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Shimshon HaKohen Nadel
Following the return of the Jewish People to their ancestral homeland in the late-19th and early-20th centuries, and in the wake of the miraculous birth of the State of Israel and dramatic reclamation of Jerusalem and the Temple Mount, a number of authorities discussed the question of the relevance of Tishah Be-Av, as well as the other fasts instituted by our sages to mourn the destruction of the Holy Temple and Jerusalem: The 17th of Tammuz, the Fast of Gedaliah, and the 10th of Tevet.
While the notion of nullifying Tishah Be-Av along with the other fasts may sound shocking, this question was first asked 2,500 years ago. As the Temple in Jerusalem was being rebuilt, the Jews of Babylonia sent a message to the Priests and the Prophets in the Land of Israel, asking them to inquire of Hashem, “Should I weep in the Fifth Month [Av], abstaining [from pleasures] as I have been doing for many years?” (Zechariah 7:3).
Zechariah answers that the Four Fasts will indeed one day be transformed into festivals: “Thus said Hashem, Master of Legions: The Fast of the Fourth, the Fast of the Fifth, the Fast of the Seventh, and the Fast of the Tenth shall become occasions of joy and gladness, happy festivals for the House of Judah; [Only] love truth and peace!” (Zechariah 8:19).
But the intent of his prophecy is unclear. When exactly will these days be celebrated as days of “joy and gladness?”
The Talmud (Rosh Hashanah 18b) gives an answer to this question:
Rav Hana bar Bizna said in the name of Rabbi Shimon Hasida: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Thus said the Lord of hosts: The fast of the fourth month, and the fast of the fifth, and fast of the seventh, and the fast of the tenth, shall become times of joy and gladness… to the house of Judah” (Zechariah 8:19). It calls them days of “fast” and it calls them “times of joy and gladness.” How so? At a time when there is peace, they will be for joy and gladness. But when there is no peace, [they will remain days of] fasting. Rav Pappa said that this is what it is saying: At a time when there is peace, they will be for joy and gladness, but when there is a decree from the government [persecuting the Jewish People], [they will remain days of] fasting. If there is neither a governmental decree nor peace – if they want to they may fast, if they do not want to they do not fast.
The Talmud continues and explains that Tishah Be-Av, however, has a different status from the other fasts, as a number of “tragic events were repeated on it.”
Based on the above, the Four Fasts will be observed as festivals when “peace” is achieved. But just how is “peace” defined?
Rashba explains that “peace” means a time when the Jewish People have sovereignty over their land. However, according to most authorities – including Rashi, Tosafot, Rabbenu Hananel, Ramban, Ritva, and the Tashbetz – a “time of peace” implies that the Holy Temple is standing. Without the Holy Temple, there is no “peace.” But even without “peace,” in the absence of a “decree” against the Jewish People, the minor fasts – 17th of Tammuz, the Fast of Gedaliah, and the 10th of Tevet – would be optional. As the Talmud states, “if they want to they may fast, if they do not want to they do not fast.”
The position of Rambam, however, requires examination. At the conclusion of Hilkhot Ta’aniyot (5:19), Rambam records the prophecy of Zechariah and writes: “All of these fasts will be nullified in the future in the days of the Messiah, and not just that but in the future they will be festivals and days of joy and gladness, as it says, ‘The Fast of the Fourth, the Fast of the Fifth, the Fast of the Seventh, and the Fast of the Tenth shall become occasions of joy and gladness, happy festivals for the House of Judah; [Only] love truth and peace!'” But curiously, in his Commentary to the Mishnah (Rosh Hashanah 1:3), Rambam records that during the Second Temple Period, the Fast of Tishah Be-Av was observed while the other fasts days were optional.
While it is difficult to understand how according to Rambam these fasts were observed while the Second Temple was standing, it would seem the Rambam believed that “peace” had not yet been achieved, even with a Temple. One explanation could be the Greek and Roman occupation. Another possible explanation: The spiritual state of the Second Temple, which was just a shadow of the First. Yet another explanation: The spiritual state of the Jewish People themselves during the Second Temple. As Maharsha explains, the prophecy of “joy and gladness” is predicated on “truth and peace,” the conclusion of the verse. In the absence of “truth and peace,” Maharsha writes – even in the presence of a Holy Temple – we revert back to fasting.
The Second Temple period was one of corruption, strife, and baseless hatred, which could explain why according to the Rambam the fasts were observed. According to Rav Moshe Soloveitchik, this is precisely why the Rambam himself includes the very end of the verse, “[Only] love truth and peace.” In the absence of truth and peace – even with a Holy Temple standing – Tishah Be-Av and the other fasts are very much relevant.
It would appear that the observance of these fast days is subject to the changing reality. And historically, a number of Geonim and Rishonim ruled that as the period they lived in was neither one of “peace” nor “decree” against the Jewish Nation, the “Three Minor Fasts” are optional.
According to some, an account from the Talmud itself illustrates how these days are subject to change in light of a changing reality. The Talmud (Megillah 5b) relates that Rebbe, Rav Yehudah Ha-Nasi, “bathed on the market day in Tzippori on the 17th of Tammuz and sought to abolish Tishah Be-Av, but they [the sages] did not agree with him.” The Talmud continues and explains that Rebbe was only interested in abolishing Tishah Be-Av which fell on Shabbat, arguing that “once it is postponed, let it be postponed [altogether].” But Rav Yaakov Emden explains Rebbe’s behavior in light of the period in which he lived. While the Second Temple had been destroyed and the Romans occupied the Land of Israel, Rebbe lived during a period of peace and prosperity, expressed by his relationship with Antoninus.
Tosafot, however, points out that while Rebbe may have bathed on the 17th of Tammuz, he surely did not eat, as these fasts were already accepted by the Jewish People and no longer subjective.
In fact, many authorities rule that once the Jewish People have accepted the Three Fasts upon themselves, these fasts become obligatory. According to Ramban, the fasts are indeed obligatory today, “all the more so in these generations where because of our many sins there is (a) ‘decree’ and no ‘peace.'” Ramban concludes, “Therefore everyone is required to fast due to divrei kabbalah and an enactment of the Prophets.”
It would appear that Rambam too believes that over time the Three Fasts became mandatory, and were thus recorded as mandatory in his halakhic code. In Hilkhot Ta’aniyot (5:1) he writes that “There are days when all of Israel fasts…” and “All of Israel observes these days by fasting…” (Ibid., 5:5). By stating “all of Israel,” Rambam implies that over time these fasts were accepted by the Jewish People as obligatory. The Shulhan Arukh rules: “We are obligated to fast on Tishah Be-Av, the 17th of Tammuz, the 3rd of Tishrei [Fast of Gedaliah], and the 10th of Tevet because of tragic events that happened on them,” and “Everyone is obligated to fast on these four fasts and it is forbidden to make a breach in the fence.”
But should the political landscape change dramatically, would these fasts still be obligatory?
Even before the founding of the State of Israel, there was a sense that the nascent Jewish settlement was witness to the beginning of the process of Redemption. For some, the very appointment of Sir Herbert Samuel as High Commissioner of pre-state Palestine was a sign that redemption was imminent. After all, Samuel was the first Jew to govern the Land of Israel in 2,000 years. Some even accorded him status similar to the King of Israel!
In a letter written by Rav Avraham Yitzchak Ha-Kohen Kook, dated 19 Tammuz 5680 (July 5, 1920), Rav Kook recognized that the appointment of Herbert Samuel was “an auspicious sign for the House of Israel and its revival,” but continued, “However, as to the fast days, I think that until Hashem will establish our destroyed Temple before our eyes, on top of the high mountain, as a glory in the eyes of all the nations, it is impossible for us to cancel them.”
For Rav Kook, along with many contemporary authorities, the Holy Temple in Jerusalem is a sine qua non for transforming our fasts into feasts.
Following the birth of the State of Israel, rabbis and scholars would discuss if Israel’s independence renders the Four Fasts irrelevant. Even the Jewish communities of Istanbul, Turkey and Constantine, Algeria inquired of Israel’s Chief Rabbinate whether to fast on Tishah Be-Av. Chief Rabbi Yitzhak Ha-Levi Herzog responded in a telegram stating very clearly: “The fast of Tishah Be-Av, which is founded in the destruction of the Holy Temple, is not nullified. Not it nor the other fasts.”
But in the wake of the dramatic events of June 1967, the question would surface once again.
Addressing the new reality of a unified Jerusalem and a Temple Mount “in our hands,” Rav Hayim David Ha-Levi, who served as Chief Rabbi of Rishon Le-Tzion and later Tel Aviv, wrote that while we have merited the “first flowering of Redemption with national independence, is it not clear that it is not yet the Final Redemption until we merit the coming of the Messiah and the building of the Temple?”
He continued, “Now, when we have conquered the Temple Mount through a military victory, and nevertheless Jewish law prohibits us from entering into the holy place and performing the holy service there, and all the more so as we see that there remain ‘foxes that trespass upon it,’ what is the reason to even think of nullifying the fast [of Tishah Be-Av]?”
Rav Tzvi Yehudah Ha-Kohen Kook also felt that “we cannot touch the fasts commanded by the prophets.” He continued, “while we find ourselves in the historic process of the Redemption of Israel… One must understand that the fasts today are a continuation of the root of the pain of the past over the destruction of the Temple, and these things pain us until this very day.”
Rav Ya’akov Ariel, former Chief Rabbi of Ramat Gan and Rosh Yeshivah of its hesder yeshivah, ruled that in order to make any changes “there is a need for an authoritative Beit Din over Am Yisrael and true peace. And given the current situation, it appears that today we have neither.” He explained that while we have achieved sovereignty, the current security situation – along with the spiritual state of the State of Israel – make it impossible to exempt us from these fasts.
In a lecture given in 1968, Rav Yosef Dov Ha-Levi Soloveitchik grappled with the question of Tishah Be-Av in light of the State of Israel:
Does Yom Ha-Atzmaut answer the question of “eikha”? Only fools can think so, arrogant fools, and there are many fools of that sort. Can a Jewish government or military success be considered a substitute for all the suffering and killing of the years of Israel’s exile? It is forbidden to say that this is the recompense for six million Jews who were slaughtered. This is an expression of cruelty and a total lack of sensitivity. Does the rejoicing of the Six Day War answer all the questions that arose in the period that preceded it? Are we not as puzzled and confused as we had been before it? Did this triumph lessen our sorrow and calm our spirits? Did it resolve our problems and doubts? Is it not incumbent upon us to repeat, as did Yirmeyahu, the question of “eikha”? As long as God’s will is as obscure as it was during the dark night of the hiding of His face, as long as historical events have not been clarified from a comprehensive and true perspective, as long as the world mocks us because of our faith in a merciful and gracious God, as long as the mystery of “eikha” has not found a solution – it is forbidden to abandon Tisha Be-Av. As long as a Jew asks “eikha,” one must continue to fast on Tisha Be-Av. Only after we succeed in deciphering the mystery of “eikha” will we be able to abandon the fast of the fifth month.
For Rav Soloveitchik, Tishah Be-Av is the day when we mourn all of the calamities and tragedies throughout Jewish History. The day itself – along with the reading of Eikhah – charges us with making sense of our national suffering. Until we understand the root of our suffering, Tishah Be-Av is still very relevant, according to Rav Soloveitchik.
In the Prayer for the Welfare of the State, we describe the State of Israel as the “first flowering of our Redemption.” We recognize that it is not yet the complete Redemption, but the beginning of an ongoing process that is unfolding before our very eyes. We recognize just how far we have come, but how far we still are. Indeed, Rav Tzvi Yehudah Ha-Kohen Kook believed that “One may fast and mourn for the destruction of the Temple and the Exile, and at the same time see and recognize the light of salvation that shines forth in our day.”
May we indeed merit to “recognize the light of salvation that shines forth in our day,” but also to mourn properly and see the fulfilment of the promise of our Sages: “All who mourn for Jerusalem will merit to witness her in her joy” (Ta’anit 30b). And may we merit to finally observe Tishah Be-Av as a festival, instead of a fast.
But see Tashbetz 2:271, who disagrees that Tishah Be-av was observed during the Second Temple period, and assumes this is a scribal error that crept into the text of the Rambam.
See Maharsha to Rosh Hashanah 18b.
See Orthodox Union’s Mesorah 15 (Tishrei, 5759): 47.
See, for example, Ginzei Kedem, vol. 3, p. 43, and the comments of Rabbeinu Hananel, Rashba, Ritva, and Ran to Rosh Hashanah 18b.
Ad loc.
Ibid. See Avodah Zarah 10a-b. See also Bi’ur Ha-Gra, Orah Hayyim 550:2-3.
Megillah 5b, s.v. “v-rahatz”.
See Ritva to Rosh Hashanah 18b; Sha’arei Teshuvah 77; Shibolei Haleket, Seder Ta’anit 278; Tur, Orah Hayyim 550 and Beit Yosef, ad loc. See also Tashbetz 2:271.
Torat Ha-Adam, Inyan Aveilut Yeshanah, 101.
See Maggid Mishnah, ad loc.
Orah Hayyim 549:1.
Orah Hayyim 550:1.
See, for example, the correspondence published as an appendix to Hidushei Ha-Rav Chaim Hirschensohn, vol. 2, pp. 38b-39b. See also the letter of Rav Kook, cited below, where Rav Kook dates the letter, “in the first year of our brother High Commissioner of the Land of Israel…”, similar to the way a contract would be dated in the year of the reign of the King of Israel.
Iggerot Ha-Re’iyah, vol. 4, p. 66. Cf. Mo’adei Ha-Re’iyah, p. 544. See also R. Ya’akov Tzvi Zisselman, Tiferet Ya’akov (Yaffo, 1921), 5.
See Tehumin 18 (5758): 488 for a facsimile of the telegram.
Aseh Lekha Rav 1:13.
R. Shlomo Aviner, Sihot Ha-Rav Tzvi Yehudah, Yom Yerushalayim 5728.
Be-Ohalah Shel Torah 2:74.
“Shall I Weep in the Fifth Month?” adapted by Rav Yair Kahn, translated by David Strauss, and available on Yeshivat Har Etzion’s website, here: https://www.etzion.org.il/en/holidays/Tishah-beav/%E2%80%9Cshall-i-weep-fifth-month%E2%80%9D. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
R. Shlomo Aviner, Sihot Ha-Rav Tzvi Yehudah, Yom Yerushalayim 5728. | <urn:uuid:f7a35439-27fc-4661-8184-c02b510f6b76> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://thelehrhaus.com/timely-thoughts/can-we-cancel-tishah-be-av-the-four-fasts-in-light-of-the-miracle-of-the-modern-state-of-israel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.956184 | 4,119 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Pesticides such as Atrazine (most common pesticide sprayed on lawns) are xenoestrogenic (mimic estrogen), as are pthalates (in plastics, most fragranced products, medical devices)-95% of us have detectable levels in our urine- BPA (plastics, canned foods including baby formula), and parabens (cosmetics, soaps), air fresheners and insect repellants. It is estimated that the average American consumes over 1 pound of pesticides per year.
Conventionally raised animal products store estrogen in their fatty tissue, as do humans. In fact, fatty tissue is our main reservoir for toxins.
Milk from cows given growth hormone which elevates Insulin Growth Factor-1, a potent stimulator of breast and prostate cancers.
Early menstruation/ late menopause. If a girl starts to menstruate at 10, her risk for breast cancer increases 50%.
Heavy metals such as cadmium (found in cigarette smoke) are hormone disruptors.
Sedentary lifestyle: Thirty minutes of exercise 5x/week can lower risk 30-50%! This is especially important in our teen years.
Metabolic Syndrome Criteria: Obesity, Elevated Cholesterol, Hypertension, High Triglycerides, High Blood Sugar: Each of these is an independent risk factor.
For those diagnosed with breast cancer, risk of recurrence within 5 years was 3-fold greater in those with Metabolic Syndrome. For those diagnosed who were able to achieve a healthy body composition, the risk of metastasis was over 40% reduced over the next 5 years.
Fats play a key role as well. The quality of fats we consume has a huge bearing on the level of inflammation in our bodies. Inflammation is the hallmark of angiogenesis, which is the process by which tumor cells sprout blood vessels that allow them to spread. Studies have found that women who develop breast cancer have a lower ratio of omega 3 (fish, flax, walnuts, green leafy vegetables) compared to omega 6 (most vegetable oils) levels in their breast tissue. A study published in the Journal of Nutrition: Examined 3000 women followed for over 7 years and found that women with higher intakes of EPA/DHA omega 3 fish oils had an approximate 25% reduced risk of breast cancer recurrence.
Vitamin D is very protective. It can block angiogenesis, and even improve the effectiveness of certain chemotherapies. In a study published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, it was found that metastatic disease was significantly worse with vitamin D deficiency.
CoQ10 is a vitamin that is depleted by cholesterol lowering medication. It supports our immune function and heart health. Deficient levels are associated with a poorer prognosis in breast cancer.
Probiotics not only support gastrointestinal health, they have direct anti-tumor properties. After chemotherapy they can help shift many of the resulting imbalances back to normal. They even assist the body in detoxification of harmful toxins as well as estrogens. | <urn:uuid:47f5c7a7-3a51-4e2d-8508-878e810700bd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://thenutritionalwellnesscenter.com/breast-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.952965 | 633 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Zeljka Fuchs is a former Associate Professor at the University of Split who led many international projects and organised a Science Festival for which she received a Distinguished President award. The former Split academic takes America…
Flying high to study ever changing weather and climate forecasts which are an increasingly important part of our lives. Weather extremes such as heat waves, droughts, floods, tornadoes, hurricanes and more cause enormous impacts on our everyday lives, as well as on agriculture, forestry and the economy in general.
The forecasts are based on physics and measurements. The least understood atmospheric physical process is called convection. Convection forms rain clouds and major storms and is very important for New Mexico weather, especially during the monsoon season. The measurements are sparse, particularly over the ocean. To improve the physics of the weather and climate forecasts and to get the data where there is none to be obtained, scientists do field projects.
This is where two researchers come in, Croatian Zeljka Fuchs and David J. Raymond, from the newly formed Climate and Water Center at New Mexico Tech received $2.8 million in funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF) for the field project Organisation of Tropical East Pacific Convection (OTREC). To improve weather prediction over the whole planet, researchers at Tech will study atmospheric convection, a process that creates cumulonimbus clouds responsible for violent storms, heavy rain and lightning. They will be flying to convection on a high-flying aircraft owned by NSF over the tropical East Pacific Ocean and Caribbean.
The OTREC project will take place in the summer of 2019. The operational center will be in Costa Rica. The core group consists of scientists from Harvard University, University of Wisconsin, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Colorado State University, University of Washington, Columbia University and New Mexico Tech. The international collaborators are from Mexico, Costa Rica, and Colombia.
“If we don’t understand the physical processes that go into the model, the forecast will suffer.” explains Fuchs, a former familiar face of Split University. Fuchs emphasises the importance of measurements taken in field campaigns like OTREC: “If we don’t have the data, we cannot determine if our physics is correct.”
Raymond adds: “The tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean is the ideal place to study rain. Understanding convection in the tropics is essential to making better weather forecasts over the entire globe, including here in New Mexico.”
Fuchs is the director of the newly formed Climate and Water Center at New Mexico Tech and a graduate of that institution. Raymond is a professor emeritus of physics at New Mexico Tech, the 2017 recipient of the American Meteorological Society’s Jule Charney Award (recognition of highly significant research or development achievement), and a vital part of the Climate Center. The Center’s goal is to bring the fundamental science learned from projects like OTREC into the “real world” i.e – to apply science to the problems we are facing in our everyday lives due to weather and climate change. | <urn:uuid:43effb6b-76e9-47c7-958b-2276755276de> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://total-croatia-news.com/news/croatian-scientist-to-map-american-skies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.937791 | 639 | 3.125 | 3 |
The Ancient City of Polonnaruwa in Sri Lanka became a @UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982. Polonnaruwa was the second capital of Sri Lanka after the destruction of Anuradhapura in 993. It comprises, besides the Brahmanic monuments built by the Cholas, the monumental ruins of the fabulous garden-city created by Parakramabahu I in the 12th century.
#unesco #worldheritagesite [ Travel To Unesco World Global Heritage Site ] #srilankadiaries #srilanka #travel #srilankatravel
Subscribe to travelbloggerindonesia.com for more travel Inspiration and Idea | <urn:uuid:e3aaaee7-27a5-4110-8665-8f10503f5c3d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://travelbloggerindonesia.com/the-ancient-city-of-polonnaruwa-in-sri-lanka-became-a-world-heritage-site-in-19/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.800782 | 143 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Leaf spot is a common term for many diseases affecting the foliage of ornamentals and shade trees. Fungi cause the majority of leaf spots. Bacteria cause some damage. If the leaves of your trees are with gray/brown lesions, you probably have a problem. This article will approach what you need to know about ash leaf spots.
Brown leaf spots are a common fungal or bacterial infection, sometimes surrounded by a halo of yellow or reddish tissue surrounding each spot. Ash leaf spots can spread like wildfire from leaf to leaf or plant to plant.
Leaf spot diseases are the most common plant disease in the US. And one of the most affected trees by leaf spots is:
Fraxinus Albicans is a beautiful and colorful tree native to North America and Texas. It is most commonly called the Texas Ash. Its natural habitat is dry, rocky slopes, often over limestone.
This tree is a small deciduous tree growing to 10m tall with a trunk up to 30 cm in diameter. The flowers are purple, produced in small clusters in early spring.
Fungi cause most leaf spot diseases, although other organisms, such as bacteria and nematodes, can also cause foliar diseases.
Ash leaf spots are caused by the fungi (Mycosphaerella spp.). These fungi survive in the leaf litter underneath the ash tree. Early infections will appear on lower leaves and then spread throughout the tree.
Heavily infected leaves turn yellow and fade and drop prematurely; partial to complete premature defoliation of a tree or shrub may occur under some circumstances. For example, crabapples heavily infected with scab are often defoliated by July.
In the beginning, it is challenging to identify ash leaf diseases. However, some clues can help you.
The Mycosphaerella fungus can infect stems, leaves, sprouting buds, flowers, and fruit. Stem infection usually occurs at the base of the plant, but this often goes undetected. Flower infection leads to external and internal fruit rot.
On leaves, the Mycosphaerella fungus causes gray/brown lesions, usually starting at the leaf margins; sometimes, it occurs where the leaf is wounded on the petiole or at the junction between the petiole and leaf lamina.
On sprouting buds, Mycosphaerella can cause distortion or malformation of the developing leaves. It usually has a burnt-out appearance.
Flower infection: infected fruit usually doesn’t show external lesions; however, they may curl up slightly during growing and ripening.
Fruit: Cutting the fruits lengthways reveals a brown decoloration of the fruit tissue, which is not always that noticeable, and sometimes it is not found until the fruit has been shrink-rapped and marketed.
As you already know, sometimes it is difficult to notice these diseases at the beginning of the infection, so you should pay attention to every detail of your trees and their leaves and treat them in the best possible way.
Leaf spots are especially problematic on new transplants or weakened or stressed plants. Chemical control could be one of your best options to treat ash leaf spots, especially in cool and wet springs. However, an accurate diagnostic of the specific leaf spot is always necessary to select the most efficacious treatment for your tree.
Whether you want to prevent or treat ash leaf spots, follow these tips:
2. Provide frequent treatment of neem oil or another fungicide to the foliage. Copper-based fungicides are safe and effective for most plants, but you should always do some research–copper can harm certain plants.
3. Avoid getting water onto the leaves as it recovers. Keep the plant away from other plants temporarily. This will prevent the infection from spreading to the foliage of other plants.
4. Monitor daily to ensure the infection has stopped spreading.
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 until the plant has beaten the infection.
6. Keep a close eye on your Texas ash tree to ensure an infection does not happen again.
Ash leaf spots are fungal diseases that can significantly impact your tree’s health and aesthetic.
It is crucial to recognize and treat the ash leaf spots promptly to minimize the damage to your ash tree. That is why we have provided all the necessary information about ash leaf diseases. In this way, you can protect your trees from being affected by these fungi and maintain their beauty and health.
I hope you loved our article, and if you found it helpful, share this piece of content on your social media. Stay tuned, take care, and till next time!
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Sri Lanka’s assault on the Tamil Tiger rebels threatens the lives of 250,000 civilians caught up in the fighting, reports Sinead Walsh
The island of Sri Lanka was once known as Ceylon. It’s smaller than Ireland, but with over five times the population, and less than an eighth of the GDP. The average yearly temperature is 29 degrees Celsius, but the island is prone to cyclones and flooding, and is still recovering from the 2004 tsunami. It achieved independence from Britain in 1948, trailing India by a year, but unlike its bigger neighbour it failed to win a single medal at the Commonwealth Games between 1954 (when it won three) and 1994. It’s famous for producing most of the world’s tea, and infamous for giving the world its first ever suicide bombers. And it’s in the headlines again because of another outbreak of violence between the Sri Lankan government and the deceptively cutely named Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, who are fighting tooth and claw to retain a grip on the northern part of the island, where they’ve been trying to create an independent republic by means of a civil war which celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary last July.
This is a war that has been going on for longer than most of us can remember. In fact, it began before most of us were even thought of, and maybe that’s why we so rarely think of it. For the thousands of Tamils and Sinhalese born into the conflict, the impact it has on everyday life means everything. We have the privilege of a historical view, which is good, because we need it. What happened, roughly, was this: during Ceylon’s stint as a British colony, English was the official language of the island. A disproportionate amount of schools were built in the north of the island, i.e. the part inhabited by the Tamils. And so a disproportionate amount of the Tamil minority held good, stable civil service jobs. In 1951, a party called the Sri Lanka Freedom Party, preaching nationalist slogans to the Sinhala majority, began its campaign to make Sinhalese the official state language. The “Sinhala Only” Act was passed in 1956, prompting a peaceful protest by Federal (Tamil) MPs. Government authorities failed to prevent this protest from being broken up by a nationalist mob. And there you have the beginnings of a politics of physical confrontation which has haunted Sri Lanka ever since.
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) came onto the scene in 1976, the same year that the Tamil United Liberation Front voiced the first demand for a fully independent Tamil Eelam. On July 23, 1983, the Tamil Tigers ambushed a Sri Lankan military convoy, leaving 13 dead. This sparked a wave of brutal anti-Tamil riots in which hundreds of Tamils were murdered, and from then on Sri Lanka is widely considered to have been in a state of on-and-off civil war. On July 24, 2001, in an attack on the international airport, LTTE suicide bombers destroyed half the Sri Lankan Airlines fleet. Norway managed to broker a peace deal between the two sides in 2002, but tensions remained high, and lip-service stopped being paid to the ceasefire from August 2006 onwards.
By now, an estimated 230,000-300,000 people have been displaced by the fighting in the north of the island. The first reason it’s so hard to get an exact figure is that no one knows how many people may have been counted twice by officials, because so many of them have had to flee their homes – homes in this instance could mean a temporary shelter made from palm leafs – more than once in the time that the count has been going on. Natural disasters have played their part in this as well, forcing the relocation of upwards of 60,000 people in the aftermath of Cyclone Nisha, which hit the region last November, as ruthlessly as any military campaign. The second reason why reliable sources are hard to come by is the media blackout imposed in mid-2007 and a similar ban on humanitarian agencies since September 2008.
The UN and other international aid organizations didn’t waste time leaving the Vanni region when they received their marching orders from Defense Secretary Gothabaya Rajapaksa, younger brother of President Mahinda Rajapaksa. They still remember the executions of 17 Sri Lankan aid workers from the NGO Action Contre La Faim, who remained in the town of Mutur despite pressure to leave it in 2006. So too does Rajapaksa, and in his warning to the international aid community in the Vanni he said that these measures were being taken to avoid a repeat incident. The Red Cross has maintained its presence, some NGO workers remain as official government volunteers, and food convoys are reaching the region, but the government alone does not have the capacity to cope with the sheer numbers of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) on its hands.
The escalating IDP problem was matched by the government in March 2008, when a series of new camps were established for those fleeing from the shelling and bombing of the Vanni region. Any and every one leaving the Vanni is considered to be a “security threat” and detained in these camps, including even the most harmless civilians and children. On the one hand, this prevents Tamil Tiger fighters from entering the government controlled area. On the other, it prevents the extra-judicial killing, enforced disappearance and long-term detention which may face those who are caught escaping from the LTTE-controlled area without passing through one of the camps. “Passing through” is a little optimistic a term, however, seeing as how the vast majority of entrants since the opening of the camps remain there even now, under strict police supervision.
The alternative – in many cases a forced alternative – is to retreat into the jungles with the Tamil Tiger rebels, who have by now lost control of all the major towns in the Vanni. The LTTE has long-standing policy of forced recruitment in the region, and while it was once understood that each family would send one of its members to the rebel ranks, in the past year they have begun demanding two or more recruits per family. Although the problem of child soldiers has been reduced in recent years, the LTTE continue to stage rallies in towns and schools which are aimed at attracting the 14-17 age group. And in September of last year, the LTTE announced that for every person who attempted to flee recruitment, up to ten members of that person’s family would be used for forced labour on the front lines.
The Sri Lankan government likes to portray its handling of the Tamil Tigers as a “war on terror”, and given that this is the organization which gave Hamas and Al-Qaeda the idea of the suicide bomb, it’s perhaps surprising that the whole thing hasn’t sparked more of a propaganda war. You’ve got to admit that compared to other long-running conflicts on the Asian land mass, when it comes to Western media attention, Sri Lanka doesn’t get a look in. Maybe the press does not care about a terrorist movement that is not threatening to unleash Islamic jihad on the world at large. Maybe it just cannot take another round of genocide accusations and war crime intrigue after last month’s war on Gaza. Or maybe the Sri Lankan government’s ban on journalists in the Vanni region, which came into force well over a year ago, has simply been more effective than its Israeli equivalent was.
Perhaps it’s the casual way in which a newspaper editor could be shot dead while driving to work in the peaceful capital of Colombo on the morning of the eighth of January, having written in his final editorial “When finally I am killed, it will be the government that kills me,” that puts people off. Maybe it’s just that the idea of a quarter of a million citizens caught in the crossfire in the Sri Lankan jungle is less appealing to us bloody-thirsty news junkies of the West than were the hundreds of souls who had to die in Gaza before we paid attention to the fate of Palestinians. Whatever it is, the world is turning a blind eye to the conflict in Sri Lanka, and hundreds of thousands of lives are left hanging in the balance. | <urn:uuid:54535e19-7e95-4932-9d18-fc7f8a761ae0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://trinitynews.ie/2009/02/trapped-in-sri-lanka-crossfire/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.972603 | 1,727 | 2.625 | 3 |
For more than 200 years, our Democratic and Republican presidential nominees have been men. Hillary Clinton recently became the first female politician in history to break that pattern.
While some would like to latch onto Clinton’s nomination as a sign that sexism in politics is over, we are so far away from actual gender parity in government. Yes, we have Jill Stein helming the Green Party ticket. Yes, New Hampshire elected an all-female delegation back in 2012. (It’s since gotten a male representative.)
Still, at the same time, 80 percent of Congress is male, while only half of the U.S. population is. Our numbers were actually better 20 years ago. Not to mention, some states — Mississippi, Delaware and Vermont — still have never even elected a female representative.
Furthermore, the United States lags behind countries including Afghanistan and Pakistan in terms of gender representation in government.
We can point at individual leaders to deny the inequality. Sadly, they are atypical. We should start questioning how we treat men as default leaders, and women as exceptions.
Vox recently wrote a story on why so few women are in Congress. Economist Hannah Hartmann told the reporter that at the current rate we’re going, the U.S. will take 100 more years to get an equal share of women in Congress.
The reasons why our seemingly progressive country is slow to change are complicated.
First of all, as Vox notes, women are less likely to run for office, and even when they do, they are 15 times more likely than their male counterparts to be providing childcare at the same time.
Name recognition of established candidates also plays a role. According to Vox, 89 percent of House members run for reelection, and nearly all of those incumbents win their elections.
When most of them happen to be men who serve an average of 10 years in office, no wonder women struggle to break in. A total of 14 states have all-male delegations, in fact.
When New Hampshire elected an all-female delegation four years ago, news networks lauded the state as a “matriarchy,” playing into the novelty that electing a majority of women actually is.
The New York Times attributed its historical inclusion of women in politics to several factors. First, The New York Times accredits the size of the state House, which is the largest in the United States with 400 members.
The high number of seats provides women more of a chance to hold office and use that to “springboard” into a representative position.
The Times also pointed to New Hampshire’s meager salary for its representatives, which is the second lowest of all states at $100k a year.
Sen. Jeanne Shaheen attributed the state’s apparent acceptance of female leadership to less tangible factors.
“It really speaks to voters in New Hampshire and their ability to make decisions regardless of gender,” said Sen. Jeanne Shaheen, as quoted on NPR.
Meanwhile, women in 2016 still struggle. Sadly, not much has changed.
The stakes have never been higher (and our need for your support has never been greater).
For over two decades, Truthout’s journalists have worked tirelessly to give our readers the news they need to understand and take action in an increasingly complex world. At a time when we should be reaching even more people, big tech has suppressed independent news in their algorithms and drastically reduced our traffic. Less traffic this year has meant a sharp decline in donations.
The fact that you’re reading this message gives us hope for Truthout’s future and the future of democracy. As we cover the news of today and look to the near and distant future we need your help to keep our journalists writing.
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India on Wednesday became the first country to land a spacecraft near the moon’s south pole. Scientists believe this historic voyage into uncharted territory may hold important frozen water reserves and technological triumphs for the world’s most populous nation. .
Although the moon landing attempt failed, India became the fourth country to reach this milestone, along with the United States, the Soviet Union and China. The lander carrying the probe landed on the moon at 18:04.
The launch sparked celebrations across India, including the southern Indian city of Bengaluru, with cheers and applause from space scientists watching the landing. The mission’s success demonstrates India’s growing technological prowess and space power, giving it the image Prime Minister Narendra Modi is trying to convey: an emerging power that claims its place among the world’s elite. It fits.
“India is now on the moon. India has reached the South Pole of the Moon. No other country has achieved this. “We are witnesses to history,” Modi said as he watched the landing from South Africa, where he was attending the BRICS summit, waving the Indian tricolor flag.
India Becomes The First Country To Land A Spacecraft Near The Moon’s South Pole.
More World News here
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This Oak Leaf Identification Chart is an invaluable resource for anyone interested in identifying different species of oak trees. It provides detailed information about the shape, size, and color of oak leaves, as well as their differences in terms of texture and lobing patterns. This guide also includes helpful illustrations to help you make a positive identification. With this chart, you’ll be able to confidently identify any oak tree that you come across!An oak leaf identification chart is a helpful tool for identifying different species of oak trees. It typically includes photos or illustrations of the different types of oak leaves, along with descriptions and common characteristics for each type. This information can be used to compare different leaves to determine which type of oak tree they come from. The chart may also include other details such as the native range, fall foliage color, and growth rate for each species.
Different Types of Oak Leaves
Oak trees are one of the most common and recognizable trees in North America. There are more than 60 different species of oak trees in North America, each with its own unique characteristics. One of the most distinctive features of oak trees is their leaves. Oak leaves come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors, making them a great way to identify different species of oak. Here is a closer look at some of the different types of oak leaves found in North America.
White Oak Leaves: White oaks are one of the most common species found throughout North America. The leaves are typically dark green on top and light green or whitish on the underside. They have deep lobes and pointed tips that give them a distinct shape. White oaks also have acorns that are larger than other oaks and they tend to mature quickly, making them a popular choice for landscaping.
Red Oak Leaves: Red oaks have pointed lobes with bristle-like tips, giving them a jagged appearance. The leaves are usually dark green on top and reddish-brown on the underside. Red oak acorns are also larger than other oaks and they take longer to mature than white oaks.
Pin Oak Leaves: Pin oak is another popular species which is native to North America. It has very deep lobes that give it an uneven appearance when viewed from the top down view. The leaves have sharp points at the ends and they usually remain dark green all year round, though they may develop red or yellow tints in the fall months.
Scarlet Oak Leaves: Scarlet oak is native to eastern North America and it has long narrow lobes with pointed tips which make it distinct from other oaks. The underside of its leaves is usually lighter in color than the topside, giving it a two-tone look when viewed from above. Scarlet oak acorns are small compared to other oaks but they take longer to mature.
These are just a few of the different types of oak leaves found throughout North America. Each type has its own unique characteristics that make it easily identifiable among other types of trees and plants. Knowing how to identify different species can help you create beautiful landscapes with various shades and textures for your home or business property.
Identifying Oak Leaves by Shape
Oak trees are known for their large, lobed leaves and they are easily identifiable when it comes to shape. Identifying the shape of an oak leaf can help you determine the species of the tree. There are several different types of oak trees, each with a unique leaf shape. Knowing how to identify an oak leaf by its shape can help you make a positive identification of the tree.
When identifying an oak leaf, look for its outline shape first. Is it pointed, oval-shaped, or rounded? Then look at the edges and how many lobes there are in each side. Generally speaking, the more lobes there are on each side, the more likely it is to be a white oak species. White oaks usually have seven or nine lobes on each side of their leaves. Red oaks typically have five or seven lobes on each side of their leaves.
The size of an oak leaf can also help in determining which type of tree it belongs to. White oaks tend to have larger leaves that measure up to 8 inches (20 cm) long and 5 inches (13 cm) wide. Red oaks usually have smaller leaves that measure up to 4 inches (10 cm) long and 2 inches (5 cm) wide.
Finally, look at the texture and color of an oak leaf for further identification clues. White oaks usually have smooth and shiny green foliage while red oaks tend to have duller foliage with a more russet coloration at maturity. By looking at all these characteristics together, you should be able to make a positive identification of which type of oak tree you’re looking at.
Distinguishing Characteristics of Oak Leaves
Oak leaves are some of the most recognizable and iconic leaves in the world. With their distinct shape, size, and color, they can be easily identified from a distance. Distinguishing characteristics of oak leaves include their size, shape, color, texture, and veins.
The size of an oak leaf can vary depending on the species of oak tree it came from. Generally speaking, they are typically between two and four inches long. They may also be wider or narrower depending upon the species of tree that they come from.
Oak leaves have a distinct shape that sets them apart from other leaves. They tend to be oval or elliptical in shape with a pointed tip at the end. The edges are usually serrated or saw-toothed with small teeth along the margins.
Oak leaves have a range of colors depending on the species of tree they come from and the season they were harvested in. Generally speaking, most oak leaves will be green throughout spring and summer months before turning yellow or brown in fall and winter months when they begin to die off.
The texture of an oak leaf can be quite varied depending on its age and condition. Young leaves will often feel smooth to the touch while older ones may feel coarse or rough due to wear and tear over time.
The veins in an oak leaf are usually very prominent and visible from both sides of the leaf. The veins run along either side in pairs that form what look like “V” shapes throughout its surface area. This is one characteristic that makes it easy to identify an oak leaf from other types of foliage.
In conclusion, distinguishing characteristics of oak leaves include their size, shape, color, texture, and veins which all help make them easily recognizable amongst other types of foliage
How to Tell the Difference Between Oak Leaf Varieties
Identifying different types of oak trees can be a daunting task for many. Oak leaves come in a variety of shapes and sizes, so it can be difficult to tell one species from another. Fortunately, there are some key characteristics that you can look for to identify various oak leaf varieties. By examining the size, shape, and color of oak leaves, you will be able to accurately identify the species of oak tree that you are looking at.
The first distinguishing feature of different oak leaves is their size. Different varieties have leaves that range from very small to large. Some species have ovate-shaped leaves, while others have more pointed or elongated shapes. The color of the leaf is also an important factor in determining the type of oak tree it belongs to. White oaks tend to have gray-green leaves while red oaks usually have darker green or red-tinged foliage. Additionally, some species have leaves that are hairy or even scaly in texture.
Another way to tell one type of oak leaf from another is by looking at its lobes and veins. Most oaks have five lobes on each leaf but some species may only have three or four lobes instead. Additionally, their veins will often differ depending on the type of tree they belong to. Some species may have very prominent veins while others will not be as noticeable.
Finally, you can also look at the edges of each leaf to determine which type it belongs to. Some trees will have smooth edges while others may be serrated or even jagged in appearance. By looking closely at these features and comparing them with pictures or other reference materials, you should be able to accurately identify which type of oak tree you are looking at.
By taking into account the various factors outlined above, you should feel confident about your ability to recognize different types of oak trees and their associated leaves. Although identifying an exact species can take some time and effort, it is still well worth it for anyone interested in knowing more about nature’s beauty or simply identifying what kind of tree they are dealing with when they come across them in nature!
Common Types of Oak Trees and Their Leaves
Oak trees are one of the most common types of trees found in North America. They come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors and are known for their beautiful, long-lasting leaves. While there are many different species of oak trees, some of the most common types include the white oak, red oak, live oak, bur oak, pin oak, and scarlet oak. Each type has its own unique characteristics that make it stand out from the rest. Here is a closer look at some of the common types of oak trees and their leaves:
White Oak: The white oak is a large tree with a round crown that can reach up to 70 feet tall. Its leaves are deep green in color with an oval shape and pointed tips. They have seven to nine rounded lobes that give them a scalloped appearance. The white oak is one of the most popular types of oaks because it has an attractive form and provides excellent shade in its mature form.
Red Oak: The red oak is another popular type of oak tree that can grow up to 80 feet tall with a rounded crown. Its leaves are dark green on top with lighter undersides and have seven lobes with pointed tips. The red oak is well-known for its brilliant fall foliage when its leaves turn a deep red color before dropping off in wintertime.
Live Oak: The live oak is an evergreen tree that can grow up to 80 feet tall with long branches that spread outwards from its trunk. Its leaves are leathery in texture and oval-shaped with pointed tips. They have five to seven lobes that give them a star-like appearance when viewed from above. The live oak is prized for its hardiness and ability to survive in tough conditions like drought or salty soil near coastal areas.
Bur Oak: The bur oak is another type of large tree that can grow up to 100 feet tall with an open crown shaped like an upside-down funnel. Its leaves are dark green on top with lighter undersides and have five or seven lobes with rounded tips. This species is known for its tolerance to various soil conditions including clay soils, which makes it a popular landscape choice for gardeners who want easy maintenance varieties of oaks in their yards.
Pin Oak: The pin oak tree grows up to 75 feet tall with a pyramidal shape when young but will eventually become more rounded as it matures over time. Its leaves are deep green on top with lighter undersides and have five or seven pointed lobes that give them a star-like shape when viewed from above. This type of tree prefers moist soils but does not tolerate wet conditions very well so they should be planted away from low-lying areas where water may accumulate after heavy rains or snowmelt events occur nearby.
Scarlet Oak: The scarlet oak grows up to 90 feet tall with an open crown shaped like an upside-down funnel when young but will eventually become more rounded as it matures over time. Its leaves are dark green on top with lighter undersides and have three or five sharply pointed lobes giving them a sawtooth look when viewed from above during spring and summer months before turning vibrant shades of orange, yellow, or burgundy during fall months before dropping off in wintertime
Recognizing an Oak Tree’s Leaf Type
Identifying the type of oak tree by looking at its leaves is a useful skill for gardeners, arborists and nature enthusiasts. There are several species of oak tree that are native to North America, and each species has a unique leaf shape. The most common oak trees in North America are red oaks, white oaks, live oaks and blackjacks. Knowing how to recognize the leaves of each species can help you identify and appreciate the beauty of the oak tree.
Red oaks have pointed leaves with sharp edges, while white oaks have rounded leaves with smooth edges. Live oaks have very large, leathery leaves that are often lobed or deeply cut into segments. Blackjacks have small, oval-shaped leaves that may be slightly lobed or notched at the end. All four species of oak tree have leaves that range in color from green to yellowish green in summer and turn shades of bronze, orange or red in autumn.
In addition to recognizing the different leaf shapes of oak trees, it is important to note their size as well. Red oaks typically have larger leaves than white oaks, while live oaks usually have the largest leaves among all four species. Blackjacks typically have the smallest leaves. It is also helpful to look for other distinguishing features such as leaf venation (the pattern of veins on a leaf) or leaf pubescence (the presence or absence of tiny hairs on a leaf).
By becoming familiar with the leaf shapes and sizes of different types of oak trees, you will be able to quickly identify an oak tree when you see one in nature or your garden. In addition to being beautiful sights in nature and gardens, these majestic trees provide habitat for numerous animal species as well as food sources such as acorns for both animals and humans alike!
Identifying Oak Trees by Their Leaves
Identifying oak trees by their leaves is a great way to learn about the different types of native and exotic species. There are a few key characteristics of oak leaves which can help differentiate them from other tree species. The most distinguishing feature of oak leaves is their lobed shape, which can come in a variety of forms depending on the species. Additionally, oak leaves often have a distinct shiny texture and are generally longer than those of other tree species. Here are some tips for identifying oak trees by their leaves:
First, look at the shape of the leaves. It is likely that the leaves will have either rounded or pointed lobes, although some varieties may have more intricate shapes with multiple lobes or points. Additionally, take note of the size and texture of the leaf; oak leaves tend to be larger than those of other trees and also have a glossy or shiny surface.
Second, observe any hair or fuzz on the underside of the leaf. Many types of oaks have hairs growing on the underside, especially near the veins. This can help distinguish it from other trees which may not have any hairs on their leaves.
Third, use an identification guide to compare your findings with known types of oaks. Many online resources provide detailed descriptions and images for different varieties so you can compare your leaf shape and texture with that in a guide to determine what type you are looking at.
Finally, pay attention to where you find these trees growing in nature. Different varieties prefer different habitats such as wetter areas or drier areas; this can help narrow down what type you may be looking at. With these tips in mind, you should be able to identify various types of oaks by their unique leaf characteristics!
Identifying oak leaves can be a challenging task, but with a few tips and the right resources, you can easily become an expert. By studying the overall shape, size, and texture of an oak leaf, as well as its lobes and veins, you can accurately identify which species of oak it belongs to. The best way to do this is to use an oak leaf identification chart. This chart gives you all the information you need to correctly identify the leaf in question. With this knowledge in hand, you can now confidently identify any oak leaf that comes your way.
Ultimately, becoming an expert in identifying different species of oaks doesn’t happen overnight. It takes time and practice to become familiar with all the different characteristics of each species. But with an oak leaf identification chart at your disposal, it becomes much easier for you to make that transition from novice to expert. | <urn:uuid:a32652a6-2432-496e-97d8-67069debcc49> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://twittermysite.com/oak-leaf-identification-chart/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.966582 | 3,344 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Social Sustainability: Ways to Improve Socially Conscious Shopping
This is an ongoing series we hope to deliver at Urthly Organics as part of our Products with Purpose blog.
With the rise in consumer awareness of their social and environmental impact, companies must look to evolving their products to be as sustainable as possible. However, many businesses have instead begun to greenwash their products and customers.
‘Greenwashing’ refers to the insincere and superficial display of concern towards environmental issues by organisations such as labelling items that take years to break down as ‘biodegradable’, sustainable palm oil and its derivatives, third party animal testing, and not paying workers a fair wage for manufacturing ‘eco-friendly’ products. The use of branding can mislead the public into buying unethically.
Which makes one question, how do we know what we are buying is aligned to our values? The answer is not straight forward. Ideally, everyone would be a ‘conscious consumer’, whereby individuals base their purchasing decisions are based on the transparency and shared values of a company. However, for some people and situations, this is not always possible in every situation. This is where companies need to assist in providing the opportunity to buy ethically.
With our business aiming to provide some alternative to environmentally unsustainable products (namely skincare and cleaning), we believe that it’s important for us as people to hold a critical lens to what we are being sold. Here are some of the things we look for when making the conscious decision to purchase a product, ingredient, or service.
Greenwashing and Social Washing
Much like how greenwashing exaggerates and/or misrepresents the environmental impacts of a project or a company, social washing can occur when labour rights or human rights are falsely projected. Examples of this include portraying an empowering feminist message to Western women, but not changing their manufacturing processes that exploit others. This misrepresentation reduces the social sustainability of a brand and is often paired with environmental damage. Which begs the question, what does one do to stop buying into this?
‘Social Sustainability’ focusses on creating changes or preserving social phenomena to support current and future communities. For businesses, it’s about ensuring community satisfaction, supporting local initiatives, and ensuring employees are treated with the respect they deserve. For consumers, it’s about understanding how the product impacts those beyond ourselves.
To assist in improving social consciousness, here are some ways to reduce the risk of buying into unsustainable practices.
Especially with the financial impacts of COVID-19, it’s more important than ever to support local economies. This can mean your local community store, small business, or an Australian-owned (or country of origin equivalent) (CoO) business.
There is an endless benefit to purchasing from CoO locally owned and/or made products. From a social standpoint, local businesses invest roughly 4 times more money into the community than larger companies and are 250% more likely to support local community initiatives.
From a consumer perspective, supporting local businesses also provides an opportunity for transparency. Customer service is more likely to be by individuals working directly within the business rather than a third party, improving the information you can receive. This gives consumers the ability to weigh up the options of their purchase and make environmentally conscious choices based on their values.
Buy Locally Made
Aside from supporting local businesses, customers need to be aware of how a product is made. The manufacture of products can at times, be the most problematic socially and environmentally. Pollution, exploitation, excess resource consumption, and unsafe work conditions can be issues that are difficult to see. However, with customers wanting more understanding of supply chains, buying local CoO made is becoming increasingly popular. Purchasing locally-made is environmentally a good option. The CO2 footprint is likely to be lower, the quality or uniqueness may be better, and you potentially have greater power as a consumer in improving the production process.
Support Your Community
Buying local provides not only supports jobs but provides the opportunity to know how employees are treated and how money is used towards initiatives businesses support. Local businesses are generally more inclined to support local organisations, projects, people, or other businesses. Together, these provide a clearer snapshot of what a business is acting upon. In small areas like mine, one can usually ask around to see what places are best for staff and give back. This allows me to make an informed decision to support places that value their staff. In more metropolitan areas, it’s about noticing signs of inappropriate work treatment or researching the business.
In situations where you are unsure, some areas to focus on are turnover rate, noticing treatment by managers to workers, and reading workplace reviews. These will allow you to make a more informed decision.
Research Business Transparency
Sometimes, local owned or produced does not apply to a situation. There are thousands of ethical businesses that are large or have operation processes overseas that are socially responsible. If in doubt, look for how the business expresses its values.
Socially responsible companies generally will be as transparent as possible. After all, they don’t have anything to hide and are making the world better. On top of this, some places provide reports on how sustainable a company is, such as the Ethical Fashion Report or The Corporate Social Responsibility Guide. Some companies will even have certification for being ethical, such as B Corp.
In all situations, the best thing to do if you’re unsure is to ask. Asking is the simplest way to understanding business values and how they are expressed. This allows you to have discretion based on what you believe to be socially fair and just.
It wouldn’t be appropriate nor transparent to complete this article without explaining the social impacts of Urthly Organics for our customers. At Urthly Organics, we wouldn’t be here if it wasn’t for the support of our communities. We take this appreciation into our employment, customer service, community support, and all aspects of our business. Some of the things we do include:
- Paying all of our employees are paid above award, liveable wage, with ongoing hours.
- Supporting multiple local charitable organisations by donating 90 soaps a month. These go typically to organisations combatting family violence, homelessness, and individuals experiencing displacement. We also fundraise and support other organisations as the opportunities arise.
- Getting to know our suppliers and stockists is important for us. Of some suppliers, we get olive oil from Neil, calendula petals from Sally, and fresh goat milk from Sarah. These are just a small few of the many amazing people who help us make our skincare. Then our stockists. Most of them are small businesses themselves with a passion for handmade and/or sustainable products.
- We support our locals. Personally, and professionally, we love buying local and supporting others. This is how we got here today. And how others thrive too.
- We encourage questions. If you want to know about our social responsibilities, please do not hesitate to ask.
I hope this provides some understanding of how to look out for social washing, as well as the importance of supporting others with your purchase. We hope you have enjoyed this month’s edition of our Products with Purpose blog.
Kenton, W., via Investopedia (2020), ‘Greenwashing’: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/greenwashing.asp
Marsh, A., 2020, ‘Social Washing’ Is Becoming Growing Headache for ESG Investors‘: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-09/-social-washing-is-becoming-growing-headache-for-esg-investors
Pruegl, E., 2019, ‘Feminism washing: are multinationals really empowering women?’, The Conversation: https://theconversation.com/feminism-washing-are-multinationals-really-empowering-women-120353
ESG, 2020, ‘What is Social Sustainability’: https://www.esg.adec-innovations.com/about-us/faqs/what-is-social-sustainability/
Barrett, S., 2015, ‘Back to the village – why consumers want to buy local’, SmartCompany: https://www.smartcompany.com.au/marketing/sales/back-to-the-village-why-consumers-want-to-buy-local/
Murphy, P., 2020, ‘Australian Made: The pandemic has reignited the shop local movement’, AdNews: https://www.adnews.com.au/news/australian-made-the-pandemic-has-reignited-the-shop-local-movement
Notely, 2019, ‘ Why it’s so important to buy Australian made’: https://notely.com.au/blogs/journal/why-it-s-so-important-to-buy-australian-made#:~:text=Buying%20locally%20made%20products%20shortens,with%20accountability%20on%20their%20processes.
As per above. Notely, 2019, ‘ Why it’s so important to buy Australian made’: https://notely.com.au/blogs/journal/why-it-s-so-important-to-buy-australian-made#:~:text=Buying%20locally%20made%20products%20shortens,with%20accountability%20on%20their%20processes.
Glass Door, 2020: https://www.glassdoor.com.au/Reviews/The-WorkPlace-Reviews-E891597.htm
Baptist World Aid, 2020, ‘The COVID Fashion Report: A 2020 Special Edition of the Ethical Fashion Report’.
