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As American life expectancies get higher, the number of people with dementia also increases. The CDC estimates that around 5.8 million people in the United States have some form of dementia. Without any medical breakthroughs, this number will likely grow to 60 million people by 2060.
Dementia tends to affect people late in their lives. Notably, a vast majority of people with dementia are over 65. Though it is good to write a will much earlier, having a will is essential at this late age. Unfortunately, dementia can severely affect a victim’s ability to write and testify to the validity of a will. This scenario brings up an important question. Can dementia invalidate a will?
Can Someone with Dementia Make or Change a Will?
Whether someone with dementia can make or change a will depends upon the specific symptoms a person living with dementia has. Some people with mild dementia can still think through and understand complex problems. On the other end of the spectrum, some victims cannot speak or interact with others in any meaningful way.
The ability to think through problems and understand the implications of decisions is central to the validity of a will. A person must be mentally able to understand the several complicated aspects of a will and how they interact to be able to write a valid will. The legal term for this standard is testamentary capacity.
What Is Testamentary Capacity?
Testamentary capacity is a term used to describe an individual’s mental clarity and ability to understand the implications of a will. Tennessee courts use a four-part test to determine if an individual has the testamentary capacity to make or change a will. The four elements are:
- Does the individual know and appreciate the nature and consequences of making or changing the will?
- Does the individual know the nature and extent of their property?
- Does the individual know the relationship between themselves and the will’s beneficiaries?
- Does the individual have the ability to link these three elements together into a coherent estate plan?
The probate courts will presume that a will is valid. This presumption means that anyone challenging the will must show one or more of the elements of testamentary capacity did not exist when the testator executed the final version of the will.
Dementia can affect every element. For example, people with dementia often forget who their children and grandchildren are. In this case, the third element of the testamentary capacity test would not be met. A probate court will deem the will invalid if a challenger can prove one element was not met.
When Can a Will Be Challenged?
Any will can be challenged in probate court. Four common arguments used for contesting a will are:
- The testator did not correctly complete all the requirements of a will,
- The testator lacked the mental capacity to execute a will,
- Someone exerted undue influence on the testator, and
- There was fraud involved in the execution of the will.
Dementia can leave an individual’s will vulnerable to all four of these challenges. A person with dementia might be more susceptible to fraud. People with dementia might also struggle to follow all the proper procedures of writing a will and lack the mental capacity to understand what they are doing. Finally, people living with dementia are often entirely reliant on others. Unscrupulous people could use this reliance to exert undue influence.
Protecting a Will from Challenges
The complications dementia causes when writing or changing a will make it essential to take affirmative steps to protect a will from future challenges. Preventative measures are helpful even if the person with dementia clearly has testamentary capacity.
First, have a medical professional document the testator’s mental capacity on the day the will is executed. This step will help disprove any claims that the testator lacked testamentary capacity.
Second, explain your decisions to family members. If multiple family members know why someone is cut out of the will, for example, they will be better able to defend the will in court.
Third, do not allow anyone who is a beneficiary of the will to be involved in drafting the will. This step will prevent accusations of undue influence.
Fourth, videotape the execution of the will. A video will show you executing the will freely.
Finally, an estate lawyer can help you ensure your will is airtight and can survive any challenges in court.
Batson & Nolan PLC Can Help
If you have questions about writing a will in Tennessee, Batson & Nolan can help. We specialize in providing our clients with the personalized, individual attention of a small firm while providing the same quality of service as big-name firms. Our experienced attorneys have a reputation as ethical and effective legal practitioners. Contact Batson & Nolan today so we can help you formulate a rock-solid estate plan. | <urn:uuid:bc5ce4e2-5118-4af0-aa82-2cbf25215a8b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://batsonnolan.com/can-dementia-invalidate-a-will/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.924618 | 984 | 2.515625 | 3 |
- Born: 1828
- Death: 1905
- Country: France
About this author
Jules Verne was born on 8 February 1828, on Île Feydeau, a small artificial island on the river Loire within the town of Nantes, in No. 4 Rue Olivier-de-Clisson.
He was a French novelist, poet, and playwright. His collaboration with the publisher Pierre-Jules Hetzel led to the creation of the Voyages Extraordinaires, a series of bestselling adventure novels including Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864), Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas (1870), and Around the World in Eighty Days (1872). His novels, always well documented, are generally set in the second half of the 19th century, taking into account the technological advances of the time.
He was the most translated French author in the world. In France, 2005 was declared “Jules Verne Year” on the occasion of the centenary of the writer’s death.
Jules Verne All Books | <urn:uuid:38f25bd1-47b9-4959-a75d-01b66c274316> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://bdebooks.com/authors/jules-verne/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.91993 | 226 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Is Coffee Dehydrating?
Most people have heard that coffee shouldn’t be included in your daily intake of fluids because it can cause dehydration. So, does coffee dehydrate you?
For someone who loves the caffeine hit and the routines associated with coffee, this idea is problematic, to say the least. To someone who only drinks one cup each morning, it might not seem like a big deal. Just drink an extra cup of water at some point during the day, right?
If multiple coffee servings are part of your day, you may be concerned you’re losing fluids with every cup. But is it a valid concern? We’ve done some research into whether java causes dehydration and if it’s a myth or reality. We’ve also looked at how those ideas came about.
Some of the topics we’ll cover include:
- Why water matters
- How much water should you be drinking daily?
- What is dehydration?
- Drinks that count toward your fluid intake.
- Coffee as a diuretic
- Will drinking coffee lead to dehydration?
Why Water Is Important
Water is necessary for the human body to function properly. According to the Mayo Clinic, our bodies are 50 to 70% water, and water is mandatory for survival. In an extreme situation, for example, your body will need hydration long before it will need food.
Every part of the body needs water and fluids to function as intended. These are just some reasons why we need water:
- Water helps eliminate waste from the body through sweating, urination, and bowel movements.
- Water helps your body maintain a stable temperature.
- Water is a lubricant for joints, plus it helps cushion them during use.
- Water also protects your body’s most sensitive tissues like your brain and spinal cord.
How Much Should You Drink Daily?
As you can tell, it’s vitally important to maintain proper hydration levels for your best health. So how much water is recommended for each day? The Mayo Clinic says the magic number should be about 15.5 cups per day for men and 11.5 cups for women.
About 20% of your daily fluid intake actually comes from food (fruits and vegetables), while the other 80% comes from beverages. Now, that recommended daily fluid intake isn’t a hard and fast rule. For a number of reasons, you might need more than the recommended amount.
- If you’re exercising, you need to replenish fluids lost through sweating.
- When it’s hot or humid, you should also drink more fluids. This is also true for high altitudes, even if it doesn’t seem hot.
- Fluids are particularly important when you’re sick. Fluids are lost more rapidly when you have a fever or stomach bug. There are also some medical conditions that require you to consume more than the recommended amount of fluids.
- If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, your body needs more fluids to stay properly hydrated.
As previously mentioned, you actually need a lot of fluids throughout the day, but there is some variation in the recommended amounts. For example, the 8 by 8 rule is commonly mentioned by health professionals. “Eight eight-ounce glasses of water” is catchy and easy to remember.
Dehydration: Definition and Symptoms
Dehydration happens when the human body loses more fluids than it takes in. However, there are different degrees of dehydration, and symptoms increase as dehydration worsens.
Very mild dehydration can result from simply not drinking enough fluids, and those symptoms include being thirsty, a lack of energy, or feeling tired. People may be mildly dehydrated but not even realize it. However, more serious dehydration can result from hot weather, illness, or overexertion. Symptoms of severe dehydration include:
- Dry mouth or feeling thirsty
- Dark yellow urine and less frequent urination
- Headache or muscle cramps
- Rapid pulse and breathing
The most obvious answer for easing the symptoms of dehydration is to drink more fluids. However, severe dehydration cases require prompt medical care.
What Counts for Fluid Intake?
Are we only talking about water when it comes to staying hydrated? Absolutely not — almost anything that contains liquid counts toward your daily fluid intake. That includes certain fruits and vegetables with high water content, such as watermelon.
Water is the most obvious liquid that counts towards your fluid intake requirements. but drinks like milk, juice, and herbal tea also count as hydrating liquids. Broth from soup is another less-obvious source of fluids.
Also, you can include caffeinated drinks like tea, soda, and yes, coffee! Java counts toward your daily fluid intake, but avoid adding sugar, and avoid sodas or teas which have added sugar. Those are just empty calories that can cause weight gain.
Is Coffee a Diuretic?
A diuretic is something that causes the body to produce more urine. Caffeine present in most coffee acts as a very mild diuretic, which is why some people complain that their favorite cup of joe makes them need a bathroom more often.
And yes, diuretics can lead to dehydration in some circumstances. However, the amount of caffeine in most java isn’t significant enough to cause dehydration, and the water content in coffee is more than enough that it balances out any diuretic effects from caffeine.
In order for caffeinated coffee to cause dehydration, it would take a lot. Studies have shown that you’d have to consume more than 500 mg of caffeine daily, which is approximately 40 ounces of java. Most people don’t drink enough coffee to reach that point.
However, caffeine concentration does matter. For example, an espresso shot has a higher caffeine concentration than a mug of drip coffee. So drinking multiple espresso shots daily will cause more noticeable effects than multiple cups of drip coffee.
What makes coffee dehydrating is more about caffeine concentration than the quantity of coffee.
Of course, if you’re drinking decaf, you needn’t worry about the diuretic effects of caffeine. While decaf does still contain very small amounts of caffeine, it’s typically not enough to act as a diuretic.
Will Drinking Coffee Dehydrate You?
So we’re down to that big question — will drinking coffee cause dehydration?
Unless you drink it by the gallon, no, it won’t cause dehydration. While caffeinated coffee may have a very mild diuretic effect, the amount of water in a cup of java means your body is taking in far more fluid than you’re losing.
Can drinking only coffee dehydrate you? While it’s generally not advised to ignore all other beverages and drink only coffee, there’s no judging here. Theoretically, yes, if you only drink caffeinated coffee and nothing else, it could cause dehydration. But really, it’s more likely that you’ll suffer the ill effects of too much caffeine rather than dehydration.
Water is always a better choice for hydration, but there’s no harm in enjoying your favorite hot or cold java. Coffee may be dehydrating when combined with other factors which can cause dehydration, such as excessive heat or illness.
As a general rule, you don’t have to alter any coffee habits or drink extra water so you counteract the effects of caffeine. The reality is that while caffeine is a mild diuretic that can cause a body to produce more urine, its effect isn’t strong enough to be dehydrating in and of itself.
Coffee made with water or milk counts toward your daily fluid intake as its water content far outweighs any diuretic effects from caffeinated java. And if you’re drinking decaf, there’s even less to be concerned about.
So while water is still the best choice for keeping your body hydrated, you can continue enjoying your morning beverage and count that in as another healthy choice in moderation.
Is Coffee Dehydrating? FAQs
Does Coffee Count as Water Intake?
It sure does! While some people mistakenly believe coffee can be dehydrating, its high water content does more than its fair share to balance out any of the slight dehydrating effects that could result from caffeine.
Is It Okay to Never Drink Water?
No, your body needs water and water is always the best choice for hydration. Sure, coffee might be more tempting than a glass of the clear stuff, but try to get enough water in so you can keep enjoying the joe with impunity.
What Is the Best Drink to Hydrate You?
Water. Water. Water. However, lots of things count toward your daily recommended fluid intake, including coffee, soda, tea, and electrolyte beverages, along with most fruits and vegetables.
How Can You Tell if the Body is Well-Hydrated?
There are actually several clues that you’re getting plenty of fluids, but the easiest one is the color of your urine. When it’s light-colored or clear, you’re getting enough fluids. If it’s dark or thick, it’s time to up your fluid intake.
Is Coffee Bad for Your Kidneys?
The jury is still out on a definitive answer. In large amounts, caffeine may place some additional stress on the kidneys, but other studies have shown that coffee can be beneficial to people with kidney stone disease. Coffee is as hydrating as other liquids, so that aspect can be beneficial for your kidneys.
Why Does Caffeine Dehydrate You?
Is caffeine dehydrating? Caffeine is a mild diuretic, which means it makes your body produce more urine. If you don’t have adequate fluid intake, that could eventually lead to mild dehydration, but coffee has enough water in it to balance out any fluid loss. | <urn:uuid:b67a5384-d014-429d-b712-e3417136f493> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://besthomecoffeemachines.com/is-coffee-dehydrating/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.945788 | 2,070 | 2.75 | 3 |
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One of the most successful prophylactic interventions in the history of public health, vaccination helped control some of the deadliest and most debilitating infectious diseases. As a result of vaccination programs, smallpox was eradicated worldwide, poliomyelitis was nearly eradicated and emerges as the next eradication target, and national programs helped reduce the incidence of tuberculosis in many countries. Other, more recent vaccines have already achieved a visible impact, as revealed by the ability of the hepatitis B vaccine to decrease the number of new hepatitis infections and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. While vaccination, like any other medical intervention, may have adverse effects, significant controversies gravitated, in recent years, around its supposed link to autism. One of the articles that provided substantial support for this link was recently retracted amid evidence of ample scientific and ethical misconduct. As studies from several countries found that the incidence of autism was increasing even after the removal of thimerosal from vaccines, it appears that, in all likelihood, this trend was not caused by the mercurycontaining preservative, and potential causes have to be pursued somewhere else. Although many early vaccines were prepared empirically from live attenuated or inactivated pathogens, recent years have witnessed a shift toward a more rational strategy, in which concepts from disciplines including molecular biology, genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics arc increasingly incorporated into vaccine design, transforming vaccinology into a dynamic and vibrant interdisciplinary field.
An undergraduate environmental microbiology course was used to examine the hypothesis that students could best grow as biologists, inform career decisions, and experience the scientific process by engaging in a collaborative, research-based laboratory format. Students learned how to use scientific literature to formulate relevant questions and hypotheses and develop detailed experimental research proposals. They collected, analyzed, interpreted, and presented original scientific data in the form of a research-poster conference. Course objectives were measured using two Likert-style surveys, and the resulting data supported the original hypothesis of this work.
An alternative approach to teaching microbial diversity was designed to enhance learning of important concepts in microbiology, increase retention of content, improve microbiology-related skill sets, and positively influence student interest in and disposition toward the natural sciences.
Few laboratory exercises are designed to teach biology students about barriers that may constrain the movement of organisms. We describe a unique inquirybased exercise involving Lego mazes (the barrier) and the plasmodial slime mold, Physarum polycephalum (the organism). During guided inquiry, students construct mazes using Lego brand building blocks and the slime mold is allowed to “navigate” through the maze and “respond” to the barrier. Students then generate and test hypotheses about the movement of the slime mold in response to different barriers in the open-inquiry phase of the investigation.
Effective investigations incorporate all four features of constructivist teaching. This high school or college-level field investigation guides teachers (and students) through the stages of inquiry. The focal concept is ecosystem function, specifically leaf decay rates in aquatic environments. Teachers elicit their students' prior knowledge and use it to generate discussion on variables that influence decay rates. Students engage in designing and conducting experiments. The learning cycle is continued when students apply their new knowledge and receive feedback, and completed when students return to their initial conceptions of leaf decay and reflect on the knowledge they gained through scientific experimentation.
Sunlight is required for vital biological processes. However, solar ultraviolet radiation can have a detrimental impact on living organisms, by acting as a natural mutagenic agent. With this activity, intended for middle school and high school, we propose a simple hands-on experiment to investigate the bactericidal effect of sunlight. The activity provides appealing visual results and opportunities for extension of inquiry. Procedural instructions, discussion topics, and assessment suggestions are detailed.
Modern microscopy techniques generate an enormous amount of data in the form of images. Manual analysis of these images produces biased results that are often not reproducible. To extract the numerical data from the images, a free and user-friendly software called ImageJ is available at the NIH website. In this interactive tutorial, students will get acquainted with the applications of ImageJ and learn to measure cell area from the images.
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Is 3 inches a lot of snow?
Generally, an inch or 2 of snow per hour is regarded as significant. When you start talking about 3-, 4- or 5-inch per hour rates, it becomes a fascinating topic. Occasionally, we can even see snowfall rates of 6 inches an hour or higher.
Is 4 inches a lot of snow?
According to How Stuff Works, most people are safe driving in up to 4 inches of snow if they have good snow tires and pay close attention to the road. What’s more, if you have a vehicle with huge snow tires, you should be able to travel on roads covered in 6 or more inches of snow.
Does 4 inches of snow equal 4 inches of rain?
How many inches of snow equals one inch of rain? On average, thirteen inches of snow equals one inch of rain in the US, although this ratio can vary from two inches for sleet to nearly fifty inches for very dry, powdery snow under certain conditions.
What is 3 inch height difference?
A 3-inch height difference usually means the 5ft 8 person would be looking roughly around the mouth of the 5ft 11 person. Here are some actors who claim 5ft 11 standing beside myself at 5ft 8. A 3-inch height difference usually means the 5ft 8 person would be looking roughly around the mouth of the 5ft 11 person.
How many inches is a foot of snow?
How many inches is a foot of snow? Ice: One inch of ice equals one foot of fresh snow.
Why is snow measured in cm?
Because rain is a liquid, it gets measured in millimetres and, since there are 10 millimetres in a centimetre, that means 10 mm of rain would give you 10 cm of snow.
How do you measure inches of snow?
How to Measure: Push the yardstick straight into the snow, perpendicular to the ground, until the yardstick reaches the snow board. Record the measurement to the nearest tenth of an inch; e.g. 3.3 inches. Keep track of all your measurements for the duration of the storm so you can report the storm total amount.
How many inches of snow is 5cm?
cm to Inches Conversion Chart
|Centimeters||Inches (decimal)||Inches (fraction)|
|3 cm||1.1811″||1 3/16″|
|4 cm||1.5748″||1 37/64″|
|5 cm||1.9685″||1 31/32″|
|6 cm||2.3622″||2 23/64″|
What color is snow?
Snow most frequently appears white, but deep snow can act as a filter, absorbing more of one color and less of another. Deep snow tends to absorb red light, reflecting the blue tints often seen in snow. | <urn:uuid:d01e3b47-966a-4d6c-90b4-d51757f5c83a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://blackestfest.com/is-3-inches-a-lot-of-snow/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.930218 | 600 | 2.75 | 3 |
Finding the right sport for your child can be difficult at the best of times, but ADHD in children makes it even more difficult. They may be left out of team sports because of their difficulties with coordination or following directions, and end up bullied or isolated as a result.
Social isolation can have lasting impacts on a child's well-being.
Martial arts is a great activity for kids with ADHD can help increase your child’s focus and develop skills such as self-control and concentration, as well as self-defense and responsibility. Here are eight ways ADHD-friendly martial arts can help your child.
1. It Shows Them That Respect is a Given
Students bow to each other, and to their teacher, who bows to them in turn, as a gesture of mutual respect.
No matter what level a student or teacher is at, respect is key to functioning in the martial arts world. Respect for instructors is a given, as well as respect for fellow students. This teaches children that every person should be treated fairly and with kindness. Your child can learn to support others and be supported in turn, in a classroom that endeavors to teach positivity and acceptance every day.
2. Concentration Is Key
Attention and focus are key component of any athletic program, but especially in martial arts. Instructors know how to build up your child’s concentration and help them to re-focus. They can do this any number of ways, but hitting a physical reset button, such as performing a basic stance, helps them focus on the next step. Depending on the martial art, your child may also learn meditation/breathing exercises for focus that he or she can then use outside the dojo.
3. It Helps Them Set Reasonable Goals
There is no pressure to move up to a black belt right away or even in a certain timeframe. In fact, getting a black belt is supposed to take years – but there are still many benchmarks students can meet along the way, so they don’t get frustrated or feel like they are stagnating. Students are encouraged to work at their own pace, and instructors will help them set goals on a person-by-person basis. That way, your child can grow in confidence with each goal they accomplish.
4. It Builds Coordination
Being able to practice the moves slowly and repetitively allows your child to build up muscle memory and understand how the motions should flow. Over time, this can increase their coordination skills as they learn how their body moves. Children with ADHD can sometimes struggle with coordination, but martial arts can help develop motor skills and increase mind-body awareness.
5. They’ll Learn Step-by-Step
Each move is broken down into steps to make the learning process easier. As your child practices each step over and over again, it will become easier and easier for them to perform. Instructors are experts in breaking down even seemingly complex moves into understandable ways that play to your child’s strengths and abilities so they can practice the moves with confidence.
6. Self-Defense is Taught – Alongside Self-Control
While martial arts teaches fighting moves, the focus in on self-defense and not violence. Martial arts offers a safe environment for children to work out their anger and frustration. That way, children learn to channel their feelings into practice and learn self-control of their moods in a space that allows them to experience those emotions and work through them in a secure manner.
7. Excess Energy is Not a Problem
Even children who are larger/smaller than their peers, and thus risk hurting themselves or others, can still train and learn using tools like the youth-sized Throwing Buddy.
In a martial arts program, energy is key. Instructors are aware that children can have excess energy, so an ADHD-friendly martial arts program is a safe and effective means of allowing your child to burn off that energy in a manner that can benefit them emotionally, physically and mentally.
8. Self-Improvement is the Focus
While team sports may be hard for your child to participate in due to rules or being lost in the team, martial arts is all about self-improvement. And no one sits on the bench in martial arts! So rather than feeling as though they do not belong or being worried that they are going to let the team down, your child can learn to improve their own skills, at their own pace.
Martial Arts Can Help Your Child
A martial arts class can provide so much for your child. Camaraderie, support and friendship are all part of the package. More than that, your child can learn to control their mind, body and emotions while growing physically and developing coordination skills. ADHD can make learning difficult, but instructors know how to help kids re-focus on the task at hand and provide clear instructions. Martial arts is a sport that will accept kids – no matter their background, gender, or learning disabilities – for who they are and help them grow into strong, confident people capable of conquering challenges!
Have you or your child used martial arts to cope with ADHD or another disability? Interested in sharing your story? Contact me (Sarah) about writing a guest article for The Centurion. My email address is firstname.lastname@example.org. Just make sure you include the words “guest blogger” or something similar in your subject line! | <urn:uuid:5ea393aa-a07d-4454-9baf-95099f887df1> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://blog.centurymartialarts.com/martialarts/martial-arts-helps-children-with-attention-difficulties | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.960564 | 1,111 | 3.171875 | 3 |
There aren’t many better feelings than stepping into a hot shower and wallowing in the comforting suds of your Cornerstone body wash. This love of feeling clean isn’t just a 21st-century privilege – humans have been obsessed with showering since the dawn of civilisation. Prepare yourself for a soggy trip through time!
The first shower
Ever wondered what the first shower to be used by humans was? You’ve probably seen plenty of them in your lifetime without even realising it!
Back in the days when homosapiens slept in caves and huts, the most effective way to get clean was to brave the most powerful blast of water going – a waterfall.
Anthropologists have theorised that early hunter-gatherers would travel huge distances in search of waterfalls, after realising they were a much more effective way of washing than bathing in a dirty pool or lake.
The ancient Egyptians
The ancient Egyptian world was full of ingenious ideas and they too saw the luxurious potential of showering. Although there was no indoor plumbing at this time, the Egyptians were incredibly efficient with pottery. The rich and wealthy would use large clay jugs of water – commanding their servants to pour the water over them, just like a waterfall!
Along with water, the ancient Egyptians also used soaps to keep clean. These were not like the bars or body washes we use today, though. Often, these soaps came in the form of a paste of ash or clay, mixed with oil, and sometimes scented. This resulted in a material that not only cleaned the body, but also soothed any skin disease or damage. They were also known to put sand in their jugs of water, as a way of exfoliating the skin – just like a Cornerstone face scrub!
The ancient Greeks
The ancient Greeks were the first to pioneer something akin to the modern shower. The gymnasiums of classical Greece were places for men to train in sports and participate in public games. The ancient Greek term “gymnós” actually means “naked,” – gymnasiums were so-called because athletes competed there in the nude!
As such, gymnasiums had to provide athletes with a place to bathe after their exercises, so showers and indoor plumbing appeared in gymnasiums first. Their aqueducts and sewage systems were made of lead pipes, and allowed water to be pumped both into and out of large communal shower rooms.
These rooms have been discovered at the site of the city of Pergamum, which is near the modern city of Bergama, Turkey. They were very similar to modern locker room showers, and even included bars to hang up clothing.
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The Roman Shower
The Romans were famed for their love of personal hygiene, and thanks to their engineering expertise, were able to build upon the showers of ancient Greece. Roman bathhouses featured facilities for bathing and showering, and introduced the use of log-fire heated water, so people could enjoy a warmer temperature.
The rise of the Roman Empire meant these were some of the earliest warm showers made widely available until the Empire crumbled and the technology eventually ran into disuse. The Dark Ages were upon us—which meant many of the advances made with showering were quickly lost.
After the Roman Empire, it took until 1767 for the first mechanical shower to emerge. Patented by London stove maker William Feetham, the invention pumped water into a basin above the user’s head, before they pulled a chain that would release the water. Unfortunately, some noticeable downsides of this breakthrough were that it could only use cold water, and the same dirty liquid would have to be reused each time the chain was pulled. Hardly a luxury!
By 1810, the English Regency Shower had been invented by an anonymous entrepreneur. This version was much closer to the type of showers we still use now. Approximately 3 metres in height, the Regency shower featured a water basin suspended by 5 metal pipes.
A nozzle was connected to the bottom of the basin that then enabled water to fall onto the user below. Not only was the design more graceful than Feetham’s slightly crude creation, but it also allowed the use of warm water via the basin. It was embraced by the rich and wealthy, with the design being modified over the following decades to include hand pumps for refilling the basin and adjustable nozzles—which we still use today.
Running water finally arrived in the mid-1800s, inspired by the early plumbing of ancient Greece and Rome. Instead of going to the nearest well or river to pick up buckets of water, more and more people across the UK were granted access to clean, fresh water directly into their homes. What a treat!
Thanks to the rise of indoor plumbing, French inventor Francois Delabost encouraged the installation of showers in prisons and army barracks. He believed communal showers were a more hygienic and efficient way for prisoners and soldiers to remain clean, rather than reusing the same dirty bathwater. We can’t say he was wrong!
His invention involved a steam engine that heated the water in less than five minutes, which was then pumped directly to 8 shower stalls. It meant that, by using only 20 litres of water, 8 different people could be cleaned at the same time. It proved to be a huge success and by the early 1900s, it had found use in public bathhouses, boarding schools, prisons and army barracks across Europe.
Eventually, this heated shower system gave rise to the modern boiler and shower, and by the 1960s, many families in the UK had a hot shower right in their bathroom. We’ve come a long way since standing under waterfalls! | <urn:uuid:5e8c38e8-2f74-4c97-95d0-abe3ed132d55> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://blog.cornerstone.co.uk/the-soggy-history-of-showering/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.979333 | 1,245 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Division Worksheets are a great resource for children in kindergarten, first and second grade. Some of the worksheets also include remainders. These division worksheets can be used for home or in the classroom. The best part is that they are completely free to use. All you need to do is download them and print them out. There are many different types of division worksheets available online, so you can choose the ones that are most appealing to your child’s learning style.
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Divided by a factor, the worksheets can produce problem sets for horizontal and long division. The divisors can be 2, 3, or four digits, and the dividends can be 1 or two digits. The worksheets are customizable, and you can select how many problems per worksheet. The best part? They’re completely free. You can download them directly to your computer. And if you’re looking for printable division worksheets, these are the best.
This website provides free math worksheets for kindergarten, first, and second grade. The problem sets can be used to introduce algebra concepts. The worksheets are arranged horizontally and use divisors and quotients that range from two to nine. There are either one- or two-digit quotients or dividends. Each problem is usually divided by the division sign, slash, or long division format. You can select from 20 or 40 problems per worksheet, depending on your needs and skill level.
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The division worksheets offered by Math Aids Com are free and easily customizable for your needs. They are created by random algorithm, so they never repeat. They are also flexible and easy to use, making them a great resource for students in Kindergarten, first and second grade. They are also perfect for homeschoolers and parents. And you can always choose between 10 or twelve problems, depending on your child’s learning style.
These division worksheets are designed to introduce algebra concepts to young children. Each worksheet contains between twenty and forty problems, depending on the level of difficulty. Using these worksheets can help you improve your student’s understanding of the subject. You can use them as a tool to help your students with their homework or to supplement your classroom. You can use them at any grade level. The website is updated daily, so you can find the most appropriate ones for your students.
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The division worksheets generated by the website are divided into two categories, long and horizontal. The divisors range from two to nine, and the quotients and dividends can be one or two digits. The Division Worksheets will allow your child to solve ten problems in a row. Most of them will have fifteen problems. This is a great way to help your students learn to multiply and divide.
These division worksheets can be used for long and horizontal division. Each worksheet has divisors that range from two to nine. There are quotients and divisors that can be any number of digits. These division worksheets also have a long and horizontal format. A single digit problem set will have 20 or more problems. You can choose between a 10- and a twelve-problem set.
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Math Aids Com division worksheets are a useful resource for homeschoolers and teachers. The division worksheets are free to download and can be easily customized. They are easy to use and can be used by children in Kindergarten, first grade and even second grade. They are a great resource for teachers and parents. There are also other resources for homeschoolers. You can find a free, printable division worksheets for each category of study.
