of Balkans. All in all, the above-described structure implies that we have a total of 14 governments, 13 Prime ministers and 136 ministers. The head of the state is made by three presidents, each of the three constituent nations by the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats).
The political complexity of Bosnia and Herzegovina is further forced by frequent political conflicts that are mainly inspired by nationalism. This leads to the country’s economy being totally ignored, and the existence of some remarkable paradoxes. Regarding the labour taxation for example, Bosnia and Herzegovina is among the first in the World (on 100 euros, the state takes 72 euros). This is one of the reasons why the country is the world’s record holder in youth unemployment, with a rate of 57.9% of young people unemployed. There are also lots of other problems of course, from the labor market and tax policy to bad legislation and business conditions. Let us add that the citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina are the least economically free in Europe, and on the 97th place worldwide on rankings by Index of Economic Freedom.
However, one sphere of economy is among the healthiest in Balkans. At the same time it is the only sphere that local politicians do have no control of. It is the monetary sphere, ie, printing money. The local currency called the convertible mark (BAM) is pegged to the euro through the Currency Board. Bosnia does thus not have the ability to control its currency, which is therefore extremely stable and always worth 1.95 against the euro (1 euro is 2 KM). Interestingly, the currency uses the name „mark“ because during the war the German mark became the dominant currency of confidence among various nations.
Where we can be optimistic and hopeful for Bosnia and Herzegovina is the determination of its citizens to join the European Union as a full member, and to integrate further with NATO, too. Therefore, the ultimate political goal of any political party, regardless of whether they are left or right, moderate and extreme, is the European Union. The level of support among citizens is incredibly high, with more than 80% of citizens supporting EU membership. Therefore, the 2015 is often called the year of reforms for Bosnia and Herzegovina, because this year we signed the Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the EU, but also started serious reforms within the framework of the so-called reform agenda which was created with the help of EU.
The aim of the reforms is the liberalization and deregulation of the domestic economy, and the reduction of fiscal liabilities with the of increase fiscal discipline and privatization of the rest of commanding heights of the Bosnian economy. Ruling political parties that are center-right are working on this, although the unions and the public are often opposed.
In the long term, the vision is that Bosnia and Herzegovina becomes a competitive EU mini-states that will offer its relatively cheap and skilled labor force, but also actively compete with their companies in the European internal market. Even today, many Bosnian companies are doing subcontracting work for multinationals and EU companies. By joining the EU this trend will increase, and we will further work on economic integration as a long-term condition for peace and prosperity in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as generally on the Balkans. | <urn:uuid:5a1b8b18-520c-41ec-9e3d-3429e7b90091> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://campuseurope.de/bosnia-and-herzegovina-the-most-complex-country-in-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.964704 | 1,139 | 3.21875 | 3 |
There are thousands of first names today. But our ancestors used just a few tens of them. They wanted to fit in, not to stand out, because anyone who stood out was usually suspicious.
Records in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia are usually writen in Latin between abt 1730 and 1784. And Latin uses declension and has six cases:
You can see usually three of them in the records - nominative, genitive and accusative. Nominative is the name itself, genitive is usually used for "son/daughter of someone", accusative for "son/daughter after someone". It seems complicated but it's not that bad.
Names ending with -us
Here belong names such as Josephus (or Iosephus), Petrus, Paulus, Bartholomæus, Martinus, Carolus, Antonius, Franciscus or Jacobus.
For genitive and accusative, -us at the end is dropped. For genitive, the ending is -i, for accusative, the ending is -um. So, what are the forms of the mentioned names?
- Josephus - Josephi - Josephum
- Petrus - Petri - Petrum
- Paulus - Pauli - Paulum
- Bartolomæus - Bartholomæi - Bartholomæum
- Martinus - Martini - Martinum
- Carolus - Caroli - Carolum
- Antonius - Antonii - Antonium
- Franciscus - Francisci - Franciscum
- Jacobus - Jacobi - Jacobum
Names ending with -as
You can find names such as Lucas or Andreas. The declension is a bit different, only the -s is dropped. For genitive, the ending is -ae, for accusative it's -am.
- Lucas - Lucæ - Lucam
- Andreas - Andreæ - Andream
Be careful when reading the records. The æ is offen written very quickly and it's sometimes hard to say it's there. At least some experience is needed to be sure what belongs there - if a or æ.
Names ending with -es
This category is much smaller. In fact, I can think of only one name belonging here, Joannes. Maybe I'll find some more in future, but right now there is only this one.
In this case, -es is dropped, genitive ends with -is and accusative with -em.
- Joannes - Joannis - Joannem
There are other names which were not mentioned in the list above. Most of them belong to the -us category. Anyway I'll update this post time to time so the names list is better. Hope this helps in your future search in the Latin records. :)
Do you want to support me in writing this blog? Become my Patron on Patreon. You'll get Patron only posts, polls, early access and much more. Click here to read more: https://www.patreon.com/czechgenealogy | <urn:uuid:521b34b6-717f-4b03-95df-bb328d234af0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://czechgenealogy.nase-koreny.cz/2022/10/male-first-names-in-latin.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.929331 | 641 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Falmer Village History
Falmer is a small downland village which retains its rural attractiveness despite its close proximity to Brighton and Hove city. It is a recognised beauty spot.
The village is recorded in the Domesday Book as 'Falemere' which is a Saxon name. There are two possible meanings for the name. One is Fala's Mere, a pond belonging to Fala who may have been a Saxon chieften. Or possibly Fallows Mere, which means a dark pool. Both of these possible meanings confirm that Falmer Pond was in existence in Saxon times.
After the Norman conquest, the village grew as an isolated farm settlement and belonged to the estate of Lewes Priory. Falmer boasts a large 13th century thatched barn, hidden from view behind the church. The barn is reputed to be one of the largest medieval barns in Sussex and was used by the monks of Lewes Priory for storing sheaves of corn. When Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries in 1536, church estates were given to his subjects who lived at a distance and drew the profits. Thomas Cromwell and Anne of Cleves held Falmer for a few years each. By 1630 records show that Falmer was in the hands of the Craven family of Berkshire and its manor extended over 3060 acres.
In the 1700's the Falmer estate was purchased by the Pelham family who already owned Stanmer house and estate. Thomas Pelham was created Earl of Chichester in 1801 and he reorganised his landholdings to create compact farms of 500 to 1000 acres each. Court Farm in Falmer may date from this period. The Chichester family also founded the Falmer Almshouses and rebuilt the church in 1817.
The decline in the downland estates began in the 1880's and the Chichester family sold off large amounts of land after 1910. What was left of the estate was requisitioned by the War Department in 1942 and the Chichester family did not return after the war. Instead they sold most of their remaining estate in 1947 to Brighton Corporation. A teacher training college was then developed in the early 1950's and this is now part of Brighton University. Sussex University was built in 1961.
A new four-lane road to Lewes 1978-79 changed Falmer forever by dividing the village into two halves, north and South. Falling rolls led to the closure of the village school in 1972. The building then became the village hall. The village shop closed when it was discovered to be in a dangerous state of repair and the landlords sold the shop, which became a private home. | <urn:uuid:4dbb03f7-4cbe-42ae-9195-e072dde5d7fe> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://falmervillage.co.uk/history.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.982883 | 545 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The abbé Dubos goes rummaging in Justinian’s code for laws to prove that military benefices among the Romans were subject to tributes, whence he concludes that the same was true for fiefs or benefices among the Franks. But the opinion that our fiefs originate in that establishment of the Romans is banished today : it seemed persuasive only back when we knew Roman history, but our own very little, and when our ancient records were buried in dust.
The abbé Dubos is wrong to cite Cassiodorus and to use what was happening in Italy and in the part of Gaul subjected to Theodoric to inform us what was being practiced among the Franks : these are things that must not be confused. I shall demonstrate some day, in a separate work, that the plan of the monarchy of the Ostrogoths was entirely different from the plan of all the ones that were founded in those times by the other barbarian peoples ; and that, far from our being able to say what something was practiced by the Franks because it was by the Ostrogoths, we have on the contrary good cause for thinking that something that was practiced by the Ostrogoths was not practiced by the Franks.
What is hardest for someone whose mind floats in vast erudition is to seek his evidence where it is not foreign to the subject, and to find, to speak like the astronomers, the position of the sun. | <urn:uuid:f6679af5-e130-49a4-864d-42ce7b848cb5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://montesquieu.ens-lyon.fr/spip.php?article3210 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.985567 | 293 | 2.640625 | 3 |
These principles are intuitively appealing, and they help to explain why democracy is so popular. Of course we feel it is fair that we should have as much chance as anyone else to decide on common rules! The problems arise when we consider how the principles can be put into practice, because we need a mechanism for deciding how to address conflicting views. Because it offers a simple mechanism, democracy tends to be “rule of the majority”; but rule of the majority can mean that some people’s interests are never represented. A more genuine way of representing everyone’s interests is to use decision making by consensus, where the aim is to find common points of interest. | <urn:uuid:d41e3033-8839-4aa8-be1f-9297ccffc554> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://onenewsbox.com/2022/11/20/farah-pahlavi-at-the-opening-ceremony-of-the-protest-art-exhibition/5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.964467 | 137 | 3.25 | 3 |
It’s the year 2111. Humanity has invented a warp drive that enables a spacecraft to hyperjump to distant solar systems and back to Earth. The drive promises to revolutionize space exploration. But there’s a catch. The new technology is finicky and can only make hyperjumps that follow certain numerical rules. Earth’s governing body has tapped you, an adventurous math explorer, to captain the first warp-drive-equipped starship in its fleet. Your mission is to establish hyperjump routes to as many exoplanets as you can in a different solar system each day. Teams of scientists can then safely follow in your footsteps to study each planet in detail.
Strapped into the captain’s seat, you sit in front of a console with five blank digits, one for each exoplanet you will visit on your first trip. Each planet in the target solar system has been assigned a hyperjump number. You must input the numbers in a valid order — based on addition, subtraction, multiplication and division — before you can take off. After each trip, you must return to Earth to recharge your warp drive. Earth is the only planet with a hyperjump number of 9, so every sequence ends in a 9. Your HOW TO PLAY manual explains how to construct a valid hyperjump sequence.
A safety mechanism on the warp drive requires you to complete four five-planet trips, then three six-planet trips, then two seven-planet trips, before you can attempt the drive’s maximum trip length of eight planets. As you complete longer hyperjump trips, you level up from Beginner to Jumper, then Explorer, Expert and finally Master.
Click this link or the image above to play Quanta’s new math game, Hyperjumps!
Notes on Game Design
This project began more than a year ago, when I approached Pradeep Mutalik with a modest request: Could he, as our master puzzle columnist, come up with a basic math game that people of all ages and mathematical backgrounds would enjoy?
Not long after, Pradeep sent me his idea, which became the basis for Hyperjumps! I went home that weekend, played the game with pencil and paper, and loved the concept. (My then-12-year-old son also took to it and was able to complete a seven-planet sequence.)
At first, we thought about offering Hyperjumps! as a simple PDF printout. But we happened to be in the process of hiring Paul Chaikin as our interactive developer and decided to enlist him in building it out as Quanta’s first interactive game. Paul, Samuel Velasco (Quanta’s art director) and I further developed the game into what you see today. As newbie game designers, we faced plenty of challenges. How do we structure the gameplay and scoring to optimize playability? How do we explain the rules of the game to first-time players? How do we keep the interface simple and intuitive? How do we provide the right amount of feedback during gameplay?
We hope we got it mostly right. And we couldn’t have built this game without the help of our colleagues. Michael Kranz, who manages the web development team at the Simons Foundation, provided coding support, and several members of Quanta’s editorial and art teams play-tested early prototypes.
If you like Hyperjumps! I hope you’ll share it with your family and friends. We welcome your questions, feedback and bug reports in the comments section below.
Quanta’s Insights Puzzle
Hyperjumps! is a natural addition to Quanta’s puzzle offerings, which have long been headlined by our Insights series. Starting with our first Insights puzzle, which ran on July 7, 2015, Pradeep has written 54 puzzle columns for Quanta, exploring the Sleeping Beauty problem, infinity, random walks, quantum weirdness, Wordle and many other topics, including the art of puzzle solving itself and several variations of classic math puzzles.
Looking back at this treasure trove of brain-twisting ideas, calculations, creativity and quantitative fun, I’m awed by Pradeep’s wide-ranging interests, inquisitiveness and intellectual energy. I can’t thank him enough for sharing his love of puzzles with the Quanta community, for taking the time to read and respond to readers’ questions and solutions, and for giving me, his editor, a master class in the craft of puzzle design.
Seven years is a long run. And if there’s one constant, it’s that change is inevitable. With the introduction of this new interactive math game, Pradeep and I felt it was a good time to wind down the Insights puzzle, at least for now. We hope you enjoy Hyperjumps! and, as Pradeep likes to say, happy puzzling! | <urn:uuid:02cca95c-6243-46c9-a4c7-9e9d56a3a1de> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://rgl4.com/index-41.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.941438 | 1,019 | 3.390625 | 3 |
The fundamental tools for bird-watching are your eyes and ears.
Birds can be readily identified by both sight and sound.
There are accomplished bird-watchers who are visually impaired and accomplished bird-watchers who are unable to hear the birds at all.
Although one can observe a great deal without binoculars, seeing the kind of detail necessary for identifying birds and observing the details of their behavior requires the aid of binoculars.
Usable binoculars for bird-watching range in price from $50 up to $3000. These two articles at Audubon.org are excellent. They cover critical details and review binoculars in all price ranges:
Audubon Online Guide to Binoculars
How to Choose Binoculars
A few suggestions:
- If you already have binoculars, continue to use them until you gain more experience.
- Ask other birders about their binoculars and ask to try them.
- The most common binocular size for bird-watching is 8 x 42 (Power x Size of Ocular Lens)
- Don't buy other sizes unless you have educated yourself and have a good reason for doing so.
- If you wear glasses for distance viewing, it is critical that you understand "eye-relief" and buy binoculars with sufficient eye-relief (17mm to 22mm is common).
The two articles mentioned above will provide guidance on all of these issues.
A field guide provides pictures, range maps, habitat details, migration information, diet information, identification aids and sound descriptions for every species in an area.
Field Guides are available in Print, Online and Phone App formats.
Very Important: Online Field Guides (as well as phone-based guides) provide extensive recordings of the
Songs and Calls of every North American Species. See the "eBird" and "Other Online Resources" section for information on freely available sources.
Print Field Guides are generally the most complete and offer the advantage of being able to easily compare species within and between families.
Print Field Guides cover all the birds in a specific region. In our area, most bird-watchers have at least one guide to all of North America and sometimes another (often small enough to carry in the field) covering just the species seen is the western part of the country.
Widely used guides in the USA include:
- Sibley Guide to Birds
- National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America
- Peterson Field Guide to Birds
Online Field Guides: Here are links to two free guides:
All About Birds from The Cornell Lab of Ornithology, is perhaps the most extensive guide on the web.
Audubon.org provides this comprehensive guide: Audubon Guide to North American Birds.
In addition to the standard Field Guide components, these offer extensive field recordings of all species!
Phone App Field Guides offer a compact way to carry a large amount of information into the field.
Availability varies by phone, but the Audubon and the Sibley Apps are widely used.
A field notebook (as simple as a 3"x5" notepad) can provide a convenient way of recording sightings as well as making notes about visual, behavioral or aural details.
Some birders use their smart phones for some of these purposes. Many birders are now using the eBird Phone App to enter their observations in the field.
Merlin Bird ID Phone App
Most experienced birders would not say this is an essential tool. It may not be. But it is something new and as smart phones have found their way into most peoples' lives, one might view a Bird ID App as something not much different than a smart phone camera or a weather app or a compass app.
While the app will not substitute completely for your learned skills, it can certainly serve as a very useful learning aid. More detailed information about Merlin will be provided in the eBird section.
The learning value of going birding with more experienced birders cannot be overstated!
If you are out and see other birders, ask what they are seeing. Bird-watchers generally like to share information and can often help you to make sense out of a confounding identification. | <urn:uuid:53df4e18-b339-42f0-b640-79ee218bfb55> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://rioembudobirds.org/rfw-tools.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.930124 | 872 | 3.25 | 3 |
You will ABSOLUTELY need to know the formula for the volume of a rectangular prism (you know, a box-shaped thing), which is length X width X height.
V = L * W * H.
Surface Area of a Rectangular Prism: There are three different sets of two rectangular sides – two sides have area L*W; two have area W*H; the last two have area L*H.
So SA = 2LW + 2WH +2LH, or 2(LW+WH+LH).
A cube is simply a special case of a rectangular prism – since all the sides, or “edges” are the same length, width, and height, the volume is L * W * H , which is the same as L * L * L, since L=W=H in a cube.
So if a cube has edge length 2, the volume is 2 * 2 * 2, which is 2 to the third power (2^3), or “2 cubed.” That’s why the third power of any number is called that number “cubed,” get it? ;-) This information is likely to appear in a word problem where you’re given the volume of the cube and expected to find the edge length (and perhaps find the area of one of the cube’s sides or something else)
Surface Area of a Cube: Just take the edge length, square it to find the area of one side, and multiply it by six (a cube has six sides). The surface area is six times the edge length squared.
So, SA = e*e*6 or 6e^2. (or 6a^2,as in the figure below).
The SAT and other tests ask about the volume of a right cylinder (you know, something shaped like a soda can) ALL THE TIME. Count on seeing problems that require you to know the formula for the volume of a cylinder. It’s pretty simple – just take the formula for the area of a circle (good ol’ pi-r-squared) and multiply it by the height. So V = πr^2h, where V is the volume, r is the radius, and h is the height.
The surface area of a cylinder is equal to 2(πr^2) + 2πrh.
Note on All Solids:
Notice that the volume of any 3-dimensional shape (cylinder, prism, etc) is just the area of the end shape, multiplied by the other side (the height, length, or depth – you know, the part that doesn’t form the end shape). So a triangular prism would have a volume of V = 1/2bh*L, where L is the length of the prism, b is the base of the triangle on each end, and h is the height of the triangle. Not that I’ve seen it, but a good SAT problem would be to take a shape formed from two geometric figures, then make it into a prism, so the student has to calculate the area of the shape, then multiply by the length of the other side to get the volume. (Think of a crude version of a hotel or house piece from Monopoly™, where the sides are just squares topped with triangles.) See if you can figure out the formula for the surface are of a triangular prism.
While this is less likely to be on the SAT, it’s worth knowing the formula for the volume of a sphere.
The formula for the surface area of a sphere (really not likely to be on the SAT, but here it is):
V = (4/3)πr^3
The surface area of a sphere is SA= 4πr^3
You probably won’t see any questions about cones on the SAT, but just in case:
The formula for the volume of a right circular cone is: πr^2(h/3)
The formula for the surface area of a right circular cone is: SA = πr(r^2 + √(H^2 + r^2))
Author: John Linneball Who did you think? ;-)
I'm the proprietor and only tutor for this business; that's why I named it after me. | <urn:uuid:e0562eba-e1cd-454a-baa9-8c26c1c2a283> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://www.johnlinneball.com/blog---answers-to-frequently-asked-questions-and-more/solid-geometry-formulas-for-the-sat | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.922991 | 911 | 4.40625 | 4 |
As the world`s largest oil producer, Saudi Arabia has always been a strategic partner for the United States. The two countries have a long history of cooperation, spanning decades, and this relationship has only grown stronger over time. Today, US-Saudi Arabia trade agreements are a vital part of the global economy, with billions of dollars in trade flowing between the two nations every year.
The Beginning of US-Saudi Arabia Relations
During the early 20th century, the United States began to realize the importance of the Middle East and its vast natural resources. In particular, oil was becoming an increasingly valuable commodity, and the US needed reliable partners in the region to ensure a steady supply.
As the world`s largest oil producer, Saudi Arabia was a natural choice for the US. The two nations established diplomatic relations in 1933, and over the decades, this relationship has only grown stronger.
Bilateral Trade Agreements
US-Saudi Arabia trade agreements cover a wide range of industries, including oil and gas, defense, technology, and agricultural products. These agreements help to promote economic growth and job creation in both countries, while also strengthening ties between the two nations.
One of the most significant trade agreements between the US and Saudi Arabia is the Bilateral Investment Treaty. This agreement provides a framework for US companies to invest in Saudi Arabia, and vice versa, by protecting investments and setting up a dispute resolution mechanism. This agreement has helped to boost investment and trade between the two countries, and it continues to play a vital role in the US-Saudi Arabia relationship.
Another key trade agreement is the US-Saudi Arabian Joint Economic Commission. This commission meets regularly to discuss economic and trade issues, and to explore ways to further strengthen the economic ties between the two countries. This platform has helped to foster cooperation on a range of issues, from energy to agriculture to intellectual property rights.
Challenges in US-Saudi Arabia Relations
Despite the many benefits of US-Saudi Arabia trade agreements, there have been some challenges in the relationship over the years. One of the most significant challenges is the ongoing tension between the two nations over the issue of human rights. The US has been critical of Saudi Arabia`s treatment of women and minorities, and there have been calls to rethink the US-Saudi Arabia relationship in light of these concerns.
Additionally, the killing of journalist Jamal Khashoggi in 2018 sparked international outrage and led to increased scrutiny of Saudi Arabia`s human rights record. This event strained US-Saudi Arabia relations and led to calls for the US to take a tougher stance on the Kingdom.
Despite the challenges, US-Saudi Arabia trade agreements continue to play a vital role in the global economy. The two nations have a long history of cooperation, and their economic ties are only growing stronger. While there are certainly areas of tension and concern, the US-Saudi Arabia relationship remains an important strategic partnership for both nations. | <urn:uuid:dcd5d561-9230-48a1-be92-b3a205564399> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://www.theodoulides.com/us-saudi-arabia-trade-agreements/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.94361 | 588 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Botrytis cinerea, also known as gray mold, is perhaps best known for affecting wine grapes. However, gray mold can also decimate a cannabis crop within a few short days. Botrytis cinerea takes the form of asexual spores that spread on branching gray filaments that soon cover a plant. Circulating air throughout a grow room causes these Botrytis spores to spread, rapidly infecting new plants with gray mold; therefore, learning how to stop Botrytis on cannabis plants is important.
Types of Disease Caused by Botrytis
Botrytis actually causes two different types of plant infections. The first, called noble rot, tends not to cause long-term damage to plants (among wine growers, it is actually considered beneficial, but there is no such benefit in cannabis). Noble rot develops when drier conditions follow a wet period.
In well-controlled cannabis growing environments, noble rot rarely develops. The more common form of Botrytis disease is as gray rot or gray mold. This develops when conditions are consistently too wet or humid. Botrytis spores thrive in these conditions, proliferating and spreading throughout a growing environment.