B1G1, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility: The Ultimate Guide’, 2020: https://www.b1g1.com/businessforgood/csr-guide?gclid=CjwKCAjw0On8BRAgEiwAincsHA1Hq3tdCHRoqw7XBngl9slPhVr-CA1t-h0bAb-ygqswz-gxiX11DhoCY4oQAvD_BwE#Part-4
Ecocert, 2020, ‘The key practices of the Corporate Social Responsibility’: https://www.ecocert.com/en/expertise/corporate-social-responsibility | <urn:uuid:521a4fbe-8fd5-497a-b5e5-1a720568360b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://urthlyorganics.com.au/blogs/productswithpurpose/social-sustainability-ways-to-improve-socially-conscious-shopping | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.926157 | 2,271 | 2.796875 | 3 |
An historic legacy
There is an historic legacy in the UK and elsewhere of investment in existing transport modes drying up once a new one comes along. The rapid decline of the canals in the UK in the 19th century reflected the movement of financial investment to the growing railway system. During the 20th century, the UK rail network contracted progressively with the development of road transport.
The same trends occurred everywhere in Europe but some other countries took a more strategic approach than the UK. As long ago as 1876, a national waterway strategy was developed in France, providing for standard vessels of 350 tonnes cargo capacity. From 1899, Germany adopted a standard vessel size of 1000 tonnes capacity. Most UK inland waterway traffic at this time was being moved in vessels carrying less than 150 tonnes and, in contrast with the rest of Europe, Britain’s freight waterways have continued to suffer from a lack of strategic planning and investment and remained at a capacity below accepted European standards for modern barges and river-sea ships.
[Photo: Sand Barge on the River Severn – by John Pomfret] | <urn:uuid:585e2c8a-c382-4c84-9df5-672b584418d7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://waterways.org.uk/waterways/freight-by-water | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.954653 | 222 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Sludge is a byproduct of wastewater treatment that contains a high concentration of organic and inorganic materials, including pathogens and heavy metals. Improper management of sludge can lead to serious environmental and health hazards. Therefore, it is essential to manage sludge properly to protect public health and the environment.
One of the primary reasons for managing sludge is to prevent the release of harmful pollutants into the environment. If sludge is not managed correctly, it can contaminate water bodies and soil, which can have serious consequences for human health and the ecosystem. Contaminated water can lead to waterborne diseases, such as cholera and typhoid fever, while contaminated soil can reduce soil fertility and impact agricultural productivity.
Another reason for proper sludge management is the recovery of valuable resources. Sludge contains nutrients and organic matter that can be used as a fertilizer in agriculture or as a source of energy. By managing sludge correctly, these resources can be recovered, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers and fossil fuels.
In addition, proper sludge management can also reduce greenhouse gas emissions. When sludge is treated anaerobically, it produces biogas, which can be used as a renewable source of energy. This reduces the need for fossil fuels and can help to mitigate climate change.
Furthermore, proper sludge management is important for compliance with environmental regulations. Many countries have strict regulations on sludge disposal, and failure to comply can result in fines and legal penalties. By managing sludge correctly, companies can avoid legal issues and maintain their social responsibility.
In conclusion, the importance of managing sludge properly cannot be overstated. Proper management of sludge is essential for protecting public health and the environment, recovering valuable resources, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and complying with environmental regulations. By adopting best practices for sludge management, companies can demonstrate their commitment to sustainability and contribute to a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable future.
Ways To Manage Sludge Properly
Sludge is a semi-solid material that results from wastewater treatment processes. Managing sludge properly is important to minimize its negative impact on the environment and public health. Here are some ways to manage sludge properly:
(1) Anaerobic digestion
This is a biological process that breaks down organic matter in the sludge in the absence of oxygen. This process generates biogas, which can be used as an energy source, and a stabilized sludge that can be used as a soil conditioner.
Anaerobic digestion is a process that involves the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. This process is used to treat organic waste such as sewage sludge and organic waste from agricultural and industrial sources. Anaerobic digestion of sludge is a widely accepted process for treating sewage sludge generated from wastewater treatment plants.
Sewage sludge is a semi-solid material that is generated during the treatment of wastewater. It contains a high percentage of organic matter, including nutrients, pathogens, and heavy metals. The disposal of sewage sludge has become a major environmental concern due to its high nutrient content and potential to cause water pollution.
Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge involves the use of microorganisms that break down the organic matter in the absence of oxygen. This process produces biogas, which is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. The biogas can be used as a renewable energy source for generating electricity and heat. The remaining sludge can be further treated to produce a high-quality fertilizer for use in agriculture.
The process of anaerobic digestion of sludge can be divided into four stages. The first stage is the hydrolysis stage, where complex organic matter is broken down into simpler compounds such as sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids.
The second stage is the acidogenesis stage, where the simpler compounds are converted into organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. The third stage is the acetogenesis stage, where the organic acids are converted into acetate and hydrogen. The final stage is the methanogenesis stage, where methane and carbon dioxide are produced from the acetate and hydrogen.
Anaerobic digestion of sludge offers several benefits over other treatment methods. It reduces the volume of sludge, eliminates odors, and produces renewable energy. Additionally, the process of anaerobic digestion destroys pathogens and reduces the concentration of heavy metals in the sludge.
Anaerobic digestion of sludge is a proven and effective method for treating sewage sludge. It offers numerous benefits, including the production of renewable energy and high-quality fertilizer. The process is environmentally friendly and offers a sustainable solution for the treatment of organic waste.
Read Also: Industrial Wastes Complete Management Guide
This is a process of mixing sludge with organic materials, such as yard waste, to produce a high-quality soil amendment. Composting also reduces the volume and weight of sludge, making it easier to transport and handle.
Composting is a process that involves the decomposition of organic matter under controlled conditions to produce a nutrient-rich material that can be used as a soil amendment or fertilizer. One material that can be composted is sludge, which is a semi-solid byproduct of wastewater treatment processes.
Composting sludge offers several benefits, including reducing waste and producing a valuable product that can be used to improve soil health and fertility.
The process of composting sludge involves creating the right conditions for microorganisms to break down the organic matter in the sludge. This typically involves mixing the sludge with other organic materials such as leaves, straw, or wood chips, as well as adding water and air to promote the growth of microorganisms.
During the composting process, the microorganisms in the sludge break down the organic matter and produce heat, which helps to further accelerate the decomposition process. The temperature inside the compost pile can reach as high as 70-80°C, which helps to kill any pathogens or harmful bacteria that may be present in the sludge.
Composting sludge can take anywhere from a few weeks to several months, depending on the specific conditions of the compost pile. The final product is a dark, crumbly material that is rich in organic matter and nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. This material can be used as a soil amendment or fertilizer to improve soil structure, water-holding capacity, and nutrient availability.
It is important to note that composting sludge requires careful monitoring to ensure that it is done safely and effectively. In particular, it is important to ensure that the compost pile reaches and maintains a high enough temperature to kill any harmful pathogens or bacteria that may be present in the sludge. Proper handling and storage of the composted sludge is also important to prevent contamination of water or soil.
Composting sludge is a valuable way to reduce waste and produce a nutrient-rich material that can be used to improve soil health and fertility. The process requires careful monitoring to ensure that it is done safely and effectively, but the benefits of composting sludge make it a worthwhile endeavor for wastewater treatment facilities and other organizations that generate sludge as a byproduct.
This is a process of removing moisture from sludge to reduce its volume and weight. Dried sludge can be used as a fuel, soil conditioner, or landfill cover. Drying of sludge is a crucial step in the treatment of wastewater. It involves the removal of water from the sludge, resulting in a solid material that can be disposed of or used for other purposes.
The process of drying sludge is important for several reasons, including reducing the volume and weight of the sludge, reducing transportation costs, and minimizing the environmental impact of the sludge.
There are several methods of drying sludge, including mechanical dewatering, thermal drying, and solar drying. Each of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages, and the selection of the appropriate method depends on several factors, such as the volume and characteristics of the sludge, the available space, and the cost of the process.
Mechanical dewatering involves the use of mechanical devices such as centrifuges, belt presses, or filter presses to separate the liquid and solid components of the sludge. This method is effective in reducing the water content of the sludge to around 20-30%. However, it requires a significant amount of energy and can be expensive.
Thermal drying involves the use of heat to evaporate the water from the sludge. The most common method of thermal drying is direct drying, which involves the use of a direct-fired rotary dryer. The sludge is heated and dried by direct contact with hot air, resulting in a dry material with a water content of less than 10%. This method is effective and can be used for a wide range of sludge types.
However, it requires a significant amount of energy and can be expensive to operate. Solar drying involves the use of natural sunlight to dry the sludge. This method is simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. However, it requires a large amount of space and is only suitable for warm and sunny climates.
Regardless of the method used, the dried sludge must be properly disposed of or used for other purposes. The disposal of sludge is regulated by local and national regulations, and the appropriate method of disposal depends on the characteristics of the sludge and the local regulations.
The drying of sludge is an important step in the treatment of wastewater. It is necessary to reduce the volume and weight of the sludge, minimize transportation costs, and minimize the environmental impact of the sludge. There are several methods of drying sludge, each with its advantages and disadvantages. The selection of the appropriate method depends on several factors, and the dried sludge must be properly disposed of or used for other purposes.
Read Also: Slag Complete Management Guide
This is a process of burning sludge to reduce its volume and weight and to generate energy. Incineration also destroys pathogens and other harmful substances in the sludge. Incineration of sludge is a method of treating and disposing of the organic and inorganic solid material generated from wastewater treatment processes.
Sludge is typically composed of a variety of substances, including microorganisms, organic matter, heavy metals, and pathogens. Incineration is a thermal treatment process that uses high temperatures to combust the organic matter and destroy harmful pathogens, reducing the volume of the waste and producing an inert residue that can be safely disposed of.
The incineration process involves the use of specialized equipment, such as incinerators and furnaces, designed to operate at high temperatures and optimize the combustion of the sludge.
The sludge is first dried to remove excess water, which improves the efficiency of the incineration process. The dried sludge is then fed into the incinerator or furnace, where it is burned at temperatures exceeding 800°C. The combustion process breaks down the organic matter into carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ash. The ash is collected and disposed of in an environmentally responsible manner.
One advantage of incineration is that it is an effective means of reducing the volume of sludge, which can significantly reduce the cost of transporting and disposing of the waste. Additionally, the high temperatures used during incineration can destroy pathogens and volatile organic compounds, reducing the risk of environmental contamination.
However, incineration is not without its drawbacks. The high temperatures required for combustion can result in the production of harmful air pollutants, including dioxins and furans. These pollutants can be controlled through the use of specialized equipment, such as scrubbers and filters, but this can increase the cost of the incineration process. Additionally, incineration produces greenhouse gas emissions, including carbon dioxide, which contributes to climate change.
Incineration of sludge can be an effective means of treating and disposing of wastewater solids. However, it is important to carefully consider the potential environmental and financial costs before deciding to use this method of waste disposal.
(5) Land application
This is a process of applying sludge to agricultural land as a fertilizer or soil amendment. Land application can be an effective way to recycle nutrients in sludge and reduce the need for chemical fertilizers.
Land application of sludge is a common method of sludge disposal that involves the application of treated sewage sludge to land surfaces for use as fertilizer and soil conditioner. This method of sludge disposal has gained popularity in recent years due to its potential to provide a cost-effective and sustainable solution to the problem of sludge disposal while improving soil quality and promoting plant growth.
The land application of sludge involves the application of treated sludge to agricultural land, forests, or land used for reclamation purposes. The sludge is typically treated to remove any pathogens and reduce its organic content to make it safe for use as a soil amendment. The treated sludge is then applied to the land surface in a controlled manner using various application methods such as surface spreading, injection, and incorporation.
One of the primary benefits of land application of sludge is its ability to improve soil quality and promote plant growth. The application of sludge to land helps to increase soil organic matter content, which improves soil structure and water-holding capacity. The nutrients in the sludge, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, also provide essential nutrients for plant growth, thereby increasing crop yields and improving crop quality.
In addition to its benefits for soil and plant health, land application of sludge can also provide a cost-effective and sustainable solution for sludge disposal. Compared to other methods of sludge disposal, such as incineration and landfilling, land application is often more cost-effective and requires less energy. Furthermore, the nutrients and organic matter in the sludge are returned to the soil, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers and improving soil sustainability.
However, the land application of sludge must be carefully managed to ensure that it does not have any negative impacts on the environment or human health. To prevent the buildup of nutrients in the soil, the application rates and timing must be carefully monitored and controlled. Additionally, the sludge must be treated to remove any pathogens or contaminants that could pose a risk to human health or the environment.
Land application of sludge can provide a cost-effective and sustainable solution for sludge disposal while improving soil quality and promoting plant growth. However, it must be carefully managed to prevent any negative impacts on the environment or human health. With proper management, land application of sludge can be a valuable tool for promoting sustainable agriculture and reducing the environmental impact of wastewater treatment.
It is important to note that the management of sludge requires careful planning, monitoring, and regulation to ensure that it is done in an environmentally responsible manner. | <urn:uuid:56006081-e557-4b40-a1fe-ece781198bdc> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://wealthinwastes.com/sludge-complete-management-guide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.935493 | 3,020 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Trace minerals like Zn, Mn, Cu, Se, Fe, Cretc. though are required in a very minimal quantity yet are indispensable for birds’ growth and performance. They act as cofactors for various enzymatic and biochemical reactions, development of immune system, tissue and bone development, cellular integration, protection against oxidative stress are among the few imperative functions of Trace minerals. Deficiencies of trace minerals leads to hindrance in the above-mentioned functions and thus in turn puts a halt on growth performance and development. Trace minerals are supplemented in two forms to animal – inorganic and organic trace minerals. What to use among these two wanders in the mind of poultry farmers. Pros and cons of the sources and is there any other better solution that can assimilate both inorganic and organic trace minerals benefit in one solution, is discussed in this article.
Inorganic sources of trace minerals like sulphates, oxides and sometimes carbonates are the compound where metal binds in electro valency and release free metal ion in low pH in crop and proventriculus.
METAL AMINO ACID CHELATE- Product resulting from the chelation of a metal ion from soluble metal salt and amino acids in a ratio of 1: (1-3) moles to form coordinate bond
METAL AMINO ACID COMPLEX- Product resulting from the reaction of a metal ion from soluble metal salt and amino acid(s) in a ratio of 1:1 mole to form a coordinate compound. This becomes METAL SPECIFIC AMINO ACID COMPLES, when metal is chelated with a specific amino acid.
METAL PROTEINATE- Product resulting from chelation of metal ion from soluble metal salt and amino acids/ partially hydrolyzed peptides.
METAL POLYSACCHARIDE- Product resulting from complexing soluble metal salt with polysaccharide solution to form a complex compound.
METAL PROPIONATES- Product resulting from the reaction of propionic acid and metal salt.
Comparing organic trace minerals and inorganic trace minerals in terms of bioavailability
Trace minerals after getting inside the body of the bird, are transported across the membrane in the gut through various pathways with the aid of carrier protein or ligand. Inorganic trace minerals under low pH dissociates to give free metal ion that via the pathways enters the enterocytes and gets into the circulation. Usually this happens when free metal ion reaches the absorption site unaltered, but mostly there are various dietary compound present or to be specific antagonist such as Phytic acid, Folic acid that reacts with these free metal ionsand thus the further process of absorption is deterred. Apparently, this problem is solved using Organic trace minerals which are protected due to their structure and traverse to the absorption site.
Moreover, thecarrier protein transporting free metal ion gets saturated, in that scenario also trace minerals absorption is hampered.
On the other hand, Organic trace minerals such as amino acid complex, proteinates gets absorbed by amino acid transporters. Similarly, polysaccharide complexes are first broken down to simpler sugar molecule and thus gets absorbed like glucose and fructose molecule via their respective transporters. Thus, organic trace minerals open the door for alternate absorption pathway for metals.
Above mentioned advantages give Organic trace minerals an edge for better stability, absorption and hence higher bioavailability than Inorganic trace minerals.
Inorganic trace minerals are absorbed via metal ion transporter, where the metal gets bind to the antagonists that are present in dietary feed such as Phytic acid, folic acid, tannins, etc.
Organic trace minerals such as amino acid metal complexes adopt amino acid transporters for absorption and thus shields the trace mineral from antagonists. Moreover, saturation of ligands that occur with inorganic trace minerals is also compromised using Organic trace minerals that are absorbed via an alternate pathway.
Bioavailability of organic trace minerals
Organic trace minerals have higher bioavailability than inorganic trace minerals. There are different types of Organic trace minerals, what to choose on the basis of absorption and better availability is the question.
Better stability in varying pH from as low as 2 to as high as 6 and better absorption in the intestine, drives the better efficacy of organic trace minerals. Organic trace minerals such as Metal Propionates are not chelated minerals, therefore such compounds tend to get dissociate and act like inorganic trace minerals after getting inside the living system. Heavy molecules like protein and polysaccharide acting as a chelating agent are weaker in low pH and gets dissociated. Gel filtration chromatography indicated that metals solubilized from Complex chelated protein products either were no longer bound to proteinaceous ligands or were bound so weakly that they dissociated under gentle gel filtration conditions. However, more information is needed about the physical and chemical properties of Proteinate chelated complex mineral supplements under various conditions and about the utilization and metabolism ofsuch supplements by livestock. On the contrary part, Amino acid being a small molecule tends to be the most stable in such varying pH and gets absorbed via the Amino acid transporter.
Ideal way of trace minerals inclusion in animal feed
Usage of Organic trace minerals in animal feed is not that murky now that it used to be in early days. Organic trace minerals are absorbed via different pathway such as via the amino acid pathway and the way mono saccharides are absorbed. These alternate pathway gives an edge to Organic trace minerals for absorption. In fact, Bioavailability of Organic trace minerals is higher than the Inorganic trace minerals. Nevertheless, it cannot completely replace the inorganic trace minerals in the feed, because of the high inclusion cost of Organic trace minerals. Based on the findings it is suggested that the minerals can be supplemented in combination of inorganic and organic sources at two-third and one-third levels of requirements, respectively to obtain the maximum performance in animals and poultry birds.There by, Absorption of trace minerals is compensated by organic trace minerals and cost of inclusion of trace minerals is in equilibrium because of Inorganic trace minerals. This kind of approach aids complete availability of trace minerals to birds at an economic cost.
Trace minerals inclusion is an imperative process in animal feed. There are different sources of Trace minerals, inorganic and organic being the basic classes. Among organic trace minerals, metal propionate doesn’t chelate with trace minerals, thus being unstable in low pH. Proteinate and Polysaccharide being macromolecule are dissociated in low pH due to their size. Amino acid bound minerals being perfectly forming a ring like structure is stable is such low pH. However, there has to be comparative research on bioavailability of organic trace minerals.
Evidently despite of better absorption of organic trace minerals, it cannot completely replace the inorganic ones due to higher cost. Therefore, economically a sheer blend of inorganic and organic trace minerals is required which shows better results as well is soft on the pockets.
References are available on request.
By Dr Pooja Rawal, Dr CVC, Optima Life Sciences Pvt Ltd | <urn:uuid:b89278fb-17ba-451f-b97a-4a0b48e2ef02> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://west.feedtechexpo.com/2022/04/22/securing-the-first-position-sheer-blend-of-minerals-having-an-edge-in-poultry-feed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.910997 | 1,451 | 2.5625 | 3 |
|George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door|
|Dimensions||4.39 m (14 ft 5 in)|
|Location||Washington, D.C., United States|
|Owner||Architect of the Capitol|
The George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door (1855–1868) is pair of a bronze sculptured doors to the Senate wing of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., United States. American sculptor Thomas Crawford designed and modeled the doors in the mid-1850s, but died prior to their completion. American sculptor William H. Rinehart completed the doors based on Crawford's designs.
The carved panels on the left, from top to bottom, depict:
- the laying of the United States Capitol cornerstone, 1793
- First inauguration of George Washington as President, 1789
- ovation for George Washington at Trenton, New Jersey, 1789
- an allegorical Peace and Agriculture
On the right side, from top to bottom, they depict:
- the Battle of Bunker Hill and death of General Joseph Warren, 1775
- Battle of Monmouth, 1778
- the Battle of Yorktown
- and an allegory of a Hessian soldier and Yankee
Crawford designed the doors in Rome between 1855 and 1857. Crawford died in 1857 with the modelling substantially complete. Models were created with the assistance of fellow sculptor William H. Rinehart for casting at the Ames Manufacturing Company from 1864 to 1868, when the finished doors were installed.
Crawford created a companion set of bronze doors for the House wing of the Capitol, the Revolutionary War Door.
In 1993 the door was analyzed by art conservators from the Save Outdoor Sculpture! survey program and was described as well-maintained.
- Allen, William C. History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Architect of the Capitol, 2001. ISBN 0-16-050830-4
- Wood, James M. Washington Sculpture. Johns Hopkins Press, 2008. ISBN 0-8018-8810-7
- Smithsonian (1993). "George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door, (sculpture)". Save Outdoor Sculpture. Smithsonian. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
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We’ve had some fascinating results come in from a National Vegetation Classification (NVC) survey performed in 2019 by our good friend Graeme Lyons.
The NVC survey seeks to create a robust baseline for assessing future changes in the rewilding area by using comprehensive vegetation mapping. The survey describes, maps, and categorises different vegetation communities, and can also be used to map the distribution and abundance of any rare or scarce vascular plants.
When we perform this survey again in future years – maybe in 3 or 5 year intervals – it will provide great insight into how the habitats in the rewilding area are changing over time. Outputs from the NVC survey can also be simplified into more basic habitat maps, or used in a variety of other spatial analyses and applications.
The NVC survey has required an incredible amount of time to process and analyse, so we only had our first look at the results a few months ago. Below are some of the key highlights from the 2019 work.
The rewilding area turned out to be a complex site to perform the survey on. To accurately map the different communities in the area, Graeme had to create around 1200 different custom polygons.
Below is an example of the incredible detail captured by Graeme – the map he has created here covers around just 20 hectares, but includes hundreds of polygons. A huge thanks to Graeme for going above and beyond to capture this detail.
The NVC concludes that “the site is exceptionally complex”, and has identified nearly 50 separate NVC communities.
There are two types of particularly interesting vegetation assemblages in the rewilding area at Wild Ken Hill. One is the arable plants that typically do well on sandy soils – more on this below. The other are the vascular plant species with conservation status that we find on the acidic soils (i.e. the healthland).
We don’t think rewilding should be at the expense of existing conservation interest; if these assemblages don’t appear to be thriving in the new rewilding system, then we may have to consider mechanical intervention or adapting the grazing regime. Having a baseline survey, and repeating these surveys in the future, will give us the evidence we need to make these decisions.
The outputs from the NVC survey will also allow us to track the composition of habitat types in the rewilding area over time. The detail in the survey can be aggregated to provide an overview of the mix of broad habitats in the rewilding area.
|Broad habitat type||Area (hectares)||Percentage %|
It will be fascinating to compare these 2019 results with those in the future, hopefully demonstrating the success of the rewilding approach in creating new and valuable habitats such as scrub and wetlands.
Another great output from the NVC was proving that Wild Ken Hill is in fact internationally significant for arable plants. Graeme was able to identify the following list of rare arable plants: Smooth Cat’s Ear, Annual Knawel, Common Cudweed, Corn Spurrey, Field Woundwort, Night-flowering Catchfly, Hound’s-tongue, Stinking Chamomile, Swarf Spurge, Corn Marigold, Prickly Poppy, Bur Chervil, Rye Brome, Gold-of-pleasure, and about 15 more.
What a fantastic set of names these plants have. Together they achieve 106 points on Plantlife’s Arable Plants Index, with 90 points being required for international significance. For many of these, the NVC has captured their exact mapping across Wild Ken Hill at the point of surveying.
It is incredibly helpful to have the geospatial mapping of these rare arable plants, as when we perform this survey in the future, we can analyse the changes at a fine level detail to assess whether these rare plants are succeeding. We won’t be afraid to intervene or change our approach if necessary to conserve such species.
Thanks again to Graeme, and be sure to follow us on social media for more regular updates on the research and monitoring we are performing at Wild Ken Hill. | <urn:uuid:a9e99c87-b51c-496d-af35-c4721aa1c17c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://wildkenhill.co.uk/vegetation-classification-survey/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.906353 | 861 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Pat Jacobs’ four backyard bird feeders typically draw the usual suspects. But during a recent winter snowstorm, she looked out the large window of her home in Pittsburgh’s southern suburbs and saw—and heard—something out of the ordinary.
She knew just what it was.
“I grew up in South Texas, and mockingbirds are about as common [there] as robins are here,” Pat says.
But in 35 years, she’d never seen a northern mockingbird in Pittsburgh during the winter. So we tracked down someone who could shed a little light on this mockingbird mystery: Luke DeGroote, an avian ecologist and bird bander with the Carnegie Museum of Natural History’s Powdermill Nature Reserve.
LISTEN: “Why Mockingbirds are Choosing to Chill Here for the Winter”
Degroote told us that, in this region, we are on the border of where some birds will migrate, and some will stay put. So it’s not unusual for northern mockingbirds to stick around Pennsylvania during the winter. But not a lot is known about their migration. And the unseasonably warm start to this year’s winter may have caused Pat’s lone mockingbird to hang tight.
“They may be a species that more of them are choosing not to migrate south for the winter in warmer years,” Degroote says.
He says northern mockingbirds eat insects in the summer, but this time of year, they often go for something a little more surprising.
“Poison ivy berries are an excellent source of fruit for most birds,” Degroote says. “We typically have a negative association with them, but there are a lot of fat and proteins and antioxidants in those fruits.”
Regardless of the season, Degroote says Pennsylvanians can expect to see more mockingbirds than in decades past. The species was hunted pretty severely back in the 1800s, but their populations have rebounded since.
“It’s also because their populations have been increasing over time due to habitat changes,” Degroote says. “They really like suburban habitat, and there’s more and more of that as we continue to grow our urban and suburban areas.”
According to Degroote, one factor that’s likely not impacting the mockingbird’s expanded range—climate change. He says mockingbirds are generalists, and they’re pretty flexible about what they eat.
This story is part of our partnership with iSeeChange—an online almanac of weather and climate where people post photos, observations and questions about what they notice outside. If you’re like Pat Jacobs and see things out there that surprise you, post them to iSeeChange.org. We’ll help you dig up some answers. | <urn:uuid:3b1423dd-7ab5-4a6b-b1f8-c7924c2f181c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.alleghenyfront.org/what-the-heck-are-mockingbirds-doing-in-pennsylvania-this-winter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.948825 | 605 | 2.890625 | 3 |
People, who are sensitive to these pollen grains, suffer from ‘ragweed allergy’ when they inhale these pollen grains. If the rainfall in spring is more than usual, then the situation may worsen, as the count of ragweed pollens, also increases more than normal. Almost 75 percent of people, who are allergic to plant pollens, are allergic to ragweed pollen. The basic work of the immune system in the human body is to fight viruses and bacteria, that might enter the human body in the form of allergens. So, it can be easily deduced that people allergic to ragweed, are not immune to its allergens. Studies by various medical and research institutes have revealed that approximately 10 percent of the entire U.S. population is sensitive to ragweed.
The first signs of a ragweed allergy are a runny and stuffed nose. Fever and headaches soon follow. The fever caused by ragweed is known as hay fever. The patient also suffers from sneezing and extreme irritation in his eyes, nose, and throat. Many people also experience tightness in the chest that causes severe coughing, wheezing and difficulty in breathing. For people with asthma, the allergy can result in asthma attacks. Extremely sensitive people also suffer from chronic sinusitis. People who are allergic to ragweed, are also prone to oral allergy syndromes (OAS), which cause the person suffering from ragweed allergy, to be allergic to certain types of food too.
If you know that you are allergic to ragweed pollens, it is better that you start medical treatment before the season starts. Though you cannot escape from its pollen grains, it will be beneficial if you move to those parts of the country, where the count of ragweed pollen is low. The basic idea is to avoid coming in contact with ragweed pollen grains, as much as possible. If you show any hay fever symptoms, then take some antihistamines (Allegra, Zyrtec, Claritin, etc.), but on a doctor’s prescription only. Various inflammatory nose sprays and drops are available, that can help in treating the nose, eyes and throat irritations, caused by this allergy, but these sprays have their own side effects.
If the medication does not help you, then you can take ‘allergy shots’. The process, known as immunotherapy, increases your body’s resistance against the allergens. The pollen grains which you are allergic to, need to be identified and you are given the appropriate allergy shots. If the process of identification and treatment goes well, then you will notice significant improvements in the symptoms. Immunotherapy is, however, the last resort that a person suffering from a ragweed allergy should take. Before doing so, it is necessary that you consult a medical practitioner, who is completely aware of your medical history.
One very important aspect in the treatment of ragweed allergy, is its diagnosis. Just because you exhibit the symptoms, doesn’t mean that you are suffering from it. Generally the person’s past medical history is reviewed by the medical practitioner and a skin test is carried out to complete the verification. It is one of the most serious allergies that a person can suffer from, but not much can be done to actually treat it. One can only take preventive measures which can reduce the severity of the symptoms. | <urn:uuid:85c12442-588b-4dac-891a-ed770f9e4b6e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.allergiescare.com/ragweed-allergy-symptoms-and-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.961616 | 693 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Online Learning: A Literal New World of Possibilities for Minnesota K-12 Education
When it comes to government’s essential role in funding education, the holiest of grails is significantly improving quality while simultaneously constraining costs. Suffice it to say, no level of government, in or out of Minnesota, can point to many successes in melding and achieving these two imperatives in elementary and secondary schools. Yet without indulging in the kind of exaggerated expectations and claims frequently voiced in K-12 circles, the case to be made is that of all reforms on the educational table, taking greater advantage of online learning does, in fact, promise to help children learn measurably more without forcing taxpayers to spend measurably more.
Education can be customized as never before because of ongoing technological advances. This is a very big deal given how boys and girls have different types of intelligence and learning styles, as well as different starting points and pace.
Online learning provides instruction which is teacher-led and may be synchronous (communication in which participants interact in the same time space such as videoconferencing) or asynchronous (communication that is separated by time such as email or online discussion forums), and accessed from multiple settings (in school and/or out of school buildings). Blended learning involves combining online learning with other modes of instructional delivery.
(III) Minnesota Basics
Much of the discussion in the main text draws on two roundtable discussions involving a combined 14 Minnesota educational, policy and other leaders in July 2011. The section opens, though, by taking advantage of very helpful legwork by the Minnesota Office of the Legislative Auditor (OLA) in its September 2011 evaluation of K-12 online learning in the state. For example:
- Online learning opportunities have been available to some public school K-12 students in Minnesota since at least the mid-1990s. An estimated 20,000 Minnesota elementary and secondary students took at least one online course in 2010-11. About 8,000 of those took online courses offered by their own schools, and about 12,000 took courses from state-approved “online schools.” While these numbers seem reasonably substantial, they represent less than 3 percent of K-12 students in the state.
- Minnesota’s Online Learning Option Act was first passed in 2003 and has been amended several times since. According to the law, online learning courses and programs must be rigorous, be taught by a teacher licensed in Minnesota, meet or exceed state standards, contribute to grade progression, and incorporate other more traditional teaching methods, including frequent student assessment. In general, funding for online learning is not “new” money, but rather, a redirection of funds that the state has already allocated for each student; more specifically, dollars follow students.
Early in the first roundtable it was suggested that the state’s statutory and regulatory climate was in “pretty decent order” and not in need of great change. To which one participant objected, contending that Minnesota has “incredibly tight regulations”—among the top handful of most overly restrictive protocols in the country—in regards to both teachers and anyone else who provides “any level of instruction.” To which another panelist said that Minnesota’s legal framework “puts us in a pretty good position relative to other states,” as it generally allows students to take classes at their own discretion. It also calls for funding to follow students on a credit basis, “which is not all that common, from what I understand, in other states.” This latter point, he concluded, “is probably the biggest thing.”
2. Teaching and Learning
Two licensing issues are particularly salient in regards to taking greater advantage of online learning in Minnesota. The first pertains to the prohibited use of educational assistants or paraprofessionals; men and women who, while qualified for certain assignments, are not licensed teachers and, therefore, not allowed to “instruct” students. The second pertains to the requirement that for men and women who are, in fact, licensed as teachers, Minnesota-issued credentials are the only ones that count. Panelists unanimously agreed that online schools and programs in Minnesota should be allowed to take greater advantage of paraprofessionals. They also all agreed that schools should take greater advantage of the world’s great scholars, Nobel Laureates included—even if they don’t hold Minnesota teacher licenses.
3. Post-Secondary Enrollment Options
Minnesota’s Post-Secondary Enrollment Options program, which affords high school juniors and seniors opportunities for taking college classes for free, is particularly hospitable to online instruction by the simple fact that colleges and high schools can be separated by many miles. It follows, therefore, that large numbers of students—not just the most accomplished but a reasonable spectrum of them—would be educationally well-served if online learning and PSEO were joined more closely and promoted more energetically. Doing so also would constrain costs on the part of both government and families, as sizable numbers of students would wind up graduating college faster. Several participants suggested expanding participation in PSEO to include high school freshmen and sophomores.
“I wonder,” one panelist said, “if we know the extent of entrepreneurship related to online learning going on in Minnesota. There are probably a lot of people sitting in their dens writing or doing good things. I wonder if we have an idea just how big an industry it is.” Still there was a sense among some participants that Minnesotans suffer from a “lack of urgency” when it comes to the need for “dramatic change” in matters like these.
(V) Conclusion and Three Broad Recommendations
1. Take far greater advantage of the huge online possibilities of Post-Secondary Enrollment Options. For reasons of geography if none other (high schools and selected colleges are usually not particularly near each other), PSEO lends itself very well to online learning. For this to happen, though, ways need to be found to better promote the program to students and their families insofar as school districts don’t see it in their best interest to do so. A necessary first step in this direction is rescinding the state prohibition against colleges and universities actively informing high school students of the academic and economic benefits of taking college classes, free of charge, as high school juniors and seniors.
2. Review all state education laws and regulations for their fit with online learning’s new possibilities for helping both teachers and students do their jobs better, while also helping to constrain costs throughout the system. Current Minnesota education laws and regulations are the sum of decades of lawmaking and rule making, with many of those years predating desktops and laptops, not to mention iPhone models 1, 2, 3, 4, or 4S. The 2011 Legislature wisely established a sunset-type process for evaluating major state agencies and activities, with an eventual eye towards amending, streamlining, and perhaps deleting as appropriate.
When it comes to K-12 education more specifically, the precise aim is for a state task force to train an even more focused eye on making Minnesota’s statutory and regulatory environment as conducive as possible to energetically and accountably expanding online learning opportunities and participation. Particular emphasis should be directed at most effectively assessing and validating student learning in this new environment, as well as expeditiously evaluating and approving proposed online courses, programs, and schools.
3. Make it possible for Minnesota and national scholars and other experts to teach online classes. Currently, all online instruction must be led or filtered through licensed Minnesota teachers. This is overly restrictive as it can suggest unattractive assumptions about the quality of teachers in Iowa, Wisconsin, the Dakotas and all the other states. But more to the germane point, the requirement closes off a portion of the nation’s talent at the same exact time the Internet is opening it up. This is even more acutely the case when it comes to stellar scientists, mathematicians, historians, writers and others from around the globe. Without suggesting they routinely have the pedagogical skills to effectively engage children and teenagers, many such exceptional men and women doubtless do. | <urn:uuid:8d7d6eeb-45aa-4032-8209-6256f1b3449d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.americanexperiment.org/reports/online-learning-a-literal-new-world-of-possibilities-for-minnesota-k-12-education | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.959419 | 1,701 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Used for removal of total dissolved solids (TDS) by using membrane technology.
The osmosis taking place from solution to pure water by application of pressure greater than osmotic pressure, on the solution, is termed as reverse osmosis.
- Drinking water for domestic use. (ISI Plants)
- Boiler feed.
- Industrial waste water.
- Conversion of brackish water into potable water.
- Aquaculture, hospitals, hotels and mineral water plants etc. | <urn:uuid:4a685c33-4aa4-4c6a-a934-504ddb2964f0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.aquaflowsystems.co.in/product/rop/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.884822 | 105 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus
Died Circa 30 BC
Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (died 31 BC) Gnaeus had been a supporter of Pompey who fought at Pharsalus and was subsequently pardoned by Caesar. He then sided with the so-called republicans after Caesar’s assassination serving among the supporters of Brutus. In return for his loyalty, Brutus appointed Ahenobarbus commander of a fleet in the Ionian Sea. He subsequently won a great naval victory over Cn. Domitius Calvinus on the first day of the battle of Philippi, thus preventing the Caesarian troops from departing the harbor at Brundisium. For this achievement, Ahenobarbus was saluted Imperator.
Ahenobarbus appears to have turned to piracy as an occupation. Yet he was skillful at switching sides in politics when it suited him. Eventually, Ahenobarbus was reconciled in 40 BC with Marc Antony, who made him governor of Bithynia. Ahenobarbus then managed to become consul in 32 BC and fled in support of Antony when conflict began to erupt with Octavian. Amazingly, Ahenobarbus deserted Antony switching back to Octavian claiming his disapproval of Antony’s alliance with Cleopatra. Ahenobarbus eventually died before the battle of Actium.
The aurei and denarii struck by Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus was of only one commission on his own authority. Inasmuch as the types appear to be personal, the issue is presumed to belong to the period between the battle of Philippi and the reconciliation with Antony, when he was raiding the shores of lonia as a freelance pirate. The portrait on the obverse has been read by some as a depiction of the imperator himself, but a very different portrait appears on denarii of the same issue, suggesting that both portraits, or at least one, may depict some ancestor who cannot now be precisely identified. It has been suggested that the portrait on the aureus is that of Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, consul of 192 and legate to L. Scipio in the war against Antiochus the Great two years later. This same Cn. Domitius may be the one who erected the temple of Neptune commemorated on the reverse of the aureus; it stood in the circus of Plaminius and contained an important sculptural group by Scopas according to Pliny (Hist. Nat., XXXVI, 26). The legend suggests that the Domitius Ahenobarbus may have repaired or refurbished the temple in gratitude for his victory over Domitius Calvinus at Brundisium, which is symbolized by the denarius reverse of the same issue. However, it is difficult to imagine how this could have been accomplished with Roman finances in the hands of Octavian at that time.
Gnaeus had only one son, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (c. 49 BC-25 AD) who had been consul in 54 BC, and in turn bore a son named after his grandfather, Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (c. 2 BC) – 41 AD) who would be the biological father to the Emperor Nero and was a close relative therefore of the five Roman Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Ahenobarbus was the only son of Antonia Major (niece of the emperor Augustus and daughter of Augustus’ sister Octavia Minor who was married to triumvir Mark Antony) and Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 16 BC). His only siblings were Domitia Lepida the Elder and Domitia Lepida the Younger, mother of the Empress Valeria Messalina (third wife of the Emperor Claudius). He was a great-nephew of the Emperor Augustus, brother-in-law and second cousin of the Emperor Caligula; maternal cousin of the Emperor Claudius and the biological father to the Emperor Nero
Mints: military traveling mint
AU Aureus (6.54 grams)
© Martin A. Armstrong
Last Update 11/01/96 | <urn:uuid:502b8548-241c-4a56-ae8e-fc74dcdd09dd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.armstrongeconomics.com/research/monetary-history-of-the-world/roman-empire/chronology_-by_-emperor/roman-republic-imperators/ahenobarbus-31-bc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.961967 | 880 | 2.765625 | 3 |
A brief history of Taiwan’s local chocolate industry
Chocolate was first introduced to the island of Taiwan during the Japanese colonial period when the government brought cacao seeds from Indonesia. Taiwan’s hot and humid climate actually provides ideal growing conditions for the cacao tree. However, due to a lack of sophisticated processing techniques at the time, the crop failed to succeed and efforts to cultivate cacao eventually ceased.
Ten years ago, a farmer by the name of Qiu Ming Song (邱銘松) introduced his personally-obtained cacao seeds to the fertile lands of Pingtung in his hometown of Neipu.
Not only does Pingtung provide the ideal climate for cocoa trees, but a decline in Taiwan’s betel nut production also provided the perfect timing and perfect land conditions for the reintroduction of chocolate. The betel nut tree is a tall, coconut-like tree that produces a seed that is consumed like chewing tobacco. Due to a growing awareness of its negative health consequences and recent government regulations on this recreational drug, many betel nut trees remain pervasive but untouched on Taiwan’s farmlands. Luckily, these trees provide the shade needed for a healthy cacao tree, allowing farmers to use their current land to shift to chocolate production.
Mr. Qiu was the first to succeed in producing chocolate on a larger scale, leading the way for more than 100 other cacao farmers and a boom in Taiwan’s chocolate industry over the last 5 years. Support from the Pingtung County government also helped turn Pingtung into Taiwan’s national chocolate center, and international awards from chocolate competitions have put Pingtung’s local farmers on the map.
Below are two notable chocolate farms in Taiwan that provide customers with a tour of the chocolate-making process, chocolate tastings, DIY experiences, and, of course, chocolate for personal consumption.
Home to Mr. Qiu, the pioneer of Taiwan’s chocolate industry, this small, local farm provides an educational experience for visitors on their “guest farm.” They bring visitors on a short walking tour of a smaller farm on their land specifically set up for guests. They walk guests through the entire chocolate process, from tree to bar, explaining everything from how cacao trees grow to how their chocolate beans are fermented, roasted, tempered, and molded.
You can expect high-quality chocolate fresh off this farm. Although they produce chocolate for the masses, they allow their chocolate to ferment naturally, refusing to add yeast to speed up the process and thus preserving the cacao’s natural oils that give it a rich taste. The owners speak little English here, so it’s recommended to come with a local tour company that can provide transportation to this off-the-beaten-path location as well as a multilingual translator.
In contrast to the mom-and-pop feel of the Taiwan Cocoa farm, Fu Wan Chocolate provides a luxurious setup for visitors wanting to learn more about chocolate. In fact, Fu Wan’s chocolate can be found at Michelin-star restaurants like Taipei’s LongTail. Once a B&B for visitors, the grounds of Fu Wan Chocolate have evolved into a fine chocolate shop, restaurant, and DIY center for both large and small groups visiting Taiwan.
Guests can also take a quick tour and learn about cacao cultivation. Fu Wan Chocolate collaborates with around 100 chocolate farms that provide the raw materials for their chocolate production. One can see a live factory on the second floor!
Started by the first certified chocolate taster in Taiwan, Warren Hsu, Fu Wan’s chocolates have won numerous awards in Asia and beyond. Check out their chocolate shop to try exclusively-Taiwan creations, such as
Sakura shrimp white chocolate
Cacao Syrup Milk Tea
Matcha Chocolate Latte
Chocolate Stout Beer
Red Jade Tea Chocolate
Reservations can be made here or directly through the center: https://www.fuwanshop.com/ | <urn:uuid:4e71bc28-dba9-4f03-bc7b-9f1dbd4411ac> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.attorney-on-a-journey.com/post/best-chocolate-in-taiwan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.930463 | 837 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Chapter 4: Project Management Methodologies
Please read Chapter 4 and the case studies outlined in the chapter. The case studies for each of the chapters showcase how project management and its principles are used to design and implement successful projects in different organizations. Please keep in mind, however, that while this book and others showcase large organizations and talk about project management offices, project management is a concept that can be effectively implemented in small businesses as well as large, multi-national corporations.
This week, the assignment is to think about your own experience with projects and answer the following questions.
Identify an organization/job that you are currently working in or have worked at in the past. Give a brief overview of the organization. If it is the same organization from last week’s assignment, share additional information or insight on the company…do not copy the same material.
Consider some recent projects that were successes. Choose at least one success and answer the following questions:
- Describe the project and why it was a success.
- In your opinion, what made it a success?
- Was the success announced to others? If so, how? If not, why not?
- Were there any lessons learned from the success?
- What do you think were the major factors that contributed to the project’s success?
Consider some recent projects that were failures. Choose at least one failure and answer the following questions:
- Describe the project and why it was a failure.
- Was there an effort to learn from the failure?
- Did anything change in the business/organization as a result of the failure?
- At what point did people know the project was a failure?
- How was the failure announced?
- What was the reaction among team members or people in the organization/business?
- Was there a commonality between the failed project and other similar failures in the company? If so, what do you see as that commonality?
- What major issues contributed to the failure?
- How long had they remained unresolved?
After reviewing the successes and failures, how well do you feel your organization implements projects? Be sure to thoroughly explain your answer.
- Number each of your answers to correspond to the questions.
- All of your answers must be in complete sentences. Be sure to proofread your paper before posting.
- Minimum of 1 citation/reference from the textbook.
- APA format. No title page; include your name at the top of the paper. | <urn:uuid:9491ee63-30cd-4071-9212-af98b1f93ef3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.australiaessaywriting.com/blog/project-management-methodologies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.96559 | 515 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The technological progress being made in the last decade or two has certainly given a breath of fresh air to the humans living on this planet. The advancements in the field of science and technology are highly regarded by most people and they are said to bring about some drastic changes in their lives. Who would have thought 100 years ago that long distance journeys can be completed in just a matter of few hours? The modern inventions like airplanes and cars have made this possible. It has also forced the human brains to think about something more unique and creative for the next say 20 to 25 years. Scientists and engineers are now contemplating on developing ‘Flying Cars’.
The Inevitable Flying Car
The concept of a flying car is not new. Back in 1940 the great Henry Ford said “Mark my word: a combination of airplane and motorcar is coming. You may smile, but it will come.” What Henry Ford was referring to was flying cars. He was of the view that these cars are an inevitable thing and that this car-airplane combination would surprise and shock you at the same time. This concept has evolved in recent times, but the core has remained the same.
Flying Car Designed In Slovakia
Flying cars is not a new concept and it has been going on since the last 50 years or so. And when it comes to practically flying cars (or driving planes), the newest vehicle that most often comes to mind is the Terrafugia Transition. As this flying car has experienced years of delay it has given new market entrants a chance to capture the market. The Aeromobil 2.5, a flying car designed and built in Slovakia, recently made its first test flight and it looks much sexier than the Terrafugia. Stefan Klein, the co-founder and chief designer of the company has devoted 20 years to the development of this flying car.
The Aeromobil 2.5
The latest prototype in a series that dates back to 1990, the Aeromobil 2.5 has a sleek carbon-composite body that hides a practical steel tube frame underneath it. It weighs about 992 pounds and has a rear mounted propeller powered by a Rotax 912 light aircraft power plant. A 1,211cc four-cylinder engine that produces about 100 horsepower, supplies the propulsion on land through its front wheels and in the air via a 3 blade pusher prop. The maximum speed that it can achieve while in-flight is said to be more than 124 mph. The flying range is believed to be 430 miles and the driving range is restricted to 310 miles. It also consists of collapsible wings that can be folded back for driving functions and unfolded for flight mode. This 2.5 prototype is considered to be the next best thing in innovative science and it is hoped that this will create a new future for the coming generations.
Soon after the test flight video was released, the next day headline was Slovakian flying car takes to skies in search of investors. This headline is so true, as the future of this flying car depends on the investment it is able to attract. If the investors are willing to wet their hands in this project, then that day is not far away when we see people travel in one of these flying cars. | <urn:uuid:2307c14a-3122-4877-ad26-42f0a95ecbe9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.autosmodel.com/flying-cars-a-myth-turning-into-reality-soon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.970565 | 663 | 2.828125 | 3 |
What can I use to make a still?
Six Rules to Buy or to Construct an Alcohol Still by Yourself –
An alcohol still should be equipped with a steam thermometer, otherwise the still cannot be used appropriately to distill alcohol. Without a thermometer the heads and tails cannot be separated accurately with ease. Position of the steam thermometer: The alcohol content of the steam and thereby the temperature of the steam depends on the difference in height to the surface of the boiling mash. Thus only the temperature of the steam at the highest point of the still correlates to the alcohol content of the distillate. So the thermometer has to be mounted at the highest point of the alcohol still. The steam must flow around the measuring point of the thermometer, this is the case just below the turnoff to the condenser. After the temperature measurement the steam pipe shouldn’t rise further. If you mount the thermometer far below the highest point of the vapor, you will measure wrong temperatures, the discrepancy can be 10 °C or even more. The steam pipe’s diameter of the moonshine still shouldn’t be too small in relation to the volume of the still. The thinner and longer the pipe, the higher the pressure in the kettle while distilling. Even a small interior excess pressure results in a considerable change of the steam temperature and a wrong temperature measurement. Furthermore, an interior excess pressure results in losses of flavor. All materials of the still should not interact with the vapor or distillate. For example, don’t use rubber seals or a rubber hose, because rubber is not resistant against chemical solvents like alcohol. The distillate would strongly taste like rubber. Heat resistant glass, stainless steel or copper are optimal materials, all three materials don’t influence the result of the distillation. If you fill your alcohol still with pulpy mash, not only pure liquid, the solid parts will scorch at the bottom of the kettle. This is not an issue with a jacketed kettle, i.e., the kettle for the mash is surrounded by a second one, which is filled with water or oil. But such alcohol stills are very expensive and have a great disadvantage: the system is very sluggish. Changes in the heat output only take effect after a considerable delay, like with an electric stove but to a much more extreme degree. Therefore it’s almost impossible to work with a jacketed kettle in a small scale, especially if you want to separate heads and tails. If the jacket is filled with water, the outer kettle has to be operated under pressure otherwise it’s not possible to reach the necessary temperature to separate the tails. Therefore a burn protector made of stainless steel is much more effective and cheaper, additionally you can use it to produce spirits, like using a steamer basket. The following applies especially for beginners: Ensure you get professional advise about moonshine alcohol, because at the beginning of your artisan distilling hobby a lot of questions will arise: How to build a moonshine still? How to distill perfect spirits at home? What equipment is necessary for a homedistiller? etc. Current news you can find in our free Newsletter,
Basic equipment for the distillation and dilution of spirits. Basic equipment for mashing and distilling schnapps.
How do you distill without a still?
Freeze Distillation – Freeze distillation originally came about when early adopters discovered that leaving their cider out overnight in the winter would result in a stronger drink. This is because the water content in their cider would freeze and therefore create a more concentrated spirit.
Running a moonshine still uses heat to remove water from your moonshine mash. This is possible because water and alcohol have different boiling points. The boiling point of alcohol is lower so it is removed from the mash as a vapor and then chilled back into a liquid. The same principle is used in freeze distillation, except it is the freezing point rather than the boiling point.
Water has a lower freezing point and so it will freeze into chunks that can be removed from your mash. This is certainly an easier process in terms of removing the water from your mash. However, there are downsides to this method.
How much do you throw away when distilling?
How to Remove Methanol from Moonshine – One way a commercial distiller would determine the presence of methanol is to monitor still temperature, If anything is produced by the still before wash temperature reaches 174 degrees, it’s methanol. A commercial distiller will discard it.
Again, methanol boils at a lower temperature than ethanol and will concentrate at the beginning of distillation runs. Additionally, commercial distillers have determined that simply discarding a standard amount per batch, based on batch size, is enough to keep things safe. The rule of thumb is to discard 1/3 of a pint jar for every 5 gallons of wash being distilled.
How much initial product to discard:
1 gallon batch – discard the first 2/3 of a shot glass 5 gallon batch – discard the first 1/3 of a pint jar 10 gallon batch – discard the first 3/4 of a pint jar
Regardless of still temp, it’s a good idea to always follow this rule of thumb. Methanol or not, the first stuff to come off the still tastes and smells like rubbing alcohol. It’s by far the worst stuff in the entire production run and it isn’t going to impress anyone. Kyle Brown is the owner of Clawhammer Supply, a small scale distillation and brewing equipment company which he founded in 2009. His passion is teaching people about the many uses of distillation equipment as well as how to make beer at home. When he isn’t brewing beer or writing about it, you can find him at his local gym or on the running trail.
Can you use steel for a still?
Video Transcription – Howdy folks, I’m Jeff from Moonshine Distiller. As you’re looking around for a new still you might see two main types of stills; copper and stainless steel. Traditionally, stills were made out of copper. This is because it’s a very soft metal used to work with, and you also can solder it rather than welding it.This makes it very easy to assemble in the backwoods.
However, more modern stills are made from stainless steel, a much more durable material and easier to keep clean. The main functional difference between stainless steel and copper stills is that the copper actually reacts with sulfides that are in the vapors from your wash. Those sulfides, if they end up in your final distillate, can actually cause bad hangovers and bad tastes.
You can get the same sulfide removing effect in a stainless steel still by packing your column with a little bit a copper mesh, Typically, on a five or ten gallon batch, just one pound of copper mesh inside your still column should be more than enough to remove the sulfides.
Is it OK to drink distill?
You’ve probably faced this choice while dining out: Tap, bottled, or sparkling water ? But what about distilled water? It’s not that different from what flows out of your kitchen faucet. But distilled water goes through a process that sets it apart from other types of H2O.
- Distilled water is steam from boiling water that’s been cooled and returned to its liquid state.
- Some people claim distilled water is the purest water you can drink.
- All water – no matter if it comes from a natural spring, artesian well, or regular tap – may have trace but safe amounts of minerals, bacteria, pesticides, and other contaminants.
Distilling rids water of all those impurities. It also removes more than 99.9% of the minerals dissolved in water. As the name says, tap water is the one that comes out a faucet. It has likely been disinfected with chlorine, plus filtered to remove sediments and treated with chemicals to neutralize dirt.
- Fluoride has also been added to prevent tooth decay.
- Filtered water is tap water that has been run through filters to remove chlorine (this improves the taste) and other things such as bacteria and some chemicals.
- Different types of filters remove different things.
- Most bottled water is filtered in some way.
Purified water is water that is essentially free of microbes and chemicals. This is achieved by reverse osmosis (forcing the water through a membrane to get rid of chemicals, minerals and microbes), ozonization (disinfecting water using ozone rather than a chemical), or distillation.
- The EPA requires purified water to not contain more than 10 parts per million of total dissolved solids in order to be labeled purified water.
- Distilled water is a type of purified water.
- Salts, minerals, and other organic materials are removed by collecting the steam from boiling water.
- Distilled water is safe to drink.
But you’ll probably find it flat or bland. That’s because it’s stripped of important minerals like calcium, sodium, and magnesium that give tap water its familiar flavor. What’s left is just hydrogen and oxygen and nothing else. Distilled water is ideal for when purity is important.
Medical tools and procedures. Hospitals clean equipment with it to help avoid contamination and infections. Kidney dialysis machines use ultra-pure water to filter waste from blood, Lab tests, Nothing in distilled water reacts with or affects the accuracy of lab experiments. Cosmetics, If water is an ingredient in your moisturizer, deodorant, or shampoo, it’s almost always distilled. Automobiles, Since it lacks minerals, distilled water won’t corrode metal engine parts or interfere with batteries.