The division worksheets can be printed out and customized for any student. The quotients can be any number of digits. Each worksheet will have problems involving long and horizontal division. They are designed to be flexible and easy to use. In addition to the standardized division worksheets, the worksheets are also customizable, making them great resources for homeschooling parents and educators. The division worksheets are ideal for Kindergarten, first and second grade.
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Grade 3 Geometry Worksheets from math aids com division worksheets , source:seventhreedev.co | <urn:uuid:ddbd14a5-032a-4c77-98d1-cea78ae6e829> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://briefencounters.ca/29627/math-aids-com-division-worksheets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.905334 | 1,150 | 3.828125 | 4 |
The Crash Course US History Worksheet was a great way to show a student the importance of the history of the United States. I bought it when I first went through History 101 and I think it was one of the best ways I could have shown the students about the importance of the American nation.
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It had different worksheets for various topics and they were all separated by years and months in our US history. For example, there were the Civil War, the Revolution and then the era before. These worksheets were very helpful for students that struggled with understanding the meaning behind different events in our nation’s history.
I used these worksheets throughout the semester, when my students were struggling with understanding the meaning behind a certain event. I also used them when teaching a different class. It was one of the easiest ways to teach the history of our country. It helped a lot of students understand why certain events took place. This was an excellent tool for me to use.
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Now, I want to talk about how I learned about the Crash Course US History Worksheets. I found out about them while I was looking for some online courses that would help my students to learn more about our country. I didn’t really need any other courses since I already knew the basic concepts of our history so I was going to look for some online lessons that would help my students to understand what was important in our nation’s history.
When I started searching, I found several websites that focused on helping students to learn more about our history. However, I didn’t find anything about the worksheets that I was looking for and so I ended up buying the Crash Course US History Worksheets PDF. I think it was a great decision for me because it is a very unique lesson plan for those students who struggle with the meanings behind events in our country’s history.
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When I bought this, I was able to take everything about American history that I was learning from my classes and use them in my classroom. It gave me a lot of great tools to help my students understand more about the events that took place during our nation’s history. I could use these worksheets in my classes when students were struggling with understanding why certain events occurred during these times.
I also found that this worksheets were very easy to use. My students were able to understand the meanings behind everything on their own after they read the lessons.
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Overall, this is a great product for students to buy if they are struggling to learn more about our American history. I’m very happy that I purchased this product.
One thing that I like about the Crash Course US History Worksheets PDF is that it is very unique. It gives students a new and different way to learn about our history than what I taught in my classes. This is something that I believe that most students would really benefit from.
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The other thing that I like about the worksheets is that they come with a CD and free lessons. You can listen to these lessons whenever you want. as long as you want.
I would recommend this product for any class size. that is large or small.
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Overall, the Crash Course US History Worksheets PDF is a great product for students to purchase and use in their classrooms. It allows students to learn more about our history without spending a lot of money. This is a great choice if you want to make sure that your students are getting a better understanding of our history.
Us History Worksheet Answer Key Livinghealthybulletin from crash course us history worksheets pdf , source:livinghealthybulletin.com | <urn:uuid:569f48d8-0467-4cdc-8182-d42565ba44fa> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://briefencounters.ca/3443/crash-course-us-history-worksheets-pdf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.973278 | 920 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Admiralty Chart of Vanikoro in the South PacificSKU: 8748
Admiralty Chart of Vanikoro in the South Pacific
Date of publication:
South Pacific Ocean – Santa Cruz Islands – Vanikoro Islands (La Pérouse)
This British chart of Vanikoro was first published in 1873, with corrections to March 1901. Read more
The French explorer Jean-François de La Pérouse and the crews of his two vessels were stranded on Vanikoro in 1788, and all ultimately perished. The fate of the expedition remained a mystery until 1826.
Condition & Materials
Sheet size 69 x 103 cm, black and white, engraved by Edward Weller, centrefold, a little dusty; shows soundings etc, with interior detail of relief. Read less | <urn:uuid:9d8475b1-b9c7-4b1b-bc3c-88fb5894a182> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://bryarsandbryars.co.uk/products/admiralty-chart-of-vanikoro-in-the-south-pacific | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.89272 | 169 | 2.59375 | 3 |
If you’re a member of the Cacao Lab community, or have even found this article through a related internet search, you’re probably a fan of Cacao products. These products encompass the wellness-focused whole-Cacao movement, of which Cacao Lab is a part, as well as European-style chocolate, which we also love. But for all the happiness Cacao can provide, there is a price we must acknowledge: mass chocolate production has come with a steep environmental price. As is the story throughout much of the agricultural industry, short-sighted growth models and profit-maximization schemes have created a product that’s ecological impact makes its enjoyment bittersweet.
A main tenet of the ceremonial Cacao community is environmental stewardship, and for us to consider Cacao ceremonial-grade, we require that it is produced in the maximum symbiosis possible for its native environment. With this said, there are still environmental costs to producing and packaging any food, and our small-scale growing methods must work to counter-balance the damage of mass chocolate production. So, how can we work as a community, both producers and consumers, to lessen the impact of a product we hold so dear? Here are four ways.
Focus not on how far the Cacao travels, but how it is grown
A shining truth of the eco-conscious community is that environmental stewardship means eating local, whenever possible. This is a great standard to live by, but when we pull back a little, we see that the transportation aspect of most foods accounts for a fractional portion of their carbon footprint. So, what often gets the most attention has a relatively little impact. What, then, has the greatest impact? It’s about what you eat and how it’s grown.
Generally, eating lower on the food chain lessens the environmental impact of your diet, and thus your “dietary carbon footprint”. For instance, you can get about 40 kilograms of lentils for about the same carbon impact as 1 kilogram of lamb! When it comes to Cacao, well, it’s quite low on the food chain, sure. And it’s naturally vegan, so we’re avoiding the heavy climate costs (and moral issues) that come with animal pasturing. But does that make it a sustainable food crop? The answer is: it depends.
If we’ve passed the what test with Cacao, we must now consider the how test. Mass Cacao production for the international confectionary industry is actually one of the most environmentally detrimental food operations. Because Cacao can only be grown between certain latitudes, the world’s supply of suitable land for its production is rather constricted. Complicating the matter, much of the native lands of Cacao throughout Central and South America are difficult to farm due to their mountainous geography. A corporate solution has been to spread to more exploitable lands in West Africa and Southeast Asia. Thousands of acres of converted land are planted with Cacao trees whose water and shade requirements are not easily met by the environment. This produces soil erosion, water shortages, and over-farming that is sometimes devastating to the land.
What can one do to counteract this giant’s footprint upon the environment? Short answer: don’t buy mass-market chocolate. Long answer: plenty else.
One of the impact goals of Cacao Lab has been to find producers that are working with the land, rather than against it. If you hold this vision in your sights, the environmental impact of the Cacao you consume can fall nearer to that of the humble lentil. Cacao trees raised in their natural habitat, using the water cycle they have evolved with over thousands of years, and planted amongst other native plants and trees to provide soil enrichment and the necessary shade for Cacao pods to fruit (an agroforestry system) have proven a most efficient path. Nature has worked out best practices for these plants to thrive long before we started harvesting them, so we look to the wisdom of nature to help us farm Cacao responsibly.
Keep your Cacao whole, and keep it dark
Chocolate in popular consciousness often takes the shape of that delectable milk chocolate bar—long on sugar and milk, short on Cacao. Nothing wrong with a classic, and 8 year-old me would fight you for a milk chocolate bar. But with age comes (some) wisdom, and it’s evident that the additives in “big chocolate” are a huge part of the environmental quandary.
Sugar, milk, and often palm oil serve to cut high-cost Cacao into higher-profit milk chocolate. Sugar has its own environmental and ethical issues beyond its unhealthy reputation. Soil erosion, processing gas emissions, and wastewater run-off that leads to widespread fish die-off are some primary environmental impacts.
The milk powder used in milk chocolate comes from the most resource intensive agriculture on Earth: cattle raising. While the 12% or so of a chocolate bar that is milk powder may not seem like much, when we pan out to the industrial scale, it has quite a large ecological footprint. Milk chocolate flavors can still be enjoyed using milk alternatives such as coconut milk powder, and drinking Cacao can be made creamier by all manner of more ecologically friendly “mylks” with much lower environmental impacts.
Perhaps the big bad secret of the commercial confectionary industry is the use of palm oil as a partial replacement for the more expensive Cacao butter. Palm oil plantations have been linked to massive environmental destruction in Southeast Asia, West Africa, and Brazil. In Indonesia, giant tracts of primary forest have been clear-cut to make way for oil palm plantations, decimating the ecosystem. Worse still, the slash-and-burn clearing method produces incredible amounts of smoke pollution that seasonally blanket the region and push far around the globe.
While these impacts can seem prohibitive, they need not hinder your Cacao enjoyment. As a rule, the closer to 100% Cacao you get, the more eco-friendly the product—if the Cacao is raised and processed in a responsible way, that is.
Buy your Cacao in Bulk
While transportation is a surprisingly small part of the total output of many food goods, it is still important to consider volume in purchasing. The more product you fit in a package, the lower the per pound impact will be. While this is a good rule to take on, it does not always fit our needs as buyers: sometimes it makes sense to buy in bulk, sometimes it must necessarily come in a small package.
As a company, it is a tricky balance for us to offer portions appropriate for many different occasions and uses, but this always at top-of-mind for us. We are working to build better bulk options, and some of them have us really excited.
Most recently, we have begun partnering with New York City area café partners such as Ambrosia to provide bulk granulated Cacao which our community members can purchase as refills directly at the store. This allows people to bring their own containers (like our reusable tins) and stock up on their Cacao without the packaging and shipping impact of ordering direct from us. We are continuing to build partnerships for this offering throughout NYC, but the vision is to broaden out to as many major metro areas as we can.
One day, we hope that Cacao can be purchased as coffee often is—in bulk and before your eyes with as little excess packaging as possible.
Reduce the Impact of Cacao Packaging
The elephant in the room around a packaged food is the packaging itself. It is an unfortunate necessity of the modern food supply that many, many goods come packaged.
With regard to Cacao, the upside is that it stays shelf-stable for an incredibly long time, so buying in larger quantities and keeping it fresh in a container at home is always an option. But what can we do to reduce the packaging impact of the very package these larger quantities come in?
In addition to our café partnerships, we are working on compostable packaging alternatives to lessen our impact. While these aren’t a 100% solution, they are a step in the right direction. By switching all of the products we can to compostable packaging, while employing reusable packaging for many of the others, we are working toward delivery methods that incorporate our ethos at the farm as much as possible: work with the environment, not against it. | <urn:uuid:086e51c2-0b84-43b5-ad19-f15addefed9f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://cacaolaboratory.com/en-gb/blogs/news/reducing-our-impact-four-ways-to-consume-cacao-responsibly | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.953654 | 1,780 | 2.734375 | 3 |
join the cancer foundation community
About Pancreatic Cancer
Cancer cells can form from both endocrine (hormonal) and exocrine (digestive) cells in the pancreas, which is located in the belly. Pancreatic cancer starts in the tissues of your pancreas, an organ located behind the lower section of your stomach in your belly.
The pancreas can be affected by a variety of tumours, both malignant and noncancerous. The most frequent type of pancreas cancer starts in the cells lining the ducts that transport digestive enzymes from the pancreas.
Pancreatic cancer is rarely identified early on when it is most treatable. This is due to the fact that it frequently does not present symptoms until it has migrated to other organs. The cancer therapy options are determined by the severity of the disease. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these may be used.
Causes of Pancreatic Cancer
The cause of pancreatic cancer is unknown. Some variables, such as smoking and having specific hereditary gene mutations, have been identified as potentially increasing the risk of this type of cancer, according to doctors. The following factors may raise your risk of developing pancreatic cancer:
● Pancreatitis; is a chronic inflammation of the pancreas
● Family history of genetic mutations
● Family medical history of pancreatic cancer
● Most people are diagnosed after age 65
A major study found that the combination of smoking, long-term diabetes, and a poor diet raises the risk of pancreatic cancer more than any of these factors alone.
Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer symptoms frequently may not develop until the later stages of the disease. They can also have symptoms that are similar to those of other illnesses, making diagnosis more difficult. Among the most common signs and symptoms are:
● Abdominal or back pain
● Jaundice, found in almost 70% of people with pancreatic cancer
● Low appetite and weight loss
● Gallbladder or liver swelling
● Deep vein blood clots or a pulmonary embolism
● Pale grey or fatty faecal matter
● Nausea and vomiting
● Fever and chills
● Diarrhoea or constipation
● A rash caused by jaundice
New symptoms may occur elsewhere in the body if the cancer spreads.
Prevention and Screening
Pancreatic cancer cannot be completely avoided. Some risk factors are uncontrollable, such as age, gender, race, and family history. However, there are several things you may do to reduce your risk. Some lifestyle choices may be beneficial in lowering the risk.
● Quitting smoking
● Maintaining a healthy weight
● Exercising regularly
● Consuming fresh fruits and vegetables
● Limiting your consumption of red meat
Pancreatic cancer is diagnosed using a variety of assays. Not every person will be subjected to all of the tests outlined here. If a medical professional suspects pancreatic cancer, one or more of the following tests may be ordered:
● Images of your inside organs are created via imaging examinations. These tests allow your doctors to see inside your body, including your pancreas. Ultrasound, CT scans, MRIs, and, in certain cases, PET scans are all used to diagnose pancreatic cancer.
● Create ultrasound images of your pancreas with a scope. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a procedure that employs an ultrasound instrument to create images of your pancreas from within your belly. To obtain the images, the instrument is sent down your throat and into your stomach using a tiny, flexible tube (endoscope).
● Taking a biopsy of a tissue sample (biopsy). A biopsy is a technique that involves removing a tiny sample of tissue from the body to be examined under a microscope. During an EUS, tissue is usually harvested using special equipment passed through the endoscope. A sample of tissue from the pancreas is obtained less frequently by putting a needle into your skin and into your pancreatic (fine-needle aspiration).
● Examination of the blood. Your doctor may do a blood test to look for specific proteins (tumour markers) that pancreatic cancer cells secrete. CA19-9 is a pancreatic cancer tumour marker test. It might help you figure out how your cancer reacts to therapy. However, because some persons with pancreatic cancer may not have increased CA19-9 levels, the test isn’t always accurate.
Early cancer discovery frequently leads to additional treatment choices, but pancreatic cancer is notoriously difficult to diagnose. Because the pancreas is located deep within the body, early tumours are neither visible nor detectable during standard physical examinations. Symptoms normally do not appear until the cancer has spread to other organs or has grown to a great size. No major professional associations now advocate regular pancreatic cancer screening in those who are at average risk because no screening test has been found to reduce the chance of dying from this malignancy, this is the case. Remember to tell your doctor(s) about any changes in your health. This will help them decide if you need any additional screening tests or treatment.
join the cancer foundation community | <urn:uuid:abf3cc6e-5d23-401e-8bd3-e256a40ea942> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://cancerfoundation.org.za/pancreatic-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.944994 | 1,085 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Imagine that within 5 minutes of walking into your classroom, all of your students are engaged in an evidence-based debate. Sounds amazing, right? Not only will each student make a friend or two, but every person will know what level of self-direction and participation you expect every time they come to class.
Crash debates are a great way to start your class, because they immediately challenge your students to engage in pre-thinking about a certain topic or idea. They also help give you a sense of what prior knowledge your students have before you begin teaching about a new topic. The best part is that you don’t need any preparation to lead a crash debate!
Why not convey your expectations and agenda by asking students to step into the center of learning and perform as expected from the get-go?
How to Start a Crash Debate
To conduct a crash debate, choose a topic your students have not yet studied and ask a two-sided question about your topic. For this example, I might present my class with an object and use the debate question, “Is this a living thing?” to introduce the properties of life on the first day of biology.
You may need to gather props or other visuals. For the debate question “Is this a living thing?” I might gather some interesting things that are living organisms (a dried bean, an insect, yeast rehydrated in warm water with sugar). Then I might collect some things that appear to be living organisms but are in fact not (a cell phone, a lit candle, a mixture of vinegar and baking soda). However, if you want to skip the prep work of gathering props, there are plenty of debate questions you can ask that don’t require visuals.
How to Organize Debate Teams
There are many ways you can organize your class into teams for a crash debate. This method has worked well for me, so if you are new to crash debates I suggest you try it out. Later, if you want to organize your classroom differently, you are completely free to experiment with different set-ups.
- Divide the class into 3-person teams and place one item at each table (if you are using props). Each 3-person group has a different item about which they are answering the question.
- Randomly assign a role to each team member: one Judge, one “Pro/Yes” point of view, one “Con/No” point of view. If the class is not divisible by three, create a few 4-person teams. With 4-person teams, there are two students playing the role of the judge.
- Tell the Pro/Yes and Con/No students they will engage in a debate where they take turns speaking. They must support the position they have been randomly assigned regardless of their personal opinion. Each side, Pro or Con, will have 30 seconds to present an argument that supports their position. Following their argument, the opposite side (Pro or Con) will have 30 seconds to respond to the argument presented.
- The judge must act as a non-biased official who dictates the time constraints and determines the winner of the debate. You may require the judge to keep notes on each point as it is argued so they have documentation that substantiates the basis of their final decision.
- Ask the Pro and Con students in each 3-person group to choose one side of a coin. Flip a coin for the class. The winner of the coin toss in each group will speak first.
- The students playing the role of the Pro and Con positions will continue taking turns speaking to support their side of the argument using 30 seconds at a time to make their case (they may say, “I rest” if they conclude prior to the end of their 30 second time limit). Each 3-person team should continue until reaching a total time of 5 minutes or until both sides exhaust their arguments and neither side has elected to say more.
- The judge must declare a winner and defend their decision after the debates are concluded. Encourage the judge to include feedback on points made in the verbal argument and compelling aspects of the nonverbal communication. Ask the debaters to thank their judge for the feedback.
- Allow the students to then find a new 3-person group where they can play a different position (for example, each judge should play a Pro or Con role in their second 3-person group).
- Place a new object in the center of the group that no one in the group has discussed yet and repeat the debate procedure.
- Keep changing the groups, roles, and items until the students have assembled some useful arguments and ideas (in this example, the students will gather a list of the properties of life as they hear one argument here and another argument there).
You may find the students have covered all the main points of the topic, or you may need to supplement their information. Regardless, you now have a launch point for your next topic that the students have already begun to explore! | <urn:uuid:96591554-9b09-4f34-a14c-f7497c9c4b4a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://catalystlearningcurricula.com/tips-and-tricks/crash-debates-lesson-plan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.951429 | 1,027 | 3.5 | 4 |
External Factors Influencing Consumer Behaviour – Organizational behavior in purchasing goods or services is called organizational buying behavior. Organizations purchase goods or services for business use, resale, manufacturing other goods, or providing services. Business and industrial organizations buy goods for the purpose of doing business or manufacturing other goods.
Many factors influence the organizational buying decision. They can be classified according to environmental, organizational, personal and interpersonal factors. They are displayed as follows:
- 1 External Factors Influencing Consumer Behaviour
- 1.1 External Factors How Influences Consumer Behavior: Lok, John: 9798885556392: Amazon.com: Books
- 1.2 Factors That Influence Competition In Microeconomics
- 1.3 Factors That Influence Saving Levels
- 2 Beeronomics: Factors Affecting Your Pint
External Factors Influencing Consumer Behaviour
Economic factors influence the buying behavior of a firm. These include the level of demand and economic health. Demand level includes the ability and willingness to purchase goods. It is influenced by the distribution of income and the price of the product. Economic health includes prosperity, recession and recovery. The state of welfare is financially sound. A recession is a bad economic situation.
How To Use Pestel To Identify External Factors That Threaten Your Business’ Strategic Plan
Technological factors also affect organizational behavior. These include level of technology, speed of technology, technology transfer etc. Electronic commerce and information technology have undergone revolutionary change. This directly affected the buying behavior of the firm.
Political and legal factors also directly affect the organizational buying process. Political factors include political system, political situation, political thinking, government policies, etc., while constitution, laws, rules and regulations, etc. Included in the legal elements.
A business organization must consider social responsibility when purchasing any goods or services. Preference should be given to local products while purchasing and the interests of the community should be protected. When purchasing goods or services, the interest of various pressure groups in society should be taken into account.
The purpose of purchase is determined by the organizational objective. Goods should be procured according to the organizational purpose. To the extent that the purchase of goods or services is required in accordance with an organizational goal, purchasing influences the goal.
Solution: Chapter 1 Consumer Behaviour 2021
Purchasing or purchasing policies also affect organizational purchasing behavior. Supplies should be purchased in accordance with the organization’s purchasing policy. If the organization has a policy of buying local goods, the buyer cannot buy foreign goods. If the procurement policy is silent on the matter, foreign or local goods can be procured as per choice.
The methods and process adopted by an organization to procure goods or services is called a procedure. Goods and services can be procured through direct contract, tender or demand catalogue. Any method can be used to purchase goods or services. Whatever procedure is adopted by the organization, the buyer must follow it.
Organizational structure defines power and relationships that directly influence buying behavior. In some organizations, goods or services are purchased through direct orders from the CEO, while in some other organizations, goods or services are purchased through the purchasing department. Therefore, buying behavior influences organizational structure.
Buying practice has a direct impact on buying behavior. An organization can adopt centralized system, decentralized system, bulk purchasing system and others.
Thinking In Frameworks
Officials authorized by the organizational structure to place an order cannot purchase goods without their order. The decision to buy such an organ plays an important role in the purchase.
The individuals who purchase and place orders for goods or services may vary within the organization. To the extent that the behavior of the person placing the purchase order affects the behavior of the buyer. If the status or status of the buyer is high, his buying decision will be rational and quick. His behavior is maturing.
The organizational buying process includes customers, influencers, buyers, decision makers, and gatekeepers. Their interest influences the organizational buying process. When their interest is different, the buying process becomes complicated.
A person’s age also affects choice and preference. Young people make purchasing decisions and choose suppliers faster than older people. Similarly, young people try to find new suppliers and older people try to stay with the same supplier. So it also affects the buying process.
External Factors How Influences Consumer Behavior: Lok, John: 9798885556392: Amazon.com: Books
Education gives a person the ability to analyze good or bad. So an educated person makes a purchase decision rationally, while an uneducated person makes a hit-and-miss or afterthought purchase decision. An educated person chooses goods or services carefully. Hence buyer education also affects organizational buying behavior.
Job position also shows a person’s status. A buyer’s position or status influences his buying behavior. Buyer status can be low or high.
The personality of a person working in an organization can be different. Personality influences the choice of quality, brand, price etc. Hence buyer personality also influences organizational buying behavior.
Men’s risk tolerance varies. Some people can take more risk while others like to take less risk. Similarly, some people prefer to avoid risk while others prefer to face it. Risk tolerance and attitude influence purchasing behavior. Buyers with high risk tolerance tend to be aggressive. But those with low risk tolerance and no risk tolerance do not.
Factors That Influence Competition In Microeconomics
Definition and characteristics of organizational buying behavior organizational buying decision determine the difference between organizational buying behavior and consumer buying behavior. Behavior is an interesting concept to discuss and understand. It refers to consumer behavior when purchasing products or services from organizations. But why is it important? Organizations also buy from other companies and these transactions have a huge impact on the business world. This article examines organizational buying behavior, what factors influence it, and how it affects business. We’ll also explore tips for optimizing your organization’s purchasing behavior. Whether you’re an entrepreneur or a corporate executive, this information is invaluable to better understanding why organizations make decisions when buying products or services.
A firm’s purchasing behavior is the process by which a business purchases all the products and services it needs for its operations. This includes researching, evaluating, negotiating and finalizing deals with suppliers. The main objective of organizational buying behavior is to ensure that the organization gets the best possible deal in terms of quality, price and service from suppliers.
Organizational buying behavior begins with the recognition of customer needs, such as raw or finished goods, equipment or services, etc. Research should be done to find suppliers who can meet these needs at competitive prices and provide good quality standards. This step is followed by an evaluation that takes into account various aspects of the supplier, including reputation and reliability, as well as the technical capabilities and pricing structures they offer.
After this stage negotiations take place where salespeople try their best to fulfill the customer’s needs within the limits of their proposed budget. After an acceptable agreement is reached between the buyer and the seller, it goes to the final stage where the order details are finalized and payment terms are set before the order is placed for the desired product/service from the selected seller/supplier.
Factors That Influence Saving Levels
In conclusion, organizational buying behavior can be defined as the systematic approach that companies follow when trying to acquire the materials needed to successfully conduct business operations.
Organizational buying behavior involves how organizations buy goods or services from suppliers. It is a complex process that requires careful consideration of cost, quality, and convenience. Here are some key points to consider when understanding how organizational buying behavior works:
1) Needs/Needs: Organizations must first identify their needs and decide what type of product or service they want to purchase. It includes estimates of the organization’s budget, required specifications, purchase size, timing of the purchase decision, etc.
2) Research suppliers: Once organizations identify their needs and wants, they can research suppliers who can provide these products/services at an acceptable price. They may discuss any affiliation with certain brands or other companies and the supplier’s ratings on various platforms.
Beeronomics: Factors Affecting Your Pint
3) Supplier Selection/Evaluation: After conducting research, organizations should select one or two potential suppliers that best suit their specific needs and requirements and formally negotiate terms (eg, pricing structure) with them. Additionally, organizations can evaluate each supplier based on factors such as delivery time and customer service capabilities. The purchase decision.
4) Negotiating Terms: Once both parties agree on terms related to pricing structures and expectations, both parties can enter into an agreement that establishes an agreement between them on these issues so that everyone involved understands what to expect from the transaction. Progress towards order/delivery of goods or services mentioned above.
5) Final Decision: After discussing and agreeing on these factors, the firm can take the final purchase decision. They need to ensure that they are getting value for their money and that the supplier they choose is reliable and trustworthy. They should also consider any risks associated with that supplier before committing.
An organization’s buying behavior is a complex process, but understanding each step can help organizations make informed decisions about which suppliers to use for their needs and requirements.
Internal And External Factors Affecting Pricing Decisions
Economic factors play an important role in the buying behavior of firms. When purchasing solutions, organizations consider economic conditions such as inflation, taxes, interest rates, and consumer income levels. The stability of the economy greatly affects how much money businesses are willing to spend on goods
Factors influencing consumer behaviour, social factors influencing consumer behaviour, factors influencing consumer behaviour in marketing, personal factors influencing consumer behaviour, 4 factors influencing consumer behaviour, psychological factors influencing consumer behaviour, factors influencing consumer behaviour with examples, marketing factors influencing consumer behaviour, factors influencing consumer buying behaviour pdf, cultural factors influencing consumer behaviour, factors influencing consumer behaviour questionnaire, factors influencing consumer buying behaviour | <urn:uuid:c3cd7c18-4bff-4eea-be99-0a8e970114fa> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://celebwnew.com/external-factors-influencing-consumer-behaviour/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.937255 | 2,030 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Countries of North America
All you need to know about North America and its countries
How many countries in North America?
23 countries, 18 dependencies according to the UN
Regions of North America
About North America
- North America is comprised of 23 countries and 18 dependencies.
- Canada is the largest country in North America
- The most widely spoken languages in North America are English, Spanish, and French.
- The total population of North America is roughly 594 million.
Check out the other world countries→
North America covers about 24.71 million km².
The Arctic Ocean borders North America on the north, the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, the Caribbean Sea on the south, and the North Pacific Ocean on the west.
- It is the third-largest continent and is placed interestingly on the world map.
- Greenland is the largest island in the whole world and a part of the North American continent
- The lowest point in North America is Death Valley in California.
- The United States is North America’s most populous country.
- The Missouri River is North America’s longest river.
- There are no landlocked countries in North America.
North America (Sub region)
Canada, Mexico, and the United States of America and the dependencies of St. Pierre and Miquelon, Greenland, and Bermuda make up sub regions of North America, which has a population of around 450 million people. The USA is the populous country in North America.
Canada is a North American country. Its ten provinces and three territories span the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans, making it the world’s second-largest country by total area. Famously known as “The Great White North”, Canada is world’s second largest country. Canada is the world leader in uranium mining and holds the world’s third largest oil reserve. With majestic mountains, rolling plains, forested valleys, and beautiful blue rivers and lakes, it has a diverse landscape.
Mexico is a country in southern North America that is officially known as the United Mexican States. The United States borders it on the north; the Pacific Ocean on the south and west; Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea on the southeast; and the Gulf of Mexico on the east. One if the six cradles of ancient civilizations, Mexico is a place of distinct culture. The land of the largest Pyramid in the world, this country has some amazing things originating from here.
3. The United States Of America
In this episode we speak about the most powerful country in the world, the USA is also known as “Uncle Sam”. The United States of America is a country made up of 50 states that span much of North America. New York, a global financial and cultural centre, and Washington, DC, the nation’s capital, are major Atlantic Coast cities. Chicago, in the Midwest, is known for its influential architecture, while Hollywood, on the west coast, is known for filmmaking.
This country was discovered by European explorers. With so many inventions this country have given to the world, this place remains one with the highest immigrant acceptance population.
Greenland is an island nation located east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans. Greenland is the world’s largest island and a self-governing Danish dependent territory with its own parliament and limited autonomy. The ice cap and glaciers cover nearly 80 percent of it. Greenland is named so, but is actually white. Winters have darkness 24 hours, that is when the northern lights play. Listen in to to know more about this place.