How to Stop Botrytis on Cannabis Plants
Botrytis spores likely exist in your grow room, but they tend not to become activated until growing conditions are right. Spores are spread by air circulation and in water. For example, maintaining circulation with large fans is a good way to reduce temperatures from grow lights and prevent powdery mildew. However, these fans can blow Botrytis spores around your grow room. Meanwhile, spores spread to the plant roots or surface each time an irrigation turns on.
Botrytis thrives in humid environments. This is why it is best to keep humidity levels near 40% whenever possible. Going much higher than this level can lead to the activation of spores and spread of gray mold. Regulating air quality is also paramount. An air purification system such as AiroClean420 actually sucks Botrytis spores from the air and destroys them. With a proprietary design first used for NASA to prevent the spread of fungus in outer space, AiroClean420 sweeps dangerous Botrytis spores from your grow room. When combined with proper growing conditions, this is the best way to stop Botrytis on cannabis.
The best way to stop Botrytis on cannabis plants is to invest in better quality air. Without the opportunity to spread spores throughout a grow room, a Botrytis infection will go nowhere. To learn more about air purification opportunities, contact AiroClean420 today. Our experts can help you make equipment choices that are best for the scale and scope of your cannabis growing operations. | <urn:uuid:cabb95db-f21a-47e6-8da2-2747f28641f9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://airoclean420.com/blog/botrytis-blight/stop-botrytis-on-cannabis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.941213 | 548 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Who invented cyber kill chain?
Developed by Lockheed Martin, the Cyber Kill Chain® framework is part of the Intelligence Driven Defense® model for identification and prevention of cyber intrusions activity. The model identifies what the adversaries must complete in order to achieve their objective.
When was cyber kill chain created?
Originally developed by Lockheed Martin in 2011, the cyber kill chain outlines the various stages of several common cyberattacks and, by extension, the points at which the information security team can prevent, detect or intercept attackers.
What is an example of the a cyber kill chain?
One example is Lockheed Martin’s Cyber Kill Chain framework which was developed as part of the Intelligence Driven Defense model for identification and prevention of cyberattacks and data exfiltration. The term ‘kill chain’ originates from the military and defines the steps an enemy uses to attack a target.
What is cyber attack kill chain?
What is a Cyber Kill Chain? The cyber kill chain is essentially a cybersecurity model created by Lockheed Martin that traces the stages of a cyber-attack, identifies vulnerabilities, and helps security teams to stop the attacks at every stage of the chain.
What is the Cyber Kill Chain list the main steps?
The 7 Essential Steps of the Cybersecurity Kill-Chain Process
- Step 1: RECONNAISSANCE. Harvesting email addresses, conference information, etc.
- Step 2: WEAPONIZATION.
- Step 3: DELIVERY.
- Step 4: EXPLOITATION.
- Step 5: INSTALLATION.
- Step 6: COMMAND AND CONTROL.
- Step 7: Actions on Objectives.
What does ATT&CK stand for?
Share: MITRE ATT&CK® stands for MITRE Adversarial Tactics, Techniques, and Common Knowledge (ATT&CK). The MITRE ATT&CK framework is a curated knowledge base and model for cyber adversary behavior, reflecting the various phases of an adversary’s attack lifecycle and the platforms they are known to target.
What stage is the Cyber Kill Chain?
The Cyber Kill Chain consists of 7 steps: Reconnaissance, weaponization, delivery, exploitation, installation, command and control, and finally, actions on objectives. Below you can find detailed information on each.
How many stages are there in Cyber Kill Chain?
Lockheed Martin’s cyber kill chain breaks down an external-originating cyberattack into 7 distinct steps: Reconnaissance. Intruder picks a target, researches it, and looks for vulnerabilities.
What is the cyber attack lifecycle?
The cyber attack lifecycle, first articulated by Lockheed Martin as the “kill chain,” depicts the phases of a cyber attack: Recon—the adversary develops a target; Weaponize—the attack is put in a form to be executed on the victim’s computer/network; Deliver—the means by which the vulnerability is weaponized; Exploit— …
What type of attack uses zombies?
What are they used for? Zombies are frequently used in denial-of-service attacks (DDoS), which refers to the saturation of websites with a multitude of computers accessing at the same time.
What is the last stage of the Cyber Kill Chain Framework answer?
The seven stages (phases) include: Reconnaissance, Weaponization, Delivery, Exploitation, Installation, Command and Control (C2), and Action on Objectives. This model is used by cybersecurity organizations as a way to understand the sequence of events involved in an external attack on an organization’s IT environment.
What is kill chain analysis?
The term kill chain is a military concept related to the structure of an attack; consisting of target identification, force dispatch to target, decision and order to attack the target, and finally the destruction of the target. …
What is the cyber kill chain and how does it work?
What is the cyber kill chain? The cyber kill chain (CKC) is a classic cybersecurity model developed by the computer security incident response (CSIRT) team at Lockheed Martin. The purpose of the model is to better understand the stages an attack must go through to conduct an attack, and help security teams stop an attack at each stage.
What’s wrong with Lockheed Martin’s cyber kill chain model?
Among the critiques of Lockheed Martin’s cyber kill chain model as threat assessment and prevention tool is that the first phases happen outside the defended network, making it difficult to identify or defend against actions in these phases.
When were the Cyber chain’s weaknesses exposed?
In fact, in just two years of the model’s establishment, the Cyber Chain’s weaknesses were exposed in 2013. An analysis was conducted in 2013 on Lockheed-Martin’s cyber chain framework, and the US senate discovered a security breach of a retail company, target.
What is cyberspace identification and kill chain?
Cyberspace identification primarily means crawling the World Wide Web (e.g. websites, conferences, blogs, social relationships, mailing lists, and network tracing software) to obtain information about the target. In later phases of the cyber kill chain, data collected from reconnaissance is used to plan and distribute the payload. | <urn:uuid:5289f026-5003-45af-8b22-6d402f54ea9e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://aliciapyne.com/who-invented-cyber-kill-chain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.895183 | 1,084 | 2.625 | 3 |
Did you know that dogs do not sweat? Yes, they do. Dogs do not have developed perspiration through sweat glands. That is why they are much more sensitive than us when it comes to withstand high temperatures, and there can be cases of heat stroke in dogs. This fact must be treated urgently by the veterinarian if you want to get him to survive.
In this article of Las Almenas we want to talk about heat stroke in dogs, so that you know how to identify and prevent it.
What is heat stroke in dogs?
As we have already told you, dogs do not sweat like us. This makes it more difficult for them to cool down in hot weather. To eliminate excess body temperature, your dog’s body relies almost exclusively on panting, which is the rapid breathing that is very typical in dogs.
Thus, when the dog suffers a rise in body temperature, a hyperthermia, and has difficulty lowering that temperature that can reach up to 42 ºC, then a serious health problem is triggered, a collapse, a shock that we know as heat stroke in dogs.
Since this temperature is incompatible with life, an urgent visit to the veterinarian is essential for survival.
Why does heat stroke occur in dogs?
Basically, when the outside temperature reaches or exceeds the dog’s body temperature (around 38 ºC) is the moment when the problems that can lead to heat stroke in dogs begin.
To prevent this serious problem, you should pay attention to the different situations that pose a risk of heat stroke in dogs and that you should always avoid:
- Leaving your dog inside a car, on a balcony or terrace in the sun when it is hot or summer.
- Taking your dog for a walk or exercise at midday in summer or in times of intense heat.
- Taking the dog for a walk on the asphalt on hot days, as well as on the sand of the beach if it is very hot.
- Keeping the dog for a long time in unshaded places on hot days.
- Do not hydrate or do not leave water within the dog’s reach.
In addition, you should be more attentive to your dog’s temperature if he suffers from heart or lung diseases that make it difficult for him to breathe in hot weather. Also those brachycephalic breeds, since their particular physical condition means that the airways do not have the appropriate diameter for good breathing.
How to identify heat stroke in dogs?
The symptoms that can be seen when a heat stroke occurs in dogs are of different kinds and can occur one or several at the same time. Therefore, if in doubt or if you notice a first sign that makes you think that your dog is in danger, you should go to the veterinary emergency room.
The symptoms linked to heat stroke in dogs are:
- Very pronounced panting, you notice that the dog has trouble breathing normally.
- Thick saliva.
- Fever, especially if the body temperature is above 40 ºC. -Hot pads.
- Very hot pads.
- Cyanosis, i.e. the skin takes on a bluish hue, which corresponds to a lack of oxygen in the blood.
- Petechiae, which are small red spots of blood that appear on the dog’s skin.
- Shock, tremors and convulsions.
- Kidney and liver failure.
What can I do if my dog has heat stroke?
If you notice that your dog is suffering from one or more of these symptoms, you should take him to the vet as soon as possible. However, while you are at the vet’s office, you should try to bring his temperature down. To do so, you can cool him with water that is not too cold to avoid vasoconstriction. You should also take him to a cool, air-conditioned room.
If you do not have a place to bathe him, you can apply cold to his head with an ice pack. The most important thing is to give him/her water regularly, little by little, to avoid dehydration.
Be careful not to think that the danger has passed! Even if you have managed to cool him down and his temperature has dropped, you will still have to take him to the vet. In this way, your veterinarian will do some blood tests to check that your dog’s internal organs are not damaged and that the whole organism is working properly.
What NOT to do with heat stroke in dogs
With all your good intentions, you may do certain actions that, instead of improving your dog’s health, can make it worse:
- Do not cover your dog with wet towels because the heat from his body, being covered, does not come out, remaining inside.
- Do not try to reduce the fever with ice water, this could cause brain damage.
- Once you have managed to get the fever down to 42 ºC, you do not need to keep cooling him because you could cause hypothermia.
- Do not feed him, since, during heat stroke in dogs, swallowing may be difficult and he could choke.
- Do not force him to walk. Keep in mind that the dog is weakened and if you force him to move, he may become even worse.
Consequences of heat stroke in dogs
Heat stroke is a very serious situation that sometimes leads to the death of the animal, or permanent sequelae if it manages to survive.
At the cardiovascular level, rapid dehydration can lead to a state of shock, since the blood pressure is not sufficient to maintain organic activity. It is frequent that the blood coagulation capacity is modified, and that hemorrhages of varying degrees occur. In addition, the kidneys and liver are unable to perform their functions, which is known as renal and hepatic insufficiency. The nervous system is also considerably altered, and cerebral edema may appear.
All these conditions can go unnoticed, that is why it is essential to be evaluated by a veterinarian as soon as possible.
How long does heat stroke last in dogs?
Basically, the duration of the acute phase of heat stroke will depend on the time it takes to take him to the emergency room. The sooner the veterinarian sees the dog, the sooner treatment will begin and the temperature will come down. However, heat stroke can also have consequences in the following days, so the dog may have to be observed for a while because there is a high risk of developing renal or systemic damage.
What treatments and care does the veterinarian provide?
Your veterinarian is the best person to answer these questions, but normally, the veterinarian will administer oxygen and intravenously provide mineral salts and hydration.
Depending on the symptoms and vital signs, the veterinarian may give additional medication and, if necessary, keep the dog under observation and hospitalize it.
Once the dog is stable, your veterinarian will again perform tests to check how the dog’s vital organs are doing.
Tips to prevent heat stroke in dogs
From Las Almenas we want to give you these simple tips to keep your pet as cool as possible and prevent heat stroke in dogs:
- Do not walk or expose your dog during the hottest hours of the day, logical, right? You will notice that when it is very hot dogs have hanging tongues.
- Avoid keeping your dog in areas that are too hot and poorly ventilated, such as a room that is too small with closed windows, a veranda,…
- DO NOT leave your dog locked in the car for even five minutes, even if it is parked in the shade, as the inside of the car overheats very quickly. When you travel with him in the car, do it safely and use the air conditioning.
- When you go outside, always carry water for him to drink regularly and to wet his head frequently.
- If your dog has his own kennel outside, make sure it is shaded and always stocked with fresh water.
Do not shave his coat, as the fur serves to protect him from possible sunburn and helps him to regulate his body temperature.
We hope these tips will help you and that you will never find yourself in a situation of heat stroke in dogs. If you want to tell us about your experience, you can write us in the comments box or on our Facebook and Instagram profiles, as well as on our YouTube Channel. From Las Almenas we encourage you to enjoy the good weather, but with care, pampering and lots of common sense! | <urn:uuid:05c749ee-4943-43e6-b1ae-626c866bd312> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://almenas.es/en/heat-stroke-in-dogs-how-to-avoid-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.963374 | 1,757 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Questions on the Amish and Holy Scripture
- In which language is the Bible Amish use?
- Which version of the Bible do Amish use?
- Are Amish allowed to read the Bible?
- Do the Amish use both Old and New Testament?
- Which Scriptures do Amish most frequently use?
- Do Amish use the Apocrypha?
Back to FAQ main page
In which language is the Bible Amish use? Amish read the Bible in both English and German. The bilingual split Bible is common, with English text on one side and German on the facing page.
Which version of the Bible do the Amish use? The Amish use the German Martin Luther Bible for church and home Bible readings. For an English Bible, they traditionally use the King James version, though some may use other translations including the NIV (New International Version) Bible.
Are Amish allowed to read the Bible? It’s sometimes suggested that Amish are restricted from owning or reading Bibles, in effect dependent upon church ministry to impart the word of God.
It’s likely this idea originates from the value Amish place on community and their apprehension of the type of Bible study popular in other Christian churches. The concern is that an individualistic approach to Bible study may foster self-serving personal interpretations which conflict with established traditional beliefs and church values.
Contrary to this perception, many if not all Amish homes contain Bibles. Holy Scripture is used as source material for daily devotionals carried out by Amish families. Amish also discuss passages from Scripture and may own additional books to help aid in their understanding, such as concordances or Bible encyclopedias.
Amish are also apt to refer to sermons that they remember from church delivered by ministers as a point of reference in such discussion. However the willingness to discuss passages from Scripture and use of the Bible outside a church setting may vary across Amish groups.
Do the Amish read the Old and New Testament? Yes, Amish read from both Testaments, and both serve as source material for sermons at church service, though the New Testament is emphasized.
Which are the most popular sections of the Bible in Amish church? Though readings come from both the Old and New Testament, Amish worship leans heavily on the New Testament and the Gospels. As described in The Amish Way: Patient Faith in a Perilous World, “Preachers make frequent allusions to Old Testament stories and psalms, but sermons are mostly based on New Testament texts” (see The Amish Way, Appendix II: Amish Lectionary, p. 205).
On the Gospels, “there is an obvious preference for texts from the Gospels of Matthew, Luke, and John, all of which present the teachings of Jesus. Of these Gospels, Matthew receives the highest priority” (The Amish Way, Appendix II: Amish Lectionary, p. 205).
The Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5-7) also plays an important role in Amish Christianity, as Amish derive their beliefs and practices of forgiveness, nonresistance and non-violence from the Scripture. An Amish minister quoted in Amish Grace: How Forgiveness Transcended Tragedy observes: “Forgiveness is all about Matthew 5 and the Sermon on the Mount and loving our enemies” (Amish Grace, p. 88).
Do the Amish use the Apocrypha? The Apocrypha consists of a collection of additional books used in some Christian churches and included in some editions of the Bible. The Apocrypha does occupy a place in Amish society.
For example, the Martin Luther German Bible which Amish use contains the books of the Apocrypha (Luther described them as not equal to other books of the Bible, but “useful and good to read.”)
John Hostetler also notes that the Apocrypha plays a role in Amish wedding ceremonies, “which [include] the retelling of the marriage of Tobias and Sarah in the Apocrypha” (see Hostetler, John A., Amish Roots: A Treasury of History, Wisdom, and Lore, p. 117). Furthermore, in Amish Society, he recounts an Amish wedding service that includes readings from the Book of Tobit (Hostetler, John A., Amish Society, p. 195). Additionally, the Gospel of Nicodemus is also reportedly used by Amish.
- Kraybill, Donald B., Steven M. Nolt, and David Weaver-Zercher. The Amish Way: Patient Faith in a Perilous World. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2010.
- Kraybill, Donald B, Steven M. Nolt, and David Weaver-Zercher. Amish Grace: How Forgiveness Transcended Tragedy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2007.
- Hostetler, John A. Amish Roots: A Treasury of History, Wisdom, and Lore. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.
- Hostetler, John A. Amish Society. 4th ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.
- Bender, Harold S. and Nanne van der Zijpp. “Apocrypha.” Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1953. Web. 25 Mar 2015. http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Apocrypha&oldid=119941
- “Luther’s Bible Translations: 1534. Martin Luther: The Complete German Bible 1534.” lstc.edu/gruber/. Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago, n.d. Web. Accessed 6 Apr. 2015. <http://www.lstc.edu/gruber/luthers_bible/1534.php>.
To Cite this Page: Wesner, Erik J. “The Bible.” Amish America. 8 Apr. 2015. Web. [Date Accessed]. <https://amishamerica.com/bible/>.
Images: Bible- Matthew Kirkland/flickr | <urn:uuid:ee6a1b11-a229-45b6-9fff-4faa9a1f9d91> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://amishamerica.com/bible/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.890746 | 1,310 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Clock Quizzes Post published:March 26, 2020 Post category:Aptitude Quizzes Post comments:0 Comments 0% 0 votes, 0 avg 1 See time here Aptitude Quizzes Clock Quiz 2Total Questions: 15Time: 30 minutes 1 / 15 Category: Clock QuestionsHow much does a watch lose per day, if its hands coincide every 63 minutes? 56min 55min 54min 57min Explanation:|The hands of a clock coincide once after 65 minutes in every hour.As per question, the hands coincide in every 63 minutes.Therefore, the loss in 63 minutes = Now, loss in 63 minutes = ∴ Loss per day or in 24 hours=2 / 15 Category: Clock QuestionsHow many times in a day, the hands of a clock are straight? 24 44 48 22 Explanation:In 12 hours, the hands coincide or are in opposite direction 22 times. In 24 hours, the hands coincide or are in opposite direction 44 times a day.3 / 15 Category: Clock QuestionsAt what time between 4 o’clock and 5 O’ clock will the hands of a clock coincide? 20minutes past 4 21minutes past 4 19minutes past 4 22minutes past 4 Explanation:At 4 O’ clock, the minute hand is 20 minute spaces behind the hour hand. To coincide with the hour hand, it has to gain 20 minute spaces.Now, 55 minute spaces are gained by the minute hand in 60 minutes20 minutes will be gained in ∴ The hands will coincide at 21 minutes past 4.Solution 2:Apply formula: minutes past H O’ clockNow, H = 4 O’ clock∴Required time =4 / 15 Category: Clock QuestionsA watch which gains uniformly is 5 minutes slow at 6am on Monday and is 5 minutes 48 seconds fast at 6pm on the following Monday. When was it correct? 5:20 pm on Wednesday 4:20 pm on Wednesday 5:20 pm on Thursday 4:20 pm on Thursday Explanation:Time from 6am on Monday to 6pm on following Monday = 7 days and 12 hours, i.e. 24*7 + 12 = 180 hoursSo, the watch gains minutes in 180 hoursNow, minutes are gained in 180 hours∴ 5 minutes will be gained in hours or 83 hours 20 minutes.83 hour 20 minutes = 3 days (72 hours) 11 hours 20 minutesTherefore, the watch was correct 3 days 11 hours 20 minutes after 6am on Monday, i.e. it was correct at 20 minutes past 5pm on Thursday.5 / 15 Category: Clock QuestionsAt what time between 4:30 and 5:00 will the hands of a clock be at right angle? 35min. past 4 37min. past 4 38min. past 4 39min. past 4 Explanation:As we know, the hands of a clock will be at 90° between H: 30 and (H+1) O’clock at (5H + 15) minutes past H O’ clock.∴ Required time = (5H + 15) Now, H = 4= (5*4 + 15) = 20 + 15 * 6 / 15 Category: Clock QuestionsHow many times do the hands of a clock coincide in a day? 20 22 24 25 Explanation:The hands of a clock coincide 11 times in every 12 hours (Since between 11 and 1, they coincide only once, i.e., at 12 o'clock).AM12:001:052:113:164:225:276:337:388:449:4910:55PM12:001:052:113:164:225:276:337:388:449:4910:55The hands overlap about every 65 minutes, not every 60 minutes. The hands coincide 22 times in a day7 / 15 Category: Clock QuestionsA clock is set at 4am. It loses 16 minutes in 24 hours. What will be the correct time when the clock indicates 9pm on the 4th day? 10pm 9pm 8pm 11pm Explanation:Time from 4am on a day to 9pm on the 4th day = 89 hoursAs per the question, 23 hrs 44 minutes of this clock = 24 hours of the correct clock as this clock loses 16 minutes in 24 hours.23 hrs 44 minutes =Now, Hrs of this clock = 24 hours of correct clock89 hours of this clock = * 89 = 90 hours of the correct clock, i.e. the correct clock gains one hour over the incorrect clock.∴The correct time on the fourth day would be 10pm.8 / 15 Category: Clock QuestionsAt what time between 9 and 10 o'clock will the hands of a watch be together? 49(1//11) min. past 9 45 min. past 9 50 min. past 9 48(2//11) min. past 9 Explanation:To be together between 9 and 10 o'clock, the minute hand has to gain 45 min. spaces.55 min. spaces gained in 60 min.45 min. spaces are gained in60x 45min or 491min.5511 The hands are together at 491min. past 9.119 / 15 Category: Clock QuestionsHow many times are the hands of a clock at right angle in a day? 24 48 22 44 Explanation:In 12 hours, they are at right angles 22 times. In 24 hours, they are at right angles 44 times.10 / 15 Category: Clock QuestionsThe angle between the minute hand and the hour hand of a clock when the time is 8.30, is: 75° 80° 90° 60° Angle traced by hour hand in17hrs =360x17°= 255°.2122Angle traced by min. hand in 30 min. =360x 30°= 180°.60 Required angle = (255 - 180)° = 75°.11 / 15 Category: Clock QuestionsAt what time between 3 and 4, the hands of a clock are straight and point in opposite directions? 45min. past 3 42min. past 3 49min. past 3 51min. past 3 Explanation:At 3 O’ clock, the hands of the clock are 15 minute spaces apart. To be in straight line and in opposite directions, the hands must be 30 minutes spaces apart.Now, the minute hand is 15 minute spaces behind the hour hand, so it has to gain 45 (15+30) minute spaces over the hour hand.55 minute spaces are gained in 60 minutes by the minute hand45 minutes will be gained in =* 45 minutes minutes past 3.Solution 2:Apply formula: (5H + 30) minutes past H, when H < 6As per the question, H = 3 O’ clockRequired time = (5*3 + 30) =(15+30) =45 *12 / 15 Category: Clock QuestionsWhat is the angle between hour hand and minute hand of a clock at 3.30? 75° 80° 70° 65° Explanation:Angle traced by the hour hand in 12 hours = 360°Angle traced by the hour hand in 3 hours 30 minutes =Angle traced by minute hand in 60 minutes = 360°Angel traced by minute hand in 30 minutes = ∴ Required angle would be = (180 – 105)° = 75°13 / 15 Category: Clock QuestionsAt what time between 4 and 5 o'clock will the hands of a watch point in opposite directions? 45 min. past 4 40 min. past 4 54(6/11) min. past 4 50(4/11) min. past 4 At 4 o'clock, the hands of the watch are 20 min. spaces apart.To be in opposite directions, they must be 30 min. spaces apart. Minute hand will have to gain 50 min. spaces.55 min. spaces are gained in 60 min.50 min. spaces are gained in60x 50min. or 546min.5511 Required time = 546min. past 4.1114 / 15 Category: Clock QuestionsAn accurate clock shows 8 o'clock in the morning. Through how may degrees will the hour hand rotate when the clock shows 2 o'clock in the afternoon? 144° 120° 180° 150° Explanation:Angle traced by the hour hand in 6 hours =360x 6°= 180°.1215 / 15 Category: Clock QuestionsAt what time, in minutes, between 3 o'clock and 4 o'clock, both the needles will coincide each other? 12(4/11)" 5(1/11)" 16(4/11)" 13(4/11)" Explanation:At 3 o'clock, the minute hand is 15 min. spaces apart from the hour hand.To be coincident, it must gain 15 min. spaces.55 min. are gained in 60 min.15 min. are gained in60x 15min=164min.5511 The hands are coincident at 164min. past 3.11 NameEmail Your score isThe average score is 46% LinkedIn Facebook Twitter VKontakte 0% Restart quiz Exit Satisfied with our quiz?Leave us a review Send feedback Pages: 1 2 3 4 Share on: Share this content Opens in a new window Opens in a new window Opens in a new window Opens in a new window You Might Also Like Line Chart Quizzes March 30, 2020 Boat and Stream Quizzes March 26, 2020 Percentage Quizzes March 26, 2020Leave a Reply Cancel replyCommentEnter your name or username to commentEnter your email address to commentEnter your website URL (optional) Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. | <urn:uuid:8f447df2-5407-4255-bd83-12c000892bc6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://aptitudekatta.com/clock-quizzes/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.864944 | 2,000 | 2.796875 | 3 |
This isn’t about how your website is designed — as you note, the HTML doesn’t change. It’s about how your site is hosted.