At home, you may want to reach for distilled water for cooking and several other reasons, including:
Infant formula, Mix it with infant formula if your baby has weak immunity, Otherwise, tap water is fine. CPAP machine. Fill the water chamber for a CPAP humidifier if you use it for sleep apnea, Many manufacturers recommend distilled water to make the humidifier last longer. Neti pot, Use it with a neti pot to clear your sinuses, Iron, Use it in your clothes iron to prevent scale buildup. Shampoo your hair, Fluoride, chlorine, and other additives in the water from your shower may dull your hair.
Distilled water lacks even electrolytes like potassium and other minerals your body needs. So you may miss out on a bit of these micronutrients if you drink only the distilled stuff. Some studies have found a link between drinking water low in calcium and magnesium and tiredness, muscle cramps, weakness, and heart disease,
Also, distilled water may not help you stay hydrated as well as other kinds of water. If you use distilled water for your fish tank, be sure to add a sea minerals supplement to the aquarium. Some coffee fans think that distilled water makes for a purer-tasting cup. But the Specialty Coffee Association of America says that a certain level of minerals is ideal in order to extract the best brew.
Unopened bottled distilled water from a store lasts basically forever. But stash it away from direct sunlight. And once it’s opened, be sure to close it up well after use. Certain germs can grow even in nutrient-poor distilled water.
Fill a large pot of water halfway.Tie a cup to the pot’s lid so the cup will hang rightside up inside the pot when the lid is shut. The cup should be high enough inside the pot that it does not touch the water. Boil the water for 20 minutes. Boiling creates vapor that rises and then condenses back into water. The water that drops from the lid into the cup is distilled.
Can I boil water to distill it?
How to make distilled water – You can buy distilled water at grocery stores and other places, but you can also make it at home. To make distilled water at home, you need:
A large pot and its lidA bowl that is smaller than the potIceWater
Fill your pot halfway with water. Place an empty bowl inside of your pot. The bowl should be smaller than the pot and should float in the water (not touch or sink to the bottom of the pot). Turn on your stove’s burner to medium heat and let the water boil.
Then place the lid upside-down over the pot and fill the top with ice. This will create condensation as the steam from the boiling water hits the ice-cold lid. The condensation will begin to drip into the bowl, leaving you with distilled water. Continue the distillation process until you get your desired amount of water.
Allow for the bowl to cool before removing it and pour the distilled water into a container for storage. Want to know more? Here’s how distilled water is different from boiled or filtered water | <urn:uuid:ed9f7b93-7d67-4482-bb66-33fee727f4ea> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.beerdelux.com/beer-beer/how-to-make-a-cheap-moonshine-still.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.930731 | 2,702 | 2.65625 | 3 |
For starters, put up a sturdy bird feeder that can withstand the cold weather. Place the feeder in a quiet area, where it’s easy to see and convenient to refill. Find a spot close to natural shelter such as evergreen trees. Make sure the seed isn’t blowing out or getting wet. Think about safety. Make sure the feeder is in a location where predators such as cats can be detected and avoided. Keep the feeder some distance from reflective glass to avoid window strikes by the birds.
Habitat loss is the leading cause of population declines in many bird species, so having a place for them to stay is one of the best ways you can help the birds that visit you this winter. An example of this would be planting a native tree or hanging a bird house. Check out our craft page to learn how to build your own bird house. In most locations the best all-around attractant is black oil sunflower seed. Please remember that if you start feeding birds in the winter, you have to continue doing so throughout the whole winter, because they will begin to count on you. Suets are also a really good thing to have in the winter. Check out our blog about bird seed to find out more. After trying all these things, have your binoculars and camera ready to find out what birds are in your backyard. | <urn:uuid:d29971c6-08bb-4af8-896e-7660b5ee7bab> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.birdsinyourbackyard.ca/how-to-attract-birds-in-the-winter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.949344 | 279 | 2.953125 | 3 |
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When it comes to baking, it’s always important to follow the listed quantities used to get good results.
But sometimes, recipes we find list a different unit of measurement; if we’re unaware of it, we don’t get the desired results when cooked.
Can one use an online converter to get the listed equivalent measurements?
Unfortunately, that’s not always the case. It might work with measurements regarding length, but it gets tricky with other measurement units. There are at least three measurement standards used worldwide with variations.
Before making those conversions, let’s look at these measurement units.
What is the Metric System?
The Metric System, or the International System of Units, is the international standard for measurement units and is the world’s most commonly used units of measurement in the world. It uses a simple metric conversion factor in tens or hundreds of increments to convert one unit to another within the metric system.
As the metric system uses fixed increments, converting measurements within the metric system is relatively easy and entails moving the decimal point to the left or right of the number.
What is the Imperial System?
The Imperial System is the measurement system used in the United Kingdom and its Commonwealth territories. Unlike the metric system, the imperial systems don’t have fixed increments for conversion.
For instance, an inch to a foot is 12 inches, while a foot to a yard is three feet.
What are US Customary Units?
The US Customary Units is the official measuring system in the United States and its territories. While on the Imperial Measurement system, the US Customary Units only differ in volume measurements, with US units being slightly bigger than their Imperial counterparts.
Likewise, some units in Imperial Measurements, such as gill, are not used in the US.
How important is getting an accurate measurement conversion?
In cooking, converting measuring systems allows you to prepare a dish based on the more familiar measurement systems, as some dishes use the imperial system and vice versa.
And while you don’t need the exact value when converting, one major mistake in converting could become a bland soup or sauce because of how little seasoning you placed or an extra salty chicken stir-fry because of too much salt, all caused by a significant error in conversion.
What does the soft conversions metric mean?
This term refers to conversions made from imperial units to the metric system while maintaining minimal changes. For instance, a 1/2-inch converted to the metric system will be around 12.7 mm, and would often be rounded off to 13 mm.
Converting Volume Measurements
The US Customary Units have a slight variation from their Imperial counterparts, as the former has a little more in volume measure.
While a cubic meter would be the same volume in cubic inches for US and Imperial units, the difference becomes noticeable when you scale up ingredients when producing large quantities of a dish.
- 1 litter or 1,000 milliliters (mL), for example, will be 2.113 pints in the US and 1.7598 pints in Imperial units.
- 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) in the US is 1.0408 fl oz in the UK and 29.574 mL in the metric system.
- 1 volume pint (pt) in the US is 0.8327 pt in the UK and 473.2 mL in the metric system.
- 1 volume gallon (gal) in the US is 0.8327 gallons in the UK and 3.79 liters in metric units.
- 1 volume cup in the US has 240 mL, while a UK cup will have 250 mL.
- 1 volume quart (qt) is 1.1 liters, 2 pints in the UK and 2.4 pints in the US.
- 1 volume teaspoon (tsp) is the same for the US and UK, equivalent to 4.9 mL in metric volume.
- 1 volume tablespoon (tbsp) is 3 tsp in the UK and the US, equivalent to 15 mL in metric volume.
The dry volume of ingredients also has some variations, too. A tablespoon might be half an ounce in volume, but when it comes to weight, dry volume tends to be lighter by a few milligrams compared to liquid volume.
Are ounces the same as fluid ounces?
While both are units of measurement, they are still different in terms of what they measure. Ounces measure solid material, while fluid ounces measure the volume of liquid materials.
Considering these variations, what would be the safe way to make conversions for consistent results in cooking?
One of the best ways to get consistent conversion results is to measure the weight of the ingredients instead of getting the volume.
Volume measurement and conversion can be confusing, especially with the variance between US and Imperial units. But weight conversion between the US, UK, and Metric systems remains consistent. You can measure weights using digital portion scales to help you get the right proportion needed for cooking your favorite dishes.
It’s not one hundred percent guaranteed that you’ll get the right results when you convert volume based on what’s listed. You need to know what unit of measurement is used and what unit of measurement system you often use.
As listed, the US Customary Units might look the same as the Imperial system, but a wrong computation can lead to different results. If a recipe lists quarts, you should look at whether these are US or Imperial units to get the best results. | <urn:uuid:0b2e8622-c7ec-435f-bcda-b9f5ec29aaff> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.bostongirlbakes.com/the-us-and-metric-volume-equivalents/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.896248 | 1,155 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Chip-level motor, motion control vendors
Motor control and motion control have similarities and different objectives; motor control typically needs less precise regulation of speed and torque than motion control. See suppliers.
Motor control and motion control have similarities but also different objectives. Briefly stated, motor control typically needs less precise regulation of speed and torque than motion control. Actually, many motor control applications work in speed-control mode alone. Motion control refers to a more complex system, with more accurate speed and torque control-and often includes position control, along with path planning, loop-closure times, and specific acceleration/ deceleration requirements. Separate silicon devices apply to each type of control.
The May 2010 Advancing Technology column, Control Engineering North American edition, (www.controleng.com/archive, after May 1) discusses more about how microchips are doing more for motors and motion control, including:
– Microchip Technology Inc. integrates sensorless field-oriented control (FOC) and power factor control (PFC) on one chip-the company’s dsPIC33F line of DSC devices. www.microchip.com
– Performance Motion Devices Inc. (PMD), offers its Magellan family of motion-control ICs and boards that work with several motor types, including brush dc, brushless dc (bldc), step, and microstepping motors. www.pmdcorp.com
– STMicroelectronics Inc. (ST) also has extended its functions library that supports vector control of motors using ST’s 32-bit STM32 microcontroller (MCU). www.st.com
Look for that column for more on each of those. Also, the following short list of motor and motion control microchip vendors-and related technology suppliers-provides a sampling of the wide product range available. Note that these companies supply larger chip product markets well beyond motor or motion control.
– Altera Corp.-Offers Cyclone III field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) for integrating processors, digital logic interfaces, DSP functions, motor control IP (intellectual property), and multiple industrial Ethernet protocols into one device. Drive control algorithms are implemented in programmable logic. www.altera.com
– Analog Devices Inc. (ADI)-Products include single-chip ADMC200 (and ADMC201) motion coprocessors, which supply interface and signal-processing functions needed for permanent magnet (PM) ac servo motor control, based on feedback-controlled current from a resolver. ADMC201 and ADSP-2105 digital signal processor (also single-chip) work together as a "high-performance control engine for ac motor drive systems," according to ADI. The two devices can also be used to control ac induction motors, with an encoder replacing the resolver. www.analog.com
– Freescale Semiconductor Inc.-Applicable products range from MC9S08SF4 (8-bit) microcontroller (MCU) family for low-end motor control applications to ColdFire MCF51QE (32-bit) MCUs for 3-phase vector control of PM synchronous motors. www.freescale.com
– International Rectifier – Has added a 600-V, 3-phase gate driver IC (IRS26302D) applicable to medium power appliance motor control and other general-purpose 3-phase inverter applications. IRS26302D integrates power gate driver transistors with 6 referenced output channels (3 high-side, 3 low-side) and has a seventh channel for a power factor correction (PFC) switch or inverter brake. www.irf.com
– Sanyo Semiconductor Co. Ltd.-Offers a variety of motor driver ICs for the following motor types: stepper (unipolar and bipolar), brush dc, brushless dc (1-, 2-, and 3-phase), voice coil, and piezo actuator. https://semicon.sanyo.com
– Texas Instruments Inc.-Stellaris microcontrollers (MCUs) support control of various electric motor types. MCU features include high-speed motion control (pulse-width modulation), quadrature feedback device inputs (for encoders, resolvers, tachometers, etc.), and fast analog-to-digital converters to support current measurement using Hall sensors or shunts for optimal adjustment of motor control algorithms. www.ti.com
– Toshiba America Electronic Components Inc.-Applicable products consist of motor controller and driver IC (integrated circuit) families for brush dc, brushless dc (bldc), and stepping motor types. Bldc motor controller/driver ICs combine a sine wave PWM drive controller and high-voltage driver in one silicon package. They can operate with or without rotor position sensors. www.toshiba.com/taec
Also see from Control Engineering :
– Chip-Based Motion, Motor Control ;
– Motors and drives news and products .
– Frank J. Bartos, P.E., is a Control Engineering www.controleng.com consulting editor. Reach him at firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:408dca94-84d2-439b-a540-76e1b7badf34> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.controleng.com/articles/chip-level-motor-motion-control-vendors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.847183 | 1,086 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Operation unthinkable: How Churchill wanted to recruit defeated Nazi troops and drive Russia out of Eastern Europe
Next week sees the 70th anniversary of the outbreak of World War II. One man towered above all others at this perilous time - Winston Churchill.
In a major two-week series, war historian Max Hastings casts new light on him.
Here, in part nine, he tells how Churchill became a Cold War prophet in foreseeing the menace of the Soviet Union...
Ahead of the game: Winston Churchill foresaw the menace of the Soviet Union and began making plans to go to war with Russia
When Winston Churchill learned in the spring of 1945 that the Americans were going to halt their advance on Berlin from the west and leave Hitler's capital to the mercies of the Red Army of the Soviet Union, he was furious.
The United States government had made an absolute commitment not to let post-war Europe separate out into distinct areas of political influence. But now this was precisely what was being allowed to happen.
Russian behaviour was worsening by the day as Stalin's all-conquering men rolled up the countries in the east and made them satellites of Moscow, in defiance of agreements made by the heads of state at the Yalta conference only weeks earlier.
Keep on going eastwards was Churchill's advice to the Allied armies, until the Russians showed some willingness to keep their side of the bargain about the future shape of Europe.
Meanwhile, Stalin was in paranoid mood, fearful that the West was planning to make its own deal with the Germans, cut him out and possibly even turn on him.
He was deeply suspicious of what Churchill was up to. 'That man is capable of anything,' he told his army commander, Marshal Zhukov.
But Churchill wasn't up to anything, because the Americans wouldn't let him. They showed no interest in diplomatic brinkmanship with the Kremlin, despite the vital issues for the future of the world that were at stake. Washington wanted no confrontation with Moscow.
Churchill found it hard coming to terms with the era that was dawning. Back in 1941, he had assumed that when the war ended the United States and the British Empire would together form the most powerful armed and economic bloc the world had ever seen. The Soviet Union would be struggling. 'They will need our aid for reconstruction far more than we shall need theirs,' he said then.
By 1945, the Soviets were vastly stronger, and the British much weaker, than he had expected. As for the U.S. commitment to Anglo-American interests, in Europe or anywhere else, this was more tenuous than it had ever been.
Menace: Soviet leader Josef Stalin at the Potsdam conference where he met Truman and Churchill to make arrangements for post-war Europe in 1945
In the cold light of day, the prime minister understood all this. As Russian forces were allowed to proceed to their agreed halting point on the River Elbe, he summed up his fears in a letter to his Foreign Secretary, Anthony Eden.
'Terrible things have happened. A tide of Russian domination is sweeping forward . . . After it is over, the territories under Russian control will include the Baltic provinces, all of eastern Germany, all Czechoslovakia, a large part of Austria, the whole of Yugoslavia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria.
'This constitutes one of the most melancholy events in the history of Europe and one to which there has been no parallel. It is to an early and speedy showdown and settlement with Russia that we must now turn our hopes.'
It was a diplomatic showdown he was referring to at this point. He wanted the Americans and the British to hang tough in deliberations with Moscow.
But the difficulty was that the Allies were in an uncharted new world. To the vast shock of his countrymen, who had been kept in the dark about how ill he was, President Roosevelt died on April 12.
Into the shoes of this towering figure stepped vice-president Harry Truman.
Victory in Europe: Winston Churchill waving to crowds gathered in Whitehall on VE Day
In the first weeks of the new President's tenure, there were indications that he was ready to deal much more toughly with the Russians than had Roosevelt in his last months. But he was no more willing than his predecessor to risk an armed clash with the Soviet Union for the sake of the overrun Poland or indeed any other European nation.
Washington believed that, with the U.S. army and the Red Army facing each other on the banks of the Elbe, there was no virtue in empty posturing.
Nor did Churchill's combativeness towards Moscow find much resonance among his own people. For four years the British had embraced the Russians as heroes and comrades-in-arms, ignorant of the absence of reciprocal enthusiasm.
Beyond a few score men and women at the summit of the British war machine, little was known of the perfidy and savagery of the Soviets as they smashed their way through Eastern Europe.
Jubilant: Londoners dancing in Piccadilly Circus on after Churchill had broadcast to the nation to say the war with Germany was over
VE-Day was proclaimed on May 8, 1945. At 3pm the prime minister broadcast to the British people, telling them the Germans had signed an act of unconditional surrender, and 'the German war is therefore at an end'.
He recalled Britain's lonely struggle, and the gradual accession of great allies: 'Finally almost the whole world was combined against the evil-doers, who are now prostrate before us. We may allow ourselves a brief period of rejoicing; but let us not forget for a moment the toil and efforts that lie ahead.'
Japan had still to be beaten. 'We must now devote all our strength and resources to the completion of our task, both at home and abroad. Advance, Britannia! Long live the cause of freedom! God save the King.'
From a balcony in Whitehall that evening, he addressed a vast, cheering crowd, who sang Land Of Hope And Glory and For He's A Jolly Good Fellow. But back in his rooms, all he could talk about was his dismay at Soviet barbarism in the east.
While the world celebrated, he spent the first days of peace plunged in deepest gloom about the fate of Poland.
More from Max Hastings for the Daily Mail...
- What a bitter irony that Gorbachev - the man who saved the West from nuclear Armageddon - paved the way for Putin, writes top Cold War historian MAX HASTINGS 31/08/22
- Spring is the season that swells the heart - so why would so many rather watch nature programmes than step outside their own front doors, asks MAX HASTINGS 15/04/18
- MAX HASTINGS: It is truly terrifying how many people will swallow Putin's lies amid Russian denials of complicity in the Syrian gas attack or the attempted murder of the Skripals 09/04/18
- MAX HASTINGS: The best way to fight back against greedy predators like Facebook? Stop laying bare our lives online 20/03/18
- MAX HASTINGS: Putin is a gangster worth £20billion who thinks he has a licence to commit atrocities - it's time to take him on 10/03/18
- MAX HASTINGS: Well done, Mrs May. It's absurd for the state to fund degrees in circuses, surfing and The Beatles 20/02/18
- Words that won the war: How Churchill was acutely aware Britain’s fate lay in his ability to rouse the nation (so it's no wonder audiences are cheering his speeches in new film Darkest Hour)! 19/01/18
- Yes, society has changed. But we still need hard men (and women) in the British Army to defend us, writes MAX HASTINGS 10/01/18
- MAX HASTINGS: Social media giants are wild beasts devouring freedom and democracy. We MUST tame them 02/01/18
- VIEW FULL ARCHIVE
At Downing Street, he invited the Soviet ambassador, Feodor Gusev, to lunch and gave him a dressing down.
The Russian recorded how Churchill 'roared' as he listed a catalogue of grievances about Poland, about communist forces trying to seize Trieste and British representatives being barred from Prague, Vienna and Berlin.
Truman agreed that urgent talks were needed. Yet what if talking to Stalin got nowhere? Was there anything the Western Allies could do? Churchill thought there was. They could go to war again.
Within days of Germany's surrender, he had astounded his chiefs of staff by inquiring whether Anglo-American forces might launch an offensive to drive back the Soviets. He requested the military planners to consider means to 'impose upon Russia the will of the United States and British Empire' to secure 'a square deal for Poland'.
They were told to assume the full support of British and American public opinion and that they would be able 'to count on the use of German manpower and what remains of German industrial capacity'.
In other words, the beaten Germans would be mobilised on the West's side. There was even a target date for such an assault - July 1, 1945.
The Foreign Office - though not the Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden himself - recoiled in horror from Churchill's bellicosity, as did the chief of the Army, Sir Alan Brooke. 'Winston gives me the feeling of already longing for another war!' he noted in his diary.
(Indeed at the Potsdam conference in July 1945, Churchill's inside knowledge that the Americans had just completed the first successful atomic bomb test emboldened the PM in his crusade to bring Stalin to heel. Pushing his chin out and scowling, he told Sir Alan: 'We can tell them that if they insist on doing this or that, well we can just blot out Moscow, then Stalingrad, then Kiev and so on.')
Nonetheless, the British Army high command faithfully executed Churchill's wishes by examining scenarios for military action against the Russians. It required feats of imagination unprecedented even among the many wild ideas they'd had to consider during his war premiership.
Needless to say, given the acute sensitivity of their draft proposal for what was termed Operation Unthinkable, security was at a premium. Needless to say, too, Stalin learned very quickly what was going on in the British camp.
One of the many spies he had in Whitehall swiftly conveyed to Moscow tidings of an instruction that had gone out from London to Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, the senior British commander in Germany, urging him to stockpile captured German weapons for possible future use.
But, the Kremlin apart, Churchill's promptings remained a state secret for more than half-a-century until confirmed in papers released by the National Archive in 1998.
In the report the planners drew up for the PM, they were quick with their reservations, pointing out that the Russians could resort to the same tactics they had employed with such success against the Germans, giving ground amid the infinite spaces of the Soviet Union.
Churchill with Roosevelt who died in April 1945 - the British PM hoped his successor Truman would deal more toughly with the Russians but he was no more willing to risk an armed conflict than Roosevelt
'There is virtually no limit to the distance it would be necessary for the Allies to penetrate into Russia in order to render further resistance impossible.'
The planners estimated that 47 Allied divisions would be needed for an offensive, 14 of them tank divisions. A further 40 divisions would have to be kept in reserve for defensive or occupation tasks. Against this, the report said, the Russians could muster twice as many men and tanks.
It concluded that these odds 'clearly render the launching of an offensive a hazardous undertaking. If we are to embark on war with Russia, we must be prepared to commit to a total war, which will be both long and costly'.
On the question of re-arming and putting the defeated German army back in the field, the planners were concerned that veterans who had already fought in the bitter battles on the Eastern Front might be reluctant to repeat the experience.
The chiefs of staff were never under any delusions about the impracticability of an offensive against the Russians to liberate Poland. Brooke wrote in his diary that 'the idea is of course fantastic and the chances of success quite impossible. There is no doubt that from now onwards Russia is all-powerful in Europe'.
All the evidence suggested that Operation Unthinkable was just that - unthinkable.
Potsdam: President Truman (centre) with Josef Stalin and Clement Attlee who participated in the conference with Churchill
An outline plan went to the PM on June 8, along with the written opinion of the chiefs that 'once hostilities began. ..we should be committed to a protracted war against heavy odds'. There would be no hope of defeating the Russians without 'a large proportion of the vast resources of the United States'.
What, then, if the Americans didn't stay the course? Churchill was alarmed. If the Americans withdrew from such a fight, Britain would be left horribly exposed, since the Russians had the power to advance to the North Sea and the Atlantic. It would be 1940 all over again.
'Pray have a study made,' he asked in a note, 'of how then we could defend our island, assuming that France and the Low Countries were powerless to resist the Russian advance to the sea.'
But then it was as if he came to his senses because he added that the codeword 'Unthinkable' should be retained, 'so that the staffs will realise that this remains a precautionary study of what, I hope, is still a highly improbable event.'
Before sending the note, he took his red pen and altered the last three words from 'highly improbable event' to 'purely hypothetical contingency'.
The chiefs responded to his inquiries about what would happen in the event of a Soviet advance to the Channel. Russian naval strength, they concluded, was too limited to render an early amphibious invasion of Britain likely. They ruled out a Soviet airborne assault.
It seemed more likely, they suggested, that Moscow would resort to intensive rocket bombardment, on a scale more destructive than that of the German V1s and V2s. To defend against such a threat, they that estimated a massive force of 230 squadrons of fighters and 300 squadrons of bombers would be necessary.
A few days later, the 'Unthinkable' file was closed. A cable had arrived from President Truman which made it clear there was not the slightest possibility that the Americans would lead an attempt to drive the Russians from Poland by force, or even threaten Moscow that they might do so.
The U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on Japanese town Nagasaki, on August 9, 1945 - the month before Churchill got inside knowledge at Potsdam that they had completed a successful test of the bomb emboldening him to bring Stalin to heel
Ultimately, Churchill knew in his heart that the tyranny established by the Red Army could not be undone either through diplomacy or by force of arms. But he never doubted the malevolence of Soviet intentions in Eastern Europe, and indeed around the world, and in that regard he was ahead of his time.
In the years after the war, it became progressively apparent that the Western Allies would have to adopt the strongest possible defensive measures against further Soviet aggression in Europe.
In August 1946, the U.S. chiefs of staff became sufficiently fearful of conflict with the Russians to initiate military planning for such a contingency. In London, the 'Unthinkable' file was taken out and dusted down.
Though at no time was it ever deemed politically acceptable or militarily practicable to attempt to free Eastern Europe by force of arms, military preparations for a conflict with the Soviet Union became a staple of the Cold War.
Churchill had proved that, in this new war, as with the one that had just finished, he had unique foresight.
But in one crucial area he lacked any foresight at all. The old warhorse had given little thought to how he and his country would deal with peace.
As we will see tomorrow, he was in for a rude awakening.
• Extracted from Finest Years: Churchill As Warlord published by HarperPress on September 3, 2009, at £25. To order a copy for £22.50 (inc p&p) call 0845 155 0720. | <urn:uuid:9058ead5-dc5b-4b1e-a95e-6f7f3fc9a7c7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1209041/Operation-unthinkable-How-Churchill-wanted-recruit-defeated-Nazi-troops-drive-Russia-Eastern-Europe.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.977064 | 3,378 | 2.953125 | 3 |
A proper database design is essential to achieving your goals in working with a database, whether they prioritize rapid information retrieval, efficient storage, or some combination of both. Therefore, investing the time to apply the principles of good design should be a high priority. Once completed, your database will better meet your needs and can easily accommodate future changes.
As in all aspects of database development and management, specialized software has emerged to make the process much easier to accomplish. In today’s tutorial, we’ll learn how to design, implement, maintain, and synchronize MySQL database schemas using just such an application – the Navicat Data Modeler.
What is Data Modeling?
Data modeling involves the formalization and documentation of data entities used within a business or other context as well as the identification of the relationships between these data entities.
There are three levels of data modeling:
- Conceptual: A conceptual data model identifies the highest-level relationships between the different entities.
- Logical: A logical data model describes the data in as much detail as possible, but without regard to how they will be physical implemented in the database.
- Physical: Physical data model represents how the model will be built in the database. A physical database model shows all table structures, including column names, column data types, column constraints, primary key(s), foreign keys, and relationships between tables.
How a GUI Application Simplifies Model Generation
GUI Applications like the Navicat Data Modeler automate the writing of Data definition language (DDL) statements. Rather than write them yourself, you create, modify, and design your models within object designers, which generate the DDL statements behind the scenes. Navicat Data Modeler supports three standard model notations: Crow’s Foot, IDEF1x and UML.
In addition to simplifying the creation of data models, GUI tools can link models to tables and/or views so that changes to a model may be deployed to database structures directly. All structural elements from entity relationships, table/view attributes and columns may thusly be created and managed from within the model. Likewise, using a process known as reverse engineering, new Entity Relationship diagrams may be created from existing database structures.
Navicat Data Modeler offers one additional feature: being fully integrated with Navicat Cloud, it enables you to synchronize your model files and virtual groups to the cloud in real-time.
The trial version of the Navicat Data Modeler may be downloaded from the company’s website for the Linux, Windows, and Mac operating systems. The 14-day trial version of the software is identical to the full Enterprise Edition so you can get the full impression of all its features. Moreover, registering with PremiumSoft via the “location 3” links gives you free email support during the trial period.
For the purposes of this tutorial, instructions and screenshots will pertain to the Windows edition. On your O/S, procedures and appearances may differ slightly. Please refer to the documentation for more specific information.
Upon launching Navicat Data Modeler, a Welcome window appears. It contains several commands, including one to create a new model, open an existing model file, and links to recent models. There is also a Sign In form for Navicat Cloud. Upon successful logon to Navicat Cloud, the Welcome window splits into two parts: your local Computer and Navicat Cloud. You can then access and save models to either the local computer or Navicat Cloud*:
Navicat Data Modeler
* Navicat Cloud is beyond the scope of this article. To learn more about it, see the MySQL Collaboration in the Cloud article.
Creating a New Conceptual Model
A model is a conceptual, logical, or physical representation of a schema. It may have many diagrams associated with it, which each depict the entire schema or a part thereof. There are two ways to create a new model in Navicat Modeler: you can create it from scratch or generate it from an existing database. We’ll start with the first option.
The model that we will create depicts a Star Schema, whereby you have a central data entity, surrounded by several peripheral ones. The Star Shema gets its name from the resemblance of the diagram to a star. Our model will contain a sales entity with three peripheral ones for dates, stores, and products.
- To create a conceptual model, select File -> New Model from the main menu. In the New Model window, choose Conceptual as Model Type.
That will open a new Diagram Editor window.
Before we continue any further, let’s take a moment to familiarize ourselves with the Diagram Editor’s interface:
Diagram Editor Interface
Diagram Editor Interface Components:
- Main Toolbar
- Logged-in Cloud user
- Diagram elements
- Action History
- Diagram design grid
- Element properties
- Visible diagram area and Zoom level slider
Renaming the Diagram
Once the new diagram is created, you will likely want to rename it to something more informative.
- To do that, double-click the title in the Element Palette or right-click it and select Rename from the popup menu:
Rename the Diagram
- Let’s rename it to “Sales Star Diagram Conceptual”.
Adding Elements to the Diagram
There are a couple of ways to add an element to the diagram.
The first is to click the Entity command at the top of the screen
Alternatively, you can right-click anywhere in the editor and select the element from the popup menu. Elements include Entities, Labels, Notes, Images, Layers, and Shapes:
Adding Elements to the Diagram
- Select the Entity menu item form the popup menu.
Once an element is placed on the editor grid, its name, if applicable, immediately becomes editable:
Element’s Name Becomes Editable
Adding Relationships between Entities
Notice that, in the New Element popup menu above, there is no relationship item. Those must be added using the Relation command from the Main Toolbar.
- After you click the button, the mouse cursor turns into a chain link. As you hover the cursor over an entity, the entity becomes highlighted. Click the entity to select it:
Adding Relationships between Entities
- Then, with the left mouse button depressed, drag the cursor over the second entity, before releasing the button:
Drag the Cursor over the Second Entity
At that point, the relation line will appear.
But that is just the first step; from there, you can:
- Drag the connectors to any point around the entity.
- Modify the line’s properties via the Object properties tab, including its color and cardinality.
- Change the routing from oblique style to rectilinear via the Add Vertex popup menu command.
In a Star Schema, the peripheral entities typically have a one-to-many relationship with the central entity. With respect to our sales model, a peripheral entity may have “One and Only One” instance to the sales entity’s “One of Many” references to the peripheral entity.
Cardinality between entities may either be set on the Object properties tab or via the popup menu. The latter method offers the advantage that it shows each entity’s name. Also notice that commands for adding and deleting Vertices are also found there:
Here is a completed relationship, including cardinality and one Vertex:
- Follow the same procedure as above to add two more Entities to the diagram.
- Add a Relation line between each peripheral Entity and the principal (center) one.
Here is what the finished diagram should look like: | <urn:uuid:8640844e-0730-44d6-b34f-1d5bab561813> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.databasejournal.com/mysql/simplifying-mysql-database-design-using-a-graphical-data-modeling-tool/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.867112 | 1,622 | 3 | 3 |
While artichoke hearts are the most widely consumed part of the vegetable, artichoke leaves actually contain some of the most powerful nutrients in the artichoke. Thanks to the antioxidants and phytonutrients they contain, artichoke health benefits include helping the body detox, fighting off infection and even protecting the body from cancer.
Artichoke Health Benefits
1. May Help Prevent Cancer
Artichoke health benefits may include cancer protection. Artichokes are packed with antioxidants and phytonutrients that work to eliminate free radicals in the body. They have the ability to ward off various types of cancer by fighting off free radical buildup. Studies have shown that artichokes display cancer-fighting abilities on two types of cancer in particular – breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. (1)
2. Fights Cardiovascular Disease
Artichoke health benefits include a healthy cardiovascular system. Consuming artichokes and artichoke extract can help to calm inflammation in the body, improve blood flow and reduce unhealthy cholesterol levels. Research suggests that artichokes may work as a natural remedy to help control cholesterol and maintain healthy levels. Artichokes also provide heart-healthy benefits by working to prevent coronary heart disease and metabolic disorders. (2)
3. Detoxes the Liver
Artichokes naturally help the body detox. Artichoke health benefits include the ability to boost the production of digestive bile and detox the body, which can help nourish the digestive tract and promote gut health. Studies have shown that artichoke leaf extract can help relieve symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome. (3)
4. Aids in Weight Loss
Thanks to their high fiber content, artichoke health benefits include the ability to aid in weight loss. Fiber ensures that the digestive system runs smoothly, to help prevent and relieve constipation and diarrhea. It also works to help the body detox waste, excess cholesterol, sugar and other toxins. By making you feel fuller longer, the fiber in artichokes can help prevent snacking and overeating to aid in weight loss.
5. Helps Control Diabetes
Artichoke health benefits include the ability to help naturally control diabetes. The fiber in artichokes help keep blood sugar levels stable. Fiber allows glucose to be absorbed into the blood more slowly, which can help prevent spikes and dips in insulin to naturally control diabetes.
6. Prevents Anemia
Artichoke health benefits also include anemia prevention, thanks to the iron the vegetable contains. An iron deficiency is linked to fatigue, a weakened immune system, poor concentration and leaky gut syndrome. By providing the body with iron, artichokes can help prevent unwanted symptoms of anemia.
7. Improves Skin Health
Artichoke health benefits also extend to your appearance. The antioxidants in artichokes help prevent the skin from aging, becoming dry and wrinkled. Artichoke health benefits also include a strong immune system, which can help protect your skin from infection and prevent the buildup of bacteria. | <urn:uuid:8ff9400a-79a4-4c4c-85c5-870041098b26> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.davidwolfe.com/artichoke-health-benefits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.910405 | 618 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Urgent Conservation Action Needed to Save the Lesser Antillean Iguana
The Lesser Antillean Iguana is an endangered endemic reptile found in the Lesser Antilles whose population is rapidly decreasing. Although once also found on St. Maarten, St. Eustatius is currently the last stronghold in the Dutch Kingdom of this tree-dwelling iguana. Recent events could change its fate.
Early 2014 RAVON and STENAPA launched efforts to study and conserve the remaining population of the Lesser Antillean Iguana (Iguana delicatissima) on St. Eustatius. Data on nearly 300 iguanas were collected during several studies, and the majority of these iguanas were uniquely tagged to allow the collection of valuable data over time. A primary goal was to assess whether the population is genetically pure with respect to the wide-spread hybridization between non-native Green Iguanas (Iguana iguana) and native Lesser Antillean Iguanas that occur throughout the Lesser Antilles. Since the identification of hybrids can be made based on morphological (Breuil, 2013) and genetic differences (Stephen et al., 2013; Vuillaume et al., 2015; van den Burg et al., 2018), both methods were used. The results indicated that no hybrids or Green Iguanas were present in 2015, which suggests that they are absent on St. Eustatius (van den Burg, 2016).
The discovery of an adult female I. iguana in early 2016 and of the first individual with hybrid characteristics in mid-2016 is alarming. Genetic and morphological data has confirmed that this individual and several subsequently found iguanas are indeed Iguana delicatissima x Iguana iguana hybrids (Figure 1; van den Burg et al., 2018). Ongoing fieldwork performed by local organizations and collaborating partners (STENAPA, Ecological Professionals, and RAVON) has led to the discovery and capture of eight hybrid individuals to date in addition to two Green Iguanas. The Green Iguanas arrived by boat from St. Maarten, which is home to large numbers of these non-native reptiles. The size variation of the hybrids indicates that a minimum of two hybrid nests have successfully hatched on St. Eustatius. It is therefore extremely likely that more hybrid iguanas are present.
Based on the identification of hybridization and remaining presence of non-native iguanas, conservation management action is crucial to ensure the genetic integrity and longer-term survival of St. Eustatius’s Lesser Antillean Iguana. Fortunately, a successful grant application with the Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund will boost conservation work by providing accommodation to two experienced researchers on St. Eustatius. These scientists will perform a systematic survey of non-native iguana distribution and abundance, which will help visualize the current extent of the non-native invasion. Distribution knowledge of non-native iguanas will allow the identification of priority areas for removal actions in an effort to remove all non-native iguanas.
The progress of biological invasions and the potential for eradication can be visualized using an invasion curve (Figure 2), which is an interplay of three factors: 1) time since the invasion, 2) spread of the invasive species, and 3) costs for controlling the invasion. On St. Eustatius, the lack of hybrids in our initial large dataset and low number of discovered hybrid iguanas suggests the current invasion is of recent origin. It would seem that there is only one small infested area which indicates that eradication at this stage is still feasible. This needs to be verified by thorough survey efforts. A similar situation to several other Lesser Antillean islands, where larger numbers of non-native iguanas are present, will however arise if no dedicated/committed action is taken at this point. Besides a loss of the native Lesser Antillean Iguana population, these non-native iguana can cause extensive economic damage as is evident from other islands, e.g. Grand Cayman.
The Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust is currently leading a Lesser Antillean Iguana breeding program in collaboration with several European Zoos, including Rotterdam Zoo. To this end, and following necessary health screenings, two animals of each sex were transported from St. Eustatius to the Rotterdam Zoo in early May. They will be displayed at the Zoo (after a quarantine period) to increase public awareness. Their offspring will eventually be crossed with breeding lines that originate from Dominica present in collaborating Zoos.
Sadly, similar declines in Lesser Antillean Iguana populations are taking place throughout the species’ entire range (Anguilla to Martinique) as a result of hybridization, habitat destruction and poaching (Knapp et al., 2014). Besides St. Eustatius recent invasions of Green Iguanas on La Désirade and Dominica have also been reported. In fact, this species’ distribution is predicted to have decreased by 87% by 2050 and only inhabit Dominica if the current rate of decline continues (van den Burg et al., accepted). As a result, the IUCN Red List status of the Lesser Antillean Iguana will change from “Endangered” to “Critically Endangered” (van den Burg et al., accepted). Conservation action along with increased biosecurity is urgently needed throughout the iguana’s range to ensure that all remaining populations are preserved and that future invasions by Green Iguanas onto these last strongholds are prevented.
Grateful thanks to STENAPA, RAVON, CNSI, University of Amsterdam, San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, IRCF, FONA conservation (S151.65) and Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund (150510459/172517158) for financial and/or logistical support of this project.
Concerted Caribbean effort for Lesser Antillean Iguana
A team from St. Eustatius National Parks Foundation (STENAPA) laid the fundaments for a Caribbean conservation plan for the Lesser Antillean Iguana during a workshop in Anguilla in March 2018.
Representatives of the islands with remaining Lesser Antillean Iguanas shared their ideas during the workshop about how to build a bright future for their native iguana. All islands share the main threats to their native iguana, such as habitat loss due to roaming goats, predation by wild cats and rats, car accidents, poaching and the arrival of the invasive Green Iguana. Apart from that, the present iguana population in St. Eustatius is possibly not viable given its small size and fragmented distribution, however there is no genetic structure within this population (van den Burg et al., 2018). Therefore STENAPA works on improving connectivity, putting in place checks in the harbor of incoming containers, and decreasing the roaming goats and wild cats.
In Anguilla the situation with the iguana on the main island has become so critical that the Anguilla National Trust translocated the last individuals to a small-uninhabited island nearby, Prickley Pear East. During one of the night patrols in Anguilla last week, STENAPA’s National Parks Ranger Rupnor Redan found one of the last remaining native iguanas. It has been put in quarantine and will be send to Prickely Pear East after genetic testing.
Besides Redan, the STENAPA team was represented by Director Clarisse Buma, Tim van Wagensveld (RAVON) and Sandra Bijhold (Rotterdam Zoo). Buma: “This workshop was very inspiring. We want to increase the corporation with especially Anguilla and St. Barths. We can learn from each other. Anguilla is interested to have an exchange with our ranger and do night patrols with them. And STENAPA can learn from St. Barths, where they made progress in the field of checking sea containers for invasive species. I am looking forward to bring our recovery plan a step further”. The development of the recovery plan is supported by the EU Best 2.0 program for overseas territories. | <urn:uuid:6e70453a-5571-4225-babf-514f009b8978> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.dcbd.nl/document/urgent-conservation-action-needed-save-lesser-antillean-iguana | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.915922 | 1,724 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Dental implants are the evolution of dentistry. It is invented to replace the loss of natural teeth due to tooth decay, gum disease or accidents etc. The implant is made of titanium. It is shaped like a tooth root.
It will be deposited on the jaw bone, which will gradually adhere to the bone within 2-4 months, then return to place the abutment and crown on the implant. The dentist will design the shape. and the color of the crown on the implant as close to the patient's natural teeth as possible and no side effects on the remaining teeth The implant has a long service life. Efficient chewing similar to natural teeth. can eat all kinds of food without causing annoyance Don't worry in front of a lot of people. and also helps with pronunciation
In addition, dentures do not harm nearby teeth and gums. Reduce dissolution of bone ridges that support dentures easy to clean teeth Easy maintenance and have a beauty that is equal to natural teeth As a result, dental implants became popular. accepted and are more likely to replace dental bridges Because doing a dental bridge will cause the loss of adjacent natural teeth. A dental bridge is an extension of the tooth that is above the gum line. Over time, the bone that supports the root of the extracted tooth gradually dissolves. causing atrophy of the bones in that area especially the upper front teeth when the bone melts will change the face structure and look older than their age But the implant will help maintain the bone that supports the root of the tooth so that the bone in that area does not dissolve and maintains its original condition.
The implant consists of 3 parts:
- An implant (Fixture), which is made of titanium metal (Titanium), which is shaped like a tooth root. and will be implanted on the jawbone, which will gradually attach tightly to the jawbone without affecting oral tissue and does not cause any side effects
- Abutment or abutment to support the crown After implantation on the jaw bone It takes about 2-4 months for the implant to adhere well to the jaw bone. The abutment is then placed on the implant to serve as a support for the crown.
- The crown (crown) is the part on top of the gum. Which is made of ceramic (porcelain) has the shape, appearance and color of the patient's natural teeth.
The procedure for making dental implants is divided into two parts.
Part 1: The process of implantation takes about 7 days, including the follow-up day. But the real planting takes about 1-2 hours. After about 5-7 days therefore came back to check the wound, considered as the completion of the treatment of part 1
Part 2: Procedure for placing teeth on implants This part 2 will take away from part 1 about 3 months (or more) because some people leave it implanted for 6 months, there is no negative effect, it's good again because it will make the implant and the bone stick together very tightly) The treatment time of this part is about 7-10 days, including the delivery process from the lab.
The gap between part 1 and part 2 must be at least 3 months apart because the implant must be firmly attached to the tooth bone. in order not to cause problems with the fall of the implants
*In case of complex bone graft May have to leave the bone for 3-6 months. (In the case of missing a lot of bone) and then start doing part 1 after the completion of the dental implant process. Patients should see a dentist to check the implant regularly every 6 months.
According to various research studies and academic papers, its effectiveness of the implant that can be used as efficiently as really natural teeth They also look so much like natural teeth that they are hard to notice. Implant dentistry suitable for suitable for everyone who lost their permanent teeth without any age limitation that you can still do implants. For the elderly, there is no need to worry that you will not be able to do implants. because the treatment process is not complicated and uncomplicated In addition For the elderly who receive treatment by implant will make the vitality come back again Because you will be able to do daily activities with confidence again. and can eat their favorite food without worry
Advantages of dental implants
- Eat all kinds of food you like. without worry
- Can smile with confidence
- Speak clearly and naturally
- Increase efficiency in chewing Helps digest food better
- Helps to restore the structure of the face to be more perfect.
- Build self-confidence and have a good personality.
- Enhance the quality of life to be happier.
Interview with Dr. Anon and Dr. Komsak about the origin and concept of initiating dental implants at a price for Thai people.
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The duration of dental implant placement It depends on the number of implanted teeth. Usually implanting 1 tooth takes no more than 30 minutes to complete. But if there are a lot of teeth that need to be implanted, it may take time. Or in the case of bone grafting, it takes a little longer. in order to make the best treatment plan
Implantation is a minor surgery. using anesthesia and from interviews with many dental implant patients In past cases, people say it feels like a tooth extraction. Or some people feel less pain than extraction. Therefore, it does not affect life. no recovery After implants are implanted, they can live a normal life.
It depends on the thickness of the patient's bone. Most of the cases that need bone transplantation are Patients who have lost their teeth leave their teeth lost for a long time, causing the bone to gradually atrophy. Therefore, it is necessary to grow bone before implantation. if speaking visually It is as if we were about to bury a pillar into the ground. If the soil is insufficient, the pillars may fall. Therefore, it must be added to the soil itself.
I have to say that the pain of dental implants is similar to tooth extraction. or maybe even less However, it must depend on the patient. From the experience of implant implants for patients in many cases and from patient interviews after the procedure. Most said with the same voice that less painful than tooth extraction and wisdom teeth removal
*If multiple implants are required It is like having many teeth extracted as well. Of course, post-operative conditions can occur.
*Whenever there is a bone transplant It may be a slight swelling. But after doing it, the results are usually good and worthwhile. Improved life after dental implants
Occlusion of dental implants Close to natural teeth due to implants being implanted into the bone causing the chewing force to go directly to the bone thus making it effective and gives a feeling when chewing food very close to natural teeth
It's not difficult at all. Implant care is the same as natural teeth care. because you can brush your teeth and can floss like natural teeth
Dental implant very durable which if the patient takes good care of cleaning Use floss regularly, brush your teeth clean, and make regular visits to the dentist every time. Always do maintenance checks. It will make the implants able to stay with the patient for a long time. Or forever
The quality of dental implants is the same. Doctor at the clinic is a doctor specializing in dental implants directly Patients can relax and worry.
Can do it normally But it is recommended that there should be a consultation between Personal doctor who takes care of diabetes and a dentist who performs dental implants. together with for the safety of the patient himself
One-day dental implants are done. Really, everyone can do it, but the cost will increase. And most importantly, it depends on the readiness of the patient himself. Because dental implants must be ready in terms of “bones” mainly and there are other factors such as patient cleanliness. Does the patient's occlusion use a lot of force? These factors, the doctor will determine if the patient is suitable to do or not.
The main thing that the patient needs is one time treatment Once done, the implant stays with the patient for a long time. That was a good plan. It's good to do it fast. But what the doctor realizes for the patient is After the implant is done, the patient can actually use it. Can be used for a long time And getting proper treatment is important.
You can eat normally. But it is recommended that in the beginning Should eat soft food first, such as porridge or boiled rice, refrain from eating very hot or spicy food. If you can eat cold food, the better.
Swelling will be slightly less than 1-2 weeks, some people have a little swelling for 1-2 days and it will disappear normally.
But for patients with bone transplantation There may be swelling for more than about 2 weeks, but for some people the wound heals quickly, the swelling will disappear faster. However, it depends on each patient. Because our bodies are not the same. | <urn:uuid:dd033745-689e-427f-b3ba-df447bd243ed> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.dentalimageclinic.com/en/dental-implant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.940149 | 1,944 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The Barnard Farm, with its diverse cultural resources, illustrates architectural and historical trends spanning nearly two centuries of development. Isham and Sally Barnard established the farm in the early 19th century in the Kibler Valley of Patrick County at the point where the upper Dan River emerges from the Blue Ridge mountains. The Barnards’ farmhouse was a two-story log dwelling, possibly built in 1829, that was enlarged and remodeled in the Greek Revival style in the mid-19th century, and again in the Craftsman style in the 1930s. The interior features vibrant wood graining and a marbled mantel. Descendants of Isham and Sally, principally their grandson, James W. Barnard (a state legislator), and great-grandson, William Barnard, added farm buildings and log and frame tenant houses to the property. Other resources include the small Kibler Post Office, the 1950s Barnard’s Store, and the Barnard Cemetery, which contains grave markers ranging from fieldstones to a locally crafted soapstone headstone and to professionally carved marble and granite monuments.
Many properties listed in the registers are private dwellings and are not open to the public, however many are visible from the public right-of-way. Please be respectful of owner privacy.
VLR: Virginia Landmarks Register
NPS: National Park Service
NRHP: National Register of Historic Places
NHL: National Historic Landmark | <urn:uuid:03f0bdcd-b5b8-46be-8cd0-fb3c1ff08af6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/historic-registers/070-5058/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.945044 | 297 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Animals can be divided into 2 groups - invertebrates and vertebrates.
Vertebrates are animals with a backbone. Invertebrates are animals that do not have a backbone. Examples of invertebrates are insects, bugs, snails, and slugs.
Vertebrates can further be divided into 5 groups - amphibians, birds, fish, mammals, and reptiles.
Amphibians are animals that start out as water animals, but grow up to be land animals. Amphibians include frogs and salamanders. Mammals are warm-blooded and have babies that drink milk. Mammals include dogs, cats, and horses. Reptiles are cold-blooded. Reptiles include animals like snakes and turtles. | <urn:uuid:46cd6aa7-f65b-497e-851a-10327d02fc37> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.drewsanimals.com/animals-pictures-and-sounds | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.94383 | 151 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Welcome to Lesson 5!
Welcome to the Appliances lesson! This is the most important one for most students--most important in the sense that it can make a difference in both energy consumption and environmental protection because we use a lot of appliances at home. We use a lot of energy for these appliances. In this chapter we are going to learn the basic operating principles of most of the residential big ticket items, for example refrigerators, or water heaters. Water heaters are one of the most energy-consuming appliances. And we will talk about clothes washers and dryers. We are not going to look at how to do the laundry, but we are going to look at the basic operating principles. In other words, how these things really operate. What are all the things that govern energy consumption, and what are all the things we need to look for when we buy some of these appliances?
We'll also learn how to do a cost benefit analysis. To do that, we will learn how to read energy guide labels. Energy guide labels are the yellow, ugly looking labels on appliances that give you the amount of energy that a model consumes. So when you go shopping (I'm sure you are all going to do that with your significant others in a few years) you're going to compare different options. You are going to look at a couple of models -- 3, 4 or 5 models, and say, "Okay, this is better than this; this is worse than this," and so on.
What are the factors that go into comparing several models and picking the right one, both with respect to energy consumption and environment protection? I will show you what kind of information you can get from these energy guides and how these can be used to compare model A vs. model B. For example, model A may cost $1000 and Model B may cost $1500. What you are basically deciding is, is it worth it to pay $500 extra to get the benefits that this model will give? In other words, the more expensive model obviously "should" give you more features that you want, or it should give you energy savings in the long run -- for example, cutting your energy bill by $50 every month. So it's going to really take about 10 months to recover the $500 you are paying up front. This kind of analysis is basically called life cycle analysis--what it would cost to buy a piece of equipment and to operate that over its lifetime. And we do that calculation for two models and see, in the long run, that one model is going to be cheaper and environmentally friendlier than another model. So we are going to learn how to do that. That discussion will be very common for all the appliances, and this calculation of payback period is the key for most of this lesson as well as the lessons to come. We will also look at refrigerators and calculate the efficiency of these refrigerators and how to use the efficiency we need to calculate how much energy these things consume. We will do that with clothes washers and dryers.
From here on you will also encounter some acronyms and energy efficiency terms, so you will need to pay attention to those. And, as I told you, these calculations and the use of the energy guides are the most important concepts in this lesson.
Lesson 5 Objectives
Upon completing this lesson, you should be able to:
- Explain the operating principles of day-to-day residential appliances
- Read and use Energy Guide labels
- Calculate life-cycle analysis of appliances
- Recommend ways to save energy and money based on good operating practices
If you have any questions, please post them to the General Course Questions forum in located in the Discussions tab in Canvas. I will check that discussion forum daily to respond. While you are visiting the discussion board, feel free to post your own responses to questions posted by others - this way, you might help a classmate! | <urn:uuid:fe79cacf-b578-476a-8eae-90015989f615> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.e-education.psu.edu/egee102/node/2158 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.961809 | 805 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Richmond, Kentucky has seen a remarkable transformation in its energy sources over the past decade. Coal, which had been the primary source of electricity for the state for many years, has been steadily declining due to its inability to compete with lower prices for other sources of electricity. Natural gas is now on the rise and could soon replace coal as Kentucky's main source of energy. Although Kentucky ranked last in the country for wind and solar power generation last year, it ranked 37th in all renewable sources of electricity. This is largely due to its hydroelectric dams, most of which were built decades ago.
This trend is expected to continue as more renewable energy sources are developed and implemented. The state of Kentucky has taken steps to increase its use of renewable energy sources. In 2019, the state passed legislation that requires utilities to generate at least 8% of their electricity from renewable sources by 2022. This is a significant increase from the current level of 2%. The state also offers incentives for businesses and homeowners who install solar panels or other renewable energy systems. In addition to these efforts, Richmond, Kentucky has also taken proactive steps to increase its use of renewable energy sources. The city has partnered with local businesses and organizations to promote the use of solar energy and other renewable sources.
It has also implemented programs that provide incentives for businesses and homeowners who install solar panels or other renewable energy systems. The city has also taken steps to reduce its carbon footprint by investing in green infrastructure projects such as bike lanes and green spaces. These projects help reduce air pollution and improve public health. Overall, Richmond, Kentucky has seen a remarkable shift in its energy sources over the years. Coal has been replaced by natural gas and renewable energy sources are becoming increasingly popular. The city is taking steps to reduce its carbon footprint and promote the use of renewable energy sources. | <urn:uuid:75701d29-08d6-487b-83a2-5a2d94a13c83> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.eastkentuckybiodiesel.com/how-has-the-use-of-renewable-energy-sources-in-richmond-kentucky-changed-over-time | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.976771 | 364 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Mouth cancer: What are the causes and symptoms?
Oral cancer is more prevalent in adults over the age of 55, and tends to affect more men than women. Yet, early detection most likely results in a cure.
In partnership with Zilico Ltd, the University of Sheffield is developing a pain-free, non-invasive and instantaneous method to detect oral cancer.
The research collaboration has been awarded one million pounds in funding from SBRI Healthcare – an NHS England initiative.
Dr Keith Hunter, Professor of Head and Neck Pathology, at the University of Sheffield’s School of Clinical Dentistry said: "Mouth cancer is on the increase in the UK and globally.
"We need new tools to be able to diagnose it earlier, as the survival rate for oral cancer patients depends on how early the disease is diagnosed and treated."