Bermuda is a British overseas territory in the western North Atlantic Ocean that is self-governing. It is made up of seven main islands. Internally self-governing, it is Britain’s oldest and smallest but most prosperous British Overseas Territory. Outside of the territory, the closest land is in the American state of North Carolina. Bermuda is a place which has the Ship Wreck Capital of the world associated with it. An island that has very intriguing glow worms in its waters. And a bird species that came to life again after being extinct. Listen in to know more.
Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama make up central of North America, which has a population of around 47 million people. The Belize is the populous country in central North America.
Belize, formerly British Honduras’ colony, is Central America’s only country without a Pacific Ocean coastline. It is a country on Central America’s eastern coast, with Caribbean Sea beaches to the east and dense jungle to the west. Mayan ruins such as Caracol, known for its towering pyramid, Lamanai, and Altun Ha, just outside of Belize City, can be found in the jungles of Belize. The country with largest blue hole, screaming monkeys and distinct bird species. Belize is a place with vibrant wild life living on many islands.
7. Costa Rica
Welcome to the land of “Pura Vida” and the name of which translates to “The Rich Coast”. This is Costa Rica.Costa Rica is a mountainous, rainforested Central American country with Caribbean and Pacific coastlines. Costa Rica is known for its beaches, volcanoes, and biodiversity, despite the fact that its capital, San Jose, is home to cultural institutions such as the Pre-Columbian Gold Museum. One of the happiest places on earth, Costa Rica does not have an army, and they are proud of it.
8. El Salvador
El Salvador is a Central American country whose official name is the Republic of El Salvador. Honduras borders it on the northeast, Guatemala on the northwest, and the Pacific Ocean on the south. Nick named as “Land of Volcanoes” this country has hundreds of them, with 20 active ones. El Salvador is the smallest country in central America, and it does not have any coast on the Caribbean sea.
Volcanoes, rainforests, and ancient Mayan sites abound in Guatemala, a Central American country south of Mexico. The stately National Palace of Culture and the National Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology can be found in Guatemala City, the country’s capital. The country with deepest lake in the Central America. Where there are more than 30 volcanoes, 3 of which are active. A place with a distinct tradition related to kites. Listen in to know more about Guatemala.
Name of this country translates to “The Great Depths”, words that came out of Columbus’s lips when he landed here in his final voyage to the Americas. Honduras is a Central American country bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. Honduras has a large collection of Mayan ruins. Honduras is home to the world’s second-largest coral reef, after the Great Barrier Reef. It was the first country to outlaw smoking in private residences.
Panama is a country that connects Central and South America via an isthmus. The Panama Canal, a famous human engineering feat, runs through the heart of the country, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and providing a vital shipping route. Panama is the only country in the world where the sun rises over the Pacific and sets over the Atlantic. It has breathtaking scenery and the continent’s second largest rainforest. Thousands of tropical animals live in the jungles here.
Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Cuba, Dominica, Jamaica, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadine make up the Caribbean. They are all part of three main island groups- the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, the Lucayan Archipelago.
12. Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda is a Commonwealth country made up of two main islands and several smaller islands. It’s known for reef-lined beaches, rainforests, and resorts because it’s located where the Atlantic and Caribbean meet. This country has 365 beaches, does not have any river, and one of its peak is names after Barak Obama. The two islands of the country Antigua and Barbuda are 63 kms apart. This is also a part of cricket playing group of the Caribbean nations, The West Indies, and its also home to Sir Vivian Richards
13. The Bahamas
The Commonwealth of The Bahamas is a sovereign country located in the Atlantic Ocean, within the Lucayan Archipelago of the West Indies. It comprises 97 percent of the land area of the Lucayan Archipelago and is home to 88 percent of the archipelago’s population. The Caribbean island nation where Christopher Columbus landed in his first voyage, famously termed as Discovery of the Americas. This place has white and pink sand beaches with clear waters, and an enormous marine life. A favorite of Hollywood, listen in to know more amazing things about The Bahamas.
14. Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic is a Caribbean country that borders Haiti to the west on the island of Hispaniola. It is well-known for its beaches, resorts, and golf courses. Its landscape includes rainforest, savannah, and highlands, including the Caribbean’s tallest mountain, Pico Duarte. Dominican Republic is a country of firsts. The first European settlement in the Americas to first university, this place has lots to offer in terms of unique things. Listen in to know more about the place.
Haiti is a Caribbean country that borders the Dominican Republic to the east on the island of Hispaniola. Haiti is the most mountainous country in the Caribbean’s. First discovered by Columbus, the country has an island completely occupied by the pirates. Very rich in biodiversity, Haiti has people who take pride in their culture and show them through their music and art. Many of Haiti’s early-nineteenth-century landmarks are still standing. Citadelle la Ferrière, a mountaintop fortress, and the nearby ruins of Sans-Souci Palace, King Henry I’s baroque former royal residence, are among them.
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country that includes the island of Cuba, as well as the Isla de la Juventud and a number of smaller archipelagos. The northern Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean all meet in Cuba. Cuba is the Caribbean Sea’s largest island. The land of vintage cars, colorful buildings and vibrant people. Cuba is the largest country in the Caribbean’s. The Tianos are the indigenous people of Cuba, till it was discovered by Columbus. The country has 9 UNESCO world Heritage sites. Listen in to know more about Cuba.
Dominica is a mountainous Caribbean island with tropical rainforests and natural hot springs. The volcanically heated, steam-covered Boiling Lake can be found in Morne Trois Pitons National Park. In the eastern Caribbean Sea, it is a small, fertile island. A country with more than 365 rivers, 9 volcanoes and 2/3rds of it as rainforest, this country has blck sand beaches. With 2nd largest boiling in the world this place has volcanic springs rising from its ocean floor. Listen in to know more about this place
Jamaica is a Caribbean island nation with mountains, rainforests, and beaches lined with coral reefs. Many of the island’s all-inclusive resorts are concentrated in Montego Bay, which is known for its British-colonial architecture, and Negril, which is known for its diving and snorkelling. The Bob Marley Museum is located in Kingston, Jamaica, which is known as the birthplace of reggae music. When Christopher Columbus landed on this island nation he called it “Fairest of all the isles”. A land of fast runners, home to Usain Bolt, it is Jamaica. A land of music, Cricket and happiness, listen in to know more about this Caribbean country.
Grenada is an island country in the West Indies in the Caribbean Sea at the southern end of the Grenadines island chain. A country with a volcano in the heart of which is a bottomless lake, and this lake has various legends associated with it. Grenada, a Caribbean country in the West Indies, this nation is also called island of spices because of the immense nutmeg grown here, which also is apart of the flag of this beautiful beach destination. Listen in to know more.
20. Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago is a Caribbean country with two islands near Venezuela that has distinct Creole traditions and cuisine. Port of Spain, Trinidad’s capital, hosts a raucous carnival featuring calypso and soca music. The Asa Wright Nature Centre, for example, is home to a variety of bird species. This country was founded discovered by Christopher Columbus around the same time when Vasco De Gama reached India. The country has a deep connection with India. There is most population is of people of Indian origin, Listen in to now more about this two island country.
21. Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis is a twin-island nation sandwiched between the Atlantic and Caribbean oceans. Cloud-covered mountains and beaches are its trademarks. Named by Christopher Columbus after his patron saint, St Kitts and Nevis is a dual island nation in the Caribbean sea. At a distance of just 2 miles in between these two islands have a lot of water adventure activities between them. With Green monkeys adding to its wildlife, the beaches of this country have both black and white sand, and a very dramatic terrain.
22. Saint Lucia
Saint Lucia is an island nation in the Eastern Caribbean with the Pitons, a pair of dramatically tapered mountains on its west coast. Volcanic beaches, reef diving sites, luxury resorts, and fishing villages line the coast. In the Lesser Antilles, it is the second largest of the Windward group. It is a small island nation in the West Indies. With rainforests to wildlife, the country has abundance. Listen in to know more.
23. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
St. Vincent and the Grenadines is a country in the southern Caribbean with a main island, St. Vincent, and a chain of smaller islands. It’s known for its major sailing destinations like reef-lined Bequia Island off Admiralty Bay, which is bordered by white-sand beaches, as well as its yacht-filled harbours, chic private isles, and volcanic landscapes. Kingstown, the capital of the main island, is located there. Capital city of this small country is known as “City of Arches”, an archipelago of 32 islands, St Vincent and the Grenadines has 9 inhabited islands.
FAQ's about North American countries
There are 23 countries in North America today, according to the United Nations.
The United States of America is the most populous country in North America.
The smallest country in North America is Saint Barthelemy. | <urn:uuid:e3f51cb5-1385-4fac-8b50-5600e8978a23> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://chimesradio.com/best-podcasts/world-countries/north-american-countries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.936597 | 3,164 | 3.078125 | 3 |
SALT LAKE CITY (ABC4) – It was a story from her great-aunt that stayed with Jeanetta Williams.
Williams, the head of the NAACP, Salt Lake branch grew up in Oklahoma and her great-aunt was a child in 1921.
Back then, a race riot broke out in Greenwood just outside of Tulsa. The district was where African-Americans had established themselves financially in 1921. They owned their own businesses including banks. It was often called the Black Wall Street.
“The black community was thriving, they were doing good,” said Williams. “They had good businesses. They were just trying to make a living.”
But on Memorial Day weekend in 1921, a mob made up of white men, stormed the district of Greenwood.
There was anger after a young black teen entered an elevator tripped and fell onto a white woman. According to news accounts from that time period, word quickly spread that she had been assaulted.
The once-proud Greenwood district was set on fire by the mob. Homes were destroyed and businesses were torched.
Within hours, plumes of dark smoke could be seen throughout the Tulsa area.
“It was just a time to pick up arms by the white folks and they just killed and slaughtered,” recalled Williams.
When the smoke cleared on June 1, 1921, 35-square blocks had been burned to the ground. Black Wall Street never recovered.
The deaths ranged from 300-800 depending on various sources including the state.
“They had people missing and presumed that they were dead,” said Williams. “And what happened was folks put them in mass graves. Just buried them.”
To this day, many of those who died in the 1921 Tulsa massacre remains unknown.
This summer, a commission and the city of Tulsa exhumed several bodies from a mass grave found at a local cemetery. It began the process to identify if they actually died in the race riot.
Last month, the commission awarded a Utah-based forensics laboratory to use the DNA to help identify the bodies.
“We’re very optimistic that we’ll be able to identify these people and bring answers to their families,” said Karra Porter, co-founder of Intermountain Forensics.
Intermountain Forensics is the only non-profit lab in the nation. It will now start to develop profiles from the bodies exhumed from those graves.
“Once we get profiles on these individuals, we’re going to upload those to some public genealogy databases,” said Porter.
Once the profiles are placed on databases like Ged-Match, one can submit their own DNA to see if there’s a relationship to those bodies exhumed.
“It is a step towards justice,” said Williams. “(These families) can give them a proper memorial or even a proper headstone. I think it’s a step in the right direction.”
At stake for families of the dead are possible financial reparations that have never been paid. Oklahoma’s legislature denied those payments.
But there’s a similar effort underway in Congress
“It’s the right thing to do,” said Williams. “Many of these families were financially successful and their descendants were denied the right to have a good life.” | <urn:uuid:ca4553c1-fe62-4666-bd23-bbdec62b0c96> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://cjstudents.com/index.php/2022/01/04/the-justice-files-remains-of-1921-tulsa-massacre-to-be-identified-at-utah-dna-lab/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.98 | 710 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Georgia is a cradle of wine and one of the most rapidly growing wine destination of the world. We have around 8000 years’ tradition of wine making and more than 500 sorts of local grapes. Every rural family in Georgia is making wine at home using the oldest wine fermentation method known as Kakhetian method, which means fermentation, storage and aging of the wine in the earth berried clay vessel – Qvevri. This method became popular thanks to the new generation of Georgian wine makers and now is recognized by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage.
Linguistically the Latin name “Vino” is derived from the Georgian “Ghvino” (ღვინო) – wine.
The most important part of the Georgian wine story is Georgians’ attitude to the wine. Nothing really important can happen without wine. You hardly find any other country in the world, where people are making wine at home only for their own families and guest to celebrate the birth or to mourn the death and also every more or less important event between these two dates.
The travelers, who are coming to taste the wine are advised to visit the small family owned wineries in order to feel the touch of the history and tradition and to taste the unique wines. | <urn:uuid:1e3137d0-3d57-4a0d-ac9b-9fe97dba2fa8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://cometogeorgia.net/en/522/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.968996 | 268 | 2.546875 | 3 |
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We include here some brief notes on possible tests that an oncologist may ask you to have if the initial tests have failed to identify your cancer. For CUP you may have a large number of tests to allow the specialists to gain as much detail as possible from different perspectives. The oncologist will judge which tests are likely to be most useful based on the site(s) of the cancer spread and which are most appropriate on clinical grounds. Tests are likely to involve a blood sample to identify tumour markers and probably a biopsy where this is practical. (Throughout your treatment there will be regular blood samples to help monitor progress.) If possible, the doctors are likely to need an ‘adequate’ tissue sample – a biopsy- from a cancerous tumour; a Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) will probably not be adequate. Biopsies are discussed on this page. A more detailed clinical description of the likely tests is shown here: Investigations likely for the MUO/CUP patient.
Shown below is an explanation of some of the tests that may be used. Do be careful to follow any special instructions you are given about fasting, for example, before tests to ensure accurate results.
Mammogram. A mammogram is an X-ray of the breasts.
Ultrasound. An Ultrasound uses sound waves to build up a picture of the inside of the body. They are completely painless. The ultrasound scanner has a microphone which gives off sound waves. The sound waves bounce off the organs inside your body, and are picked up again by the microphone as they bounce back. The microphone is linked to a computer. This turns the reflected sound waves into a picture.
Endoscopy. An endoscopy is a test that looks inside the hollow organs of the body such as the stomach using a long flexible tube that you swallow. It has a camera and light inside it which allows a specialist to see if there are any growths or other abnormal looking areas and to take samples (biopsies) if necessary. Most people are given a choice between having the test while they are awake with a numbing spray, or being sedated.
Colonoscopy. A flexible tube, as Endoscopy above, that allows exploration of the colon and rectum.
PSA – Prostate Specific Antigen- test. PSA is a protein produced by both normal and cancerous prostate cells. A high level of PSA can be a sign of cancer.
MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging. A powerful magnet is combined with a computer to produce images that can be interpreted by a radiologist. Sometimes a dye is used. There are no known side effects but the downside is that a patient may be in an enclosed scanner for some time (not suitable either for those with pacemakers). This may not be used if you have a pacemaker or other implants. The scanner can see down to about 2 millimetres.
CT / CAT– Computerised Axial Tomography. This uses low level x-rays with a computer to produce pictures of layers of the human body (like looking at a slice of bread without actually cutting into the loaf). Sometimes a drink or injection of dye is necessary as a contrast agent to allow the radiologist to see the images clearly. CT scans have been shown to be more useful than PET scans for CUP patients although some oncologists may want to combine the information from the CT Scan with a PET Scan.
PET – Positron Emission Tomography. This scan can show how body tissues are working, as well as what they look like. With a PET scan you first have an injection of a very small amount of a radioactive tracer. The amount of radiation is no more than you have during a normal X-ray and it only stays in the body for a few hours. The radioactive substance will travel to particular parts of your body. The most common substance is a radioactive version of glucose which shows-up cancers because they use glucose in a different way from normal tissue. It has not proved particularly useful in trying to identify a CUP primary.
Nuclear medicine. May be used for bone scans to identify cancer spread and the resulting images can be overlaid on CT or PET-CT or MRI. Radioactive isotopes are injected into the patient and their take-up (radioactive decay) is measured by a Gamma camera.
There are genomic tests available, which are becoming increasingly used, to try and identify the source of the cancer or the genetic mutations, in someone with metastatic cancer. Where appropriate, gene expression profiling, sometimes called molecular profiling, of cancerous tissue of unknown origin can sometimes be useful when integrated with the results of conventional pathology techniques (immunohistochemistry). There are different techniques employed by different companies, but in essence, this approach aims to identify the primary tumour by ‘profiling’ the genetic signature from a tissue sample (see biopsy in the section on Hospital diagnosis) and matching them to a database of known primaries. Targeted therapies based on identifying the treatable genetic mutations of a person’s cancer is another approach which is being trialed but the research evidence for CUP patients is presently limited. This Roche factsheet on Cancer of Unknown Primary gives an idea of the personalised approach to diagnosis. If you want to have a better understanding of Genomics in general, here is an excellent, short, background presentation about Genomics in cancer from Roche.
The findings from such tests add additional information to the conventional pathology work-up. The results may help reduce a patient’s anxiety and may assist the cancer doctor to select an improved treatment plan. Such tests are not available on the NHS in the UK unless used on a CUP trial (but they can sometimes be covered by private health insurance although this will require a case to be made by an oncologist). We show information below about different companies and their products to help patients when discussing the options with their doctors.
Oncofocus® from Oncologica UK Ltd is a test that is performed on your initial tissue biopsy held in the hospital pathology department and enables your tumour to be linked to over 480 targeted therapies. No additional biopsies or blood tests are required. The test is entirely evidence-based and targeted therapies for patients with Cancer of Unknown Primary can be identified in at least 85% of cases (http://www.oncologica.com/report/). The linkages to targeted therapies are based on clinical evidence and not research data and arise out of the US NCI-MATCH initiative, the world’s largest precision oncology programme ever undertaken. The test can be requested by your oncologist, primary practitioner or by the patient themselves. Oncofocus® can be used early or at an advanced stage of the disease even if previous treatments such as chemotherapy have been prescribed. Oncofocus® is a dynamic test updated every 12 weeks so any new targeted therapies entering clinical trials are included and recent changes in drug approval status reported. The test performed by Oncologica UK Ltd (http://www.oncologica.com/) costs £1500 and includes the transfer and return of your sample by courier from the hospital and associated logistics. [information correct at Feb 17]
CancerType ID®. This test has been developed by bioTheranostics (part of the French bioMerieux group). It is priced at $US 3,600 and is purchased from bioTheranostics in the USA . This test, now in its second generation, measures the activity levels of 92 genes in a tumour and identifies 54 types of cancer – the company claims the broadest coverage so far among all molecular diagnostic tests for cancer of unknown or uncertain primary. A small amount of tumour tissue, usually from a previously taken biopsy is sent by your oncologist or pathologist to bioTheranostics’ laboratory in San Diego, California (US). The test result is sent back to your oncologist and pathologist usually within 15 days from receipt of the sample. The report contains the prediction of the most likely primary origin of the tumour and the “rule-outs”. (The company’s first generation technology was marketed by Agendia in Europe as CupPrint®). [updated 3/17]
The Rosetta Cancer Origin Test™ (formerly miRview®mets2) developed by Rosetta Genomicsis a tool which may help assist in accurately identifying the primary origin in difficult and challenging cases using microRNA technologies. The Cancer Origin Test is priced at $US 4,356. The test uses 64 microRNA biomarkers to identify 42 tumor origins. It aims to identify about 95% of all cancer origins with 90% sensitivity. Once the tissue sample has been tested in the CAP accredited, CLIA certified laboratory, a report is generated that may help the physician in determining the primary origin of your cancer to better guide treatment. In the majority of cases, the Cancer Origin Test returns a single tissue prediction. The ordering process is shown on the Rosetta Genomics website (which gives more information about the assay). [information correct at Feb 14]
Tissue of Origin ® from Cancer Genetics. The Test is based on microarray technology and assesses the expression profile of 2000-gene to aid in determining the primary site of metastatic cancer in FFPE samples. TOO® is Medicare-reimbursed and priced at USD 3250.00 and is the only tumour molecular diagnostics of its kind to be cleared by the United States Food and Drug Administration. It categorizes tumours into 15 of the most common tumour types (breast, non-small cell lung, pancreas, gastric, colorectal, liver, bladder, kidney, thyroid, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, melanoma, ovarian, sarcoma, testicular germ cell, and prostate). The categories on the Test Panel cover approximately 90% of all solid tumours. The Test has undergone extensive analytical and clinical validation, performance: 89% positive percent agreement (akin to sensitivity) and 99% negative percent agreement (akin to specificity). A recent study showed TOO® had a statistically significant improvement in accuracy of tumour classification over immunohistochemistry (IHC), especially in poorly differentiated carcinomas where TOO was 91% accurate versus 71% for IHC. A TOO® report with the most likely tissue or origin and the “ruled out” categories is provided two weeks from the date the sample is received in the laboratory. [Information correct at Apr 16]
Caris Molecular Intelligence is an evidence-guided oncology tumour profiling service developed by Caris Life Scienceswhich costs approximately £3,480. It builds a unique molecular “fingerprint” of your tumour by testing a biopsy sample for important cell components, often called ‘biomarkers’, which have been shown in clinical research to indicate whether specific cancer treatments are likely to be effective or not. This personalised “fingerprint” can help your doctor to identify which therapies have the best chance of working specifically for you and which should be avoided as they are less likely to work. It can also help to find therapies which may not have been thought of previously. Caris Molecular Intelligence is most commonly used in people with metastatic cancer who have already gone through all of the standard treatments for their cancer and those with paricularly fast growing or rare cancers such as CUP. Even if you have already received treatment for your cancer, you can still have the service performed. Caris Molecular Intelligence can only be ordered by your oncologist using the process shown on theCaris Life Sciences EU website. [information correct at Feb 14]
The FoundationOne test from Roche Foundation Medicine (RFM)is a comprehensive genomic profiling service that allows clinicians to match the genetic DNA make-up of cancer with the treatments or trials that could potentially provide the best outcome for a patient. The FoundationOne test – priced at £3000 – is designed to provide clinicians and patients with clinically relevant information which will help support treatment decisions and potentially identify opportunities for patients to enter a clinical trial. The test is validated to detect all classes of genomic alterations in more than 300 cancer related genes. In a retrospective study of 200 cancer of unknown primary patients, the RFM service was shown to identify clinically relevant genomic alterations in 85 percent of patients . For further information and the ordering process see www.foundationmedicine.co.uk [information correct @ Jan 2018]
Guardant360 was developed by Guardant Health. From a blood test, Guardant360 captures the DNA that is shed from a patient’s tumor. This provides a comprehensive overview of the cancer genomics from both the primary tumor and any metastatic sites. The Guardant360 report shows the patient’s cancer’s genomic alterations detected in the blood. Associated approved therapies and drugs still in clinical trials are listed where available. The patient’s physician will interpret the results to identify the best treatment option. Guardant360 examines 70+ clinically-relevant genes to identify genomic alterations within the cancer’s DNA while avoiding the complications and delays of a tissue biopsy. Some of these genomic alterations may respond well to specific drugs. Others make the cancer resistant to treatment. Knowing which alterations are within the cancer helps the patient’s doctor choose the best treatment. Guardant360 costs £2,490. For more information about Guardant360, please visit http://www.guardant360.com/ To get in touch with Guardant Health, please contact Client Services at [email protected] [information correct @ June 2019]
CUP Guide in Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore offered by Healthscope/ Circadian Technologies Ltd. See Guide Fact Sheet for further details.
Canhelp®-Origin Assay is a molecular diagnostic assay developed by Canhelp Genomics Co., Ltd, a biomarker company in China focused on molecular diagnostics & personalized medicine in the field of oncology. The test is based on quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technology and is validated with an overall accuracy of 90% for identifying the primary site of metastatic tumor, especially in poorly differentiated carcinoma. Their aim is to improve patient care by providing supporting evidence that would help to resolve diagnostic uncertainty which increases opportunity to more actionable plans. The qPCR assay measures the expression pattern of 90 specific markers of tissue samples and classifies 21 major tumor types origin from adrenal gland, brain, breast, cervix, colorectum, endometrium, gastro-esophagus, head and neck, kidney, liver, lung, lymphatic tissues, skin, mesothelial tissues, neuroendocrine tissues, ovary, pancreas, prostate, connective tissue, testis, thyroid, and urinary tract, covering more than 95% of solid tumor by incidence. Recent studies showed Canhelp®-Origin Assay an excellent accuracy (up to 95%), for classifying metastatic triple-negative breast cancer and identifying primary site of metastatic brain tumors. A Phase III study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03278600) is ongoing to evaluate the clinical utility of Canhelp®-Origin Assay in predicting primary site and directing therapy in patients with cancer of unknown primary. The requirement is for FFPE tissue sections which for ease of long-term preservation and shipping. Generally, your physician will receive the report within five working days from the date we receive your specimen in our laboratory. A Canhelp®-Origin report is automatically generated with one single prediction of the most likely primary site of the tumor and the “rule-out” tumor types. For more information and the ordering process see http://canhelpdx.com/products. [Information correct @ Jul 2018] | <urn:uuid:1e0e6462-9269-45a6-a0b5-8561b1947442> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://cupfoundjo.org/diagnosis/tests | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.932442 | 3,272 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Insect head is a hard and highly sclerotized compact structure. It is the foremost part in insect body consisting of 6 segments that are fused to form a head capsule. The head segments can be divided in to two regions i.e. procephalon and gnathocephalon (mouth).
Types of head
The orientation of the head with respect to the balance of the body varies. based on position or projection of mouth parts :
(a) Hypognathous (Hypo – Below: Gnathous – Jaw)
The head remains vertical and is at right angles to the long axis of the consistency and mouth parts are centrally placed and projected downwards. This is also known as Orthopteroid type..
Eg: Grass hopper, Cockroach
(b) Prognathous : (Pro – infront: Gnathous – Jaw )
The head remains in the same axis to the body and mouth parts are projected forward.. This is also kwown as Coleopteroid type..
(c) Opisthognathous : (Opistho – behind: Gnathous – Jaw )
It is same as prognathous but mouthparts are directed back ward.and held inbetween the fore legs. .This is also kwown as Hemipteroid or Opisthorhynchous type.. | <urn:uuid:ec3197c8-5514-47d2-81b7-7b726e9c0843> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://dhanukaagri.com/insect-head/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.940104 | 280 | 3.75 | 4 |
In this article, you will find the complete UPSC CSE syllabus 2021- 2022 for the Civil Services Examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). The syllabus is vast and contains much information, so you need to have patience while going through this article.
In order to understand the UPSC exam, it is important to understand the UPSC CSE syllabus. Understanding the syllabus helps to eliminate unnecessary efforts like reading unnecessary topics and gathering hell lot of materials. If you read your syllabus carefully, it will save a lot of time and effort. The syllabus clearly specifies that what UPSC demands, so go through this article and you will know everything about the Syllabus of UPSC CSE.
The UPSC IAS syllabus can be found at the UPSC official website – https://upsc.gov.in/ or scroll down to download the UPSC CSE syllabus pdf for both Prelims and Mains. Aspirants can also download the IAS Syllabus in Hindi|UPSC Syllabus in Hindi.
There is a common UPSC CSE syllabus pattern for services such as the Indian Administrative Service, Indian Foreign Service, Indian Police Service, to name a few. However, different stages of the IAS exam have a different syllabus, but an integrated approach for preparation is always recommended. Read about the comprehensive approach for preparation for Pre-cum-Mains 2021.
The UPSC CSE is conducted in three phases:
Phase 1: Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination (Objective Type)
Phase 2: Civil Services (Mains) Examination (Descriptive Type)
Phase 3: Personal Interview (Personality Test)
Phase 1: UPSC Prelims Exam
The UPSC Civil Services Prelims Examination collectively comprises of two parts:
1) General Studies
The UPSC CSE Prelims syllabus focuses on general and societal awareness. The answer mode for this exam is offline, and it is tested by objective-type (MCQ) questions.
2) Civil Services Aptitude Test (CSAT)
CSAT Paper is to test the comprehensive knowledge of reasoning along with aptitude and basic mathematics.
- Broadly, the UPSC Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination consists of two papers of objective type, each of 200 marks (hence totaling 400 marks) and of two hours duration. To qualify for the Civil Services Mains, a candidate must attempt both the papers.
- Further, the UPSC General Studies (GS) paper consists of 100 questions, while the CSAT paper consists of 80 questions. Both papers have negative marks for wrong answers marked to the tune of 1/3rd of the total marks assigned to that question.
- To further illustrate this, each correctly answered GS question will be awarded 2 marks. So, 0.66 marks would be deducted from the total for every question that is wrongly marked.
- Similarly, in the CSAT paper, since we have 80 questions for 200 marks, correctly answered CSAT question would attract 2.5 marks each, while every wrongly marked question would attract a penalty of 0.833 for each such wrong answer, which will be deducted from the total.
- Questions that are not attempted will not attract any negative marks.
|Number of Papers||2 compulsory papers
(General Studies+ CSAT)
|Type of Questions||Objective (MCQ) type|
|Total Maximum Marks||400 (200 each paper)|
|Duration of Exam||2 hrs. each (20 minutes per hour extra time for blind candidates & candidate with Locomotor Disability & Cerebral Palsy [minimum 40% impairment])|
|Negative Marking||1/3rd of the marks assigned to a question|
|Medium of Exam||Bilingual (Hindi & English)|
UPSC CSE Prelims Syllabus
Syllabus for GS Paper (Prelims Paper I)
- Current events of national and international importance.
- History of India and Indian National Movement.
- Indian and World Geography-Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World.
- Indian Polity and Governance – Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.
- Economic and Social Development – Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector initiatives, etc.
- General issues on Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Climate Change – that do not require subject specialization.