When you use https, the connection requested by your browser is different. Behind the scenes, https is a completely different protocol than http. Your web server needs to understand and support that for your site.
How you make that happen isn’t standard, but it is getting easier.
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Https depends on your host
Like desktop computers, internet servers can run any number of different operating systems. A variety of versions of Linux are most common, though there are Windows servers as well as other operating systems.
Just like there are several different word processors available for your desktop computer, there are several different web server packages to handle website management. Apache is the most common, on both Linux and Windows, as is Nginx, and, of course, Windows’ own Internet Information Services (IIS).
To further confuse the topic, there are also server management packages used by web-hosting companies to manage multiple websites hosted on the same server. These packages — Web Host Manager (WHM) (aka cPanel) being the most common — configure specific websites and other website administrivia, including https.
Ask Leo! runs on Apache software running on a Centos (Linux) distribution, managed by cPanel. Setting it up as https was a configuration process within cPanel.
The one thing common across all HTTPS websites is what’s called a “secure certificate.”
In the past, you’ve needed to purchase your own secure certificate, but — again, depending on your web host — there are now automated processes that can generate and install a secure certificate for free.
A certificate is that bit of encryption technology that makes a website secure. It encrypts the data as it travels between the browser and the website. More importantly, a certificate confirms to the browser and website visitors that they are actually connecting to the site they think they are.
Anyone can get a free certificate. If your site is processing payments or otherwise handling sensitive data, you may want to pay for a more rigorously validated certificate to provide additional security assurance to your visitors. If all you do is provide content, however, a free certificate may be all you need.
Is HTTPS necessary?
In the past, the answer has been “only if you’re processing sensitive data”. That answer has changed, kind of.
Search engines, specifically Google, now include your sites’ availability in https as one of the over 200 signals it uses when deciding where to place your site in its search results. All else being equal1, a page delivered via https is said to rank higher than http.
Bottom line: talk to your web host
Exactly how you set up your site to be https, including whether free certificates can be used, depends entirely on your web host. The process can range from simple to complex, but they’re the ones that should be able to help you.
The good news here is that https is more and more common, and most web hosts are ready to help.
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Footnotes & References
1: All else is never equal, but the sense is that https is a positive signal to Google, while non-https is a neutral signal. | <urn:uuid:dc9ea809-6bfd-4f99-81d5-67f86085ea98> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://askleo.com/how-do-i-change-a-website-to-be-an-https-secure-site/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.94227 | 738 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Celiac disease is an inherited auto-immune disease that is characterized by diffused damage to the small intestinal mucosa leading to malabsorption of nutrients. The development of Celiac disease is attributed to a combination of genetic (HLA alleles) and environmental (gluten ingestion) factors. Celiac disease patients carry the gene identified as HLA DQ2 and/or HLA DQ8. Approximately 30% - 40% of the population in general carry one or both of these genes out of which about 1-5% are expected to develop Celiac disease. The incidence of disease is on the rise, and September 13 is observed as Celiac Awareness Day across the world.
The damage and the discomfort associated with Celiac disease is triggered by consumption of gluten. Gluten is a protein that is present in certain grains such as wheat, rye, barley but absent in rice, oats and corns. In a genetically susceptible host, gluten stimulates autoimmune responses wherein the body's immune system mounts an attack on its own tissues. Due to damage to the villi in the intestines, there is malabsorption of nutrients from food.
Celiac disease is not the same as gluten intolerance. Celiac disease involves autoimmune reaction to gluten and begins to target its own tissue, whereas gluten intolerance is when ingestion of gluten causes the body to have a stress response that does not involve the immune system. The symptoms of both the conditions may appear identical. However, Celiac disease has severe manifestations and may involve hives and rashes.
In case of Celiac disease, blood test shows the higher the levels of class IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) and anti-endomysial antibodies. Gluten intolerance is marked by gastrointestinal symptoms and no specific immunological mechanisms or serological markers are identified for this condition.
Celiac disease is partly a genetic condition and hence tends to run in families. Individuals with Celiac patient in their immediate family have a higher chance of developing Celiac disease. People with other autoimmune conditions like Type 1 diabetes, Thyroid disorders, Addison's disease and Autoimmune hepatitis are more likely to develop Celiac disease. People with other genetic conditions like Down's syndrome, Williams syndrome and Turner's syndrome are also at higher risk of developing Celiac disease.
Signs and symptoms of Celiac disease
Symptoms range from mild to severe manifestations and vary from adult patients to children. Celiac disease presents itself with both gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms. Abdominal pain, Type I diabetes, chronic constipation, recurrent non-bloody diarrhea, anemia, delayed puberty are some of the prominent symptoms noticed in children with Celiac disease. Intussusceptions, mouth ulcers, osteoporosis, brain fog, neurological dysfunction, unexpected weight and hair loss, nausea, bloating, anemia, inability to retain the pregnancy, migraines are the signs and symptoms identified with adult Celiac patients.
Diagnosis of Celiac disease is always a two step procedure - beginning with tTG-IgA and total serum IgA tests and conforming it with intestinal biopsy. The diagnosis is never based only on serology as anti tTG may be high in others diseases like inflammatory bowel disease and chronic liver disease. In addition, serology may be negative in patients with low IgA levels, or in children less than 2-3 years. Along with blood tests, genetic tests may also be ordered to check for the presence of the gene HLA DQ2 or HLA DQ8 in an individual. Almost all Celiac disease patients carry one of these genes. Finally the disease is confirmed by performing intestinal biopsy.
There have been recent guidelines by world renowned medical institutions that immediate family members should be screened for the disease as Celiac disease is genetic and other immediate blood relations in the family have a higher probability of developing Celiac disease than the general population. They should be screened at the time the index patient is diagnosed and thereafter, if they exhibit any symptoms, or at least annually. Early diagnosis can help prevent complications.
Treating Celiac disease
Right now, the only treatment for Celiac disease is to strictly adhere to lifelong gluten-free diet. Fruits, vegetables, dairy, fish and other seafood, beans, legumes can be safely consumed as all of these are gluten-free food groups. Grains such as rice, corn, quinoa, millet, teff, flax, chia and starchy roots like tapioca, potato are all gluten-free.
Avoiding gluten completely is not easy. Any occasional slip leads to a flare-up of symptoms instantly. Considering the fact that there are numerous cases of Celiac disease every year and the increasing numbers, there is serious research being conducted to come up with drug therapy. New drug treatments for Celiac disease are now being tested in clinical trials - some are designed to be taken alongside a gluten-free diet, whereas other set of medicines free the patient from all diet restrictions. Three main approaches have been proposed as new therapeutic modalities that include: gluten detoxification, inhibition of intestinal permeability and modulation of immune response.
Currently there are three drugs that are under clinical trails and seem to be successful in treating the condition.:
ALV003: It contains the enzymes that chop up gluten before it starts to activate the immune system.
AN-PEP: An enzyme that breaks down the residual gluten in the stomach.
Larazotide Acetate: May help inhibit immune reaction by blocking a protein that carries pieces of gluten across the gut.
However these drugs still require medical approval to be commercially available in the market.
Hansen's disease is an infectious skin disease that is chronic which affects the peripheral nerves, nasal mucosa, skin, eyes and upper respiratory tract. Hansen's disease, also known as Leprosy an infectious disease causes severe skin sores that can be disfiguring and may also cause nerve damage in the arms and legs. The disease is assumed to spread via nasal droplets or through broken skin or through secretions from the infected person's body that may contain the bacteria. Hansen's disease is not contagious and does not spread by merely coming in contact with the infected person.
Hansen's disease has been reported since ancient times and each culture across the world had a different understanding of the condition. Indians, Chinese and the Egyptians felt it was a contagious disease that was incurable. The outlook towards the disease has changed in the recent past. If the condition is diagnosed at an early stage and treated, it is curable. Though not completely eradicated, the disease has become rare and the number of cases of leprosy have reduced. Reported cases are from parts of Africa, Asia and very few cases in America.
Hansen's disease cause
A slow growing bacterium called Mycobacterium Leprae causes the condition. Leprosy is also called Hansen's disease named after the scientist who discovered the bacteria that caused the condition.
Hansen's disease symptoms
The skin and the peripheral nerves (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord) are largely affected by this condition. The nasal mucosa, eyes and upper respiratory tract also get affected. It takes about 3-5 years for symptoms to appear from when the person has come in contact with the bacteria.
Hansen's Disease Types
Depending on the number of skin sores and its type, leprosy can be classified into the following types:
Lepromatus: A severe form of the disease that has extensive skin bumps and rashes. Kidneys, nose and male reproductive organs get affected. Muscle weakness and numbness is also felt. This type is more contagious.
Tuberculoid: This is a mild form of leprosy; people with this type have flat and pale colored patches on the skin. The pale colored patches on the skin may feel numb due to the nerve damage beneath the skin. This type of leprosy is less contagious.
Borderline: People suffering from this type of leprosy have symptoms of both lepromatus and tuberculoid.
Mid-borderline: Asymmetrically distributed reddish plaques can be seen. Swollen lymph nodes may also be seen; they either regress or progress to other forms of leprosy.
Indeterminate: A few hypo-pigmented macules may be seen; they either heal or progress to become other forms of leprosy.
Hansen's disease diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on the clinical symptoms such as localized skin lesions and sensory loss. Skin biopsy is done. A skin smear test may also be done. Without taking proper treatment, this disease can cause severe complications like:
Hansen's disease treatment
It is a myth that leprosy cannot be treated. For the past two decades, over 16 million people with leprosy have been treated. WHO offers free treatment for people suffering from leprosy. Treatment of leprosy depends upon the type. Treatment includes:
Hansen's disease Facts
A disease relating to a progressive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system, Parkinson's disease leads to shaking/tremor and difficulty in movement, walking, coordination etc. As the disease progresses, it could lead to cognitive and behavioral problems. In its advanced stages, this disease could lead to dementia. Parkinson's disease commonly occurs in people aged over 50. James Parkinson, a general practitioner in London was the first to describe the symptoms of the disease and thus the disease has taken the name Parkinson's disease.
The disease progresses gradually, initial symptoms might be just a tremor in the hands. Slowly the disease leads to slowing or freezing of movements. There is no complete cure for the disease. However there are treatments that can handle the symptoms of the disease. Parkinson's disease is also known as Parkinsonism.
Diagnosed as the most common movement disorder, Parkinson's disease is classified into three types based on the age of onset of the disease
Juvenile Parkinson's disease: Sets in before the age of 21. This kind is a rare occurrence.
Young-onset Parkinson's disease: The disease sets in between the age of 21 and 40. Reportedly common in East Asian countries.
Adult-onset Parkinson's disease: The most common and prevalent type of Parkinson's disease, the disease sets in after the age of 60. The symptoms aggravate with advancing age.
Causes for Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease sets in usually after the age of 50 and affects both men and women.
The physician asks for the medical history of the patient and does a neurological examination of the patient. Hand co-ordination, walking, etc are assessed through neurological examination.
Treating Parkinson's disease
Enter your health or medical queries in our Artificial Intelligence powered Application here. Our Natural Language Navigational engine knows that words form only the outer superficial layer. The real meaning of the words are deduced from the collection of words, their proximity to each other and the context.
Diseases, Symptoms, Tests and Treatment arranged in alphabetical order:
Bibliography / Reference
Collection of Pages - Last revised Date: December 6, 2023 | <urn:uuid:8a4f1b6f-4e74-42b5-8dc3-9117ad1f785d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://athena.targetwoman.com/venereal%20disease | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.949673 | 2,302 | 3.953125 | 4 |
An aggressive slash across the top of a slope to test for or mitigate against shallow instabilities.
A ski cut (on skis) or slope cut (on snowboard or snowmachine) is an intentional and aggressive maneuver across the top of a slope used to test for shallow instabilities before committing to the entire slope. Although slope cuts have inherent dangers, when properly executed they can be effective tools for managing soft and shallow avalanche hazards. A good slope cut requires 1) enough speed to escape from any avalanches triggered and 2) a safe exit zone where an avalanche crown won’t propagate into, such as dense trees or a lower slope angle. Slope cuts into broad start zones or above terrain traps are riskier. Slope cuts are ineffective and riskier for testing deeper instabilities. Slope cuts should only be practiced by experienced riders, and in many cases parties will use a roped belay to increase the safety margin for a slope cut. | <urn:uuid:a17b95b8-70a2-461b-9c35-32568054f34f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://avalanche.org/avalanche-encyclopedia/human/travel-advice/ski-cut-slope-cut/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.912666 | 194 | 2.53125 | 3 |
My students LOVE vocabulary practice with each other! They beg me to do this vocabulary activity every class period! Let me share my secret! I call it 5 STAR Cards!
Using 5 Star Cards in the classroom is a highly engaging vocabulary activity for students. They love working with their peers and I love listening to the academic conversations as I circle through the room. One of my favorite things about this strategy is that both students working together benefit whether they are asking or answering the questions!
Making Vocabulary Fun in Middle School
Years ago, I began this vocabulary strategy using index cards. I hole punched them and put them on rings. This worked well for the most part, but some students had difficulty keeping track of the cards, After years of practice, it has evolved into the set up I describe below!
My students each have a composition notebook (super cheap at the beginning of the year) to record only their vocabulary.
To set up the notebook, first, cut each page into thirds. The notebook will resemble three stacks of flashcards. Voila! No more lost index cards!
Students write the vocabulary word on the front of the page. I always encourage big letters and lots of color. The back of the card gets a short definition and a picture showing the meaning of the word.
Why do I call it 5 Star Cards???
I explain to my class that super swanky hotels and restaurants have a 5-star rating. That means they are the absolute best! Inevitably, someone wants to know if McDonald’s is a 5-star restaurant…. 🙂
Here’s How to Play
Students get a partner and switch notebooks. First, partner #1 reads the DEFINITION from partner #2’s notebook. If partner #2 says the correct vocabulary word, partner #1 draws a star on the front of the card. They continue flipping through the book, reading definitions and placing stars on cards with the correct answer on the first try.
I keep a word wall on the board in my room. This has been a big help for struggling students and English language learners!
The goal is to make each vocabulary card a 5-star card!
When a card reaches 5 stars on the front, they have mastered the vocabulary word. My students cut the completed card out of their book. Now, there is only new content to study.
My rule is that students may get one star, per card, per day. I usually set a timer so that each student has an equal amount of practice time. This is a great warm-up and also an easy, academic way to fill the last five minutes of class!
My students turn in their completed cards for a small reward. They get very competitive and beg to do “5 Star Cards” every class!! | <urn:uuid:d6ffa3b6-ac44-4ceb-a0ef-dc7a873f6400> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://beakersandink.com/motivate-your-students-to-love-vocabulary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.952682 | 573 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Pitching is the process of adding yeast to wort to start fermentation and produce beer. Whereas traditional winemaking still uses “wild” yeast on grape skins and in the winery environment to start fermentation, almost all types of beers are fermented by pitched yeasts.
The term “pitching” may seem to have connotations of a baseball throw, but it should actually be done gently so as to minimize stress on the yeast and ensure rapid growth.
Stored yeast is typically held chilled to minimize deterioration. Removing yeast from such cold hibernation and heating it rapidly may shock the cells and reduce the speed of fermentation, with undesirable results. Gentle treatment will allow yeast to initiate fermentation at the correct time and speed.
The number of yeast cells added per volume of wort is referred to as the “pitching rate.” Pitching rates may be expressed in terms of volume of yeast slurry per barrel of wort or as numbers of cells per milliliter. A typical pitching rate for warm-fermented ales would be 1 million cells/ml/degree Plato original gravity. Therefore, a 12°P wort might be pitched at 12 million cells/ml. This is only a guide and pitching rates will increase for strong beers to overcome the inhibition of high alcohol concentrations. Lager yeasts typically require higher pitching rates than do ale yeasts. Lower pitching rates are associated with slower starts to fermentations, higher rates of yeast reproduction, and greater ester production; the converse is true of higher pitching rates. Brewers determine, based on a number of factors, what pitching rate is best for each beer.
Some traditional yeasts have been repitched from previous batches, in succession, for decades and consistently produce the same character in the resulting beer. These yeasts have evolved a stable genetic composition and are a treasure to a brewer. More commonly yeast “drifts” with continual repitching and new cultures are required from the laboratory on a regular basis, typically every 12 or so generations, although some will refresh the yeast more frequently.
Pitching requires careful handling to avoid contaminating the wort. After yeast is cropped from a previous batch, it may be pitched into new wort in any variety of ways. It may be as simple as physically tossing buckets of yeast slurry into the fermenter or as complex as in-line dosing of yeast from brinks on weight load cells tied back to a computer—in this case the program delivers the exact weight of yeast desired. Oxygen may be added to pitching yeast to provide a building block for sterols to enhance growth, but oxygen is more often added to the wort.
Brewing Techniques. http://www.brewingtechniques.com/library/backissues/issue2.3/kingtable.html/ (accessed May 11, 2011). Edgerton, J. A primer on yeast propagation technique and procedures. MBAA Technical Quarterly 38 (2001): 167–75.
Brewing Techniques. http://www.brewingtechniques.com/library/backissues/issue2.3/kingtable.html/ (accessed May 11, 2011).
Edgerton, J. A primer on yeast propagation technique and procedures. MBAA Technical Quarterly 38 (2001): 167–75. | <urn:uuid:10747c0c-96a4-4f59-a0de-8d9651d2440c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://beerandbrewing.com/dictionary/V04NmdFJJA/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.93478 | 679 | 2.96875 | 3 |
An IP Collaboration Agreement: What Is It and Why Do You Need It?
Intellectual property (IP) is the cornerstone of many companies’ success. It can be anything from a new product design to a proprietary software code. As a result, companies increasingly seek to protect their IP through various means, including by entering into IP collaboration agreements.
An IP collaboration agreement is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties to share their IP rights and collaborate on the development, marketing, and distribution of a product or service. This type of agreement can be beneficial for many reasons, such as:
1. Joint Development: Two or more parties can combine their resources and expertise to create a more innovative product or service. By sharing IP rights, each party can maximize its contribution to the development process, resulting in a better end product.
2. Reduced Risk: Collaboration agreements can help mitigate risks associated with the development and launch of new products or services. By sharing the cost of development and marketing, parties can reduce their individual financial exposure.
3. Faster Time to Market: Collaboration can speed up the product development process. By pooling resources and expertise, parties can bring a product to market more quickly than they could on their own.
4. Increased Market Reach: Collaboration allows parties to tap into their partner`s existing customer base and distribution channels, expanding their market reach and potentially increasing revenue.
An IP collaboration agreement typically covers the following key areas:
1. Ownership: Establishes who owns the intellectual property rights associated with the product or service being developed.
2. Licensing: Defines the terms and conditions under which each party can use the shared IP rights.
3. Confidentiality: Outlines the measures that each party must take to protect confidential and sensitive information exchanged during the collaboration.
4. Dispute Resolution: Specifies the process to be followed if there is a disagreement between the parties.
When drafting an IP collaboration agreement, it is essential to ensure that it complies with any applicable laws and regulations, including antitrust and competition laws. Failure to comply with these laws could result in severe legal and financial consequences.
In conclusion, an IP collaboration agreement allows companies to pool their resources and expertise to develop innovative products and services. By sharing IP rights, parties can reduce risk, speed up the development process, increase market reach and potentially generate higher revenues. However, it is important to ensure that any collaboration agreement complies with applicable laws and regulations, and that all parties fully understand their rights and obligations before signing on the dotted line. | <urn:uuid:3e84f118-a09e-46d2-8715-786391e4c508> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://beetogether.de/ip-collaboration-agreement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.952361 | 524 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Critical lens essay and assignment writing mainly require a very special writing skill in order to complete it up to the mark. In order to work on critical lens essay writing the writer must have to ensure the best use of smart and critical thinking. He must be able to solve the queries and pay attention to every single element. If the critical thinking and creative writing skill of a writer are satisfying then you can count that person best fit to write a critical lens essay. In addition to this, the writer must be open-minded and smart enough to understand different things and solve complex problems. Creative thinking, innovative, and smart thinking convert common assignment writers into satisfying critical lens writers.