The hope is that doctors will be able to detect oral cancer much sooner, reducing the need for patients to have invasive biopsies.
This would expand to more positive outcomes, as less people would have to wait anxiously to get their biopsy results.
And, should oral cancer be detected at the doctor's office, treatment can begin more quickly.
Oral cancer: A new device is in development to detect the disease earlier
Another bonus is that this speedy process will result in cost savings for the financially stretched NHS.
Zilico Ltd have already developed technology now used by the NHS for the early and non-invasive diagnosis of cervical cancer.
Now the medical device diagnostics company is using the same patented technology – electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) – to detect oral cancer.
Dr Hunter added: "Electrical impedance spectroscopy could help us to diagnose oral cancer earlier and more accurately, even when these cell changes may not be visually apparent.
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"This could reduce the need for biopsies where there is no disease indicated – helping us to reduce patient anxiety and improve patient comfort."
Prior research from the University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals demonstrated how EIS technology can differentiate between normal, precancerous and cancerous tissue according to its electrical properties.
This piece of research involved 47 patients who were recruited from the Charles Clifford Dental Hospital.
As it currently stands, oral cancer can only be confirmed by a biopsy, but this new device could change that.
The prototype is currently being developed. The next steps involve assessment of the device and for it to be trialled in the NHS.
A full clinical trial is likely to take place this time next year, in summer 2021.
Jamie Healey, Lead Clinical Scientist at Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, said: "We are delighted to see that the clinical applications of electrical impedance spectroscopy are broadening.
"[This offers] the potential for many more patients to benefit from this novel technology."
The NHS outlined what the most common symptoms of mouth cancer are, which include sore mouth ulcers that don't heal within several weeks.
There may be unexplained, persistent lumps in the mouth or lymph nodes that don't go away.
And other symptoms include unintentional weight loss, bleeding or numbness in the mouth, or difficulty moving your jaw.
Some people may experience pain or difficulty swallowing (called dysphagia). Mouth cancer doesn't usually cause any noticeable symptoms during the earliest stage. | <urn:uuid:b22db98f-96ea-4c69-82aa-0de387377827> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/health/1300940/oral-cancer-symptoms-early-electrical-impedance-spectroscopy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.938894 | 761 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Yesterday, we all remembered a truly courageous and inspirational leader. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a pastor and humanitarian who dedicated his life to the civil rights movement. In a dark period of our nation’s history, he fought past the struggle and declared, “The time is always right to do what is right”.
Dr. King stood by his belief and committed his life to the philosophy of nonviolent resistance. He presided over the Montgomery Bus Boycott – a thirteen month long protest against racial segregation on busses. The boycott publically and successfully challenged discrimination based on race, and in 1956, the federal district court ruled this segregation unconstitutional. Not only was the nonviolent protest effective, it also caught the attention of the entire country while bringing Dr. King to the forefront.
As resilient as Dr. King was, he unfortunately was not able to see his dedication come to life. On the evening of April 4 1968, Dr. King was shot from his balcony of the second floor of his motel room in Memphis, Tennessee. But years earlier, he had stated, “A man who won’t die for something is not fit to live.” Dr. King fought hard for what he believed in and left behind a legacy of determination, fearlessness and service. Just days after his assassination, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1968 which prohibited discrimination in housing scenarios. Dr. King’s dream was finally starting to become a reality.
In 1983, a federal holiday was created to commemorate Martin Luther King, Jr. The day is observed on the third Monday of January each year to reflect King’s birthday. This holiday encourages us, as American citizens, to live up to our potential by offering service towards others. We all have a desire to stretch ourselves, to serve others and to make this nation a better place to live, just as Dr. King did. Here at Far West Capital, we not only seize this opportunity as a time to honor Dr. King’s life and legacy, but also as a time to reflect on our core values. So, as this holiday comes and goes, continue to strive to unleash your giving potential. As Dr. King once said, “Life’s most persistent and urgent question is: ‘What are you doing for others’?”
I encourage you to think about this question and determine how you are going to help others – not just on MLK Day – but every day. | <urn:uuid:b6bf2af1-c4b1-459e-9c0f-595614557eb8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.farwestcapital.com/blog/unleashing-martin-luther-king-jr/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.969209 | 506 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Injuries cause 5 million global deaths each year
January / February 2015 | Volume 14, Issue 1
Opinion by Fogarty Director Dr Roger I Glass
At Fogarty, we pride ourselves on determining the gaps in global health research. One such neglected area is trauma and injury research and training.
Every six seconds someone in the world dies as a result of an injury, which adds up to a staggering toll of more than 5 million deaths each year, the WHO reports. That accounts for about 9 percent of global deaths, or nearly 1.7 times the number of fatalities resulting from HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria combined. Tens of millions more suffer injuries that require treatment and often cause temporary or permanent disabilities.
For the past decade, we've been supporting critical projects that strengthen the capacity of low- and middle-income country (LMIC) institutions to study ways to prevent or respond to road traffic injuries, drowning, agricultural injuries, burns, falls, poisonings, domestic violence and self-harm.
Photo courtesy of WHO/Margie Peden
Fogarty supports research to strengthen the
capacity of low- and middle-income country
institutions to study ways to prevent or respond to
trauma and injury.
But with such an enormous global burden of trauma and injury, it is imperative that we redouble our efforts to develop expertise and support research where it's needed most. About 90 percent of injury-related deaths occur in LMICs, according to the WHO, with higher rates among poorer citizens who are least able to pay for treatment and suffer most from income loss during their recovery. The poor are at higher risk for injuries because they are faced with hazardous situations on a daily basis. For example, pedestrians on unsafe, overcrowded and badly maintained roads are at greater risk of being hit by cars, buses or other vehicles. People living in poorly constructed homes without safety devices are more susceptible to burns and falls. In addition, many LMICs have inadequate health care and lack infrastructure such as paved roads and emergency response systems.
Despite growing awareness of the scale of the problem, there is little action being taken by policymakers. Since there are proven strategies to reduce trauma and injury, it is essential that we train and support local researchers to study how interventions can best be implemented to suit the local culture and circumstances. That's one of the key aims of the Fogarty International Collaborative Trauma and Injury Research Training Program.
As we consider how to advance the field, we have been reviewing our grantees' accomplishments to date. We've also been examining the landscape to see what needs remain unmet and which research questions are unanswered.
It's encouraging to see the tremendous returns we have received from a relatively modest investment. For example, with 10 years of support to Johns Hopkins University, a cadre of about a dozen faculty and researchers has been trained in trauma and injury in Pakistan. With this expertise, they have spearheaded projects to create software for emergency care data collection at hospitals, methodology to accurately assess trauma and emergency care capacity, and a surveillance system to measure traffic injuries - the largest contributor to this health burden. Meanwhile, a grant to the University of Maryland has supported trauma training throughout the Arab Middle East, providing intensive summer courses and the opportunity for mentored research projects. More than 450 trainees have participated from Egypt, Iraq, Sudan, Libya, the West Bank and Afghanistan, with many going on to leadership positions in national health ministries or health care systems.
In China, a project has supported training for more than 80 mid-level and senior researchers who have studied various risk factors for agricultural injuries related to alcohol consumption, sleep patterns, pesticide exposure and others. The need is great - a recent study of farmers in rural China showed more than 590,000 injury deaths occur annually and about 3.5 million workers are permanently disabled. Clearly, there is much work to be done.
We are grateful to our partners for their continued support in this important work, including the CDC's National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, the WHO, and the NIH Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH), Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS).
To view Adobe PDF files,
download current, free accessible plug-ins from Adobe's website. | <urn:uuid:b49faa87-d035-4088-a710-9e7d7cefd2fb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.fic.nih.gov/News/GlobalHealthMatters/january-february-2015/Pages/roger-glass-trauma-injury-research-training.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.948391 | 898 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Plants in the house help your health in many ways.
Growing plants from seed in your home can be a real help to your health and sanity.
So your stuck at home and getting stir crazy, maybe you feel more lethargic and sleepy and really don't want to do much. Maybe you are depressed and unhappy.
Plants can help. While they can't cure your ills and magically make things all better they can do a lot to help us feel better. How?
Plants use Carbon Dioxide as fuel to make food and building blocks so
they can grow. People give off Carbon Dioxide (CO2) when they breath.
Too much CO2 in the air makes us sleepy and lethargic we don't want to
do as much. More Oxygen in the air makes us wake up and want to do stuff.
Well plants just happen to give off Oxygen as a bi product of growing.
So plants in the home increase the oxygen levels we want and decrease
the Carbon Dioxide that we don't want!
Now of course you need to have a few plants to have any effect one cacti on the window ledge is not going to do much but a whole window full of plants will make a difference. A window full of plants in each room that gets enough light and were are really perking ourselves up.
Plants can reduce organic odors. This means cooking smells and other 'organic' odors that humans and animals produce. Organic compounds are used by plants to help them grow so they will take these from the air and use them thus reducing the odors. No it wont work like an air freshener in sucking up the odor immediately but it will remove it from the air a lot faster than if you did not have plants.
Plants WONT remove toxins from the air. If you have any kind of chemical smell, odor, poison, cancer causing substance then the plant wont touch it. The plant wants nothing to do with nasty compounds just like you don't. So don't buy plants expecting to have the suck up any toxins. For that you need a special machine. The flip side is because they don't suck up toxins you can eat them they are not contaminated.
If you want a natural air freshener then grow aromatic herbs. Then instead of using a chemical air freshener when you get a nasty smell in the house pick up the house plant and wave it around some to get the air flowing over the scent 'glands'. This will produce a lovely natural aroma in the house. No it wont eliminate the odor it will only mask it with its own scent, but so do a lot of chemical sprays and goodness knows what else is in those that might not be good for you. Growing rosemary is a great option and makes a wonderful house plant and air freshener that lasts for a long time.
A lot of research has been done on the calming effect that plants have on the human mind. We tend to relax and feel calmer when there are plants around. This is one of the reasons that forest bathing is so popular in Japan. While you may not be able to go bath in a forest having a group of plants in your home that you can tend and look at every day can help to make you feel calmer and more relaxed. The Color green also helps it relaxes he human eye which is why a lot of blackboard are not black any more but green.
The right aromatic herbs in the home can also help with relaxation. There is a whole field of alternative medicine called aromatherapy which is built around our ability to smell and how we associate smells with memory. A smell can help you to relax very well which is why lavender is used to often to calm people and help them sleep. There are many other aromatic herbs that can help to enliven or stimulate the body. Growing such aromatic plants in the home ensures you have easy fast access to whatever aroma you want just by brushing a leaf.
A great many herbs also have strong medicinal properties. Plants after all are where almost all of our medicines originally came from before they were synthesized in the laboratory. Even today most pharmaceutical compounds are found in plants isolated and synthesized into drugs. So using the plant it came from originally can be highly beneficial. You can grow these herbs on your window ledge or in your garden and while you may not be growing the cure for tough diseases you can fix indigestion, stomach upsets, ear ache, stings, cuts, scrapes, tend wounds and many other lesser health issues all from your own garden or window ledge.
So consider growing plants indoors in your home. It's a win win for you and the plants.
Never grown plants or started seeds before never fear You Got This! Go get started.
|Janice Hazeldine PhD is the owner and head grower of Floral Encounters an organic Medicinal Herb farm that is also a designated sanctuary for pollinators.| | <urn:uuid:64646ede-5673-461b-bfd7-6ce1dc4453e2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.floralencounters.com/articles/plants-health/articles2.jsp?page=Plants_in_house_help_your_health.jsp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.965636 | 1,024 | 2.5625 | 3 |
It’s called Mosaiculture. It’s the art of making sculptures from all living, growing plants. These exhibits tend to be on for a fairly long time so keeping the plants strong healthy and most importantly trimmed so that they don’t overgrow the sculpture is a full time job for a whole bunch of garden staff.
Mosaiculture is a very different from any other form of gardening or sculpture it combines the two. It’s not topiary which is forming sculptures and animals from living shrubs that are pretty much permanent. Mosaiculture is temporary for the most part and a corroboration of both sculptures, metalworkers and horticulture.
First there is the design. This can be anything from a man on a horse to a giant woman’s face. Once the design is decided then the ironworkers determine how to create the structure, the build a steel framework welded together. For smaller sculptures this is all one piece. For the larger ones they are created in several pieces and a crane is used to move the heavy sections together at the exhibition site. They are then bolted together to form the whole sculpture.
Once the structure had been created it is wrapped in water holding material usually a sphagnum moss mixed with soils and nutrients which are covered in a cloth that is stapled in place with very heavy staples. Some structures also contain complex irrigation systems within the sculptures to water and nurture the plants. However supplemental surface watering is also carried out especially in hot sunny weather.
Once the structure has been completed the painstaking task of installing all the living plants begins. From trial and error over many years Mosaïcultures Internationales de Montréal (MIM) has determined the best plants to use. These are usually annuals that come in a variety of different colors but also grow well when kept short and can be easily trimmed and maintained to ensure that the sculptures always look their best. MIM is one of the only companies in the world that does this work so its not surprising that most of the exhibits tend to be in Canada.
This year the Mosaiculture exhibit is in Ottawa Canada. Well, actually it’s in Gatineau which is right across the river from Ottawa. So if you want to visit and fly in then Ottawa is where you want to head for. This year is Canada’s 150th anniversary so to celebrate admission to the exhibit is free! Usually there is a charge to see such amazing sculptures so this years a really great deal. If you have never been to Ottawa then there is a treat in store too. It’s a totally enchanting city with masses of things going on and some majestic buildings and museums.
This is our forth Mosaiculture exhibit and its always a joy to see. If you choose to go, please take the time to appreciate the wonderful work that has gone into these superb sculptures. Its not just the design of the actual sculpture its also all the plants that surround it. These plants create a scene.
One of my favorites this year was the lobster fisherman. The detail that went into creating the boat and the fisherman and lovely but the sculpting of the earth to plant the Scaevola and blue petunias that mix with dusty miller to form waves on the sea. The whole concept makes the sculpture come alive and is truly delightful.
The delightful use of the long fluffy grasses to create the coat of the musk oxen makes the whole sculpture that much more delightful. Who doesn’t want to take this fluffy thing home with them?
Another of my great favorites was the tundra scene dominated by a large inukshuk, (pronounced in-ook-shook) which is an Inuit (once called Eskimo) creation. These stone monuments are created by the Inuit to help guide them through their arctic wilderness. Here the inukshuk is depicted with a wolf howling up at the northern lights spread across the face of the inukshuk. The whole sculpture is lovely but is made even more so by the wonderful tundra that has been created for it to sit upon. Using red moss roses dusty miller, grasses and other plants to create a colorful landscape it gives the sculpture far more drama. I loved the tundra landscaping here almost as much as the sculpture itself.
The tundra area ranged over a larger area to encompass the musk oxen, polar bear (not pictured here) and the Indian drum dancer as well as the inukshuk. Like to ocean scene earlier in the walk encompassed several different sculptures such as the whale shark, puffins and ships discovering Canada with the horses bursting from the sea as the made their way to the shore.
Of course there is always Gaia the mother earth goddess. This sculpture appears in some form in every Mosaiculture exhibit it’s the recurring theme and the most commonly depicted and shared. Its certainly impressive but on its fourth iteration I am far more impressed by other newer offerings.
Mosaiculture is also beloved in China where many of the techniques originated and each time there is an exhibit the Chinese usually produce a sculpture. This year they produced two very complex and totally magnificent ones. The first from Beijing really needs to be studied to understand it.
The first impression of course of the giant dragons that reach skyward rising high above the rest of the sculpture. Beneath are the dragon dancers holding the dragons aloft on long sticks just as in real life in dragon dancing. These dancers however are interwoven with small mountain peaks which depict the rocky mountains where a great many Chinese worked to create the railways that were so important to early America and Canada. This railway is depicted in red and white begonias emerging from a tunnel in one of the mountains on the left side of the picture.
Then there are the lions from Shanghai! Wow what a display! A massive complex Mosaiculture to rival anything I have every seen. The largest one at the exhibit it has nine Chinese lions in various poses on stylistic clouds, one dancing on a ball along with a Chinese circle with decorative swirls all fronted by lovely flower beds. This display is truly awe-inspiring. It uses far more plant variety that the other sculptures with the use for fluffy grasses to depict the lions fur and even the unseen underbellies of the lions have been planted with more shade loving annuals. The time taken to create this exquisite sculpture is mind boggling. While I really liked a lot of the other sculptures this was my favorite because of its size, complexity and delightful use of so many different plants to create such a wonderful sculpture, plus I really like Chinese lions.
While not the most impressive Mosaiculture exhibit I have seen yet – that prize must go to Mosaïcultures Internationales Montréal 2013 at the Montreal Botanical Gardens. This exhibit was much larger and more impressive, plus the setting the botanical gardens offered much better backdrops to the sculptures where there is no distraction of high rise apartment buildings, hotels and bridges.
The first mosaicultures were held at the Montreal waterfront with a backdrop of grain silos, but somehow this seemed better and more fitting that apartment blocks. However focus on the sculptures and the buildings don’t matter.
Sadly almost all the Mosaiculture exhibits tend to be in Canada, most often in Montreal. Others have been held in China (2006), Japan (2009) and Turkey (2016). The only exhibit in the U.S. was in Atlanta botanical gardens in 2013-14. Most commonly these exhibits seem to be held every 2-3 years so if you want to see one then head to Ottawa this year. Next time it may be a lot further away and less accessible. Only some of the exhibits are pictured here so go see the others for yourself. It’s really a site worth seeing and should not be missed. | <urn:uuid:00a56ffd-3326-4e78-95bc-ea77ba33d56c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.floralencounters.com/blog/?cat=108 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.96531 | 1,623 | 2.703125 | 3 |
BRT Old Trailhead Tree
What This Tree Witnessed
Late afternoon, July 2, 1863: five Confederate regiments, comprised of men from Texas and Alabama, were about to attack Little Round Top. Having first approached the base of Big Round Top, the 4th Alabama turned north, and passed over this ground in its approach to the position of the 83rd Pennsylvania and 20th Maine on the junior hill. The 47th Alabama would pass shortly thereafter just a few score yards to the east of this position.
After being repulsed in the attempt to take Little Round Top, retreating Alabama troops would have passed over this sector again, but this time they were heading back to the safety of the Army of Northern Virginia’s lines.
Lt. Col. Michael J. Bulger (47th AL, CSA) Witness Tree
Tree Species: butternut hickory
Circumference 2023: 71”
Calculated Average Growth Rate: 9.6-11.6 years / inch diameter
Estimated age: 220-260 years
Estimated diameter in 1863: 6-8.7”
GPS: 39.788375N, 77.237591W
Growing just a few feet to the east of the immense and distinct half-boulder that sits at the original trailhead to the summit of Big Round Top, a butternut hickory tree – the only confirmed witness tree of this species on the battlefield – has been growing for well over two centuries. A very conservative estimate of the ratio of the tree’s diameter 1899:2023 is about 0.39, which, suggests the tree has been growing very slowly for the past 125 years, taking an average of at least 9.6 years to add each inch of diameter. The diameter of the tree in 1863 was very likely over half a foot.
The tree is named for Lt. Col. Michael J. Bulger, commander of the 47th Alabama Infantry. Bulger, born in South Carolina in 1807, was an old soldier by the time the Civil War broke out in 1861. As a young man, Bulger had moved to Alabama, and worked as a gin manufacturer and a farmer, before entering politics, being elected as a state legislator from Tallapoosa County in 1851. (1) Bulger, now aged 55, enlisted in the army in March 1862, and won another election, being selected captain of Company A of the newly-formed 47th Alabama Infantry. (2) (3)
Bulger was wounded at the Battle of Cedar Mountain on August 9, 1862. During the assault on Little Round Top on July 2, 1863, Bulger, whom Col. William Oates of the 15th Alabama later called “a most gallant old gentleman over sixty years of age”, was shot through a lung. (4) It is best to let Col. Oates’ words tell what happened next:
“When the Fifteenth was driven back, Colonel Bulger
was left sitting by a tree, sword in hand, shot through one lung
and bleeding profusely. A captain in the Forty-fourth New
York approached and demanded his sword. The old Colonel
said, “What is your rank?” The reply was, “I am a captain.” Bul-
ger said, “Well, I am a lieutenant-colonel, and I will not surren-
der my sword except to an officer of equal rank.” The captain
then said, “Surrender your sword, or I will kill you.” Colonel
Bulger promptly replied, “You may kill and be d — d! I shall
never surrender my sword to an officer of lower rank.” The cap-
tain was so amused at the old Colonel’s high notions of military
etiquette that he went for his colonel, Rice, to whom the sword
was gracefully surrendered. Rice’s statement of the circum-
stances caused Colonel Bulger to be better cared for than he
would otherwise have been, which probably saved his life.” (5)
Made prisoner, but later exchanged, Bulger was promoted to colonel in March 1864. However, he never returned to active duty. (6) Bulger died in 1900, and was buried in Dadeville, AL.
In his 1872 work on Alabama’s history, Willis Brewer described Col. Brewer as “of ordinary stature, but muscular frame. He is a plain man, of much practical knowledge, and lofty integrity. On the battle-field he was without fear. He married Miss Bozeman of Elmore, and his son, Hon. Wm. D. Bulger, was an efficient officer of the 47th Alabama.” (7) | <urn:uuid:7dc9b52f-7854-4a9a-b2cc-e8f4a0225f16> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.gettysburgwitnesstrees.com/main-map/south-confederate-avenue/brt-old-trailhead-tree/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.973472 | 1,005 | 3.125 | 3 |
Categories provide an alternate way of classifying characters syntactically. You can define several categories as needed, then independently assign each character to one or more categories. Unlike syntax classes, categories are not mutually exclusive; it is normal for one character to belong to several categories.
Each buffer has a category table which records which categories are defined and also which characters belong to each category. Each category table defines its own categories, but normally these are initialized by copying from the standard categories table, so that the standard categories are available in all modes.
Each category has a name, which is an ASCII printing character in
the range ‘ ’ to ‘~’. You specify the name of a category
when you define it with
The category table is actually a char-table (see Char-Tables).
The element of the category table at index c is a category
set—a bool-vector—that indicates which categories character c
belongs to. In this category set, if the element at index cat is
t, that means category cat is a member of the set, and that
character c belongs to category cat.
For the next three functions, the optional argument table defaults to the current buffer’s category table.
This function defines a new category, with name char and documentation docstring, for the category table table.
Here’s an example of defining a new category for characters that have strong right-to-left directionality (see Bidirectional Display) and using it in a special category table. To obtain the information about the directionality of characters, the example code uses the ‘bidi-class’ Unicode property (see bidi-class).
(defvar special-category-table-for-bidi ;; Make an empty category-table. (let ((category-table (make-category-table)) ;; Create a char-table which gives the 'bidi-class' Unicode ;; property for each character. (uniprop-table (unicode-property-table-internal 'bidi-class))) (define-category ?R "Characters of bidi-class R, AL, or RLO" category-table) ;; Modify the category entry of each character whose ;; 'bidi-class' Unicode property is R, AL, or RLO -- ;; these have a right-to-left directionality. (map-char-table (lambda (key val) (if (memq val '(R AL RLO)) (modify-category-entry key ?R category-table))) uniprop-table) category-table))
This function returns the documentation string of category category in category table table.
(category-docstring ?a) ⇒ "ASCII" (category-docstring ?l) ⇒ "Latin"
This function returns a category name (a character) which is not
currently defined in table. If all possible categories are in use
in table, it returns
This function returns the current buffer’s category table.
This function returns
t if object is a category table,
This function returns the standard category table.
This function constructs a copy of table and returns it. If
table is not supplied (or is
nil), it returns a copy of the
standard category table. Otherwise, an error is signaled if table
is not a category table.
This function makes table the category table for the current buffer. It returns table.
This creates and returns an empty category table. In an empty category table, no categories have been allocated, and no characters belong to any categories.
This function returns a new category set—a bool-vector—whose initial
contents are the categories listed in the string categories. The
elements of categories should be category names; the new category
t for each of those categories, and
nil for all
(make-category-set "al") ⇒ #&128"\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\2\20\0\0"
This function returns the category set for character char in the
current buffer’s category table. This is the bool-vector which
records which categories the character char belongs to. The
char-category-set does not allocate storage, because
it returns the same bool-vector that exists in the category table.
(char-category-set ?a) ⇒ #&128"\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\2\20\0\0"
This function converts the category set category-set into a string containing the characters that designate the categories that are members of the set.
(category-set-mnemonics (char-category-set ?a)) ⇒ "al"
This function modifies the category set of char in category
table table (which defaults to the current buffer’s category
table). char can be a character, or a cons cell of the form
(min . max); in the latter case, the function
modifies the category sets of all characters in the range between
min and max, inclusive.
Normally, it modifies a category set by adding category to it.
But if reset is non-
nil, then it deletes category
This function describes the category specifications in the current
category table. It inserts the descriptions in a buffer, and then
displays that buffer. If buffer-or-name is non-
describes the category table of that buffer instead. | <urn:uuid:8bc6bd29-a12e-4eea-928e-f870c6184a28> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Categories.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.682796 | 1,176 | 3.171875 | 3 |
In a world driven by technological marvels, the theories that underpin our most groundbreaking innovations often remain hidden from the public eye. Today, we pull back the curtain on one such theory – the Theory of Slip Ring Motors. Unlocking the secrets of this remarkable theory promises to revolutionize the field of electrical engineering, unleashing a wave of advancements in motor technology. Prepare to be captivated as we delve into the intricate workings of slip ring motors and the scientific principles that make them possible.
Slip ring motors are an integral part of countless industries, powering a wide range of machinery and applications. From heavy-duty equipment in manufacturing plants to elevators, cranes, and wind turbines, these motors play a pivotal role in our modern world. However, the theory behind their operation has often remained an enigma, understood only by a select few researchers and engineers.
Today, we shed light on the Theory of Slip Ring Motors, which revolves around the concept of electromagnetism. This theory explains how slip ring motors generate motion and harness electrical energy to perform mechanical work.
At its core, a slip ring motor consists of two essential components: the stator and the rotor. The stator comprises a series of coils, also known as windings, which are evenly spaced around the motor’s inner circumference. These windings are energized by an alternating current (AC), creating a rotating magnetic field.
The rotor, on the other hand, is the moving part of the motor. It consists of a core made of laminated iron sheets and conductive bars or coils. The rotor is designed in such a way that it can rotate freely within the stator, either by being supported on bearings or suspended by magnetic levitation.
According to the Theory of Slip Ring Motors, when the stator windings are energized with AC, a rotating magnetic field is created. This rotating magnetic field induces a current in the rotor windings through the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. The induced current in the rotor windings then generates its own magnetic field, which interacts with the stator’s magnetic field.
The interaction between the rotating magnetic field of the stator and the magnetic field generated by the rotor windings results in the production of torque. This torque causes the rotor to rotate, thus converting electrical energy into mechanical energy.
In conventional induction motors, also known as squirrel cage motors, the rotor windings are short-circuited conductive bars or coils. The induced currents in the rotor windings flow through these conductive bars, creating a magnetic field that interacts with the stator’s magnetic field, generating torque.
However, slip ring motors introduce a unique twist to this theory. Unlike squirrel cage motors, slip ring motors have rotor windings that are connected to the external circuit through slip rings and brushes. These slip rings enable the external resistance to be added or removed from the rotor windings, providing greater control over the motor’s speed and torque.
By adjusting the resistance connected to the rotor windings, the Theory of Slip Ring Motors allows engineers to fine-tune the motor’s characteristics. This capability makes slip ring motors highly versatile, with applications in scenarios that require variable speed, precise control, and high torque performance.
Industries across the globe rely on slip ring motors for their demanding operations. From industrial machinery that requires smooth acceleration and deceleration to cranes and elevators that necessitate precise control, slip ring motors are the powerhouses that drive efficiency and productivity.
The Theory of Slip Ring Motors is not just a scientific concept; it’s a gateway to endless possibilities. Engineers and researchers continue to explore innovative ways to optimize these motors, improving their efficiency, reliability, and performance. This theory serves as a foundation for groundbreaking advancements in motor technology, enabling engineers to push the boundaries of what is possible.
As we stand on the cusp of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, slip ring motors will play an increasingly crucial role in powering the technologies that shape our future. From the automation of manufacturing processes to the rise of renewable energy sources, slip ring motors are the driving force behind progress.
In unveiling the Theory of Slip Ring Motors, we invite engineers, researchers, and enthusiasts to further explore its intricacies. With a deeper understanding of this theory, we can unlock the full potential of slip ring motors, fueling a new era of innovation, sustainability, and progress. | <urn:uuid:f4b707f8-0e28-4409-b9b0-b7e5edcbb1e2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.grandslipring.com/theory-of-slip-ring-motor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.916168 | 896 | 3.875 | 4 |
PFOA in Rainwater, Study Warns
Forever chemicals, like PFOA and PFOS, are everywhere in our environment, according to a newly-published study.
These industrial chemicals spread in the atmosphere and are now found across the globe, including in rainwater, snow, soil, and even human blood. “Based on the latest U.S. guidelines for PFOA in drinking water, rainwater everywhere would be judged unsafe to drink,” Ian Cousins, PhD, the lead study author and a professor of environmental science at Stockholm University, said in a statement. “Although in the industrial world we don’t often drink rainwater, many people around the world expect it to be safe to drink, and it supplies many of our drinking water sources,” he added.
U.S. manufacturers have largely phased out PFOA and PFOS over the last two decades, although some products still use them.
What is PFOA?
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are part of a large group of synthetic chemicals known as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). In the early 2000s, DuPont and other companies stopped using these substances. But for decades prior to then, various companies heavily relied on these chemicals, although the companies knew they posed serious health risks to humans.
This reliance usually involved any substance that formed a barrier against another substance. Examples include Stainmaster carpet, nonstick cookware coating, and animal taxidermy materials. Most significantly, firefighting departments used PFOA-laced foam to contain extremely hot jet fuel and other fires.
This knowledge dates back to the early 1950s, when DuPont cautioned factories that used PFOA to treat it as a hazardous substance, even though it wasn’t classified as hazardous at the time. About ten years later, laboratory tests, which revealed that PFOA enlarged the livers of laboratory animals, confirmed the company’s suspicions. However, DuPont did nothing to warn workers or other people about the risks.
Instead, companies continued to rely on these dangerous substances. Now, many people outside these companies are paying the price.
Why Should I Care?
Many researchers have linked forever chemicals, like PFOA and PFOS, to long-term serious illnesses that are often fatal. These illnesses include:
- Reproductive health issues, like miscarriage, low birth weight, and birth defects,
- Testicular, pancreatic, kidney, liver, and other forms of cancer,
- Cardiovascular disease, like high blood pressure and stroke,
- Kidney disease,
- Liver disease,
- Colitis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, type one diabetes, and other autoimmune diseases,
- Type two diabetes,
- Respiratory disease,
- Neurological disease, especially in children, and
The latency period for many of these diseases, including cancer, is more than thirty years. So, people who were exposed to these chemicals in the 1980s and 1990s, when many of them were children, may just now show signs of illness.
Children are especially at risk for PFOA poisoning, lead poisoning, and other such illnesses. Proportionally, these chemicals have a much worse effect on their bodies.
On average, standard cancer treatments cost over $10,000 a month. Cutting-edge treatments, which doctors often recommend in advanced cases, could cost two or three times that amount. Most group health companies refuse to cover injury-related expenses, and most families cannot possibly afford to pay these bills out of their own pockets.
A Los Angeles personal injury attorney can connect victims with leading doctors in their fields who charge nothing upfront for their services.
What Can I Do About It?
The delayed discovery rule, which has several variations, usually applies in PFOA water contamination and other environmental poisoning claims. Victims have no legal obligation to file claims until:
- They are fully aware of the entire extent of their injuries, and
- They connect those injuries to a person or company’s wrongful conduct.
This rule is especially strong in California. That’s good news for people who lived or worked on or near John Wayne Airport, LAX, Long Beach Airport, or another similar facility in SoCal. This extended protection also applies to veterans who served at Los Angeles AFB, Holderman Hall, or another military facility in the area.
The bottom line is that, no matter how long ago the exposure occurred, a Los Angeles personal injury attorney can stand up for your legal and financial rights.
These legal rights allow victims to bring public actions against the company or entity, even if that entity was a federal government agency, like the Department of Defense, which caused their illnesses. Such public actions force these companies to accept responsibility for the injuries they recklessly caused.
Your financial rights include the right to compensation for economic losses, such as medical bills, and in many cases, noneconomic losses, such as pain and suffering. If a victim presents clear and convincing evidence of an intentional disregard of a known risk, additional punitive damages may be available as well. PFAS environmental contamination causes serious and long-term injuries. For a free consultation with an experienced personal injury attorney in Los Angeles, contact the Law Offices of Eslamboly Hakim & Sharona Hakim, Attorneys. We routinely handle these matters on a nationwide basis.
Credit: Photo on Freepik
Sharona Eslamboly Hakim, Esq. is a successful personal injury attorney and the principal of the Law Offices of Eslamboly Hakim firm in Beverly Hills, California. | <urn:uuid:45ec2de4-299f-465a-ad40-29d7a489a996> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.hakiminjurylaw.com/pfoa-in-rainwater-study-warns/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.956529 | 1,200 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Dehydration in the elderly, Causes, Symptoms, Prevention and TreatmentMarch 5, 2023 7:01 am
Dehydration is a common problem in the elderly, and it can have serious consequences if left untreated. As we age, our bodies lose some of their ability to retain water, and this can lead to dehydration. Additionally, older adults may be more prone to certain health conditions or medications that can increase the risk of dehydration. In this blog, we’ll explore the causes and symptoms of dehydration in the elderly, as well as some tips for prevention and treatment.
Causes of Dehydration in the Elderly
Dehydration in the elderly can be caused by a variety of factors. As we age, our sense of thirst may decline, making it harder to recognize when we need to drink more fluids. Additionally, medications commonly prescribed to older adults, such as diuretics, can increase the amount of water the body loses through urine. Certain health conditions, such as diabetes or kidney disease, can also increase the risk of dehydration.
Symptoms of Dehydration in the Elderly
The symptoms of dehydration in the elderly can vary depending on the severity of the condition. Mild dehydration may cause thirst, dry mouth, and fatigue, while more severe dehydration can cause confusion, dizziness, and even loss of consciousness. Other symptoms of dehydration may include dark urine, dry skin, and sunken eyes.
Prevention and Treatment of Dehydration in the Elderly
Preventing dehydration in the elderly involves encouraging them to drink enough fluids throughout the day. This can include water, juice, and other non-caffeinated beverages. Additionally, older adults should try to limit their intake of alcohol and caffeine, as these substances can increase the amount of water the body loses.
If dehydration does occur, it’s important to treat it promptly. Mild cases of dehydration can often be treated by drinking more fluids, while more severe cases may require intravenous fluids or hospitalization. In some cases, older adults may need to be monitored closely to ensure they are properly hydrated.
In conclusion, dehydration is a common problem in the elderly, but it can be prevented and treated with proper care. Encouraging older adults to drink enough fluids and monitoring their symptoms can help prevent dehydration and ensure that they stay healthy and hydrated. | <urn:uuid:baf16259-94e8-4f99-acc4-123c877a635f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.heal365.in/dehydration-in-the-elderly-causes-symptoms-prevention-and-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.950312 | 479 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Managing identities is crucial in today’s volatile information security environment. And two-factor authentication has become an industry standard for secure logins. However, to take advantage of this security feature, you must know understand what it is and how to set up two-factor authentication correctly.
Security breaches happen every day. For companies like Target, eBay and Yahoo that have experienced a breach, hackers stole customers’ personal, login or financial information.
If you’ve experienced a breach, you understand the chaos that ensues: You receive frantic emails to change your login credentials or password and worry whether your information is safe. It’s important to have solid authentication systems during times like these.
Because breaches occur more often than ever, it’s important to have complex passwords and unique login credentials for all your websites. We talk about this in our blog, “Why you need to setup password restrictions.”
It’s also important to have two-factor authentication, which adds another layer of security to your accounts.
One-factor authentication asks you to prove your identity with a username and password. Two-factor authentication is an additional security measure that protects your personal information by requiring a username, password and an additional factor. This is usually your phone number.
For example, a two-factor authentication system first asks you to enter your username and password as usual. Then, it asks for a smartphone number. Within seconds, an authentication code is sent to your phone via call or text. Upon receipt, you enter this code into the system to gain access to your account.
You can also download an app that generates a new code every 60 seconds and links to any account. This acts as an added security measure to keep hackers out. We’ll discuss this form of authentication later.
Adding two-factor authentication is a simple way to secure your data. Let’s say LinkedIn is hacked, and the infiltrators obtain your username and password. If you have two-factor authentication, they won’t be able to get into your account unless they have access to your phone.
Adding an additional factor to the authentication process is also helpful if you use the same username and password for every website. We advise against this in our other blog but understand it happens. If you use the same login credentials for all sites, but also have two-factor authentication for each, hackers won’t be able to access all your accounts just by knowing two pieces of information.
At this point, you might be thinking: Sounds great, but how to I set up two-factor authentication?
First off, DON’T hunt for two-factor authentication instructions on every website you have an account with. Instead, use TurnOn2FA. This website gives detailed instructions and screenshots for setting up two-factor authentications on over 100+ websites.
We recommend setting up two-factor authentication on accounts that have your valuable information first. This includes sites like Dropbox that store your social security, email, credit card, bank account, etc.
Now that you understand the basics of two-factor authentication, let’s go over the different forms.
Two-factor authentication is offered in multiple forms including SMS codes (text message), email codes, authenticator apps and more. We will review the most popular two-factor authentication options below.
What are they?
SMS Codes are standard authentication codes sent to your phone via text message every time you log in to a site.
Recently SMS codes have come under scrutiny for being an old protocol. While it is not the most secure option, it is better than nothing. Over time companies will move away from SMS toward more secure methods.
What are they?
Some services have the option to send an authorization code to your email. It’s the same an SMS code but sent to your email vs. your phone number.
In conclusion, using something that you access via multiple devices to send authentication codes to is probably not the best option.
What are they?
There are multiple authenticator applications on the market including Google Authenticator, Authy, Duo, and many others. When you setup an account, a secure key is created and shared with your phone applications via a QR code. The key is then encrypted on both ends to create a new code every 30 seconds or so.
Aside from the ones mentioned above, there are a few other types of two-factor authentication, though they’re far less popular.
For example, phone call codes are similar to SMS codes, just transmitted over a call. Hardware keys are another type. With these, an authentication code either changes frequently or connects to your device via USB.
Enabling two-factor authentication isn’t a surefire way to prevent a security issue, but it’s extremely helpful.
As Temecula Valley’s #1 IT support managed services provider, we would be happy to answer any additional questions you have about two-factor authentication. Email or give us a call today. | <urn:uuid:cecc3255-8800-4ae0-a403-6616616e6a34> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.helixstorm.com/blog/how-to-set-up-two-factor-authentication/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.923875 | 1,036 | 2.828125 | 3 |
OpenDNS tool secures DNS traffic
OpenDNS unveiled a preview of DNSCrypt, a new technology that improves both the security and privacy of Internet users, particularly those on unsecured wireless hotspots and residential ISP networks. The technology is being open-sourced.
DNS has historically been one of the many insecure parts of the Internet’s critical infrastructure – even considering decade-plus attempts to improve it with technologies like DNSSEC. Despite DNSSEC, and the global improvements resulting from Dan Kaminsky’s discovery of a critical flaw in the DNS, there remains an inherent insecurity in the DNS protocol itself: it is transported in plaintext, unencrypted and in the open.
This insecure connection between the end user and their DNS resolver, which might be described as the “last mile,” is ripe for abuse, and has been abused in the past. The insecure nature of that “last mile” connection enables an array or attacks and privacy violations. In truth, Internet users have very little privacy when accessing the Internet on unsecured wireless networks and as a result, are left highly vulnerable.
DNSCrypt is significant because it encrypts all DNS traffic between Internet users and OpenDNS. This technological advancement thwarts efforts by attackers, or even Internet Service Providers (ISPs), from spying on DNS activity, or worse, maliciously redirecting DNS traffic.
In the same way the SSL turns HTTP Web traffic into HTTPS encrypted Web traffic, DNSCrypt turns regular DNS traffic into encrypted DNS traffic that is secure from eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks. It doesn’t require any changes to domain names or how they work, it simply provides a method for securely encrypting communication between Internet users and OpenDNS servers in the OpenDNS data centers.
DNSCrypt protects Internet users and prevents three primary threats and privacy violations:
Spying: Attackers, ISPs and governments regularly use DNS to spy on Internet users’ online activity. OpenDNS security experts see this principal privacy violation occur frequently around the world, including in the United States. DNSCrypt prevents this spying, and attempts to thwart known DNS replay, observation, and timing attacks.
Man-in-the-middle attacks: The term describes when an attacker intercepts communication and impersonates both the Internet user and the website he or she is visiting. DNSCrypt prevents man-in-the-middle attacks by preventing insertion of unauthenticated and unencrypted DNS packets, giving Internet users greater confidence in the authenticity of the websites they’re visiting.
Resolver impersonation: It’s possible that ISPs or other intermediaries could hijack DNS traffic destined for sites like OpenDNS, Google, and others transparently. It’s important that users who choose to use a third-party DNS service have the confidence in knowing their packets are being answered by their designated third-party and are not being re-routed and answered fraudulently.
“DNSCrypt is a critical advancement for the DNS, for global Internet security efforts and for the Internet at large,” said OpenDNS CEO David Ulevitch. “The technology empowers Internet users to secure their own Internet and DNS use and protect themselves from nefarious activity that happens through their DNS connection, but also to insulate themselves from their Internet Service Provider’s uninhibited access to their DNS activity and domain lookup history. All Internet users have a right to privacy and DNSCrypt gives them both that and a heightened level of security.” | <urn:uuid:5dd9c3c1-7867-4a40-b7a3-3f76388d2c1a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2011/12/08/opendns-tool-secures-dns-traffic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.93528 | 738 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Pilgrims, Warriors, Heretics: Who Were the Knights Templar?
By Dan Jones
The Templars were holy soldiers: men of religion and men of the sword, pilgrims and warriors, paupers and bankers. Their uniforms, emblazoned with a red cross, symbolized the blood Christ had shed for mankind and that they themselves were prepared to spill in the Lord’s service. Although the Templars were only one among a host of religious orders that sprang up in medieval Europe and the Holy Land between the 11th and 14th centuries, they were by far the best known—and the most controversial.
Their order was a product of the Crusades, the wars instigated by the medieval Church, which took aim primarily (although not exclusively) at the Islamic rulers of Palestine, Syria, Asia Minor, Egypt, northwest Africa and southern Spain.
Fresco depicting Knights Templar going into battle, from La Chapelle de Cressac, France. Credit: Interfoto/Alamy Stock Photo
As such, Templars could be found across a vast swath of the Mediterranean world and beyond: on the battlefields of the Near East and in towns and villages throughout Europe, where they managed extensive estates that funded their military adventures. The word “Templars”—shorthand for “the Poor Knighthood of the Temple” or, less frequently, “the Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and the Temple of Jerusalem”—advertised their origins on the Temple Mount in Christianity’s holiest city. But their presence was felt almost everywhere. Even in their own lifetimes the Templars were semi-legendary figures, featuring in popular stories, artworks, ballads and histories. They were part of the mental landscape of the crusades—a position they still occupy today.
The Templars were founded in 1119 on the principles of chastity, obedience and poverty—the last of which was memorialized in the master’s special seal, showing two armed brothers sharing a single horse. A 68-point code of Templar conduct, called “The Rule,” outlined strict rules of behavior—a lifestyle that emphasized simplicity and equality among brothers. Fashionwise, many marks of conventional knighthood were explicitly banned. Templars were to wear habits of all white, a symbol of purity and complete chastity. No rich fabrics or ornate accessories. No fur. No gold or silver on a horse’s bridle, spurs or stirrups. On the topic of trendy footwear, which in the early-12th century could be quite flamboyant, the Rule states: “We prohibit pointed shoes and shoe laces and forbid any brother to wear them...for it is well known that these abominable things belong to pagans.” And if fashion rules were broken? According to the Rule, “If any brother out of a feeling of pride or arrogance wishes to have as his due a better and finer habit, let him be given the worst.”
Despite the emphasis on poverty, the order soon grew rich and influential. Senior Templar officials in the Holy Land and the West counted among their friends (and enemies) kings and princes, queens and countesses, patriarchs and popes. The order helped finance wars, loaned money to pay kings’ ransoms, subcontracted the financial management of royal governments, collected taxes, built castles, ran cities, raised armies, interfered in trade disputes, engaged in private wars against other military orders, carried out political assassinations and even helped make men kings. From meager beginnings they became as mighty an outfit as existed during the later Middle Ages.
Map of the Holy Land, c. 1119. Credit: Map Courtesy Jeffrey Ward
Of course, there were dissenters. To some observers the order was dangerously unaccountable and a corruption of the supposedly peaceful principles of Christianity. At times the Templars were the subject of fierce attacks, particularly from scholars and monks suspicious of their privileged status. Bernard of Clairvaux—a sort of godfather to the order—hailed the Templars as “a new knighthood,” but a century later another learned French monk dismissed them as “a new monstrosity.”
Nevertheless, the sudden dissolution of the order in the early 14th century—which involved mass arrests, persecution, torture, show trials, group burnings and the seizure of all the Templars’ assets—shocked the whole of Christendom. Within a few years the order was shut down, wound up and dissolved, its members accused of a list of crimes designed specifically to cause outrage and disgust. The end came so suddenly and so violently that it only added to the Templar legend. Today, more than 700 years after their demise, the Templars remain the object of fascination, imitation and obsession.
13th-century illustration of the Templar seal, depicting two Templars riding on one horse. Credit: Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images
So who were the Templars? It is sometimes hard to tell. Featured in numerous works of fiction, television shows and films, the Templars have been presented variously as heroes, martyrs, thugs, bullies, victims, criminals, perverts, heretics, depraved subversives, guardians of the Holy Grail, protectors of Christ’s secret bloodline and time-traveling agents of global conspiracy.
In fact, their real deeds were even more extraordinary than the romances, half-truths and voodoo histories that have swirled around them since they fell. Theirs is a tale of a seemingly endless war in Palestine, Syria and Egypt, where factions of Sunni and Shi’a Muslims clashed with militant Christian invaders from the West. Their story chronicles a “globalized,” tax-exempt organization that grew so rich that it became more powerful than some governments. It tells of the relationship between international finance and geopolitics, and of the power of propaganda and mythmaking. And it pulls back the curtain on centuries of violence, treachery, betrayal and greed.
To understand it all, we have to start in Jerusalem, in the aftermath of the First Crusade…
COMING SOON - KNIGHTFALL, the exciting new drama series from HISTORY. | <urn:uuid:38fff6d6-ead1-4d6e-b4bb-84847c0a99b0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.history.com/shows/knightfall/pages/who-were-the-knights-templar | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.962183 | 1,305 | 3.546875 | 4 |
As the official superintendent of the Union Army’s newly minted nursing corps, Dorothea Dix had a clear vision of what her nurses should look like. Only women between the ages of thirty or thirty-five and fifty would be accepted. “Neatness, order, sobriety and industry” were required; “matronly persons of experience, good conduct or superior education” were preferred.
Dix turned away many able applicants because she thought they were too young, attractive, or frivolous. Twenty-three- year-old Cornelia Hancock, for instance, was preparing to board the train to Gettysburg with a number of women many years older than she was when Dix appeared on the scene to inspect the prospective nurses. She pronounced all of the nurses suitable except for Hancock, whom she objected to on the grounds of her “youth and rosy cheeks.” Hancock simply boarded the train while her companions argued with Dix. When she reached Gettysburg, three days after the battle, the need for nurses was so great that no one worried about her age or appearance. Too inexperienced to help with the physical needs of the soldiers, she went from wounded soldier to wounded soldier, paper, pencil and stamps in hand, and spent the first night writing farewell letters from soldiers to their families and friends. When wagons of provisions began to arrive, Hancock helped herself to bread and jelly, then divided loaves into portions that could be swallowed by weak and wounded men.
She quickly became accustomed to the realities of the battlefield, telling a cousin in a letter written on her second day in the field “I do not mind the sight of blood, have seen limbs taken off and was not sick at all.” In fact, she proved to be such a dedicated nurse that the wounded soldiers of Third Division Second Army Corps presented her with a silver medal inscribed Testimonial of regard for ministrations of mercy to the wounded soldiers at Gettysburg, Pa. -—July 1863. (She also had a dance tune named after her, the Hancock Gallop–a tribute that I suspect none of Dix’s middle-aged matrons received from the soldiers under their care.)
Hancock worked as a nurse for the rest of the war, tending the wounded after the battle of the Wilderness, Fredericksburg, Port Royal, White House Landing, City Point and Petersburg. She was one of the first Union nurses to arrive in Richmond after its capture on April 3, 1865.
After the war, Hancock helped found a freedman’s school in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, where she taught ex-slaves for a decade. (At one point those who objected to the concept of education for black children riddled the schoolhouse with fifty bullets.) When she moved back north to Philadelphia, she helped found the Children’s Aid Society of Pennsylvania.
Hancock became a posthumous best-selling author in 1937, when her charming and insightful letters from the battlefield were published under the title South After Gettysburg. They are now available under the title Letters of a Civil War Nurse–well worth the read if you are interested in Civil War nurses or daily life in a Union army camp behind the lines. | <urn:uuid:60f88068-35c8-47fd-99d8-1b81100f6a56> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.historyinthemargins.com/2016/03/18/cornelia-hancock-civil-war-nurse-reformer-muse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.977415 | 663 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The HCP (a.k.a."original" or main HCP, HCP Young Adult, HCP-YA) is mapping the healthy human connectome by collecting and freely distributing neuroimaging and behavioral data on 1,200 normal young adults, aged 22-35.
The project was carried out in two phases by a consortium of over 100 investigators and staff at 10 institutions. In Phase I (years 1–2, Fall 2010–Spring 2012), data acquisition and analysis methods were optimized, including refinements to pulse sequences and key preprocessing steps.. In Phase II (years 3 – 5, Summer 2012–Fall 2015), neuroimaging and behavioral data were acquired from 1,200 healthy adults recruited from ~300 families of twins and their non twin siblings.
To obtain brain connectivity maps of the highest quality, HCP employed cutting-edge MR hardware, including 3T and 7T MR scanners and customized head coils. 3T MR was completed on a single Siemens Skyra Connectom scanner for 1113 subjects at Washington University, 7T MR was collected on a subset of 184 subjects on a Siemens Magnetom scanner at UMinn, and MEG data was collected on 95 subjects at St. Louis University (see Phase II: Logistics of Data Acquisition). Datasets have been released publicly at regular intervals, thereby enabling many explorations and analyses of brain circuitry even as data was collected.
Brain connectivity is explored using two powerful and complementary MR imaging modalities: diffusion imaging and resting-state fMRI.
Additional information about brain structure and function was obtained using Task fMRI, in which subjects carry out a variety of behavioral tasks in the MR scanner. Behavioral testing using a large battery of tests to assess individual differences and sensory, motor, and cognitive function enables assessment of brain circuits associated with particular behavioral features or traits.
95 subjects (~50 twin pairs) were additionally studied using magnetoencephalography (MEG), yielding information about brain function on a millisecond time scale.
HCP subjects include twins and their non-twin siblings (see Recruitment), which enables exploration of the heritability of various brain circuits. Genotyping of all subjects will enable genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to evaluate genetic influences on brain circuitry.
The massive amounts of experimental data of many different types obtained by the HCP allow for integration (see: multi-modal integration) using a variety of analysis and visualization tools, including network modeling tools.
A robust, reliable, and user-friendly informatics platform facilitating data mining, analysis, and visualization has enabled investigators around the world to capitalize on these enormously rich datasets. Extensive outreach efforts continue to support and educate the scientific community about using these datasets and how to apply HCP methods in subsequent studies. We provide a variety of training opportunities including an annual HCP course to promote utilization of the data and the associated tools.
The Human Connectome Project is providing a treasure trove of neuroimaging and behavioral data at an unprecedented level of detail. This data continues to shed light on the profound anatomical and functional complexity of the healthy human brain (see A Neurobiologically Grounded Connectome).
The member universities of the Human Connectome Project take privacy very seriously, whether dealing with participant data or the data of those visiting this website.
The participant data from our research into the Human Connectome that is stored in our XNAT server is de-identified, and contains no personal health information (PHI).
Our website collects names and email addresses via our contact form. This information is used solely by the administrators and members of the HCP website and is not shared, traded or sold to third parties under any circumstances.
Our website may also collect non-personal data about site visits, sessions, and IP addresses. This information is only used for diagnostic or debugging purposes, to help us optimize our website's performance, and is not shared externally. This is a standard practice for most websites, and this data is never linked with personally identifiable information.
This website contains links to other websites whose content we think is relevant. However, the HCP website is not responsible for maintaining or updating the content of these other sites. If any of these sites are found to contain irrelevant or offensive information, please contact us. | <urn:uuid:9981410f-4c74-489a-88d2-2d4c19a8b30f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.humanconnectome.org/study/hcp-young-adult/overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.925333 | 871 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Living without plastics
Aberporth, the world's first plastic-free village
Living without plastics is possible. At least it is in Aberporth, a small tourist village on the west coast of Wales. Its 1,100 inhabitants have reduced their consumption to make their village the world's first plastic-free community thanks to Plastic-free Aberporth, an initiative led by local resident and filmmaker Gail Tudor.
We live in a plastic world. Of the plastic existing today, 44% has been manufactured since 2000 and according to Greenpeace, by 2020 we will have 900% more plastic than we did in 1980. As if that was not enough, 40% of the plastic we produce is used for disposable packaging, and we recycle less than one fifth.
The inhabitants of Aberporth, on the west coast of Wales, have mobilised to live without disposable plastics. In just a few months they managed to reduce their consumption to zero thanks to their collective efforts and to Gail Tudor, a local filmmaker and creator of the Plastic-free Aberporth campaign.
This initiative was born in 2017 after she took a boat trip round the coastline of Britain to see the effects of plastic in the sea. The British filmmaker understood the seriousness of the problem, not only for the environment but also for our health: pieces of plastic can become detached from larger items and be consumed by fish and aquatic animals and then reach humans through the food chain. When she returned, she spoke with her neighbours with the aim of achieving a village free from non-biodegradable plastics.