- General Science
Syllabus for CSAT Paper (Prelims Paper-II)
- Interpersonal skills including communication skills
- Logical reasoning and analytical ability
- Decision-making and problem solving
- General mental ability
- Basic numeracy (numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude, etc.) (Class X level), Data interpretation (charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency, etc. – Class X level)
Note: The first stage of the UPSC CSE exam i.e., the Civil Services Preliminary Exam is only a screening test and is conducted to shortlist candidates for the Main Examination. Marks secured in Preliminary Exam are not taken into account while preparing the final merit.
Phase 2: UPSC Mains Exam (1750 Marks)
- The Mains examination constitutes the 2nd phase of the Civil Services Examination. Only after successfully qualifying in the prelims exam would the candidates be allowed to write the IAS Mains.
- The Mains exam tests the candidate’s academic talent in depth and his/her ability to present his/her understanding according to the requirements of the question in a time-bound manner.
- The UPSC Mains exam consists of 9 papers, out of which two are qualifying papers of 300 marks each.
- The two qualifying papers are:
- Any Indian Language Paper
- English Language Paper
The papers on Essay, General Studies and Optional Subject of only such candidates who attain 25% marks in both the language papers as a minimum qualifying standard in these qualifying papers, will be taken cognizance of, for evaluation.
In case a candidate does not qualify in these language papers, then the marks obtained by such candidates will not be considered or counted.
Structure of the language papers:
The types of questions asked are –
- Essay – 100 marks
- Reading comprehension – 60 marks
- Precise Writing – 60 marks
- English to compulsory language (e.g. Hindi) – 20 marks
- Compulsory language to English – 20 marks
- Grammar and basic language usage – 40 marks
The rest of the seven papers can be written in any of the languages mentioned under the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India or in English.
UPSC CSE Mains Syllabus
Mains paper comprises a total of 7 papers containing a total of 1750 marks (250 each).
|Paper – I||Essay (can be written in the medium of the candidate’s choice)||250|
|Paper-II (GS -1)||General Studies – I
(Indian Heritage & Culture, History & Geography of the World & Society)
|Paper – III (GS-2)||General Studies – II (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice & International Relations)||250|
|Paper – IV (GS- 3)||General Studies – III (Technology, Economic Development, Biodiversity, Security & Disaster Management)||250|
|Paper – V (GS – 4)||General Studies – IV (Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude)||250|
|Paper – VI||Optional Subject – Paper I||250|
|Paper – VII||Optional Subject – Paper II||250|
Below is a detailed list of the topics to be studied for the GS papers 1, 2, 3 and 4.
|UPSC Exam General Studies- PAPER I
|Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society:
|UPSC Exam General Studies- PAPER II
|Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International relations:
|UPSC Exam General Studies- PAPER III
|Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management:
|UPSC Exam General Studies- PAPER IV
|Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude: This paper includes questions to check the candidate’s attitude and approach to issues relating to integrity, probity in public life and his/her problem-solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by him/her while dealing with society. Questions may utilize the case study approach to determine these aspects and covers area:
The UPSC Mains syllabus gives a list of 48 Optional Subjects including subject specialization and Literature of different languages. Candidates need to choose any one of the ‘Optional Subjects’ from the list of subjects given below:
|Agriculture||Medical Science||Kashmiri (Literature)|
|Animal Husbandry||Philosophy||Konkani (Literature)|
|Botany||Political Science and International Relations||Malayalam (Literature)|
|Civil Engineering||Public Administration||Marathi (Literature)|
|Commerce and Accountancy||Sociology||Nepali (Literature)|
|Electrical engineering||Zoology||Punjabi (Literature)|
|Geography||Assamese (Literature)||Sanskrit (Literature)|
|Geology||Bengali (Literature)||Santhali (Literature)|
|History||Bodo (Literature)||Sindhi (Literature)|
|Law||Dogri (Literature)||Tamil (Literature)|
|Management||Gujarati (Literature)||Telugu (Literature)|
|Mathematics||Hindi (Literature)||English (Literature)|
|Mechanical Engineering||Kannada (Literature)||Urdu (Literature)|
Phase 3: IAS Interview/UPSC Personality Test (275 Marks)
- Candidates who qualify the UPSC Mains Exam will be called for the ‘Personality Test/Interview’. These candidates will be interviewed by a Board appointed by the UPSC.
- The objective of the interview is to assess the personal suitability of the candidate for a career in the civil services by a board of competent and unbiased observers.
- The interview is more of a purposive conversation intended to explore the mental qualities and analytical ability of the candidate.
- The Interview test will be of 275 marks and the total marks for written examination is 1750. This sums up to a Grand Total of 2025 Marks, based on which the final merit list will be prepared.
If you have any FAQ related to UPSC IAS Examination Please Click Here
Click Here to Join our Civil Services Test Series | <urn:uuid:d0a29494-9a6a-401f-98c3-98132c1826ed> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://diademy.com/upsc-cse-syllabus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.864627 | 2,287 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Department or Administrative Unit
Collective behavior has recently attracted a great deal of interest in both natural and social sciences. While the role of leadership has been closely scrutinized, the rules used by joiners in collective decision making have received far less attention. Two main hypotheses have been proposed concerning these rules: mimetism and quorum. Mimetism predicts that individuals are increasingly likely to join collective behavior as the number of participants increases. It can be further divided into selective mimetism, where relationships among the participants affect the process, and anonymous mimetism, where no such effect exists. Quorum predicts that a collective behavior occurs when the number of participants reaches a threshold. To probe into which rule is used in collective decision making, we conducted a study on the joining process in a group of free-ranging Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) in Huangshan, China using a combination of all-occurrence and focal animal sampling methods. Our results show that the earlier individuals joined movements, the more central a role they occupied among the joining network. We also found that when less than three adults participated in the first five minutes of the joining process, no entire group movement occurred subsequently. When the number of these early joiners ranged from three to six, selective mimetism was used. This means higher rank or closer social affiliation of early joiners could be among the factors of deciding whether to participate in movements by group members. When the number of early joiners reached or exceeded seven, which was the simple majority of the group studied, entire group movement always occurred, meaning that the quorum rule was used. Putting together, Macaca thibetana used a combination of selective mimetism and quorum, and early joiners played a key role in deciding which rule should be used.
Wang X, Sun L, Li J, Xia D, Sun B, Zhang D (2015) Collective Movement in the Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana): Early Joiners Write the Rule of the Game. PLoS ONE 10(5): e0127459. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127459 | <urn:uuid:8179f43d-5237-4ec8-84eb-4c82cb0748b9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/cotsfac/156/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.938136 | 439 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Master of Science (MS)
First Committee Member
Number of Pages
Thermal properties of the molten salts are emerging as one of the important areas of research. The motivation for this particular research originated from the use of molten salts in high temperature heat exchangers. The molten salts are transparent liquids at their melting point. Considering this aspect of molten salt which resembles with water the research is conducted on water and glycerin. The effect of radiation along with conduction is studied in calculating the thermal conductivity of water; The effect of radiation on thermal conductivity is calculated using Rosseland's approximation method. Thermal conductivity is calculated as function of temperature. Different radiation sources are used in the experiment to investigate the overall dependence of thermal conductivity on temperature for water, glycerin and glycol.
Absorption; Approach; Approach; Coefficient; Conductivity; Determining; Experimental; Liquids; Numerical; Semi; Thermal; Transparent
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
If you are the rightful copyright holder of this dissertation or thesis and wish to have the full text removed from Digital Scholarship@UNLV, please submit a request to email@example.com and include clear identification of the work, preferably with URL.
Patil, Jayant Prabhakar, "Determining thermal conductivity and absorption coefficient of semi-transparent liquids using numerical and experimental approach" (2007). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 2257.
IN COPYRIGHT. For more information about this rights statement, please visit http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ | <urn:uuid:2bd2e21c-ab69-4217-ae44-41ce24eec87d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds/2257/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.825357 | 341 | 2.578125 | 3 |
• Soccer is a sport that many cultures have played throughout history.
• Different forms of soccer have been played around the globe for centuries.
Early forms of Soccer
• The earliest form of soccer can be traced back to the 2nd and 3rd centuries B.C. in China.
• Another form of soccer also came from Japan.
• The Greeks and Romans also played forms of soccer.
Soccer’s Voyage to England
• Historians propose that the Romans took a form of soccer with them to England.
• In England, through many years, soccer transformed into the game we know today.
• It slowly began to spread in popularity all throughout Europe and into South America.
The Creation Process…
• Different organizations were made to hold national and international soccer tournaments.
• Of these organizations, the FIFA was formed and began recruiting more and more countries to be part of their association.
• Without a doubt, the FIFA became the most successful soccer association, and still is to this day!
• FIFA…..What does it mean?
• Fédération Internationale de Football Association - French
• International Federation of Association Football - English
FIFA…a little more
• FIFA…What is it?
• FIFA is an international association of soccer that currently oversees many international soccer tournaments, most notably, the World Cup.
• FIFA is currently the largest sport governing body association and the second largest international organization in the world.
International Soccer begins…
• Before the formation of the FIFA, the first ever international soccer match was played in England and Scotland in 1872. Soccer, at that time was a ‘stage sport’ and was not normally seen outside of Great Britian. As soccer began to spread in popularity, an organization called FIFA began in 1904. This association was comprised of 7 European countries.
Off to a slow start…
• At first, FIFA was very unsuccessful at advancing the popularity of soccer internationally. People did not take soccer seriously because it was not viewed as a competitive sport, like the many others. It actually took them 26 years to come up with a plan for their first international tournament, which we know now as the World Cup.
Soccer at the Olympics
• Before the World Cup competition was created, soccer was held as a demonstration sport at the Olympics in 1900, 1904 and the Summer Olympics in 1906. In 1908, soccer finally became an official competition at the Olympics. It was considered by the majority a ‘show’ instead of a real sport. England won the soccer event in both 1908 and 1912.
Unpopular with the Gringos…
• In the early 1900s, soccer was becoming a little more popular around the world, except in the United States. Because of the unpopularity of soccer in the U.S.A., the decision was made to eliminate soccer from the 1932 Olympics.
• Because of this decision, FIFA decided it was time to make a move. The organization then made a decision that would change the future of soccer worldwide.
• It was 1930 when FIFA decided to try and change the role soccer played on the world. From the very beginning of the association, the president of FIFA at the time, Jules Rimet, wanted soccer to be more than just a fun sport viewed at the Olympics. He wanted the world to view soccer as a competitive sport, full of excitement and pleasure.
• The members of the FIFA organized an international soccer competition called the World Cup that would hold it’s first competition in Uruguay.
• From the very first competition in Uruguay, the World Cup has grown in popularity and prestige. Today, the World Cup holds the entire world under it’s ‘spell.’
• The FIFA World Cup consists of men’s national soccer teams belonging to the FIFA organization.
World Cup Championships
• The championship has been held every 4 years since the first tournament in 1930 excluding the years 1942 and 1946, due to World War II.
Talk about Popular…
• No other sporting event captures the world’s attention like the World Cup.
• The World Cup Finals, is the most widely-viewed sporting event in the world, with an estimated 1.1 billion people watching the tournament in 2002.
World Cup in France
• In France’s 1998 tournament, 37 billion viewers watched and 2.7 million flocked to watch the 64 matches held there.
• The manner in which FIFA determines which national teams will compete in the tournament is quite complicated.
• Only 32 national teams compete in the World Cup tournament.
• To determine the participating teams, there are qualifying rounds that each nation must compete in. The qualification process takes about 3 years and they normally begin soon after the Finals have taken place.
• The whole competition takes approximately a month from start to finish and takes place in the host nation or nations.
• There have been 18 tournaments in all and only 7 nations have won the title!
• Brazil has the most successful World Cup team, having 5 wins under their belt!
• The current cup holders, Italy, have won the competition 4 times and Germany has won it 3 times.
• Uruguay has won one title and Argentina, two titles.
• England and France both have one title.
• Guess what? The United States has never won! Poor Gringos!
2006 World Cup
• The most recent World Cup Finals were held from June 9th and July 9th in 2006. The host nation was Germany, and as mentioned earlier, Italy won the title. They competed against France in the Finals. The competition was won by a penalty shootout 5-3 after the match finished with a score of 1-1.
• The next World Cup will be held in South Africa in 2010.
World Cup for Women!!
• Since 1991, FIFA has organized a World Cup for women, known as the FIFA Women’s World Cup. They also play every 4 years and the process of qualification is much the same as the men’s.
• After all these years, and many changes the FIFA has seen, the main focus of the FIFA World Cup remains the same…the glistening golden trophy, which is the embodiment of every footballer’s dream. | <urn:uuid:eefd9801-0f8e-4805-9c27-8b8e45f2c5dd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://dokumen.tips/sports/fifa-world-cup-55d6c7a48026b.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.972 | 1,291 | 2.75 | 3 |
One way to innovate governance is through e-government or the use of information and communications (ICT) technology across the public sector to boost the effectiveness, efficiency, and transparency of the government and its entities. E-government is not a new concept. It was introduced in the 1990s, but the use of ICT in government started way back in the 1970s. There are several country models of e-governments. Notable examples include the Canadian and Estonian models, which have been successful in providing seamless government services. Developing countries around the world, despite their limited resources, have also adopted e-government but with limited success. These failures can be attributed to barriers that hinder the implementation of e-government solutions, such as digital divide, absence of a proper legal framework, and ICT infrastructure issues. In the Philippines, e-government initiatives began in the 2000s with the adoption of the Government Information Systems Plan. Other notable initiatives include the e-Commerce Act, the Government Procurement Reform Act, and the Data Privacy Act. Despite these, the country has not fully harnessed the potentials of ICT to improve public governance. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the county’s long-standing challenges in using ICT in addressing governance and service delivery problems. Using e-government solutions to innovate public sector governance in the new normal is among the topics featured in this year’s Development Policy Research Month (DPRM) celebration. | <urn:uuid:738bc49e-b0ce-48e6-b81e-6e37121eb254> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://dprm2020.pids.gov.ph/resources/infographics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.948434 | 298 | 3 | 3 |
Coronavirus - everything you need to know about protecting yourself.
What is Coronavirus?
A coronavirus is a type of virus, which as a group are common across the world. Generally, coronavirus can cause more severe symptoms in people with weakened immune systems, older people, and those with long-term conditions like diabetes, cancer and chronic lung disease.
Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is a new strain of coronavirus that can affect the lungs and airways, originating from Wuhan, China. Coronaviruses are common across the world and typical symptoms include:
- A cough
- A high temperature
- Shortness of breath
As this strain of coronavirus is new, health professionals cannot yet be clear on how it is transferred from person to person, however, similar viruses are spread through cough droplets (NHS, 2020).
It may be possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes, but this is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads.
Whilst the risk to individuals in the UK is still classed as low, COVID-19 coronavirus is more of a risk to people with weakened immune systems, older people, and those with conditions such as diabetes, cancer and chronic lung disease (GOV.UK, 2020).
Whilst we are unable to test our mix on COVID-19 coronavirus until the strain is released by health authorities. We do know that the COVID-19 virus has an ‘envelope’ or ‘sleeve’ around each virus, suggesting it will be sensitive to disinfectants. So, although we don’t have data on this particular virus, we know that our bubble mix kills 99.9% of similar ‘enveloped’ viruses within the standard 5 minutes contact time.
Avoid catching or spreading germs
Whilst there is currently no vaccine to prevent against coronavirus, there are certain things you can do as you go about your day to day life to stop germs such as coronavirus from spreading (NHS, 2020).
- When you feel a cough or sneeze coming along, make sure to cover your mouth with a tissue or cough/sneeze into your elbow, particularly if in a public place.
- Don’t leave used tissues lying around! Put them into a bin as soon as you can.
- Wash your hands regularly and thoroughly with soap and water.
- Carry hand sanitiser and use regularly when on the go.
- If you are feeling unwell, avoid public spaces such as work, schools and public transport.
- Try not to come into close contact with anyone who is showing symptoms of respiratory illness.
- Avoid touching the eyes, nose and mouth as much as possible.
If you are feeling unwell or have been in contact with anyone who has recently visited China or surrounding countries, the NHS have advised that you do not contact your GP surgery or hospital, instead, please stay indoors and call NHS 111.
Can my pet catch coronavirus?
There is currently no evidence which suggests that pets including dogs and cats can be infected with COVID-19 (WHO, 2020). However, it is always a good idea to wash your hands after coming into contact with pets and other animals as some bacteria and viruses can spread from animals to humans. | <urn:uuid:0f155e69-2362-4637-95e5-9bd1cc16ec7d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://drzigs.com/pages/coronavirus-covid19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.96031 | 731 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Report | Annual Statistical Risk Assessments
Countries at Risk for Mass Killing 2021–22: Early Warning Project Statistical Risk Assessment Results
Genocide and related crimes against humanity are devastating in their scale and scope; in the enduring scars for survivors and their families and the long-term trauma they cause in societies; and in the economic, political, and social costs and consequences, often extending far beyond the territory in which they were committed.
Working to prevent future genocides requires an understanding of how these events occur, including considerations about warning signs and human behaviors that make genocide and mass atrocities possible.
We know from studying the Holocaust and other genocides that such events are never spontaneous. They are always preceded by a range of early warning signs. If warning signs are detected and their causes addressed, it may be possible to prevent catastrophic loss of life.
The Early Warning Project has produced a global risk assessment every year since 2014. Since then, we have seen multiple mass atrocities occur, including a genocide against the Rohingya in Burma, the killing of hundreds of thousands of civilians in South Sudan, and identity-based targeted killings in Ethiopia and Cameroon. Early warning is simply not prompting enough early action.
This assessment identifies the risk—the possibility—that a mass killing may take place. On average, one or two countries experience a new episode of mass killing each year. But relative infrequency does not make the brutality less devastating for victims: a mass killing, by our definition, is 1,000 or more civilians deliberately killed by armed forces (whether government or non-state), over a period of a year or less, because of their membership in a particular group. Virtually all cases of genocide include mass killings that meet this definition.
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum’s founding charter, written by Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel, mandates that our institution strive to make preventive action a routine response when warning signs appear. Wiesel wrote, “Only a conscious, concerted attempt to learn from past errors can prevent recurrence to any racial, religious, ethnic or national group. A memorial unresponsive to the future would also violate the memory of the past.”
The Museum’s Simon-Skjodt Center for the Prevention of Genocide was established to fulfill that vision by transmitting the lessons and legacy of the Holocaust, and “to alert the national conscience, influence policy makers, and stimulate worldwide action to confront and prevent genocide.” The Simon-Skjodt Center’s Early Warning Project works to fulfill this aspect of the Museum’s mandate by using innovative research to identify early warning signs. In doing so, we seek to do for today’s potential victims what was not done for the Jews of Europe.
One of the Simon-Skjodt Center’s goals is to ensure that the United States government, other governments, and multilateral organizations have institutionalized structures, tools, and policies to effectively prevent and respond to genocide and other mass atrocities. The Early Warning Project is listed in the Global Fragility Act (2019) as a source to determine where the US government should prioritize its Global Fragility Strategy, a landmark ten-year effort to improve US action to stabilize conflict-affected areas and prevent extremism and violent conflict.
The more governments and international organizations develop their own early warning tools and processes, the better our Early Warning Project can help serve as a catalyst for preventive action.
In many places, mass killings are ongoing—in countries such as Burma, Syria, and South Sudan. These cases are well-known. But this risk assessment’s primary focus—and the gap we seek to fill—is to draw attention to countries at risk of a new outbreak of mass killing. We use this model as one input for selecting countries for more in-depth research and policy engagement. The Simon-Skjodt Center focuses on situations where there is a risk of, or ongoing, large-scale group-targeted identity-based mass atrocities and where we believe we can make the most impact based on a combination of factors. These factors include the ability for Simon-Skjodt Center staff to conduct rigorous field work in the area (or a pre-existing level of staff expertise in the area), opportunities for effective engagement with the community at risk, and the need to draw attention to cases where policy, media, and public attention on the case are lower than merited by the level of risk.
Preventing genocide is of course difficult. In deciding how to respond, policy makers face an array of constraints and competing concerns. Yet, the choice to prevent one potential tragedy should not take a back seat to confronting ongoing crises. We know from the Holocaust what can happen when early warning signs go unheeded. We aim for this risk assessment to serve as a tool and a resource for policy makers and others interested in prevention. We hope this helps them better establish priorities and undertake the discussion and deeper analysis that can help reveal where preventive action can make the greatest impact in saving lives.
Simon-Skjodt Center for the Prevention of Genocide
The Early Warning Project’s Statistical Risk Assessment uses publicly available data and statistical modeling to produce a list of countries ranked by their estimated risk of experiencing a new episode, or onset, of mass killing.
Policy makers face the challenge of simultaneously responding to ongoing mass atrocities, such as those in Burma, China, Ethiopia, South Sudan, and Syria, and trying to prevent entirely new mass atrocity situations. A critical first step toward prevention is accurate and reliable assessment of countries at risk for future violence. Earlier identification of risk broadens the scope of possible preventive actions. This report aims to help identify countries meriting preventive actions.
In essence, our statistical model identifies patterns in historical data to answer the following question: Which countries today look most similar to countries that experienced mass killings in the past, in the year or two before those mass killings began? The historical data include basic country characteristics, as well as data on governance, war and conflict, human rights and civil liberties, and socioeconomic factors.
This report highlights findings from our Statistical Risk Assessment for 2021–22, focusing on:
- Countries with the highest estimated risks of a new mass killing in 2021 or 2022
- Countries where estimated risk has been consistently high over multiple years
- Countries where estimated risk has increased significantly from our last assessment
- Countries with unexpected results
We recognize that this assessment is just one tool. It is meant to be a starting point for discussion and further research, not a definitive conclusion. We aim to help governments, international organizations, and nongovernmental organizations determine where to devote resources for additional analysis, policy attention, and, ultimately, preventive action. We hope that this report and our Early Warning Project as a whole inspire governments and international organizations to invest in their own early warning capabilities.
Figure 1: Heat map of estimated risk of new mass killing, 2021–22
Understanding these results
Before discussing the results, we underscore five points about interpreting this Statistical Risk Assessment:
First, as a statistical matter, mass killings are rare. On average, just over one percent of countries see a new mass killing in any given year—that means one or two countries. Our risk model predicts a similar number of new episodes of mass killing, so the average two-year risk estimate produced by our model is just under two percent. Just five out of 162 countries have a two-year risk estimate greater than ten percent, and the highest-risk country, Pakistan, is estimated to have about a one in seven chance of experiencing a new mass killing in 2021 or 2022.
Second, our model is designed to assess the risk of a new mass killing, not of the continuation or escalation of ongoing episodes. Much of the Simon-Skjodt Center’s work spotlights ongoing atrocities and urges lifesaving responses. We focus here on the risk of new mass killing to help fill an analytic gap that is critical to prevention. This feature is especially important to bear in mind when interpreting results for countries that are currently experiencing mass killings, such as Burma/Myanmar and Syria (see Figure 1 and our website for a full list of these countries). For these countries, our assessment should be understood as an estimate of the risk that a new mass killing event would be launched by a different perpetrator or targeting a different civilian group in 2021 or 2022. (Our model estimates that having a mass killing currently in progress is associated with lower risk of another one beginning.) Regardless of their ranking in this assessment, cases of ongoing atrocities demand urgent action (see Figure 4 for the Early Warning Project’s complete list of ongoing mass killings).
Third, for practical reasons, we only forecast mass killings within countries (i.e., in which the perpetrator group and the targeted civilian group reside in the same country). This risk assessment does not forecast civilian fatalities from interstate conflict. Situations in which large numbers of civilians are killed deliberately by an armed group from another country are not captured in our historical data or current forecasts. This decision does not involve a value judgment about the moral or practical significance of such atrocities, only a pragmatic judgment about what we are able to forecast reliably.
Fourth, readers should keep in mind that our model is not causal: the variables identified as predicting higher or lower risk of mass killings in a country are not necessarily the factors that drive or trigger atrocities. For example, a large population does not directly cause mass atrocities; however, countries with large populations have been more likely to experience mass killing episodes in the past, so this factor helps us identify countries at greater risk going forward. We make no effort to explain these kinds of relationships in the data; we only use them for their predictive value. An important consequence of the non-causal nature of these forecasts is that actions aimed at addressing risk factors identified in the model are not necessarily effective ways of mitigating the risk of mass atrocities; this assessment does not seek to evaluate atrocity prevention policy prescriptions. For example, although our model finds that countries coded as having severely limited freedom of movement for men are at greater risk of experiencing mass killings than are other countries, this does not imply that action to improve freedom of movement for men would help prevent mass killings. This assessment is meant to be a starting point for discussion and further research, pointing policy makers and other practitioners to the countries that merit additional analysis to determine how to prevent atrocities.
Fifth, this assessment is based on available data reflecting conditions as of the end of 2020. Events that occurred in 2021, such as the Taliban takeover in Afghanistan and the coup in Sudan, are not reflected in country risk estimates. Our assessment relies on publicly available data that is reliably measured for nearly all countries in the world, annually updated, and historically available going back many years. Because mass killing is rare, global data spanning decades are necessary to identify patterns. This means that some risk factors that might be useful predictors, but for which data meeting the above criteria are not available, are not included in the model (e.g., data on dangerous speech may be a useful predictor, but is not currently included due to a lack of data availability). Additionally, in situations where governments deliberately restrict access to international observers, such as in Burma’s Rakhine State or China’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, existing data might not fully reflect conditions on the ground.
Highlights from the 2021–22 Statistical Risk Assessment
Our model generates a single risk estimate for each country, representing the estimated risk for a new state-led or non-state-led mass killing. Figure 2 displays the estimated risk in 2021 or 2022 for the 30 highest-ranked countries. For every country in the top 30, we recommend that policy makers consider whether they are devoting sufficient attention to addressing the risks of mass atrocities occurring within that country. Strategies and tools to address atrocity risks should, of course, be tailored to each country’s context.
Further qualitative analysis is needed to understand the specific drivers of risk in a given situation, the mass atrocity scenarios that could be deemed plausible, and the resiliencies that could potentially be bolstered to help prevent future atrocities. This kind of deeper qualitative assessment is exemplified in Early Warning Project reports on Côte d’Ivoire (2019), Mali (2018), Bangladesh (2017), and Zimbabwe (2016). Concerned governments and international organizations should consider conducting their own assessments of countries at risk, which should suggest where adjusting plans, budgets, programs, and diplomatic strategies might help prevent mass killings in high-risk countries. Because these qualitative assessments are resource intensive, policy makers should prioritize that type of analysis on countries whose risk estimate is relatively high according to this Statistical Risk Assessment, and where opportunities for prevention exist.
Figure 2: Top 30 countries by estimated risk of new mass killing, 2021–22
Note: * Indicates ongoing state-led mass killings; ° indicates ongoing non-state-led mass killings. Some countries have multiple ongoing episodes of one or both type (e.g., Burma/Myanmar has two ongoing state-led mass killings; Nigeria has an ongoing state-led and an ongoing non-state-led mass killing). Risk-based ranking is in parenthesis. The probabilities displayed here are associated with the onset of an additional mass killing episode. See the full list of ongoing mass killings on our website. For more information on crimes against humanity in China, see later section on “Unexpected results.”
In the paragraphs below, we discuss each country’s risk according to our statistical model, and note any instances of ongoing violent conflict, group-targeted human rights abuses, and significant events that pose risk for major political instability. These brief summaries include information that goes beyond the data in our statistical model, but they are not intended to provide a comprehensive analysis of factors contributing to atrocity risk. Rather, they are intended to serve as starting points for those who are interested in deeper qualitative analysis. For each country, we also identify the specific factors that account for the risk estimates from our model (see “Methods” below for more detail on the risk factors in the model) and note whether the country is experiencing an ongoing mass killing.
Key questions users should ask
The results of this risk assessment should be a starting point for discussion and further analysis of opportunities for preventive action. For countries in each of the following categories, we recommend asking certain key questions to gain a fuller understanding of the risks, adequacy of policy response, and to identify additional useful lines of inquiry.
Highest-risk and consistently high-risk
- Are the risks of large-scale, systematic attacks on civilian populations in the country receiving enough attention?
- What additional analysis would help shed light on the level and nature of atrocity risk in the country?
- What kinds of crises or events (e.g., coups, elections, leadership changes, protests, etc.) might spark large-scale violence by the government or non-state actors?
- What events or changes explain the big shifts in estimated risk?
- Have there been additional events or changes, not yet reflected in the data, which are likely to further shift the risk?
- Is the increase part of an ongoing trend?
- What accounts for the discrepancy between the statistical results and experts’ expectations?
- What additional analysis would help shed light on the level and nature of atrocity risk in the country?
- Pakistan (Rank: 1): Pakistan has ranked among the ten highest-risk countries each year this assessment has been produced (2014–2021); this marks the second assessment in a row that Pakistan has ranked at highest risk among all 162 countries. Pakistan faces multiple security and human rights challenges, including continued violence by the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), which claimed 26 terrorist attacks in July 2021, as well as other ideologically driven militant groups (including the Islamic State, or IS) and separatist movements. From January through September 2021, terrorist groups killed 470 people in Pakistan, including 171 civilians. The Taliban’s takeover in neighboring Afghanistan has increased concerns over the TTP’s further advancement in Pakistan. The ruling Tehreek-e-Insaf Party has continued to arrest critics. Enforced disappearances linked to the security forces remain an issue. Application of blasphemy laws, which are used to incite hatred against and attack individuals from minority religious groups, including Hindus and Ahmadis, has also expanded. According to our model, the factors accounting most for Pakistan’s high-risk estimate are its lack of freedom of movement for men, large population, high infant mortality rate, and history of mass killings. The Early Warning Project judged there was an ongoing mass killing perpetrated by the TTP and associated militias as of the end of 2020; this risk assessment relates to the possibility of a new and distinct non-state-led or state-led episode beginning, not to the ongoing episode continuing or increasing.