However, if you are not a critical thinker and creative writer then don’t waste your time and just get the last-minute assignment help in order to complete the assignment on time.
Moreover, if you want to enhance your writing ability and are curious to know and adopt the best ways to write a critical lens essay then make sure to give this article a quick read. Try to follow the tips and guidelines that are discussed here. If you take these words seriously, you will definitely be going to see a big positive change in your writing style.
What actually a critical lens essay is?
First thing first, before jumping ahead to learn the best ways to write a critical lens essay and to learn how to get last-minute assignment help we need to put light on what actually this critical lens essay is. Basically, a critical lens essay is a kind of persuasive essay that is used to evaluate and understand historical events, different research work, and academic texts. This enables students to see things from different perspectives and try to solve different questions that need to be solved.
There are six major elements of a critical lens essay that a writer must have to follow.
Major elements of critical lens essay:
The best way to write a critical lens essay is to understand and focus on following its six major elements. These major components make the foundation of a critical lens essay stronger than ever. Major components of a critical lens essay include,
- Focusing on readers’ response criticism.
- Must have strong knowledge about the background, scope, and future of the topic.
- Proper understanding of how a critical lens essay writer has to write everything and maintain the flow that increases the engagement and interest of readers.
- Familiarity with how researchers consider facts and evidence from the past.
- Awareness about how researchers bring research and present new interpretations.
- Awareness about conversation, flow, and structure of essay where you justify, and discuss different matters.
Tips to write a critical lens essay:
Let’s come to the writing part. Critical lens essay writing is not a big hassle for one who is a smart and innovative thinker. If you have strong analytical thinking and know how to give your thoughts the right words then you are good to go. However, if you follow these simple tips and guidelines then you will definitely become able to write up to the mark critical lens essay. Moreover, you can also get last-minute assignment help for instant help and better assistance.
- Make sure to write a proper introduction.
- Always write using solid evidence and supporting examples.
- Add references (where needed).
- Try to add your ideas and point of view.
- Make sure to add a conclusive paragraph.
- Give some final thoughts, ideas, and your view.
- Make sure to edit, revise and proofread before submitting.
Ideal critical lens essay format:
If you want to write it up to the mark then make sure to follow the right format and structure. The structure of a critical lens essay is not very complicated. It is very simple and easy. You need to add these sections,
- Main body paragraph.
Get professional last-minute assignment help:
If you are running out of time and the deadline is too near then don’t get yourself feeling stressed. Just get the most promising critical lens assignment help. There are lots of assignment writing service providers available online. You can search and get their service anytime. | <urn:uuid:cf26752a-0f64-4094-9462-710c37d93fa7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://blindsmagazine.com/what-are-the-best-ways-to-write-a-critical-lens-essay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.916487 | 838 | 2.890625 | 3 |
It can be shown that these axioms are sufficient to classify a unique structure "up to isomorphy", that is, two such structures are equivalent up to "renaming" of the elements. However, this just says that if such a structure exists, it is unique. It does not show that it actually exists, which is what we will approach.
For every we can define its equivalence class .
Lemma: Two equivalence classes and are either equal or disjoint.
Proof: Every equivalence class contains at least one element, so they cannot be both disjoint and equal. Assuming they are not disjoint, they must have a common element , but then and , so by transitivity, , hence .∎
Hence, the set of equivalence classes over regarding is a partition of . We call this set , say "S modulo ".
Trivial examples are standard equality , in which case can be identified with in a canonical way, and the "squash"-relation that makes every two elements equal, in which case there is only one equivalence class.
Furthermore, important equivalence classes are the residue-equalities on , where means that is divisible by . Their equivalence classes are the residue classes, and they can be added and multiplied elementwise, forming the residue class rings.
Our bootstrapping of begins with a slightly simpler object, . First, we give axioms for something we shall call a Peano Structure:
A triple , where is a set, and is a function, is called a Peano Structure, if
That is called zero, and is called successor function of that peano structure.
Mathematicians call a function between two structures that preserves relevant parts of that structure an isomorphism. In case of Peano Structures, a function between two Peano Structures is an isomorphism if
If such an isomorphism exists between two Peano Structures, they are called isomorphic. They are then essentially equal structures, in the sense that there is no mathematically meaningful difference between them, and the one structure is a result of just renaming the elements of the other.
Lemma: Every two peano structures are isomorphic (in one set universe)
Proof: Let two peano structures be given. We define a function recursively by . Therefore, the second and a part of the third axiom are already satisfied by definition.
We show that is surjective: We know that the image of is a subset of , and we know that is in this image. If is in the image of , say, for some , then we know that by definition, hence, is also in the image of . By the axioms of peano structures, this means that the image of is .
Now consider the function with . By the same argument as above, is surjective. Furthermore, since we have and from follows we have for all , and similarily for all , hence, . Therefore, is also injective, and the third axiom of isomorphism is proved.∎
What we now know is that if there is a peano structure, then there is - up to isomorphism - only one. There are several ways to show that (in a set universe) there actually is one. The common way is to classify a special set of finite sets, the finite cardinal numbers. In ZFC, this can be done using the well-ordering theorem, the axiom of infinity and the axiom of comprehension. But doing this is outside our scope, we just believe the following theorem:
Theorem: A peano structure exists (in every set universe).
And now we can take an arbitrary peano structure as our set of natural numbers, , by setting and [note that we have yet to define addition, this is just for intuition]. The first three axioms of peano structures become obvious arithmetical laws, the fourth axiom becomes the induction axiom. We can define addition recursively by
We can define multiplication recursively by
The arithmetical laws follow from these definitions.
Integers and Rational Numbers
Now that we have defined , we want to reach out for , and it turns out that this is much easier than getting in the first place. However, for a non-mathematician, these definitions sound rather overcomplicated, but it turns out that they are much easier to handle than "less complicated" ones.
The need for negative numbers comes from the fact that subtraction is not total on , that is, for example, . Subtraction itself is just the operation of solving an additive equation, in our example. To be consistent with most of our arithmetical laws so far, it is desirable that the solution of is equal to the solution of and generally , due to cancellation.
We observe that the equations and must have the same solutions in if . Now, let us have a look at the set of pairs of natural numbers. If we define , then is an equivalence relation on : Reflexivity and symmetry are obvious. For transitivity, consider and . That is, and . Since we have equality of sums here, we may subtract without getting negative results, therefore , so and hence , which means . Now we define .
We furthermore define . We have to show that this is well-defined, which is left as an exercise.
Now, at schools you are taught that , and even in higher mathematics this is often used. With our definition, this is of course not the case, but we can identify every natural number with the equivalence class . As isomorphic structures do not need to be distinguished, we can safely redefine to be the set of these equivalence classes. The changes we would have to accomplish are below the usual abstraction level.
The structure with addition and multiplication is called a Ring.
Rational numbers are similar, this time we add solutions to , but we have to avoid the pathological case of . The reason is that we want the rationals to be a Field. Similar to how we did before, we define an equivalence relation on , namely . You are probably familiar with this representation of rational numbers, you just write instead of - we just chose an equivalence that tells when two fractions are equal, and we have .
The step from rational numbers to real numbers is a bit more complicated. It is not sufficient to add solutions of special equations to our system. However, of course, in many cases, the real numbers are just solutions of equations. If we add zeroes of all polynomials, for example, we would get (more than) the algebraic real numbers over . But there are also transcendental numbers like .
Let us first have a look at one of the first irrational numbers ever discovered: .
Theorem: There is no rational solution to the equation .
Proof: By monotony of we know that a positive solution must lie between and , and can especially not be integral. Now assume there was some solution with , where w.l.o.g. . Then also . But , and as cannot be factorized nontrivially, must be divisible by , therefore, for some . But then yields and by the same argument as before, we get that is divisible by , which contradicts our assumption .∎
So we know that , but still, we can define the set , and this set will be an open interval, with rational numbers approaching up to an arbitrary precision. The set is bounded, but has no rational bound. The set is therefore not complete, we say.
However, for every given we can give a rational number such that . We now touch the topic of infinitesimal analysis, however, do not fear, we do not have to dive in it too deeply. The crucial concept we have to define now is the Cauchy sequence:
Definition: A sequence of rational numbers is called a Cauchy sequence, if for every we can find an such that for all we have .
That is, if we have such an , we know an such that all elements of that sequence above do not differ about more than , and since we may choose this arbitrarily small, the sequence "approximates" something.
For some of these sequences, we can give a rational number, which they "obviously" approximate. For example, somehow, the sequence "approximates" : It gets arbitrarily close to . On the other hand, if we set , this is a cauchy sequence, but does not approximate any rational number. However, we want this to be a number - in general, we want things to which we have an intuitive arbitrarily precise "approximation" to be numbers - we want the numbers to be complete.
The easiest way to make sure this is the case is to just postulate that every Cauchy sequence has such an approximation (a "limit point"), but then the problem remains that we do not really know how the objects we add should look like. So we simply do the first thing that comes to your mind when you are a mathematician: Just use the Cauchy sequences themselves, and define a proper equivalence relation on them.
To do this, we first have to make a formal definition of what we mean by an "approximation", but we can give it for rational approximated numbers only, so far:
Definition: A sequence converges towards , if for an arbitrarily small we can find an such that for all we have .
As an exercise, check whether our above statements on "approximations" hold for this definition. Now we define an equivalence relation on cauchy sequences:
Definition: Two cauchy sequences and converge towards the same point, denoted by , if the sequence converges towards .
Theorem: is an equivalence relation.
Proof: Reflexivity holds trivially, since . Symmetry is trivial since . For transitivity, assume and . Now let an be given. By definition, we find an such that for all we have , and similarily, we find an such that for all we have . But then we have for all . Therefore, .∎
Let be the set of Cauchy sequences, then we define . We can embed the rational numbers into the real numbers by . Furthermore, we define addition componentwise by
same for multiplication. The simple arithmetic laws then also follow componentwise. For and , we say that they hold when they hold for infinitely many corresponding elements of the compared sequences.
Of course, we still have to show a lot of things, like showing that this is really a field with the desired axioms, and showing that addition and multiplication defined in this way are compatible with the equivalence relation. However, this is just technical, and we omit it, since we think that for people not familiar with this topic, it is already sufficiently complicated.
For everyone who does not yet feel challenged enough, I have a few prospects. The first one is from set theory over the real line:
Hypothesis (Suslin): Let be a set and satisfy the following conditions:
Then is isomorphic to .
Theorem: Suslin's Hypothesis is undecidable over standard set theory (ZFC).
Of course, we will not prove this, as it involves a lot of model theory. Let us move on with our second prospect, the p-adic numbers. If we look at the proof that is an equivalence relation, we notice that what we really needed to prove this were a few inequalities on the absolute value, namely:
The third one is called the triangle inequality. It is crucial for the transitivity proof. On the other hand, we might think of some other function which satisfies the same axioms. And in fact, there is a mathematical concept which generalizes this:
Definition: A function is called a metric (or distance function) on if it satisfies
Note that this definition is usually made with real numbers instead of rational numbers.
Now, as above, we can define for a given metric , and it will also be an equivalence relation.
Now, let be some prime number. For every rational number , we can find an unique integer , such that , where , and neither nor are divisible by . Define for every such , and . Define .
Proof: Let and with fully cancelled fractions not containing as a factor, and let w.l.o.g. . Then . Now, is not divisible by , so the fraction can only contain positive powers of . Therefore, for some . We now want , that is, , which is trivial, since .∎
Theorem: is a metric.
Proof: Trivially, and . It remains to show the triangle inequality, that is, . By the above lemma, we have .∎
The set we get when identifying sequences according to this metric is called , the -adic numbers. It has many similarities with , and you can even do analysis on it. | <urn:uuid:50d502de-b66d-411a-a162-5ce0a2026537> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://blog.uxul.de/e?e=mt-456 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.950593 | 2,706 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The "horchata" is a herbal mixture infusion consumed in Southern Ecuador. It remains unknown how vendors group the plant species to sell them at traditional markets. This research documented the following: 1) a list of medicinal plant species sold for the drink; 2) the culturally important medicinal plant species; 3) the agreement among vendors regarding the medicinal plants species and their therapeutic use; and 4) the groups of medicinal plants sold for the preparation of "horchata."
Interviews were made to 185 vendors at 31 traditional markets in Loja province. Bunches of medicinal plants were purchased to identify the species and to prepare voucher specimens. Culturally important medicinal plants species were established with the Fidelity Level (FL) index. Agreement among vendors on the therapeutic use of medicinal plants was measured with the Factor of Informant Consensus (FIC) index. A cluster analysis was made to determine the groups of medicinal plants sold by market vendors to prepare the "horchata" drink.
In Loja province, the "horchata" drink is consumed for its therapeutic uses. This study registered 33 families with 58 genera and 71 medicinal plant species, 50 of which are herbs and three are endemic to the Andean highlands of Ecuador. The FL index (46.1-96.3) determined 20 culturally important medicinal plant species. The highest FIC value (1.00) among vendors corresponds to four plant species employed each for a different therapeutic use. The cluster analysis identified a core group of 16 plant species which are essential to the drink and which likely interact to provide wellbeing.
The "horchata" is a heritage drink in Loja province. The 71 medicinal plants species registered for this drink is the largest number reported to date, and they have a total of 32 therapeutic uses. The combined results of the FL and FIC indices, the cluster analysis, and the field observations reveal an agreement among vendors on 16 medicinal plant species and their therapeutic use. This core group of plants requires bioactivity and bioassays analyses to determine biomedicine benefits that would be based on their pharmacological properties. | <urn:uuid:0b5dd81e-49d9-487c-b415-efa2f866b165> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://bmc.altmetric.com/details/17175420 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.936054 | 428 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Like pure competition, monopolistic competition is a market structure referring to a large number of small firms competing against each other. A monopoly implies an exclusivepossession of a market by a supplier of a product or a service for which there is no substitute. In this situation the supplier. What is a Monopoly Market? A monopoly market is a form of market where the whole supply of a product is controlled by a single seller. There are three essential. What is a pure monopolistic market? A single supplier that dominates the entire market. - has 100 concentration. This simulation illustrates how a monopolist can cause harm to consumers and create market inefficiency by withholding socially valuable output and raising. A pure monopoly is defined as a single seller of a product, monopoly market. 100 of market share. If there are significant economies of scale, a monopoly. Monopoly and perfect competition mark the two extremes of market structures, but there are some similarities between firms in a perfectly competitive market and.
CHAPTER 30 THE PROBLEM OF INDUSTRIAL MONOPOLY 1. Natural and capitalistic monopolies, The problem of monopoly is probably as old as markets. By C Fischer 2004 Cited by 20 The elasticity of demand in each market is constant and greater than 1. 3. There is no possibility for arbitrage between markets. Moreover, the monopolist. A fast-growing number of Americans know that their country has a monopoly problem Many communities face even more monopolistic markets Grand Junction. We're celebrating Tops' Diamond dark markets peru Anniversary with Tops MONOPOLY Rip It & Bling! Just shop at Tops, rip your ticket open and you could win huge prizes instantly. A pure monopoly occurs when a company lacks competition and is the only seller in a market providing certain goods and/or services. Exploitation of consumers: A monopoly market is best known for consumer exploitation. There are indeed no competing products, and as a result. With respect to the underlying market structure, the monopoly model has clear disadvantages. When utilities are granted local monopolies, they.
Walmart grocery monopoly food worker Credit: monopoly market. Department of Agriculture. It's not only farmers who are being squeezed. As a result, a monopoly is not a price taker like a perfectly competitive firm. Rather, it exercises power to choose its market price. Competitive Market Recap. Monopoly is a situation where there is a single dark markets paraguay seller in the market. In conventional economic analysis, the monopoly case is taken as the. Customer-centric thinking, it is bound to come under increasing scrutiny. Big-tech is fighting monopoly charges across the free world. The inclusion of monopsony will help address the rise of corporate power over labor markets. The monopoly market. Treasury Department recently completed an. Such monopolies/market dominance in the TV channel distribution market are not in the best interest dark markets norway of consumers and may have serious. Radical Markets, Blockchain & Monopoly: How a Draw-to-Earn Game Imagines the Redistribution of Wealth. One of our inspirations in creating.
When a company effectively has sole rights to a product's pricing, distribution, and market, it is a monopoly for that product. The advantage of monopolies is. Attempts to regulate the digital market are a bit like alien life: It's probably possible, but no one's actually seen it. Concentration in product markets (a limited number of sellers) is generally labeled monopoly power while concentration in labor markets (a. A pure monopoly occurs when a company lacks competition and is the only seller in a market providing certain dark markets norge goods and/or services. Matt Stoller of the Open Market Institute talks with EconTalk host Russ Roberts about the growing influence of Google, Facebook. From the consumer's perspective, Android commands 59 percent of the US smartphone market, but as far as smartphone manufacturers are concerned. Cannahome market! Cannahome Market - Monopoly Market Darknet Products Markets Tools Where to Buy About Danfoss PowerSource Training Safety Information.
Cornering the market: How ticket fees got so expensive to use Ticketmaster only contributes to its unparalleled monopoly in the market. By F Verboven Cited by 12 This paper proposes a reduced form approach to identify the presence of "monopoly" market power in markets with vertical product. Explore what is meant by a monopoly, a market of one supplier, which represents one extreme of a market structure. The other extreme of market structures is a. By GJ Stigler Just being a monopoly need not make an enterprise more profitable than other enterprises that face competition: the market may be so small that it barely. Monopoly. A monopoly is a firm who is the sole seller of its product, and where there are no close substitutes. An unregulated monopoly has market power and. A monopoly exists when a single provider serves the entire market demand. Even though there are several concepts of natural monopoly, they possess a common. This course introduces monopoly market microeconomic concepts and analysis, supply and demand analysis, theories of the firm and individual behavior, competition and monopoly.
AlphaBay uses at this time only Monero cryptocurrency and has only two featured listings, both of them for drugs. DNR is monopoly market a particular type of Named Entity Recognition (NER) task to extract names of drugs from unstructured text. Desktop: The Basic (But No Longer Set in Stone) Division Back in 2008, laptop sales passed desktops for the first time, and portable devices have entrenched themselves even further as their power increased and prices dropped. The darknet reddit open thread reveals a lot on the darknet drug market. An administrator didn't immediately respond to WIRED's requests for an interview, and the site's creators describe themselves only as experts in information security with a background in zero-day sales. Let us know what you concentrate on this topic within the feedback part under. There’s stuff we can’t even publish on the site they are so horrible. With our not so fake Telegram members, you can instantly boost your channel, add thousands of Telegram members in the shortest time, gain trust from organic subscribers, attract new users and clients. Even so, the vendors are the ones to determine their acceptable currency during the trade. It is recommended that you sand the edges of the hologram with a very fine grit sandpaper.
“Low network latency (meaning very fast data transmission times) is a critical characteristic of a high-performance blockchain or computer network because the faster the network is able to process data, the more suitable it is for large-scale enterprise use. First, there are literally hundreds of applicable deep Web dark markets new zealand sites for each query subject area.”
Empire Market, the largest cryptocurrency accepting darknet marketplace, has allegedly exit scammed. Favor Points (FP) are an in game currency that can be spent on a number of different in game items: 2000energy(up to your max energy limit) "Full Energy Refill" - 10 FP 1000stamina(up to your max energy limit)"Full Stamina Refill"- 10 FP Cash ($2,000 per level) - 10 FP FP Lieutenant and items. For $50, for example, the buyer can load a file onto 1,000 random nodes, while around $400 lets them choose the geographic location of these nodes. PAR2 files for FEC and par2repair; see the man page for details. Or finally, you can use Reddit, there are a lot of sub-reddits for deep web marketplaces on Reddit, along with invite codes which you can use to access these markets. About six hundred and fifty officers were involved in the action. Meanwhile, reports disclose that Apollon is allegedly pulling an exit scam in the same fashion as Nightmare Market did last year. Darknet market links within very short time integrated in to Brave Browser is. At Lindt USA, we’ve dark markets netherlands been honored by Newsweek with both an America's Best Customer Service 2020 award and an America’s Best Online Shops 2021 award. | <urn:uuid:4c902c01-5ba8-435d-bcca-dfd54b0999c7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://cannahome-darkmarketplace.com/monopoly-market/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.934112 | 1,648 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Do you know where she is?
From 1892 to 1954, when Ellis Island served as the main gateway to the United States, migrants arriving on the other side of the Atlantic were greeted by a colossal neoclassical statue representing what they all wanted: freedom.
“Then, suddenly, we heard a great commotion and arrived in
America,” recalls an immigrant. “And everyone started yelling that he saw” The Lady “, the Statue of Liberty,” he adds.
“The Lady” is a 46-meter high copper statue – a gift from France to the United States in 1886. It was designed by the French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel, who also erected the Eiffel Tower in Paris, a year later.
For years, the Statue of Liberty was considered the highest image in the Americas. But in 1983, the Spanish sculptor Manuel de la Fuente raised a 46-meter statue of the Virgin Mary: the Virgin of Peace, in the state of Trujillo (western Venezuela).
The imposing image was built with concrete and weighs 1200 tons. It is a few centimeters higher than the Statue of Liberty (the Virgin of Peace is 46.72 meters, while Liberty is 46.05) and a few meters larger than the Rio de Janeiro Cristo Redentor (which is 38 meters high, included the base).
The image of the Virgin of Peace was built at the request of former Venezuelan President Herrera Campins on a hill in 1448, where – they say – the Virgin appeared in 1570. According to reports, a young woman walked through the streets of the village of Carmona to buy candles. A group of men approached her and asked, “Why are you alone?” The girl then replied: “I am not alone; I am with God, the sun and the stars. ” The men followed her as she went to hide behind some stones and became acquainted with her identity.
Similar to the Statue of Liberty, the Virgin of Peace can be visited from within. There are five enclosed balconies that provide a spectacular view of the tropical forest that surrounds it.
The Virgin of Peace was inspired by Our Lady of Peace, who is the spiritual patron of Trujillo since 1568 and the local diocese (since 1960). She holds a white dove in her right hand, which is the symbol of peace in the world.