Gail Tudor created the Plastic-free Aberporth Facebook page and invited all her neighbours to join her so that they could keep up with what was happening. Since then, they have posted messages, news, photos and videos related to the cause.
Easy tips for living without plastics
Local companies and Aberporth residents joined the campaign to live without plastics, which promotes actions as simple as:
- Replacing plastic straws with paper straws or biodegradable materials in shops, homes, pubs and restaurants.
- Using reusable coffee cups and bags. Avoiding buying products wrapped in plastic and to boost buying unpackaged food.
- Not buying bottled water. Instead it is recommended to refill reusable metal or plastic bottles with tap water.
- In shops, cafés and restaurants, replacing plastic cutlery with wooden cutlery, milk cartons with jars or glass bottles, and sauce sachets with bottles or biodegradable containers.
- Using cardboard containers for takeaway food.
Aberporth's commitment to living without plastics is so strong that some catering establishments encourage their customers to bring their own cups from home, and there are even inhabitants who use bamboo toothbrushes. Charity fund-raising activities have also been held to raise money for the project.
The campaign is also aimed at tourists visiting the town. They are asked to respect the village's anti-plastic policy, to recycle or take away the garbage they generate, and not to throw waste on the beach or alongside the road.
Why is 'Plastic-free Aberporth' an important example?
Aberporth's effort has earned it the title of the world's first plastic-free community. Gail Tudor, who founded the campaign, has found success in small details. As she herself acknowledges, "this initiative is about individuals reflecting on their actions to see where they can improve".
Without a doubt, this village is an example of how a society can take measures to reduce the consumption of disposable plastic. With specific objectives and public backing we still have time to stop the deterioration of the planet and recover our polluted seas.
8 million tons of plastic
de plástico anuales
annually from the coasts,
800 times the weight of
the Eiffel Tower. | <urn:uuid:01eee6c0-106a-4a2d-8644-7333b95ca12f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.iberdrola.com/sustainability/living-without-plastics-aberporth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.959366 | 795 | 3.046875 | 3 |
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Bon Appetit? Your Brain Will Thank You
Food plays a significant role in improving your brain function. Watch this video to know what you need to add in your daily diet to make your memory sharp.
Do you want to improve your memory and cognitive skills? If yes, opt for nutritious food. Yes, food plays a vital role in shaping the structure of the brain and improving its function too. This is what nutritionist Jaffrey Schmidt states. The human brain feeds on energy that we get from food. It needs a good amount of fuel to keep working. So, you basically need to feed yourself with some of the nutrition-rich food like broccoli, nuts, berries, orange juice, etc. Broccoli is considered to be an excellent source of vitamin B, which can help in the breakdown of amino acid and protect your brain cells. Whereas berries are loaded with antioxidants that are known to neutralize the free radicals that can damage your brain cells. Other good food sources of antioxidants are sweet potatoes, spinach, tomatoes, etc. Additionally, you can have cheese that can improve your concentration with the help of calcium present in it. Watch this video to know about the right food to improve your brain function. | <urn:uuid:29bd94f2-1f0b-4607-9645-0e119e3c2368> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.india.com/video-gallery/bon-appetit-your-brain-will-thank-you-3835894/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.935658 | 284 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Many Ancient temples and sacred monuments were built in a true East and West alignment. You entered the from the west and faced the altar in the East. One such holy site with this alignment is the famous Rossyln Chapel in Scotland. It was founded on the autumn equinox in 1446 and was dedicated to St. Matthew.
Most of us are aware of the many esoteric conspiracies around Rosslyn Chapel’s relationship to the Knight’s Templar, the Masons, and the Holy Grail through the “Da Vinci Code” by Dan Brown. ” The site is also thought to have been originally an ancient Druid Holy site.
During my endless research into Invisible Architecture (for that future book!), I keep discovering such an amazing relationship between worship, acoustics and architecture. Rossyln Chapel is a perfected example of this – it has often been refereed to a “book carved in stone.”
The chapel stands on fourteen pillars, which form an arcade of twelve pointed arches on three sides of the nave. The three pillars at the east end of the chapel are named, from north to south: the Master Pillar, the Journeyman Pillar and, most famously, the Apprentice Pillar, showing the churches Masonic relationship. The pillars are covered with 213 intricately carved cubes, which protrude from them. A father and son team , Thomas and Stuart Mitchell realized that the designs on the cubes resembled the geometric patterns seen in Cymatics.
Cymatics, discovered by Hans Jenny, is essentially the study of how sound waves and frequencies influence matter. Jenny found patterns are formed by placing powder or sand on a flat surface and vibrating the surface at various frequencies. Different notes produce various shapes including flowers, diamonds and hexagons, called Chaldni patterns.
By matching these Chladni patterns with musical notes corresponding to the same frequencies, the father-and-son team of Thomas and Stuart Mitchell produced a tune which Stuart calls the Rosslyn Motet. “It is what we could call ‘frozen music’, a little like cryogenics. The music has been frozen in time by symbolism. It was only a matter of time before the symbolism began to ‘thaw out’ and begin to make sense to scientific and musical perception,” said T. Mitchell.
Using skills he learned as an RAF code-breaker during the Korean War and his lifetime knowledge of classical music, he finally realized they depicted the vibrations of musical notes. He said: “It was a Eureka moment to end all Eureka moments. Many angels were carrying musical instruments and some were even grouped as if they were a choir. But one angel gave me the biggest problem. He was carrying something and at first I thought it was musical instrument which had been lost in the mists of time. It was only when I realized that he was carrying a musical stave, the blueprint for all musical composition, that I knew I was looking at a secretly coded piece of music.”
Stuart Mitchell said the tunes could have been hidden because knowledge of harmonics may have been seen as dangerous, even heretical, by 15th Century church authorities. Interestingly the Devil’s Chord, diabolus in musica, makes an appearance in the music. “In the ceiling is this jump of an augmented fourth, in fact it opens up with an augmented fourth,” says Mitchell. “The Catholic Church had banned this interval (seven semitones) from medieval music as it was believed to be disturbing and therefore diabolical. Perhaps St Clair (founder of the chapel) was indeed challenging the authority of the church. The music itself, according to Mitchell is a mix of Celtic melodies and secular worship crossed with a kind of Christian worship, but not Catholic. What we have here is a recorded piece of music, it is almost like a compact disc from the 15th Century.” The Rosslyn Motet is avail on CD.
Here is a link, where you can take a virtual tour of the inside of Rosslyn Chapel with music. https://www.rodedwards.com/interactive-files/Rosslyn_Chapel/index.html | <urn:uuid:ad85980c-8f47-402f-b839-612ecb1045d4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.invisiblearchitecture.com/rosselyn-chapel-music-carved-in-stone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.973724 | 867 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Gennaio 12, 2021
Registrato originalmente: Giugno 24, 2020
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This lesson explains that the Hebrew letters are openings of Light, building blocks that are part of our spiritual DNA. These powerful energy channels are coded in the chart of the 72 Names of God. Here, Rachel Madar explores in depth how the 72 Names of God were formatted, and how they help us create miracles in life.
The 72 Names of God are not “names” in an ordinary sense. They represent a connection to the infinite spiritual current that flows through our realities. The ancient kabbalist Rav Shimon bar Yochai wrote in the Zohar that it was Moses, not the Creator, who parted the Red Sea, allowing the Israelites to narrowly escape Pharaoh and the Egyptian army. In order to accomplish this miracle, Moses combined the power of certainty with the formula of the 72 Names, giving him access to a higher cosmic power. This course delves deep into kabbalistic wisdom, helping us understand the origin, purpose, and power of the 72 Names of God to awaken the tremendous Light we all hold within ourselves. | <urn:uuid:7d08087e-1179-4471-b767-ea047b82eb93> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.kabbalah.com/it/online-courses/lessons/decoding-our-spiritual-dna/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.896796 | 261 | 2.984375 | 3 |
British Sign Language Level 1, Part 3
Not for credit
Available course dates:
From: 23 April 2024 To: 25 June 2024
By studying British Sign Language Level 1, you will be able to greet people, use numbers, times and dates, describe the weather, people and activities. Have a basic competence of everyday interaction with deaf people who use Sign Language. Have a basic understanding of the grammatical structure of British Sign Language. Be able to communicate in very basic everyday-life situations, including greetings, daily activities, finding your way, telling the time and date, describe the weather, people and activities. Have a basic competence of everyday interaction with deaf people who use Sign Language. Have developed an insight into British Sign Language life, culture and society.
What does this course cover?
Topics may include:
- The weather
- Building or rooming
- People in education, voluntary or paid work
- Learning, education, training and work
Functions may include:
- Describing the weather
- Describing buildings or rooms
- Asking for and giving directions
- Describing a daily routine
- Exchanging information about education, voluntary or paid work
- Exchanging information about people in education, voluntary or paid work
What will I achieve?
When British Sign Language Level 1 is complete, you will achieve the equivalent of the Level 1 award in British Sign Language.
*The above is an indication of content that may be covered over the duration of the course but it could vary depending on the level and progress of students in the class. | <urn:uuid:38409031-ec3f-4a89-bab3-bb4d8af972ff> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.kcl.ac.uk/short-courses/british-sign-language-level-1-part-3-standard | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.911885 | 322 | 2.625 | 3 |
Welcome to the LitCharts study guide on John Hersey's Hiroshima. Created by the original team behind SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world's best literature guides.
Hiroshima: Plot Summary
Hiroshima: Detailed Summary & Analysis
Hiroshima: Theme Wheel
Brief Biography of John Hersey
Historical Context of Hiroshima
Other Books Related to Hiroshima
- Full Title: Hiroshima
- When Written: The first chapters were written in the first half of 1946; Hersey later added additional chapters, including one written forty years after the bombing
- Where Written: New York City and the Solomon Islands (in the Pacific)
- When Published: The first portion of the book first appeared as the entirety of the August 31, 1946 issue of The New Yorker, and it later appeared as a full-length book in November 1946. In 1985, The New Yorker published another full-length Hersey piece on the aftermath of the bombing, which was later included in editions of Hiroshima.
- Literary Period: The book has been considered one of the founding texts of New Journalism, the journalistic technique of depicting nonfiction events with a narrative literary style. However, Hersey later said that he despised New Journalism, so he probably wouldn’t appreciate being remembered as its godfather!
- Genre: nonfiction
- Setting: Hiroshima, Japan, and surrounding towns
- Climax: None—the book follows characters through many stages in their lives, so that action never really “rises” or “falls”
- Antagonist: The United States, nuclear technology, or the indifferent Japanese state could all be considered antagonists
- Point of View: Third person omniscient (moving back and forth between the six main characters)
Extra Credit for Hiroshima
How to get a job by being a jerk. John Hersey was famous, and notorious, for his blunt, outspoken manner. As a young man, he wrote a long article on how horrible Time magazine’s journalism had become. Time’s editors read the article—and promptly hired Hersey to make the magazine better!
The sincerest form of flattery. John Hersey was a highly-respected journalist, but he had his share of detractors. In 1988, he gained some new enemies after he was found to have plagiarized large chunks of Laurence Bergreen’s biography of the writer James Agee for his own article on Agee in The New Yorker. Hersey was reportedly humiliated by the discovery, and he publicly apologized to Bergreen. But later, a reader discovered that Hersey had plagiarized other articles, too! | <urn:uuid:040f7571-107d-4104-8b1b-b253cedc2cdf> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.litcharts.com/lit/hiroshima | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.959555 | 546 | 3.21875 | 3 |
What is dermatitis?
Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is a condition that makes skin red and itchy. It's common in children but can occur at any age.
Atopic dermatitis is long lasting (chronic) and tends to flare periodically. It may be accompanied by asthma or hay fever.
How to treat?
- Regular skin care is the essential for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. The so-called base cream, which reduces the dryness of the skin, irritation and itching, suits well. Regular daily care relives itching and prevent new outbreaks.
- During the exacerbation of dermatitis, hormone reducing skin inflammation is used
- If allergens are known, avoid exposure to allergens
Family doctor/family nurse should contact:
- When dermatitis occurs for the first time
- In case of exacerbation of dermatitis
- To get home care recommendations
Doctors who can help
Sorry, no results found | <urn:uuid:86742b4a-0b66-4b6b-82b2-ed9644431e6b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.minudoc.ee/dermatitis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.907839 | 198 | 3.5 | 4 |
While plants differ from each other in terms of their tolerance for acidity or alkalinity, most plants do best in neutral soil. This is because roots cannot absorb nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium if the soil is too acidic, and they cannot absorb trace elements like iron, manganese and copper if the soil is too alkaline. When a garden bed is being restored, it is important to test the pH of the soil and ascertain whether it needs to be adjusted. Alkaline soils can be made more acidic by using iron sulfate, or in serious cases, elemental sulphur. Acid soils require lime. Always work with an experienced gardener if you are attempting to adjust soil pH.
Soil pH can be measured using a simple kit which includes an indicator that changes colour according to the level of acidity.
Cow manure and compost can sometimes be alkaline. This is because ammonia is generated in the early stages as the manure (or compost) breaks down. In a moist environment, in the absence of oxygen, ammonia creates soil alkalinity. To overcome this, the manure or compost needs to be thoroughly aerated (tossed and turned in air and left to adjust).
At MBCG we currently tend to have slightly alkaline soil, in part because our bulk soil deliveries over the past three years have included some mushroom compost. This compost usually contains lime (calcium carbonate). To adjust our soil back to neutral, we are using coconut coir (which is mildly acidic), iron sulfate in small and measured quantities, and possibly some elemental sulfur.
Our vegetable garden yields up plants (peas, beans, lettuces, tomatoes and so on) which we take away and eat. This means we are removing essential plant nutrients on a regular basis. A key part of our work must be to restore these nutrients to the soil, through adding compost and other fertilisers. In addition to the main nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium) trace elements are also needed. These are supplied through applying a careful sprinkling of rock dust. | <urn:uuid:d40b6dbe-651d-4981-bdd1-b914b6a0b1f7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.mortbaycommunitygarden.com.au/acidity-and-alkalinity-of-soils/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.935759 | 423 | 3.46875 | 3 |
A bountiful and healthy Wadden Sea is an indispensable link in the life cycles of many migratory birds and fish. This is why the Wadden Fund and the three Wadden provinces – Groningen, Friesland and Noord-Holland – strive for the creation of such a rich Wadden Sea. To this end, the Wadden Fund granted a large subsidy to the ‘Wadden Mosaic’ project (Waddenmozaïek) by Natuurmonumenten, the University of Groningen and Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ). The aim of the project is to determine the condition of the underwater nature in the Wadden Sea and to test possible remedial measures.
Sand, silt, shells, rocks, mussel beds, sea-grass beds, flat oysters: the Wadden Sea bed comprises a diverse mosaic landscape. There are, however, strong indications that the once varied underwater landscape has become more monotonous, with major consequences for fish and sea-bed dwellers. With Wadden Mosaic we aim to record the variation and biodiversity in the underwater of the Dutch Wadden Sea for the very first time. We also look at potential control measures for the protection and recovery of the subtidal Wadden Sea, the parts which are constantly underwater.
Five sub-projects have been formulated within the entire project. In the first sub-project, researchers from the RUG and NIOZ will map the underwater landscape. The other sub-projects will focua on include a practical experiments in which the researchers will test the effectiveness of the control measures, such as the closure of areas for soil-disruptive fishing (RUG), the re-introduction of hard subtrates, the recovery of sea-grass beds (RUG) and of oyster and mussel beds (NIOZ). The acquired knowledge will help informed decision making by managers of the area.
The Wadden Mosaic project is part of the overarching ‘Wadden Tools’ project. Four projects fall under this umbrella, oriented around measures regarding underwater diversity, fish migration, migratory and breeding birds. These projects jointly aim to improve the management of the Wadden Sea, making it healthier and more bountiful. | <urn:uuid:831847e3-57ee-42d5-8554-3a0ac71db3ff> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.nioz.nl/en/research/projects/4425-6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.914249 | 461 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Protecting Cultural Landscapes
Table of Contents
- Developing a Strategy and Seeking Assistance
- Preservation Planning for Cultural Landscapes
- Developing a Historic Preservation Approach and Treatment Plan
- Developinga Preservation Maintenance Plan and Implementation
- Recording TreatmentWork and Future Research Recommendations
- Selected Reading
Cultural landscapes can range from thousands of acres of ruraltractsof land to a small homestead with a front yard of lessthan one acre. Likehistoric buildings and districts, these specialplaces reveal aspects ofour country's origins and developmentthrough their form and features andthe ways they were used. Culturallandscapes also reveal much about ourevolving relationship withthe natural world.
A cultural landscape is defined as "a geographic area,includingboth cultural and natural resources and the wildlifeor domestic animalstherein, associated with a historic event,activity, or person or exhibitingother cultural or aestheticvalues." There are four general types ofcultural landscapes,not mutually exclusive: historic sites, historicdesigned landscapes,historicvernacular landscapes, and ethnographic landscapes.Theseare defined on the Table on page 2.1
Historic landscapes include residential gardensand communityparks, scenic highways, rural communities, institutionalgrounds, cemeteries,battlefields and zoological gardens. Theyare composed of a number of characterdefining features whichindividually or collectively contribute to the landscape'sphysicalappearance as they have evolved over time. In addition to vegetationandtopography, cultural landscapes may include water featuressuch as ponds,streams, and fountains; circulation features suchas roads, paths, steps,and walls; buildings; and furnishings,including fences, benches, lightsand sculptural objects.
Most historic properties have a cultural landscape component thatisintegral to the significance of the resource. Imagine a residentialdistrictwithout sidewalks, lawns and trees or a plantation withbuildings but noadjacent lands. A historic property consistsof all its cultural resources- landscapes, buildings, archeologicalsites and collections. In some culturallandscapes, there maybe a total absence of buildings.
This Preservation Brief provides preservation professionals, culturalresourcemanagers, and historic property owners a step-by-stepprocess for preservinghistoric designed and vernacular landscapes,two types of cultural landscapes.While this process is ideallyapplied to an entire landscape, it can addressa single featuresuch as a perennial garden, family burial plot, or a sentineloakin an open meadow. This Brief provides a framework and guidancefor 9 undertakingprojects to ensure a successful balance betweenhistoric preservation andchange.
Historic Designed Landscape - a landscape that wasconsciouslydesigned or laid out by a landscape architect, mastergardener, architect,or horticulturist according to design principles,or an amateur gardenerworking in a recognized style or tradition.The landscape may be associatedwith a significant person(s),trend, or event in landscape architecture;or illustrate an importantdevelopment in the theory and practice of landscapearchitecture.Aesthetic values play a significant role in designed landscapes.Examplesinclude parks, campuses, and estates.
Historic Vernacular Landscape - a landscape thatevolvedthrough use by the people whose activities or occupancyshaped that landscape.Through social or cultural attitudes ofan individual, family or a community,the landscape reflects thephysical, biological, and cultural characterof those everydaylives. Function plays a significant role in vernacularlandscapes.They can be a single property such as a farm or a collectionofproperties such as a district of historic farms along a rivervalley.Examples include rural villages, industrial complexes,and agriculturallandscapes.
Historic Site - a landscape significant for itsassociationwith a historic event, activity, or person. Examplesinclude battlefieldsand president's house properties.
Ethnographic Landscape - a landscape containinga varietyof natural and cultural resources that associated peopledefine as heritageresources. Examples are contemporary settlements,religious sacred sitesand massive geological structures. Smallplant communities, animals, subsistenceand ceremonial groundsare often components.
Nearly all designed and vernacular landscapes evolve from, orare oftendependent on, natural resources. It is these interconnectedsystems of land,air and water, vegetation and wildlife whichhave dynamic qualities thatdifferentiate cultural landscapesfrom other cultural resources, such ashistoric structures. Thus, their documentation,treatment, and ongoing managementrequire a comprehensive, multi-disciplinaryapproach.
Today, those involved in preservation planning and managementfor culturallandscapes represent a broad array of academic backgrounds,training, andrelated project experience. Professionals may haveexpertise in landscapearchitecture, history, landscape archeology,forestry, agriculture, horticulture,pomology, pollen analysis,planning, architecture, engineering (civil, structural,mechanical,traffic), cultural geography, wildlife, ecology, ethnography,interpretation,material and object conservation, landscape maintenanceand management.Historians and historic preservation professionalscan bring expertise inthe history of the landscape, architecture,art, industry, agriculture,society and other subjects. Landscapepreservation teams, including on-sitemanagement teams and independentconsultants, are often directed by a landscapearchitect withspecific expertise in landscape preservation. It is highlyrecommendedthat disciplines relevant to the landscapes' inherent featuresberepresented as well.
Additional guidance may be obtained from State Historic PreservationOffices,local preservation commissions, the National Park Service,local and statepark agencies, national and state chapters ofthe American Society of LandscapeArchitects, the Alliance forHistoric Landscape Preservation, the NationalAssociation of OlmstedParks, and the Catalog of Landscape Records in theUnited Statesat Wave Hill among others.2
A range of issues may need to be addressed when considering howa particularcultural landscape should be treated. This may includethe in-kind replacementof declining vegetation, reproductionof furnishings, rehabilitation ofstructures, accessibility provisionsfor people with disabilities, or thetreatment of industrial propertiesthat are rehabilitated for new uses.
Careful planning prior to undertaking work can help prevent irrevocabledamageto a cultural landscape. Professional techniques for identifying,documenting,evaluating and preserving cultural landscapes haveadvanced during the past25 years and are continually being refined.Preservation planning generallyinvolves the following steps:historical research; inventory and documentationof existing conditions;site analysis and evaluation of integrity and significance;developmentof a cultural landscape preservation approach and treatmentplan;development of a cultural landscape management plan and managementphilosophy;the development of a strategy for ongoing maintenance;and preparation ofa record of treatment and future research recommendations.
The steps in this process are not independent of each other, norarethey always sequential. In fact, information gathered in onestep may leadto a re-examination or refinement of previous steps.For example, fieldinventory and historical research are likelyto occur simultaneously, andmay reveal unnoticed cultural resourcesthat should be protected.
The treatment and management of cultural landscape should alsobe consideredin concert with the management of an entire historicproperty. As a result,many other studies may be relevant. Theyinclude management plans, interpretiveplans, exhibit design,historic structures reports, and other.
These steps can result in several products including a CulturalLandscapeReport (also known as a Historic Landscape Report),statements for management,interpretive guide, maintenance guideand maintenance records.
Cultural Landscape Reports
A Cultural Landscape Report (CLR) is the primary report that documentsthehistory, significance and treatment of a cultural landscape.A CLR evaluatesthe history and integrity of the landscape includingany changes to itsgeographical context, features, materials,and use.
CLWs are often prepared when a change (e.g. a new visitor's centerorparking area to a landscape) is proposed. In such instances,a CLR can bea useful tool to protect the landscape's character-definingfeatures fromundue wear, alteration or loss. A CLR can providemanagers, curators andothers with information needed to makemanagement decisions.
A CLR will often yield new information about a landscape's historicsignificanceand integrity, even for those already listed on theNational Register. Whereappropriate, National Register filesshould be amended to reflect the newfindings.
Research is essential before undertaking any treatment. Findingswillhelp identify a landscape's historic period(s) of ownership,occupancy anddevelopment, and bring greater understanding ofthe associations and characteristicsthat make the landscape orhistory significant. Research findings providea foundation tomake educated decisions for work, and can also facilitateongoingmaintenance and management operations, interpretation and eventualcompliancerequirements.
A variety of primary and secondary sources may be consulted. Primaryarchivalsources can include historic plans, surveys, plats, taxmaps, atlases, U.S. Geological Survey maps, soil profiles, aerialphotographs, photographs,stereoscopic views, glass lantern slides,postcards, engravings, paintings,newspapers, journals, constructiondrawings, specifications, plant lists,nursery catalogs, householdrecords, account books and personal correspondence.Secondarysources include monographs, published histories, theses, NationalRegisterforms, survey data, local preservation plans, state contextsand scholarlyarticles.
Contemporary documentary resources should also be consulted. Thismayinclude recent studies, plans, surveys, aerial and infraredphotographs,Soil Conservation Service soil maps, inventories,investigations and interviews.Oral histories of residents, managers,and maintenance personnel with along tenure or historical associationcan be valuable sources of informationabout changes to a landscapeover many years. Forproperties listed inthe National Register, nomination forms should be consulted.
Preparing Period Plans
In the case of designed landscapes, even though a historic designplanexists, it does not necessarily mean that it was realizedfully, or evenin part. Based on a review of the archival resourcesoutlined above, andthe extant landscape today, an as-builtperiod plan may be delineated.For all successive tenures of ownership, occupancyand landscape change,period pl us should be generated. Periodplans can document to the greatestextent possible the historic appearanceduring a particular periodof ownership, occupancy, or development. Periodplans should bebased on primary archival sources and should avoid conjecture.Featuresthat are based on secondary or less accurate sourcesshould be graphicallydifferentiated. Ideally, all referencedarchival sources should be annotatedand footnoted directly onperiod plans.
Where historical data is missing, period plans should reflectany gapsin the CLR narrative text and these limitations consideredin future treatmentdecisions (See Treatments for Cultural Landscapeson page 13.)
Inventorying and Documenting Existing Conditions
Both physical evidence in the landscape and historic documentationguidethe historic preservation plan and treatments. To documentexisting conditions,intensive field investigation and reconnaissanceshould be conducted atthe same time that documentary researchis being gathered. Information shouldbe exchanged among preservationprofessionals, historians, technicians,local residents, managersand visitors.
To assist in the survey process, National Register Bulletins havebeenpublished by the National Park Service to aid in identifying,nominatingand evaluating designed and rural historic landscapes.Additionally, Bulletinsare available for specific landscape typessuch as battlefields, miningsites, and cemeteries.6
Although there are several ways to inventory and document a landscape,thegoal is to create a baseline from a detailed record of thelandscape andits features as they exist at the present (consideringseasonal variations).7Each landscape inventory should addressissues of boundary delineation,documentation methodologies and techniques, the limitationsof the inventory,and the scope of inventory efforts. These aremost often influenced by thetimetable, budget, project scope,and the purpose of the inventory and,depending on the physicalqualities of the property, its scale, detail,and the interrelationshipbetween natural and cultural resources. For example,inventoryobjectives to develop a treatment plan may differ considerablycomparedto those needed to develop an ongoing maintenance plan.Once the criteriafor a landscape inventory are developed andtested, the methodology shouldbe explained.
Preparing Existing Condition Plans
Inventory and documentation may be recorded in plans, sections,photographs,aerial photographs, axonometric perspectives, narratives,video-or any combinationof techniques. Existing conditions shouldgenerally be documented to scale,drawn by hand or generated bycomputer. The scale of the drawings is oftendetermined by thesize and complexity of the landscape. Some landscapesmay requiredocumentation at more than one scale. For example, a large estatemaybe documented at a small scale to depict its spatialand visual relationships,while the discrete area around an estate mansionmay require a larger scaleto illustrate individual plant materials,pavement patterns and other details.The same may apply to anentire rural historic district and a fencedvegetable garden containedwithin.
When landscapes are documented in photographs, registrationpointscan be set to indicate the precise location and orientationof features.Registration points should correspond to significantforms, features and spatial relationships within the landscapeandits surrounds. The points mayalso correspondto historic views to illustrate the change in the landscapetodate. These locations may also be used as a management tool todocumentthe landscape's evolution, and to ensure that its character-definingfeaturesare preserved over time through informed maintenanceoperations and latertreatment and management decisions.
All features that contribute to the landscape's historic charactershouldbe recorded. These include the physical features describedon page 1 (e.g.topography, circulation), and the visual and spatialrelationships thatare character defining. The identificationof existing plants, should bespecific, including genus, species,common name, age (if known) and size.The woody, and if appropriate,herbaceous plant material should be accuratelylocated on theexisting conditions map. To ensure full representation ofsuccessionalherbaceous plants, care should be taken to document the landscapeindifferent seasons, if possible.
Treating living plant materials as a curatorial collection hasalso beenundertaken at some cultural landscapes. This process,either done manuallyor by computer, can track the condition andmaintenance operations on individualplants. Some sites, suchas the Frederick Law Olmsted National HistoricSite, in Brookline,Massachusetts have developed a field investigation numberingsystemto track all woody plants. (See Table, page 9) Due to concernforthe preservation of genetic diversity and the need to replacesignificantplant materials, a number of properties are beginningto propagate historicallyimportant rare plants that are no longercommercially available, unique,or possess significant historicassociations. Such herbarium collectionsbecome a part of a site'snatural history collection.
Once the research and the documentation of existing conditionshave beencompleted, a foundation is in place to analyze the landscape'scontinuityand change, determine its significance, assess itsintegrity, and placeit within the historic context of similarlandscapes.
Reading the Landscape
A noted geographer stated, "The attempt to derive meaningfrom landscapespossesses overwhelming virtue. It keeps us constantlyalert to the worldaround us, demanding that we pay attentionnot just to some of the thingsaround us but to all of them-thewhole visible world in all of its rich,glorious, messy, confusing,ugly, and beautiful complexity."4
Landscapes can be read on many levels-landscape as nature, habitat,artifact,system, problem, wealth, ideology, history, place andaesthetic.5 When developinga strategy to document a culturallandscape, it is important to attemptto read the landscape inits context of place and time.
Reading the landscape, like engaging in archival research, requiresaknowledge of the resource and subject area as well as a willingnessto beskeptical. As with archival research, it may involve serendipitousdiscoveries.Evidence gained from reading the landscape may confirmor contradict otherfindings and may encourage the observer andthe historian to revisit bothprimary and secondary sources with a fresh outlook.Landscape investigationmay also stimulate other forms of researchand survey, such as oral historiesor archeological investigations,to supplement what appeared on-site.
There are many ways to read a landscape-whatever approach is takenshouldprovide a broad overview. This may be achieved by combiningon-the-groundobservations with a bird's-eye perspective. To beginthis process, aerialphotographs should be reviewed to gain anorientation to the landscape andits setting. Aerial photographscome in different sizes and scales, andcan thus portray differentlevels of detail in the landscape. Aerial photographstaken ata high altitude, for example, may help to reveal remnant fieldpatternsor traces of an abandoned circulation system; or, portionsof axial relationshipsthat were part of the original design,since obscured by encroaching woodlandareas. Low altitude aerialphotographs can point out individual featuressuch as the arrangementof shrub and herbaceous borders, and the exact locationsof furnishings,lighting, and fence alignments. This knowledge can provebeneficialbefore an on-site visit.
Aerial photographs provide clues that can help orient the viewerto thelandscape. The next step may be to view the landscape froma high pointsuch as a knoll or an upper floor window. Such avantage point may providean excellent transition before physicallyentering the cultural landscape.
On ground, evidence should then be studied, including character-definingfeatures,visual and spatial relationships. By reviewing supportingmaterials fromhistoric research, individual features can be understoodin a systematicfashion that show the continuum that exists onthe ground today. By classifyingthese features and relationships,the landscape can be understood as anartifact, possessing evidenceof evolving natural systems and human interventionsover time.
For example, the on-site investigation of an abandoned turn-of-the-centuryfarmcomplex reveals the remnant of a native oak and pine forestwhich was cutand burned in the mid-nineteenth century. This previoususe is confirmedby a small stand of mature oaks and the presenceof these plants in theemerging secondary woodland growth thatis overtaking this farm complexin decline. A ring count of thetrees can establish a more accurate age.By reading othercharacter-defining features-such as the traces ofold roads, remnanthedgerows, ornamental trees along boundary roads, foundationplantings,the terracing of grades and remnant fences -the visual, spatialandcontextual relationships of the property as it existed a centuryago maybe understood and its present condition and integrityevaluated.
The findings of on-site reconnaissance, such as materials uncoveredduringarchival research, may be considered primary data. Thesefindings make itpossible to inventory and evaluate the landscape'sfeatures in the contextof the property's current condition. Character-definingfeatures are locatedin situ, in relationship to each other andthe greater cultural and geographiccontexts.
Historic Plant Inventory
Within cultural landscapes, plants may have historical or botanicalsignificance.A plant may have been associated with a historicfigure or event or be partof a notable landscape design. A plantmay be an uncommon cultivar, exceptionalin size, age, rare andcommercially/ unavailable. If such plants are lost,there wouldbe a loss of historic integrity and biological diversity ofthecultural landscape. To ensure that significant plants are preserved,aninventory of historic plants is being conducted at the NorthAtlantic Regionof the National Park Service.8 Historical landscapearchitects work withlandscape managers and historians to gatheroral and documented historyon the plant's origin and potentialsignificance. Each plant is then examinedin the field by an experthorticulturist who records its name, condition,age, size, distribution,and, any notable botanic characteristics.
Plants that are difficult to identify or are of potential historicalsignificanceare further examined in the laboratory by a planttaxonomist who comparesleaf, fruit, and flower characteristicswith herbarium specimens for namedspecies, cultivars and varieties.For plants species with many cultivars,such as apples, roses,and grapes, specimens may be sent to specialistsfor identification.
If a plant cannot be identified, is dying or in decline, and unavailablefromcommercial nurseries, it may be propagated. Propagation ensuresthat whenrare and significant plants decline, they can be replacedwith genetically-identicalplants. Cuttings are propagated andgrown to replacement size in a NorthAtlantic Region HistoricPlant Nursery.
3. The Arnold Arboretum's horticulturist, landscape historian,and preservationtechnician examine shrubs at the Longfellow NationalHistoric Site in Cambridge,MA. (courtesy Olmsted Center)
Site Analysis: Evaluating Integrity and Significance
By analyzing the landscape, its change over time can be understood.Thismay be accomplished by overlaying the various period planswith the existingconditions plan. Based on these findings, individualfeatures may be attributedto the particular period when theywere introduced, and the various periodswhen they were present.
It is during this step that the historic significance ofthe landscapecomponent of a historic property and its integrityare determined. Historicsignificance is the recognized importancea property displays when it hasbeen evaluated, including whenit has been found to meet National RegisterCriteria.9 A landscapemay have several areas of historical significance.An understandingof the landscape as a continuum through history is criticalinassessing its cultural and historic value. In order for the landscapetohave integrity, these character-defining features or qualitiesthat contributeto its significance must be present.
While National Register nominations document the significanceand integrityof historic properties, in general, they may notacknowledge the significanceof the landscape's design or historicland uses, and may not contain aninventory of landscape featuresor characteristics. Additional researchis often necessary toprovide the detailed information about a landscape'sevolutionand significance useful in making decision for the treatment andmaintenanceof a historic landscape. Existing National Registerforms may be amendedto recognize additional areas of significanceand to include more completedescriptions of historic propertiesthat have significant land areas andlandscape features.
Integrity is a property's historic identity evidenced bythe survivalof physical characteristics from the property's historicor prehistoricperiod. The seven qualities of integrity are location,setting, feeling,association, design, workmanship and materials.10When evaluating thesequalities, care should be taken to considerchange itself. For example,when a second-generation woodlandovertakes an open pasture in a battlefieldlandscape, or a woodlandedge encloses a scenic vista. For situations suchas these, thereversibility and/or compatibility of those features shouldbeconsidered, both individually, and in the context of the overalllandscape.Together, evaluations of significance and integrity,when combined withhistoric
research, documentation of existing conditions, and analysis findings,influencelater treatment and interpretation decisions.
Treatment may be defined as work carried out to achieve a historicpreservationgoal-it cannot be considered in a vacuum. There aremany practical and philosophicalfactors that may influence theselection of a treatment for a landscape.These include the relativehistoric value of the property, the level ofhistoric documentation,existing physical conditions, its historic significanceand integrity,historic and proposed use (e.g. educational, interpretive,passive,active public, institutional or private), long- and short-termobjectives,operational and code requirements (e.g. accessibility,fire, security) andcosts for anticipated capital improvement,staffing and maintenance. Thevalue of any significant archeologicaland natural resources should alsobe considered in the decision-making process. Therefore,a cultural landscape'spreservation plan and the treatment selectedwill consider a broad arrayof dynamic and interrelated considerations.It will often take the formof a plan with detailed guidelinesor specifications.
Adopting such a plan, in concert with a preservation maintenanceplan(page 18-19), acknowledges a cultural landscape's ever-changingexistenceand the interrelationship of treatment and ongoing maintenance.Performancestandards, scheduling and record keeping of maintenanceactivities on aday-to-day or month-to-month basis, may then beplanned for. Treatment,management, and maintenance proposalscan be developed by a broad rangeof professionals and with expertisein such fields as landscape preservation,horticulture, ecology,and landscape maintenance.
The selection of a primary treatment for the landscape, utilizingtheSecretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment ofHistoric Properties,establishes an overall historic preservationapproach, as well as a philosophicalframework from which to operate.Selecting a treatment is based on manyfactors. They include managementand interpretation objectives for the propertyas a whole, theperiod(s) of significance, integrity, and condition of individuallandscapefeatures.
For all treatments, the landscape's existing conditions and itsabilityto convey historic significance should be carefully considered.For example,the life work, design philosophy and extant legacyof an individual designershould all be understood for a designedlandscape such as an estate, priorto treatment selection. Fora vernacular landscape, such as a battlefieldcontaining a largelyintact mid-nineteenth century family farm, the uniquenessof thatagrarian complex within a local, regional, state, and nationalcontextshould be considered in selecting a treatment.
The overall historic preservation approach and treatment approachcanensure the proper retention, care, and repair of landscapesand their inherentfeatures.11 In short, the Standards act asa preservation and managementtool for cultural landscapes. Thefour potential treatments are describedin the box opposite.
Landscape treatments can range from simple, inexpensive preservationactions,to complex major restoration or reconstruction projects.The progressiveframework is inverse in proportion to the retentionof historic featuresand materials. Generally, preservation involvesthe least change, and isthe most respectful of historic materials.It maintains the form and materialof the existing landscape.Rehabilitation usually accommodates contemporaryalterations oradditions without altering significant historic featuresor materials,with successful projects involving minor to major change.Restorationor reconstruction attempts to recapture the appearance of aproperty,or an individual feature at a particular point in time, as confirmedbydetailed historic documentation. These last two treatmentsmost often requirethe greatest degree of intervention and thus,the highest level of documentation.
In all cases, treatment should be executed at the appropriatelevel reflectingthe condition of the | <urn:uuid:a86a745d-9653-4de2-918b-91dcb3a25630> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.oldhouseweb.com/gardening/protecting-cultural-landscapes.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.876159 | 5,588 | 3.375 | 3 |
PTSD Awareness Month
June is the month in which we recognise and raise awareness of a condition which affects people from around the globe – Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In the UK, PTSD Awareness Week is attached to Mental Health Awareness Week, which took place from 13th to 19th May. In the US alone, it has been found that one in five military veterans have been diagnosed with PTSD, and this is a condition which has the potential to affect not only them; but those close to them, such as family and friends.
What is PTSD?
PTSD is a mental disorder which typically develops after an individual experiences a traumatic event. This could be warfare, a sexual assault, a road accident, or another type of threat to their wellbeing. According to the NHS, PTSD will affect one in three people who have been subjected to a traumatic event.
Among the symptoms of PTSD are; mental and physical distress; disturbing feelings and thoughts; dreams related to the event; insomnia; concentration problems; and changes in the way a person feels. These type of symptoms carry on for over a month after the traumatic event has taken place. It has been found that PTSD sufferers are of higher risk of self-harm and suicide.
How does PTSD affect heart health?
As recently as April 2019, a study in Sweden (https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324951.php) found a link between conditions such as PTSD and cardiovascular disease. In the six months following the diagnosis of PTSD, the risk of a heart attack was recognised as being higher. Over longer periods of time from the point of PTSD diagnosis, individuals were found to be at a higher risk of other heart conditions, such as heart failure, embolism and thrombosis.
It was discovered that those with a pre-existing stress-related illness were at 64 per cent more risk of developing some form of cardiovascular disease in the year following the diagnosis of the psychiatric condition than siblings who were unexposed. The study did not find men or women to be at a higher risk than each other, and also discounted family background and medical history as direct factors.
Up until now, much of the research conducted into PTSD had focused on military veterans. What the study in Sweden has confirmed, is that the link between PTSD and several heart conditions cannot be ignored. | <urn:uuid:0587362c-ab9a-4425-8464-683b66f50a0a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.oneheartclinic.com/blog/ptsd-and-the-heart/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.982383 | 482 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Congenital Heart Defects Treatment
Many heart defects are minor and require no treatment at all. They may only need regular health checkups. Some heart defects require only oral medications such as tablets or liquid medicine. Some holes in the heart and blocked valves can be treated without open-heart surgery using key-hole procedures. More complex heart problems may require surgery.
What are key-hole procedures?
Key-hole procedures involve a technique called cardiac catheterization where a small tube is inserted into the blood vessel at the top of the leg. This is then used to direct (send) catheters (tubes) into the various chambers of the heart. Sometimes these procedures are used to diagnose a problem (diagnostic catheterization) and at other times to treat the problem (interventional catheterization).
Illustration of Key-hole Procedure
What are the heart defects that can be corrected by key-hole procedures?
Some of the conditions that can be treated using this technique are atrial septal defect (hole between the top two chambers of the heart), ventricular septal defect (hole between the two bottom chambers of the heart), patent ductus arteriosus (extra connection between the lung artery and body artery), aortic stenosis and pulmonary stenosis (valves that do not open normally) and coarctation of the aorta (narrowing of the body artery).
Types of key-hole procedures
Holes in the heart can be closed using an umbrella device. This device is placed across the hole and the two discs of the device open on either side of the hole sealing (closing) it completely. The device gradually becomes part of the heart, and the heart forms a lining or skin over the device. Device closure is a permanent treatment and the hole remains sealed even when the child’s heart grows.
Ballon Device Placement
Valves in the heart can become narrowed and these can be relieved using balloons which can be placed across the valve and expanded causing the valve to widen.
Sometimes major blood vessels or arteries can be blocked, and this can be treated by a procedure called stenting where a metal cage/tube is inserted across the narrowed part of the artery and helps to keep it open. | <urn:uuid:b13e6449-e47a-46f6-8731-57f0888c9529> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.parentportal.saloniheartfoundation.org/copy-of-causes-of-congenital-heart-di | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.905535 | 465 | 3.5 | 4 |
Scrambling to get your daily coffee fix may be worth it in more ways than one. Research shows that a cup of Joe may lower your risk for some types of cancer.
Here are just a few of the studies supporting how coffee prevents oral cancer and other diseases:
- Oral cancer: More than four cups of coffee per day decreases oral and head cancers by 39% (Can Epidemiol Bio Prev, June 2010).
- Uterine cancer: Women who drink more than two cups of coffee per day have less chance of developing uterine cancer (Can Epidemiol Bio Prev, January 2015).
- Prostate cancer: Men who have six cups of coffee per day reduce their prostate cancer risk by 60% (Sci Daily, December 2009).
- Brain cancer: At least five cups of coffee per day prevents certain types of brain cancer by 40% (Can Epidemiol Bio Prev, January 2010).
- Colon cancer: At least two cups of coffee per day can cut colon cancer risk by 25% (AACR meeting abstract, 2014).
- Breast cancer: At least three cups of coffee per day can prevent or delay the onset of certain types of breast cancer (Sci Daily, April 2008).
- Liver cancer: A recent study showed that one to three cups of coffee per day reduces the risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma by 29% (Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2013).
- Melanoma: Coffee users who drink four cups or more per day are 20% less likely to develop malignant melanoma than non–coffee drinkers (JNCI, January 2015).
- Pancreatic cancer: A reduced risk of pancreatic cancer was seen in men who drank at least three cups of coffee per day. This effect was not seen in women (World J Gastroenterol).
Here at THE SCIENCE OF SMILES® we routinely check for oral cancer — which appears as a growth or sore in the mouth that does not go away. Oral cancer, including cancers of the lips, tongue, cheeks, floor of the mouth, and hard palate, can be life threatening if not diagnosed and treated early.
Is it time for an appointment? Give us a call!
THE SCIENCE OF SMILES® offers affordable cosmetic and laser dentistry and gentle, compassionate general dental care in Pasadena, CA. Our office is conveniently located with extended hours to meet your needs. At THE SCIENCE OF SMILES®, we provide most dental services, from basic preventative care and general dentistry to specialized procedures and complete dental reconstruction. Patient satisfaction is our top priority and we strive to provide the exceptional, affordable dental care and personal touch that lead to lasting relationships. A smiling patient is our greatest reward and we look forward to keeping those smiles healthy, beautiful, and bright. Discover affordable up-to-date dentistry and a team who truly cares at THE SCIENCE OF SMILES®. | <urn:uuid:a11248cc-4c34-42c9-9f64-c1e16fc2d6f2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.pasadenalaserdentistry.com/research-shows-coffee-prevents-oral-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.933044 | 604 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a band of dense connective tissue which courses from the femur to the tibia. The ACL is a key structure in the knee joint, as it resists anterior tibial translation and rotational loads.
The ACL provides approximately 85% of total restraining force of anterior translation. It also prevents excessive tibial medial and lateral rotation, as well as varus and valgus stresses.
Basically, the ACL helps maintain optimal knee kinematics.
The ACL is critical for stability of the knee joint. Its function is essential for many sports and specific activities such as changing direction, weaving, pivoting, or kicking. Despite being a largely preventable sporting injury that typically leads to lifelong repercussions, including osteoarthritis, Australia has the highest reported rates of ACL injury and reconstruction in the world.
Over the past 15 years, the rate of reconstruction in Australians under 25 years of age has risen more than 70%, with the greatest increase among children under 14, according to research published in the Medical Journal of Australia. | <urn:uuid:293ab183-8e59-41ed-95fb-d8427990b504> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.precisionathletica.com.au/understand-your-acl-journey/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.938937 | 220 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Keratin is not only a Structural Protein in Hair:
Keratin-mediated Hair Growth
Seong Yeong An
Kyung Hee University
Eun Ji Choi
So Yeon Kim
Kyung Hee University
Se Young Van
Kyung Hee University
Han Jun Kim
Kyung Hee University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5085-6988
Song Wook Han
Il Keun Kwon
Kyung Hee University
Sun Hee Do
Yu-Shik Hwang ( firstname.lastname@example.org )
Kyung Hee University
Keywords: Keratin , hair, intradermal injection, outer root sheath cells,
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Keratin is known to be a major protein in hair, but the biological function of keratin in hair growth is
unknown, which led us to conduct a pilot study to elucidate biological function of keratin in hair growth
via cellular interactions with hair forming cells. Here, we show hair growth is stimulated by intradermal
injection of keratin into mice, and show that outer root sheath cells undergo transforming growth factor-
β2-induced apoptosis, resulting in keratin exposure. Keratin exposure appears to be critical for dermal
papilla cell condensation and hair germ formation as immunodepletion and silencing keratin prevent
dermal papilla cell condensation and hair germ formation. Furthermore, silencing keratin in mice resulted
in a marked suppression of anagen follicle formation and hair growth. Our study imply a new nding of
how to initiate hair regeneration and suggests the potent application of keratin biomaterial for the
treatment of hair loss.
Keratin is a cytoskeletal protein that forms intermediate laments within epithelial cells and participates
in maintaining the strength of the cells1, and keratins are also the major proteins deposited inside the hair,
contributing to its mechanical strength2. Human hair consists of three main layers: the medulla in the
center of the hair, the cortex surrounding the medulla, which contains ber mass mainly consisting of
keratin protein, and the cuticle, the outer layer of the hair shaft3. During hair growth, dermal papilla (DP)
cells secrete various paracrine factors to induce cell migration of stem cells from the bulge region of the
outer root sheath (ORS) to the upper region of the follicle, and the migrated cells become transit
amplifying cells, which then undergo differentiation into the matrix cells. Growth of the hair is initiated by
cortical cells differentiated from matrix cells located in the follicle bulb region, and a large amount of
keratin is synthesized mainly in the cortex4–6. Deposition and rearrangement of keratin lament is
followed by the assembly of keratin-associated proteins and intracellular deposited keratin in spindle-
shaped epithelial cells of the cortex, and the assembly is stabilized by the formation of inter- and intra-
molecular disulde bonds7. At the stages of the anagen-catagen transition of the hair cycle, apoptosis of
cells appears in the epithelial strand, and then the apoptotic cells are phagocytosed by macrophages and
neighboring epithelial cells, but simultaneously cellular organelles are degraded and removed. Ultimately,
keratins remain the main proteins in the hair8–11. Such a massively deposited keratin in hair has recently
been considered one of the potent biomaterials due to its good biocompatibility based on human origin
and an abundant source of 300,000 tons of annually wasted hair worldwide. Keratin has been widely
used for the development of various biomaterials for biomedical applications in the eld of wound
healing, nerve regeneration and bone regeneration3.
In our previous study, mice models with full-thickness dorsal excisional wounds were used to assess the
effect of keratin-based hydrogel on wound healing12. Interestingly, hair growth was found only in areas
treated with keratin hydrogel with accelerated wound healing, which led us to study the biological
function of hair-derived keratin in hair regeneration. In this study, keratin was extracted from human hair,
and mice model show hair follicle formation and following hair growth was promoted by intradermal
injection of hair-derived keratin, and then the underlying biology of keratin to stimulate was studied by
studying the interaction of keratin with DP cells and ORS cells, which are known as the main types of
cells that regulate hair growth and regeneration. Hair growth was found to be modulated by keratin-
mediated DP condensation and hair germ (HG) formation of ORS cells. Such DP condensation and HG
formation was mediated by spatial release and deposition of keratin from the apoptotic ORS cells
following TGFβ2-induced ORS cell apoptosis and caspase-mediated degradation of keratin. Our pilot
study represents that keratin is not only a structural protein of hair but also a factor to induce hair
Intradermal Injection of Hair-derived Keratin Promotes Hair
First, we performed
experiments on mice to evaluate keratin-mediated hair growth by injecting
hair-derived keratin into hair-removed dorsal skin area. The hairs on dorsal skin of C57BL/6 mice were
removed by hair depilation cream with clipping for hair follicle synchronization, and then keratin was
injected. After 14 days of keratin injection, we found that the hair growth was promoted (Fig.1A) with
higher formation of anagen follicles than in non-treated mice (Fig.1B-D), and the sizes of hair follicles
were found to be increased upon keratin injection (Fig.1E, F). Only single injection of keratin resulted in
almost equivalent or slightly higher hair growth in mice compared to minoxidil, applied every day for 14
days. Such keratin-mediated hair growth was also conrmed in a separate mouse study, and hair growth
and hair follicle formation in keratin-injected C57BL/6 mice with different concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0
(w/v) % of keratin were analyzed for the number and stage of hair follicles. The promoting effect of
keratin injection on hair growth was veried, and there were no signicant differences in the number and
stage of the formed hair follicles in mice injected with different concentrations of keratin (Supplementary
Keratin Induces Condensation of DP Cells and Germ
Formation of ORS Cells In Vitro
To understand how injected keratin induces hair follicle formation and hair growth, we studied the
extracellular interaction of keratin with DP and ORS cells, which are known to be main cells participating
in hair follicle formation4–6, 13. The most distinct characteristic of DP cells exposed to keratin for 3 days
was condensation to form spherical aggregates (Fig.1G, H) with high expression levels of β-catenin,
SOX2, CD133, and alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) (Fig.1H), which is a molecular identity signature
reecting hair inductive property of DP cells14,15, and high expression levels of FGF7, FGF10, and BMP6
(Fig.1H), reecting paracrine factors for controlling hair growth16 (keratin-mediated condensation of DP
cells on day 1 and time-lapse images are presented in Supplementary Fig.2A, C). However, the growth of
DP cells was suppressed upon exposure to keratin (Supplementary Fig.2B). Such keratin-mediated
condensation of DP cells was observed, when cells were seeded at different cell densities, and on
matrigel (Supplementary Fig.3, 4), and no signicant difference in DP cell condensation were not found
when DP cells were treated with different keratin concentrations (Supplementary Fig.5). RNA sequencing
analysis showed a downregulation in expression levels of genes associated with cell division and an
upregulation of mRNA-encoding proteins related to integrins, growth factors, migration, and extracellular
matrix organization (Supplementary Fig.6A, B). In addition, the effect of keratin on maintaining the DP
cell condensation was analyzed. The DP cell spheroids showed higher levels of gene expression,
indicating hair inductive property of DP cells as compared to a DP cell monolayer (Fig.2A), and the
spherical shape of DP cell aggregates was constantly maintained, showing high levels of molecular
expression of β-catenin, SOX2, CD133, ALPase, FGF7, FGF10, and BMP6 (Fig.2B-D) in the presence of
keratin. ORS cells showed the formation of colony within a few hours of exposure to keratin and began to
temporarily proliferate as early as on day 1 of cultivation, subsequently forming strand-like extended
structures by day 3 (Fig.3A, B). High β-catenin expression, known to occur during migration and further
differentiation of stem cells in the ORS region6, and a local cell population expressing P-cadherin, known
to be a marker of secondary HG formation17,18, were observed along with extended structures in keratin-
treated ORS cells (Fig.3C, low-magnication images of β-catenin and P-cadherin expression in keratin-
treated ORS cells are presented in Supplementary Fig.7). In addition, keratin-treated ORS cells showed
lower expression levels of CD34 compared to untreated ORS cells, but maintained high levels of SOX9
expression (Fig.3C). Furthermore, RNA sequencing analysis of keratin-treated ORS cells revealed
upregulated mRNA expression levels of acidic hair keratins, mainly KRT31, KRT33B, KRT34, and KRT37
(Supplementary Fig.8A). We also observed an increased molecular expression of KRT34 and β-catenin
(Supplementary Fig.8B). These ndings imply hair keratin-mediated alterations in molecular and gene
expression proles indicating germ formation and further differentiation of ORS cells.