- India (Rank: 2): India has ranked in the top-15 highest-risk countries for the last five years, with this assessment marking its highest risk and rank to date. The Hindu nationalist-led government’s systematic discrimination against the country’s Muslim minority has intensified. In the disputed Muslim-majority territory of Jammu and Kashmir, the government ended its 18-month-long 4G Internet blackout in February 2021, though stringent anti-dissent measures remain in place. Reports of Hindu mobs attacking Muslims have continued into 2021, alongside the widespread promotion of nationalist and exclusionary ideologies. Other minorities, including Dalits, continue to face discrimination and group-targeted violence, while police-led violence against civilians and arbitrary arrests remain prevalent. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the government increased its restrictions on freedom of expression with wide-reaching controls over social media platforms and crackdowns on civilian protests. According to our model, the factors accounting most for India’s high-risk estimate are its large population, lack of freedom of movement for men, history of mass killing, and geographic region (South and Central Asia). The Early Warning Project judged there was an ongoing mass killing perpetrated by Naxalite-Maoists as of the end of 2020; this risk assessment relates to the possibility of a new and distinct non-state-led or state-led episode beginning, not to the ongoing episode continuing or increasing.
- Yemen (Rank: 3): Yemen has ranked sixth or higher each year since the 2017–18 risk assessment. The country’s protracted war has killed more than 12,000 civilians and given rise to approximately 20 million people in need of humanitarian assistance in 2021. The conflict intensified in early 2021 and human rights abuses persist, including the Saudi-led coalition’s indiscriminate and disproportionate use of aerial bombardment. Currently, 16.2 million people in Yemen are food insecure and more than five million are on “the brink of famine,” while warring parties have repeatedly impeded civilian access to humanitarian aid. Famine-related fatalities can count toward mass killing if they result from actions designed to compel or coerce civilian populations to change their behavior against their will, and if the perpetrators could have reasonably expected that these actions would result in widespread death among the affected populations: e.g., forced mass starvation, the intentional confiscation or destruction of healthcare supplies, forced relocation, and forced labor. According to our model, the factors accounting most for Yemen’s high-risk estimate are its lack of freedom of movement for men, its geographic region (Middle East and North Africa), that it experiences political killings that are frequently approved of or incited by top leaders of government, the presence of battle-related deaths (armed conflict between the Saudi-led coalition, Houthi rebels, and a multitude of other domestic and foreign armed actors), and its high infant mortality rate. It should be noted, as we explained in a November 2015 blog post, that our project’s definition of mass killing excludes situations in which one country’s armed forces attack civilians in another country’s territory. Thus, killings perpetrated by foreign militaries (in this case, the Saudi-led coalition) are not reflected in this forecast.
Countries in the top ten that are not discussed in this year’s report are Nigeria and Sudan. To learn more about the factors that contributed to the high-risk estimate of any of these countries, visit the country pages on our website.
Consistently high-risk countries
In addition to Pakistan, India, and Yemen, a few other countries have appeared near the top of our rankings for several years.
- Afghanistan (Rank: 4): Afghanistan has ranked among the three highest-risk countries in our last five assessments and has ranked in the ten highest-risk countries since 2015. The Taliban’s August 2021 takeover following the US withdrawal and the Afghan government’s collapse has increased threats facing vulnerable groups, including women and girls and ethnic and religious communities. In particular, the Shi’a minority, who predominantly belong to the Hazara ethnic group, face a risk of crimes against humanity or even genocide, evidenced by the Taliban and other Sunni extremists’ longstanding persecution of this group and recent attacks. Factors that pose additional threats to civilians across Afghanistan include the Taliban’s apparent lack of a united or manageable command structure, the enduring al-Qaeda-Taliban alliance, and the presence of armed groups opposed to the Taliban, including the Islamic State Khorasan Province (ISKP). Despite the Taliban’s pledges to protect vulnerable groups and form an inclusive government, it has already attacked civilian protesters, appointed hardliners to top positions, and tracked down and threatened to arrest or kill groups identified as “collaborators,” among other human rights abuses. According to our model, the factors accounting most for Afghanistan’s high-risk estimate are its lack of freedom of movement for men, the presence of battle-related deaths (conflicts involving the Taliban, IS, and the Government of Afghanistan), its history of mass killing, and high infant mortality rate. The Early Warning Project judged there was an ongoing non-state-led mass killing perpetrated by the Taliban, Haqqani network, and associated armed groups as of the end of 2020; this risk assessment relates to the possibility of a new and distinct non-state-led or state-led episode beginning, not to the ongoing episode continuing or increasing. The Taliban's August takeover will be reflected in next year's risk assessment. The Simon-Skjodt Center will continue monitoring developments in Afghanistan and publicizing risks of mass atrocities against civilian groups there.
- Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) (Rank: 5): The DRC has ranked among the ten highest-risk countries every year this assessment has been produced. With more than 130 active armed groups, violence remains high in the DRC’s eastern provinces of Ituri, North Kivu, and South Kivu. Last year, more than 800 civilians were killed by the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) armed group in Ituri and North Kivu. Since 2019, armed group violence has displaced nearly two million people in North Kivu. In the southeastern Tanganyika province, the United Nations (UN) reported widespread and systematic gender-based sexual violence and mass displacement. Responding to increased armed group violence in May, the Congolese government imposed a “state of siege” in the eastern region, but the measure has not increased civilian security. In February 2021, the UN released a statement noting that armed group attacks on civilians “may amount to crimes against humanity,” and that Congolese security forces have violated international humanitarian law. Impunity for abuses persists, while the Tshisekedi administration has continued to commit other human rights abuses, including arbitrary arrests and harassment of critics. Recent violence has also affected the Kasai region, where a conflict resurgence between the Luba and Kuba ethnic groups has led to mass displacement, while sexual violence in the region remains widespread. According to our model, the factors accounting most for the DRC’s high-risk estimate are its lack of freedom of movement for men, large population, high infant mortality rate, and history of mass killing. The Early Warning Project judged there was an ongoing mass killing in the northeast perpetrated by various militias as of the end of 2020; this risk assessment relates to the possibility of a new and distinct non-state-led or state-led episode beginning, not to the ongoing episode continuing or increasing.
- Ethiopia (Rank: 7): Ethiopia has ranked among the top-ten highest-risk countries in our last three assessments. The civil war that began in November 2020 in Ethiopia’s Tigray region has escalated. The conflict involves Eritrean and Ethiopian federal forces, the Tigray Defense Forces (TDF), and various armed ethnic militias. In November 2021, a joint UN-Ethiopian Human Rights Commission report found that all parties may have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes. The UN had warned in February 2021 of increased risks of atrocities in the region. Reports of ethnic cleansing, gender-based sexual violence, and war crimes, among other gross violations of human rights, remain widespread. US and UN officials have denounced the use of dehumanizing speech and calls for violence by Ethiopian leaders. In August 2021, the government called on “all capable” civilians to join the war in Tigray, which has already displaced more than one-and-a-half million people. Military forces have intentionally impeded humanitarian aid access for civilians in the region, where more than five million people are in need of assistance. The government has continued to target ethnic Tigrayans with hate speech, arbitrary arrests, enforced disappearances, and other forms of violent discrimination. As the conflict spreads to other areas of the country, so too does the risk to civilians. Due to the lack of access and the ongoing conflict, independently verifiable reports of the number of people killed to date do not yet exist. As additional data become available, we may conclude that a new mass killing in Ethiopia began at the end of 2020. According to our model, the factors accounting most for Ethiopia’s high-risk estimate are its lack of freedom of movement for men, large population, history of mass killing, and the presence of battle-related deaths. The Early Warning Project judged there was an ongoing state-led mass killing against perceived state opposition in the Oromia region as of the end of 2020; this risk assessment relates to the possibility of a new and distinct non-state-led or state-led episode beginning, not to the ongoing episode continuing or increasing.
- Somalia (Rank: 11): Somalia has ranked among the top-14 highest-risk countries every year this assessment has been produced. President Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed’s decision to extend his term amid ongoing election delays has raised concerns about increased violence. Armed conflict involving multiple clan-associated militias and state security forces continues to threaten civilian lives, while Al-Shabaab committed the majority of attacks in recent months. The electoral crisis of April 2021 risks resurgence as the president and prime minister lock heads in the lead-up to parliamentary elections in fall 2021. Analysts fear that the political dispute could distract from efforts to counter Al-Shabaab. The African Union Mission to Somalia is scheduled to transfer security duties to the Somali security forces by December 2021, furthering security concerns due to the country’s present instability. Other prevalent abuses linked to ongoing conflict in Somalia include gender-based sexual violence, widespread displacement, and violent crackdowns on journalists. According to our model, the factors accounting most for Somalia’s high-risk estimate are its lack of freedom of movement for men, high infant mortality rate, the presence of battle-related deaths (conflicts involving the Government of Somalia, Al-Shabaab, and other armed groups), and history of mass killing. The Early Warning Project judged there was an ongoing mass killing in Somalia perpetrated by Al-Shabaab as of the end of 2020; this risk assessment relates to the possibility of a new and distinct non-state-led or state-led episode beginning, not to the ongoing episode continuing or increasing.
Syria: The difference between new onsets and continuing mass killing
Some readers may be surprised that a country like Syria, where the scale and intensity of the war crimes and crimes against humanity are well-known, does not rank among the highest-risk countries in our assessment.
Why is Syria not ranked #1 in our risk assessment?
The percentage risk and ranking for each country represents the estimated probability that a new onset of mass killing begins in that country—that either a new perpetrator group emerges and kills more than 1,000 civilians of a specific group, or an existing perpetrator group begins targeting a new group of civilians—not that an existing mass killing continues. This decision follows the project’s goal to provide early warning before large-scale killings begin, while opportunities for prevention are greatest.
In Syria, there are two ongoing mass killings: a state-led mass killing against perceived political opposition since 2011, as well as a non-state-led mass killing perpetrated by IS and its affiliates against perceived opposition since 2012. In the case of Syria, it is difficult to imagine the state or IS targeting a new group of civilians, as the current parameters of the target groups are so broad. That means that Syria’s risk and ranking (5.6 percent risk and 14th rank) is the likelihood that a new perpetrator group emerges in 2021 or 2022.
See the Museum’s website for more information about the crisis in Syria and efforts to bring it to an end.
Significant shifts in ranking
We highlight three countries that moved up in our rankings substantially between the 2020–21 and 2021–22 assessments.
- Guinea (Rank: 6): Guinea increased significantly in our risk assessment, jumping 34 spots from 40th in 2020–21 to sixth in 2021–22. The shift can be most attributed to an increase in political killings and a decrease in freedom of movement for men, likely related to unrest around the controversial 2020 election when President Alpha Condé ran for and won what opposition parties argued was an unconstitutional third term and large-scale protests shook the country. Guinea today is in political turmoil. Citing dissatisfaction with Condé’s corrupt administration, disregard for human rights, and economic mismanagement, soldiers led by Mamady Doumbouya staged a coup on September 5, 2021, deposing Condé and appointing a new administration. Even before the coup—which will likely increase Guinea’s estimated risk when it is reflected in next year’s assessment—data indicated reason for increased concern in Guinea. According to our model, the factors accounting most for Guinea’s high-risk estimate are its lack of freedom of movement for men, high infant mortality rate, that it experiences political killings that are frequently approved of or incited by top leaders of government, its history of mass killing, and its degree of ethnic fractionalization.
- Thailand (Rank: 19): Thailand moved up 23 spots in our risk assessment, from 42nd in 2020–21 to 19th in 2021–22. This is the first time Thailand has been ranked in the high-risk category (top-30). The shift can be most attributed to a decline in freedom of movement for men. In October 2020, the government instituted a “severe” state of emergency in response to large-scale (mostly) student-led protests. Protesters were “calling for an end to harassment of activists, abolition of Thailand’s parliament, constitutional reform, and reform of the powerful monarchy.” According to our model, the factors accounting most for Thailand’s high-risk estimate are its lack of freedom of movement for men, large population size, history of mass killing, and the presence of battle-related deaths (conflict between state security forces and the southern insurgency).
- Chad (Rank: 10): Chad moved up 13 spots in our risk assessment, from 23rd in 2020–21 to tenth in 2021–22. Chad has consistently ranked in the high-risk (top-30) category, with tenth marking its highest ranking to date. The shift can be most attributed to a decline in freedom of movement for men. In April 2020, the government issued a nationwide state of emergency in response to COVID-19, which was also used to limit freedom of assembly and target political opposition. In April 2021, President Idriss Déby, who had been in power for three decades and had just won his sixth term in a “sham” election, was killed in a battle with rebels in the country’s north. The military instantly suspended the constitution, dissolved parliament, and installed Déby’s son, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno, as interim president and head of a Transitional Military Council to rule for 18 months until elections can be held. As of fall 2021, there is no evidence of elections being planned. Because it occurred in 2021, this coup will be reflected in the data used to generate next year’s risk assessment, and we can expect Chad’s risk to increase. In addition to national-level political instability, tensions between farmers and herders have increased intercommunal and interethnic violence in recent years. According to our model, the factors accounting most for Chad’s high-risk estimate are its lack of freedom of movement for men, high infant mortality rate, history of mass killing, the presence of battle-related deaths (conflict involving the Government of Chad, rebel groups, and IS), and its degree of ethnic fractionalization.
Global statistical risk assessments can help by identifying countries whose relatively high (or low) risk estimates surprise regional experts. In cases where our statistical results differ substantially from expectations, we recommend conducting deeper analysis and revisiting assumptions. The purpose of this analysis is not to pit qualitative analysts and statistical models against one another, but rather to deepen our understanding of risk in the country in question. We highlight three countries that, in our informal judgment, fall into this category.
- Burma/Myanmar (Rank: 17): Burma’s assessed risk may strike some as surprisingly low. In last year’s risk assessment, Burma ranked tenth. Since then, the military took power in a coup in February 2021, which has resulted in estimates of greater than 1,000 civilian deaths and apparent crimes against humanity and war crimes. Recall that this year’s risk assessment reflects data from 2020 and does not capture events that occurred in 2021, and that it is statistically rare for a country to experience multiple mass killings at a given time. If a new onset is determined in Burma in 2021, it would be the first country to experience three mass killings simultaneously. We may code a new mass killing in Burma beginning in 2021, given the military junta’s widespread violence against civilians since the coup. As discussed in a recent Simon-Skjodt Center brief, the country is experiencing an increasingly complex conflict landscape, including ethnic armed organizations and self-defense forces, an increase in Buddhist nationalist rhetoric, and warning signs of potential additional mass atrocities against the Rohingya and other ethnic and religious minorities post-coup. According to our model, the factors accounting most for Burma’s high-risk estimate are its lack of freedom of movement for men, large population, history of mass killing, and high infant mortality rate. Conversely, the fact that Burma has an ongoing mass killing is associated with lower risk.
- China (Rank: 26): China has ranked at the edge of the top-30 “high-risk” category for the last five years. This ranking may be unexpectedly low to many observers based on the 2021 genocide determination issued by the US government and apparent crimes against humanity—including forced sterilization, torture, sexual violence, and forced labor—being perpetrated by the state against Uyghur and other Turkic Muslim populations since 2016. Due to the lack of access, independently verifiable reports of ongoing crimes in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region are severely limited. The Chinese government is using sophisticated social and technological surveillance systems to control everyday aspects of Uyghur life and has detained “at least a million but likely closer to 3 million citizens” on the basis of their identity, the largest incarceration of an ethno-religious minority since the Holocaust. The state’s repressive campaign is multifaceted and systematic, but to date has not included widespread killing. According to our model, the factors accounting most for China’s high-risk estimate are its large population, lack of freedom of movement for men, and history of mass killing. Conversely, China’s lower-than-average infant mortality rate and the fact that political parties are banned are associated with lower risk.
- Haiti (Rank: 60): Haiti’s ranking may strike some observers as surprisingly low, considering the major instability it is continuing to experience since the large-scale protests that began in 2019, the assassination of President Jovenel Moïse in July 2021, and continuing gang violence across the country. The UN reported increased violence in 2020, including 944 intentional homicides. Gang violence has paralyzed the country’s economic and social development, displacing thousands and exacerbating the impacts of environmental disasters (including cyclones, earthquakes, and hurricanes) on the country’s most vulnerable populations. Though the scale of violence in Haiti is consistently high, armed groups have not systematically targeted a specific group of civilians, and those responsible include multiple armed groups (gangs and state security forces) operating independently. In short, though Haiti clearly exhibits risk for violence, it does not exhibit as many characteristics that are associated with large-scale, systematic, group-targeted violence. According to our model, the factors accounting most for Haiti’s above-average risk estimate are its high infant mortality rate, history of mass killing, and that it is not a state signatory of the First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Conversely, Haiti’s lower-than-average degree of ethnic fractionalization and lack of battle deaths are associated with lower risk.
A tool for assessing counterfactuals: The example of Afghanistan
The data used to produce this assessment is from 2020 (published by most sources in early- to mid-2021). This means that changes that occurred in 2021 are not captured in this risk assessment. To enable users to explore how such changes might affect a country’s risk estimate and ranking, our online platform has an interactive data tool that allows users to explore how changes to a country's risk factors would affect its risk of mass killing, holding all other variables constant. Users may want to:
- Pose hypotheticals and assess counterfactuals (e.g., if a war were to break out in a country—captured by the “battle deaths” variable—how would that affect the risk and ranking?)
- Manually update country risk based on known changes (e.g., knowing that a coup occurred in a country, users can see how a change in that variable affects the risk and ranking)
- Adjust risk factor values where users disagree with a data source’s coding judgments
For example, in 2021–22, Afghanistan ranks fourth, with a 10.9 percent estimated risk. This assessment is based on 2020 data. However, someone following events in Afghanistan may suspect that events over the course of 2021—namely the fall of the Afghan government in August—may have an impact on that risk.
Using the tool, we see, for example, that if political killings become systematic and incited or approved by top government leaders, the estimate would increase from 11 percent to 17 percent risk of a new mass killing. If civil society repression increases, the estimate would increase from 11 percent to 13 percent risk of a new mass killing. If both of these variables were to change, the new risk estimate for Afghanistan would go up to 20 percent, or about a one in five chance of a new mass killing.
To produce this assessment, we employ data and statistical methods designed to maximize the accuracy and practical utility of the results. Our model assesses the risk for onset of both state-led and non-state-led mass killings over a two-year period.
The data that inform our model come from a variety of sources. On the basis of prior empirical work and theory, we selected more than 30 variables, or risk factors, as input for our statistical model (see the discussion of our modeling approach below). All data used in our model are publicly available, regularly updated, and available without excessive delay. They also have, in our estimation, minimal risk of being retrospectively coded in ways that could depend on observed mass killings or their absence, cover all or almost all countries in the world, and go back at least to 1980 (but ideally to 1945). We include variables reflecting countries’ basic characteristics (e.g., geographic region, population); socioeconomic measures (e.g., changes in gross domestic product per capita); measures of governance (e.g., restrictions on political candidates and parties); levels of human rights (e.g., freedom of movement); and records of violent conflict (e.g., battle-related deaths, ongoing mass killings). Alongside the model, we publish a data dictionary and make the model and all data available on our GitHub repository. The only dataset the Early Warning Project maintains is that of new and ongoing mass killing events.
Our modeling approach is described in detail on our website. We use a logistic regression model with “elastic-net” regularization. In summary, based on a set of about 30 variables and data on mass killing going back to 1945, the algorithm identifies predictive relationships in the data, resulting in an estimated model. We then apply this model to recent data (from 2020 for the 2021–22 assessment) to generate forecasts. While the exact number of countries varies by year, the project includes all internationally recognized countries with populations of more than 500,000. The model automatically selects variables that are useful predictors; see our methodology page for a list of variables selected by the model. We emphasize that these risk factors should not be interpreted as causes or “drivers” of risk but simply as correlates of risk that have proven useful in forecasting.
Accuracy and uncertainty
We assessed the accuracy of this model in ways that mimicked how we use its results: We built our model on data from a period of years and then tested its accuracy on data for later years (i.e., we conducted out-of-sample testing). Our results indicate that about two out of every three countries that later experienced a new onset of mass killing ranked among the top-30 countries in a given year. See the accuracy page on our website for more details. We also analyzed the uncertainty of our model's risk rankings. This analysis gives us very high confidence, for example, that each of the 19 highest-risk countries in our 2021–22 assessment would fall within the top-30 countries, even after accounting for uncertainty due to limited data. See the uncertainty page on our website for more details.
Early warning is a crucial element of effective atrocity prevention. The purpose of our statistical risk assessment is to provide one practical tool to the public for assessing risk in countries worldwide. This tool should enable policy makers, civil society, and other analysts to focus attention and resources on countries at highest risk, especially those not currently receiving sufficient attention.
This quantitative assessment is designed to serve as a starting point for additional analysis. States and international organizations have developed and implemented tools for qualitative atrocity risk assessments. We see the application of such tools as a complementary next step after our statistical analysis. These in-depth assessments should in turn spur necessary adjustments in strategic plans, budgets, programs, and diplomatic strategies toward high-risk countries. By combining these approaches—global risk assessment, in-depth country analysis, and preventive policy planning—we have the best chance of preventing future mass atrocities. | <urn:uuid:6f0f63fe-32b6-4c6a-b000-decd685f8b64> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://earlywarningproject.ushmm.org/reports/countries-at-risk-for-mass-killing-2021-22-early-warning-project-statistical-risk-assessment-results | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.941463 | 9,047 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Biodiversity protection: new tools for conservation
Preserving biological diversity is the ultimate aim of EcoDecision’s work. Our generation will live to see — or prevent — a process of global extinction that may claim half of today’s species by the end of the century.
For 20 years EcoDecision’s founding partners have been involved in forest conservation projects in Latin America, based on innovative financial mechanisms, legal tools and ecosystem services payments. We have helped to negotiate the first conservation easement in South America, significant land purchases in Ecuador and the creation of endowments for conservation of indigenous lands.
EcoDecision also incubated Heliconius Butterfly Works, a company breeding and exporting live butterflies to zoos, museums and botanical gardens around the world. By making biodiversity conservation financially viable, our projects aim to maintain healthy ecosystems and communities. | <urn:uuid:5afea53f-6899-4368-8387-dd7c5484d86b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ecodecision.com.ec/language/en/portfolio/biodiversity-protection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.900624 | 178 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The Glasses are Tinted: Self-Confidence and Poverty Trap
Dyotona Dasgupta and
No 402, IEG Working Papers from Institute of Economic Growth
In an overlapping generations model, this paper looks at the effects of behavioral anomalies on human capital investments and skill distributions. In this model education is necessary but not sufficient to get a skilled job. There are three types of agents: uneducated-unskilled, educated-unskilled, educated-skilled. Behavioral anomalies are such that adults underestimate the probability of intergenerational mobility. Uneducated-unskilled are imprisoned in a behavioral trap – they do not believe that an educated child from their community would get a skilled work, so they never invest. Educated parents suffer from a behavioral bias – skilled ones overestimate the chances of their educated children getting a skilled job while unskilled ones underestimate. The educated parents may over or under invest in comparison to the case where they have correct beliefs. Behavioral trap almost always causes poverty trap and also gives rise to multiple steady states, which can be ranked in terms of inequality. Depending on the degree of behavioral bias of the educated parents, steady state inequality could be lower or higher than that when they have correct beliefs. However, even in a less unequal society the opportunity to earn higher income is limited to only a fraction of population. Behavioral bias may lead to multiple equilibria and even induce (poorer) educated-unskilled adults to invest with higher probability than (richer) skilled persons.
Keywords: Human Capital Investment; Behavioral Bias; Poverty Trap; Behavioral Trap (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: D9 E2 I3 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 64 pages
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1) Track citations by RSS feed
Published as Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi, 2020, pages 1-64
Downloads: (external link)
Journal Article: Perceptions, biases, and inequality (2022)
Working Paper: Perception, Biases and Inequality (2021)
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:awe:wpaper:402
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Sheffield Razor Steel
I have often wondered how the steel for our antique razors was made, and perhaps why some old razors appear to have an individual or special ‘feeling’ about them. Does the answer lie in their method of manufacture and the effort that went into making their steel?
What I have discovered is that the manufacture of steel in 1800 was a complicated and very imprecise process – a Black Art in which secret knowledge and recipes were passed from master to apprentice over many generations. These highly skilled iron masters did not have the benefit of our science or technology. They worked entirely by feel, intuition and experience, and their recipes might have been “a bucket and a bit of this plus a handful of that, heated until it looks and smells right”, but these were clever men and their steel was turned into perhaps some of the finest razors ever made. It is thought provoking that our very old razors still hold the long-lost secrets of these masters.
To keep this account as concise as possible, I will focus on the steel produced in England specifically for razors before 1860 and used by Sheffield and London’s ‘little mesters’ – before the era of huge cutlery works and large steelworks. After this period, rapid advances in the science of metallurgy allowed the composition of steel to be better understood and steel to be manufactured consistently to ever more specific recipes tailored to its end use, and in ever increasing quantities and quality for the industrialised world, but the principles mentioned here remained the same.
So, what is steel? It is primarily an alloy of iron and carbon, but with additional minerals that can improve or degrade the performance of the final product. These minerals are either present in the naturally occurring iron or nowadays can be added during manufacture. The early iron masters were unaware of these minerals, and so relied on the properties of the iron that they could obtain. Steel production has been traced back 2000 years in China and India, but their methods were very basic and they could only make it in very variable quality and in small batches at a time.
The fundamental problem of making steel for razors is to carefully control its carbon content. Too much carbon and the metal is hard but brittle, too little carbon and the metal is too soft to take an edge. With modern analysis, we now know that a carbon content ranging from approximately 0.8 to 2% by weight gives the perfect properties required to make razors. But of course, the early iron masters could only produce this quality steel from years of experience of which methods and recipes worked and which didn’t.
Iron is the most abundant metal on earth. It exists in various forms naturally throughout the world and is called iron ore (an oxide of iron – like rust and is sometimes called ironstone or iron sand).
The Wide Variety of Iron Ore
Iron ore was produced by volcanic activity additionally contains a cocktail of other minerals which are difficult to remove and yet affect the properties of the finished steel, importantly this cocktail of minerals in the ore varies throughout the world. British iron ore contains sulphur and phosphorus, both of which reduce the performance of the finished steel whereas Swedish iron ore does not contain these minerals but contains beneficial minerals such as Vanadium and Manganese (more later).
Smelting is the process by which metallic iron is extracted from iron ore. It was quickly discovered that charcoal was the best fuel to produce the very high temperatures necessary to smelt iron ore. Hence, during this heating process, the charcoal inevitably mixed with the iron ore and produced a honeycomb like, spongy, red hot mass of relatively pure iron. Intermixed with unwanted bits of the charcoal and other materials (generally known as slag). We now know that the carbon releases oxygen from the iron oxide to produce iron and carbon dioxide. The separation of slag from the iron is aided by the addition of flux, that is, crushed seashells or limestone. The formation of this bloom of metal was as far as the primitive iron smith got: he would remove this spongy mass from the fire whilst it was still red hot and hammer it to drive out the cinders and slag (seen as sparks) and to compact the spongy metallic particles into a solid mass.
This bloom of metal was called wrought iron (“wrought” means “worked,” that is, hammered) and it generally comprised 0.02 to 0.08 percent of carbon, just enough to make the metal both tough and able to be beaten or forged into shape, but not able to form or hold a decent cutting edge. The big problem with this method was that only very small batches of metal could be made (perhaps for one sword), and the world was becoming hungry for iron to make cannon, swords, armour, nails, tools etc.
At some time during the Middle Ages, it was discovered that at very high temperatures (we now know at about 1200 C) iron ore begins to produce molten metallic iron. We also now know that at these temperatures the iron absorbs large quantities of carbon from the charcoal. The result is called cast iron and it contains from 3 to 4.5 percent carbon by weight. This high proportion of carbon makes the metal hard but brittle; it is liable to crack or shatter under a heavy blow, and therefore it cannot be forged. By the 16th century, European ironmakers had developed the blast furnace to be able to achieve these high furnace temperatures and therefore were able to produce molten cast iron in relatively large quantities.
The furnace was loaded with alternating layers of charcoal, flux, and iron ore and the combustion of the charcoal was intensified by a blast of air pumped through the mixture. This could be a continuous process as more ingredients were added at the top as the iron ore and charcoal were converted into iron and tapped from the base.
Early ironworkers used water wheels to power the bellows to pump air through the blast furnace; after 1777, James Watt’s new steam engine was increasingly used for these purposes. Molten cast iron would run directly from the base of the blast furnace into a sand trough which fed a number of smaller lateral troughs; this configuration resembled a sow suckling a litter of piglets, and cast iron produced in this way came to be called pig iron. Pig iron could be cast directly into moulds at the blast furnace base or re-melted elsewhere to make cast iron stoves, pots, pans, fire backs, cannon, cannonballs etc (“to cast” means to pour into a mould, hence the name “cast iron”). Casting is also called founding and is done in a foundry.