The image also owns the record of the highest representation of the Virgin Mary on the planet. However, despite its colossal size and strong symbolism, it does not attract many visitors like the other tourist places in the country. | <urn:uuid:f63cad89-927a-4c7a-abe3-45ca0c02e0d9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://catholicletters.com/this-image-of-the-virgin-mary-is-higher-than-the-statue-of-liberty/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.969318 | 555 | 2.703125 | 3 |
This lesson on observational studies discusses the nature of such studies, the relationships between various data sets, and regression. Graphs illustrate the relationships, and exercises at the end test the user's comprehension and understanding. It is taken from the online textbook for West. Mich. Univ. online introductory stats course. | <urn:uuid:e481dacc-2877-446a-a6e4-90da8aadc6f9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://causeweb.org/cause/resources/library?field_material_type_tid=98&sort_by=changed&sort_order=DESC&combine=&page=59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.877986 | 60 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Exposure to asbestos poses a series of potential health risks. Any person who comes into contact with asbestos is susceptible to any number of serious illnesses, so it’s important to know these health risks in order to understand the dangers of asbestos exposure.
How are Asbestos-Related Illnesses Contracted?
Asbestos-related illnesses are airborne, so they are contracted simply by breathing asbestos particles into the lungs. Asbestos particles can live in lungs for long periods of time once they have settled.
Asbestosis is when scar tissue develops around the lungs as a way to fight off the asbestos particles that have settled there. This excess scar tissue hardens the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. Other symptoms include weight loss and a dry cough. While it can sometimes take 10 to 20 years for any symptoms to develop, this condition is irreversible and potentially fatal.
Asbestos exposure can also lead to lung cancer. Asbestos exposure for a period of four to six months can significantly increase the risk of lung cancer. Similar to asbestosis, lung cancer may not develop until 15 to 25 years after the initial exposure to asbestos. Smokers have the highest risk of developing lung cancer through asbestos exposure—the combination of smoking and asbestos exposure is seven times more likely to cause lung cancer than smoking alone.
Malignant mesothelioma is a fatal form of cancer that attacks the lining of the lungs or the lining of the abdominal cavity. Although the condition is extremely rare, asbestos exposure increases the chances of contracting it. Again, the condition may take as long as 50 years after the initial asbestos exposure to develop.
These are the major conditions associated with asbestos exposure, but there are others as well. There is no safe amount of asbestos exposure. Even breathing in a small amount can lead to any number of potentially fatal respiratory illnesses. Keep your building safe by having it checked for asbestos. If you have even the smallest reason to believe that there is asbestos in your building, contact us to have it professionally checked and removed. | <urn:uuid:1ebde302-80c4-4d55-8810-9f19e1a380c3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://certifiedasbestos.ca/asbestos-exposure-conditions-symptoms-health-risks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.939358 | 409 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Traditionally, scholars have sorted social practices into a taxon called religion (with the paradigmatic examples being Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism). These definitions have been described as monothetic because they determine whether something is a religion by its belief in a distinctive kind of reality.
The 19th century saw the emergence of an important alternative approach. Emile Durkheim, for example, defined religion in terms of a set of practices that unite people into a moral community—a functional definition. Paul Tillich followed a similar path, defining religion as whatever dominant concern serves to organize a person’s values (whether or not those concerns involve belief in any unusual realities).
A third approach, based on an idea by Rodney Needham (1975: 363), is polythetic, and defines a religion in terms of a class of properties that are shared by members of the religion. This is a family resemblance approach that relies on the recognition that there are certain properties that are common to most forms of life.
NCSS recommends that all teachers of social studies incorporate an understanding of the religious dimensions of history and culture into their curriculums, wherever possible. This will foster global context-based understanding, encourage civic engagement, and cultivate the skills needed to work collaboratively with diverse populations. NCSS also recommends that schools adopt policies, learning standards, and instructional methods that are consistent with high academic standards and First Amendment principles. Click here for more information about NCSS’s position on the study of religion in public schools. | <urn:uuid:fc40b67f-ced5-44d9-85ad-eff7c3894b6d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://cslewisjubileefestival.org/ncss-recommends-the-study-of-religion-in-public-schools/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.936128 | 318 | 3.71875 | 4 |
E. B's Enrolled Lessons
3 minFREEWeb Development lessonFree2 CQ
Learn how to share assignments, answer questions, and create engaging conversations by posting announcements in the Google Classroom web app for teachers.
4 minFREEWeb Development lessonFree3 CQ
Now that you've made your first class, get the ball rolling on your new virtual education space by learning how to add students to Google Classroom.
2 minFREETeaching Skills lessonFree2 CQ
Discover how to create a new class in Google Classroom, interact with the main interface, and explore some of this web app's basic settings for teachers.
7 minFREEPhilosophy lessonFree4 CQ
The problem of change has long plagued philosophers. In this philosophy lesson, learn how three ancient Greek philosophers handled questions about change.
2 minBeauty lesson2 CQ
Learn to mix up your manicure routine (without taking a trip to the nail salon!) by embellishing your favorite nail polish color with newsprint.
4 minFREEPersonal Growth lessonFree3 CQ
Do you procrastinate? Let's face it, we all do from time to time and then exhaust ourselves trying to make our deadline. Learn tips to stop procrastinating.
5 minFREEGardening lessonFree3 CQ
Did you know that your coffee grounds could be quite useful in the garden? Learn how to reuse grounds in your compost piles, mulch, and soil.
4 minFREEHousehold lessonFree3 CQ
Running out of laundry detergent? Try making your own at home! This lesson shows you the necessary ingredients and measurements for homemade laundry detergent.
5 minFREEClothes Making lessonFree3 CQ
Fed up with hand sewing? In this beginner sewing lesson from So Sew Easy, learn how to sew on a button with a zigzag stitch by sewing machine.
6 minFREENutrition lessonFree4 CQ
Did you know that water makes up 75% of your brain and 90% of your blood? Learn how much water you need each day, as well as some tips for proper hydration. | <urn:uuid:59bd6374-5b92-4b58-8d71-43effdc4dd0d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://curious.com/778502 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.887489 | 446 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The diversity of plant P450s has been displayed in a new table that lists plant
higher level taxonomic groups and shows which groups have known P450 sequences.
The more than 400 plant P450s belong to 65 species. These include 3 conifers
angiosperms. Ten species of monocots have known P450 sequences. Seven of these
crop plants among the grasses (Poaceae). The majority of species are among the
with 22 in the eurosids (11 in Fabales) and 24 in the asterids (10 in
P450s are known from only 19 of the 60 higher order groups listed.
Go to the table. | <urn:uuid:16582c6b-6fff-4907-99db-b8540eb2980e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://drnelson.uthsc.edu/aug-20-1999/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.91509 | 137 | 2.75 | 3 |
Experiencing problems is part of life.
How you deal with those difficulties can say a lot about
you as a person. It is important to learn how to problem solve the issues you face.
The first step in problem-solving is working out exactly what the problem is.
This helps make sure you understand the problem. Then put it into words that make it solvable. For example:
● ‘I noticed that the last two Saturdays when you went out, you didn’t call us to let us know where
● ‘You’ve been using other people’s things a lot without asking first.’
● ‘You have two big assignments due next Wednesday.’
Make a list of all the possible ways you could solve the problem. You’re looking for a range of
possibilities, both sensible and not so sensible. Try to avoid judging or debating these yet.
If your mentee has trouble coming up with solutions, start him/her off with some suggestions of your own. You can set the tone by making a crazy suggestion first – funny or extreme solutions can end up sparking more helpful options. Try to come up with at least five possible solutions together.
Write down all the possibilities.
Look at the solutions in turn, talking about the positives and negatives of each one. Consider the pros before the cons – this way, no-one will feel that their suggestions are being criticized.
After making a list of the pros and cons, cross off the options where the negatives clearly outweigh the positives. Now rate each solution from 0 (not good) to 10 (very good). This will help you sort out the most promising solutions.
The solution you choose should be one that you can put into practice and that will solve the problem.
If you haven’t been able to find one that looks promising, go back to step 3 and look for some different solutions. It might help to talk to other people to get a fresh range of ideas.
Sometimes you might not be able to find the perfect solution. But by compromising, you should be able to find a solution you can live with.
Once you’ve agreed on a solution, plan exactly how it will work. It can help to do this in writing, and to include the following points:
● Who will do what?
● When will they do it?
● What’s needed to put the solution into action?
Once you have put the plan into action, you need to check how it went. If the solution worked,
congratulations! If not, return to Step 1 and start again. Perhaps the problem wasn’t what you thought it was, or the solutions weren’t quite right.
Remember that you’ll need to give the solution time to work, and note that not all solutions will
work. Sometimes you’ll need to try more than one solution. Part of effective problem-solving is being
able to adapt when things don’t go as well as expected.
Ask yourself the following questions:
● What has worked well?
● What hasn’t worked so well?
● What could you do differently to make the solution work more smoothly? | <urn:uuid:46537f36-8c3c-4a03-8aa7-cf7f89216a08> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://e3mentorship.com/index.php/lessons/activity-problem-solving/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.956855 | 675 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Creativity 10 pts. (use a PowerPoint presentation—an average of 7 slides, use bullets, state in a few words the main idea, support it with good photos on each slides, and play different character roles if you wish; avoid too much information on each slide, be well organized, use good size Font, use good color in the background, and feel free to pass around books, articles, or magazines that connect to your topic);
Oral skills 20 pts. (keep eye contact with the whole class, avoid reading off notes or slides, do not use verbal pauses like “um,” avoid monotone voice, be enthusiastic, speak loud and clear, and rehearse);
Accuracy 60 pts. (“be clear and concise”–state the facts and comment on them, back your facts with good scholarly quotes and sources using the new MLA; You must use 2 quotes and 2 sources from your selected text in the book and at least 2 other quotes from secondary sources, italicize foreign words, stay focused on 1 Strength and 1 Weaknessusing the selected text from the textbook (so a total of 4 scholarly quotes and 4 scholarly sources in parentheses must be included in your PowerPoint oral presentation);
Sources 10 pts. (before you start your presentation make sure you bring to the professor a hard copy of your Works Cited page–one copy per person–using the new MLA style mentioned in Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide) and include two scholarly books and two scholarly articles from internet sources; late copies will not be accepted and the student may lose up to 10 pts.); (look at the second page in the Sample for the Proposal Paper on how to use the right format for the Works Cited page; use quotation marks, parentheses, and cite the sources within the text citations);
- Find out a significant weakness (or how others see it as problematic) in your philosopher’s text selection. Use quotes and sources in parentheses from primary (our selected text in our textbook) and secondary sources.
- Mention one major strength using the same philosopher’s text selection. Use quotes and sources in parentheses from primary and secondary sources.
Slide one: Write down the title of your oral project (include name of your philosopher and specific topic). Be creative! Type your full name and course.
Slide two: type Introduction—Who is your thinker, dates of birth and death? Where they were born? Explain the context for your topic in question. Introduce your main topic in question.
Slide three and four: type Strength—Cite the major strength of your thinker on his or her topic. Then support it with at least 2 quotes one from our select text and one more quote from secondary sources.
Slide five and six: type Weakness–Cite the major weakness of your thinker on his or her topic. Then support it with at least 2 quotes one from our select text and one more quote from secondary sources.
Slide seven: type Conclusion—What have you learned anew? Use “I” as your personal input.
Slide eight: type Works Cited—You must cite at least the 4 sources using the new MLA and the sample posted on BlazeView. (See Proposal Paper second page on the back). | <urn:uuid:c1c41380-0857-48a1-8cc9-67da1e3baa87> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://efficientpapers.com/2023/04/22/philosophy-powerpoint-instructions-creativity-10-pts-use-a-powerpoint-presentation-an-average-of-7-slides-use-bullets-state-in-a-few-words-the-main-idea-support-it-with-good-photos-on-e/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.910918 | 679 | 3.34375 | 3 |
A Culture of Water and Diet
"Water," having had such an effect on the lifestyle and prayers of people, has also helped nurture livelihoods and dietary culture unique to the region.
Traditional fishing methods that take full advantage of a complete understanding of the nature of fish are part of the unique seasonal makeup and scenery of Lake Biwa.
Furthermore, fish from Lake Biwa have long supported the diets of people living nearby, leading to the creation of many traditional local dishes. These are also closely tied to festivals seeking a bountiful harvest and other traditional ceremonies, and traditional dishes using endemic species from Lake Biwa can still be sampled today.
Cultural assets comprising the "Culture of Water and Diet"
Traditional Methods of Fishing
Oisade (net) fishing
Yana (weir) fishing
Eri (trap) fishing
Traditional Regional Dishes (Shiga Dietary Cultural Assets)
Lake fish dishes
Prawns & beans
Fish species representative of Lake Biwa
Omi Kenketo Festival / Ritual of Cutting Funazushi with a Long Knife | <urn:uuid:4000bf55-7a86-47fb-91f8-372a014c504a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://en.biwako-visitors.jp/japan-heritage/food/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.920937 | 219 | 3.3125 | 3 |
What is periodontology?
Periodontology is concerned with the treatment of diseases and the restoration and maintenance of the tissues surrounding the teeth ("periodontium"). The most frequent and most important field of activity in periodontology is the systematic treatment of inflammation of the gums (gingivitis) and inflammation of the area round the root of a tooth (periodontitis).
Periodontitis is one of the most common oral infectious diseases, and counts today along with caries as the main cause of tooth loss. These diseases are usually chronic, going on for years or in some cases even decades. Current data from cross-sectional studies indicate that, in Germany, almost every second adult over 35 years of age has periodontitis that needs treating. The general lack of knowledge about this disease is due to the fact that periodontitis typically develops progressively and without acute pains.
But there are early warning signs, for example bleeding or swelling of the gums and also bad breath. An increasingly loose tooth is also an indication of potential periodontitis, and should be seen to immediately. With smokers, some of these early symptoms fail to show, for example gum bleeding. Smokers are therefore not only at risk of not noticing the disease until it is too late, but they are also a higher risk group anyway for the development of periodontitis. | <urn:uuid:b03b6bda-c315-450a-aee4-f9a3c455be44> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://en.praxiszentrum-aachen.de/periodontology.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.941315 | 276 | 3.234375 | 3 |
FICA (the Federal Insurance Contributions Act) is a federal law passed in 1935, intended to create a fund to pay for Social Security benefits. ERISA (the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974), on the other hand, is a law that regulates the administration of employee benefit plans and protects workers’ retirement benefits. Both FICA and ERISA are related to Social Security because they both provide different forms of financial protection for individuals who contribute their portion into the system.
The purpose of FICA is to finance Social Security benefits through payroll taxes, known as “FICA taxes.” The tax is split between employers and employees; each must pay 6.2 percent of covered wages up to an annual maximum amount ($137,700 as of 2020). Employers are also required under FICA law to report employee earnings and contributions so that the government can properly credit these funds towards an individual’s future Social Security benefit payments when they retire.
ERISA’s role in relation to Social Security involves protecting those saving for retirement by mandating certain standards be met by employers or plan administrators offering 401(k)s or other similar defined contribution plans, such as 403(b)s or 457 plans. These rules essentially ensure that participants have access to information about their investments, receive timely deposits/distributions from employer-sponsored pension funds, and generally receive proper communication regarding their accounts.
What is the relationship between FICA, ERISA, and Social Security? Include an example of fiduciary responsibility under ERISA.
Additionally, ERISA prohibits fraudulence with respect to how retirement money is managed and requires companies offering pensions or benefits programs through which employees will draw income upon retirement must be responsibly funded by employers (Mittal & Sturm 2015).
While ERISA does not specifically require employers set aside money specifically for Social security purposes – it does place responsibility directly on corporate leaders: fiduciary responsibility. Under this clause in ERISA regulations – fiduciaries are legally responsible for managing plan assets prudently; being impartial when making decisions about participant interests; following instructions laid out in plan documents; avoiding conflicts of interest; accurately documenting transactions involving plans assets; interpreting plan documents correctly; keeping accurate records relating to any actions taken while acting within this role (US Department Labor 2018). An example might include if an employer invests part of their contributions into stocks instead of bonds with higher returns – yet receives kickbacks from stock brokers unrelated – then this would constitute breach in fiduciary duty outlined under ERISA regulations since it could potentially increase risk proportional reward ratio associated with investment options available to participants without any tangible gain which should result from taking extra risks– thus resulting potential liabilities if found guilty by court (Mittal & Sturm 2015). | <urn:uuid:27069607-7ed6-4d0b-b4db-95657caaad46> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://englishliteraturepapers.com/what-is-the-relationship-between-fica-erisa-and-social-security-include-an-example-of-fiduciary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.939735 | 554 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Moringa oleifera is a multi-purpose herbal plant used as human food and an alternative for medicinal purposes worldwide. Moringa oleifera is a plant that has been praising for its health benefits for many years. It is very rich in healthy antioxidants and bioactive plant compounds. So far, scientists have only investigated a fraction of the many reputed health benefits of moringa leaves. There are many health benefits of moringa oleifera. It contains essential amino acids, carotenoids in leaves and has an extensive range of antioxidants, antibiotics, omega 3 and 6 fatty acids, [ctt_hbox link=\”g7eax\” via=\”no\” ]vitamins and minerals.[/ctt_hbox]
Here are three health advantages of Moringa oleifera that are support by scientific research.
1 – Moringa oleifera Is Very Nutritious
Moringa oleifera is a reasonably large tree domestic to North India. It goes by a variety of names, like drumstick tree, horseradish tree, or ben oil tree. Almost all parts of the tree are eaten or use as elements in traditional herbal medicines. However, This especially applies to the leaves and pods, which commonly eaten in parts of India and Africa
Moringa leaves are a great source of many vitamins and minerals. That helps to boost the immune system. One cup of fresh, chopped leaves (21 grams) holds:
- Protein: 2 grams
- Vitamin B6: 19% of the RDA
- Vitamin C: 12% of the RDA
- Iron: 11% of the RDA
- Riboflavin (B2): 11% of the RDA
- Vitamin A (from beta-carotene): 9% of the RDA
- Magnesium: 8% of the RDA
In Western countries, the dried leaves sold as dietary addition, either in powder or capsule form.
In contrast to the leaves, the pods are generally lower in vitamins and minerals. However, they are exceptionally rich in vitamin C. One cup of fresh, sliced seeds (100 grams) contains 157% of your daily requirement. The diet of people in growing nations sometimes lacks vitamins, minerals, and protein. So, In these countries, Moringa India can be a valuable source of many needed nutrients. However, there is one downside: Moringa leaves may also contain high levels of, which can reduce the absorption of minerals and protein.
2. Moringa oleifera Is Rich in Antioxidants
Antioxidants are compounds that act as opposed to free radicals in your body. High levels of free radicals may cause oxidative stress, which is associate with chronic diseases like heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Some antioxidant plant compounds have found in the leaves of Moringa oleifera.
In addition to vitamin C & beta-carotene, these include:
This powerful antioxidant may help lower blood pressure.
Also found in high amounts in coffee, chlorogenic acid may help moderate blood sugar levels after meals. One study in women found that taking 1.5 teaspoons (7 grams) of moringa leaf powder every day for three months significantly increased blood antioxidant levels. So, Moringa leaf extract may also use as a food preservative. It increases the shelf life of meat by reducing oxidation
Also Read: Healthy Benefits Of Coriander Leaves
3. Moringa Can Lower Cholesterol
Having high cholesterol has been linking to an increased risk of heart disease. Fortunately, many plant foods can effectively reduce cholesterol. These include flaxseeds, oats, and almonds. Both animal- and human-based studies have shown that Moringa oleifera may have similar cholesterol-lowering effects.
Health Benefits of Drumstick
The excellent therapeutic values and high nutrition content of drumstick are quite shocking as it has got almost all minerals, vitamins, and proteins in a remarkable quantity. Even its roots that taste like horseradish, flowers, seeds, and stems are recognize to have got therapeutic qualities. However, Drumsticks are great for developing more robust bones, blood purification, respiratory disorders, pregnancy and lactation, lung problems, and much more.
Moringa leaves benefits
You will be amazed at the % of the nutritional value of drumstick leaves alone, which have ayurvedic, anti-bacterial, and detoxifying properties. The juice of moringa leaves is said to be an excellent cure for earaches, headache, diarrhea, anemia, painful menses, eye diseases, and so on.
Benefits of drumstick flowers
The extracts of Moringa flowers are said to reduce inflammation and soothe sore muscles. They also used in making perfumes and hair oils. Its aromatic herbs are an essential ingredient in aromatherapy sessions at spas. So, When brewed with tea, it acts as a health tonic to treat urinary tract infections. It is also beneficial in enhancing sexual pleasure.
Moringa Seeds Benefits
Health benefits of moringa leaves also consumption of seeds prevents the spread of cancer cells. It is perfect for cardiovascular health. Moringa seed oil can help you get rid of acne, acne scars, acne marks, removal of black spots, removal of fine lines, and get a more precise and brighter skin tone with radiance and glow. It can keep sugar levels at the control and plays a vital role in sperm production as well.
Benefits of Moringa Root
Moring roots used in the production of perfumes, medicines, fertilizers and act as cleansing agents in water purification. So, Its antibiotic properties can treat a variety of illnesses and medical conditions. Health benefits of moringa leaves and roots in daily life Such as asthma, digestive disorders, gastritis, skin disorders, rheumatism, inflammation, and thyroid-related problems.
Moringa side effects
If consumed in safe doses, i.e., up to 6 grams daily for up to 3 weeks, there is nothing wrong with it. Too much of it can cause nausea, and certain chemicals found in its roots, flowers, and bark may cause uterine contractions in pregnant women. But we do not avoid the health benefits of moringa oleifera. | <urn:uuid:72ad1783-05b1-4a91-9353-4ab2f3169f7f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://entertainmentbracket.com/science-based-health-benefits-of-moringa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.933202 | 1,312 | 3.09375 | 3 |
An often-neglected aspect of hand tools is having proper systems in place to insure optimal use. Many tools need routine maintenances, such as sharpening or vibration control. In many workplaces, the selection of which tools to use for specific tasks cannot be haphazard. Employee training in all aspects of tool use can be critical.
The underlying goal for these administrative systems is to help insure correct application of design principles: e.g., to minimize force, motions, and vibration. The hand tool itself may be insufficient without these additional systems.
Issues and Options
Example of importance: Sharpening
|Knives and scissors||Drill bits|
Example of importance: Vibration reduction
Right tool for right job
Drilling: availablility of new bits, counters or other measures to insure that a given bit is not overused
maintenance items performed by user
warning signs of problems
examples, unusual noise or smoke from power tools | <urn:uuid:07cc372c-d766-4135-97d5-f68fc65f567f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ergoweb.com/tool-maintenance-training-and-process-control/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.880413 | 197 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Integrity matters! Using open educational practices to address online integrity
What is the link between open education practices and academic integrity?
Building on the work of international colleagues including Andrade et al. (2011), Bozkurt et al. (2019), and Paskevicius and Irvine (2021), we define open educational practices in our open, online university context as:
the explicit use of collaborative teaching, learning designs, and academic practices that draw on multiple open technologies and pedagogies, to facilitate collaborative, inclusive, and flexible learning.