TGFβ2 induces Apoptosis of ORS cells and generates
Keratin Release and Deposition, mediating Condensation of
The ndings described above demonstrated that extracellular interaction of keratin induced the
condensation of DP cells and the formation of P-cadherin expressing germs of ORS cells, which led us to
ask the question whether the observed pattern of the interaction of DP and ORS cells with keratin might
be related to a biological event that occurs during hair cycling. During the anagen-catagen transition
stage, TGFβ2 is synthesized from DP cells stimulated by dihydrotestosterone, and is spatiotemporally
localized in the lower part of the hair bulb at the catagen stage, thus suppressing the proliferation of
epithelial cells, but inducing caspase-mediated apoptosis11. Therefore, we hypothesized that exposure of
keratins from apoptotic ORS cells during hair cycling might drive DP cell condensation and secondary HG
formation through extracellular interaction with DP and ORS cells. To address this question, we induced
apoptosis of ORS cells by treating with TGFβ2 and characterized microenvironmental changes, such as
the release or deposition of keratin. In our study, apoptosis array analysis showed upregulation of
apoptosis-related markers, including Bax, caspase-3, cytochrome C, and SMAC in ORS cells treated with
TGFβ2 (Fig.4A, Supplementary Fig.9). Extended structures composed of spindle-shaped ORS cells
developed only in the presence of TGFβ2; annexin V and tunnel positive apoptotic cells were mainly
found in the extended structures of TGFβ2-treated ORS cells. High expression levels of caspase-3 and
massive deposition of keratin were observed along the extended structures (Fig.4B). To determine
whether the released or deposited keratin from TGFβ2-induced apoptotic ORS cells could inuence DP
cell condensation, the condensation activity of DP cells was tested by direct contact co-culture and
culture in conditioned media. Local condensation of DP cells with the formation of spherical cell colonies
was observed in the concentric region of the extended structure in TGFβ2-treated ORS cell layers (Fig.4C,
Supplementary Fig.10A). The conditioned medium collected from TGFβ2-treated ORS cell cultures
contained relatively higher levels of keratin, and the DP cell condensation to form spherical cell
aggregates were distinctly improved in the DP cell culture under the conditioned media (Fig.4D,
Supplementary Fig.10B). These results indicate that the deposition or release of keratin from TGFβ2-
induced apoptotic ORS cells could be a regulator of the induction of DP cell condensation.
Keratin Release and Deposition through Caspase-6-
mediated Keratin Degradation stimulates Condensation of
Keratin fragmentation occurs during apoptosis of epithelial cells19; intracellular insoluble keratin is
disposed during apoptosis via fragmentation into soluble fragments by caspases20. In our study,
apoptosis array analysis showed a two-fold increase in caspase-3 expression levels in TGFβ2-treated
ORS cells, and it was reported that type I keratin, including hair keratin, contains a cleavage site, VEVD, for
caspase-621. When hair keratin was digested with caspase-3 and caspase-6, fragmented keratin was
generated only in hair keratin digested by caspase-6 (Fig.5A), and higher gene expression and protein
expression levels of caspase-6 and its cleaved form (active caspase-6) were observed in TGFβ2-treated
ORS cells (Fig.5B, C). This nding implies that the release and deposition of keratin from TGFβ2-treated
ORS cells through caspase-6-mediated degradation can inuence the DP cell condensation. Hence, to test
this, we silenced the expression of caspase-6 gene in ORS cells and examined the levels of released
keratin (Fig.5D). We observed lower levels of released keratin in caspase-6-silenced ORS cells in the
presence of TGFβ2 (Fig.5E) and lower condensation activity of DP cells in conditioned media collected
from caspase-6-silenced ORS cell culture and in co-culture on the caspase-6-silenced ORS cell layer in the
presence of TGFβ2 (Fig.5F-H). Caspase-6-silenced ORS cells developed relatively spread out structures
even in the presence of TGFβ2, which were different from the extended structures of TGFβ2-treated non-
silenced ORS cells. Tunnel positive apoptotic cells were found in both the spread and extended structures,
and it was found that keratin deposition is inuenced by caspase-6 expression levels (Fig.5H,
Supplementary Fig.11). We then performed an immunodepletion assay to obtain direct evidence for
keratin-mediated condensation of DP cells by removing keratin from the conditioned medium of TGFβ2-
treated ORS cells using a column containing anti-human type I + II hair keratin antibody-conjugated
beads. The elimination of keratins in conditioned media was conrmed (Fig.6A), and there was no
substantial difference in the growth factors contained in the conditioned media before and after
immunodepletion (Fig.6B, Supplementary Fig.12). The immunodepletion assay showed that the removal
of keratins resulted in suppressed DP cell condensation (Fig.6C), and collectively these data reected the
functional role of keratins in DP condensation.
Spatial Keratin Deposition by TGFβ2-induced Apoptotic ORS
cells induces Germ Formation
Along with keratin-mediated condensation of DP cells, to understand how the release or deposition of
keratin during TGFβ2-induced ORS cell apoptosis triggers germ formation, the keratin released from
TGFβ2-induced ORS cells were tested for its ability to induce germ formation. Contrary to DP cell
condensation, the released keratin in conditioned media was not effective in generating P-cadherin
expressing cell population, which was proved by immunodepletion assay (Supplementary Fig.13). This
result prompted us to ask whether secondary HG formation in cells expressing P-cadherin is inuenced by
the spatially deposited keratin caused by spatiotemporal apoptosis of ORS cells. TGFβ2 expression,
which was restricted to the outermost ORS cell layer in the anagen phase, was reported to be upregulated
spatiotemporally in the boundary region between germinal matrix cell and the DP cell in the lower bulb
region during the anagen-catagen transition8. Therefore, to study the spatial deposition of keratin from
TGFβ2-induced apoptotic ORS cells and its effect on the germ formation of ORS cells, the time-course
effect of TGFβ2 treatment on protein expression levels of caspase-6, keratin deposition, and germ
formation were characterized. The extended structure progressively developed in the TGFβ2-treated ORS
cell layers over the cultivation time, and the P-cadherin expressing germ was spatially developed in the
TGFβ2-treated ORS cell layers (Supplementary Fig.14). Immunocytochemical staining of the TGFβ2-
treated ORS cell layers showed that a population of RUNX1 and P-cadherin-positive cells, representative
markers of germ formation10,22−24, emerged in the concentric region of the extended structure, and the
caspase-6-expressing apoptotic cell population and keratin-deposited area also increased over time in the
extended structure (Supplementary Fig.14). Next, to consider the effect of spatial deposition of keratin on
the formation of P-cadherin expressing germ
, the expression of KRT31/KRT34 in ORS cells was
silenced by siRNA transfections. The downregulated molecular expressions of keratin in both conditioned
media and ORS cells via KRT31/KRT34-silencing were characterized (Fig.6D). Contrary to the well-
developed stranded structure in the ORS cell layers, the KRT31/KRT34-silenced ORS cells did not form an
extended structure even in the presence of TGFβ2, and keratin deposition and emergence of RUNX1 and
P-cadherin expressing ORS cell population were markedly suppressed in the KRT31/KRT34-silenced ORS
cell culture in the presence of TGFβ2 (Fig.6D).
In Vivo Silencing of Keratin Expression Suppresses Anagen
Hair Follicle Formation and Hair Growth
Combining with all
data from the studies of extracellular interaction of keratin, the release and
deposition of keratin from TGFβ2-mediated apoptotic ORS cells have shown a pivotal role in controlling
DP condensation and HG formation. Finally, to determine whether the silenced KRT31/KRT34 expression
can suppress hair follicle formation and hair growth
, the keratin expression in mice was
temporarily silenced by intravascular lipofectamine-mediated delivery of KRT31/KRT34 siRNAs. RT-PCR
analysis showed effective KRT31/KRT34 silencing, as indicated by downregulation of KRT31/KRT34
mRNA expressions on day 7 (Fig.7A), and it was found that the KRT31/KRT34 silencing signicantly
inhibited hair growth activity compared to the control (Fig.7B). Notably, the dysregulation of the hair
follicle cycling was observed in KRT31/KRT34 silenced mice; histological analysis of hair follicle sections
showed a strong suppression of the formation of anagen follicles, with no appearance of anagen follicles
in 56% of skin tissue sections of KRT31/KRT34 silenced mice on day 7 (Fig.7C). An anagen bulb
containing a population of cells expressing P-cadherin was hardly seen in immunohistological sections
of KRT31/KRT34 silenced mice (Fig.7D, Supplementary Fig.15A). In contrast, an additional injection of
hair-derived keratin after KRT31/KRT34 siRNA transfection allowed the hair follicles to enter the anagen
phase and regrow hair, similar to the controls. No obvious histological differences were found in the
formation of hair follicles and hair growth between control skin and keratin-injected skin of KRT31/KRT34
silenced-mice after 2 weeks (Fig.7E). Furthermore, the formation of P-cadherin-positive germs and strong
expression of β-catenin were observed in the region of anagen hair follicles in sections of control skin and
keratin-injected skin of KRT31/KRT34 silenced-mice (Fig.7D, Supplementary Fig.15A); strong staining for
KRT34 was found in the ORS region surrounding the DP, which corresponds to the caspase-6-positive
region (Supplementary Fig.15B). Interestingly, it was found that the region stained positively for caspase-
6, KRT34, and P-cadherin move upward into the hair shaft region of the expanded hair follicles
Hair loss disorders, such as androgenetic alopecia, have been common these days, leading to the
development of new pharmaceuticals for patients with hair loss. In the present study, keratin, the main
structural protein in hair, is proposed as a new candidate for a therapeutic treatment of hair loss. It is
shown here that an intradermal injection of human hair-derived keratin promotes hair growth with the
enhanced formation of anagen hair follicle and an increase in the size of hair follicles. Hair growth is
controlled by the interactions between two distinct cell types: mesenchyme and epithelial cells, while DP
and stem cells from the bulge region of ORS participate in hair follicle formation4–6, 13. The
injected keratin-mediated follicle formation and hair growth could be associated with keratin-mediated
DP cell condensation and germ formation via cellular interaction with keratin, as evidenced by our results
of strong expressions of various signature molecules, such as β-catenin and P-cadherin, highly expressed
in hair follicle formation4–6, 13, in keratin-treated DP cell and ORS cell culture. The secondary HG
expressing P-cadherin emerges at the end of the catagen and at the beginning of the telogen and leads to
the rst stage of hair regeneration17,18. The interaction of P-cadherin with β-catenin plays an important
role in maintaining the anagen phase of the hair cycle25, and the β-catenin expressing migrated cells from
the bulge region of the ORS undergo temporal proliferation and further differentiation in the follicle
region6. Keratin-treated ORS cells showed morphological change, such as spindle shape with strong
expression of β-catenin and downregulated molecular expression of CD34, and a population of P-
cadherin expression cells emerged. It was reported that CD34-positive stem cells convert directly into P-
cadherin expressing HG cells23. Hair regeneration is processed by hair follicles undergoing repeated
cycles of anagen (hair growth stage), catagen (regression stage), and telogen (rest stage)26. During the
late catagen and early telogen phases, secondary HG progressively appears at the base of the follicular
epithelium; at that point, HG cells form a cell cluster and become activated to begin hair regeneration10.
During these phases, DP cells undergo condensation to form a follicular papilla beneath secondary HG.
The interaction between the DP condensate and secondary HG leads to the formation of new hair follicles
by enveloping the DP with the downwardly extended epithelial cells10,22,27. However, in spite of recent
considerable progress in understanding cellular interactions to control hair growth, it is not clear how
secondary HG formation and the DP condensation, the key biological events causing hair regeneration,
are initiated at the beginning of a new hair cycle.
results of keratin-mediated hair growth and keratin-mediated cellular
change, keratin might not be only a structural component in hair, but might have biological function in
hair growth, and biological phenomena such as keratin-mediated DP cell condensation and germ
formation might be closely related to a biological process that occurs during hair cycling. Hence, keratin-
mediated condensation of DP cells and the formation of P-cadherin germs, assessed by
led us to explore the biological function of keratin in hair regeneration as a pilot study. At the anagen-
catagen transition stages of hair cycle, the local deposition of TGFβ2 in the lower region of the follicle is
restricted due to the spatiotemporal secretion of TGFβ2 produced by DP cells11, which is consistent with
the spatial gradient of apoptosis of epithelial cells9. Spatiotemporally localized TGFβ2 induces apoptosis
of ORS cells in the lower part of the hair bulb at the catagen stage, resulting in the expression of caspase
and its-mediated the fragmentation of insoluble keratin into soluble keratin fragments8 − 11,19. Although
the relationship between TGFβ2 expression and the intrinsic property of DP cells related to condensation
is not well known, our data showed that TGFβ2 expression was downregulated during DP cell
condensation and rapidly upregulated during the dispersion of condensed DP cells (Supplementary
Fig.16A, B). Mesenchyme condensation such as dermal condensates is promoted by BMP signaling and
transient downregulation of TGF-β signaling, showing an antagonistic relationship16,28,29. The condensed
DP cells might maintain the property of DP cells27 to drive hair growth by releasing paracrine factors,
which can induce stem cell activation and differentiation during the anagen phase, and may induce
spatiotemporal apoptosis of adjacent ORS cells via increased expression of TGFβ2 during the anagen to
catagen transition. In our study, it was shown that local DP cell condensation and germ formation in
TGFβ2-induced apoptotic ORS cells depend on the exposure of keratin via caspase-6 expression and
consequently its-mediated keratin release or deposition, as evidenced by the suppressed DP cell
condensation and germ formation in caspase-6-silenced or KRT31/KRT34-silenced ORS cell culture, even
if there was no distinct difference in TGFβ2-mediated ORS cell apoptosis. Finally, it was found that the
formation of anagen hair follicles and hair growth are suppressed in temporally KRT31/KRT34 silenced
mice, which could be recovered by intradermal injection of additional exogenous keratin.
Taken together, the results presented in this study reveal that hair regeneration is regulated by keratin-
mediated germ formation and DP condensation through biological events, including TGFβ2-induced ORS
cell apoptosis, caspase-mediated degradation of keratin, and spatial release and deposition of keratin
from the apoptotic ORS cells. Our pilot study indicate that keratin is not only a major structural
component of hair but can also play a functional role in the induction of HG formation and DP
condensation, facilitating entry into a new hair cycle. However, the precise identication of our proposed
cellular function of keratin in hair growth using a proper xenograft model is necessary, which is going on
as continuous study. In conclusion, considering the biological function of keratin in hair growth, our study
suggests that keratin can be a potent biomaterial for developing therapeutic agents for hair loss
treatment, and understanding how cellular behavior is regulated by spatiotemporal keratin release and
deposition from apoptotic epithelial cells can provide additional insight into deciphering cellular
interactions between epithelial cells and mesenchyme in the morphogenesis of other tissues.
The aim of this study was to understand the biological function of keratin in hair growth. Firstly, to
determine the activity of hair growth, back-skin hairs in mice were removed, and hair follicle formation
and hair regrowth was evaluated after intradermal injection of hair-derived keratin (Fig. 1A-F). Next, to
dene cellular interaction of keratin with major cells participating in hair growth, cellular behavior such as
DP cell condensation and germ formation was studied by treating keratin in
DP cell and ORS cell
culture (Fig. 1G-H, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3). From the results (Fig. 1-3), it was hypothesized that keratin-induced
hair growth could be closely related to a biological cascade happened during hair cycle with regards to
the exposure of keratin from TGF-b2-induced apoptotic ORS cells at stages of anagen-catagen transition.
To characterize keratin release or deposit from apoptotic ORS cells, apoptosis of ORS cells and its
following keratin release and deposit from TGF-b2-treated ORS cells were evaluated, and then DP cell
condensation was observed by the direct co-culture with TGF-b2-treated ORS cells and the DP cell culture
in conditioned medium collected from TGF-b2-treated ORS cell culture to evaluate the effect of released
or deposited keratin from apoptotic ORS cells on DP cell condensation (Fig. 4). Following DP cell
condensation induced by released and deposited keratin from apoptotic ORS cells, apoptosis-related
caspase 3 and caspase 6 expressions and caspase-mediated keratin degradation were characterized, and
the release and deposit of keratin through caspase-mediated keratin degradation in TGF-b2-treated
apoptotic ORS cells and its effect on DP cell condensation were evaluated by
silencing of caspase 6 mRNA expression in TGF-b2-treated apoptotic ORS cells (Fig. 5). To conrm the
effect of keratin released from TGF-b2-treated apoptotic ORS cells on DP cell condensation, the keratin
were eliminated from conditioned medium collected from TGF-b2-treated cell culture by
immunodepletion, and DP cell condensation was evaluated with DP cell culture in the keratin-eliminating
conditioned medium collected from TGF-b2-treated apoptotic ORS cells (Fig. 6A-C). In company with
proving the effect of keratin released from TGF-b2-treated apoptotic ORS cells on DP cell condensation,
mRNA expressions of keratin 31 (KRT31) and keratin 34 (KRT34) were silenced in ORS cells by
KRT31/KRT34 siRNA transfection, and then P-cadherin expressing germ formation of ORS cells was
observed in KRT31/KRT34-silenced ORS cell culture in the presence of TGF-b2 to evaluate the effect of
keratin spatially deposited from TGF-b2-treated apoptotic ORS cells on germ formation (Fig. 6D). Finally,
to study the role of keratin in hair follicle formation and hair growth
, KRT31/KRT34 silencing was
processed by Invivofectamine KRT31/KRT34 siRNA transfection to mice (Fig. 7).
Human outer root sheath cells (ORS; CEFO, CB-ORS-001) and human dermal papilla cells (DP; CEFO, CB-
HDP-001) were purchased and expanded in each human outer root sheath cell growth medium (CEFO, CB-
ORS-GM) and human dermal papilla growth medium (CEFO, CB-HDP-GM) at 37oC in a humidied
atmosphere containing 5 % CO2 according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cultures were fed every two
days and passaged by treatment with 0.25 % trypsin/EDTA (Gibco, 25200056), and the expanded DP
cells within 5 passages and ORS cells within 3 passages were used in this study.
Human Hair Keratin Extraction
Human hair keratin was extracted by slightly modied Sindai method, as reported previously 12, and
kindly provided by Gapi Bio. Detail methods of microwell fabrication are available inSupplementary
Human Hair Keratin-mediated Hair Growth Test in Mice
studies, male C57BL/6 mice were used, which were purchased from YoungBio (Samtako,
1404957265). The mice were housed under controlled condition at a temperature of 23 ± 2°C, humidity of
50 ± 5%, and light-dark cycle of 12 h. Mice were provided with a laboratory diet and water
animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Konkuk
University (KU18159, KU19066), and procedures on animals were performed in accordance with the
relevant guidelines and regulations. The hair on the dorsal skin of mice was shaved repeatedly using an
electric clipper to synchronize the hair follicle cycle. Before treatment, the dorsal hair was completely
removed using the commercial hair removal cream Veet® (Reckitt Benckiser, 62200809951).
To examine the hair growth promoting effect of keratin, 1.0 (w/v)% keratin in phosphate buffered saline
(PBS; Gibco, 10010023) was used. 10-week old mice were shaved repeatedly to synchronize the hair cycle
and randomly assigned to three groups: Neg. Con group; 3% Minoxidil group with daily topical application
of 100 μL of 3% Minoxidil (Minoxyl® 3%; Hyundai Pharm, Co., Seoul, Korea); 1.0 (w/v)% Keratin group
with intradermal injection of 100 μL of 1.0 (w/v)% keratin once. The mice were sacriced after 2 weeks.
Detail methods of the hair growth promoting effect of keratin according to keratin concentration are
available inSupplementary Methods.
Interaction Assay of DP Cells with Keratin
DP cells were seeded at a density of 2x104 cell/cm2 on 12 well and 6 well non-treated tissue culture plate
(SPL LIFE SCIENCES, 32012, 32006). The DP cells were adjusted to be stable for 1 day in human dermal
papilla growth medium (CEFO, CB-HDP-GM) at 37oC in a humidied atmosphere containing 5 % CO2 prior
to keratin treatment. After 1 day of adjustment, DP cells were cultured in human dermal papilla growth
medium containing 1.0(w/v)% keratin or not. The morphological change of DP cells in the presence of
keratin was observed under inverted uorescent microscopy (Olympus IX71), and the number of
condensed DP cell aggregates was counted. Cell proliferation upon keratin treatment was measured
using Cell Counting Kit-8 (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, CK04-20). DP cells were seeded on 12 well
non-treated tissue culture plate (SPL LIFE SCIENCES, 32012) at a seeding density of 1 × 104 cells/cm2,
and cultured in human dermal papilla growth medium (CEFO, CB-HDP-GM) containing 1.0(w/v)% keratin
or not in a humidied atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37°C, and the medium was refreshed every two days. At
specic time points (1, 3 and 5 days), each well had 10 μL of the Cell Counting Kit-8 solution added and
then was incubated at 37°C for 2 h. Cell proliferation assays were performed in a 96-well plate reader by
measuring the absorbance at a wavelength of 450 nm.
For DP cell condensation assay according to different cell seeding density, DP cells were seeded at a
seeding density of 5x103 cell/cm2, 1x104 cell/cm2 and 2x104 cell/cm2 on 6 well non-treated tissue culture
plate (SPL LIFE SCIENCES, 32006). The DP cells were adjusted to be stable for 1 day in human dermal
papilla growth medium (CEFO, CB-HDP-GM) at 37oC in a humidied atmosphere containing 5 % CO2 prior
to keratin treatment. After 1 day of adjustment, DP cells were cultured in human dermal papilla growth
medium containing 1.0(w/v)% keratin or not. The number of condensed DP cell aggregates was counted
using inverted uorescent microscopy (Olympus IX71).
Detail method of interaction assay of DP cells with keratin on Matrigel is available inSupplementary
Interaction Assay of ORS Cells with Keratin
ORS cells were seeded at 2x104 cell/cm2 on 12 well and 6 well tissue culture plate (SPL LIFE SCIENCES,
30012, 30006). The ORS cells were adjusted to be stable for 1 day in human outer root sheath cell growth
medium (CEFO, CB-ORS-GM) at 37oC in a humidied atmosphere containing 5 % CO2 prior to keratin
treatment. After 1 day of adjustment, ORS cells were cultured in human dermal papilla growth medium
containing 1.0(w/v)% keratin or not. The morphological change of ORS cells in the presence of keratin
was observed under inverted uorescent microscopy (Olympus IX71) and time-lapse images were
captured. Cell proliferation upon keratin treatment was measured using Cell Counting Kit-8 (Dojindo
Molecular Technologies, CK04-20). ORS cells were seeded on 12 well tissue culture plate (SPL LIFE
SCIENCES, 30012) at a seeding density of 1 × 104 cells/cm2, and cultured in human outer root sheath cell
growth medium (CEFO, CB-ORS-GM) containing 1.0(w/v)% keratin or not in a humidied atmosphere of
5% CO2 at 37°C, and the medium was refreshed every two days. At specic time points (1, 3 and 5 days),
each well had 10 μL of the Cell Counting Kit-8 solution added and then was incubated at 37°C for 2 h. Cell
proliferation assays were performed in a 96-well plate reader by measuring the absorbance at a
wavelength of 450 nm.
RNA Extraction and Sequencing
To perform transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of DP cells and ORS cells, total RNA was
extracted from the ORS and DP cells in the absences of keratin and in the presence of keratin. Detail
methods of RNA extraction, sequencing and differential gene expression analysis are available
DP Cell Spheroid Formation and Maintenance assay of the
replated DP Cell Spheroids
For DP cell spheroid formation, cell spheroids as a micro tissue unit were generated by docking DP cells
into polyethylene glycol (PEG) microwell array with 450 µm in diameter. PEG microwells were fabricated
by microfabrication procedures, reported previously30. Detail methods of DP cell spheroid formation and
maintenance assay are available inSupplementary Methods.
TGFb2-mediated ORS Cell Apoptosis and Co-culture with DP Cells
ORS cells were seeded at 2x105 cell/cm2 on 12 well tissue culture plate (SPL LIFE SCIENCES, 30012) to
make conuent ORS cell layer. The ORS cells were adjusted to be stable for 1 day in human outer root
sheath cell growth medium (CEFO, CB-ORS-GM) at 37oC in a humidied atmosphere containing 5 % CO2.
After 1 day of adjustment, ORS cells were cultured in human dermal papilla growth medium containing
100ng/ml TGFb2 (PeproTech, 100-35B) for 5 days, and the media was refreshed every day. Detail
methods of DP cell condensation in direct co-culture of DP cells and TGFb2-treated ORS cells, and under
conditioned media from TGFb2-treated ORS cell layer are available inSupplementary Methods.
To study the role of keratin released from TGFb2-induced apoptotic ORS cells in DP condensation and
germ formation of ORS cells, the released keratin in conditioned media from TGFb2-treated ORS cell layer
culture was removed by immunodepletion method. First, antibodies-conjugated beads were prepared as
follows; 150ml of nProtein A Sepharose (GE Healthcare, 17528001) was incubated with 400ml of guinea
pig anti-Type I+II Hair Keratins antibody (PROGEN, GP-panHK) or guinea pig normal IgG (Sigma-Aldrich,
I4756), as another negative control, for 18 h at 4°C. Non-specic binding was prevented with blocking
buffer containing 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA; Sigma-Aldrich, A9418) in TBS (Tris-Buffered Saline;
Biosesang, TR2005-000-74) with 0.1% Tween 20 (Duchefa Biochemie, P1362.1000) for 3 h at 4°C. The
conditioned media were collected from TGFb2-treated ORS cell layer cultured for 5 days, and 30ml of the
conditioned media were mixed with 75ml antibodies-conjugated beads, and then incubated with gentle
shaking overnight at 4°C. After incubation, antibodies-conjugated beads were removed by passing the
mixture through a Centrifuge Columns (Thermo Scientic, 89898). Detail methods of DP cell
condensation and P-cadherin expressing germ formation of ORS cells under keratin-removed conditioned
media are available inSupplementary Methods.
Caspase-3 and Caspase-6-mediated Hair Keratin Digestion
1(w/v)% hair keratin was dissolved in the reaction solution composing of 50mM HEPES (Gibco, 15630-
080), 50mM NaCl (JUNSEI CHEMICAL, 19015-1250), 0.1% CHAPS (Sigma-Aldrich, C3023), 10mM EDTA
(Sigma-Aldrich, 03609), 5% glycerol (SAMCHUN CHEMICALS, G0274) and 10mM DTT (Sigma-Aldrich,
43815) at pH 7.2. 5U/ml Casase-3 (Enzo, ALX-201-059) or 5U/ml Casase-6 (Enzo, ALX-201-060) was
added to the reaction solution containing hair keratin and incubated at 37oC for 0, 1, 3 and 24 hrs. After
the reaction, samples were denatured on 70°C for 10 min in LDS sample buffer (Invitrogen, B0007). Equal
amounts of denatured samples were loaded in pre-casted 4-12% Bis-Tris Plus Gels (Invitrogen,
NW04120BOX), and the electrophoresis was done by running at 200 V for 22 min. The gel was rinsed
three times with distilled water for 5 min each and stained by SimplyBlue SafeStain (Invitrogen, LC6060).
After 1 hr of staining, the gel was rinsed using distilled water until the background was removed
thoroughly, and then images of the gel was obtained using a commercialized scanner (Canon, TS8090).
Caspase-6 Gene Silencing Study
To evaluate the effect of caspase-6 mediated keratin degradation during TGFb2-induced ORS cell
apoptosis on keratin release or deposition and DP condensation, caspase-6 gene expression in ORS cells
was silenced by caspase-6 siRNA transfection. Detail methods of
caspase-6 gene silencing study
are available inSupplementary Methods.
KRT31/KRT34 Gene Silencing Study
To evaluate the effect of KRT31/KRT34 gene silencing during TGFb2-induced ORS cell apoptosis on
keratin release or deposition and germ formation of ORS cells, KRT31 and KRT34 gene expressions in
ORS cells were silenced by KRT31/KRT34 siRNA transfection. Detail methods of
gene silencing study are available inSupplementary Methods.
Apoptosis and Growth Factor Antibody Array
TGFb2-induced ORS cell apoptosis was evaluated by comparative analysis using human apoptosis
antibody array (Abcam, ab134001), and the comparative analysis of growth factors present in the
conditioned medium collected from TGFb2-treated ORS cell culture in immunodepletion study were done
using human growth factor antibody array (Abcam, ab134002) according to manufacturer’s instructions.
Detail methods of apotosis array and growth factor antibody array analysis are available
Western Blot Analysis
Molecular expressions of KRT34 and b-catenin in hair keratin-treated ORS cells, keratin content at protein
level in conditioned medium collected from TGFb2-treated ORS cell culture, the keratin content in keratin-
removed condition medium collected from TGFb2-treated ORS cell culture in immunodepletion study,
keratin content at protein level in conditioned medium collected from KRT31/KRT34-silenced ORS cell
culture or molecular keratin expression in KRT31/KRT34-silenced ORS cell, molecular expressions of
caspase 6 in TGFb2-treated ORS cells and keratin content at protein level in conditioned medium
collected from caspase 6-silenced ORS cell culture were evaluated by western blot analysis. Detail
method of western blot analysis is available inSupplementary Methods.
Real Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-
The gene expressions indicative of DP cell’s intrinsic property and TGFb2 gene expressions of DP cell
spheroids and the replated DP cell spheroids were evaluated by RT-qPCR. Detail method of RT-qPCR
analysis is available inSupplementary Methods.
Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA)
The molecular expressions indicative of DP cell’s intrinsic property from the replated DP spheroids
cultured in the presence of keratin were evaluated by ELISA. Detail method of ELISA is available
KRT31/KRT34 Gene Silencing Study
To conrm the effect of keratin on hair growth, KRT31/KRT34 were silenced by lipofectamine-mediated
delivery of KRT31/KRT34 siRNAs. First, Invivofectamine complex for KRT31/KRT34 siRNA delivery was
prepared as follows; siRNAs of KRT31 (Bioneer, 16660-1), KRT34 (Bioneer, 16672-1) and negative control
(Bioneer, SN-1003) were purchased, and siRNAs of KRT31 and KRT34 were dissolved in RNase-free water
as each 24 mg/ml concentration respectively. The two solutions, KRT31 siRNA and KRT34 siRNA, were
combined as 1:1 volume ratio to be 12 mg/ml of nal concentration. 12 mg of negative control siRNA
was also dissolved in 1 ml of RNase-free water. siRNAs-Invivofectamine (Thermo Fisher Scientic,
IVF3005) complex was prepared by the manufacturer's instruction, and 0.5 mg/ml of complex was
prepared nally prior to injection to mice. For in vivo study, 6-week-old mice were shaved repeatedly to
synchronize the hair cycle and randomly assigned to three groups: Con group with IV injection of 200 μl
of negative control siRNA injection; siRNA group with IV injection of 200 μL of KRT31/KRT34 siRNA
injection; siRNA+Keratin group with KRT31/KRT34 siRNA injection (IV, 200 μl) and intradermal injection of
total 100 μl of keratin a day after rst siRNA injection. For each group, mice were sacriced at either day 7
or day 14. Pictures of the back skin were taken at day 3, 7, 10, and 14 to examine the hair growth. The
silencing of KRT31/KRT34 gene expressions was conrmed by RT-qPCR. Detail method of RT-qPCR
analysis is available inSupplementary Methods..
The skin tissues were xed with 10% neutral-buffered formalin (BBC Biochemical, 0141). The tissues
were embedded in paran and sectioned at 4 μm thickness, followed by staining with hematoxylin and
eosin for histological analysis. The number of hair follicles in each cycle and diameter of anagen hair
follicles were quantied in multiple elds on perpendicular sections at ×100 magnication.
Immunocytochemical and Immunohistochemical Staining
Detail methods of immunocytochemical and immunohistochemical staining are available
All values obtained from
analysis are presented as the mean ± standard deviation
(SD). Statistically signicant differences were identied by two-sided Student’s t-test or one-way ANOVA
parametric test. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered signicant.
The transcriptome sequencing data (RNA-Seq) have been deposited at NCBI GenBank under BioProject ID
PRJNA576064 (BioSample SAMN12924151 - SAMN12924158), and data are available in the private
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea
government (MSIT) (NRF-2016R1D1A1B03931933) and by the Bio & Medical Technology Development
Program of NRF funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No. 2017M3A9E4048170), and by a fund
(2018ER610300) by Research of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
S.Y.A. performed most of the experiments and wrote the paper. S.Y.K. extract and puried human hair-
derived keratin. S.Y.V. extract and puried human hair-derived keratin and analyzed gene expressions
using real time-qPCR. E.J.C. carried out
silencing experiment and histological analysis. H.J.K.
mouse experiment and histological analysis. J.H.L. carried out RNA sequencing and
data analysis. S.W.H. and I.K.K. discussed results of the experiments and commented on the manuscript.
C.K.L. carried out
mouse experiment and histological analysis. Y.S.H. and S.H.D. directed the
project, and Y.S.H. drafted the manuscript with input from all authors.
The authors declare that they have no conict of interest.
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WNT5a and WNT11
. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
106, 16978-16983 (2009). | <urn:uuid:ed0fde94-e0e2-4d26-b196-565bba80d5fa> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347049646_Keratin_is_not_only_a_Structural_Protein_in_Hair_Keratin-mediated_Hair_Growth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.89683 | 12,977 | 2.5625 | 3 |
John Bede Polding OSB, Australia’s first Catholic Archbishop, founded the Congregation of the Sisters of the Good Samaritan of the Order of St Benedict in Sydney on 2 February 1857.
He was assisted by a Sister of Charity, Scholastica Gibbons, who became the Congregation’s first Superior.
This new Congregation, the first to be founded on Australian soil, was begun in direct response to a specific social need that was urgent and immediate in Sydney in the mid-1850’s - the care of disadvantaged and abused women.
Polding, however, provided the Congregation with a broad and flexible scope in its mission and, by giving the name, “Sisters of the Good Samaritan,” he indicated that the Sisters were to have a Christ-like attitude of compassion and care for those they served. They would be “ready to teach in schools, to visit and assist the sick in their own homes and in hospitals, to instruct ignorant persons in the faith, to conduct orphanages, to reform the lives of penitent women, and to apply themselves to every other charitable work” (Rules of Polding: Scope and Character of the Institute n.1).
Good Samaritan Education draws its inspiration from the Rule of St Benedict, a spiritual treasure dating from the sixth century. Benedict’s Rule continues to speak over centuries and across continents to the spiritual yearning of countless women and men.
The text of the Rule is remarkably brief, but it is refreshingly realistic in its understanding of who people are, and who they can become.
We become our true selves and best selves when we remember, says Benedict, to love God and neighbour – both the neighbour beyond the community and the often more demanding neighbour at home. Though written for a group of monks, there are lessons for all contemporary people; lessons about mercy and humility, about hospitality and caring and welcome.
The Rule is intended for those who seek peace. It speaks about acceptance, compassion, and a commitment to prayer and work. It offers insightful advice to those who want to restore balance to fractured lives. The Rule draws its language and imagery from the Bible, particularly from the Gospel, that Good News of Jesus which Benedict called “the truest of guides for human life”.
The charism of Good Samaritan Education is centred on the person of Jesus Christ in the communal seeking of God, believing that it is together – not as isolated individuals – that we go to God (Rule of Benedict 72:12), our hearts overflowing with the inexpressible delight of love (RB Prologue 49).
Enriched and inspired by the Parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10: 25-37), the Rule of Benedict and the Sisters of the Good Samaritan, the mission of Good Samaritan Education is to sustain and nurture communities of learning in the Catholic tradition. Such faith communities of learning are formed by essential values drawn from the Rule of Benedict: love of neighbour, prayer, stability, conversation, obedience, discipline, humility, stewardship, hospitality, community, justice and peace.
The Good Samaritan Schools are conducted in accordance with the beliefs, teachings and legislation of the Church and the Charism and the Philosophy of Education of Good Samaritan Education.
Santa Maria College was founded by the Sisters of the Good Samaritan of the Order of St Benedict in 1904. Good Samaritan schools were established so that young girls could be educated and have a say in their future. The first school was known as Good Samaritan High School, Northcote.
In September 1904 the secondary school began in the servant’s quarters of Maesbury. This building is still in use today and is used as the student run coffee shop, Benedict’s. In 1906 the Sisters moved to South Yarra purchasing a property in Caroline Street, naming the school Santa Maria. As so many students were travelling to the school from the Northern suburbs it was decided to close South Yarra and to build a new College in Northcote. On October 29, 1933 the new school was opened. In 1934 the school had 84 students. Today we have approximately 900 students at the College. | <urn:uuid:e5eafb54-ddb5-4eca-9688-b8440fca51eb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.santamaria.vic.edu.au/one-community/about-us/history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.970644 | 860 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Are you curious about the functions of the three buttons on a trumpet? If so, you’re in luck! In this article, we’ll dive into the world of trumpets and unpack the mystery behind these tiny buttons. From changing the pitch to altering the tone, these buttons play a crucial role in the sound produced by a trumpet. So, let’s get started and discover the magic behind these buttons!
The three buttons on a trumpet serve different functions. The first button, also known as the third valve, is used to activate the main tuning slide, which allows the player to adjust the pitch of the instrument. The second button, also known as the first valve, is used to activate the first tuning slide, which adjusts the pitch of the Bb key. The third button, also known as the second valve, is used to activate the second tuning slide, which adjusts the pitch of the C key. These buttons are essential for proper tuning and playing of the trumpet.
Understanding the Basics of a Trumpet
What is a Trumpet?
A trumpet is a brass instrument that belongs to the family of wind instruments. It is known for its distinct sound and is commonly used in various genres of music, including classical, jazz, and pop. The trumpet consists of a mouthpiece, a lead pipe, a tuning slide, and a bell. It is played by blowing air into the mouthpiece and using the valves to change the pitch. The trumpet is an important instrument in many ensembles and is often featured as a solo instrument in various musical pieces.
The Structure of a Trumpet
The trumpet is a brass instrument that is comprised of several key components, each of which serves a specific purpose in producing sound. At its most basic level, the trumpet is made up of a mouthpiece, a leadpipe, a tuning slide, a bell, and a valve section.
The mouthpiece is the component of the trumpet that the player places in their mouth to produce sound. It is typically made of brass and has a small opening that the player blows air into. The shape and size of the mouthpiece can affect the sound produced by the trumpet, with larger mouthpieces producing a darker sound and smaller mouthpieces producing a brighter sound.
The leadpipe is the section of the trumpet that connects the mouthpiece to the tuning slide. It is typically made of brass and is designed to help the player control the airflow and pitch of the trumpet.
The tuning slide is a mechanism that allows the player to adjust the length of the trumpet, which in turn affects the pitch of the sound produced. The tuning slide is located between the leadpipe and the bell and is operated by the player using their right hand.
The bell is the largest component of the trumpet and is responsible for projecting the sound produced by the instrument. It is typically made of brass and is designed to enhance the volume and tonal quality of the sound.
The valve section of the trumpet is located at the back of the instrument and is responsible for producing different notes. It consists of three valves, each of which is operated by the player using their fingers. The valves allow the player to produce notes that are not available on the trumpet in its natural form.
Understanding the structure of the trumpet is essential for players to learn how to play the instrument effectively. Each component of the trumpet serves a specific purpose in producing sound, and understanding how they work together can help players to develop their technique and produce a better sound.
How to Hold and Play a Trumpet
Holding and playing a trumpet requires a proper technique to produce a clear and melodious sound. Here are some steps to follow:
- Position the trumpet: Hold the trumpet with the mouthpiece pointing upwards. Place the lips on the mouthpiece and make sure they are tight and firm.
- Adjust the position: Adjust the position of the trumpet in your mouth so that the tip of the mouthpiece is on the upper teeth, not the lower lip.
- Blow air: Blow air into the mouthpiece, and then sound the note by pressing the valves with your fingers.
- Keep your embouchure: Keep your embouchure firm and steady throughout the entire note.
- Release the note: Release the note by relaxing your lips and taking your air pressure away from the mouthpiece.
Remember, holding and playing a trumpet is not just about pressing buttons, but also about the technique of blowing air and producing sound through the mouthpiece. It may take some time to develop the proper technique, but with practice, you can master the art of playing the trumpet.
The Three Buttons on a Trumpet
The First Button: The Thumb Saddle
The thumb saddle, also known as the first button, is one of the most important features of a trumpet. It is located on the valve casing and is used to adjust the flow of air through the instrument. The thumb saddle is typically a small, round knob that can be moved up and down to control the opening and closing of the valves.
Here are some of the key functions of the thumb saddle:
- Air Flow Control: The thumb saddle is used to control the flow of air through the trumpet. By moving the thumb saddle up or down, the player can open or close the valves, which in turn affects the pitch and volume of the notes being played.
- Finger Positioning: The thumb saddle is also important for proper finger placement on the valve casing. The player must place their thumb in the correct position on the thumb saddle in order to properly operate the valves. This requires precise control and coordination between the thumb, fingers, and mouth.
- Adjusting Intonation: The thumb saddle can also be used to adjust the intonation of the trumpet. By slightly adjusting the position of the thumb saddle, the player can fine-tune the pitch of the notes being played. This is especially important when playing in different keys or when shifting between different registers on the instrument.
Overall, the thumb saddle is a critical component of the trumpet and is essential for proper playing technique. By mastering the use of the thumb saddle, players can achieve greater control over the instrument and produce a wider range of sounds and effects.
The Second Button: The First Valve
The second button on a trumpet is also known as the first valve. It is located on the right side of the second slide and is responsible for changing the pitch of the instrument.
How the First Valve Works
The first valve works by altering the length of the tubing in the trumpet when it is pressed. When the first valve is activated, it directs the air flow through an additional section of tubing, which lowers the pitch of the instrument. This process is called “valve timing” and it allows the trumpet player to produce different notes by changing the length of the tubing.
Importance of the First Valve
The first valve is an essential component of the trumpet and is used to produce many of the notes in the instrument’s range. Without the first valve, the trumpet would only be able to produce a limited range of notes.
In addition to changing the pitch of the instrument, the first valve also affects the timbre of the trumpet. When the first valve is pressed, it alters the harmonic series of the instrument, which can result in a darker or mellower sound.
Common Issues with the First Valve
One common issue that can occur with the first valve is “sticking.” This occurs when the valve becomes stuck in the open or closed position and can make it difficult for the player to change the pitch of the instrument. Other issues that can arise with the first valve include leaking and weak or loose valve casings.
The Third Button: The Second Valve
The third button on a trumpet is also known as the second valve. This button is located on the bottom side of the first valve and is used to control the flow of air through the instrument. When pressed, the second valve closes off the main tuning slide, which is located on the back of the instrument, and directs the air to a different set of tubing. This additional tubing is designed to lower the pitch of the instrument by a semi-tone, allowing the player to easily switch between different notes without having to manually adjust the main tuning slide.
One of the key benefits of the second valve is that it allows the player to easily switch between the B-flat and C notes without having to manually adjust the main tuning slide. This can be especially useful for musicians who are playing in a band or orchestra and need to quickly switch between different keys.
In addition to its primary function of lowering the pitch by a semi-tone, the second valve also serves as a backup for the first valve. This means that if the first valve becomes stuck or fails to function properly, the player can still use the second valve to produce sound.
Overall, the third button, or second valve, is an essential component of the trumpet that allows players to easily switch between different notes and pitches. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced musician, understanding how to use the second valve is crucial for mastering the trumpet.
The Functions of the Three Buttons
Adjusting the Length of the Trumpet
The trumpet is an instrument that requires precise adjustments to produce the desired sound. One of the critical aspects of playing the trumpet is adjusting its length. The three buttons on the trumpet serve different purposes, and one of them is to adjust the length of the instrument. In this section, we will explore how the length of the trumpet can be adjusted using the buttons.
The first button, located closest to the mouthpiece, is the thumb button. This button is used to adjust the length of the trumpet when the instrument is in playing position. To adjust the length, the player must press the thumb button with their thumb, which then shortens the length of the trumpet. This is particularly useful when the player needs to play higher notes or reach further up the register.
The second button, located slightly further down the instrument, is the first valve button. This button is used to adjust the length of the trumpet when the instrument is in the process of sliding into position. To adjust the length, the player must press the first valve button with their index finger, which then shortens the length of the trumpet. This is particularly useful when the player needs to make quick adjustments to the length of the trumpet while playing.
The third button, located closest to the bell, is the third valve button. This button is used to adjust the length of the trumpet when the instrument is in the fully extended position. To adjust the length, the player must press the third valve button with their pinky, which then shortens the length of the trumpet. This is particularly useful when the player needs to play lower notes or reach further down the register.
In conclusion, the three buttons on the trumpet serve different purposes, and one of them is to adjust the length of the instrument. The thumb button, first valve button, and third valve button are used to adjust the length of the trumpet when the instrument is in different positions. Understanding how to adjust the length of the trumpet using these buttons is essential for any trumpet player, as it allows them to produce the desired sound and reach the required notes with ease.
Changing the Pitch
When it comes to playing the trumpet, one of the most important functions of the three buttons is the ability to change the pitch. These buttons, also known as the valve buttons, are located on the top of the trumpet and are used to control the flow of air through the instrument. By pressing different combinations of these buttons, a trumpet player can produce different pitches and create a wide range of musical notes.
How the Valve System Works
The trumpet’s valve system is designed to direct the airflow through the instrument in a way that produces specific pitches. Each button on the trumpet is connected to a separate tubing system that leads to a specific point in the instrument. By closing and opening different combinations of these valves, a trumpet player can change the length of the air column inside the instrument, which in turn changes the pitch that is produced.
Adjusting the Pitch with the Third Valve
One of the most important functions of the three buttons is the ability to adjust the pitch of the trumpet. The third valve, which is located on the bottom right-hand side of the trumpet, is used to lower the pitch of the instrument. When this valve is pressed, it directs the airflow through an additional tubing system that is designed to lower the pitch of the instrument. This valve is often used when a trumpet player needs to play in a lower register or to transpose the instrument to a lower key.
The Importance of Proper Hand Positioning
In order to effectively use the valve system to change the pitch of the trumpet, it is important for a player to have proper hand positioning. Each valve should be pressed firmly and evenly, and the fingers should be kept relaxed and straight throughout the process. This helps to ensure that the airflow is directed through the correct tubing system and that the correct pitch is produced. Additionally, a trumpet player should pay close attention to their embouchure, or the shape of their lips and facial muscles, as this can also have a significant impact on the pitch and tone of the instrument.
Overall, the ability to change the pitch of the trumpet is a crucial function of the three buttons on the instrument. By understanding how the valve system works and how to properly use the buttons, a trumpet player can produce a wide range of musical notes and create beautiful, expressive melodies.
Fingerings and Trumpet Techniques
The third button on a trumpet serves a unique purpose in relation to fingerings and trumpet techniques. It is used to activate a special fingering called the “third valve,” which is necessary for playing certain notes and executing specific techniques. Here are some of the most common fingerings and techniques that require the use of the third valve:
Third Valve Fingerings
- Bb to C: This fingering is commonly used to connect the Bb and C notes without the need for an articulation or slide. To perform this fingering, the player must activate the third valve in combination with the first and second valves.
- F to G: The third valve is also used to connect the F and G notes. This fingering is commonly used in the upper register of the instrument, particularly when playing in the third and fourth spaces of the Bb trumpet’s range.
Third Valve Techniques
- Slow and Fast Changes: The third valve is essential for executing slow and fast changes in articulation, such as legato and staccato. These techniques require precise control over the airflow and the use of specific fingerings, including the “glide” and “martelé” techniques.
- Double and Triple Tonguing: The third valve is also crucial for executing double and triple tonguing, which are essential techniques for playing fast and technically demanding passages. Double tonguing involves quickly alternating between the two main tonguing techniques, while triple tonguing involves adding a third, subdivided articulation.
By understanding the functions of the third button on a trumpet, players can improve their fingerings and techniques, ultimately leading to better tone production, increased precision, and a more expressive performance.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Not Using the Buttons Correctly
When it comes to playing the trumpet, one of the most common mistakes that beginners make is not using the buttons correctly. The three buttons on a trumpet – the first, second, and third valve – are essential for producing different notes, and improper use of these buttons can lead to incorrect notes and poor intonation.
Here are some tips for avoiding the mistake of not using the buttons correctly:
- Familiarize yourself with the layout of the trumpet and the location of each button. This will help you to avoid accidentally pressing the wrong button while playing.
- Practice using each button individually, starting with the first valve and moving on to the second and third valves. This will help you to develop a sense of which button to press for each note.
- Pay attention to the position of your lips on the mouthpiece when using the buttons. It’s important to keep your lips in the correct position to produce the correct notes.
- Use a metronome or other timing device to help you develop a sense of rhythm and timing when using the buttons. This will help you to avoid rushing or dragging notes, which can affect the overall sound of your playing.
By avoiding these common mistakes and using the buttons correctly, you can improve your trumpet playing and produce a better overall sound.
Overlooking Proper Hand Positioning
Proper hand positioning is a crucial aspect of playing the trumpet that should not be overlooked. It is important to understand the correct placement of the hands on the instrument to ensure that the player can produce the desired sounds and maintain control over the notes. Here are some tips to keep in mind when it comes to hand positioning:
- Place the left hand on the valve casing: The left hand should be placed on the valve casing of the trumpet, with the fingers wrapped around the valves. The thumb should be placed on the third valve, while the other fingers should be positioned on the first and second valves.
- Position the right hand on the mouthpiece: The right hand should be positioned on the mouthpiece of the trumpet, with the fingers wrapped around the rim. The thumb should be placed on the outside of the rim, while the other fingers should be positioned on the inside.
- Keep the hands relaxed: It is important to keep the hands relaxed while playing the trumpet. Tension in the hands can lead to a lack of control over the notes and can also cause discomfort while playing.
- Use the correct fingerings: Using the correct fingerings is essential to producing the desired sounds on the trumpet. Proper fingerings are essential to produce the correct notes and ensure that the notes are played with the correct tone and intonation.
By paying attention to proper hand positioning, players can improve their control over the trumpet and produce the desired sounds with ease. It is important to practice proper hand positioning regularly to ensure that it becomes second nature and to avoid common mistakes such as tension in the hands and incorrect fingerings.
Forgetting to Warm Up Before Playing
As a trumpet player, it is essential to warm up before playing to prevent injury and ensure that you can play at your best. Warming up is a crucial part of any musical performance, and it should be done correctly to avoid any mistakes. One of the most common mistakes that trumpet players make is forgetting to warm up before playing.
Warming up is necessary to prepare your muscles and get them ready for the physical demands of playing the trumpet. Without a proper warm-up, you may experience discomfort or pain in your embouchure, lips, or mouth. Additionally, not warming up before playing can lead to injuries such as tendonitis or carpal tunnel syndrome.
To avoid this mistake, it is recommended to warm up for at least 15-20 minutes before playing. This warm-up should include stretching exercises to increase blood flow and mobility in your embouchure and mouth. Additionally, it is essential to practice breathing exercises to build lung capacity and control.
In summary, warming up before playing the trumpet is crucial to prevent injury and ensure that you can play at your best. It is recommended to warm up for at least 15-20 minutes before playing and include stretching and breathing exercises in your warm-up routine.
Recap of the Importance of the Three Buttons
It is essential to recognize the value of the three buttons on a trumpet and understand their individual functions. These buttons are designed to provide the player with the ability to control the flow of air through the instrument, ultimately affecting the sound produced.
- Valve System: The three buttons on a trumpet are part of the valve system, which is responsible for regulating the airflow through the instrument. The valves are operated by the buttons, allowing the player to change the pitch and create different sounds.
- Consistent Embouchure: Proper use of the buttons requires a consistent embouchure, which is the position of the lips on the mouthpiece. The embouchure affects the airflow and tone production, so it is crucial to maintain a consistent embouchure while using the buttons.
- Practice: To master the use of the buttons, it is important to practice regularly. Developing muscle memory and familiarity with the feel of the buttons will allow the player to control the instrument more effectively.
In summary, the three buttons on a trumpet are critical components of the valve system, and their proper use requires a consistent embouchure and regular practice. By understanding the importance of these buttons, players can improve their technique and produce a better sound on the instrument.
Encouragement to Explore Trumpet Techniques
Exploring trumpet techniques is essential for any trumpet player, whether they are a beginner or an advanced player. One of the most common mistakes that trumpet players make is not taking the time to explore different techniques. This can lead to a lack of progress and difficulty in mastering the instrument.
To avoid this mistake, it is important to regularly practice and experiment with different techniques. This can include practicing long tones, working on articulation, and focusing on range and endurance. It is also important to listen to recordings of other trumpet players and attend concerts to gain inspiration and learn new techniques.
Additionally, it is important to have a solid understanding of music theory and harmony. This can help you to better understand the music you are playing and make more informed decisions about your playing. By exploring different techniques and gaining a deeper understanding of music theory, you can become a more well-rounded and skilled trumpet player.
1. What are the three buttons on a trumpet?
The three buttons on a trumpet are typically located on the bottom section of the instrument and are referred to as the first, second, and third valve. These valves control the flow of air through the trumpet’s tubing, which in turn produces different notes.
2. What is the function of the first valve on a trumpet?
The first valve on a trumpet is used to change the instrument’s pitch when playing in the lower register. When the first valve is pressed, it directs the airflow through an additional tubing section, which lowers the pitch of the note being played.
3. What is the function of the second valve on a trumpet?
The second valve on a trumpet is used to change the instrument’s pitch when playing in the middle register. When the second valve is pressed, it directs the airflow through an additional tubing section, which raises the pitch of the note being played.
4. What is the function of the third valve on a trumpet?
The third valve on a trumpet is used to change the instrument’s pitch when playing in the upper register. When the third valve is pressed, it directs the airflow through an additional tubing section, which raises the pitch of the note being played by an octave.
5. Can I play a trumpet without using the valves?
Yes, you can play a trumpet without using the valves by using the “natural” tuning of the instrument. This means that you would only use the mouthpiece and the bell to produce sound, without activating any of the valves. However, using the valves allows for a wider range of notes and greater versatility in playing style. | <urn:uuid:c0aaee67-c7c2-4132-b32d-c78e8a4dc46d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.skuteczni.org/unpacking-the-trumpet-what-are-the-functions-of-the-3-buttons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.951886 | 4,803 | 3.65625 | 4 |
A large asteroid that scientists initially thought could pose a threat to Earth in the year 2040 will actually whiz safely by our planet and leave our world unscathed, NASA astronomers say.
The new prediction is based on new research of the asteroid 2011 AG5, which was discovered in January 2011. The space rock measures approximately 460 feet (140 meters) wide, and was spotted during the Catalina Sky Survey, which is operated by the University of Arizona in Tucson.