So, we now had two forms of the metal – brittle cast iron with too much carbon and soft wrought iron with not enough carbon for razors, we needed something in the middle. And we also needed it in increasing quantities as the population in Britain was growing rapidly (1760 – 6 million, 1850 – 21 million)!
But, only cast iron could be produced in large quantities and so a second refining process was developed to remove the carbon and convert cast iron into the more useful wrought iron. This involved heating cast iron bars to red/white heat in a charcoal furnace and then hammering them to remove impurities and oxidise excess carbon. This was done in a finery forge and became known as the Walloon method from the (Belgian) people that developed it (this was used well into the 19th century). But this process could still only produce relatively small batches of wrought iron until1784 when a puddling furnace was developed by the Englishman Henry Cort.
The puddling furnace kept the molten metal separate from the charcoal and required stirring the molten cast iron through an aperture by a highly skilled craftsman called a puddler; this exposed the metal evenly to the heat and combustion gases in the furnace so that the carbon could be oxidized out. A similar process was also developed called the Lancashire Hearth process. During these processes, as the carbon content decreases, the melting point of the iron rises, causing semi-solid bits of iron to form in the liquid mass. The worker would gather these into a single mass, remove it and then work it under a forge hammer to remove the remaining impurities and so produce wrought iron. We could now produce wrought iron on an industrial scale.
So, by the late 18th century, blast furnaces were used to produce large quantities of cast iron from iron ore and charcoal (or latterly coke) and then coal fired puddling furnaces were used to convert it into the more useful wrought iron. But we still didn’t have steel with the optimum carbon content for razors! We needed to add carbon to the wrought iron before we had razor steel.
This was carried out by the cementation process. Bars of wrought iron would be packed with a carefully controlled quantity of powdered charcoal, layer upon layer, in tightly sealed stone boxes and heated to red heat. After cooking for several days, the wrought iron bars would have absorbed the carbon in the charcoal; to distribute the carbon more evenly, the metal would be broken up, re-bundled with charcoal powder, and reheated. The resulting blister steel would then be heated again and brought under a forge hammer to give it a more consistent composition.
But blister steel still did not make ideal razors. By chance, in the 1740s, the English clockmaker Benjamin Huntsman, searching for a higher-quality steel for making clock springs, discovered that blister steel could be completely melted at very high temperatures (we now know about 1500 C) in clay crucibles and further refined by the addition of a special flux (e.g. sand, glass, ashes) that removed the remaining fine particles of slag that the cementation process could not remove. This was called crucible or cast steel; by carefully controlling the process it was discovered that this could have just the right amount of carbon for making razors, but it could only be made by hand in very small quantities and was thus very expensive. Early, high quality razors were often stamped “cast steel” to show that they were the best that money could buy.
Casting a crucible full of molten crucible steel
Abbeydale (part of Sheffield) crucible furnaces built in about 1830
Clay crucibles waiting outside the furnace
I haven’t yet mentioned the variability of iron ore. Iron ore exists in great quantities throughout the world, but it was found that the British ore did not make good razors (we now know that it had too much sulphur which makes the blade prone to chipping). By a lengthy process of trial and error it was found by the 16th century that iron from Sweden was the best for refining into steel that would take a durable edge. We now know that it contained no ‘bad’ minerals and many ‘good’ minerals such as manganese which aids the final hardening process of the razor’s edge. Therefore, Sweden became a major supplier of cast iron to England. In fact, in the 18th century almost half of the Swedish output of wrought iron came across the North Sea to England (average about 20,000 tons per year). We also imported a similar quantity of wrought iron from Russia, but this was of only of similar quality to British iron and was useless for making good razors.
For hundreds of years the Swedish iron industry was tightly controlled by the Crown – the source iron foundry and the iron quality had to be proven before each ingot could be stamped with the details and exported. And there were various qualities of Swedish iron too – there were hundreds of mines, but the very best iron came from the Dannemora mine and shipped via the nearby port of Öregrund (it was often referred to in England as oregrounds iron).
The English trade in oregrounds iron was controlled from the 1730s to the 1850s by a cartel of merchants, of whom the wealthiest and longest enduring members were the Sykes family of Hull. Other participants were resident in (or controlling imports through) London and Bristol. These merchants controlled the prices and advanced money to Swedish exporting houses, which in turn advanced it to the ironmasters, thus buying up the entire output from the best forges for several years in advance – and preventing other countries from acquiring large quantities of this precious metal (for armaments).
So, in early 19th century England, razor quality steel had a long journey: in Sweden, iron ore was first mined and then smelted in blast furnaces to produce cast iron which was then refined into wrought iron by the Walloon process (later by puddling or the Lancashire Hearth methods). It was then imported into Britain (Hull being the incoming port for Sheffield as it provided river/canal access to Rotherham and then by road to Sheffield – later, it was possible to barge iron directly from Hull to Sheffield). The wrought iron was then refined in cementation furnaces to produce blister steel which could be used to make razors or was further refined in a crucible furnace to produce the finest quality crucible steel for the very best razors.
We should remember that all of these processes were carried out without the benefits of science and technology. Temperatures were judged by eye and even ear; the correct quantities of carbon and fluxes to add were known from experience handed down through generations of iron masters and adjusted by the ‘feel’ of each individual batch. The masters guarded their knowledge, and each master’s steel would have been slightly different from another’s because his fluxes were known only to him and his methods were kept secret. Yes, there was national and international industrial espionage even in those times! Even an individual iron master’s steel would vary slightly from batch to batch.
Our little mester therefore had a variety of iron masters to buy his steel from. Each razor smith would have had his own trusted source because he knew how to work it and the results that it would give. The very best crucible steel was very expensive because it had been through many stages of refining – but it could produce superlative razors. Cheaper razors used cheaper, less refined blister steel coming from lower grade iron ores. Razor apprentices would learn all of this from their masters, who had learnt it from their masters, who….. As you can see, this was a very complex and highly skilled process that evolved over hundreds of years and came to a peak in the early 1800s.
So, our very old razor is the product of this long and complex international chain of events involving many highly skilled men who worked with their hands and their brains and had mastered their specialist arts over many years. Is this what makes each razor special and different – possibly – or was it also the final heat-treating process that the razor master used? More of this another time.
The mass-production of cheap steel only became possible in the latter part of the 19th century after the introduction of the Bessemer process which quickly converted large quantities of cast iron directly to steel with a carefully controlled carbon content. This was named after its inventor, the British metallurgist Sir Henry Bessemer (1813-1898). By the latter half of the 19th century, Britain was producing half of the world’s iron. This spelt the demise of the little mesters and the old London cutlery businesses and opened the way for ever larger mass production cutlery ‘works’ in Sheffield such as Rogers or Wostenholm. They had direct access to the local coal fields and steel works and could produce consistently good razors in large enough quantities to export all over the world, making their owners extremely wealthy in the process.
Edge Dynamics, PO Box 673, Greenford, UB5 9SE, UK
Why Edge Dynamics?
We are passionate about honing straight razors to produce only the smoothest, sharpest edge possible. At Edge Dynamics, we offer you first-class, personal honing that includes all finishing touches and a properly stropped edge. | <urn:uuid:db5bd18f-7252-4ba7-9758-f2b9a1dbab8f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://edge-dynamics.com/history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.976948 | 3,351 | 2.625 | 3 |
PENGARUH KEBISINGAN DAN PENCAHAYAAN TERHADAP PERFORMANSI DAN FAAL KERJA OPERATOR PRODUKSI LEATHER WORK DAN HANDICRAFT DI IKM HADISUKIRNO
Keywords:cross sectional, exact fisher, performance and faal.
The application of modern technology in addition to bringing convenience can also make a negative impact on workers. Hadisukirno IKM workers often experience eye and hearing complaints due to the lack of an average lighting level of 46.06 lux and a high average noise level of 88.93 dB(A). The cross-sectional method is a type of observational research that analyzes a series of variable data that studies causal relationships (research factors) through the observation of the topic to be studied. There was a significant influence between noise and lighting on performance by 80% and faal by 78.6%.The exact fisher test calculation method has the effect of noise on hearing loss, there are 13 workers who are hearing impaired and 2 workers are normal. The age factor greatly affects the performance and work facilities experienced by workers in the production process with a percentage of a person's ability at a maximum level of 100% and a minimum level of 75% there. This is because the age factor affects the energy consumption produced by workers, so that as you get older, the ability of a worker will decrease.
Copyright (c) 2022 Dhiki Saputra, Risma Adelina Simanjuntak, Agus Hindarto Wibowo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. | <urn:uuid:1c122ad8-6554-4b78-bec0-686b7e22558a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ejournal.akprind.ac.id/index.php/snast/article/view/4132 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.909576 | 343 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The frequency of the power grid is a great compromise.
Make the frequency higher and you get smaller (read: cheaper) transformers and (somewhat) smaller generators and motors. But, you get higher hysteresis loses in the transformers' cores and higher radiative loses in long power lines as well.
The above consideration about 100 years ago ended up with the conclusion that frequencies 20-100Hz are OK-ish. US engineers started using 60Hz as they liked the number for being the same for other time divisions (seconds vs minutes vs hours). European engineers (1-2 years late to the party) liked 50 Hz better for being a multiple of 5 and 2 only, just like other unit divisions they used.
Other, independent power grids use other frequencies (like Swiss railways at 16Hz) because they fit their purposes better.
Skin effect is not really a consideration as most power conductors are made out of a number of smaller wires for mechanical reasons anyway. | <urn:uuid:5a2c5f51-74e8-49f0-afc8-bb6b20f5bb8a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/537540/why-do-power-grids-tend-to-operate-at-low-frequencies-like-60-hz-and-50-hz/537604 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.939027 | 201 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Magnesium is the fourth most common mineral found in our body and is involved in more than 300 enzymatic reactions. It is essential for protein synthesis, muscle contraction, blood glucose control, regulating blood pressure, normal nerve function, cell division and energy production.
Magnesium can be obtained through our diet. Dietary sources of Magnesium include nuts, whole grains, such as brown rice and grain products, fish, seafood, several vegetables, legumes, and berries.
Although Magnesium can be obtained from many different groups, there is an unprecedented rise in Magnesium deficiency in the Western world.
Experts suggest the rise in Magnesium deficiency is most likely due to the:
- Higher processing of foods,
- Lower soil levels of Magnesium used to grow our vegetables,
- Reduced absorption of Magnesium due to Vitamin D deficiency,
- Medicines such as Diuretics, Antacids, and certain Antibiotics can reduce Magnesium levels, and
- Alcohol and caffeine - can increase magnesium excretion.
Signs of Magnesium Deficiency
The following signs and symptoms should be used as a guide only.
- Nausea, vomiting
- Muscle cramps and/or spasms
- Fatigue, weakness
- Unable to think clearly
Which type of Magnesium is best?
There are many different forms of Magnesium, each with its own unique characteristics.
Magnesium Citrate is found to have much greater bioavailability when taken on an empty stomach compared to Magnesium Oxide. It also has a mild laxative effect by attracting water into the colon.
Magnesium Ascorbate is a Magnesium compound bound attached to Ascorbic Acid. When Magnesium is coupled with buffered Vitamin C, it improves the oral bioavailability of Magnesium and reduces gastrointestinal discomfort.
Magnesium Diglycinate is a chelated form of magnesium and the amino acid glycine. The presence of glycine improves the solubility of the entire compound hence, increasing its bioavailability. The presence of glycine provides a calming effect to the nervous system, making it ideal to aid sleep.
The difference between Magnesium Glycinate and Magnesium Diglycinate is the latter has two glycine amino acids attached. Some studies suggest the diglycinate form exhibit greater bioavailability.
Magnesium Oxide has a very low absorption rate due to its low solubility. Supplements formulated with Magnesium Oxide or Magnesium Hydroxide will tend to be larger in size to make up for their low bioavailability. In a powder form, consumers will have to take higher dose.
Magnesium Chloride is a magnesium salt bound to chlorine. It is completely ionized across a large pH range, from pH 2 (found in stomach acid) to pH 7.4 (found in blood and lymph) and is well absorbed.
The chloride part of the compound produces Hydrochloric Acid in the stomach to enhance its absorption. This is useful for anyone with low stomach acid (production of stomach HCl is known to decline with age) or taking antacids.
Magnesium Chloride is also well absorbed via the skin, making it an ideal form for topical applications such as magnesium sprays and magnesium oils.
Magnesium Sulfate can be found in supplements commonly known as Epsom Salts to relieve sore muscles. Magnesium Sulfate has poor oral bioavailability.
There are many ways to use magnesium supplements and choosing a product can be confusing. Nonetheless, we hope this summary is useful when it comes to choosing your next magnesium supplement.
As always, check with your healthcare professional before starting on any supplement to ensure it is appropriate for you.
Author:Helen Huynh (B.Pharm) MPS
- Magnesium: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. National Institute of Health. Published August 202. Access: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/
- What you should know about magnesium. Harvard Health Publishing. Published December 2017. Access: https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/what-you-should-know-about-magnesium2 | <urn:uuid:e911422e-687d-4f3b-bc43-0aa003c866fb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://elledermaustralia.com/blogs/news/type-of-magnesium-supplements-a-pharmacists-guide-to-magnesium-glycinate-vs-magnesium-citrate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.917998 | 865 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Integration of climate risk in internal credit models
“The bank’s core business remains credit. It represents an important part of the income, but it also generates a very high cost in case of non-repayment. Therefore, there is a risk related to the non-repayment of the loan granted: this is the credit risk. Credit risk is defined as the risk of loss on a debt instrument resulting from the failure of the borrower to make required payments to the debtor such as a bank. We generally distinguish two types of credit risk:
- Default risk, which arises when the borrower is not able to settle an obligation in full when due. An example is a mortgage loan where the borrower defaults on his payment.
- Downgrading risk, which concerns debt securities. This is the risk of a change in the debt market value caused by the increase in the obligor’s credit risk.
Against this background, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) requires banks to have sufficient capital and reserves to absorb losses in the event of default. Historically, to calculate the probability of default, banks use traditional risk drivers. However, today with climate change, new drivers have appeared in the calculation of the probability of default in internal models: these are the climate risk factors.
Climate risk, driven by floods, droughts, or hurricanes, is the exposure of economic agents to climate impacts and their repercussions on their activities. These climatic phenomena are not new in the history of humanity, but they have increased in recent years to the point of being the focus of all concerns.
There are three main types of climate risks:
- Physical risk can be divided into two types: “acute” and “chronic”. The former corresponds to the direct losses associated with the damage caused by climatic hazards on economic actors. These effects can be direct as damage to property or reduction in productivity, or indirect, such as the disruption of supply chains. The chronic physical risk corresponds to losses caused by a progressive change in the climate.
- Transition risk, which corresponds to the economic consequences of implementing a low-carbon economic model. It may result, for example, from the rapid adoption of climate policies unfavorable to certain sectors of activity (fossil fuels, transport, etc.), from the acceleration of technological progress, or from changes in customer preferences.
- Legal risk, which corresponds to the compensation that a legal entity could be required to pay in the event that it is deemed responsible for damage caused by the consequences of climate change.
In this study, we will first conduct a literature review to understand what has already been done around the integration of climate risk into internal credit models. This literature review is a critical assessment of research developments in the area of integrating climate risk into the calculation of the probability of default. It will allow us to better understand the issues at stake. Then, in the second step, we will integrate the physical risk into the calculation of the probability of default. We will conclude with an analysis of our modeling results and a final conclusion.” | <urn:uuid:de27ffd1-0ec4-4499-b4f8-468c5276ad2c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ensai.fr/en/projet/integration-climate-risk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.950858 | 632 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In The Stump Makers, Harvey Richards presents footage of wasteful forest practices and ecological devastation caused by major logging companies’ clear cutting operations in California and Oregon in the early 1960’s. Traveling on logging roads into the coastal mountains of California and Oregon, Richards followed the logging crews into the last great stands of old growth redwoods and documented their complete annihilation under the tracks of bulldozers, chainsaws and giant log loaders.
Corporate Logging: The Stump Makers
When the crews finished their work, they left mountain sides denuded, the rich deep soils, built up over millennia, pushed into creeks and scarred with deep gullies. Corporate policies took no notice and assumed no responsibility for the ecological destruction of the forests. When the profits dried up, the corporations abandoned the mills, the logging towns and the clear cut mountains, leaving the local populations and environments to suffer the consequences.
Judi Bari of Earth First called this process “Cutting the lungs out of the planet.” Now in light of current global warming and climate change, we can see the truth of her characterization and, in these images, the real meaning of short sighted, destructive corporation control of our natural resources and communities. See Environment Photo Galleries.
Corporations, claiming to be entitled to the privileges of personhood under our constitution, and yet devoted to the narrow vision based on profit only, have led the us down a blind alley. Refusing to take responsibility for the ecological destruction they have caused, while squandering the wealth they helped create, corporations have let society and nature suffer the inevitable decline we are all witnessing today.
Using some of the same footage as Harvey Richards’ film Wasted Woods, The Stumpmakers documents the impact of clear cutting on the environment and logging communities reliant upon the industry. | <urn:uuid:c4b0e1f9-c05e-48cc-b7de-cb750c06eae9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://estuarypress.com/hrma-video/the-stump-makers-video/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.911072 | 376 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The push for rigorous evaluations of the impact of interventions has led to an increase in the use of randomized trials (RTs). In practice, it is often the case that interventions are delivered at the cluster level, such as a whole school reform model or a new curriculum. In these cases, the cluster (i.e., the school), is the logical unit of random assignment and I hereafter refer to these as cluster randomized trials (CRTs).
Designing a CRT is necessarily more complex than a RT for several reasons. First, there are two sample sizes, i.e., the number of students per school and the total number of schools. Second, the greater the variability in the outcome across schools, the more schools you will need to detect an effect of a given magnitude. The percentage of variance in the outcome that is between schools is commonly referred to as the intra-class correlation (ICC). For example, suppose I am testing an intervention and the outcome of interest is math achievement, there are 500 students per school, and a school level covariate explain 50 percent of the variation in the outcome. If the ICC is 0.20 and I want to detect an effect size difference of 0.2 standard deviations between the treatment and comparison conditions, 82 total schools, or 41 treatment and 41 comparison schools, would be needed to achieve statistical power equal to 0.80, the commonly accepted threshold. Instead, if the ICC is 0.05, the total number of schools would only be 24, a reduction of 54. Hence an accurate estimate of the ICC is critical in planning a CRT as it has a strong impact on the number of schools needed for a study.
The challenge is that the required sample size needs to be determined prior to the start of the study, hence I need to estimate the ICC since the actual data has not yet been collected. Recently there has been an increase in empirical studies which seek to estimate ICCs for different contexts. The findings suggest that the ICC varies depending on outcome type, unit of the clusters (i.e., schools, classrooms, etc.), grade and other features.
Resources have started popping up to help evaluators planning CRTs find accurate estimates of the ICC. Two widely used in education include:
- The Online Variance Almanac: http://stateva.ci.northwestern.edu/
- The Optimal Design Plus Software: http://wtgrantfoundation.org/resource/optimal-design-with-empirical-information-od*
*Note that Optimal Design Plus is a free program that calculates power for CRTs. Embedded within the program is a data repository with ICC estimates.
In the event that empirical estimates are not available for your particular outcome type a search of the relevant literature may uncover estimates or a pilot study may be used to generate reasonable values. Regardless of the source, accurate estimates of the ICC are critical in determining the number of clusters needed in a CRT.
Except where noted, all content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. | <urn:uuid:87cea012-64a1-4847-9f17-e52c18a8232e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://evalu-ate.org/blog/spybrook-may2016/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.930382 | 633 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Complex PTSD and Inpatient Treatment
Most people are aware of the condition known as PTSD. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a common disorder in the mental health world, and individuals receive this diagnosis for a variety of reasons.
However, another level of PTSD exists as a diagnosis, and many people are not aware of its existence. This condition is called Complex PTSD, making life extremely difficult for its victims.
People with Complex PTSD have suffered from ongoing and repeated abuse for an extended period. The trauma has set up a pattern of emotional and physical avoidance that makes it difficult for these individuals to function well.
Complex PTSD has been linked to higher rates of depression, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, self-harming behaviors, and suicide attempts. At the Exclusive Hawaii Rehab we treat Complex PTSD through wide ranging and holistic practices that are customized for each client based on their input.
What Is Complex PTSD or C-PTSD?
Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD) is commonly known as “Complex PTSD” or “Disorder.” It was first identified in 1994 by Judith Herman in her book entitled ‘Trauma & Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence – From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror.’
The term Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD) was first used by Dr. Bessel van der Kolk in his book entitled ‘Traumatic Stress: The Effects of Overwhelming Experience On Mind, Body And Society.’
Complex PTSD is a severe mental health condition that develops due to ongoing exposure to traumatic events. It is also known as “Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder” (C-PTSD) or “Disorders of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified” (DESNOS).
This disorder is estimated to affect up to 7% of the population worldwide. Complex PTSD can develop after experiencing any trauma. Still, it most commonly occurs in those who have been abused or mistreated over a long period in childhood, such as survivors of domestic violence, neglect, and emotional abuse.
Complex PTSD is a result of the body’s natural response to trauma, which can be caused by many different types of experiences, including:
- Serious accidents
- War and combat experiences
- Physical assault or rape
- Terrorist attacks
- Natural disasters such as earthquakes or tsunamis
Domestic violence is another common cause of C-PTSD. Usually, this subset of PTSD is reserved for individuals who have experienced incredibly violent forms of trauma for a significant time.
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Our deeply-caring staff and the surrounding natural beauty offer an unparalleled healing experience.
How Is Complex Trauma Different from Other Forms of Trauma?
Complex PTSD is a subset of PTSD characterized by trauma symptoms that are more severe and chronic. This form of PTSD is often seen in individuals who have been abused as children, such as survivors of childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse, and neglect.
The effects of this type of trauma can be very damaging and long-lasting, often causing problems in relationships, employment, and social settings. Complex PTSD can affect people who have experienced:
- Sexual abuse or assault
- Physical abuse
- Emotional abuse
- Bullying or harassment at school or work
- Domestic violence
There are three main types of complex PTSD:
- Developmental trauma disorder: This type of complex PTSD is caused by early childhood abuse and neglect, including emotional abuse and emotional neglect (being ignored).
- Relational trauma disorder: This type of complex PTSD is caused by interpersonal trauma such as rape, domestic violence, and incest.
- Social role dysfunction: This type results from chronic bullying, discrimination, or other forms of social exclusion that begin in adolescence or adulthood (such as being bullied at school).
Many argue that because C-PTSD is so traumatic and life-altering, it leads to changes in the brain’s chemistry. Many of the events leading to C-PTSD certainly do cause a significant amount of shock, so it’s not far-fetched to believe the brain is thrown off permanently.
Does C-PTSD Affect Your Brain Chemistry?
It’s not uncommon for things like rape, severe physical abuse, war, and other traumatic experiences to change the mind and body’s response to triggers forever. This is a direct result of a change in brain chemistry.
When the body goes through events such as the ones mentioned above, when a large amount of pain or even death is imminent, the mind does certain things to protect itself from permanent damage. In some cases, it even shuts down, which explains the form of shock after traumatizing ordeals.
Individuals who experience these events can sometimes go days or even weeks without speaking. Once they begin returning to normal, it takes hours of counseling to process what they went through finally.
In the most challenging situations, victims won’t even process the event at all and can develop what’s almost like amnesia regarding the events of the trauma. Although this is a safety mechanism, it’s only made to take place for a short time. The altering of the brain’s landscape and chemistry leads to this condition on a more long-term basis.
What Are the Causes and Risk Factors for C-PTSD?
In the sections above, we briefly mentioned some of the specific events that led to C-PTSD. What are some other characteristics and events that make someone high risk for this disorder?
History of Mental Health Challenges in the Family
Although PTSD is not thought to be a genetic disease, and there is no predetermined marker to highlight risk, a history of mental health challenges in someone’s family could make them high risk. Growing up, we tend to mimic the things we see, including how our parents cope with things.
This is an example of learned behavior – which proves it’s not tied to genetics. However, these behaviors are often deeply rooted in thoughts and memories buried so deep that it can be challenging to deal with them.
The good news is that because the behavior was learned over time, therapy can help clients replace it with a more positive coping mechanism. Different types of behavioral treatments and other avenues of treatment can help these clients return to a healthy standard of living and help balance the brain.
Repeated and Prolonged Periods of Abuse
One thing that makes C-PTSD so challenging is that it’s a result of sustained periods of abuse. The mind is a resilient part of our body and can make it through some powerful events. It takes quite a bit of damage for the most mentally strong people to begin shattering the mind.
When it finally takes place, it isn’t easy to repair. Additionally, when people deal with long-term abuse from a loved one or spouse, they develop a different bond or dynamic with that person. Many people begin to feel like the way the abuser shows them love is through the abuse.
This further complicates the situation and makes said relationships challenging to dissolve, but the abused individual has a tough time harvesting normal relationships in the future. They become unable to decipher what real love and abuse are and often search for another abusive relationship.
Continuing to relate abuse with love is a prime example of the trauma experienced altering the brain’s chemistry. Again, these alterations can be repaired with certain types of treatment, allowing the client to return to a standard way of living.
Specific events that cause C-PTSD include:
Going through a war experience for a significant period or ending up in a frightening situation for hours or days will lead to C-PTSD. Participating in consecutive tours and constant fighting will also trigger this condition.
Sexual assault is a typical example of a situation that will fracture the mind. A large percentage of clients suffer from C-PTSD at some point, whether during childhood or adulthood.
Most people wouldn’t consider discrimination a trigger of C-PTSD but consider the following scenario. Imagine you’re an employee at a company. You’re supposed to be able to trust the people you work with to handle themselves professionally. This is an environment you count on to produce a conducive atmosphere to allow you to feed your family.
Suddenly, for some reason or another, you’re judged, made fun of, verbally abused, and humiliated by nearly everyone you work with, including your boss. A place that once provided comfort and security does a complete 180; there’s no enforcement arm to help rectify the situation.
The trust issues this would cause and the embarrassment, pain, and suffering would be enough to cause a complex problem in someone mentally. It is not uncommon to hear stories of older adults who lived through the segregation period and racial tensions of the 50s and 60s to develop deep, psychological scars.
And it is not a stretch to say that these events could cause changes in the brain that require therapy.
Currently, the issue lies with how to solve these challenges and the types of treatment included in a client’s plan.
How Is Complex PTSD Treated at a Holistic Rehab?
A holistic rehab provides one of the best environments for healing from C-PTSD. The traditional methods are available to clients, and most likely, some form of cognitive or other behavioral therapy is prescribed.
Behavior replacement therapy, exposure therapy, and other psychological treatment methods are effective, depending on the client. Each treatment plan is 100% custom and tailor-made to meet each client’s specific needs for healing.
The holistic portion arguably provides a treatment equally as beneficial as traditional methods. Things like ocean therapy, recreation therapy, and different forms of art therapy can offer significant benefits to C-PTSD.
Equine therapy and other treatments working with animals have produced some promising results. Again, this is all dependent on what the client responds to the most favorably.
There is no cookie-cutter form of treatment or playbook at a holistic rehab. This makes them unique and stands out from the regular rehab facilities.
Counselors will work closely with clients, determining the best options to move forward as a team. No decisions are made before the client arrives for treatment. The first face-to-face contact with each client is essential for getting a feel for the most effective route moving forward.
Who Benefits from Complex PTSD Inpatient Treatment?
Naturally, the client stands to receive the most significant number of benefits from C-PTSD treatment at holistic inpatient treatment. However, the entire situation is like a wheel, providing benefits to everyone involved.
Each client’s family stands to benefit nearly as much as the client. Having a loved one return to a more positive state of mind and maintain their sense of self is a tremendous gift. If you have never dealt with someone who suffered from a mental health breakdown and nearly lost themselves, it’s a difficult situation to understand.
However, the relief experienced when the person finally receives effective treatment is unmatched. The staff and counselors benefit as well.
Their benefits are experienced by understanding how they’ve helped someone overcome one of the biggest obstacles they’ll ever face. Additionally, the more frequently mental health professionals treat these cases using a holistic approach, the more they learn and add to their arsenal of evidence-backed research.
Maintaining this type of data allows professionals in the mental health industry to break down and examine case studies to make future advancements and provide better care.
Experience True Healing
Our deeply-caring staff and the surrounding natural beauty offer an unparalleled healing experience.
Do Addictive Behaviors Accompany Complex PTSD?
Addictive behaviors are common for individuals who have complex PTSD. These would exist as a direct result of the disorder, if nothing else, and the addiction transpired as a way of escaping the terrible images burned into their minds.
However, having a predisposition for addiction is a different situation altogether. Individuals with this classification may require more extensive dual diagnosis treatment.
Lasting Recovery from Complex PTSD Is Possible at Exclusive Hawaii Rehab
At Exclusive Hawaii Rehab, we understand how difficult life with Complex PTSD can be. We want you to know we’ve got your back every step.
You do not have to participate in dead-end treatment that doesn’t work for you, and we only move forward with therapeutic approaches that you approve. This allows us to work together to help you achieve long-term recovery and prepare for life after treatment.