Course design and teaching grounded in principles of trust, respect, choice,
learner-centeredness, co-construction of knowledge, and open resources can maximize the potential for academic integrity and allow educators (whether online or face-to-face) to concentrate on supporting student success. Open educational practices that focus on providing all students with choice in their approaches to learning can de facto help negate real or perceived inequity that can emerge in the granting of accommodations.
For example, if all students can choose from several different types of learning resources (e.g., written articles, videos, podcasts) and different assessment strategies (e.g., presenting orally, writing a scholarly paper, or creating a website), then all students have an equivalent opportunity to exercise their learning preferences and demonstrate achievement of course outcomes.
How can alternative assessments make a difference?
We suggest that authentic assessment is an open educational practice that can help address challenges to academic integrity such as copying work from the Internet, using assignments others have written and submitting these as their own, or contacting websites for answers during examinations. Our open, online and distance education university asks us to consider the purpose of assessment and how it can be done in ways that support greater inclusion, improve learning outcomes, and enhance the learning experience. Authentic assessment is relevant, personal, and engaging. It values students’ learning allowing them to apply concepts to academic and professional experiences (Conrad & Openo, 2018).
As open and online distance educators, we and our colleagues are exploring a variety of authentic assessment practices that offer learners the opportunity to modify and personalize an existing assignment or to create their own assessments within parameters (a process led by the student and facilitated by the instructor). It is thus less likely that an assessment of this design could be completed by anyone other than the students themselves.
Other authentic assessment practices include embedding reflective ePortfolios and learning journals into courses. Enabled by technology, an ePortfolio is a collection of a student's work that provides evidence of what they learned, the process of their learning, and how that learning aligns with course outcomes. Ongoing instructor and peer feedback are features of ePortfolios (Hoven et al., 2022). Learning journals, like ePortfolios, often use prompt questions to trigger student reflections on course content, thought processes, insights, and new learning. ePortfolios, journals, and course projects can be used as alternatives to final exams (Goorts, 2020) and other forms of assessment. A detailed guide to alternative assessments (Elkhoury, 2020) offers many other examples.
What role does open communication play in improving integrity?
We also propose that educators’ open, honest communication with students helps enhance integrity. Instructors who employ open educational practices may share their beliefs explicitly about cheating and the importance of academic honesty and model it as well. Where open educational approaches are used successfully, a sense of community can be established and straightforward communication among students and teachers become the norm. In such an atmosphere, learners are less likely to rationalize dishonest academic behaviours.
Academic integrity matters! Open educational practices, anchored in values aligned with a philosophy of openness, can help create learning opportunities and environments where students and educators can flourish as integrity is preserved. Instructors and learners benefit from development opportunities that encourage them to consider ethical values and practices in teaching and learning environments. Such an evolution is beneficial for students, educators, and society as a whole.
- Athabasca University. Learning assessment.
- Andrade et al. (2011). Beyond OER: Shifting focus to open educational practices. Open Educational Quality Initiative.
- Australian National University. Learning journals.
- Boskurt, Koseouglu, & Singh. (2019). An analysis of peer reviewed publications on openness in education in half a century: Trends and patterns in the open hemisphere. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 35(4), 78- 97.
- Conrad, D., & Openo, J. (2018). Assessment strategies for online learning: Engagement and authenticity. Athabasca University Press.
- Elkhoury, E.(2020, November 23). A guide to alterative assessments. York University.
- Goorts, K. (2020). Replacing final exams with open-ended course projects in engineering education. Teaching Innovation Projects, 9(1), 1–18.
- Hoven, D., Prokopetz Zuba R., Al-Tawil, R., & Walsh, P. (2022). Communities of learning and support through ePortfolios: Student Empowerment, and lifelong learning for students and teachers. Conference Proceedings & Working papers,Pan-Commonwealth Forum 10 (PCF10), 2022
- Paskevicius, M., & Irvine, V. (2021). Theoretical and methodological approaches for investigating open educational practices. OTESSA Journal, 1(2).
- Western University. Online and alternative assessment ideas.
About the authors
Cindy Ives is Professor of Distance Education at Athabasca University, Canada’s Open University. She teaches and supervises graduate students online, and conducts research through innovative online and open initiatives. Linkedin
Beth Perry is a Professor in the Faculty of Health Disciplines at Athabasca University. She teaches and mentors graduate and undergraduate learners, and focuses her research on exemplary online education.
Pamela Walsh is an Associate Professor of Distance Education at Athabasca University, where she teaches and supervises doctoral students. Her research interests include open educational practices in online learning and leadership in higher education. Linkedin
Cheryl Kier is Associate Professor of psychology in the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences at Athabasca University. She teaches undergraduate students online, and explores the use of innovative teaching techniques. Linkedin | <urn:uuid:594a0eaf-6f17-4761-8577-9a9899a0a794> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://etico.iiep.unesco.org/en/integrity-matters-using-open-educational-practices-address-online-integrity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.920301 | 1,302 | 3.25 | 3 |
Fragile X–Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome
Each person with FXTAS is unique; each will have their own set of problems. While most will have hand shaking and balance problems, these will vary in severity and the need for treatment. Further, each affected person has a unique medical history, biological make-up, and personality.
While many of the FXTAS symptoms are neurological, many other body systems are also affected. To receive optimal care it is best to have a medical care team that is knowledgeable about FXTAS. The team should include a neurologist and primary care physician at a minimum. Other specialists, e.g., in the areas of psychiatry, psychology, rehabilitation, urology, cardiology, and movement disorders neurology, may also be needed.
There are three purposes of therapy for FXTAS:
- To reduce symptoms
- To slow the progression of disease
- To cure disease
While there are no known treatments to slow progression or cure FXTAS, intense research is being done in this regard. There are a number of treatments that many affected persons have found helpful in reducing symptoms and disability.
In general, therapy that is most likely to help in any disease has been tested in well designed and executed clinical trials. However, FXTAS was only first published in 2001, so there has not yet been any treatments studied well enough to know if they definitely help.
Until we have proven therapies for FXTAS, it is reasonable to consider treatments that have been shown to reduce the same symptoms when they occur in other diseases. For example, many persons with FXTAS and shaking in their hands (ataxia tremor) will find that taking a medication that reduces hand shaking in another disease, e.g., essential tremor, is helpful.
The symptoms of FXTAS are known to vary from one person to another; so the best treatment options vary from person to person. Useful treatments for FXTAS include:
- Psychological and genetic counseling
- Rehabilitative treatments such as speech, occupational, and physical therapy
- Gait training
- Family supportive services and counseling are also important
Learn more about FXTAS » | <urn:uuid:7d855437-370e-4802-8652-803a66c7de97> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://fragilex.org/living-with-fragile-x/treatment-intervention/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.968174 | 449 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The recent apoplexy over White House Chief-of-Staff John Kelly’s comments about Robert E. Lee and the Civil War have revealed on ongoing problem in the thinking of many Americans when it comes to history and politics in general – the inability to see any issue or event in anything but the most oversimplified terms. In the particular context of the criticism of General Kelly’s comments on the Civil War, the South as a region and the Southerners as individuals could not possibly have had any other motivation to fight than the protection of slavery (in the eyes of the media). For example, witness Paul Begala’s tweet made in response to Kelly’s comments:
“The Civil War was fought over slavery
The Civil War was fought over slavery
The Civil War was fought over slavery.
This will be on the test.”
More @ The Abbeville Institute | <urn:uuid:67d7fdc9-ff7b-45d5-9063-0d0e2a079314> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://freenorthcarolina.blogspot.com/2017_11_27_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.94693 | 187 | 2.75 | 3 |
On July 17, 1981, two walkways collapsed at the Hyatt Regency hotel in Kansas City, killing 114 and injuring 216. After investigations concluded, it was found that changes were made to the original design that resulted in serious flaws in the structure, including the fact that bolts were placed directly through welded joints in the support beams holding up the walkways.
Additionally, investigators determined that the walkway collapse was the result of poor communication between the design firm and the steel company that manufactured the support beams. At the time, the incident was the deadliest structural collapse in American history.
The tragedy served as a grave reminder of the importance of sound engineering design as well as good communication between those designing a structure and those carrying out the work. However, it also served as the inspiration for many youth at the time to pursue a career in engineering in hopes of avoiding future catastrophes. Mike Ludwig, staff welding engineer at the American Welding Society (AWS), was one of those young individuals.
Today, after 38 years working in several capacities in structural welding, Ludwig serves as a conduit between those that oversee D1.1, one of the most widely used welding codes in North America, and those that perform the work defined within it. In that role, he fields various questions that deal with the general use and understanding of D1.1 and offers guidance in regard to its contents and how it is carried out.
The first version of the AWS D1.1: Structural Welding Code – Steel was published in 1928 as the Code for Fusion Welding and Gas Cutting in Building Construction. Its goal was and is to provide all necessary requirements for the safe and sound construction of public structures. According to the official D1.1 document, the code “covers the welding requirements for any type of welded structure made from the commonly used carbon and low-alloy constructional steels.”
A second code that deals with the process of welding steel structures is AWS D1.5, which addresses the construction of steel bridges. Both are American National Standards Institute (ANSI) documents and are included in most building codes around the country today.
“When a locality provides the approvals required to build a building, that locality dictates the use of D1.1 specs, including specifics such as material section and design criteria,” Ludwig explains. “It’s a comprehensive document that outlines all of the requirements to fabricate a structure: workmanship requirements, testing requirements, inspection requirements and qualification requirements.”
Every aspect of a building is included – down to the handrails on a set of stairs and the tubular steel signposts that might be placed outside of the structure. As long as it’s made of steel, D1.1 covers it.
The current version, indices included, is 603 pages long. Understandably, the inch-plus-thick document can be intimidating to fully digest. Regardless, any welding engineer overseeing the construction of a steel structure must be familiar with it.
“Any engineer that is responsible for D1.1 work could benefit from a formal course that covers its contents,” Ludwig says. “It’s a large and complicated book, so if they’re not familiar with it, it can be daunting at best.”
Lines of communication
Depending on the size of the project, there could be dozens if not hundreds of welders working on a construction site. Good communication between welders and welding engineers, therefore, is of utmost importance. Without it, there is no other way to ensure that the welding taking place is proper and in compliance with the welding procedure specifications (WPSs) laid out for the project. Understandably, it’s helpful to identify an individual who will be responsible for those lines of communication.
That front-line person, intermediary or welding coordinator, whatever they may be referred to on-site, could be a welder supervisor, foreman or someone from middle management. Regardless of the moniker, they are responsible for relaying the project’s WPSs to the welders and making sure that they are clear regarding what the welding engineer expects of their work.
“I’ve been a chief welding engineer throughout my career, and typically, someone in that position doesn’t have the time to look over all of the welders’ shoulders,” Ludwig says. “Designating a middle man is incredibly important, and establishing trust with that person is critical. It all comes down to effective communication going in all directions.”
In other words, it takes a collaborative relationship between the welding engineer and the welders doing the job – facilitated by a responsible middle man – to construct a safe structure. Ultimately, public safety depends on it.
A primary purpose for D1.1 is to qualify the WPSs that will be carried out on a construction site and to qualify the welders that will lay down those welds. On any construction project, the welding engineer must be confident that the welders are qualified, in accordance with the code and following the WPSs that have been developed for the project.
“The contractor will qualify the WPSs and then make sure that the welders have been qualified on those welds,” Ludwig says. “The more the people involved understand D1.1 or even just their part of the code, say a welder, to understand what they can or cannot do, the better the end result.”
A welder can be qualified on the WPSs that have been established for a project on-site. More often than not, an experienced welder should be able to pass the in-person test even though they may have never picked up or even looked at D1.1. But that doesn’t mean there aren’t several factors that lead a welder to gain a better understanding of it.
Even though a welder does not need to be an AWS certified welder, there are several paths a welder can take to certify that they can achieve the highest quality required for structural welding. Undoubtedly, any welder that has earned an official D1.1 certification will have set themselves apart from the rest of the welders.
“If your job is to be a D1.1 welder, in my opinion, it would be a good thing to learn as much about it as possible,” Ludwig says. “And, if you have any aspirations of becoming a certified welding inspector (CWI), extensive knowledge of D1.1 is a must.”
In addition to its CWI credential, AWS provides a specialized D1.1 endorsement for those who hold a CWI certification and have passed the D1.1 test. Additionally, there is an online D1.1 code clinic that anyone can sign up for. The clinic is four hours of dedicated instruction and is available to watch online for up to 30 days after registration. All those who take the code clinic automatically get continuing education units toward their applicable licenses. Additionally, CWIs can earn professional development hours toward their AWS certification renewal requirements.
“The code clinic’s initial intent was to help individuals pass the CWI exam and provide CWIs a primer for their D1.1 endorsement, but it’s also tailored so that anyone can take the online clinic to have a better understanding of the code,” Ludwig says. “It offers a good overview and scope of the book, providing a high-level overview of D1.1 and the different parts that are in it. It’s ideal for welders that want to take their job to the next level.”
It’s also recommended for anyone conscientious about their work and the overall quality of the project. The more that on-site welders know about the code, the easier it is for them to understand the information that’s being communicated to them by the welding engineer or middle man. It also gives them a leg up on future versions that will be published.
Every five years, a new revision of D1.1 is published under the guidelines of ANSI and AWS; the next release is scheduled for 2020. The changes can be potentially wide in scope, dealing with anything from new materials or filler metals and new power supplies that have been introduced to new specifications that have been written or even clarifications that needed to be made in the previous edition.
Beyond the certifications and education offered by AWS in regard to D1.1, Ludwig recommends welding engineers consider being on or at least attending code committee meetings hosted by AWS.
“Most of the people currently on a code committee have a lot of experience and a wealth of information to share,” Ludwig says. “If an employer supports and encourages their younger welding engineers to get involved to further advance their understanding of how the code is written, it’s a good thing. There are task groups, subcommittees and main committees that a young engineer can participate in today and in the future as their careers advance.”
Ultimately, it all comes down to the importance of a shared understanding of D1.1 on construction jobsites. When welders and welding engineers share a common language, communications and collaborations flourish. And in the end, those successful relationships translate into the construction of safe structures and a safer public. | <urn:uuid:0fb456d4-6891-4273-81bf-ef026c252f45> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://fsmdirect.com/critical-communications/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.964577 | 1,940 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Scientists have discovered a route of introduction for Highly Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) H5N8 into Japan and, in parallel, have investigated the potential of two human anti-influenza drugs for the control of HPAI in birds.
Since October 30, 2020, there have been over 30 recorded outbreaks of Highly Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI) in domestic poultry and wild fowl in Japan. This outbreak was caused by the influenza A virus H5N8, a known HPAIV. In such a scenario, identification of the source of the virus and its transmission route is important to control its spread.
A team of scientists led by Professor Yoshihiro Sakoda of Hokkaido University have recently found the probable route of introduction of the current HPAIV into Japan — by migratory birds from Europe. Separately, they showed that anti-influenza drugs used for humans can potentially be used to treat HPAI in poultry and wild fowl, providing an alternative to culling infected birds. Their findings were published within a week of each other in the journal Viruses.
HPAI is a devastating disease in poultry, leading to large losses both economically and materially. Once present in domesticated poultry, the primary means of controlling HPAI is by culling all infected populations. There is no approved drug for the treatment of HPAI. In addition, it can infect captive wild birds, such as those in zoos and sanctuaries, which has major implications for the protection and conservation of endangered species.
In addition, HPAI is closely related to influenza in humans; certain strains of HPAIV have jumped to humans in the past, most recently in mid February 2021, in Russia. For prevention and control, it is vital to track the spread of this disease.
The scientists collected migratory duck feces samples from the lakeside of Lake Komuke, eastern Hokkaido in October 2020. After a number of tests, they confirmed the presence of H5N8 virus in one of the samples. Further, their genetic analysis showed that the H5N8 virus was closely related to the variants that caused outbreaks in Europe from late 2019 to early 2020 and the variants found in Korea and southern Japan from October to November 2020, rather than from the H5N8 viruses in East Asia from 2018-2019. This suggested that the H5N8 virus transmitted with migratory birds from Europe to Eastern Asia within 10 months. In addition, the team found that it is a different H5N8 variant that is causing current outbreaks in Europe, raising the alarm that the northern biosphere is becoming a reservoir of HPAIV.
The scientists also investigated two antivirals, baloxavir marboxil (BXM) and peramivir (PR), used for the treatment of influenza in humans for their potential to treat HPAI in poultry. In their experiments, both drugs improved the survival rate of infected chickens and reduced viral amounts in their organs and feces, with BXM showing higher efficacy. Further work on BXM suggested that an early single-administration of BXM at doses of 2.5 mg/kg or higher would be most effective for the treatment of HPAI in real-life settings.
“Based on our findings, the government authorities warned poultries in Japan in November last year, which helped local businesses take measures to prevent potential outbreaks. As in the past years, we will continue to monitor HPAIV in migratory birds visiting Hokkaido as well as researching possible treatments of the disease,” said Sakoda.
The next steps would be to confirm if the strain of H5N8 detected by the scientists is responsible for the ongoing HPAI outbreak in Japan, and to verify if BXM is capable of treating HPAI in rare wild birds and poultry farms.
Re-Invasion of H5N8 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Clade 220.127.116.11b in Hokkaido, Japan, 2020. Viruses, 14 December 2020.
1. Augustin Twabela, et al. Evaluation of Baloxavir Marboxil and Peramivir for the Treatment of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in Chickens. Viruses. December 8, 2020. (https://doi.org/10.3390/v12121407)
2. Norikazu Isoda, et al. Re-Invasion of H5N8 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Clade 18.104.22.168b in Hokkaido, Japan, 2020. Viruses. December 14, 2020. (https://doi.org/10.3390/v12121439) The key paper is the second paper (Norikazu Isoda, et al). | <urn:uuid:9412cc26-dd18-4fed-a7bf-8b3eb8b23ef4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://globalbiodefense.com/2021/03/11/tracing-and-controlling-highly-pathogenic-avian-influenza/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.94772 | 1,008 | 3.25 | 3 |
Leg cramps are the muscles of the calf and shrink involuntarily.This muscle spasm is not controlled by human will. If it lasts for a long time, it will bring a very strong discomfort.The muscles are obviously tight and contracted during cramps. Some pains are unbearable. It gradually relieved after a few seconds or tens of seconds, and some have pain after pumping.
Zheng Guangliang, Dean of Xiamen Light Bright Orthopedic Hospital, said that common leg cramps are related to the following diseases:
1. Low calciummia.Refers to a series of metabolic diseases caused by the low level of calcium ions in serum, which causes tissue function or structure to abnormally occur. It is generally related to factors such as a large amount of vitamin D in the body lack of vitamin D or thyroid functional reduction.Once suffering from hypocalia, patients will have muscle spasms such as facial, legs or back. Without any rules, they will be relieved by themselves.The disease will also be numb or tingling with lips, tongues, hands and feet, etc. Some patients have dry skin, crispy nails, rough hair, etc., and emotional anxiety and depression have spiritual aspects.
2. Neurological disease.Muscle abnormal activity may be caused by the nervous system, including brain problems (such as encephalitis, encephalopathy, Parkinson’s disease, Hennon dance), motor nerve problems (such as lumbar disc herniation, sciatica pain), and diabetes.
3. Liver disease.Liver disease can cause abnormal metabolism and detoxification function of the liver, which will cause excessive toxins to accumulate in the blood and cause hepatic brain diseases. Repeated muscle spasm will occur, including leg cramps.
Other common situations of leg cramps are: cold stimulation; muscle contraction is too fast; too much sweating; excessive fatigue; improper sleeping position; pregnancy factors, etc.
Zheng Guangliang introduced that there is a way to quickly relieve leg cramps:
1. Toe cramps.It is necessary to do the opposite, that is, the toes in the opposite direction of the cramps, and insist on the effectiveness for 1-2 minutes.
2. Calcut.You can sit or lean against the wall, pull your toes with your toes upturned, and then try to straighten your knee joint as much as possible.
3. Swimming cramps.Take a deep breath and hold it up, the body is floating, grabbing your toes with the hand on the opposite side of the legs, pulling your toes in the direction of the body.Press your knees down with the other hand to stretch the back of the legs, and then go ashore to continue massage and rest.
Zheng Guangliang said that the harm of leg cramps is small, and it can be relieved as long as it fights against traction plus local massage.If the seizures are frequently, the specialist must be asked to check and treat it to avoid delaying the illness.(Reporter Bai Li)
Source: Xiamen Evening News | <urn:uuid:1027d1fd-ad25-439a-b185-96d30bc9f78b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://globaldiversitypa.com/the-reason-why-the-calf-cramp-is-quickly-relieved-there-are-wonderful-tricks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.936524 | 639 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Two years after the powerful earthquake and resulting tsunami off the northeastern coast of Japan triggered a meltdown at the Fukushima nuclear power plant, the Japanese people are becoming increasingly frustrated with the government's reluctance to come clean on the risks associated with nuclear power.
A Japanese citizen advocacy group called Let’s Decide Together organized a large protest on March 10, 2013 [ja] to call for a national referendum on the future of nuclear power in Japan, the latest of many citizen-led efforts to shape the country's energy policy away from nuclear power since the Fukushima disaster, the largest nuclear disaster since Chernobyl.
In the wake of the tsunami, critics around the world blasted the Japanese government for withholding information about the meltdown from the public, delaying local evacuations and exposing some people unnecessarily to high levels of radiation. The World Health Organization has concluded that those in the most contaminated areas around the Fukushima plant have elevated risks of contracting cancer, from a 7 percent increased risk of leukemia for males exposed to the radiation as infants, to a 6 percent increased risk of breast cancer for females exposed as infants.
Though public pressure after the accident led to the shutdown of all but two of Japan's 50 nuclear reactors, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe recently announced that plants that pass the country's new and stricter safety guidelines could be brought back online within the year.
But the government's emphasis on safety has not calmed Fukushima residents and activists around the country who demand more information about the dangers of nuclear power, no matter how bad the news may be.
The Fukushima Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety, co-hosted by the Japanese government and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) from December 15-17, 2012 in the city of Koriyama in Fukushima Prefecture, not far from the nuclear power plant, exposed the growing gap between the government and its people on the matter of nuclear energy.
The conference, in which 117 countries and 13 international organizations participated, was held to discuss and strengthen nuclear safety as well as learn from the Fukushima disaster.
Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan summarized [ja] the intent of the Fukushima government conference, spotlighting the government's commitment to its safety campaign:
At the same time, many anti-nuclear organizations organized their own conferences. The Nuclear Free Now Organizing Committee hosted its Global Conference for a Nuclear Power Free World 2 in Hibiya, Tokyo on December 15 and 16, 2012 and the Metropolitan Coalition Against Nukes organized a demonstration calling for the end of nuclear energy that departed from Hibiya park. More than 5,500 people participated in the two days of events in Tokyo.