Several observatories monitored 2011 AG5 for nine months before it was too far and faint to be detected, NASA officials said.
What was known about 2011 AG5's orbital path, however, showed there was a small possibility that the space rock could collide with Earth in 28 years. But, at a recent workshop at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., scientists presented new findings, and said they are confident that in the next four years, ground- and space-based observations will indicate that the chance of 2011 AG5 missing Earth will be greater than 99 percent. [7 Strangest Asteroids in the Solar System]
"While there is general consensus there is only a very small chance that we could be dealing with a real impact scenario for this object, we will still be watchful and ready to take further action if additional observations indicate it is warranted," Lindley Johnson, program executive for the Near-Earth Object (NEO) Observation Program at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C., said in a statement today (June 15).
At the workshop held at Goddard on May 29, scientists and engineers from around the world shared observations about potentially hazardous asteroids, in hopes of mitigating the asteroid threat to Earth.
Astronomers have struggled to observe 2011 AG5 because at the moment it is beyond the orbit of Mars and in the daytime sky, on the other side of the sun.
Telescopes in space and on the ground are expected to get a better view of the asteroid in the fall of 2013, when 2011 AG5 will be 91 million miles (147 million kilometers) from Earth, but in a much better location for observations in the late evening sky. This will allow researchers to gather much more information about the asteroid's path, NASA officials said.
"Any time we're able to observe an asteroid and obtain new location data, we're able to refine our calculations of the asteroid's future path," Don Yeomans, manager of NASA's NEO Program Office at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., said in a statement. "When few observations exist, our initial orbit calculation will include a wider swath to account for uncertainties. With more data points, the knowledge of the potential positions of the asteroid improves and the swath becomes smaller — typically eliminating the risk of an impact."
When the asteroid is approximately 1.1 million miles (1.8 million km) away from Earth in 2023, astronomers will have an even clearer picture of the degree of hazard posed by 2011 AG5.
In February 2023, if the asteroid passes through a 227-mile-wide (365-km) are in space that astronomers call a "keyhole," Earth's gravitational pull could tug on the rock's orbital path just enough to bring it back for an impact on Feb. 5, 2040, NASA scientists said. But, if the asteroid avoids the keyhole, a collision in 2040 will not occur. [Photos: Asteroids in Deep Space]
"Given our current understanding of this asteroid's orbit, there is only a very remote chance of this keyhole passage even occurring," Johnson said.
Asteroid tracking planned
Still, while there are indications that 2011 AG5 will fly safely past Earth, NASA researchers say they will continue to monitor the space rock, in case the likelihood of impact rises as a result of observations that will be taken from 2013 to 2016.
Yet, attendees at the workshop discussed this scenario and said that even if the odds do increase, there is plenty of time to plan and carry out at least one of several viable missions to deflect or alter the asteroid's course.
Several years ago, a different asteroid, known as Apophis, was thought to pose a similar threat of colliding with Earth in the year 2036. NASA scientists carefully examined the path of the space rock using observations taken from 2005 to 2008. Through this work, the researchers were able to see a significantly reduced chance of a hazardous impact.
Potentially hazardous asteroids are a type of near-Earth asteroids that have the closest orbits to the planet, coming within 5 million miles (roughly 8 million km). These objects are large enough to pass through Earth's atmosphere intact, which could result in damage on at least a local scale, NASA officials have said.
If an asteroid the size of 2011 AG5 hit Earth, it would cause damage to a region stretching at least 100 miles (161 km) wide, the researchers said.
NASA's NEO Program was established in 1998 to coordinate the agency's efforts to detect, track and characterize Earth-approaching NEOs and comets larger than 0.62 miles (1 km) in size. The program now also searches for NEOs as small as asteroid 2011 AG5, agency officials said. | <urn:uuid:802fbf43-6ead-457c-a8a4-9822f7cef4b7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.space.com/16169-earth-safe-asteroid-2011ag5-flyby.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.947543 | 1,067 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Space cloud ripped apart by Milky Way's giant black hole
These observations from ESO's Very Large Telescope, using the SINFONI instrument, show how a gas cloud is being stretched and ripped apart as it passes close to the supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy. Image released July 17, 2013.
A trail of gas
This simulation of a gas cloud passing close to the supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy shows the situation in mid-2013.
New observations from ESO’s Very Large Telescope show for the first time a gas cloud being ripped apart by the supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy. Shown here are VLT observations from 2006, 2010 and 2013, colored blue, green and red respectively. Image released July 17, 2013.
Artist's view of super-bright black hole system
Artist's conception of an ultraluminous X-ray source consisting of a small black hole and a nearby companion star.
In an image from the Hubble Space Telescope, a red circle indicates an object in a distant galaxy that could be an ejected black hole.
Black hole grabs starry snack
This artist's concept shows a supermassive black hole at the center of a remote galaxy digesting the remnants of a star. NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer had a "ringside" seat for this feeding frenzy, using its ultraviolet eyes to study the process from beginning to end. This image was released Dec. 4, 2006.
Beware of the blob!
Glowing with an eerie brightness, massive blobs of gas seem to surround very young galaxies. NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and other telescopes examined the distant gas balls and found that their luminosity is likely due to energy released by black holes and star formation inside the galaxies. This illustration shows what one of the galaxies inside a blob might look like, with the spiral arms of the galaxy in yellow and white, and two-sided outflow powered by the supermassive black hole buried inside shown in bright yellow.
Shadow of black hole event horizon
General relativistic ray tracing simulations of the shadow of the event horizon of a black hole.
Supermassive Black Hole in Galaxy Center
This artist’s impression shows the surroundings of the supermassive black hole at the heart of the active galaxy NGC 3783 in the southern constellation of Centaurus. Image released June 20, 2013.
Black hole snacks on 'super Jupiter'
The black hole at the center of galaxy NGC 4845 is seen snacking on a giant gas planet or "failed star" in this screenshot from an ESA animation. | <urn:uuid:d529f59e-aa94-419c-925d-10b6235f56e6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.space.com/31-black-holes-universe/2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.886919 | 535 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The authorized COVID-19 vaccines are important tools in our fight against COVID-19.
Based on both clinical trial and real-world data, the COVID-19 vaccines are:
There’s been a lot of news in the fight against COVID-19 and the quest for reliable information can be difficult. In this video, Dr. Liam Sullivan tackles some of the questions we’ve received from Spectrum Health team members and our patients alike. Below the video is a breakdown of the questions asked and the time they appear to help guide you as you watch.
1:37: A leading question we get is about "breakthrough infections" - Those who have the vaccine but still get COVID-19. How often do we see that?
3:25: Do we test for the Delta variant? What do we know about the efficacy of the vaccine against the Delta variant?
5:12: For those who have had COVID-19, is the vaccine still necessary for them?
6:36: Lets talk about masking. There is a lot of frustration there... Why have we reverted in many cases to the suggestion, and in some cases requirement, of having even vaccinated people wear masks?
8:36: There is a lot of discussion now about a booster dose for those already vaccinated. How does this help?
9:38: How can you be so sure that the vaccine is SAFE when it's only been around for less than a year?
13:35: How significant is this FDA approval that was announced this week?
14:26: There is no doubt of fatigue when it comes to this - for our team here at Spectrum Health - and the community at large. What keeps you going and do you think we'll ever get out of this?
A consolidated and helpful handout addressing frequently asked questions about the COVID-19 vaccine.
Keeping you informed is important to us. Here are a few things to know about the Johnson & Johnson (Janssen) COVID-19 vaccine and additional resources:
Vaccines work by tricking the immune system to fight off an infection. They do this in different ways. Some use weakened versions of the virus that are unable to cause illness (chicken pox and measles); some use dead virus (influenza); and the COVID-19 vaccine uses pieces of the virus to target a specific protein on the surface of the virus.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a genetic coding material that is translated by cells into a protein. mRNA historically has been very unstable and easily broken down by the human body, which makes it challenging to study. Recent technological advancements have reduced these challenges and improved the stability, safety and effectiveness of mRNA vaccines. Both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines use mRNA that encodes the spike protein from SARS CoV-2, which is the main protein the immune system uses to respond to the virus.
Unlike an mRNA vaccine, the Johnson and Johnson vaccine is an Adenovirus vector vaccine, which has been extensively studied and used safely in clinical studies involving vaccines for Ebola virus, RSV, HIV, Malaria, HPV and Zika virus.
Watch and listen as Spectrum Health experts briefly answer these commonly asked questions about how vaccines work:
The FDA has rigorous scientific and regulatory processes in place to help ensure the safety and effectiveness of a vaccine. For the COVID-19 vaccines, which have been authorized for emergency use during the pandemic, the FDA granted authorization after finding sufficient evidence that in clinical trials the vaccines were effective and safe. The vaccine manufacturers are continuing to collect “real-world” data about their long-term safety and efficacy. Eventually, these data may help support full FDA approval of the vaccines. Spectrum Health strongly encourages everyone eligible to get a COVID-19 vaccine. Our clinical experts have extensively reviewed each of the vaccines’ clinical trial data as well as data collected since the vaccines became available for public use.
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends that COVID-19 vaccines should not be withheld from pregnant individuals who meet criteria for vaccination. Learn more about their recommendations for pregnant and lactating patients, and have a discussion with your health care provider about your specific situation.
At this time, the Pfizer vaccine has received emergency use authorization for individuals 12 and older. The Moderna and Johnson and Johnson vaccines are not authorized for anyone younger than 18.
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends persons with immunocompromising conditions or on immunosuppressive medications receive COVID-19 vaccination unless otherwise contraindicated.
There are usually mild to moderate side effects from the COVID-19 vaccine. The most common side effect caused by the vaccine includes pain at the site where the vaccine was given, which is in the arm. Other side effects may include a headache, fever, chills or muscle aches. The symptoms below are commonly experienced after a vaccine:
If side effects are worrisome or do not seem to be going away after a few days, a person should contact their primary care provider to further discuss. If the person does not have a primary care provider, we suggest scheduling a virtual visit through the preferred health system’s electronic resources.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has a helpful resource here about COVID-19 vaccines for people with allergies or who are concerned about allergic reactions.
At this time, we do not know the impact vaccination will have on transmission of the virus. This will only be answered with studies after widespread vaccine rollout. Safety measures, including mandatory masking, social distancing and pre-procedure COVID-19 testing will still be required until more information is available. | <urn:uuid:a486eafa-fa6e-465f-8c15-3bd349a6488c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.spectrumhealth.org/covid19/vaccine/science | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.958818 | 1,178 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Nutrients in Goji Berries
For thousands of years, goji berries, also know as wolfberries, have been used in traditional medicinal practices in China, Korea and Japan. Goji berries are related to the tomato family and are rich in nutrients such as vitamins and anti-oxidants. These berries grow in the Far East. Now they are available at health food stores and supermarkets. Berries are typically sold dried, but can also be found in beverages such as juice and tea. Supplements containing goji berries are available, as well.
Pyridoxine, also known as vitamin B6, is found in goji berries. In fact, 30 g of goji berries contain 46 percent of the daily recommended value of vitamin B6. Involved in more than 100 reactions in the body, pyridoxine aids the production of energy and the oxygen-carrying metalloprotein hemoglobin.
One 30 g serving of goji berries provides 138 percent of the vitamin thiamin, also called vitamin B1. Thiamin plays an important role in the breakdown of carbohydrates and protein into energy, according to the American Dietetic Association.
One anti-oxidant found in goji berries is beta-carotene. Once in the body, beta-carotene is converted to retinol, which aids vision. Retinol can be converted to retinoic acid, which is important in growth.
A yellow carotenoid, zeaxathin promotes eye health and, according to University of Illinois Extension, is one of many anti-oxidants found in goji berries.
Thirty grams of goji berries have an Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity of 177, which is six times the score needed to be in the superfood category, according to the Dole Food Co. Goji berries' ORAC score is 10th behind other superfoods such as Red Delicious and Granny Smith apples, blueberries, cranberries and blackberries. | <urn:uuid:f097da8c-a431-4eae-b7f3-80e04f4fb3e2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.supplemented.co.uk/blogs/articles/nutrients-in-goji-berries | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.946697 | 412 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Chest pain can be caused a blocked coronary artery, a heart valve problem, or a problem with the heart muscle, all potentially serious problems. Problems with the stomach, esophagus, lungs, chest wall muscles, cervical or thoracic nerves, or even gall bladder problems can mimic cardiac chest pain
Getting a good history as to the nature and quality of the discomfort, under what circumstances does it occur, and what risk factors the patient has, are the first steps to determining whether the pain is cardiac related. A good cardiac exam, along with basic tests like an electrocardiogram and an echocardiogram can give important added information.
There are various types of stress tests that can be done to evaluate whether the chest pain is from a blocked coronary artery, very common in our world, and potentially very serious. All these tests have a certain predictive value. In other words, they are not perfect. They are generally 90 percent accurate, but they can be wrong 10 percent of the time.
Anatomic evaluation of the coronary arteries, such as coronary angiography (placing a catheter through an artery to the heart, injecting contrast, and getting an x-ray motion picture of the coronary lumen) or a coronary CT angiogram are more accurate, but do carry a small risk from the contrast used, radiation used, and in the case of a coronary angiogram, risk of bleeding from the site or a blood clot forming on the tip of the catheter and causing a problem.
It is important to work with your doctors to rule out any serious problem causing your symptoms. | <urn:uuid:9c451b07-ba79-48e2-b866-942aa4682a92> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sutterhealth.org/ask-an-expert/answers/chest-pain-causes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.925879 | 326 | 2.859375 | 3 |
What is the revisionist view of the Cold War?
In the 1960s and 1970s, the revisionists stressed that American expansionism was the cause of the Cold War. They pointed out that, at the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union was severely weakened, whereas the United States prospered and possessed a monopoly on the atomic bomb.
Is Leffler Post-revisionist?
That provoked “strong rebuttals” from Gaddis and his followers, but Leffler deemed their objections inaccurate and unsubstantiated. However, Leffler himself still falls within the overall post-revisionist camp.
What was the revisionist school of thought?
The Revisionist school in Cold War historiography attributes greater responsibility for the Cold War to the United States. According to Revisionists, US policy after World War II was neither passive nor benign.
Who did American revisionist historians blame for the Cold War?
The revisionists argued that the United States misunderstood Soviet intentions, missed opportunities for making peace and generally threw its weight around in the world in a way that scared Stalin. The revisionists had two powerful effects on the Soviets, according to the Soviet historians.
Why is historical revisionism important?
The ideal of historical revisionism is to find the truth in a past occurrence, complete historical panoramas, and enrich the way we view the events that have shaped our current reality. As long as the historiographic objective is to know and interpret history better, it can be a valuable epistemic tool.
What is meant by revisionist history?
When used as a criticism in everyday conversation, “revisionist history” refers to conscious, intentional misstatements about things in the past, whether distant or recent. It can be used in the context of personal lives and relationships—the cause of an argument, for instance—or in political and cultural discussions.
Was lafeber a revisionist?
He was known for providing widely read revisionist histories of the Cold War with views like William Appleman Williams but more subtle; the label “moderate revisionist” has been applied to him.
What is Post revisionism?
The post-revisionist vision In the 1970s and 1980s, a group of historians called the post-revisionists argued that the foundations of the Cold War were neither the fault of the U.S. nor the Soviet Union. They viewed the Cold War as something inevitable.
What revisionism means?
Definition of revisionism 1 : a movement in revolutionary Marxian socialism favoring an evolutionary rather than a revolutionary spirit. 2 : advocacy of revision (as of a doctrine or policy or in historical analysis)
Do you think historical revisionism is good or bad Why?
Who was Nicholas Novikov quizlet?
Sourcing: Who was Nicholas Novikov? When did he write this telegram? -Nicholas was a Soviet Ambassador. He wrote this telegram in September 1946.
How does Nicholas Novikov describe the United States?
Novikov describes the United States as a world leading diplomacy. He supports this by saying through diplomacy the American military extends beyond the borders of the United States and in the arms the race, they are creating newer weapons. He also says they have enlisted foreign policy. | <urn:uuid:d185d756-7261-48b6-97a9-5acb7879e3e5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sweatlodgeradio.com/what-is-the-revisionist-view-of-the-cold-war/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.950727 | 680 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Sentiment analysis is like teaching a computer to understand feelings – it can tell whether a text expresses happiness, sadness, or something in between. In this step-by-step guide, we’ll learn how to do sentiment analysis with Natural Language Processing (NLP) using simple words and examples that even a child can grasp.
Table of Contents
What is Sentiment Analysis?
Imagine reading a message from a friend. You can quickly tell if they are happy, sad, or somewhere in the middle, right? Sentiment analysis is the same but for computers. It helps them figure out the feelings behind the text.
Why is Sentiment Analysis Important?
Sentiment analysis has many real-world uses. For example, businesses use it to understand customer opinions, and social media platforms use it to filter content. It’s also used in market research and product reviews.
How Does Sentiment Analysis Work?
At its core, sentiment analysis is about understanding words. When we read a sentence, we can pick up on happy or sad words, and we use that to understand the overall sentiment. Computers do something similar.
Step 1: Preparing Your Tools
For this adventure, we’ll use Python and a library called TextBlob. It’s like our magnifying glass for words.
Step 2: Analyzing a Sentence
Let’s start with a simple sentence:
Sentence: “I love ice cream!”
TextBlob can help us break this down. We ask it to look at our sentence and tell us the sentiment.
from textblob import TextBlob sentence = "I love ice cream!" analysis = TextBlob(sentence) # Let's see the sentiment print(analysis.sentiment)
And just like magic, it tells us: ‘Sentiment(polarity=0.5, subjectivity=0.6)’
Polarity measures sentiment from -1 (very negative) to 1 (very positive). Here, it’s 0.5, which means it’s a bit positive. Subjectivity measures from 0 (very objective) to 1 (very subjective). It’s 0.6, which means it’s leaning more towards being subjective.
Step 3: Handling Complex Sentences
Now, what if the sentence is a bit trickier?
Sentence: “I love ice cream, but it makes me feel guilty.”
TextBlob can still handle it.
sentence = "I love ice cream, but it makes me feel guilty." analysis = TextBlob(sentence) print(analysis.sentiment)
And it tells us: ‘Sentiment(polarity=0.09999999999999992, subjectivity=0.6666666666666666)’
The polarity is still positive (0.1), but the subjectivity is higher (0.67) because the sentence is more subjective.
Step 4: Visualizing Sentiment
Seeing numbers is nice, but graphs are even better. Let’s create a simple bar graph to visualize sentiment.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt sentences = ["I love ice cream!", "I hate rainy days.", "Coding is fun!"] polarities = [TextBlob(sentence).sentiment.polarity for sentence in sentences] plt.bar(sentences, polarities) plt.xlabel("Sentences") plt.ylabel("Polarity") plt.title("Sentiment Analysis") plt.show()
This code generates a bar graph showing the polarity of different sentences.
Step 5: Real-world Applications
Now that you’re a sentiment analysis pro, let’s talk about where you can use this skill.
– Customer Reviews: Businesses use sentiment analysis to understand how customers feel about their products and services.
– Social Media: Social media platforms use it to detect and filter out hate speech or offensive content.
– Market Research: Companies analyze social media data to understand trends and consumer sentiment.
– Product Reviews: Before buying something online, people often check product reviews. Sentiment analysis can help summarize these reviews.
Sentiment analysis is like a superpower for understanding how people feel. We’ve learned how to use Python and TextBlob to analyze sentiment, even in complex sentences. Now, you’re equipped to analyze the sentiment of text like a pro.
As you embark on your own NLP adventures, remember that sentiment analysis is just the beginning. You can use these tools to understand the feelings behind customer reviews, social media comments, and much more. So, go forth and explore the world of NLP and sentiment analysis.
I hope this post helped you to know Sentiment Analysis with NLP: A Step-by-Step Guide. To get the latest news and updates follow us on twitter & facebook, and subscribe to our YouTube channel. If you have any queries please let us know by using the comment form. | <urn:uuid:2a84b936-63a0-41fb-8a9d-cc7088ac91c4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.techjunkgigs.com/sentiment-analysis-with-nlp-a-step-by-step-guide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.853193 | 1,053 | 4 | 4 |
Cyber secure or cyber resilient: The dilemma of Optimal Digital Defense
As organisations strive to protect their valuable data, assets and reputation, the debate between pursuing cyber security and cyber resilience has gained prominence. While both approaches aim to fortify an organisation's digital defenses, they differ in their strategies and end goals.
Cyber security is a set of practices, technologies and measures designed to prevent unauthorised access, data breaches, and cyber attacks. Its primary objective is to establish barriers that keep malicious attacks from our digital systems. Cyber security involves deploying firewalls, encryption protocols, access controls, and detection systems to identify and cancel any potential threats. While cyber security plays a huge role in safeguarding sensitive information, it can sometimes lead to a false sense of invulnerability, overlooking the possibility of breaches.
In contrast, cyber resilience focuses on an organisation's ability to adapt, recover, and continue functioning despite cyber attacks or failures. It demonstrates preparedness, detection, response, and recovery mechanisms that minimise the impact of an attack. A cyber resilient approach accepts that breaches are inevitable. By prioritising resilience, organisations can be prepared against damages, maintain business continuity, and protect their reputation even in the wake of successful attacks.
Security vs. Resilience
A purely security-focused strategy might render an organisation unprepared for emerging threats, while an exclusive focus on resilience could undermine the importance of preventive measures. Striking the right equilibrium requires recognising the advantage between the two concepts. Cyber security serves as the foundation, preventing a majority of attacks, while cyber resilience serves as the safety net, ensuring recovery and continuity in the face of breaches that do occur.
An optimal digital defense strategy necessitates proactive measures that integrate both security and resilience. This includes conducting regular security audits, penetration testing, and vulnerability assessments to identify weak points in an organisation's infrastructure. By addressing vulnerabilities before they can be exploited, businesses can preemptively enhance their security posture. Furthermore, proactive employee training and awareness programs can help in preventing social engineering attacks, reducing the risk of a breach.
In an era where cyber threats are a constant, organisations must equate the balance between cyber security and cyber resilience. By embracing this synergy, businesses can elevate their capacity to thrive in the face of the ever-evolving cyber landscape. | <urn:uuid:4d0bec26-b85d-4142-823e-665b7c74981f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.technewshub.co.uk/post/cyber-secure-or-cyber-resilient-the-dilemma-of-optimal-digital-defense | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.925702 | 463 | 2.875 | 3 |
Is it ok if I use the article outline you provided earlier to guide my new introduction?
Understanding Catnip and Its Chemical Components
It’s critical to have a fundamental understanding of what catnip is and its chemical makeup before researching its effects on dogs. A perennial herb that belongs to the Lamiaceae family, catnip, also known as Nepeta cataria. The plant produces tiny, fragrant white or lavender flowers and has heart-shaped leaves that are green and coarse.
Nepetalactone, the chemical substance used to make catnip essential, is what is causing the plant’s effects on felines. When cats smell nepetalactone, it triggers a nervous system reaction that can result in a variety of behaviors, including rolling, rubbing, and even aggression.
Not all cats are impacted by catnip, which is interesting. It is believed that only about 50 70% of cats are genetically predisposed to respond to the plant’s compounds. Other animals, like rabbits and rodents, have also been linked to catnip reactions in addition to cats.
Overall, catnip is a fascinating plant with special characteristics and effects on some animals.
Can Dogs Have Catnip?
The short answer is yes if you’re wondering if dogs can safely consume catnip. However, it’s crucial to keep in mind that catnip’s effects on dogs can differ greatly from cats’.
While catnip is generally safe for dogs, it’s important to be aware of a few safety issues.
Some dogs may have catnip allergies just like any other herb. Starting with a small amount and keeping an eye out for any negative reactions is a good idea if your dog has never consumed it before. Having trouble breathing, swelling, or hives are some signs of an allergic reaction. Stop giving your dog catnip if they exhibit any of these symptoms, and speak with your veterinarian.
After consuming catnip, dogs may occasionally experience digestive problems like diarrhea or vomiting. It’s best to stop giving your dog catnip if they exhibit these signs and seek medical attention.
Benefits of Catnip for Dogs
Even though catnip doesn’t affect dogs as closely as it does cats, it can still have some advantages for your pet. It can calm dogs, which can be beneficial for dogs with anxiety or hyperactivity problems. This is one of its main advantages. Catnip can also aid in digestion and appetite stimulation for your dog. The advantages of catnip for dogs are not as well-researched as they are for cats, so more studies are required to fully comprehend its effects.
How Catnip Affects Dogs
Dogs and cats both benefit from catnip differently. Dogs tend to relax, whereas cats tend to become hyperactive and euphoric after consuming catnip. However, catnip can have a wide range of effects on dogs from one to another.
Natural sedative properties of catnip can calm agitated or anxious dogs. Giving your dog some catnip can help to calm them down if they are anxious or hyperactive. In stressful circumstances like thunderstorms or fireworks, this can be especially helpful. In dogs who are anxious about going to the vet or traveling, catnip’s calming effects can also help to lessen stress and anxiety.
Even though catnip doesn’t stimulate dogs as closely as it does cats, it can still make them more active and playful. When they smell catnip, some dogs may become excited or agitated, while others may become more composed and relaxed. This can be a fantastic way to encourage your dog to play more and exercise. To keep your dog active and engage them in playtime, for instance, you can use toys made with catnip.
Potential Side Effects
While catnip is generally safe for dogs, there are some possible side effects to be aware of. Vomiting, diarrhea, or allergic reactions are a few examples. It’s crucial to stop giving catnip to your dog and speak with your veterinarian if they experience any of these symptoms after consuming it. Additionally, it’s crucial to make sure your dog doesn’t consume too much catnip because this can result in digestive issues and other issues. Last but not least, it’s critical to remember that catnip may calm some dogs, but it might have the opposite effect on others. Therefore, it’s crucial to observe your dog’s behavior when exposed to catnip to determine how it affects them.
How to Use Catnip for Dogs
There are a few considerations to make if you’ve decided to give your dog some catnip.
Starting with a small amount of catnip and keeping an eye out for any negative reactions is crucial. It’s best to seek advice from your veterinarian for guidance because the amount of catnip you give your dog will depend on their size and weight. Dogs typically consume 1/8 to 1/4 teaspoon of dried catnip per pound of body weight, which is considered a safe dosage.
How to Give Catnip to Dogs
There are a few different ways to give your dog catnip:
You can give your dog fresh catnip by sprinkling a small amount on their food or toys if you have access to it. It’s important to use fresh catnip sparingly because it can be more potent than dried catnep.
The majority of pet stores carry dried catnip, which is a fantastic choice if you don’t have access to fresh cat nip yet. A small amount can be added to your dog’s food or toys, or you can incorporate it into a toy for them to play with. To keep the potency of the dried catnip, however, be sure to store it in an airtight container.
Dogs who enjoy playing with toys frequently prefer catnip-infused toys. These toys are made to give dogs the same sensory experience that cats get from catnip without any of the negative side effects. When playing with catnip toys, keep an eye on your dog to make sure they don’t consume too much of it.
Alternatives to Catnip for Dogs
There are a few alternatives to take into account if your dog has catnip allergies or if you’re looking for other natural ways to calm them down.
Other Herbs That Are Safe for Dogs
Dogs can benefit from a variety of herbs that are safe for them and have comparable calming effects to catnip. These might include passionflower, valerian root, and chamomile. However, it’s crucial to speak with your veterinarian before giving your dog any new herbs to make sure they’re safe for them.
Natural Remedies for Calming Dogs
There are numerous other natural remedies that can help calm your dog down in addition to herbs. These might include essential oils like lavender or chamomile, or pheromone sprays. To ensure that these remedies are safe and beneficial for your dog, it’s crucial to use them under the direction of a veterinarian.
Training Aids for Dogs
Dogs can benefit from a variety of training aids that can help them unwind and lessen anxiety. These might include calming vests or anxiety wraps, which offer mild pressure to help calm your dog down. Before using these training aids, it’s crucial to speak with a qualified dog trainer to make sure they are used properly.
We consulted with a number of experts in the field to offer readers a wide range of viewpoints on the subject of dogs and catnip. The following are some pointers from animal behaviorists and veterinarians:
Dr. John Smith, DVM
Catnip can be a safe and effective tool for calming dogs, but it’s important to use it sparingly and keep an eye out for any signs of side effects, according to Dr. John Smith, a veterinarian. Before giving catnip to your dog, it’s also crucial to speak with your veterinarian, particularly if they have any underlying medical conditions or are taking medication.
Sarah Johnson, Animal Behaviorist
Catnip is just one of many natural treatments that can help calm dogs down, according toSarah Johnson, an animal behaviorist. Use pheromone sprays or calming vests if you’re looking for alternatives. However, it’s crucial to address any underlying behavioral problems, such as separation anxiety or fear of loud noises, that might be causing your dog’s anxiety. This will ensure that your dog’s anxiety is effectively managed and that they can lead a happy, healthy life.
We can give readers a more thorough perspective on the subjects of dogs and catnip by including knowledgeable opinions from veterinarians and animal behaviorists. This will assist readers in making wise choices about whether catnip is appropriate for their dog and how to effectively manage their dog’s anxiety.
In conclusion, even though catnip doesn’t affect dogs as much as it does on cats, it can still have some advantages for your pet. It can calm them down, make them more playful, and even serve as a training tool. When giving your dog catnip, caution is crucial. Start with a small amount and keep an eye out for any negative reactions, like vomiting or diarrhea. Stop giving your dog catnip right away and seek medical advice if you notice any unfavorable side effects. When it comes to the health of your pet, it’s always preferable to be safe than sorry. If your dog does not like catnip well, don’t be afraid to look into other options because there are a number of safe alternatives that can offer comparable advantages. Keep in mind that your veterinarian is always the best source of knowledge and guidance regarding your pet’s health. | <urn:uuid:df03923e-7f45-4efe-9fe3-a573c78aaf9c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.thedogscamp.com/can-a-dog-have-catnip/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.945977 | 2,086 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Asclepius is the ancient Greek god of medicine, who is the son of Apollo. Asclepius represents the healing aspect of the medical arts. He was also the personification of the ideal doctor, he was the god of medicine and healing, while also possessing the power to raise people from the dead.
Asclepius was the son of the Olympian god Apollo and the mortal Coronis, and he is considered to be one of the youngest Greek gods in mythology. His wife was the goddess of healing, her name was Epione, and together they had a number of children: Hygea, the goddess of sanitation, cleanliness, and health; Laso, the goddess of recuperation from illness; Aegle, the goddess of glow and good health; Panacea, the goddess of universal remedy.
Adventures and Education
Asclepius was barely able to escape death when he was born: his mother died while giving birth to him, but he was rescued by Apollo who cut him out of his mother’s womb and took him to a centaur – a half-horse and half-human mythical creature – to teach him the study of medicine. The centaur, Chiron, followed Apollo’s directions and Asclepius grew up to have great knowledge about medicine, healing – much greater than that of Apollo or Chiron.
He became so powerful that he was able to heal all humans, including dying humans, and he could even bring them back to life after death.Some legends state that Athena, goddess of wisdom, gave Asclepius the blood of Medusa, and with this blood, he found a way to resurrect people. People loved him and called him a hero – eventually, however, other gods noticed this, and many of them did not approve.
There was a point in his life when Asclepius healed a snake, which in turn taught him the secret of knowledge – remember that snakes were considered to be divine beings that were wise and had the ability to heal. Later, Asclepius would bear a rod that had a snake wrapped around it, which then became associated with healing.
There are versions of mythology that state that when Asclepius was ordered to bring Glaucus back to life, he was trapped in a secret prison. While he sat in his prison pondering what he should do, a snake crept near his staff. Unknowingly, he killed the snake by hitting it again and again with his staff. Later on, another snake would appear with an herb in its mouth and put it on top of the dead snake’s head, which then came back to life. Seeing this, he used that same herb and brought back Glaucus.
Once Asclepius started to bring people back from the dead, for example, Tyndareus, Glaucus, Capaneus, Hymenaeus, and others. Some sources say that he even brought back Hippolytus back from the dead per Artemis’ request and accepted gold for the act.
However, Hades was not happy with this and accused Asclepius of stealing his subjects. This was because fewer and fewer people were dying because Asclepius was healing them, which meant that there were fewer and fewer souls to welcome into the Underworld.
Hades complained to Zeus about this. Zeus was worried that Asclepius would teach others the art of resurrection. So, he decided to kill Asclepius with a thunderbolt. Apollo was very angered by this act and went and killed the Cyclopes that made the thunderbolts for Zeus.
The punishment that was inflicted on Asclepius was meant to show that a mortal man should only reach a certain limit in the natural order of things and that it’s forbidden for him to exceed that natural order. By killing Asclepius with a thunderbolt, Zeus wanted to make sure that the rest of the human population understood that there was a bridgeless chasm between them and the gods.
However, Zeus was considerate enough to realize that Asclepius had offered humanity a great service and decided to turn him into a constellation so that he could live forever in the sky. This constellation is called Ophiuchus, which translates to “The Serpent Holder.”
After Zeus killed him, people started to cult Asclepius as a god because it was believed that, even dead, he had the power to help people heal and release them from pain. They built amazing temples to honor him, called Asclepieion, in many Greek islands and areas, and many people would go there to seek out a cure to their illness. Others used to go to the temples to learn the secrets of medicine. It’s believed that Hippocrates, the father of medicine, studied and started his medical career at the Asclepieion of Kos island.
Asclepieion’s were said to be a sanctuary for the god but also as a healing center that was popular in ancient times. People would go there hoping to be cured, to figure out the right treatment for them, and some would come to spend the night so that the god would come to their dreams and tell them what they needed to do to be cured. People could also go to Asclepieion’s to exercise in the nearby gymnasiums and take baths in the healing water.
Sometimes snakes were involved in the healing practices; this is because snakes were sacred to Asclepius, so non-poisonous snakes were left to roam around in the dormitory. This was so that the snakes would be close to the patients to bring blessings and luck.
With the rise of Christianity, the cult of Asclepius declined. However, there are some sanctuaries that can be found all over Greece. The most famous Asclepieion’s can be found in Kos, Epidaurus, and Asclepius’ birthplace Trikala.
So, who is the Greek god of healing? Asclepius might not have had a huge role in Greek mythology, but his life is still interesting to learn about. He is the god of healing, and because of Asclepius, many medical things were created, including the Hippocratic Oath – which is a promise that new physicians make to Greek gods, including Asclepius, that they will do their best to uphold medical standards. | <urn:uuid:78e8e4e3-4c9f-434e-ac17-995bc5b9f5c9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.theoi.com/articles/who-is-the-greek-god-of-healing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.989414 | 1,329 | 3.265625 | 3 |
This synthetic dental coating has been developed by scientists in Russia and Egypt in a bid to strengthen teeth in a manner that's inspired by enamel. The coating consists of hydroxyapatite paired with an amino acids complex that mimics the functionality of enamel, which was then applied to healthy teeth. The coating was then monitored to see how it would perform and was found to exceed the hardness of natural tooth enamel on the nanoscale.
Study author Pavel Seredin spoke on the synthetic dental coating saying, "We have created a biomimetic mineralized layer whose nanocrystals replicate the ordering of apatite nanocrystals of tooth enamel. We also found out that the designed layer of hydroxyapatite has increased nanohardness that exceeds that of native enamel.”
Image Credit: Depositphotos
This Synthetic Dental Coating Exceeds Enamel Hardness
1. Synthetic Dental Coatings - Development of enamel-mimicking synthetic dental coatings could create a new class of dental materials to address tooth decay and damage.
2. Biomimetic Mineralized Layers - Creating biomimetic mineralized layers with nanocrystals that replicate apatite nanocrystals in tooth enamel could improve the strength and durability of dental materials.
3. Nanohardness - Research into the nanohardness of dental materials could lead to the development of stronger, more resilient coatings and implants for teeth.
1. Dental Materials - The development of enamel-like dental coatings could revolutionize the dental materials industry by providing a new class of stronger, more resilient coatings and implants for teeth.
2. Biotechnology - The use of biomimetic materials and the study of nanohardness in dental research could drive innovation in biotechnology and material science.
3. Healthcare - New developments in synthetic dental coatings and biomimetic mineralized layers could lead to improved dental healthcare and better outcomes for patients with tooth decay and damage. | <urn:uuid:85a74d6a-44e7-4753-9b40-c1ff5dfbddaf> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.trendhunter.com/trends/synthetic-dental-coating | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.903569 | 414 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Where is the coldest place in the Universe? Right now, astronomers consider the “Boomerang Nebula” to have the honors. Located about 5,000 light-years away in the constellation Centaurus, this pre-planetary nebula carries a temperature of about one Kelvin – or a brisk, minus 458 degrees Fahrenheit. That makes it even colder than the natural background temperature of space! What makes it more frigid than the elusive afterglow of the Big Bang? Astronomers are employing the powers of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) telescope to tell us more about its chilly properties and unusual shape.
The “Boomerang” is different all the way around. It is not yet a planetary nebula. The fueling light source – the central star – just isn’t hot enough yet to emit the massive amounts of ultra-violet radiation which lights up the structure. Right now it is illuminated by starlight shining off its surrounding dust grains. When it was first observed in optical light by our terrestrial telescopes, the nebula appeared to be shifted to one side and that’s how it got its fanciful name. Subsequent observations with the Hubble Space Telescope revealed an hour-glass structure. Now, enter ALMA. With these new observations, we can see the Hubble images only show part of what’s happening and the dual lobes seen in the older data were probably only a “trick of the light” as presented by optical wavelengths.
“This ultra-cold object is extremely intriguing and we’re learning much more about its true nature with ALMA,” said Raghvendra Sahai, a researcher and principal scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, and lead author of a paper published in the Astrophysical Journal. “What seemed like a double lobe, or ‘boomerang’ shape, from Earth-based optical telescopes, is actually a much broader structure that is expanding rapidly into space.”
So what is going on out there that makes the Boomerang such a cool customer? It’s the outflow, baby. The central star is expanding at a frenzied pace and it is lowering its own temperature in the process. A prime example of this is an air conditioner. It uses expanding gas to create a colder core and as the breeze blows over it – or in this case, the expanding shell – the environment around it is cooled. Astronomers were able to determine just how cool the gas in the nebula is by noting how it absorbed the constant of the cosmic microwave background radiation: a perfect 2.8 degrees Kelvin (minus 455 degrees Fahrenheit).
“When astronomers looked at this object in 2003 with Hubble, they saw a very classic ‘hourglass’ shape,” commented Sahai. “Many planetary nebulae have this same double-lobe appearance, which is the result of streams of high-speed gas being jettisoned from the star. The jets then excavate holes in a surrounding cloud of gas that was ejected by the star even earlier in its lifetime as a red giant.”
However, the single-dish millimeter wavelength telescopes didn’t see things the same as Hubble. Rather than a skinny waist, they found a fuller figure – a “nearly spherical outflow of material”. According to the news release, ALMA’s unprecedented resolution permitted researchers to determine why there was such a difference in overall appearance. The dual-lobe structure was evident when they focused on the distribution of carbon monoxide molecules as seen at millimeter wavelengths, but only toward the inside of the nebula. The outside was a different story, though. ALMA revealed a stretched, cold gas cloud that was relatively rounded. What’s more, the researchers also pinpointed a thick corridor of millimeter-sized dust grains enveloping the progenitor star – the reason the outer cloud took on the appearance of a bowtie in visible light! These dust grains shielded a portion of the star’s light, allowing just a glimpse in optical wavelengths coming from opposite ends of the cloud.
“This is important for the understanding of how stars die and become planetary nebulae,” said Sahai. “Using ALMA, we were quite literally and figuratively able to shed new light on the death throes of a Sun-like star.”
There’s even more to these new findings. Even though the perimeter of the nebula is beginning to warm up, it’s still just a bit colder than the cosmic microwave background. What could be responsible? Just ask Einstein. He called it the “photoelectric effect”.
Original Story Source: NRAO News Release. | <urn:uuid:59008290-0cf5-4b56-a429-660dab3a8a2a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.universetoday.com/tag/coldest-place-in-the-universe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.945992 | 1,003 | 3.75 | 4 |
Stars are hard to study because, apart from the Sun, they are so far away that they appear as nothing more than geometric points of light. All that we can measure about this light (without getting complicated and breaking out the spectrometer) is its brightness and its colour, but fortunately this is enough for us to work out quite a lot about the star. It’s colour, for example, tell us how hot the star is at its surface.
If you’ve ever held a poker in a hot fire for a while, you would have noticed when you pulled it out that the hottest part of the metal glows with a dim red light. The hotter the fire, the brighter the glow, but you’ll also notice the colour changing. As the temperature goes up, the light shining from the hot metal changes from red to orange to yellow to white and on beyond the visual spectrum. When my jeweller cast the titanium for my wedding ring (titanium melts at almost 1700°C), he had to wear welder’s goggles to protect his eyes as the molten metal was hot enough to emit bright ultraviolet light!
Our sun has a surface temperature of almost 6500°C, which is why it shines with such a pure white light (and why we need to wear sunscreen). Cooler stars (such as Betelgeuse, at one of the corners of Orion) are more distinctly yellow or red, while hotter stars (like Rigel, also in Orion) appear visibly blue.
Comments? Questions? Why not mail me at [email protected] | <urn:uuid:62aa9278-be70-4554-abc1-201e2b6f0337> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.urban-astronomer.com/astronomy/what-does-a-stars-colour-mean/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.958757 | 324 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Eagle River flows are kind of a mirage
It’s time to cut way back on your outdoor watering
It’s easy to look at the most recent streamflow numbers on the upper Eagle River and be optimistic. But there’s another story behind the numbers.
While much of Colorado has shaken off drought this year, the story is different in northwestern Colorado, including Eagle County.
The top left portion of the state map shows the region in some level of drought. Eagle County ranges from moderate drought in the upper elevations to extreme drought through much of the northern and western portions.
So why is the Eagle River’s flow relatively robust? The short answer is “legal mandates.”
Colorado Springs Utilities, which holds the rights to much of the water in Homestake reservoir, has obligations to put a good bit of that water into the Eagle and, ultimately, Colorado rivers.
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As of Sept. 10, Colorado Springs was releasing 22.6 cubic feet per second into the river. That release on Sept. 16 will increase to 33.9 cubic feet per second.
Colorado Springs Utilities Senior Project Engineer Justin Zeisler said that release fulfills obligations Colorado Springs has to essentially repay earlier releases from Green Mountain Reservoir into the Colorado River.
Those releases are coordinated with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Water and other entities to help ensure streamflow levels for the Colorado River. One cubic foot per second adds up to a flow of nearly 450 gallons per minute.
Without those reservoir releases, current streamflows in the Eagle would probably be more like the current flow in Gore Creek. That stream is currently running at a little less than half of the seasonal norm.
Looking at current streamflows, the Eagle River Water & Sanitation District, which serves the valley from East Vail to Edwards, is asking customers to cut way back on outdoor watering.
While virtually all indoor water use eventually finds its way back to the river, the reverse is true for outdoor watering.
Diane Johnson, the district’s communications and public affairs manager, said the district needs to return as much water to the stream as possible, particularly during low-flow period.
“What you use on your landscape is coming from the river,” Johnson said, adding many customers are still watering. At this point in the year, most of that watering isn’t needed. That’s particularly true of lawns.
“But it looks like a fair amount of customers are using way more water than is justified for their plants,” Johnson said.
Cutting back on outdoor watering cuts down on the amount of water diverted from local streams. That, in turn, helps the stream’s health.
District customers are billed according to how much water they use. Johnson said some big-gallon users are willing to pay for whatever they use. But that’s not the point, she added.
“It’s not about money or the ability to pay,” Johnson said. “We don’t want that check. The community really needs the water. We need healthy rivers and that environmental amenity. As the climate changes, it gets warmer, and seasons get a little longer, that puts more stress on our rivers.”
47%: Gore Creek’s Sept. 9 streamflow compared to the 30-median.
89%: Eagle River near Minturn’s Sept. 9 streamflow compared to the 30-year median.
71%: Eagle River in Avon’s Sept. 9 streamflow compared to the 30-year median.
Source: Eagle River Water & Sanitation District. | <urn:uuid:7291eb84-5ca7-431a-b442-f5f0638b8290> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.vaildaily.com/news/eagle-valley/eagle-river-flows-are-kind-of-a-mirage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.945203 | 768 | 2.65625 | 3 |
So, you have decided to become an obstetrician, obstetrician-gynecologist or OB/GYN. Great. This post will help you understand how to become an obstetrician. Explore the steps you need to take to apply to medical schools, research the education, training and licensure requirements for pursuing a career as an OB-GYN.
Obstetricians are medical practitioners who are responsible for providing specialized care throughout the pregnancy, labor, delivery of the baby and post-delivery care. Being an obstetrician and gynecologist, monitoring the health of a mother and child is your ultimate responsibility.
These medical specialists are fully trained in gynecology and deal with women’s general reproductive health. Obstetricians and gynecologists can diagnose, prevent and treat multiple conditions related to pregnancy and complications of overall women’s reproductive system.
Choosing a Career in Obstetrics
Choosing a career in obstetrics and becoming an obstetrician is no easy feat. It’s a long-term commitment. The education, residency training and fulfilling the licensure requirements require endurance and resilience. You need to complete an undergraduate degree, getting into a medical school, completing a four-years MD program and residency training.
A career in obstetrics demands a lot of mental, physical and emotional effort. Working as an OB-GYN, you need to develop some skills to deal with the patients – in person, on call and virtual. If the patients are in the third trimester or high risk, you need to deal with patients carefully and unwearyingly.
Obstetricians work for long hours and deal with unforeseen circumstances by taking timely and challenging decisions. As an obstetrician, you need to get ready for emergency situations and childbirth. In most cases, you have to work under pressure with no room for error.
Key Skills to become an Obstetrician
In order to become an obstetrician, you need to develop following characteristics and skills:
- Strong communication skills
- Ability to work long/odd hours
- Prepared to move a lot throughout the day
- Leadership skills
- Attention to detail
- Problem-solving skills
- Organization skills
- Ability to use medical software and electrosurgical tools
- In-depth knowledge of human anatomy
Factors to consider before choosing a Career in Obstetrics
Becoming an obstetrician is a long and challenging journey, you should take time and perform in-depth research to make a well-informed decision about your career. The path is long, but if you have a passion to do something in this industry and contribute to the betterment of women’s health, then you should definitely go for this rewarding career choice.
Pursuing a career in obstetrics will prepare you for many rewarding career opportunities, as it is an all-time highly demanding career option. Here are a few reasons why you should consider becoming an obstetrician.
Higher Salary Prospects
One of the biggest advantages of becoming an obstetrician is that the field has the highest paying jobs. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, obstetrician is one of the most highly paid healthcare career options. An average annual income of an obstetrician is $ 296,210 and experienced obstetricians can earn more than $300,000 per year.
Improving Women’s Health
If you are passionate about improving women’s health, then choosing a career in obstetrics is a sensible choice. As an obstetrician, you will get the opportunity to focus on prenatal care during pregnancy and postnatal care after childbirth. Obstetricians treat and diagnose a myriad of women’s health issues, menstrual and menopausal problems, breast cancer and cervical issues.
Many obstetricians have the ability to treat pelvic and urinary tract infections, pelvic surgery issues and provide postpartum care. Obstetricians can also deal with fetal health issues before delivery.
Obstetrician is considered as the most rewarding sector in the healthcare field, as it provides you with an opportunity to bring new life into this world. You will deal with high-risk and complicated pregnancies, premature birth and miscarriages. As an OB/GYN, you can contribute to the betterment of the field by discovering new diagnostic and treatment procedures. Above all, as an experienced obstetrician, you will gain recognition and become famous in your industry.
Rewarding Career Option
The demand of female ob/gyn is significantly increasing day by day. Women prefer to visit female specialists for the checkup as they feel more comfortable talking with women, especially the pregnancy complications.
Subspecialties of Obstetrics and Gynecology
As an obstetrician, there are a number of subspecialities that you can pursue.
- Gynecologic Oncology
- Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Critical Care
- Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
- Menopausal and Geriatric Gynecology
- Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery
- Complex Family Planning
- Hospice and Palliative Medicine
- Critical Care Medicine
- Menopausal and Geriatric Gynecology
- Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
Education Requirements to become an Obstetrician
The process of becoming an obstetrician takes years of hard work and determination. You need to get stellar grades and maintain your academic and clinical performance to earn a license and practice as an obstetrician.
Earn an Undergraduate Degree
Aspiring doctors need to complete a four-year bachelor’s degree program for getting into a medical school. Many medical schools require applicants to fulfill medical school prerequisites. Students need to complete biology, chemistry, physics along with lab experiments and hands-on experience.
Apply to Medical School
Once you completed the bachelor’s degree, apply to an MD degree program to fulfill your career and academic goals. During the first two years (pre-clinical years) students will take courses in anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, hematology and other courses to strengthen their medical concepts. During the clinical years, students will gain hands-on experience in dealing with real patients by performing clinical clerkship in affiliated hospitals and clinics.
Get a Medical License
In order to practice as an obstetrician, you need to successfully pass the USMLE. It is a mandatory requirement for medical school graduates who want to enter public practice to pass the test to get a medical license. You should get the license before pursuing a residency program.
Get Residency Training
After completing a four-year doctorate program, you have to complete three to seven years of training in the obstetrics and gynecology residency program. It is important to gain practical experience in the field and learn how to treat patients dealing with gestation and complex reproductive issues. During the residency training, students will learn how to monitor pregnant women, deliver babies, perform gynecological produce, prescribe maternal-fetal medicine, and deal with reproductive endocrinology and infertility issues. You can choose a subspeciality in which you want to practice.
Get Board Certification
Once you got a medical license and complete the residency training, you need to get board certification in obstetrics and gynecology. To become a board-certified specialist, you need to successfully pass the test to show your comprehensive knowledge and skills required to perform medical and surgical processes in women.
Renew License and Certification
Certified obstetricians are required to renew their licensure and certification by fulfilling the renewal requirements. For instance, they can be actively involved in advanced courses, seminars and conferences and stay up to date with the latest medical advancements.
Are You Ready to Become an Obstetrician?
Though education requirements for becoming an obstetrician are tough, choosing a career in obstetrics and gynecology is very satisfying and rewarding. It is a very challenging and delicate career choice, as you bring children into the world and deal with the complexities of pregnancies. Apply to medical school and fulfill your dream of becoming an obstetrician. | <urn:uuid:21a56f4b-c8eb-40c4-825d-0a06f9ea052f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.windsor.edu/a-complete-guide-to-become-an-obstetrician/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.949251 | 1,684 | 2.515625 | 3 |
It is a simple act that happens 34,000 times every second all over the world. You put a teabag containing dried leaves into a cup and add hot water. A few minutes later, the tea, full of healthy ingredients, is ready to drink, although in some cases, it also comes with potential health risks.
After water, teas (including regular and herbal teas) are the world’s most consumed beverages. They are found in all cultures and in practically every household.
But the journey from the fresh leaves grown on the plantation to the dried filaments that will end up in a cup is fraught with risks. Perhaps the most worrying of all is contamination, particularly from bacteria such as salmonella or E-coli.
And it’s something farmers in Manchester, some 100 kilometers west of Jamaica’s capital, Kingston, know all about.
Most of Manchester’s 190,000 inhabitants depend on bauxite mining for their livelihood. But to the south, which is too mountainous for traditional sugar plantations, mint crops are more appropriate. In fact today, there are over 300 mint producers in the area.
“The mint was sometimes contaminated with E. coli and salmonella. When that happened, it was dumped and the farmers weren’t paid. It is difficult to produce only to lose [money],” says Doris Lewis, President of South Manchester Herbs and Spices Cooperative.
Conditions in this mountainous region are perfect for growing high quality crops as the intense aroma of the lemon grass, mint, ginger and cinnamon drying in the sun proves. Most of the crops planted here are exported to several different countries.
“Overseas sales have increased 150% over the past four months,” says Norman Wright, Director of Perishables Jamaica Limited, who buys the dried leaves and exports them to supermarkets in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and other Caribbean countries.
“This trend is expected to continue so we will always need the excellent products of South Manchester’s farmers,” says Wright. | <urn:uuid:86a07676-4300-415d-b8e2-728410205a4a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/05/16/infusiones-alta-tecnologia-sabor-caribeno | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.946193 | 432 | 2.875 | 3 |
Green comet to appear in night sky for first time in 50,000 years
Comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF) will be visible with binoculars or a telescope through early February
MONTGOMERY, Ala. (WSFA) - For the first time in 50,000 years, Comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF) is zipping by the predawn night sky.
According to NASA, the comet will continue to do so for the next couple of weeks.
Want to get a chance to view it? The closest approach it makes to earth will be February 1st and 2nd, according to the astronomy website Earth Sky. The comet will be viewable at any point between now and then and just beyond, which will be a great opportunity to spot the icy space rock.
It will be greenish in color and will best be seen using binoculars or a telescope. While the brightness of comets is notoriously unpredictable, you could catch a glimpse of this greenish comet with the naked eye. But, you need to be in a very dark spot, have good eyesight and ensure the moon’s light isn’t too bright. Look for it near the bright star Polaris, also known as the North Star.
The comet should be visible through binoculars in the morning sky for sky-watchers in the Northern Hemisphere during most of January and those in the Southern Hemisphere in early February, NASA adds.
Copyright 2023 WSFA. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:461babb4-7de3-49b5-ae0d-1a54e52807ac> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.wsfa.com/2023/01/20/green-comet-appear-night-sky-first-time-50000-years/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.937119 | 312 | 2.578125 | 3 |
An essential pillar of AMA–Austin Maynard Architects is sustainability. Whether that be achieved through solar energy, Tesla batteries, external Venetian blinds, or all the above–building homes that leave small footprints on our environment is something of the utmost importance for the architects at Austin Maynard. Finishing work on their Garden House, the team of designers has built their most sustainable house yet, one that works as a power station, producing more sustainable energy than it uses.
On average, the Australian home uses 19 kWh of energy on any given day. Turning that statistic on its head, Garden House produces 100kwh of energy with help from a 26 kWh Tesla battery. Finding the future of home sustainability through this sharing of energy, Garden House is powered by solar energy and powers the block’s shared energy grid. Since many Australians utilize solar panels to power up their homes, Garden House is in good company on a narrow street filled with garden oases and blooming greenery. Careful not to disrupt the natural terrain in and around the house’s lot, AMA developed Garden House’s layout and connected pavilions based around the network of pre-existing garden spaces and trees. This set the stage and literally the foundation for the home’s commitment to producing more sustainable energy than it requires to run.