By the time you part ways with us, you will be much better prepared to take on the most challenging elements of PTSD with courage and a positive attitude. To find out more about reserving a spot, contact a member of our Intake Coordination staff today. | <urn:uuid:d94470b8-fe50-4551-8882-339d07c096f6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://exclusivehawaiirehab.com/what-we-treat/complex-ptsd-and-inpatient-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.946204 | 2,645 | 2.671875 | 3 |
strikethrough: (n) the penetration of ink through paper in the printing process; (v) to draw a line through text to call for the deletion of an error
Protesters have long used typography to strike through myriad forms of oppression. Their written words call communities to action, speak truth to power, and put bigots on notice that their hate has been marked for correction.
This exhibition showcases typographic anger and agency as it is seen in the streets, on the printed page, and even on the bodies of demonstrators.
Here, the work of trained professionals sits alongside the raw creativity of activists and engaged citizens. Designers as protesters—and protesters as designers—rise from a wide range of racial, socioeconomic, and geographic backgrounds. Their audible demands are translated into visible, repeatable forms. Letters are drawn, cut, painted, and printed. Messages are disseminated via the press, digital type, and augmented reality.
Strikethrough is organized in overlapping themes that evoke the call and response of chants at a protest: RESIST!, VOTE!, LOVE!, STRIKE!, and TEACH! These objects demonstrate the immediacy that typography offers any community and cause. They show us how type gives shape to voice. And while the specific rallying cries may vary across movements and media, one refrain remains the same: the demand to speak and be heard. | <urn:uuid:4736b0e3-e8da-4c63-a05b-dc5d192d0785> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://exhibitions.letterformarchive.org/strikethrough/exhibit/introduction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.948647 | 281 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Diatomaceous earth is a type of sedimentary, fossilized shell from the remains of diatoms, an ancient phytoplankton. These microscopic creatures were at one time abundant in Earth’s oceans and lakes. Diatomaceous earth is not to be confused with silica gel packs that are used for absorbing oils or odors in stored goods.
Diatomaceous earth is a natural insecticide that can be used to kill fungus gnats. To use it in a potted plant, simply mix it with water and pour the mixture into your pot.
You may get rid of them using diatomaceous earth. To keep the topsoil dry and desiccate gnats or larvae that fall on your potted plants, just sprinkle them with DE. When you water your plants, replenish the DE in the soil.
So, how do you use diatomaceous earth to fertilize potted plants?
As previously said, this material is an excellent solution to address your plant’s pest issue. Simply sprinkle the powder on top of your planter’s soil. Do this when the soil surface is dry to the touch, but before your plant needs to be watered, since soaking up water will render it useless.
Also, how do you incorporate diatomaceous earth into soil? To suppress insects, diatomaceous earth powder is incorporated into potting mixes at a rate of two to three percent by volume. It may also be used directly on the ground, or blended as a wettable powder to spray over the top and underside of leaves using a puff bottle or hand-cranked blower.
People frequently wonder whether diatomaceous earth may be used on houseplants.
All plants in the house and yard are safe to utilize with diatomaceous earth. Because its absorbent characteristics enable it to dry out insect exoskeletons, it must be kept dry in order to be effective.
When diatomaceous earth is used to kill gnats, how long does it take?
in less than 48 hours
Answers to Related Questions
What are the negative consequences of using diatomaceous earth?
What are some of the indications and symptoms of diatomaceous earth exposure? Diatomaceous earth may irritate the nose and nasal passages if inhaled. People may cough and experience shortness of breath if a very big quantity is inhaled. It might cause inflammation and dryness on the skin.
Is it possible to spray diatomaceous earth with water?
You can reach tricky or huge places by combining DE with water and using a spray tool, and DE will cling to whatever you cover. Remember that while DE is wet, it will not kill bugs; however, after it dries, it will keep its bug-killing qualities.
What much of diatomaceous earth should I use in my soil?
It is all up to you. Indoor Potting Soil is a kind of soil that is used to fill pots. DE aggregates may be used at a rate of 15 to 20% by volume in indoor potting soils. This will boost the water-holding capacity of the pots, uniformize moisture content across the pots, give more plant-available water, and minimize watering requirements.
Is it okay for me to use diatomaceous earth in my compost?
Remove maggots from compost and manure.
If you don’t want to use pesticides on your garden, diatomaceous earth is the finest option. Simply strew it throughout the pile.
How do you safely utilize diatomaceous earth?
Part 2: Diatomaceous Earth Application
- A small coating of dust should be applied to the carpet’s edges.
- Dust around the legs of the furniture.
- Maintain a low humidity level.
- Leave the carpet in place for as long as you need it.
- At the same time, use additional pest control strategies.
- Using a filterless vacuum, remove the DE.
- Consider strewing DE around the carpet’s perimeter.
Is diatomaceous earth beneficial to the soil?
There’s even another incentive to use natural diatomaceous earth as a soil conditioner, according to the Association of American Plant Food Control Officials (AAPFCO). The silica component of diatomaceous earth is absorbed by plant tissue, improving plant structure and pest and disease resistance.
Is diatomaceous earth safe to use indoors?
Outside for roaches, ants, and garden pests, and inside for fleas, bed bugs, and other pests, Diatomaceous earth may be used. The powder looks to all of these insects as a thin, glassy, pointed surface. It is advised to avoid sleeping in affected areas while applying Diatomaceous earth indoors.
Is it safe for pets to eat diatomaceous earth?
Internal Parasites Diatomaceous Earth
It has the same effect on internal parasites as it does on fleas. DE has been approved by the FDA for use as a pesticide in food. You may feel confident that DE is a safe food supplement for your pet. Simply add a little dose of food-grade DE to your dog’s feed to use as a dewormer.
What happens if you give your plants Epsom salt and diatomaceous earth?
Snails and slugs are irritated by Epsom salts, which do not cause them to shrivel up as table salt does. Furthermore, Epsom salt works in a similar manner as diatomaceous earth in terms of repelling pests. Because the salt is water soluble, reapplication is required.
I’m looking for a way to disseminate diatomaceous earth.
Salt and pepper shakers perform effectively as an application tool for tiny areas. Last Crawl may also be sprinkled and dispersed throughout your yard and garden using an old tube sock or nylon pantyhose packed with the diatomaceous earth.
Is it true that diatomaceous earth can destroy fungus?
Another effective treatment for fungus gnats is food-grade diatomaceous earth. However, if you sprinkle some into the top layer of contaminated soil—or, better still, into your potting mix before planting—any gnat larvae (and adults) that come into touch with it will die as if they were crawling through smashed glass.
Is diatomaceous earth effective against flies?
Diatomaceous earth’s effectiveness varies greatly based on your region, temperature, and husbandry. If flies get into contact with DE, they will very likely die. Their waxy cuticle is destroyed.
How can you use diatomaceous earth to keep ants away from your home?
A thin coating of diatomaceous earth should be applied along the ant tracks. If you’ve discovered a huge swarm of ants, sprinkle the powder directly on them and establish a perimeter around them. DE should also be used to baseboards, floors, window sills, and gaps where ants have been spotted.
What is the best way to distribute diatomaceous earth outside?
Spreading Wet Diatomaceous Earth Outside (Method 2)
- To guarantee that diatomaceous earth clings to the plants, use moist diatomaceous earth.
- 1 gallon (3.8 L) of water + 4 tablespoons (59 ml) diatomaceous earth
- Pour the liquid into a spray bottle or a garden pump sprayer.
Is diatomaceous earth capable of absorbing nutrients?
Bone Health Consequences
One of the numerous minerals contained in your body is silicon, which is the non-oxidized form of silica. Some say that swallowing diatomaceous earth helps boost your silicon levels because of its silica concentration. Due to the fact that this form of silica does not combine with fluids, it is poorly absorbed, if at all.
Is diatomaceous earth affected by rain?
Moisture and Diatomaceous Earth
This fine dust may also be washed away with a squirt of water. After each rainstorm and any overhead watering, diatomaceous earth must be reapplied. Reapply diatomaceous earth every few days in damp locations or when humidity is high to maintain continuing insect control.
How long does diatomaceous earth take to act in people?
Depending on the bug and the environment, this procedure might take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. “Death comes in 12 hours after insects walk into diatomaceous earth,” according to a National Geographic story. | <urn:uuid:6adb1ba3-40d0-4afe-8398-cb862893eb99> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://fintechasia.net/2022/02/05/how-do-you-use-diatomaceous-earth-in-a-potted-plant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.918625 | 1,769 | 3.21875 | 3 |
5 Animals That Have Amazing Teeth
From predatory carnivores to sharp canines, every single species of the animal kingdom has some form of teeth. Depending on their evolution and needs, most animals have different teeth from one another.
For instance, sheep, cows, and other similar herbivores have wide, flat teeth, making it easier for them to consume their desired diet. On the other hand, beavers have rock-hard teeth that allow them to cut wood for the purpose of food and shelter.
Animals with the strongest teeth in the animal kingdom
- The Great White Shark: Yes, this petrifying villain of the Jaws’ series happens to have some of the strongest teeth on the planet. Being the largest predatory fish, it has around 3,000 teeth arranged in rows on its jaws. What’s even more interesting is that the great white shark has teeth that are renewable. As soon as one tooth falls out, another one takes its place almost instantly. On average, a shark may go through about 30,000 teeth in its 50 to 70 years lifespan.
- Snails: Who would assume that this seemingly harmless gastropod has teeth made of the strongest biological material, even stronger than titanium? Additionally, they have about 20,000 teeth – which is more than any other animal – that line its tongues since snails are among those animals that don’t have jaws.
- Saltwater Crocodile: Compared to other animals on this list, crocodiles have a tiny number of teeth. However, at 66, that is still more than twice as many as human teeth. With a force of 3,700 pounds per square inch, saltwater crocodiles have the strongest force of bite in the world.
- Beavers: Beavers consume a lot of iron in their food, which may be why they have such strong teeth. This gives them the strength required to cut through wood to make dams and get the softer part of the bark for food.
- Payara: Rightfully known as the ‘vampire fish,’ the payara fish has two large fangs that freakishly resemble that of a vampire. However, these grow from the lower jaw into the head and upper jaw of the fish, where there are negative spaces for the teeth to rest.
Did you know almost every animal has a way to keep its teeth clean as well? However, Firestone Pediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics is more concerned about keeping your children’s teeth in perfect condition. So, if you live in Fort Lupton, Frederick, or Dacono, make sure to take your kids to our pediatric dental office for regular checkups. | <urn:uuid:5ab6d097-50df-4295-9c45-24dbcf1ed8e3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://firestoneteeth.com/blog/5-animals-have-amazing-teeth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.962834 | 551 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Its predictions are far more accurate than the best available model.
THE SECONDARY SHOCKS. The destruction that a large earthquake can cause often doesn't end when the ground stops shaking. Many produce aftershocks, smaller tremors hours or even days later caused by the ground's reaction to the first quake.
These aftershocks can sometimes cause more damage than the primary quake. And though we can usually predict the size of an aftershock, we haven't been so great at predicting its location.
Now, that could change. Researchers from Harvard University and Google’s AI division have created a neural network that can assess how likely it is that a particular location will experience an aftershock. The best part? It's more accurate than the best existing model.
They published their study Wednesday in the journal Nature.
BARELY BETTER THAN A COIN FLIP. The best tool we have right now for predicting aftershocks is a model known as Coulomb failure stress change. Researchers can calculate the geological stress an earthquake places on surrounding rock and then use the model to determine the likelihood a location will experience an aftershock.
Unfortunately, this model is only slightly more accurate than flipping a coin.
AI TO THE RESCUE. To better predict the location of aftershocks, the team turned to AI.
First, they fed data on 131,000 mainshock and aftershock earthquakes into a neural network, which they designed to produce a grid of 5 kilometer-by-5 kilometer cells around the site of each mainshock. Next, they fed the neural network data showing how the mainshock changed the stress level at the center of each surrounding cell. The neural network then predicted the likelihood that each cell would be the site of an aftershock.
The researchers tested their neural network on 30,000 mainshock-aftershock events and found that it could predict the site of aftershocks much more accurately than the previously used model.
MORE TO COME. Though the algorithm's predictions aren't foolproof, the researchers are pleased with their AI so far and think even more accurate systems could be just on the horizon.
"Aftershock forecasting in particular is a challenge that's well-suited to machine learning because there are so many physical phenomena that could influence aftershock behavior and machine learning is extremely good at teasing out those relationships," researcher Phoebe DeVries told Science Daily. "I think we've really just scratched the surface of what could be done with aftershock forecasting...and that's really exciting."
READ MORE: Google and Harvard Use AI to Predict Earthquake Aftershocks [Venture Beat]
More on earthquake AI: A New AI Detected 17 Times More Earthquakes Than Traditional Methods
Share This Article | <urn:uuid:e88cf41a-9547-4150-b787-39db0aae55e7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://futurism.com/the-byte/aftershocks-earthquake-prediction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.936331 | 570 | 4 | 4 |
Honey Bee swarms often frighten people who sight them, although they tend to be very not as dangerous as most perceive. Bee swarms generally occur as a part of the reproduction cycle. As a hive becomes overcrowded, the queen bee begins to lay eggs previously queen cells. Queen cells are unique cells in the honeycomb in which queen larvae are produced. The young virgin queen larvae are fed solely on royal jelly, an excretion from the worker bees. The diet of royal jelly causes these bees to mature fully, creating queens.
New honey bee colonies are formed a new queen bee senses that the hive is becoming overcrowded (a sign of past success of that colony). The queen decides to leaves the colony and needs approximately half the worker bees with her, in a “swarm”. The number one swarm is termed as the prime swarm. This prime swarm includes that old queen who will have been laying eggs for the colony for your prior 1-3 seasons.
Honey bees are the employees of social network. They are attracted to your brightest colors on the online world – the most ideas. They feed a little on them and get idea dust all over their little fuzzy leg holes. Then they are off to feed on other bright idea flowers, pollinating them although go, to be able too will bear all types of berries. When their bellies are full, their legs heavy with idea dust, and however almost too tired to fly, they head back to their hive to share their bounty with their colony.
First, ahead of started, you will probably want to ability the right equipment. A beehive ‘s one of the first things you’ll need. You can either make your personal hive, or purchase a hive already made. Most beginning beekeepers buy their first beehive either pre-made, or un-assembled, then their own if they’ve to more. Investing in a pre-made entirely assembled beehive is the best choice if you do not possess do-it-yourself competencies. The most common type of hive is a, Langstroth hive, it is actually sometimes termed as a modern ten-frame hive.
Other bee keeping equipment to consider includes food, feeders and medication. You’ve provide supplemental food to some hive to maintain them healthy when nearby nectar isn’t available. Providing a water source helps keep your honey bee rescue away by way of neighbor’s region.
thebeerescue is organized within life from the queen bee who may be the parent every and every bee regarding colony. Every single piece of the bees in a hive are female, except for drones. Their job is straightforward — mate with the queen to produce the survival of the hive. One bee hive can contain up to 100,000 bees.
#4 – Get your bees begin their day. To get the bees on working you need to feed all of them with bees supplement in springtime. You can feed them with pollen supplements as well as sugar and the stream. The objective is to all of them strength conducted blooming of trees and flowers.
However, require to take keep in mind that there are probable disease problems as well as the queen could be at however stages of her productive years. Areas of the hive may need replacement also. If training machines . this method, be sure to check the colony for you to your get hold of. You can ask an experience beekeeper for assistance. | <urn:uuid:3613e8ff-37d5-40a9-84dd-a0127a874c1d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://gamingdashing.xyz/14-worth-it-to-read-facts-about-bees/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.963589 | 708 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Status and Distribution
A very local northern species occuring in a few upland areas of northern England, Wales and, more widely, in Scotland. The species has also been found on a central lowland moss, and at lower alitudes further north in Scotland.
Damp to wet upland heathery moorland and, on occasions, upland herb-rich slopes. In western and north-west Scotland found in these habitats at lower altitudes and once on a moss in central lowland Scotland. The Malham location in Yorkshire is described as '1100 to 1200 feet.....the fringe of wet ground edged by birch, alder and various sallows, near which grows species of marsh plants...'. In Lancashire the two sites are quite different being a herb rich south-west facing steep slope and a large flat boggy area with plentiful ammounts of moss, cranberry, bilbery and heather atop a moorland ridge.
Finding the Moth
Larva: in small dense silk tubes amongst mosses a little down from the top of the mosses only being located by gentle parting of the fronds. It should be noted that the larva of Phiaris palustrana (see photos above) is very similar to that of B. boreella and that the obvious black pinacula present on B. boreella are the best feature to separate the two - the pinacula on P. palustrana are the same colour as the rest of the body. The larval spinning for the latter species does not form a tube and the larva is less active than that of B. boreella (Heckford, R. J., Beavan, S. D. & Palmer, S. M., 2015).
Adult: flies readily in the morning sun and can be swept or disturbed later in the day. Rarely attracted to light but has been reported from an actinic trap at one of its Yorkshire sites. It is reported in Europe that females remain hidden in the low vegetation much of the time. At the Lancashire sites this is probably the case as they have never been encountered despite searches. Smoking suitable areas may assist in finding them.
The forewing colour ranges from brownish-grey to lead-grey, occasionally blackish grey, the stigmata being reasonably distinct, worn specimens appear paler. The costal and tornal patches are a dirty creamy-white often extending to form an indistinct fascia. The forewing shape of the smaller female, which gradually widens in the first third and tapers beyond is diagnostic if rather tricky to see for this darkish-grey upland species. The males can be confused with dark forms of B. galbanella but are usually smaller and darker lacking the ochreous scales. In B. galbanella the inside of the labial palpus is generally pale yellow and pale grey in B. boreella. Both the male and female genitalia are similar to B. galbanella.
Single brooded from late June to early August.
Earliest: 17th June 2005 (VC48)
Latest: 10th August 1994 (VC107) | <urn:uuid:390162b5-8d5f-40c8-8581-a3b0e90bd902> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://gelechiid.co.uk/species/bryotropha-boreella | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.954182 | 651 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Indian Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharam presented the Government Union Budget for the country on February 1. Although some things remain unchanged, many changes have been made by the government in various sectors of the economy. Although the budget has received mixed reviews from pundits, one thing is clearly evident and that is that the government has placed a lot of emphasis on using technology to help the country’s economic growth. From using drones for agricultural purposes to promoting the One Class-One TV program, the Indian government seems poised to harness the technology’s potential to the fullest. This will particularly benefit the education and employment sector in India.
The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed India’s traditional way of delivering education. This has compelled educational institutions to formulate new teaching methods relying on technology and other digital platforms and devices. The government seems to have given it serious thought. During the presentation of the Union budget, FM spoke of the creation of a digital university to make world-class, universal and quality education easily accessible to students in the country.
Nirmala Sitharaman said, “A digital university will be established to provide access to world-class quality universal education with personalized learning experience to students across the country at their doorstep.
The new digital university will adopt the networked hub and spoke model. According to this model, a centralized “hub” will be responsible for generating knowledge and making it available in different Indian languages. The hubs are also expected to develop “cutting edge expertise in information and communication technologies”. These “hubs” refer to renowned universities and public institutions in India. The “spokes”, on the other hand, refer to each student who will receive and consume the knowledge offered by the poles via a digital medium and their homes.
India, being a country with the highest number of young people, needs to focus on providing quality, affordable and easily accessible education for all. A majority of students in India move to cities and even to different countries to pursue quality education. However, not all of them can afford to move to different cities and countries given the financial constraints. The establishment of a digital university will thus decentralize education in India.
Apart from announcing the creation of a digital university, the FM also made other crucial announcements related to the education sector.
His other major education-related announcement includes the launch of PM eVIDYA’s One-Class-One-TV Channel program. This aims to provide additional education for grades 1-12 for students who have missed 2 years of formal education and schooling due to the coronavirus pandemic and lockdown. A total of 200 television channels will be created through which education will be offered in the regional languages.
“In vocational streams, to promote crucial critical thinking skills, to give space to creativity, 750 virtual labs in science and mathematics, and 75 e-labs of skills for a simulated learning environment, will be put in place in 2022-23. High-quality electronic content in all spoken languages will be developed for distribution via the Internet, mobile phones, television and radio through Digital Teachers. A competitive mechanism for the development of quality e-content by teachers will be put in place to empower and equip them with digital teaching tools and facilitate better learning outcomes,” the Minister of Finance said.
Internet, mobile phones, television, radio and digital teachers will be used to deliver high quality electronic content in all spoken languages to facilitate better learning outcomes.
In addition, 5 academic institutions specializing in urban planning should become centers of excellence. Rs 250 crores is allocated to each institution as an endowment. Agricultural universities will also revise their curricula to educate about modern agriculture and promote the practice of it.
The government is also focusing on reorienting training programs. ITIs will build skills courses. The Digital DESH e-portal is responsible for introducing youth skills, upskilling and retraining.
Keeping in mind the latest emerging technologies that have the potential to create enough jobs for young people, FM also talked about the creation of a working group on animation, visual effects, games and comics. which will drive the growth of the animation and games sector in the country. The center will be established in association with the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay with the aim of supporting skilled manpower in the animation and visual effects sector.
A total of Rs 1,04,278 crore has been allocated to the education sector in this year’s union budget for the financial year 2022-23. In the last financial year 2021-2022, Rs 93,224 crore was allocated to the sector, which was Rs 11,054 crore less than the amount allocated to the education sector in this financial year.
With the current government plans to boost and improve the quality of education in the country, the future of the Indian education system looks to be numerically bright. | <urn:uuid:ac5dcb27-10fa-480a-ac44-cca63dd6ddf1> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://greenlogicindia.com/union-budget-2022-23-makes-indias-education-sector-digital/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.950824 | 993 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Dublin Friends of the Earth calls for strong, decisive action in National Clean Air Strategy
May 3rd, 2017
Dublin Friends of the Earth has called on the Department of Environment and Climate Action to agree strong and decisive action in its first-ever proposed National Clean Air Strategy.
The group outlined its findings in a twelve-page submission to the Department’s Cleaning Our Air public consultation, which closed last Friday.
The submission states that it is now “indisputable” that poor air quality is a public health issue requiring clear leadership from our politicians alongside energy, health, and transport.
Poor air quality can cause serious risks of heart diseases, stroke, respiratory diseases and lung cancer. It is estimated that 1,200 people die prematurely from exposure to poor air quality in Ireland every year.
Ireland’s air quality is good by European standards, but it does not fare so well when measured against new World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines.
Ireland exceeds WHO guideline values for PM10 and PM2.5 – very fine particulates smaller than 10 micrometres that can enter the lungs and cause major health problems.
Solid fuels such as coal and turf for domestic heating remain the main cause of poor air quality in rural towns and villages, especially those not on the national gas grid. A nationwide smoky coal ban is set to be enforced next year.
The submission also outlines several recommendations including replacing fossil fuels with clean energy in transport, heating and power generation.
Community renewables energy schemes, an “ambitious” retrofitting programme and major investment in cycling and clean public transport are also mooted as potential solutions.
Traffic is the key pressure on air quality in our largest cities as exhaust emissions leave us hovering dangerously close to EU limits for nitrogen dioxide NO2, another major contributor to poor air quality.
According to Debora O’Connor, a member of Dublin Friends of the Earth, if the public is presented with the correct policy, people will “make the right choices to protect ourselves and our environment.”
The submission also calls for a large increase in air monitoring stations, and for real-time results to be made available online. Information should also be available on electronic displays as there is currently “grossly inadequate information” provided on outdoor air quality, the submissions states.
“Most air pollution in Ireland today is invisible but it affects everyone – motorists and taxi drivers as well as pedestrians and cyclists, children and parents at school gates as well as people with asthma and other chronic illnesses,” said Dr Matt Robinson, a member of Dublin Friends of the Earth.
Ireland currently has 31 air monitoring stations but no national real-time information is available to the public. Wexford County Council is currently the only local authority with real-time monitoring equipment in place, with devices in Wexford Town and New Ross.
The equipment measures a number of small particles in the air such as emissions from fires, with data updated every 15 minutes to reflect 24-hour and seven-day cycles.
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Corvallis OR 97331–4501 | <urn:uuid:7b19a540-a384-41a5-bf34-8e5123f5ddd1> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://guides.library.oregonstate.edu/guidetomapsinSCARC | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.914908 | 1,228 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Take care of health from here
We care for your health
Keywords | women’s health during pregnancy
One -third of a person’s life is spent in sleep. Sleeping is both an instinct of human and an indispensable part of health.Especially for expectant mothers, sleep quality is directly related to the health of themselves and babies.
High -quality sleep can not only allow pregnant women to improve the resistance of pregnant women, stay away from various health problems, but also alleviate physical and mental stress, and create a stable internal environment.It also plays a very important role in the healthy growth and development of the baby’s brain, nerves, and body.
In fact, sleep problems during pregnancy are still very common, and expectant mothers do not need to be too anxious.So what are the causes of sleep problems such as insomnia during pregnancy?Today, let’s take a look together ~~
Reason one: pregnancy hormone fluctuations during pregnancy
During pregnancy, the endocrine hormones of expectant mothers will change greatly, and sleep during pregnancy will change.
In order to ensure the stability of the baby in the early pregnancy, the body secretes a large number of progesterone that maintains stability of pregnancy. Wilderness is beneficial to sleep, so early pregnancy will be easier to be drowsiness.
During the subsequent pregnancy, the human body will also secrete estrogen. Scientists have shown that estrogen is a hormone that reduces sleep duration.
Throughout pregnancy, expectant mothers will be affected by the changes in the changes of the fluctuations of these two hormones at the same time, causing sleep problems, and the degree of influence depends on its relative concentration.
Reason two: Psychological reasons
Pregnant women have changed their mental and psychological changes during the whole pregnancy, and the tolerance for stress will be greatly reduced. The expectations and excitement in the early stages of pregnancy, coupled with the sorrow, nervousness, anxiety, depression, etc. of the inaccurate situation during pregnancy.As a result, the emotional mood is very sensitive.
The emotional instability of expectant mothers during pregnancy will seriously affect the quality of falling asleep and sleep.Maintaining a relaxed and good mentality during pregnancy will be greatly conducive to adjusting the sleep status.
Reason three: bad sleep habits before pregnancy
In the early pregnancy, expectant mothers should pay attention to correcting some bad sleeping positions in the past.Such as lying down and sleeping, these sleeping positions are not conducive to the smooth breathing, and the adverse effects on the quality of sleep will be highlighted.At the same time, with the increase of pregnancy, this sleeping posture will oppress the uterus, which is not conducive to the baby’s growth and development.
In addition, some expectant mothers are not very regular during pregnancy. They often stay up late to work, play games and play games, etc., and then make up for the day.Form a vicious cycle of sleeping during the day and not sleeping at night.After pregnancy, due to the changes in physiological and psychological changes, the schedule is even more disordered and difficult to adjust.
Staying up late will cause a variety of damage to the body. The most serious is fatigue and mental weakness, which may directly lead to a decline in immunity.In addition, staying up late usually adopts a fixed position for a long time, which can easily cause pregnant women’s lower limb varicose veins.As the pregnant woman’s uterus is getting larger and larger during pregnancy, the lower body vein will gradually cause the lower body vein to poorly flow back, which can easily lead to hemorrhoids or lower limbs and perineal venous veins.
Reason four: frequent urination
The probability of frequent urination during pregnancy during pregnancy is very high. This is because after pregnancy, the uterus will continue to increase in order to adapt to the growth and development of the baby.Compression is prone to urination, so there will be symptoms of frequent urination.
According to statistics, women who may have half a ratio may have frequent urination in the early stages of pregnancy, but in the late pregnancy, nearly 80 % of pregnant women are troubled by frequent urination.It is okay during the day, and I will get up at night to run to the toilet. Some will start 5 or 6 times a night, which seriously affects the sleep quality of expectant mothers and causes sleep disorders.
It is recommended to reduce a large amount of water before going to bed, and then go to bed before going to bed before going to bed, which can minimize the number of nights and improve sleep.
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This is a complicated and long topic that this author won’t go into huge detail here. This page has much better information, and you should read it carefully. But in the interest of not saying “Hey, go there” and having some interesting info here, you can read on for a summary.
Kanji is generally presented as a bunch of ideographs that you have to learn individually. Soon, you’ll start to distinguish patterns – they’re built off a series of “radicals”, each one having their own Japanese name. But even then, how they’re built and how to pronounce them can seem inscrutable at times. This is because you’re generally just taught them as a discrete component, and the patterns behind them are non-obvious.
Some kanji or jyukugo truly aren’t obvious. In the word “sushi”, for example, the kanji were chosen solely for their pronunciation, and have little to do with the actual meaning of the word. So there’s not any silver bullet. But you’ll find that most kanji have clues as to their meaning and their pronunciation built into them, if you know where to look and how to interpret them. This is why pages such as the one linked above are so valuable – they can take most, but not all, (well, some, at worst) of the guesswork out of learning the kanji, and make them a little more approachable. | <urn:uuid:58a1e39f-504f-495a-a379-39965a179009> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://hiddenjapanese.com/kanji-readings-and-origins/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.979344 | 318 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The sweetness uncovered (somewhat briefly!)
Excessive Sugar Is Bad, but the effects depend on the context!
With so much controversy as to whether fruit is good or bad for us to eat, I have given a few reasons as to why it is not bad for us! A lot of evidence has shown that excessive intake of added sugar is harmful. This includes table sugar (sucrose) and high-fructose corn syrup, both of which are about half glucose, half fructose.