Also, the Fukushima Action Project, organized by a committee of citizens from Fukushima Prefecture in collaboration with the Nuclear Free Now Organizing Committee, coordinated various action from December 14-16, 2012 including a symposium by the Mayors for a Nuclear Power Free Japan network to coincide with the government conference.
On the first day of the government conference, about 200 citizens gathered in front of the conference venue in Fukushima to submit a formal request to the IAEA. The request called on the IAEA to disclose the data from a health survey of children, ensure accountability, and encourage the Japanese government to decommission all nuclear power plants immediately.
In its introduction, the request explained the Fukushima people's distrust of the IAEA's involvement in the area:
We have learned that the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) will establish two research centers in Fukushima Prefecture, as part of the Prefecture's ”Environmental Creation Center.” Based on the nature of the IAEA, we perceive it to be a global nuclear power promotion industry, emphasizing the peaceful use of nuclear and understating its risks. It is quite difficult to imagine and understand what such an institution is planning to do coming here to Fukushima. Many of us affected by the nuclear power plant disaster are questioning whether these research centres will have any benefit for those affected, and are concerned about the real intention.
It also emphasized the uncertainty that local residents are forced to live with as long as the government presses safety campaigns over information about the reality of the situation:
All that the government has done is to conduct a “safety campaign,” by telling people that “there are no immediate health risks”, or “it is alright to be exposed to 100μSv of radiation per year.” The residents of Fukushima are forced into a difficult decision between the fear of radiation, which cannot be seen or smelled, and the authorities’ “safety campaign,” which is causing great distress and fraction between families, friends and neighbors.
The agency replied [ja] to the request on January 17, 2013, stressing that they are not a decision-maker when it comes to nuclear matters in Fukushima or the rest of Japan:
Demanding the truth
The two “Red Dot” radiation illustrations in this post were drawn by artist Misato Yugi and have become widely known in post-Fukushima Japan. The illustrations try to show how dramatic the situation would be if radioactivity were visible.
But without red dots marking radioactivity in real life, the Japanese people are left to demand the truth about the dangers from the government and other agencies.
Ourplanet-TV, a non-profit media station, captured a member of the Fukushima Women's Network against Nuclear Power Plants [ja] doing just that on December 15 near the government conference venue, asking for the facts surrounding nuclear power from IAEA spokeswoman Jill Tudor.
The video is available here [ja].:
We want IAEA to remember, Fukushima prefecture has already decided to renounce nuclear power [ja]. There is one other thing. Please tell us the truth about Chernobyl, Please speak the truth of the health effects after Chernobyl. Lastly, in the three-day conference starting from today, please talk about the dangers of nuclear power, not the promotion of the safety of nuclear power plants. And please switch the agenda to eliminate the nuclear power plants in the world.
Another member in the footage also appealed to Tudor to let the Fukushima people have a say in nuclear matters:
Please don’t decide on anything about Fukushima without the Fukushima people, us!
Kyania, who evacuated from Fukushima to Kyoto with her child after the nuclear meltdown, has documented her experience in a blog. On December 21, 2012, she published a document composed by citizens submitted to Fukushima Prefecture protesting the presence of IAEA in Fukushima overseeing decontamination and other aspects of the disaster clean-up. She also reinforced [ja] how important it is for people to know what is going on after the disaster in order to protect themselves:
Each and every one of us should realize that only you can protect yourselves and your families, so keep collecting information on your own. If you feel butterflies in your stomach, I want you to continue taking actions on what you can do, no matter how small they are. | <urn:uuid:b0507897-c5b1-441e-bcbc-064c8b17c015> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://globalvoices.org/2013/03/15/japans-jaded-public-pushes-for-nuclear-truth-post-fukushima/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.853348 | 1,424 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The following is a summary of discussion of this principle at the 2012 symposium
- How do we decide what matters?
Different things matter to different people. It’s important to decide what matters to your project from the beginning and remember, you don’t have to measure everything!
- How do we measure? Using what methods?
At the beginning, having wider conversations to define your measurement system is often a good idea as it allows for input from others, often with experiences that may help you decide what will work best for your project. You may also find it beneficial to look to other sectors for processes and methodologies that might work for museums. It is important to remain visitor focused- why not have them involved in the measurement?
Use an appropriate method of measurement that works for you and your project and stand by it. Don’t give in to criticisms or questioning about your methods if they work- there is no best form of measurement!
There is often a difference between the type of measurement required depending on whether your funding is public or private but it is important to measure unintentional consequences and not just what you are asked for by your funders.
Evaluate all the way through the project. You might find you discover other things you would like to measure or that other elements have become more important than you originally anticipated.
How you use what you have measured is very important. If possible, open up your findings and engage with the public, becoming a source that others can benefit from and use in the future. | <urn:uuid:b89a7096-0f28-4419-8ed3-332361b3d45a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://happymuseumproject.org/measure-what-matters-symposium-discussion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.967838 | 313 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Breeding and raising pheasants can be a lot of fun.
When you breed your animals, you gain a great deal of satisfaction and can add new animals to your home or farm.
The Pheasant, on the other hand, is a different species from chickens and other poultry.
Every spring or summer they lay a few dozen eggs.
Female pheasants will lay eggs every day during the breeding season.
Feathered pheasants incubate their eggs for around 30 days after laying them all.
They do this by sitting on their eggs and their emergence varies from time to time.
When pheasants breed in spring and summer, they lay an average of 40-60 eggs.
Many of these eggs will hatch if fertilized with care.
To help your pheasants hatch, you can build an artificial incubator.
Why do pheasants sit on their eggs?
A broody pheasant is anxious for its eggs to hatch. She’ll spend the entire day sitting on top of her eggs (and those she’s stolen) in an attempt to hatch them.
It’s a combination of hormones, instinct, and maturity that causes a hen to go broody, and there is no exact science to it.
Rather than having all her eggs in one basket, this allows the female to spread her genes throughout the population.
Due to the incubation period of 23-28 days for pheasants’ eggs, this egg would hatch at the same time as or even before that of the mallard eggs.
Related: Here is an article I wrote on rearing pheasants and what they are good for
Do female pheasants sit on their eggs?
The female pheasant will lie on their eggs and incubate them for about 30 days after they have laid all of their eggs.
They’ll hatch sooner or later depending on the circumstances.
You can build an artificial incubator to help your pheasants hatch their eggs if they aren’t sitting on them.
Where do wild pheasants lay their eggs?
The female builds her nest in a tiny dip on the ground, usually under a hedge or in tall grass.
The male frequently travels with many females and will battle viciously to defend his territory and harem against intruding males.
The eggs, which measure 45 mm by 36 mm and are olive, were smooth and non-glossy.
Common pheasants build their nests in scrapes on the ground, lined with grass and leaves, and often under dense cover or a hedge.
They roost in sheltered trees at night and occasionally nest in a haystack or an old nest left by other birds.
How long can a pheasant leave her eggs?
Anywhere from 2 to 22 eggs can be found in a clutch, however, the greatest clutches are frequently the consequence of two birds nesting in the same place at once.
Even though they can feed themselves shortly after hatching, the chicks are still dependent on their mother for up to 80 days before they can feed themselves.
Do male pheasants sit on their eggs?
The male will defend his territory and harem from intruder males in severe fights, and will typically accompany many females.
The eggs, which measure 45 mm by 36 mm, are olive-brown and silky. It is the female who incubates the eggs and cares for the young.
Also check out this article I wrote on why some pheasants eat their eggs
How many eggs does a pheasant lay?
A typical clutch can range from 2 to 22 eggs, with the greatest clutches being the result of two hens sharing the same nest.
Soon after hatching, the chicks can feed themselves, although they will remain with their mother for up to 80 days until becoming self-sufficient.
How often do pheasant hens lay eggs?
Insects, seeds, and leaves are just a few of the stuff they eat. During the spring mating season, roosters usually have a harem of many females. Hen pheasants lay their eggs on the ground and lay a clutch of roughly twelve eggs over two to three weeks between April and June.
For the chick to mature and hatch, pheasants will sit on eggs for about 21 days.
If they can cover that many eggs and provide enough warmth, they will sit on up to 12 eggs.
The pheasant needs a break now and then, so don’t be shocked if they pop their clutch.
Be careful that some hens will never become broodies and will never lay eggs.
A small percentage of pheasants are prone to abandoning their eggs midstream and killing their young.
Stay close by in case of need, but try to put your trust in the pheasant. | <urn:uuid:3ab70410-5ca5-49c4-a505-1dfaf339a37a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://hayfarmguy.com/do-pheasants-sit-on-their-eggs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.973801 | 1,023 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Maize which is also known as corn is a cereal grain grown across the world.
It is grown as food for humans and also as animal feed. Farm animals are animals domesticated and grown on the farm for one benefit or another to the farmer.
Some are grown for their meat, some for their products like milk, eggs, wool etc. some for their pelts and some for their skills.
Some farm animals however if allowed to roam on the farm can cause damage to maize plants grown on the farm.
Some attack tender maize plants and some attack even mature ones.
Let’s take a look at 10 of these animals so you can keep them off your maize plantation.
Goats are ruminants with horns and hooves reared for their meat, milk and for weed control.
They are notorious maize eaters and will not hesitate to attack your maize farm if you turn your back.
Providing your goats abundance of hay or other feeds won’t stop them from feeding on your maize plants.
They attack maize by eating the leaves.
When the plants are still small, they can eat it to the ground, and when they are mature, tall, and they can’t reach the tender leaves, they cut the stalk to get to them, thereby damaging the plant completely.
Cows are large herbivores reared on farms across the world for their meat and milk which is used to make other products.
They are considered one of the most common mammals in the world and very profitable in farming.
Cows are grazers, they feed mostly on grass and can survive on it.
More than 50% of their feed comes from grass which is why they are a threat to maize plants.
Cows especially enjoy grazing in maize farms.
They attack these plants by eating their leaves and stems. Having cows free range on the same farm you have maize planted can lead to losses.
Related: Here is an article I wrote about farm animals that can be left alone
Sheep are docile ruminants reared on many farms for their meat, milk and fiber.
These farm animals are herbivores, which means they eat grass. Sheep are grazers.
They graze in pasture plants, legumes, grass etc.
Sheep are known to attack maize, since it is a good source of their diet and provide nutrients to their body.
If you have corn plants on your farm, then you should find a way to keep your sheep off the area.
They will eat the leaves and stems, rendering the plants useless and unable to grow or bear fruits.
Sheep move together in flock, so there’s more damage if you fail to protect your maize farm.
4. Guinea pigs
Guinea pig farming is considered a lucrative business.
These animals from the rodent family are reared on farms for their meat and considered micro livestock.
They are also herbivores which means majority of their diet is based on grass.
They can be fed hay and they can feed directly on fresh grass.
This makes a threat your maize farm. Guinea pigs particularly like to nimble on small plants and tender leaves.
They will attack maize when it’s still small and the leaves tender.
Mature corn plants are not all that appealing to them but they may still try to eat at the base, causing some damage.
Also here is an article about farm animals that do not need space
Birds are known to attack maize plants especially when it already has a cob, eating the seeds and damaging the crops.
Poultry birds are not left out. Turkeys are omnivores. This means they eat animals as well as plants.
They feed on all kinds of plants including vegetables and eat every part of plants including roots.
This makes them very dangerous to maize farms. Turkeys, especially wild turkeys are known to attack maize farms and eat the corn plants to the ground.
Your domestic turkeys if permitted, will eat the stems, leaves and roots of your maize. They will also eat the corn cobs, leaving you with nothing.
Pigs are omnivorous mammals. They come in different species and are reared for their meat and skin.
Pigs consume both plants and animals. They are also scavengers, so they will also eat anything in between.
Most farmers rear them in a closed environment but some also allow them to free range.
If you have pigs free ranging on your farm, then you should know they can attack maize.
Pigs eat grasses and plants.
If they come across your corn plants, they won’t spare it. They will eat them to the ground, even uprooting most.
This is why you should try to find a way to protect your maize from animals.
Alpacas are pleasant pseudo ruminants and are 100% herbivore.
They enjoy eating grasses, which is the main source of their diet. They eat hay, pasture grass or silage.
When eating plants, they especially like to eat their stems and leaves.
Alpacas don’t do well being camped so they need to free range, which can be a disadvantage to your corn plants.
Alpacas attack maize because they love to eat grass. They attack maize by eating the leaves and stems.
Having alpacas on your farm close to your maize will hinder it from growing well. They may even be damaged beyond growth.
Rabbits are farmed across the world for their meat, fur or wool.
They are herbivores and they feed mostly on hay and on pasture grass. They can be kept in enclosed areas but they do better when allowed to free range. It enables them exercise and improve their lives.
This can however be a disadvantage if you have maize plants. Rabbits are lovers of tender plants and will not ignore your maize plants.
They attack maize plants by eating the leaves and stems while still young and tender. This hinders the plants from growing to maturity.
They also attack nursery maize plants by digging out the seeds that may still be under plants.
Donkeys or asses are farm animals raised mainly to protect smaller animals and poultry from predators and to do some work.
Donkeys are herbivores which means they eat grasses, weeds, tree leaves, tree barks etc.
This makes them a disadvantage on your farm if your maize farm is not well protected.
Donkeys attack maize plants by feeding on the leaves and stems.
They eat both young maize plants and mature ones.
The corns itself are not good for them as their digestive system can’t digest it fully, but this doesn’t stop them from destroying and eating some.
Horses are herbivores which means they mainly eat plants and plant products.
They are raised on farms for riding, breeding and carrying some loads.
They are also sometimes bred to run and take part in races.
Horse farming is quite profitable but if you free range them on the farm, they could lead to some losses if you have maize plants.
Horses attack maize plants because plant is their natural diet.
They eat the leaves and stems thereby damaging the crops totally.
They eat both young and mature plants. They can only be stopped if you spray the plants with predator urine. | <urn:uuid:df81efc0-779c-41b0-9260-ed73fdf82cb2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://hayfarmguy.com/farm-animals-that-attack-maize | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.972105 | 1,517 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Dr Patrick Ngassa Piotie is a Senior Programme Manager at the University of Pretoria Diabetes Research Centre and the Chairperson of the Diabetes Alliance
Deaths due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are on the rise in South Africa. The increase in these deaths is particularly startling because, overall South Africa has been recording a decrease in deaths.
The highest increase was for diabetes-related deaths. These deaths have more than doubled in the past decade. A recent report by Statistics South Africa (Stats SA) shows that the condition claimed more than 26,800 lives in 2018. In 2008, this number was 19,692.
Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects how the body turns food into energy. With diabetes, either the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or the body cannot use the insulin it makes effectively. As a result, the levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood are high.
This can cause serious health problems including nerve damage, kidney problems, heart disease, stroke and vision loss. Diabetes also impacts the mental health of people living with the condition. Untreated or poorly managed diabetes can even result in death.
But if managed correctly, a person with diabetes can live a healthy and happy life.
According to the International Diabetes Federation, 4.2 million adults in South Africa have diabetes.
Of great concern is the fact that one out of two South Africans with diabetes don’t know they have it. Such high levels of undiagnosed diabetes have devastating consequences. By the time they are diagnosed, people often have advanced organ damage.
Diabetes was the number one killer of women in South Africa. Women accounted for 60% of all deaths due to diabetes between 2008 and 2018.
Diabetes-related deaths among women also increased by a higher percentage, 39.3% (from 11 889 in 2008 to 16 447 in 2018), compared to those in men, which increased by 33.5% (from 7 795 in 2008 to 10 405 in 2018).
The study from Stats SA also found racial differences in mortality due to diabetes.
The highest number of deaths were among the Indian/Asian population group, followed by coloured and black people. At the same time diabetes-related deaths were increasing in the black and coloured populations. The trend was decreasing for the Indian/Asian population group and stable for the white.
The report argued that the racial disparities observed could be due to several factors. These include access to healthcare, behavioural practices or genetic factors.
Impact on health system
Diabetes in South Africa is characterised by suboptimal management and high rates of otherwise preventable complications and deaths.
The South African National Department of Health recognises that unless proven interventions, innovative and sustainable funding models and high-level political support are rapidly implemented, healthcare costs related to diabetes and other NCDs will increase exponentially.
The consequences for individuals, families, communities, and the economy will be severe.
It is estimated that public sector costs of people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes amount to around R2.7 bn. These costs could escalate to R21.8 bn if both diagnosed and undiagnosed patients are considered. This is equivalent to approximately 12% of the total national health budget in 2018.
The cost of type 2 diabetes is partly driven by the cost of treating and managing diabetes complications. Preventing and managing complications better will prevent death and lead to cost savings.
The one-size-fits-all approach to diabetes management adopted in South Africa was proven to be deficient. Most people with diabetes do not meet the recommended treatment targets to prevent expensive complications. The American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes recommend a holistic person-centred approach to diabetes management that prevents complications and optimises quality of life.
South Africa’s National Strategic Plan for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases proposes clear targets for diabetes and hypertension: the 90-60-50 targets. The goal is to ensure that 90% of all people over 18 who have diabetes or hypertension are diagnosed; 60% of people who are diagnosed receive an intervention; and 50% of people receiving interventions are controlled.
This is an ambitious plan, seeing that an estimate placed the number of people with diabetes on treatment who are controlled at less than 20%. However, a similar cascade approach to the AIDS epidemic has produced good results.
But a major challenge to implementing and monitoring the progress of the strategic plan for NCDs is the lack of data. Surveillance data for diabetes and NCDs are not available. The Stats SA report recommendations include the implementation of a comprehensive surveillance and monitoring system for NCDs.
Strategies to combat diabetes and NCDs include:
- strengthening the health system to cater for the needs of people living with diabetes,
- capacitating the healthcare workforce,
- developing a comprehensive diabetes education programme accessible to all
- and ramping up health promotion efforts to address modifiable risk factors such as unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and tobacco use.
The department should also explore the cost-effectiveness of introducing the latest drugs and technologies to the public sector. –Health-E News | <urn:uuid:8bd33ec3-765f-4b20-83d6-7a9811d469b2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://health-e.org.za/2023/11/07/diabetes-related-deaths-more-than-doubled-in-the-past-decade/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.940829 | 1,061 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The exciting field of biocomputing involves the processing and storing of information in living cells. This discipline is currently being developed with a view to next-generation therapeutics and for capturing events within the body.
In DNA computing, the input is represented using the four-character genetic alphabet, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, rather than the binary alphabet used by traditional computers. Still, DNA computational technology has only been able to capture and record a limited number of molecular events in the body, meaning they cannot be used over long periods of time.
The development of smart drugs
Now, a study from researchers at MIT programs human and bacterial cells to keep a record of complex molecular events over a long length of time. The team states their DNA-based Ordered Memory and Iteration Network Operator (DOMINO) could one day track the changes which occur from generation to generation as cells differentiate. Similarly, their development could also be used to create sensors capable of detecting, and possibly even treating, diseased cells. The opensource study is published in the journal Molecular Cell.
Previous studies show existing biocomputers have limited recording capacity and are challenging to scale. Recent studies from the group developed a technique able to place new DNA sequences into predetermined locations in the genome in bacterial cells. Consequently, in 2016 they developed a memory storage system based on CRISPR, a genome-editing system responsible for guiding the enzyme to a specific area of the genome.
Using CRISPR to build DNA circuits
Thus, this CRISPR-based process allowed the researchers to insert mutations at specific DNA location. It should be noted, the mutational outcomes were not always predictable and limited the amount of information stored. The current study uses a variant of CRISPR with the ability to precisely edit DNA bases. Accordingly, the DNA was able to store complex memories in living cells, including human cells.
The current study attaches a version of the CRISPR-Cas9 enzyme to a recently developed base editor enzyme. This, in turn, converts the nucleotide cytosine to thymine without breaking the double-stranded DNA.
Results show guide RNA strands, which direct the base editor where to make this switch, are produced only when certain inputs are present in the cell. Data findings show when one of the target inputs is present, the guide RNA leads the base editor either to a stretch of DNA the researchers added to the cell’s nucleus, or to genes found in the cell’s own genome, depending on the application. Thus, measuring the resulting cytosine to thymine mutations determines what the cell has been exposed to.
Recording events in cells
The lab states they used DOMINO to create circuits with the capacity to perform logic calculations, detect the presence of multiple inputs, and record a cascade of events occurring in a certain order. They go on to add their DNA computer can be used to record many events in the life of a cell. This includes exposure to certain chemicals. Additionally, this memory-storage capacity can act as the foundation of complex circuits in which one event triggers another event, such as the production of a fluorescent protein.
The team surmises they have developed a DNA computer extending the utility of molecular recording beyond DNA write-only applications. Moreover, the biotechnology also enables long-term recording and monitoring of in vivo molecular events. For the future, the researchers state these new ‘living sensors’ may one day be able to sense pathogens and toxins in the body.
Don’t miss the latest discoveries from the health innovator community: | <urn:uuid:74b6f977-8641-4dc8-82d0-f48b95535e74> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://health-innovations.org/2019/08/23/new-dna-computer-stores-long-term-cellular-memory/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.933154 | 736 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Harriet G. Hosmer
1830 – 1908 A.D.
The woman has honored both her native land and her sex by her brilliant work. She proved that Americans can be sculptors, and that a woman can handle a chisel as well as a palette and brush.
Her birthplace was Watertown, Mass. Her mother and older sister had died of consumption and her father, an eminent physician, encouraged her to spend much time in the open air. Studies were of secondary importance. She soon had a taste for hunting, fishing, rowing, horseback riding, and became an all around athlete. In the fields and forests she began to model dogs, horses, and other animals in a clay pit near her home.
Her physical strength enabled her afterward to wield the four pound mallet for eight or ten hours per day in giving life to form marble.
Her school days in Lenox, Mass., were not marked by scholarship or attention to the routine of school life. Nature was her school and teacher. She was despair of those who were appointed her instructors. Finding that sculpture was her forte she went to St. Louis to study anatomy, as she could not gain admission to conservative medical schools of the East.
Next she went to Rome and became the pupil of the famous sculptor, Gibson. For her work, The Sleeping Fawn, She received $5,000. Zenobia in Chains was one of her masterpieces. The proud but captive queen of Palmyra is shown as she was forced to march in the triumphal procession of the Roman conquerors. “She is a queen in spirit, undethroned [sic] by calamity.”