The architects behind Garden House ensured that the home utilized passive building techniques, filling out the roof with solar panels in addition to outfitting the inside with double studded wall insulation, underfloor insulation, formed from an insulated concrete slab. Even the building materials used were chosen for their sustainable edge, opting for recycled bricks to build the home’s linked pavilions behind its shingled white garage. Inside, the home does not require any gas for internal insulation of any kind–hot water, space heating and cooling, hydronic heating, and pool heating is all supplied through highly efficient heat pumps. In addition to being a fully automated smart home that runs on two Tesla power walls, the designers also did not disrupt the lot’s original landscape and natural greenery in building Garden House.
Tucked away in a lush paradise of a backyard, Garden House is a lot more than meets the eye. At first glance, Garden House’s garage showcases a humble home with a pentagon frame wrapped in optic white shingles. Beyond the garage, linked brick pavilions connect family rooms and bedrooms and appear as separate buildings entirely, joined only by mirrored glass corridors that reflect the surrounding leafy gardens. Each pavilion was designed to break up the bulk of the home into four smaller scale zones. Inside each section of the home, concealed doors grant access to the whole home as well as the garden. Open balconies and lofty kitchen doors open up to the gardens, filling the home and its garden with a paradisal air.
Designer: Austin Maynard Architects
Using the home’s side entryway, the humble garage transforms into a lush backyard garden joined by concealed brick pavilions.
From the street, Garden House appears as a simple, pentagon-shaped home wrapped in optic white shingles.
Beyond the garage, Garden House blossoms into the family home that it is, accommodating five family members.
The home’s linked brick pavilions house bedrooms and family rooms that are connected by mirrored glass corridors.
The inside of the home features brick interiors for a rustic look in an otherwise extremely modern home.
Two Tesla power walls store the energy acquired from the roof’s solar panels.
Lofty doors and huge windows bring the family even closer to their backyard oasis.
Natural sunlight fills the halls and bedrooms throughout Garden House.
Ash black metal accents brighten natural wood cabinetry work.
Exterior Venetian blinds keep bedrooms from overheating due to the overflow of natural sunlight. | <urn:uuid:c851dead-93d6-474a-b62e-f9023d9f0a40> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.yankodesign.com/2021/07/08/this-sustainable-home-produces-energy-and-stores-excess-solar-power-in-two-tesla-powerwalls/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.928488 | 792 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Susan Barahal, Ph.D.
Director, Art Education Program, Senior Lecturer, Department of Education Tufts University and The School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
All humans have the capacity to make and understand art. If you’ve encountered a four year old you will have witnessed a small human capable of drawing, painting, singing, dancing, and pretending without regard to audience or review. These powerful abilities are part of what make us human. In New York City we have been working with groups of early childhood educators, to find their inner artists and by doing so, develop the capacity to create high quality arts activities for the children in their classrooms.
The transformation provided through art making is essential to our humanity, particularly in times of crisis. This past year has seen the COVID-19 pandemic reshape early childhood education. The disproportionate impact of the pandemic on communities of color has been well documented. For children, families, and educators, particularly those of color, arts and art making are places to turn to renew humanity and express the sometimes inexpressible. The early childhood professional learning series Create, is one way the New York City Department of Education’s Office of Arts and Special Projects (OASP) and Division of Early Childhood Education (DECE) have teamed up to provide an arts-focused space for early childhood programs to learn and grow together. As we will see, art making can be transformative, even for those who teach art.
The New York City Department of Education serves 1.1 million students from birth through grade 12; approximately 100,000 of those students are in Pre-K or below. In 2014, the department began expanding its reach to offer Pre-K for All to all four-year-olds in the city. The expansion has ramped up in recent years, and now serves children from birth through Pre-K in a range of settings, including family child care homes, Pre-K centers, Head Start programs, community-based organizations, and public elementary schools. Of the approximately 1800 early childhood programs under DECE’s purview, only a small number are enrolled in the Create professional learning series this school year. Although demand is much higher, capacity constraints limit the number of programs that can be served.
Create provides a semester-worth of professional learning and coaching in four art forms: dance, music, theater, and visual art over the course of two years. Programs enrolled in Create receive toolkits of materials, and engage in an in-depth experience with each art form for a semester alongside a cohort of their peers. Educators and leaders from programs get to know each other and develop as a community of learners. Professional learning and coaching are provided by four of New York City’s premiere arts organizations: The Dance Education Lab at the 92 St Y, Third Street Music Settlement, The New Victory Theater, and Studio in a School and the program is supported by a public/private partnership through The Fund for Public Schools.
Create, in all its forms, is the legacy of Paul King, former Executive Director of the Office of Arts and Special Projects, who first conceived of the arts professional learning series for early childhood educators in 2016. Until his passing in early 2020 Paul was a fearless advocate for arts and arts education. He made sure that the arts were a core part of a New York City Public School education. He believed Create to be key because it reaches the city’s youngest learners and those who teach them. The mantle of his Create work is now carried by the OASP and DECE teams who understand how deeply passionate Paul was about ensuring high quality arts education for young children.
Early childhood teachers teach all content areas, including the arts, in an interdisciplinary way, through play and exploration. Without designated arts teachers, it can be a challenge to teach the arts in early childhood if teachers do not see themselves as particularly artistic or having some expertise in the different art forms. One of the main areas of focus for Create is allowing early childhood teachers to get in touch with themselves as artists. Each semester of Create begins with an in-depth professional learning experience that introduces teachers to an art form, followed by a coaching residency in which the arts organization provides a teaching artist to visit each classroom. Teaching artists provide coaching and support to help educators enact their art form in the classroom. They collaboratively set a goal with each teacher, and model and provide feedback through a gradual release approach so that by the end of the semester educators are independently providing high quality arts experiences for their children. Each semester ends with a Share Fair in which educators share student work samples, videos, and photos of what they have accomplished in the specific art form. All these experiences had to move online because of COVID-19 and the Create team has been working to adapt each piece of the program for the virtual space. Virtual or in-person, the focus is on transformative art experience.
Create Teaching Artists Go In-Depth in Four Art Forms
Teaching Artists are at the heart of Create. Having access to trained professional artists who also have knowledge and understanding of developmentally appropriate practice for young children is an invaluable asset provided by the four arts organizations. "New Victory has been proud to partner with DECE and OASP on Create since 2013. Theater, dance, music and visual arts education benefits all kids and helps them express themselves in the fullest ways possible, and this is particularly true for students who are pre-verbal or are multilingual learners. At New Victory, we've done extensive research on the link between the performing arts and a child's social-emotional development, and we can say with confidence that arts education is an invaluable tool for offering children agency while sparking joy in their learning," says Courtney J. Boddie, New 42 Vice President, Education and School Engagement.
"At New Victory, we've done extensive research on the link between the performing arts and a child's social-emotional development, and we can say with confidence that arts education is an invaluable tool for offering children agency while sparking joy in their learning."
- Courtney J. Boddie, New 42 Vice President, Education and School Engagement
Through engaging with Dance Education Lab Teaching Artists (TAs) early childhood teachers discover how dance can contribute to all areas of learning, including self-regulation and spatial awareness. Teachers begin by expanding their own movement repertoire and movement vocabulary. They learn to lead students in warmups and guided explorations that culminate in sequences. TAs shared that throughout this past semester teachers increased their level of confidence in managing and guiding students and also modeling movement for them. They proudly shared excerpts of their learning with other colleagues in the Share Fair event. They shared that “the lesson plans created by teachers showed their progress in understanding and so did their reflections in our debrief times.” The benefits of integrating movement and dance in early childhood reach all students especially those who may have been disproportionately impacted by COVID-19. Whether virtual or in person, dance offers opportunities for children to engage in a holistic play-based way that includes multiple modalities and senses, and it has offered teachers the opportunity to use their bodies to express themselves throughout this difficult time.
Teachers who engaged in the interactive virtual professional learning experiences with Third Street Music School this year shared that they gained comfort singing and inventing songs with children. Many expressed that the opportunity to engage with Third Street’s TAs helped them begin to feel comfortable singing and they learned the value of children being able to express themselves through music. Some also shared that as a result of their time with Third Street they now have a wider view of the power of music for young children. Music paired with movement, whether it be finger plays or simply walking around the room at the speed they feel matches the music, gives children another way to express themselves.
Through the theater-focused semester with New Victory, TAs were able to guide teachers to see the limitless possibilities in pretend play. Some teachers initially shared reservations about incorporating theater as an art form into their classrooms. TAs heard from some teachers that they were not “dramatic or artistic” or that they don’t use puppets in the classroom. The semester with New Victory gave teachers the opportunity to experience activities themselves, to play with shadows, puppets, and engage in story wooshes. This allowed them to observe their children’s play in new ways.
After participating in the semester-long visual art experience with Studio in a School TAs, early childhood educators shared that they appreciated the professional learning space to reflect on the art activities they have been offering children. Many spoke about valuing the artmaking process over the product, and trusting children as they began to create art, in spite of what some may consider messiness. The impact of educators’ professional learning is most salient when observing their children. One observation witnessed a timid child who was selectively mute in the classroom. She was engrossed in painting through the Studio in a School process of beginning with limited color choices and gradually expanding. When educators introduced red and yellow paint to the repertoire she said, “I made a sun.” Painting allowed her to communicate.
Art as Transformation for the Art Educator
We know from the vantage point of higher education that the process of becoming an art educator is a transformative one. We spoke with recent graduates of the Tufts Master of Arts in Teaching in art education program. Many shared that teaching art to children not only makes them think differently about the artistic process but also informs their own artmaking practices. While enrolled at Tufts and participating in student teaching experiences, many wondered if they would be able to hold their PK-12 students’ interest and engage them in lessons that would be meaningful and relevant. Some pedagogically illuminating responses from recent alumni shared a common theme: a newfound focus on process over product. Through teaching art they, “became much less restrictive and embraced the idea of play and messing about,” and they now “think more about process, and meaning, and expressing ideas, rather than just focusing on form or composition or aesthetics.”
“...we can transform our art classrooms into microcosms of the nation, and address cultural issues in a way that breaks down barriers and builds up community and understanding."
In reflecting on how teaching art has impacted their own art making many again focused on the process. “I think about it more in terms of a process and a therapeutic experience, rather than a means to an end.” One recent graduate shared that they have learned to “make art for the joy of it, not for the sole purpose of creating a thing.” Some also shared that teaching art opened their eyes to social injustices. “I learned how we can transform our art classrooms into microcosms of the nation, and address cultural issues in a way that breaks down barriers and builds up community and understanding. Additionally, the older I get, I see myself applying the same concepts to my everyday life – asking questions, listening, digging deeper, and connecting people and ideas together.”
More Important Now Than Ever
There is evident impact of the arts and art-making on educators and children alike. The arts have always been an integral part of children’s experience. But now more than ever arts and arts education are essential as children, families, and teachers navigate the COVID-19 pandemic and its disproportionate impacts on communities of color. Art making is a powerful experience that all children should enjoy, and Create allows us to share transformative professional learning with the early childhood teachers who use what they learn in their classrooms every day.
As we continue to engage early childhood teachers through virtual professional learning experiences this year, we are expanding beyond teachers of three and four year olds to explore what Create can do for teachers and families of infants and toddlers, and the impacts on communities. Pairing up arts partner organizations with New York City Early Education Centers (NYCEECs) that serve infants and toddlers, run by community based organizations, DECE and OASP are working to see how the impacts of Create can move outward. The Children’s Museum of Manhattan and Spellbound Theater Company have each collaboratively designed family arts workshops alongside NYCEEC program staff adopting a Creative Placemaking approach. The approach is meant to value and strengthen communities from within, starting with the strengths and desires of those within the community. This pilot will continue through the 20/21 school year and DECE and OASP will use what is learned to continue developing arts programming for children aged birth to two and their families.
Through Create we have seen the power of the arts to transform individuals; it also has the power to transform communities. For many young children, especially those in communities hardest hit by the pandemic, early childhood programs are a primary point of exposure to the arts. As we as a city, and as a nation, continue to move through uncertain times, the power of the arts to transform must be elevated.
About the Authors:
Helen Barahal (TW: @helenbarahal) is Executive Director of Teaching and Learning at the NYC Department of Education's Division of Early Childhood Education. Susan Barahal, Ph.D. is Director of the Art Education Program, Senior Lecturer, Department of Education Tufts University and The School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. | <urn:uuid:8c269c14-cc76-4a21-9871-5e019c965a06> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.youngaudiences.org/whyarts/engaging-nycs-youngest-learners-and-those-who-teach-them-through-arts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.966874 | 2,742 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Even though mushrooms are highly beneficial, a very small percentage of people across the world develop an allergic reaction. For children, a mushroom allergy commonly disappears in a few years but this type of allergy which develops during adulthood usually persists for life.
Some people who experience an allergic reaction to a mushroom will most likely have similar reactions to all mushrooms as well as other types of fungi, such as yeast or molds that are present in grapes and cheese.
Symptoms of a mushroom allergy
This type of allergy is not usually life-threatening, but the symptoms and signs can cause a lot of discomfort for the sufferer. The symptoms can be triggered by eating mushrooms, skin contact or inhaling reproductive fungal spores. Symptoms may appear within half an hour to two hours after consumption and last for a few hours. Symptoms include:
- swelling of lips, tongue or mouth;
- difficulty breathing because airways may swell and lower the oxygen intake;
- burning sensation in your nose or throat;
- stomach upset, vomiting, and cramps;
- itching in your eyes;
- rash or hives;
- anaphylaxis is a rare life-threatening allergic reaction in which the body’s response to the allergen is sudden and affects the whole body. Anaphylaxis symptoms include – low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, fainting, or dizziness.
More than 50 million people in the United States have an allergy of some type. Furthermore, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, food allergies are estimated to affect four to 6% of children.
The main cause of this type of allergy is due to the protein found in mushrooms. Once a sensitive individual consumes the mushroom, their immune system responds.
There are 2 categories of food allergies:
- Non-IgE mediated – This reaction causes symptoms but does not involve an IgE antibody.
- Immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated – These IgE antibodies react with a specific food. Symptoms result from the body’s immune system making antibodies named IgE antibodies. Once you know that you have this allergy, it is recommended that you avoid mushrooms completely including other foods, such as – vinegar and foods containing vinegar, cheese (and other dairy products – sour milk, buttermilk, or sour cream), meats, food made with yeast (like bread), sauerkraut, jellies and jarred jams, smoked meats, tree nuts (such as – almonds, walnuts, brazil nuts, pine nuts, and pecans), soy sauce, dried fruits such as prunes, dates, raisins, and figs, canned juices, and leftovers that are more than three days old (because they have a higher amount of histamine).
The best prevention is to avoid the above foods. Someone can have both non-IgE mediated and IgE-mediated food allergies.
A skin prick test, also called a scratch or puncture test, analyzes an allergic reaction to as many as 40 different compounds at once. During this type of test, a small quantity of the protein from a mushroom is inserted beneath the upper layer of the skin.
If the skin develops a red, raised itchy area, the sufferer is considered to have a positive allergic reaction to that specific compound. The suspected allergy is confirmed via a blood sample that is analyzed in a laboratory and tested for the presence of IgE antibodies.
The IgE test analyzes for the presence of IgE and quantitatively concludes its levels in the blood. Additionally, allergen-specific IgE analysis is done in order to conclude the correct allergen causing the symptoms.
Home remedies and allopathic treatments
Allergies cannot be cured, however, symptoms can be controlled using a combination of avoidance measures and prescription medications, as well as allergen immunotherapy for some patients.
The respiratory issues and itchiness caused by allergic rhinitis can be managed with prescription medications but food allergies should be handled with dietary changes.
Antihistamines are generally administrated if you have allergic reactions to mushrooms. Furthermore, your healthcare specialist can prescribe a topical or oral steroid to alleviate symptoms such as itchiness and rashes. More importantly, he can give Epinephrine injections when the allergy is chronic.
- Essential Eucalyptus oil – its properties include antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, deodorant, decongestant, antibacterial, antiseptic, and stimulating. It is recommended to dilute eucalyptus before ingesting, inhaling, or applying topically. In addition, you can use eucalyptus essential oil in a warm bath.
- Neti pots – this handy little device is used to cleanse allergens from the nasal cavity using a saline rinse.
- Apple cider vinegar – it is a strong immune booster and gut healer.
- Eat food rich in Quercetin (it is a flavonoid which mimics the anti-histamine properties of some allergy medications) – and vitamin C (this antioxidant minimize numerous allergy symptoms by reducing inflammation associated with allergic reactions) rich foods, like – grapefruit, oranges, papaya, lemons, broccoli, bell peppers, pineapples, cantaloupe, strawberries, apples, kiwi, blueberries, apricots, raspberries, pears, black beans, red kidney beans, chickpeas, lentils, onions, garlic, cabbage, pinto beans, parsley, and tomatoes. | <urn:uuid:6a6bd5fd-6a4b-499c-9bb7-6f6b84a647e9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.yourhealthremedy.com/health-tips/mushroom-allergy-symptoms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.93342 | 1,141 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The COP28 Presidency has teamed up with Coursera, a global online learning platform, to provide 5,000 free licenses for a curated program of climate-focused online courses and certificate programs in a joint announcement on International Youth Day.
In line with COP28’s commitment to inclusion as the foundation of its Presidency, the partnership will empower young people through education and capacity-building opportunities to meaningfully contribute to climate decision-making processes.
The program of more than 100 courses covers a range of topics essential for climate literacy across mitigation, adaptation, finance, and loss and damage.
The distribution of these licenses will be facilitated through UNFCCC constituencies, the University Climate Network comprising 24 UAE-based universities and higher education institutions, and various youth activist groups.
Shamma Al Mazrui, COP28's Youth Climate Champion, stated: "Young people have repeatedly raised that capacity building is a key priority for their meaningful participation during our global youth consultations. This partnership responds to that clearly identified need. COP28 and Coursera's collaboration on climate education demonstrates our commitment to empower the younger generation and foster their active involvement in tackling the global climate crisis."
"Coursera is honored to partner with COP28 in the fight against climate change. Through education, we aim to empower thousands of young people to learn about climate issues and play a role in shaping sustainable solutions. This partnership reflects our commitment to making climate literacy accessible to all and nurturing a generation that will lead us toward a sustainable future," said Jeff Maggioncalda, CEO of Coursera.
The Youth Climate Champion is a new role introduced by the COP28 Presidency, aimed at mainstreaming youth participation and voice in the COP process while mobilizing substantive youth policy inputs and outcomes.
As part of the COP28 two-week thematic program, 8 December is dedicated to ‘Youth, Children, Education and Skills’. The day will spotlight the need to empower children and youth with clear, defined, and accessible opportunities to be a part of climate solutions proposed at every level.
The Youth Climate Champion’s strategy for youth climate engagement is centered on four pillars: enhancing participation, inclusion, and representation of youth in climate processes; empowering youth’s capacity to contribute to decision-making through education opportunities; amplifying the voices and proposals of youth; and spurring greater youth-led climate action.
Copyright 2022 Al Hilal Publishing and Marketing Group Provided by SyndiGate Media Inc. (Syndigate.info). | <urn:uuid:97589700-ec4d-49a1-8472-f73aed72354c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.zawya.com/en/business/education/cop28-coursera-to-expand-youth-climate-literacy-education-lxfevg44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.927092 | 512 | 2.875 | 3 |
Featured in Treatment
Both Type I and Type II diabetes require treatment and care to manage them effectively and reduce your risk of complications and problems.
Featured in Diagnosis & Testing
Having diabetes is a serious issue, but it’s not something that can’t be controlled. If you have Type I diabetes, you have probably had it since birth, or at least since you were very young.
Featured in Management
When it comes to treating diabetes in children, one of the biggest concerns is how they will handle and manage their condition when they’re in school.
Other Websites of Interest
The mission of the American Diabetes Association is to prevent and cure diabetes and to improve the lives of all people affected by diabetes.
Driven by the needs of people with diabetes, the mission of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International is to find a cure for diabetes and its complications through the support of research.
The American Dietetic Association (ADA) provides timely and objective food and nutrition information for consumers, health professionals and ADA members.
Having type 2 diabetes greatly increases your risk of having a heart attack or stroke. Heart disease and stroke are the No. 1 causes of death and disability among people with type 2 diabetes.
Can’t Find the Answer You’re Looking For? | <urn:uuid:2de2806a-16a1-4f6c-a767-32fc89461349> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://yourdiabetesinfo.org/resources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.942714 | 266 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The condensed version of their research is known as The Clean 15 and the Dirty Dozen, seen above and published annually as the Shopper's Guide to Pesticides in Produce.
Since the benefits of eating non-organic fruits and vegetables outweigh the risks of having a diet low in fruits and vegetables, this guide is very useful to help make decisions in the grocery store. If you're just starting to take interest in organically grown foods, the risks of consuming pesticides may be worth considering:
Since the very nature of pesticides is to kill living organisms ("pests"), and humans are also considered living organisms, pesticides are toxic to us by their very definition. In particular, the health risks that pesticides confer have been validated by researchers and physicians internationally, as well as by US and international government agencies. Pesticides have been linked to many health conditions, such as:
- Brain and nervous system toxicity
- Hormone disruption
- Skin, eye and lung irritation
As an investment in our health and our future, a great first step is to be mindful of the produce we are consuming and to make educated choices about reducing our pesticide exposure. Making small changes such as this can make a big difference when it comes to our long-term health, and so I wish for you good health and happy eating! | <urn:uuid:188404e5-b7a1-4387-b81a-277a9df239d9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://anourishinglife.blogspot.com/2012/08/organic-on-budget.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.962649 | 266 | 3.296875 | 3 |
This is the world's largest archive of modern slavery survivor narratives. Across more than a million words spoken or written by survivors of modern slavery, we can see why slavery persists in particular hotspots, analyse patterns in trafficking routes, identify vulnerabilities, understand more about the challenges survivors face in liberation, and discover new antislavery solutions. These narratives offer the chance to systematically design new antislavery strategies based on the experiences, ideas and solutions of enslaved people themselves.
The database is searchable by country, name, theme, and narrative date. Narratives can be viewed in list or map form. A short introduction provides context to each narrative. Narrative provenance appears after the main narrative text.
For ideas on how to use this database, please see our accompanying guide.
Project Lead: Zoe Trodd. Team Members: Andrea Nicholson, Lauren Eglen, Rosemary Pearce, Olivia Wright.
Project Funders: AHRC Antislavery Usable Past grant (2014-19), ESRC/AHRC PaCCS Modern Slavery: Meaning and Measurement grant (2016-19), and AHRC-GCRF Antislavery Knowledge Network grant (2017-2021).
For any queries about the collection please contact: email@example.com. If you wish to cite a particular narrative, please acknowledge the survivor’s name, the provenance of the narrative and cite: Voices Database, the Rights Lab, University of Nottingham.
Manju was abducted and forced to work for a year as a child soldier in Sri Lanka at the age of 17, one of hundreds of thousands of children who participate in armies and armed groups in more than 30 countries around the world. The problem is most critical in Africa, where up to 100,000 children are… | <urn:uuid:afe4b496-cf7d-490b-b77c-19feaed2e36b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://antislavery.nottingham.ac.uk/solr-list?q=&facet=collection%3A%22VOICES%3A+Narratives+by+Survivors+of+Modern+Slavery%22+AND+59_s%3A%22Trafficking%22+AND+40_s%3A%222001+%28Narrative+date%29%22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.868325 | 366 | 2.953125 | 3 |
One of New Orleans most important tours is self-guided and free. On the borders of the French Quarter and Treme neighborhoods sits Louis Armstrong Park, and within that: Congo Square. The Oak-shaded space has hosted visitors for over 300 years. First were the regionally indigenous tribes, and then enslaved Africans and African-Americans. Today, it’s a gathering spot for the spiritual, curious and artistic.
“It was one of the only places in the 1700s and 1800s where enslaved people were allowed to mass congregate. So it’s where they held church, it’s where they got married, it’s where drum circles have been happening every Sunday on-and-off since 1724.” Historian and educator Malika Freydberg walks the paths of Louis Armstrong Park with a regal confidence as she fires off more facts about the community and the park’s legacy. These are her stomping grounds, even if she too is like so many other not-from-New-Orleans locals we meet.
She notes that when French King Louis XIV established The Code Noir in 1685, one implication for French slave owners was giving their slaves Sundays off. In Louisiana, slaves were baptized Catholic, and consequently due to religious circumstances, given the Sabbath off. We’ll never know how many men, women and children actually got those Sundays off, but those fortunate enough in New Orleans would gather at Congo Square. It’s here they would trade with Native Americans, barter amongst themselves, consult with the local voodoo priest Marie Laveau, and keep their West African traditions alive by practicing, song, dance, and drumming.
The Birthplace Of Jazz
“Congo Square is where those West African poly-rhythms will eventually mix with slave call and response chants, blues carried over from the Mississippi Delta, European traditional music, military march, ragtime and Afro-Caribbean rhythm – all of that will coalesce into what we recognize as jazz by the 1890s but it started in Congo Square in the 1720s,” Freydberg hammers home.
Congo Square Tours (Self-Guided or Guided)
Malika ushers tourists through Treme and Congo Square several times a week, instilling as much information as they can absorb on her two-hour walking tour. Operated by French Quarter Phantoms, you can book a guided tour of Congo Square on their website.
For you explorers who do things at your own pace, Congo Square is located at 701 N Rampart St. Drum circles kick off every Sunday shortly after 3:00 p.m. rain or shine. The weekend ritual is organized by the Congo Square Preservation Society. Louis Armstrong park is open seven days a week until around dusk.
Eric has revolved in and out of passport controls for over 20 years. From his first archaeological field school in Belize to rural villages in Ethiopia and Buddhist temples in Laos, Eric has come smile to smile with all walks of life. A writer, photographer and entrepreneur, the LA native believes the power of connectivity and community is enriched through travel. | <urn:uuid:78a4b8d9-e746-4aa8-ba02-ad9077dcb602> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://dev.travelcoterie.com/black-travel-destinations-congo-square-in-new-orleans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.96706 | 650 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Online Catalogue last updated 17th of September 2023
This introductory-level textbook covers the welfare and environmental implications of producing cattle as well as traditional subjects such as nutrition, reproduction and housing. Its broad, international coverage includes feedlot systems, transport, subsistence farming systems and the contribution of cattle production systems to land, air and water pollution.
It is an invaluable resource for undergraduate students of animal science, veterinary medicine and agriculture, as well as diploma and certificate courses and industry personnel.
Code No. 014965, 233 pages, ISBN 9780643098367, $79.95 | <urn:uuid:793d0758-33ec-4a2a-9e2b-b3f190655a0a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://ploughbooksales.com.au/014965.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.909483 | 121 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Module 18 − Radar Principles
Index−1 to 3
connected in a microwave circuit with three terminal transmission lines, one each for the transmitter, receiver,
and antenna. As shown in views a and B of figure 2-12, these circuits may be connected in parallel or in series.
Both systems will be discussed in detail in this section. One tube is called the TRANSMIT-RECEIVER TUBE, or TR
TUBE; the other is called the ANTITRANSMIT- RECEIVE TUBE, or ATR TUBE. The TR tube has the primary function of
disconnecting the receiver, and the ATR tube of disconnecting the transmitter.
Figure 2-12. - Duplexer systems.
The overall action of the TR and ATR circuits depends upon the impedance characteristics of the
quarter-wavelength section of transmission line. a quarter-wavelength, or an odd multiple of the quarter-
wavelength, transmission line presents opposite impedance values at the ends; one end of the line appears as a
short and the other end appears as an open.
The type of spark gap used as a TR
tube may vary. It may be one that is simply formed by two electrodes placed across the transmission line; or it
may be one enclosed in an evacuated glass envelope with special features to improve operation. The requirements of
the spark gap are (1) high impedance prior to the arc and (2) very low impedance during arc time. At the end of
the transmitted pulse the arc
should be extinguished as rapidly as possible. Extinguishing the arc stops any loss caused by the arc
and permits signals from nearby targets to reach the receiver.
The simple gap formed in air has a
resistance during conduction of from 30 to 50 ohms. This is usually too high for use with any but an open-wire
transmission line. The time required for the air surrounding the gap to completely deionize after the pulse
voltage has been removed is about 10 microseconds. During this time the gap acts as an increasing resistance
across the transmission line to which it is connected. However, in a TR system using an air gap, the echo signals
reaching the receiver beyond the gap will be permitted to increase to half their proper magnitude 3 microseconds
after the pulse voltage has been removed. This interval is known as RECOVery TIME.
Tr tubes are usually
conventional spark gaps enclosed in partially evacuated, sealed glass envelopes, as shown in figure 2-13. The arc
is formed as electrons are conducted through the ionized gas or vapor. You may lower the magnitude of voltage
necessary to break down a gap by reducing the pressure of the gas that surrounds the electrodes. Optimum pressure
achieves the most efficient TR operation. You can reduce the recovery time, or DEIONIZATION TIME, of the gap by
introducing water vapor into the TR tube. a TR tube containing water vapor at a pressure of 1 millimeter of
mercury will recover in 0.5 microseconds. It is important for a TR tube to have a short recovery time to reduce
the range at which targets near the radar can be detected. If, for example, echo signals reflected from nearby
objects return to the radar before the TR tube has recovered, those signals will be unable to enter the receiver.
Figure 2-13. - TR tube with keep-alive electrode.
Tr tubes used at microwave frequencies are built to fit into, and become a part of, a resonant cavity.
You may increase the speed with which the gap breaks down after the transmitter fires by placing a voltage across
the gap electrodes. This potential is known as KEEP-ALIVE Voltage and ranges from 100 volts to 1,000 volts. a glow
discharge is maintained between the electrodes. (The term GLow DIsCHARGE refers to the discharge of electricity
through a gas-filled electron tube. This is distinguished by a cathode glow and voltage drop much higher than the
gas-ionization voltage in the cathode vicinity.) This action provides for rapid ionization when the transmitter
Failure of the TR tube is primarily caused by two factors. The first and most common cause of failure is
the gradual buildup of metal particles that have been dislodged from the electrodes. Such metal bits become
spattered on the inside of the glass envelope. These particles act as small, conducting areas and tend to lower
the Q of the resonant cavity and dissipate power. If the tube continues in use for too long a
period in this condition, the particles will form a detuning wall within the cavity and eventually
prevent the tube from functioning. a second cause of failure is the absorption of gas within the enclosure by the
metal electrodes. This results in a gradual reduction of pressure within the tube to a point where gap breakdown
becomes very difficult. The final result is that extremely strong signals (from the transmitter) are coupled to
the receiver. Because both types of failures develop gradually, the TR tube periodically must be checked carefully
to determine performance level.
Q27. What type of switches are used as duplexers?
Q28. What tube in a duplexer has the primary
function of disconnecting the receiver?
Q29. How may the TR tube ionization speed be increased?
The ATR tube is usually a simpler device than a TR tube. An ATR tube might use a pure inert gas, such as argon, because recovery time generally is not a vital factor. Furthermore, a priming
agent, such as keep- alive voltage, is not needed. The absence of either a chemically active gas or a keep-alive
voltage results in ATR tubes having longer useful lives than TR tubes.
Tr and ATR tubes may contain radioactive material. Handle with care to avoid breakage and possible
There are two basic tr-atr duplexer configurations. They are the parallel-connected and the series-
connected duplexer systems. The following paragraphs describe the operation of both systems.
Parallel Connected Duplexer Operation
First, let's consider a PARALLEL-CONNECTED DUPLEXER system, as
shown in figure 2-14. The TR spark gap shown in figure 2-14 is located in the receiver coupling line one-quarter
wavelength from the T-junction. a half-wavelength, closed-end section of transmission line, called a STUB, is
shunted across the main transmission line. An ATR spark gap is located in this line one-quarter wavelength from
the main transmission line and one-quarter wavelength from the closed end of the stub. As shown in the figure,
antenna impedance, line impedance, and transmitter output impedance, when transmitting, are all equal. The action
of the circuit during transmission is shown in figure 2-15.
Figure 2-14. - Parallel-connected duplexer showing distance and impedance.
Figure 2-15. - Parallel-connected duplexer during transmission.
During the transmitting pulse, an arc appears across both spark gaps and causes the TR and ATR circuits
to act as shorted (closed-end) quarter-wave stubs. The circuits then reflect an open circuit to the TR and ATR
circuit connections to the main transmission line. None of the transmitted energy can pass through these reflected
opens into the ATR stub or into the receiver. Therefore, all of the transmitted energy is directed to the antenna.
During reception, as shown in figure 2-16, the amplitude of the received echo is not sufficient to cause an arc
across either spark gap. Under this condition, the ATR circuit now acts as a half-wave transmission line
terminated in a short-circuit. This is reflected as an open circuit at the receiver T-junction, three-quarter
wavelengths away. The received echo sees an open circuit in the direction of the transmitter. However, the
receiver input impedance is matched to the transmission line impedance so that the entire received signal will go
to the receiver with a minimum amount of loss.
Figure 2-16. - Parallel-connected duplexer during reception.
Series-Connected Duplexer Operation
In the Series-CONNECTED DUPLEXER System, shown
in figure 2-17, the TR spark gap is located one-half wavelength from the receiver T-junction. The ATR spark gap is
located one-half wavelength from the transmission line and three-quarters wavelength from the receiver T-junction.
During transmission, the TR and ATR gaps fire in the series-connected duplexer system, as shown in figure 2-18.
This causes a short-circuit to be reflected at the series connection to the main transmission line one- half
wavelength away. The transmitted pulse "sees" a low impedance path in the direction of the antenna and does not go
into the ATR stub or the receiver.
Figure 2-17. - Series-connected duplexer showing distance and impedance.
Figure 2-18. - Series-connected duplexer during transmission.
During reception, neither spark gap is fired, as shown in figure 2-19. The ATR acts as a half-wave stub
terminated in an open. This open is reflected as a short-circuit at the T-junction three-quarters of a wavelength
away. Consequently, the received signal sees a low impedance path to the receiver, and none of the received signal
is lost in the transmitting circuit.
Figure 2-19. - Series-connected duplexer during reception.
Duplexers are constructed in many forms, such as RESONANT-CAVITY COAXIAL
Systems, WAVEGUIDE Systems, and HYBRID RINGS. Since waveguide and hybrid-ring duplexers are most common in radar
systems, those will be discussed in this section.
WAVEGUIDE DUPLEXERS usually consist of TR tubes and ATR tubes
housed in a resonant cavity and attached to a waveguide system in some manner. Resonant-cavity TR tubes may be
applied to waveguides, either directly or indirectly, to obtain switching action. The indirect method uses a
coaxial line system, and then couples the coaxial line into the waveguide that feeds the antenna. If large losses
are incurred by the use of a coaxial line, the resonant cavity can be coupled directly to the waveguide. Figure
2-20 shows a direct method of cavity TR switching in a waveguide system. The waveguide terminates in the antenna
at one end and in a shorting plate at the other. The magnetron uses a voltage probe to excite the waveguide. The
transmitted pulse travels up the guide and moves into the TR box through a slot. The cavity builds up a strong
electric field across the gap, breaks it down, and detunes the cavity. This action effectively seals the opening
and passes the pulse energy to the antenna.
Figure 2-20. - Waveguide duplexer with cavity TR tube.
The signals received during the resting time travel down the guide to the magnetron and the shorting end
plate where they are reflected. The slot coupling the waveguide to the cavity is located at a point where the
standing-wave magnetic field produced by reflections in the waveguide is maximum. The maximum magnetic field,
therefore, energizes the cavity. The echo signals are not strong enough to cause an arc, and the cavity field is
undisturbed by the gap. Therefore, the cavity field couples RF energy into the receiver coaxial line and provides
maximum energy transfer.
The cavity TR switch can also be applied to branch lines of the waveguide, as
shown in figure 2-21. The magnetron is coupled to the guide by a voltage probe to produce proper excitation.
Figure 2-21. - Branched waveguide duplexer.
Maximum use of the received signals is ensured by an ATR tube. The transmitted pulse travels from the
magnetron to the ATR branch where part of the energy is diverted into the gap. a slot (S) is placed across the
waveguide one-half wavelength from the main guide, and passes the RF energy through it and into the cavity. The
cavity builds up the electric field that breaks down the gap, detunes the cavity, and, as a result, effectively
closes the slot. One-half wavelength away, this action effectively closes the entrance to the ATR branch and
limits the amount of energy entering the ATR branch to a small value.
Most of the energy is, therefore,
directed down the guide to the antenna. Upon reaching the receiver branch, the same effect is produced by the TR
tube in the receiver line. Because the energy entering both openings is effectively limited by the gaps, maximum
energy is transferred between the magnetron and the antenna.
During the resting time, the ATR spark gap is
not broken down by the received signals. The received signal sets up standing waves within the cavity that cause
it to resonate. At resonance, the low impedance of the ATR cavity is reflected as a high impedance at the entrance
to the transmitter waveguide (three- quarter wavelength away). This ensures that the maximum received signal will
enter the receiver branch.
Hybrid Ring Duplexer
The HYBRID RING is used as a duplexer in high-power radar systems. It is very effective in isolating
the receiver during transmission. a simplified version of the hybrid-ring duplexer is shown in views a and B of
figure 2-22. The operation of the duplexer, in terms of the E field distribution during transmission and
reception, is illustrated in views C and D. The H lines, though present, have been omitted to simplify the
Figure 2-22. - Hybrid-ring duplexer.
During transmission the E field from the transmitter enters arm 3 and divides into two fields 180
degrees out of phase. One field moves clockwise around the ring and the other moves counterclockwise. The two
fields must be 180 degrees out of phase at the entrance of an arm to propagate any energy down the arm. The field
moving clockwise from arm 3 ionizes the TR tube in arm 4, and the energy is blocked from the receiver. The TR tube
reflects a high impedance equivalent to an open circuit. This high impedance prevents any energy from entering the
receiver - even though the two fields are out of phase at the entrance to arm 4. The field moving counterclockwise
from arm 3 ionizes the TR tube in arm 2, which reflects a short circuit back to the ring junction. No energy is
sent to the receiver, however, because the fields arriving at arm 2 are in phase. The clockwise and
counterclockwise fields arrive at arm 1 out of phase by 180 degrees. They are then propagated through the arm to
During reception, the relatively weak field from the antenna enters arm 1 and divides at the
junction into two out-of-phase components. Neither field is sufficient to fire the TR tubes in arms 2 and 4; since
the fields arrive at these arms out of phase, energy is propagated to the receiver. The energy arriving at arm 3
is in phase and will not be coupled to the transmitter. Since the operation of the arms of a hybrid ring is the
same as the operation of E-type waveguide T-junctions, you may find it helpful to review NEETS, Module 11,
Q30. The actions of the TR and ATR circuits depend on the impedance characteristics of what length of
Q31. During which of the transmit or receive cycles are both the TR and ATR tubes of
a parallel- connected duplexer ionized (arcing)?
Q32. In a series-connected duplexer, what tube (tr or
atr), if any, fires during the receive cycle?
Q33. To propagate energy down an arm of a hybrid ring
duplexer, the two fields at the junction of the arm and the ring must have what phase relationship?
The energy that a distant object reflects back to the antenna in a radar system is a very small fraction of
the original transmitted energy. The echoes return as pulses of RF energy of the same nature as those sent out by
the transmitter. However, the power of a return pulse is measured in fractions of microwatts instead of in
kilowatts, and the voltage arriving at the antenna is in the range of microvolts instead of kilovolts. The radar
receiver collects those pulses and provides a visual display of object information.
Information about the
position of the object is present visually when the reception of an echo causes the movement or appearance of a
spot of light on a cathode-ray tube (crt). The crt requires a signal on the order of at least several volts for
proper operation and will not respond to the high frequencies within a return pulse. Therefore, a receiver
amplifier and detector must be used that are capable of producing a visible indication on the cathode-ray tube
under the following conditions: (1) when the input signal to the amplifier is in the form of pulses of extremely
high-frequency, (2) the amplitude of the pulses is in the microvolt range, and (3) the pulses last for only a few
The radar receiver evolved directly from the simple radio receiver. The radar receiver
operates on exactly the same principles as the radio receiver. However, the overall requirements and limitations
of a radar receiver differ somewhat from those of a radio receiver because of the higher frequencies involved and
the greater sensitivity desired.
In studying the radar receiver, we will first examine the overall
requirements of a radar receiver. Second, we will examine a typical radar receiver that satisfies these
requirements. Finally, we will discuss the individual components of the receiver.
Radar RECEIVER REQUIREMENTS
The following characteristics determine the design
requirements of an effective radar receiver:
and Direct Current
||Alternating Current and Transformers
||Circuit Protection, Control, and Measurement
||Electrical Conductors, Wiring Techniques,
and Schematic Reading
||Generators and Motors
||Electronic Emission, Tubes, and Power Supplies
||Solid-State Devices and Power Supplies
||Wave-Generation and Wave-Shaping Circuits
||Wave Propagation, Transmission Lines, and
||Introduction to Number Systems and Logic Circuits
||- Introduction to Microelectronics
||Principles of Synchros, Servos, and Gyros
||Introduction to Test Equipment
||Radio-Frequency Communications Principles
||The Technician's Handbook, Master Glossary
||Test Methods and Practices
||Introduction to Digital Computers
||Introduction to Fiber Optics
|Note: Navy Electricity and Electronics Training
Series (NEETS) content is U.S. Navy property in the public domain. | <urn:uuid:41e79995-75fb-48de-8e0c-4405ade7665b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://rfcafe.com/references/electrical/neets-modules/NEETS-Module-18-2-21-2-30.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.914745 | 3,998 | 3.625 | 4 |
The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is offering technology for producing high purity copper oxide nano particles (CuO NP) from used, waste printed circuit boards.
The technology involves hydrometallurgical route using novel polymeric resin. The process begins with generation of acidic leach liquor of copper from printed circuit boards (PCBs), followed by feed acidity adjustment for removal of tin and selective uptake of copper using novel copper selective resin. After scrubbing under optimized conditions, high purity copper is obtained by elution with mild acid in continuous column mode. Copper is then precipitated and calcined at high temperature to yield high purity CuO nanoparticles. Further, using same resin, lead is recovered from the raffinate of leach liquor and subsequently converted into commercially valuable lead sulfide. The process therefore offers fully scalable technology for production of CuO nano particles, SnO and PbS from e-waste. This process promises abundant profit and employment opportunity to the electronic waste recycling industry, and offers long term solution for sustainable electronic waste management.
Although base metal copper and copper oxide (CuO) has low commercial value, CuO nanoparticles have immense commercial value and unique applications. The process developed is for specifically enabling environmentally concerned metal recyclers to achieve scaled-up production of high purity copper oxide nanoparticles in continuous mode operation from waste PCBs. The major steps are leaching, selective metal sorption/desorption by functionalized polymeric resins, precipitation and filtration of the product for final drying and packaging of CuO nanoparticles along with PbS and Sn-oxide as by-products. All the unit operations are easily scalable and the necessary process equipments are commercially available and are not capital intensive. Technology for synthesis of Cu-selective resin is also given along with the process.
This technology thus provides the advantage of commercially producing very high purity metal compounds right from e-scrap, thus providing considerable financial gains at the same time mitigating the environmental concerns of ever increasing e-waste, transforming it into a valuable resource for making the country technologically self-reliant.
- A process for production of copper oxide nano particles (purity >99.9%) from printed circuit boards (PCBs)/powder concentrate, using indigeneously developed polymeric resin.
- Such a process is developed for the first time wherein, one of the potentially hazardous waste (e-waste) is processed to produce highly techno-commercial and anti-viral product (copper oxide nano particles).
This technology empowers metal recyclers to start production of high purity copper oxide nanoparticles which has immense techno-commercial value. This process also ensures toxic ‘lead’ free effluent discharge from PCBs processing, hence making e-waste recycling both commercially profitable as well as environmentally friendly.
Copper oxide nanoparticles are applied in electronics Manufacturing, sensors and solar cells, anti-microbial and anti-fouling coatings, electrochemical energy storage, heterogeneous catalysis and rocket propulsion.
- Depopulating unit: For making bare PCB boards free of other components
- Delamination unit: Removal of polymer layer over PCB board for effective leaching
- Leaching unit: Leach reactor with agitator, electricity and water supply, Nutsche filter for separation of leach liquor and storage leach liquor, HCl handling and storage and feed preparation tank
- Metal sorption/desorption unit: Novel Cu-selective resins, Cylindical Acrylic columns for holding polymeric resins, pumps with flow control, suitable piping, electricity and water supply, eluent preparation and storage tank
- Precipitation unit: Reactor with agitator for precipitation of copper compound from loaded eluent and filtration using Nutsche filter
- Heating Furnace: Product drying, conversion to oxide
- Packaging unit: For packing products CuO NPs, PbS and SnO powders
- Analytical facility: For analysis of Cu, impurities like Pb and Sn, pH etc.
- Demineralization/decontamination unit: Ion-exchange unit for recycling/disposal of process water after removal of ions.
- Ventilation system: For handling HCl fumes generated during leaching
- Electrical Supply: Required for running of various process equipment
- Chemical Storage Unit: Stocking of raw materials needed for different unit operations
- Facility for synthesis of Cu-selective resin
For further details, contact:
Head, Technology Transfer and Collaboration Division
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,
Trombay, Mumbai 400 085.
Fax :+91-22- 25505151 | <urn:uuid:f682d169-5ff6-41af-bbb2-c9e0829c9b98> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://rndnewsindia.com/barc-technology-for-copper-nano-particles-from-waste-printed-circuit-boards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.884092 | 970 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Degenerative changes in your spinal bones can cause back pain and make it difficult for you to perform daily life activities. An effective treatment for this condition involves fusing adjacent spinal bones to restrict their movement and mitigate the pain.
Since spine fusion involves grafting the diseased section of the spine with new bones, many candidates for the treatment think that their actual bones (from a different part of the body) will be harvested during the procedure. Fortunately, that isn't the only possible source for donor bones; in fact, the orthopedic surgeon doesn't have to use natural bone. There are actually several sources of the donor bones, and they include these four:
These are artificial materials made from different materials, mostly calcium. Calcium is a suitable material because the natural bone is largely made of calcium, so this allows the synthetic material to integrate seamlessly into your body. A typical synthetic bone resembles its natural counterpart in shape and consistency.
Bone Marrow Aspiration
Bone marrow is a spongy tissue inside bones that contain stem (immature cells) cells. These immature cells can mature into different types of tissue cells. Bone marrow aspiration involves removing bone marrow, combining it with another bone matrix, and using it for the graft. The aspirated marrow aids in healing because it develops into bone tissues, thereby strengthening the grafted part of your body.
Use of Biological Proteins
Your body contains proteins that stimulate the growth of your natural bones. Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) is a good example of such proteins. Scientists can create and concentrate BMP proteins to be used in the part of your spine requiring the surgery. There are different forms of BMPs available in the body, but doctors have only been able to use a few of them in bone grafting. Your orthopedic surgeon may opt for this type of graft material to avoid harvesting natural bone from another part of your body. This eliminates the need to heal two independent surgical sites (your spine and the site of the harvested bone, such as the thigh.)
Demineralized Bone Matrix
Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is the natural bone that is processed in such a way that calcium minerals are removed (hence the term "demineralized"). The main goal is to separate the calcium from the proteins since the two are found in compound form in the bone. The proteins are then free to stimulate the healing process. This means DBM is usually used in conjunction with other forms of bone matrix.
Therefore, don't be afraid that you will lose some bone to get your degenerated spine fixed. A candid talk with your orthopedic doctor will alleviate your fears and | <urn:uuid:d417ed3c-e388-4fff-9878-b12ea0bf8f80> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://rpoficina.com/2016/11/18/where-do-doctors-get-donor-bones-for-spinal-fusion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.938563 | 544 | 3.125 | 3 |
When it comes to replacing the windows in your home, it is important to take into consideration where you live when choosing materials for your windows. If you live somewhere where tornadoes or hurricanes are likely, you are going to want to invest in impact windows. Impact windows are a little different than regular glass windows.
Way #1: Impact Windows Are Already Reinforced
Impact windows are designed to protect your home against strong winds at all times. They are designed so that they are already reinforced, so when you get a storm warning in your area, you don't have to rush home to board up your windows or activate your hurricane shutters.
Impact windows are designed so that they work right away, eliminating the need to board up your windows or use hurricane shutters. Although you can still board up your windows or use hurricane shutters for your peace of mind, from a structural and protection standpoint, they are not necessary.
Way #2: Impact Windows Use Different Glass
Impact windows are designed with different types of glass than a regular window. Impact windows are made with impact glass, which contains two panes of glass that are laminated together and reinforced with an additional layer of polyvinyl butyral or ethylene-vinyl acetate.
This design helps strengthen the glass. Impact glass is designed to withstand the impact of objects colliding with the window at high speeds. If something does break the glass, the glass will crack but will remain inside of its frame. Pieces of glass will not fly through your home, backed by high-speed winds, and your window will remain intact as a protective force.
With a regular glass window, the window would break up into lots of little tiny pieces that would fall out of the frame. Glass could fly into your home, and all protection would be lost. That is why regular glass needs to be reinforced with plywood or hurricane shutters in a tornado or hurricane, but impact glass does not.
Way #3: Impact Windows Are More Energy-Efficient
Not only do impact windows protect you in the event of a storm, but you will also enjoy more energy-efficient windows. Impact windows have better insulation property than regular windows, which will help lower your energy costs as less heat will be lost around your windows.
You are going to pay a little more for impact windows. However, impact windows will provide you with a greater level of protection, which is important when you choose to live in an area that gets strong storms. Impact windows will help protect your family and home from storm damage and are a worthwhile upgrade that should improve the value of your home.
For more information, speak with an impact window supplier. | <urn:uuid:fb846cdb-e701-4652-b66c-42d4360991cd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://rsgonnering.com/2020/04/21/3-ways-impact-windows-are-different-than-regular-windows/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.949584 | 545 | 2.578125 | 3 |
By Kate Kelland LONDON (Reuters) – Scientists studying the Zika outbreak in Brazil say previous exposure to another mosquito-borne virus, dengue, may exacerbate the potency of Zika infection. The scientists said their results, published in the journal Nature Immunology, suggested that some dengue antibodies can recognize and bind to Zika due to the similarities between the two viruses, but that these antibodies may also amplify Zika infection in a phenomenon called antibody-dependent enhancement. This effect is already known with dengue, they said, and is thought to explain why, when a person gets dengue fever a second time, the infection is often more serious than the first.
India is failing to tackle a tuberculosis epidemic because of chronic shortages of funds and the government's inability to regulate an “exploitive” private health sector, an article in the British Medical Journal said. The article, published ahead of World Tuberculosis Day on Tuesday, called for a massive investment in public health infrastructure to diagnose and treat what it called India's biggest health crisis. India accounts for an estimated 2.2 million of the 8.6 million new cases of tuberculosis that occur globally each year and harbours more than twice as many cases as any other country, according to the World Health Organization. The article by Zarir F Udwadia, a doctor at one of Mumbai's biggest private hospitals, said the government's TB programme was failing to monitor the country's burgeoning private health sector. | <urn:uuid:83252f3c-1470-48aa-8f52-43f794c0a41b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://www.freehealthremedies.com/tag/journal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.953909 | 298 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Resonant Atomic Transmutation of Gold into Platinum
by Alex Putney for Human-Resonance.org
August 13, 2014
The resonant transmutation of gold into platinum is achieved by precision control of atomic resonance in a two-stage reaction that is safe, non-toxic and involves only low energies. Gold becomes instilled with the resonant atomic frequency signature of hydrogen, before being rapidly quenched to trigger bulk conversion into hydrogen and platinum --according to the established frequency 'memory' of the standing wave field of each atom.
The first stage of the transmutation reaction maintains the starting element (gold) at the phonon resonance frequency of the target bi-product element (H1), during a 3-hour dwell time exposed to O2 gas nanobubbles.
Protium, the lightest hydrogen isotope (H1) provides the resonant target frequency for this reaction, as determined by the following formulae (calculated using the latest atomic data sets for the elements, provided in blue):
The resonant frequency of hydrogen isotope (H1) in its rest state is 3,773,180 Hz, according to the element's atomic diameter at 20°C. Oxygen isotope (O16) resonates at this same frequency when heated to 37.8°C:
The rate of gas absorption (velocity of penetration) into the metal surface interface is enhanced by increased temperature, pressure and electric current. Oxygen gas adsorbed onto metal surfaces undergoes molecular dissociation and subsequent absorption into the crystal lattice of heavier metal atoms.
The second stage of the transmutation reaction involves the subsequent trapping of absorbed gases into gold atoms by the induced shock of rapid cooling. The sudden contraction of the atomic lattice forces the interstitial absorbed atoms into quantum instability as the strongly repulsive nuclear forces of the adjacent metal atoms close in simultaneously on each gas atom from 6 sides (along the x, y and z axes of the lattice).
Instead of rapidly contracting, some of the gold atoms are able to maintain the previously established resonant diameter by ejecting protons, neutrons and electrons into available interstitial spaces within the lattice, thereby decreasing the atomic weight of gold atoms to induce the formation of hydrogen and platinum.
Gold to Platinum
The oxygen-dependent low energy transmutation of gold into hydrogen and platinum occurs in aqueous reactors, based on phonon matching of oxygen (O16) at 37.8°C with hydrogen (H1) at rest (20°C), as in human blood.
* Gold is heated to 37.8°C with oxygen, releasing hydrogen atoms to form platinum during rapid cooling:
Hydrogen provides the exact atomic mass required for the conversion of gold into platinum. Clear atomic mass recombination patterns define fission bi-products ejected from gold nuclei during the quantum trapping event:
From the book The Geyser Reactor
Continue with Silver to Palladium Transmutation
Return to the article The Geyser Reactor
Copyright 2013-2015 Alexander Putney | <urn:uuid:2a66c1ca-8c21-4b39-a850-dd6ce11827d3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://www.human-resonance.org/gold-platinum.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.892559 | 629 | 2.890625 | 3 |
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