The bronze statute of Col. Thomas H. Benton in St. Louis is a specimen of her work. In accepting the invitation to prepare the statue, she said, among other things, “But I have also reason to be grateful to you because I am a woman; and knowing what barriers must in the outset oppose all womanly efforts, I am indebted to the chivalry of the West, which has first overleaped [sic] them.”
Reference: Woman: Her Position, Influence and Achievement Throughout the Civilized World. Designed and Arranged by William C. King. Published in 1900 by The King-Richardson Co. Copyright 1903 The King-Richardson Co. | <urn:uuid:05b5b98b-5b31-40d0-ac65-feba610703ce> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://historyswomen.com/miscellaneous-articles/harriet-g-hosmer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.987363 | 488 | 3.125 | 3 |
What is real estate? In basic terms, property is land, structures, and natural deposits (water, minerals, and crops) – and immovable property. A person who owns real estate has an interest in the land, structures, or real estate. It can be utilized as a income source or to buy brand-new building and construction. It can also be an financial investment automobile for building organizations and other tasks. It’s a terrific method to start in buying realty, and lots of people use it as a way to achieve monetary flexibility.
There are lots of rewards to hiring a realty representative such as real estates kelowna secondary (Recommended Reading). For beginners, they have a wealth of understanding of the area in which they live, and are familiar with local property values. They can use suggestions on how to price your property correctly and help you avoid making pricey mistakes. They can even inform you whether a specific property is overpriced or underpriced – and that can save you from unneeded tension. A realty representative can help you find a home within your budget, and make the procedure go as efficiently as possible.
There are lots of kinds of real estate. A sale of uninhabited land is a excellent way to enter into the marketplace if you’re searching for a big home or a farm. Uninhabited land might consist of natural deposits and is normally priced in the tens of countless dollars. It is a great alternative for financiers who are looking for a second house, or a weekend getaway. In addition to selling a property, purchasers can likewise get a loan to fund the purchase.
Vacant land, on the other hand, is the least developed residential or commercial property and can range from farmland to ranches. It might contain water or natural deposits, but the expense will be less than the revenues of one effective offer. In addition to being an possession for financial investment, property investing can assist you diversify your portfolio and lower threat. There are lots of advantages to buying realty. Just keep in mind to stay persistent and familiar with changes in the industry.
Vacant land is the most pricey type of real estate. This kind of property typically is not utilized for any purpose, so the worth of it depends on the owner. Usually, nevertheless, the expense of vacant land is the same as the cost of a single industrialized system. The cost of a single home might be worth a couple of hundred dollars, while a commercial home might cost tens of countless dollars. It is for that reason essential to think about how much money you can invest in the various types of real estate prior to buying a property.
In property, the rate of a property is identified by its usage. A residential or commercial property’s value can not be higher than its list prices. The greatest and finest usage will produce the most earnings. Also, a residential or commercial property’s worth can not be higher than that of a similar home. These aspects are the main aspects that figure out the worth of a property. The list below factors will affect the cost of a property. These include the area, amenities, and availability.
A property’s worth increases with its conformity and contribution. A feature can add worth to a home. The greater its use, the better it is. The greater the demand, the more valuable a residential or commercial property is. It can be miscalculated, however the very best use will produce the greatest profit. When a property is listed on the marketplace, it should be competitive. It should also be priced below its equivalents in the area.
Real estate is a type of residential or commercial property. It can be either unaltered or enhanced. It can be owned by a federal government, business entity, or personal party. The most vital category is brand-new home structure, that includes single-family homes, townhouses, and condos. The National Association of House Builders releases monthly data on the variety of new home sales, and the rate of these homes. This statistic is a leading indication for a property economy, and it can be deceptive.
When determining what kind of home is best for you, think about the worth of the property. A property’s worth can be more than doubled if it is a new advancement. In some cases, the land is unaltered and the developer has actually already started building and construction. The cost of a home is higher when it is more industrialized than a formerly unsold one. A home is not necessarily worth more than its current market value. | <urn:uuid:dc2a74ce-c638-4adb-8d75-9f39a670ba12> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://holger-schleiffer.de/the-benefits-of-purchasing-realty-52/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.949396 | 933 | 2.53125 | 3 |
THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND MENTAL WELL-BEING
- A well-designed urban space enables a sense of community, social inclusion and mobility, increasing mental wellbeing, reducing stress and allowing for significant savings in healthcare.
- Climate change, biodiversity loss and environmental disturbances are increasingly affecting people’s mental well-being. Climate concerns can be alleviated by taking action and responsibility on a personal level and thus contributing to climate and environment initiatives.
- Direct contact with nature, in urban spaces as well as in the countryside, supports mental health and increases well-being.
Homes, schools, kindergartens, offices, parks, bicycle paths, footpaths and town squares are spaces that people move through and where they spend time daily. As part of the living environment, they have a significant impact on human health, including mental health. Maintaining, protecting and planning a health-promoting living environment is fundamental to public health. This cross-sectoral approach to health should be recognised as one of the basic principles for preparing the national budget. Estonian society pays a high price for ignoring this principle, as human health is the country’s most valuable asset, both financially and morally.
The introduction to the chapter discussing the physical environment examines people’s mental well-being as it is influenced by the natural, urban and other artificial environments. People’s mental health and well-being depend on the health of the physical environment. Architecture and spatial planning play a big role, as they shape our behaviour patterns and the spaces where we travel or spend time.
Research on the impact of climate change on people’s physical and mental health has received considerable attention in recent years, as evidenced by the emergence of climate psychology as a new branch of psychology. (Ogunbode et al. 2022). The conclusion is unequivocal: climate change has a significant impact on mental health. The impact can manifest itself in psychological exhaustion or anxiety caused by the short-term or long-term effects of climate change, experienced directly or through the media, and the social and economic changes resulting from climate change. Climate anxiety is a negative emotional response to a vaguely perceived threat posed by climate change. Climate anxiety must be distinguished from concepts such as climate concern or caring about climate change, because the latter are based on a real threat, are empowering, and need not involve mental health problems. The United Nations Human Development Report (HDR 2022) nand recent reports by the World Health Organization (WHO) have also pointed out that rapid climate change is accompanied by increasing risks to mental health and psychosocial wellbeing, triggering emotional distress, anxiety, depression, grief and suicidal behaviour in people.
The survey findings presented in this chapter (see Annist et al.) explain how climate change is perceived on a subjective level in Estonia. While the surveys do not seek to determine the associations between mental well-being and climate change, they point to climate change as an important phenomenon shaping human relationships and behavioural practices. In Estonia, the number of people who experience climate concern is increasing. Unlike climate anxiety, climate concern is not a passive state of panic that ends up causing apathy; instead, it leads people to address their concerns by acquiring knowledge about climate change and looking for ways to act.
People may feel powerless and burnt out and have a higher risk of developing mental health problems when they fail to find a way to share and channel their concerns. A similar phenomenon is described in scientists studying climate change. They are constantly working with environmental data and are faced with negative information, which they interpret and mediate to the public. As a result, they experience burnout and grief (Conroy 2019).
Most people care about the environmental condition of the planet, and Estonian people, especially the younger generations, see themselves as environmentally conscious. However, awareness does not necessarily imply action. Awareness, fear and anxiety can instead lead to denial or downplaying of the problem. For example, symbols of social status – our cars, homes and clothes – rely on polluting industries that are often located overseas. Dealing with climate change inevitably leads to a conflict of values: caring for the environment requires giving up some personal material well-being, which can cause mental distress. To avoid this, people may opt for apathy, because a proactive attitude would require changing behavioural habits and experiencing inconvenience in everyday life.
Social norms and role models play an important part in coming to terms with climate change. People tend to perceive threats arising from climate change as more immediate if they are convinced by climate-change-related statements from people with significant social status or if they feel social pressure to adapt to and mitigate climate change on a personal level. Likewise, people tend to be more concerned about climate change if their family and friends care about it.
In the first article of the chapter, Annist et al. say that climate concern can be alleviated by taking climate change and environmental damage seriously and offering solutions. Denying the problem and responding with apathy has several social consequences: the number of climate-concerned and climate-anxious people will increase, and the climate crisis will take on ever-larger, tangible dimensions that affect health and financial well-being.
The consequences of human activities that have negative effects on the climate and environment affect people’s mental well-being.
In the second article of the chapter, Orru et al. use examples from air and noise pollution studies to discuss how environmental disturbances cause mental health to deteriorate.
Air pollution is the most important environmental risk to our health. The ambient air quality in Estonia is generally good. Problems occur in cities where there are many sources of pollution and many people exposed to them. A recent report on the health impact of ambient air in Estonia (Orru et al. 2022) focuses on air pollution from coarse particles and fine particles, which have the greatest impact on mental health (Orru et al. 2022). Although particle counts in the air have decreased in Estonia over the past decade, there is no reason for complacency. Due to changing traffic intensity, the air quality in the centres of Estonia’s major cities varies according to the time of the day. The fact that many schools, kindergartens and hobby schools are located in the city centre is a cause for concern. In the city centres of Tallinn and Tartu, they are immediately surrounded by parking spaces for the public or for the employees of these facilities. The vehicles pollute the spaces where the children play and move around, and have a negative health effect. In many European countries (e.g. the Netherlands and the United Kingdom), parking is prohibited near childcare facilities. The vehicles that parents drive to childcare facilities, waiting for their children while the engine idles, are a major source of pollution for outdoor air, soil and the indoor air of nearby childcare facilities. The effect of indoor air quality on mental health has not yet been studied in relation to specific sources of pollution, and thus it is unknown. Numerous case studies from other countries suggest a connection, but there are not enough international studies to draw fundamental conclusions.
In silence you are with yourself. In silence you are with yourself. When you are in silence, you are alone with yourself, in your own company. […] Coming back to silence as a natural resource, the protection of this resource should be taken very seriously. […] It is a value that people very often recognise only when it is no longer there. It is similar to health, which, they say, is the most precious possession of someone who is ill.
As early as 2011, the WHO described noise as a serious source of pollution with negative health effects (WHO 2011), but noise pollution as a possible cause of mental health problems has not been sufficiently studied (Guha 2022). One of the reasons for this is the insidious nature of noise – we tend not to notice traffic noise because we are accustomed to it as a constant background. Noise is also perceived as less of a threat than, for example, traffic accidents. Children are more sensitive to all sources of pollution than adults, and they are also more vulnerable to noise, which can impair their cognitive abilities, among other things (Gill 2021). It is difficult for adults to adequately assess noise pollution from the point of view of children.
The mental health effects of environmental pollution are also discussed in agriculture.
For example, the mental health effects of glyphosate are being actively researched (Ong-Artborirak et al. 2022; Soares et al. 2021). Glyphosate-containing herbicides are widely used in agriculture as a weedkiller or applied immediately before harvesting to speed up the drying of grain crops and ensure consistent yields. In Estonia, glyphosate is also used to limit the growth of vegetation around infrastructure (e.g. roads, railways and outdoor areas).Surveys of agricultural soils and surface and groundwater in Estonia show that more and more glyphosate and its decomposition products are found in nature (Helm et al. 2020). When glyphosate enters the intestine, it can lead to changes in the microbiome, which in turn can induce anxiety and depression (Barnett et al. 2022). A recent audit by the National Audit Office (2018)) indicated that the levels of plant protection products in groundwater are increasing.
Nitrate content in groundwater has also increased. Using nitrate-contaminated water can cause symptoms of depression (Theron 2022).
The third article in this chapter (Sooväli-Sepping et al.) takes a closer look at the impact of the built living environment on people’s mental wellbeing. The ways in which spatial planning, mobility and architecture affect mental well-being deserve to be explored in depth. In Estonia, they have so far only been discussed at a conversational level, and there is no good practice in the public sector for assessing the impact of new infrastructure, buildings or spatial plans on people’s mental health and well-being.
There is also little research in this field in Estonia, but good examples that exist in Europe could serve as a model and could easily be applied in Estonia
The places where people spend the most time affect their health the most. Most people spend the majority of their lives indoors. Either out of ignorance or carelessness, today’s built environment and interior spaces are often not designed to support mental health. This is mainly because of a general lack of understanding of how the built environment affects mental well-being. There are no clear guidelines for the construction market on which built environments to promote in order to support people’s mental well-being. Hosington (2019) points out that engineering requirements are set for indoor temperature, light and air. Temperature is a subjectively perceived parameter with an indirect influence on mental well-being. Insufficient indoor daylight can increase the likelihood of depression by up to 60%. Well-thought-out lighting solutions, on the other hand, improve both physical and mental health indicators.
There are many solutions to improve people’s mental well-being and performance when designing the built environment. The architecture and interior design of semi-public buildings (kindergartens, schools and workplaces) can support mental health with stimulating and relaxing solutions such as green walls or quiet spaces to spend some time alone. Bringing vegetation into the work environment or public space, using wood in the interior, placing images of nature on the walls, setting up resting areas on roof terraces, creating spaces where people can rustle through autumn leaves or listen to the sound of trees and birdsong, or building digital simulations of nature – all of these have a calming effect. Solutions and good practices like these found in Estonia and elsewhere could be brought together in an interactive electronic catalogue updated by interior designers and freely accessible to heads of schools, libraries and other institutions.
According to the European Social Survey, people in Estonia experience social isolation much more than people in Western Europe. As in other European countries, many people in Estonia live in single-person households, especially in the cities. This change in living patterns sets different expectations for the quality of public space, which should facilitate social interaction. Social interaction can mean simply walking past another person, chance encounters, tending to a patch in a community garden and so on. Perceived social cohesion has a distinctly positive effect on mental health. To put it simply, people need other people around them.
The built environment, which includes both public spaces and interior spaces, affects people’s lifestyle and behaviour patterns much more than legislation and public debates acknowledge.
A fundamental problem with Estonia’s urban living environment is car-centric planning. Gill (2021) points out that mental health disorders in children are often caused by a bad urban environment. Increased traffic affects children in particular, limiting their opportunities to spend time outside on their own. Planning car-centric areas, which means creating more and more parking spaces around houses and building new roads, reduces children’s freedom to play and move independently and restricts them to indoor activities. Stadiums, ball courts and tree groves have gradually disappeared from old residential areas. Much more attention needs to be paid to playgrounds for children and young people of various ages, as well as for older people, in Estonian cities and small settlements alike. Local governments should treat this kind of activity space as a strategic goal when shaping the living environment and guiding people’s health behaviour. In their current form, public votes on ‘inclusive budgets’ and efforts by volunteers (e.g. Liikuma Kutsuv Kool, an NGO that promotes physical activity in schools) are insufficient to guide people’s health behaviour. Many good examples of activity spaces suitable for the Estonian climate are found in Europe and the Nordic countries. Experts and researchers in Estonia and elsewhere can make an important contribution to both the design and placement of these activity spaces in the urban environment.
Physical activity is a lifestyle choice that supports mental well-being. Walking allows people to meet each other spontaneously, take in the street life and see what the weather is like David Sim (2021) an advocate of people-centred urban planning, points out several charms of walking – it provides sensory experiences, contact with the surrounding environment and the opportunity for social interaction. A bicycle also enables freedom of movement. A good bicycle infrastructure is a prerequisite for children to be able to move independently. The latest European health studies confirm that cycling is the most beneficial form of movement for human health: it allows you to move quickly from one point to another, burns calories and creates a sense of well-being. In cities in Estonia and elsewhere in Europe, half of all car journeys are up to five kilometres long. Replacing these journeys with cycling would have great health benefits. For five months of the year, the weather in Estonia might not favour cycling, but the remaining seven months are suitable for it, as is shown in neighbouring Finland.
In the early days of modern medicine, psychiatric hospitals were built in natural settings, away from the noise of the city. Natural daylight in the wards and doctors’ offices, the opportunity to enjoy sunshine, fresh air and views of nature and to go out into nature – all these factors were believed to have a therapeutic effect (Battisto a Wilhelm 2020). Contemporary expert discussion on the architecture of hospitals, homes for older people, rehabilitation centres and other healthcare facilities also treats the idea of closeness to nature and naturalness as central, from the location of the building to the landscaping around it, the building materials and the interior design (Kraus et al. 2020). The natural environment does not only have a healing effect on people suffering from illness; healthy people also need it. Being in a natural environment stimulates, preserves and strengthens mental health and helps people cope with stress (Bosch et al. 2018).
Urbanisation has eliminated some of the green spaces in Estonian cities and has thus reduced people’s opportunities to spend time in nature. This has led to an interruption in cultural continuity in terms of our habits and values. An interruption like this can lead to, for example, a preoccupation with keeping one’s body and surroundings clean: fear of getting one’s hands dirty or breaking into a sweat, apprehension about getting stains on one’s clothes, squeamishness about picking fallen leaves off the car or disgust about flying insects. Contact with nature has been replaced by technology in recent decades. Instead of spending time outdoors, children under the age of eight spend more than 2 hours a day on digital devices; adolescents are on them 7.5 hours a day, while adults are on them more than 10 hours a day (Bosch and Bird 2018). This technology-intensive urbanised lifestyle has a negative impact on physical and mental health and, more broadly, on our grasp of why we need the natural environment and how it benefits our health.
The car-centric and nature-deficient urban space in Estonian cities speaks to our technocratic approach to the environment, which prioritises the engineering solutions of urban infrastructure underground and above ground. People’s physical, social and emotional needs are ignored, because managing natural environments in the urban space is seen as an economic cost. Nature can be used to improve the urban space. Nature-based solutions, to use technical language, are ways of adapting to climate change and make up a sub-field of engineering based on landscape architecture. Such solutions have also been implemented in Estonian urban environments. So far, there is little awareness of their impact on human well-being. But nature-based solutions, such as natural water bodies and urban wetlands, have clear added value for a people’s mental well-being, as well as performing other useful functions, such as collecting rainwater and floodwater. More nature-based solutions could be used in urban spaces and they could be bolder, because these solutions have a positive health impact, help climate-proof urban spaces and improve spatial aesthetics.
Urban green spaces give people more opportunities to be in a cleaner environment and breathe cleaner air. Green spaces are places for physical activity and sports, spending time alone and meeting friends. They have a mental-health-restoring effect, lowering cortisol levels and raising oxygen levels in the blood and making us feel relaxed and satisfied. We might assume that people go to spend their leisure time in green spaces. Big data also confirms that the population’s contact with natural areas throughout Estonia is good (Orru et al. 2022). However, studies have shown that this assumption would be misleading (Plüschke-Altof and Sooväli-Sepping 2022). There are many obstacles that prevent people from using green spaces. For example, people may be unable to make walking in green areas part of their daily routine at various stages in their life. In Estonia, urban green spaces are not as accessible as they should be; access can be limited for older people, children and young people, as well as for mothers with prams
There are also many blue spaces in Estonia, which, like green areas, help restore mental health. People’s relationship and contact with blue spaces has not been systematically studied or planned in Estonia. In conclusion, people in Estonia have ample opportunities to enjoy silence and seclusion in natural areas, away from human-made environments. Figure 5.0.1 shows the locations of these landscapes of silence and their distance from sources of noise pollution.
A 2020 project to map and evaluate ecosystem services in Estonia based on big data analysis defines seclusion as an opportunity to enjoy silence and peace without encountering other people. The most secluded places in Estonia – those farthest from human-made infrastructure – are the islets in the Väinameri (e.g. Kõverlaid, about 6 km from the nearest infrastructure); on the mainland, the only places offering more than 2 km of seclusion are located in wetlands (e.g. the Nätsi-Võlla Bog, about 3.5 km from the nearest infrastructure). The counties of Pärnumaa, Läänemaa and Ida-Virumaa have the largest number of secluded places. However, places that provide peace and quiet are changing rapidly. As extensive clear-felling affects noise absorption, the 2020 map may no longer correspond to today’s reality.
The physical environment affects mental well-being more than is recognised in Estonia. People’s well-being depends on access to natural environments in their everyday lives. International projects and research findings from recent years unequivocally show that we need more nature in our cities and that natural environments must be easily accessible to everyone. Moreover, the latest scientific results show that daily mobility, either by foot, public transport or bicycle, is key to a healthy population, including mental well-being.
Shaping a living environment that supports mental health requires spatial planning based on health effects and consciously designing a living environment that improves the quality of life. How do we get there? At the municipal level, we need to improve local governments’ awareness and strategic cooperation. There are plenty of good examples and models in other European countries. Additional air pollution monitoring is needed, and urban space planning should address problems with air quality and traffic noise in Estonian urban environments.
Environmental pollution affects mental well-being and health. Assessing the health effects of nitrates and glyphosates is currently a complex issue. There are few studies on the mental health effects of plant protection products, and these issues are not being addressed in Estonia. As pesticides are known to affect the human microbiome, which in turn has mental health effects, the scientific debate should be followed closely.
Environmental pollution has a strong impact on the climate. Climate change has socio-psychological consequences; it is important that we recognise them and work to reduce concerns at the societal level. As humans, we depend on the environment in which we live. The cleaner and more natural our living environment, the stronger the mental resilience of society.
Barnett, J. A., Bandy, M. L., Gibson, D. L. 2022. Is the use of glyphosate in modern agriculture resulting in increased neuropsychiatric conditions through modulation of the gut-brain-microbiome axis? – Frontiers in Nutrition, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.827384.
Bosch, M. van den, Bird, W. 2018. Setting the scene and how to read the book. – Bosch, M. van den, Bird, W. (eds.). Oxford Textbook of Nature and Public Health: The role of nature improving the health of a population. Oxford: Oxford Academic, 3–10.
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WHO 2011. Burden of disease from environmental noise: Quantification of healthy life years lost in Europe. Copenhagen: World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/326424. | <urn:uuid:817d0470-20f2-4aef-8d87-cf88924f5cdf> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://inimareng.ee/fuusiline-keskkond-ja-vaimne-heaolu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.916395 | 5,966 | 3.421875 | 3 |
SHREYA RAMACHANDRAN –
THE GREY WATER PROJECT
Shreya Ramachandran first noticed the effects of drought when visiting rural California for an archery competition. She talked with farmers who told stories of dry wells and lost crops. Soon after, she traveled to India and learned that drought is a world-wide issue effecting millions of people. So Shreya set out to research grey water – the gently used water from household sinks, showers, and laundry – learned how to reuse it at her home and then developed a curriculum to teach others how to use it.
Shreya’s outreach efforts through The Grey Water Project (the non-profit organization she founded) include conducting seminars to show others how easy it is to build grey water systems using organic detergents, collaborating with several California water agencies to promote grey water reuse, and developing a grey water curriculum for elementary students to teach water conservation and the idea that small actions can make a huge difference.
Shreya was a 2018 Barron Prize winner. | <urn:uuid:1b9cd9fb-7b41-4af6-ac87-2da8b04f6cce> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://inspiringyoungheroes.org/stories/shreya/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.957217 | 215 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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