Fruit contains three types of sugar: fructose, glucose, and a combination of the two, called sucrose, or table sugar. Sugar is a type of carbohydrate, which is the brain and body’s main source of fuel during exercise.One reason that excessive added sugar intake is harmful is the negative metabolic effects of fructose when consumed in large amounts. Many people now believe that because added sugars are bad, the same must apply to fruits, which also contain fructose.
However, this is a misconception. Fructose is only harmful in large amounts, and it’s difficult to get excessive amounts of fructose from fruit. Eating whole fruit, it is almost impossible to consume enough fructose to cause harm.
While excessive sugar intake can be harmful, this doesn’t apply to whole fruits. Rather, they are “real” food, high in nutrients and satisfyingly filling.
Fruits are loaded with fibre, water and have significant chewing resistance. For this reason, most fruits (like apples) take a while to eat and digest, meaning that the fructose hits the liver slowly.
Plus, fruit is incredibly filling. Most people will feel satisfied after eating one large apple, which contains 23 grams of sugar, 13 of which are fructose.
Compare that to a 16-ounce bottle of Coke, which contains 52 grams of sugar, 30 of which are fructose, and has no nutritional value.
A single apple would make you feel quite full and less inclined to eat more food. Conversely, a bottle of soda has remarkably poor satiety and people don’t compensate for the sugar by eating less food.
When fructose hits your liver fast and in large amounts, as is the case when you drink soda, it can have adverse health effects over time.
However, when it hits your liver slowly and in small amounts, as is the case when you eat an apple, your body is well adapted to easily metabolize the fructose.
While eating large amounts of added sugar is harmful to most people, the same does not apply to fruit.
When to Avoid Fruit:
Even though fruit is healthy for most people, there are some reasons why others may need to avoid it.Intolerance, for example, eating fruit can cause digestive symptoms in people with and intolerance to FODMAPs.
As always I try to make sure that the fruits and veggies listed in my articles are within certain regimens but if you haven’t had the chance to look up low FODMAPs if you have a health issue, then please do give me a shout!
Remember it’s not what you can’t eat – but what you CAN eat!
In some cases, portion sizes make a difference as to whether a product has enough high FODMAPs to cause symptoms. For example, a serving of almonds is a good choice that is in these short chained carbohydrates, but eat more, and you could have too many.
The following fresh fruits are LOW in FODMAPs:
Although eating whole fruits is very healthy, the same isn’t necessarily true for fruit juice and dried fruit. Both are high in sugar and easy to overeat/drink.
And again if you have IBS or are keeping to low FODMAPs to help other inflammatory health issues then AVOID the fruit juice and dried fruits……
But on the whole, fruit is healthy for most people. Try eating more whole fruits as part of a healthy, real-foods-based diet and to enjoy their health benefits.
A rainbow of colours on your plate will ensure you are getting the right nutrients in your diet, if you can’t eat something due to health issues, there are always alternatives, and whether you feel you can’t eat it because it’s not a nice taste, or you have visions of it slopped up on your plate at school meals, then choose other ways of cooking or serving! | <urn:uuid:226f1173-eb76-469c-8f79-b86fa4f226fb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://holistically-yours.com/holistically-yours-nutritional-bites-fruit-sugar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.958314 | 910 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Artichokes are native to the Mediterranean region and have been cultivated for thousands of years.
They have a round, green, spiky appearance and are known for their tender, flavorful hearts and leaves.
Artichokes are a highly nutritious food that is rich in several essential nutrients.
They are an excellent source of fiber, which is important for supporting healthy digestion and maintaining regular bowel movements.
Artichokes are also a good source of vitamin C, which is essential for maintaining a healthy immune system and promoting healthy skin.
In addition to these nutrients, artichokes contain many antioxidants, which can help to protect the body against oxidative stress and inflammation.
One of the unique features of artichokes is their high cynarin content, which gives them their distinctive bitter flavor and makes them a useful food for supporting healthy digestion.
Artichokes are also a good source of potassium, which is important for maintaining healthy blood pressure and supporting heart health.
Artichokes Quick Nutrition Facts
Here's a quick nutrition overview for 3.5 ounces (100 grams) of artichokes:
- Energy: 47 calories
- Carbs: 10.5 grams
- Sugar: 0.99 grams
- Fiber: 5.4 grams
- Protein: 3.27 grams
- Fat: 0.15 grams
- Saturated Fat: 0.036 grams
Jump to a section where you can learn more about artichokes nutrition value, including macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, protein quality, and more.
Health Benefits of Artichokes
Thanks to a significant amount of specific vitamins and minerals, artichokes could provide several health benefits.
Continue reading to discover the potential benefits of consuming artichokes.
May Improve the Carbohydrate Metabolism
Copper is needed for regulating carbohydrate metabolism. It can help to convert sugar into a usable form of energy, thus ensuring the body receives a steady supply of fuel from performing its critical functions.
It is needed by the body for several functions, including forming red blood cells.
Copper can also support nerve functions and improve the transmission of signals between different parts of the body.
It can keep the nerve cells healthy and reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
Copper is also needed for the optimal functioning of the nervous system. It can improve mood by regulating the balance of hormones in the brain.
It can support the defense mechanisms of the immune system involved in infection prevention.
Copper also helps in the formation of collagen, a protein that makes up our skin, bones, and other tissues. It protects the cells from damage and improves the absorption of iron in the body, thereby increasing the availability of this vital nutrient.
They May Boost the Production of DNA and RNA
Folate aids in the production of the body’s genetic material, such as DNA and RNA. It is especially important to ensure that the body is not deprived of this nutrient when tissues and organs are growing rapidly, such as during pregnancy, infancy, and adolescence.
Vitamin B9 or folate plays a key role in cellular division. It can regulate the processes involved in cell division.
This can reduce the risk of cancer that can occur due to the uninhibited division of cells resulting in the formation of a large number of cells that fail to mature completely.
Vitamin B9 plays a key role during pregnancy by regulating the replication of DNA and RNA, thereby supporting the proper growth and development of the fetus.
It can also help in children’s normal growth and development.
Vitamin B9 also works closely with other nutrients, especially vitamin B12, and helps the body make red blood cells by improving the availability of iron.
Artichokes Nutrition Facts
Continue reading to find out the following artichokes nutrition information:
- Vitamin Content
- Mineral Content
- Amino Acid Profile
- Fat Breakdown
- Carbohydrate Breakdown
Macronutrients, often called macros, are most commonly used term when it comes to eating a healthy diet or losing weight. There are three types of macronutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Macronutrients provide energy to your body and allows it to function properly. The following table contains the information on artichokes macronutrients, while reading further will give you a better understanding on each of these macronutrients.
|Carbohydrate||4% DV||10.5 g|
|Protein||7% DV||3.27 g|
|Fat||0% DV||0.15 g|
Artichokes are not an excellent source of any particular vitamin.
However, they contain a good amount of Vitamin C, Vitamin B9 (Folate), and Vitamin K and some Vitamin B1 (Thiamine), Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (Niacin), Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid), and Vitamin B6 (Pyroxidine).
Here's the full artichokes vitamin content per 100g:
|Vitamin A||0% DV||13 IU|
|Vitamin C||13% DV||11.7 mg|
|Vitamin D||0% DV||0 µg|
|Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)||6% DV||0.072 mg|
|Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)||5% DV||0.066 mg|
|Vitamin B3 (Niacin)||7% DV||1.05 mg|
|Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)||7% DV||0.338 mg|
|Vitamin B6 (Pyroxidine)||7% DV||0.116 mg|
|Vitamin B9 (Folate)||17% DV||68 µg|
|Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)||0% DV||0 µg|
|Vitamin E||1% DV||0.19 mg|
|Vitamin K||12% DV||14.8 µg|
Artichokes are excellent source of Copper.
They also contain a good amount of Magnesium, and Manganese and some Iron, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, and Zinc.
Here's the full artichokes mineral content per 100g:
|Calcium||3% DV||44 mg|
|Copper||26% DV||0.231 mg|
|Fluoride||0% DV||0 mg|
|Iron||7% DV||1.28 mg|
|Magnesium||14% DV||60 mg|
|Manganese||11% DV||0.256 mg|
|Phosphorus||7% DV||90 mg|
|Potassium||8% DV||370 mg|
|Selenium||0% DV||0.2 μg|
|Sodium||4% DV||94 mg|
|Zinc||4% DV||0.49 mg|
Protein and Amino Acid Profile
Artichokes contain 3.3 g of protein per 100 g, or in other words, artichokes provide 6.96 g of protein per 100 kcal.
Similarly to most other plant proteins, protein in artichokes contain all nine essential amino acids, however, they are a little bit low in histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
|Histidine Low||0% DV||0 g|
|Isoleucine Low||0% DV||0 g|
|Leucine Low||0% DV||0 g|
|Lysine Low||0% DV||0 g|
|Methionine Low||0% DV||0 g|
|Phenylalanine Low||0% DV||0 g|
|Threonine Low||0% DV||0 g|
|Tryptophan Low||0% DV||0 g|
|Valine Low||0% DV||0 g|
Around 3% of the calories in artichokes are from fat. Artichokes have 0.15 grams or 0% of recommended daily values per 100g.
Saturated fat and trans fat can increase cholesterol levels and increase the heart disease risk.
Artichokes fat content mostly consists of healthy unsaturated fats.
According to FDA, dietary cholesterol should be kept below 300 mg per day. Luckily, artichokes is cholesterol free.
Artichokes do not contain trans fats. Trans fats should be kept as low as possible.
|Total Fat||0% DV||0.15 g|
|Saturated Fat||0% DV||0.036 g|
|Monounsaturated Fat||do not have a %DV||0.005 g|
|Polyunsaturated Fat||do not have a %DV||0.064 g|
|Trans Fats||do not have a %DV||0 g|
|Cholesterol||0% DV||0 mg|
89% of the calories in artichokes come from carbohydrates.
Carbs in artichokes are mostly fiber (51%), followed by starch and sugars.
When it comes to sugars, artichokes are relatively low in sugar, containing grams of sugar per 100g.
Artichokes are a great source of fiber, and considered as a "high fiber food", as the contain 6.9 grams of fiber per serving.
According to U.S. government's National Labeling and Education Act (NLEA), food must contain 5 grams or more of dietary fiber per serving to be labeled as high fiber food.
Total amount of fiber in 100g of artichokes is 5.4.
|Total Carbohydrate||4% DV||10.5 g|
|Dietary Fiber||19% DV||5.4 g|
|Sugars||2% DV||0.99 g| | <urn:uuid:4480516e-bc52-45fe-b3b9-a825526a1e6c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://holypeas.com/foods/artichokes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.884639 | 2,112 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Bed bugs have been a menace in the US for quite some time now. These little uninvited guests infiltrate your home, bite and cause you sleepless nights. But unlike most pests, they can be a headache to get rid of. Alabama has experienced its fair share of pain from these little creatures. Luckily, there are solutions to bed bug infestations that you can explore. But before we get there, here are some quick facts about Alabama and the bed bug laws that apply:
Alabama Quick Stats Overview
Alabama, also known as the ‘Heart of Dixie’ or the ‘Cotton State,’ became the 22nd state in 1819. Alabama has a rectangular shape and is located in the south of the United States. It’s bordered by Mississippi to the west, by the Gulf of Mexico and Florida to the south, Georgia to the East and Tennessee to the north. Judging by the size, Alabama is the second largest state in the US. Its state city is Montgomery.
Alabama measures 52,419 square miles and is the 30th largest state by size. 3.2% of its area is covered in water, which ranks Alabama at 23rd by water mass.
According to the World Population Review, Alabama has a population of 4,908,621. It is currently the 24th largest state by population.
The state’s population grows at 0.26% every year, which makes it the 36th fastest-growing state.
How Many Counties are in Alabama?
Alabama has 67 counties. The oldest county is Washington, which was created on 4th June 1800, while the youngest is Houston, which was created on 9th February 1903.
The richest county is Shelby, and the poorest is Sumter.
How Many Cities are in Alabama?
Alabama has a whopping 169 cities spread across the 67 counties. Some of the largest cities are:
How Many Towns are in Alabama?
Alabama has 291 towns. Some of the cities include;
- Bear Creek
Top College Football Team in Alabama
The top college football teams include:
- Alabama Crimson Tide
- Alabama A$M Bulldogs
- Alabama State Hornets
- Auburn Tigers
Alabama Bed Bug Laws
Unfortunately, there aren’t any specific bed bug laws in Alabama. But below are some that are used in this context.
- Landlords responsibility – when a landlord doesn’t address an infestation, they violate the Alabama code 35-9A-204 (a) (2). The law states that the landlord should conduct necessary repairs to maintain the premise’s inhabitable conditions.
- Tenant responsibility – there’s no specific law that highlights tenant bed bug responsibility. However, the Alabama Code 35-9A-407 states that a tenant can recover attorney fees and damages if the landlord willfully or negligently diminishes tenant services.
Bed Bug Services
Bed Bugs are a nuisance in Alabama. You could have a bed bug infestation in your home because you travel, or probably they hitched a ride on a guest you hosted. A bed bug infestation doesn’t mean that you are unhygienic. We should also point out that just because they are called bed bugs doesn’t mean that they live and hide in beds alone. On the contrary, bed bugs will hide in spaces that are close to their meal – in this case, humans.
Aside from this, other bed bug myths include:
- Bed bugs are nocturnal – this could not be further from the truth. Though bed bugs indeed come out to feed at night, it’s only because that’s when you are asleep and are immobile. If you changed your sleeping patterns and slept during the day, you’ll notice them emerging during the day for a blood meal.
- Changing rooms will send the bed bugs away – this tactic doesn’t work. If you stop sleeping in your bedroom for a couple of days, one of two things will happen. Either the bed bugs will wait it out, or they will eventually follow you to the other room. The only sure way of getting rid of a bed bug infestation is through treatment.
- Bed bugs can fly – bed bugs don’t have wings and, therefore, cannot fly. However, they can crawl over long distances. Entomologists say that they crawl one meter every minute.
- Bed bugs reproduce fast – in comparison to other insects, bed bugs reproduce slowly. A female adult lays an egg a day while a housefly lays 500 eggs in over three days. Moreover, a bed bug egg takes ten days to hatch and about six weeks for the nymph to morph into an adult. But even with the slow reproduction, the compounding effect of their numbers can cause an infestation within a year.
- Bed bugs travel on our bodies – bed bugs don’t stick to your skin or hair as ticks and lice do. They prefer to hitch a ride on your clothes.
- Bed bugs transmit diseases – a bed bug bite can cause irritations. But that’s about it. They do not transmit diseases because viruses and bacteria can’t live long in their system. But this does not mean that a bed bug infestation is not urgent – it is.
How to know you have a bedbug infestation problem
Now that you know the truth about bed bugs, below is how you can tell if you have a bed bug infestation.
You see a bed bug
A bed bug is often confused with other insects like mites and fleas. But they are different in that an adult bed bug has an oval, long and flat body and is as big as an apple seed. It has a red-brown color when it has not fed. If you see a bed bug, you should be on high alert; there might be more around.
Red itchy bites
A bed bug bite looks like a mosquito or a flea bite, but the difference is in the pattern. A mosquito bite is random, while bed bug bites are clustered. And unlike flea bites, you can find them on your arms and back depending on which part of the body is exposed when you sleep.
Bloodstains on your mattress and bedding
Bed bugs will come out to feed when you are asleep. From time to time, you’ll turn and squash the bed bug leaving blood stains on the beddings. If you wake up to this, take it as a sign of a bed bug infestation.
Poop stains and molting
Bed bugs poop where they hide. Also, as a nymph feeds and grows into an adult, it sheds its exoskeleton (molting). These are usually transparent and are in the shape of a bed bug. If you see these two, it’s a sign the bed bug infestation is growing.
Bed bugs have a distinct musty smell. However, you have to be really close to a bed bug to smell it. As such, by the time you smell the bed bugs, the infestation is out of hand.
Bed bug treatments
Once you determine you indeed have a bed bug infestation, it’s time to call in the pros to help rid your home of the bed bugs.
We offer a range of bed bug treatment services. We can split our services into two broad categories:
- Residential treatment – we deal with homes and residential spaces
- Commercial treatment – we deal with business spaces, including offices, schools, and hotels.
Bed Bug Treatment Process
Regardless of your space, our treatment follows the following steps:
Step 1: assessment
Once you have evidence of bed bug infestation in your home, and you want it handled, our bed bug exterminators will visit and inspect your home. The reason for this is to determine the extent of your infestation and to catch the hiding places. Bed bugs can be sneaky and, therefore, hard to find. And without treating the right hiding spots, the infestation will reoccur in a couple of months.
During the inspection, we examine the home and focus on the rugs, furniture, bed, and linens. We also conduct thorough checks on the crevices in the home. The inspection starts from the bedrooms before proceeding to other spaces in your home. We concentrate on the dark spaces.
Step 2: Implement
When the inspection is complete, and an assessment is done, our specialist will recommend the best treatment. The treatment recommended will be according to the severity of the bed bug infestation and what you prefer. But regardless of the option you choose, rest assured we will use the best tools in the industry to treat the infestation. The methods we employ will kill bed bugs at all stages of development, including eggs and nymphs.
Step 3: Monitor
Bed bugs are hard to kill. Because of this, we conduct follow-ups to ensure that the treatment was effective.
The Treatment Methods
We use these treatment methods alone or as a combination:
- Steam – bed bugs are resilient, but they too have a temperature limit. And steam is a great treatment method that penetrates the cracks and crevices where they hide. We use specialized tools to direct the steam and protect the furniture in your home.
- Heat remediation – through this treatment, we raise the temperatures to 120 °F. Before we start the heat treatment, we prepare your space to contain the heat for safety and effectiveness. Like with steam, we use specialized tools to increase the temperatures in the rooms until the bed bugs and eggs are dead.
- Fumigation – if you are dealing with a serious bed bug infestation, we use fumigation. This treatment uses chemicals that are effective against bed bugs. To ensure safety, a licensed fumigator handles the process.
- Conventional pest control methods – if the bed bug infestations aren’t large, we use mild but effective treatments against bed bugs. This includes eco-friendly products.
Why Should You Hire Us?
We align our schedule to yours
Whether you need commercial or residential bed bug treatment services, we always ensure that we work with your timetable. This ensures that you are not inconvenienced by the process and remain in control.
We use treatment methods depending on your situation
All infestations are different. As such, after assessment, we recommend specific treatment methods based on the extent of the infestation, the treatment you prefer, and your budget.
Bed bugs are resilient and therefore need an exterminator who knows their ways. Our staff is highly qualified and understands how to achieve effective results, even in dire situations. Moreover, they have picked up some tricks along the way that allow them to complete the treatment in record time.
High tech equipment
We always strive to remain ahead of the game. We invest in cutting edge technology that aids us in achieving quality results.
These inspections help us to determine the approach to use. You also get to learn about the situation and understand what needs to be done to prevent future infestations.
Our treatment is guaranteed. With our experience, equipment, and precise approach to the treatment, you can depend on us for quality results. We shall not leave your side until your space is bed bug-free.
The longer you wait, the- larger the bed bug infestation grows. Because of this, we see to it that we respond to you fast. As a result, you end up saving time and costs on treatment.
Alabama is experiencing increased bed bug cases, as are other states. Luckily for you, we are here to handle the infestation. Call us at 888-681-5908 today for a free inspection and we will be glad to assist you. | <urn:uuid:8e4e95cd-aec3-4ac0-831f-b1391da90f32> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ihavebedbugs.com/location/alabama/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.93554 | 2,423 | 2.578125 | 3 |
A SINGLE GIFT
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Online Sexual Exploitation of Children (OSEC) is a form of modern slavery that was unimaginable before the digital age. It is a global crime wherein children are sexually abused by traffickers who then spread or sell images or videos of the exploitation online - even live streaming the abuse for sex offenders to direct from anywhere in the world. Children as young as two years are at-risk of being exploited at the hands of the abusers.
Before the internet, customers had to travel to the Philippines to purchase sex with a minor. Traffickers recruited vulnerable teens and coerced them to work in bars or clubs. Now, paedophiles and predators can enter the homes of Filipino children through a simple internet connection. Victims tend to be young—some under 2 years old—and the traffickers tend to be trusted family members who earn quick cash by exploiting children in their care.
- The Philippines receives thousands of thousands of reports of online child exploitation every month.
- 47% of online sexual exploitation of children victims rescued by IJM and local authorities have been 12 years old or younger.
- The youngest victim rescued by IJM and local authorities has been a 2-month-old baby.
Philippines Department of Justice
IJM case data
Since IJM started working in the Philippines in 2000, the government has made rapid strides to stop traffickers from exploiting children in the commercial sex trade—closing bars that sell minors for sex and bringing pimps to justice. Studies have shown the number of minors available for purchase on streets and in bars once notorious for sex trafficking has plummeted between 75% and 86% in the cities where IJM has worked.
Now the authorities need specialised training on cyber-investigations and how to care for young survivors of OSEC. This crime will keep spreading until communities start to see consequences and traffickers setting up the sexual exploitation of children are restrained.
OSEC is the live-streaming sexual exploitation of children viewed over the internet. Paedophiles and predators anywhere in the world can now search online and wire a secure payment to an adult who sets up the show. Boys and girls—some under 2 years old—are abused or forced to perform sex acts in front of a webcam. The more abusive the show, the more the customer pays.
Unlike bars or brothels with a permanent address, cybersex trafficking victims can be moved to and abused in any location with an internet connection and a webcam, or just a mobile phone. OSEC has become a terrifying cottage industry with high profit margins.
IJM combats cybersex trafficking in the Manila and Cebu, the Philippines, as well as through advocacy in Australia.
We rescue victims by helping Filipino authorities and foreign law enforcement agencies to identify and remove children from OSEC.
BRING CRIMINALS TO JUSTICE
We bring criminals to justice. We help police investigate and gather evidence so that traffickers and criminals facilitating online sexual exploitation are restrained. We help prosecutors press charges and build strong cases using all available evidence.
We restore survivors by creating individualised care plans for survivors and working closely with a range of aftercare partners. OSEC victims can be under 2 years old, and there are more boys than in bar- or street-based trafficking. IJM social workers help place survivors in aftercare homes where they can return to school, take vocational classes, and receive ongoing therapy. In addition to providing direct client care, we are developing best practices and pioneering new tools for shelters handling OSEC cases.
STRENGTHEN JUSTICE SYSTEMS
We strengthen justice systems by providing hands-on mentoring for law enforcement, judges and social services. The Philippines has strong anti-trafficking laws, and we are helping to train authorities on how to implement them against this new crime type. | <urn:uuid:1716259f-2490-423b-8a2b-5d52cfea1528> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ijm.org.au/our-work/osec/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.923575 | 779 | 2.625 | 3 |
Open to: K-12 Educators
Opportunity at a Glance: Expanding Essential Reading Practices will empower educators to redefine literacy instruction for the 21st century and leverage reading lessons to help students evaluate, create, and connect with the world around them.
Participants will do the following during this course:
• Identify effective instructional strategies that build on foundational practices;
• Incorporate the teaching of cognitive and technical skills in reading lessons;
• Develop methods to build students’ reading skills in multiple content areas; and
• Support students as critical readers.
**Discounted registration available through Monday July 25; no code needed.
Key dates: Self-paced online course starting Monday August 1. Participate on days/times of your choosing.
Registration deadline: Monday August 1
Take action: Register here
For more information: Learn more here | <urn:uuid:503babc4-2a64-4620-895b-3ef1daf3a114> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://iteachnyc.net/2022/05/19/redefine-literacy-for-the-21st-century/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.891623 | 180 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Dissertatio de generatione et metamorphosibus insectorum Surinamensium
The European Enlightenment brought with it an interest in observing, documenting, and attempting to explain natural phenomena. This interest was carried out across the colonies by European travelers such as Maria Sibylla Merian, the German-born artist and scientist whose Transformation of the Surinamese insects documents in precise and spectacular detail the life stages of various insects and other creatures of Surinam. First published in Amsterdam in 1705, and reprinted posthumously with additional plates in 1719, the Metamorphosis applies Merian's expertise as an artist and entrepreneur to her careful observation of South American plants and animals and their transformations over time. The work stands out among the JCB's materials relating to natural history and New World exploration for its importance in the history of women in science. | <urn:uuid:45c50dff-6b7e-4581-a832-d2d7dbd42108> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://jcblibrary.org/collection/dissertatio-de-generatione-et-metamorphosibus-insectorum-surinamensium | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.926276 | 177 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Some of us overdo things with shakes and powders, some with 2 pound steaks. Others love sweets too much and don’t eat much protein. Like all the diet factors in stone and bone disease, protein intake is complex. Certainly, we all need protein in our diet but how much? Experts debate the best course, and patients wonder what to do.
Abraham van Beijeren was, by the way, little recognized in his day but now considered a major painter of ‘luxuries’ like this standing roast. I chose it, as opposed to others more brilliant, because it looks modern – I have seen something like it on my own dining room table.
In preparing this article I have made considerable use of the analyses performed by professor Tanis Fenton. She graciously read and edited the article up to the details of renal physiology, and the work much benefitted from her expertise which I gratefully acknowledge here. All errors are entirely mine, however, should you find any.
How Much Protein Do We Need?
The National Research Council (US) Recommended Dietary Allowances Tenth Edition (1989) suggests (Table 6.4) 0.8 gm/kg of dietary protein for adult men and women.
A subsequent WHO meta analysis of mostly the same underlying data supplemented by more recent studies comes to much the same conclusions, but in perhaps a more nuanced manner. A more recent analytical critique of the whole matter is not remarkably far off in estimates for adults, though pregnancy and childhood seem controversial.
This summary graph from the critique gives a sense of how the protein requirements are set. The median requirement is where about half of all studied subjects were in neutral nitrogen balance – their body protein mass would be stable, a very important matter. The safe population intake is set higher. The safe individual value is high enough enough that 97.5% of the individuals in a population would be in balance: almost all people would not lose protein mass consuming this amount of protein – for example muscle. The ‘Safe population intake’ is set higher. Although the safe individual intake is correct, within a population individual requirements vary, so the recommended level needs to be increased so that 97.5% of the individuals in a population offered that recommendation will be in balance.
That number from the WHO meta-analysis, the safe population intake, is about 1.05 gm/kg body weight/day.
Given the safe individual intake is 0.83 and the upper bound of the intake range is 1.05 gm/kg/d no one should choose a protein intake below 0.83 gm/kg/d and very few need more than 1.05 gm/kg/d unless challenged with unusually high demands for physical work. This means that in helping patients choose a protein intake for stone prevention we work in that range 0.83 – 1.05 mg/kg/d.
The Story in Brief
Because commercial vendors provide a measure, albeit indirect, of protein intake in every 24 hour urine – using the amount of urine urea to calculate the protein catabolic rate (PCR) in gm protein/kg body weight/d – patients know their intake and can control it by diet. This measure is applicable to healthy people who are neither gaining or losing protein mass.
Like sugar, protein loads raise urine calcium, and urine calcium is a major risk factor for stone formation. Low protein intake may reduce urine calcium but is bad for overall health. Whether or not high protein intake raise urine calcium at the expense of bone integrity is fiercely debated right now. Low protein intake is not good for bone.
So with respect to protein intake stone treatment steers between too high and too low.
I could just tell remind you that the high and low markers for normal people – not otherwise compelled to high or low protein diets – are between 0.8 and 1 gm/kg/d and be done, but that is not my way. I believe understanding is the key to long term treatment and encourage patients to read about protein. Physicians already know everything I write about, but many way enjoy a ride through a familiar and charming countryside.
Protein Imposes an Acid Load
For several generations we have known that the sulfur containing amino acids cystine and methionine produce an acid load and that rising diet protein acid loads correlate with increased urine calcium excretion. Giving acid loads experimentally increases urine calcium excretion.
Some believe acid loads promote bone fractures by mobilizing bone mineral stores and that alkali treatments prevent this form of bone loss. Others believe that the protein increases urine calcium by increasing intestinal calcium absorption and does not adversely affect bone,
Fenton and her colleagues performed what I think is a rigorous ‘meta-analysis’ of studies available up to 2006 concerning effects of acid load on the urine calcium excretion. The acid loads were varied by variation of diet protein, by giving alkali such as potassium citrate and by giving acid loads like ammonium chloride – a purely experimental strategy. No matter how acid load was varied urine calcium varied linearly.
The points on this graph are from Table 2 of her paper. I have redrawn her figure to suit my taste. My data set is available for others.
The negative changes in net acid load are from alkali loading such as potassium citrate. The changes from, as an example, 50 mEq of alkali – the -50 position on the horizontal axis – corresponds to a fall of about 50 mg/d of urine calcium.
In my article on prevention of calcium stones, we found the effect of potassium citrate corrected for urine sodium was in fact -92 mg/d, which is very close to the results from this large analysis (see page 8 of the statistical analysis linked from the article).
Acid Loads Apart From Protein Raise Urine Calcium
I would be remiss to leave matters as if Fenton’s meta-analysis were a sufficient guide to this vast literature. Her approach emphasizes the quality of the human trials. Another review more emphasizes the underlying technical problems of assessing net acid base balance. In this work acid base balance was altered by NH4Cl (closed triangles), methionine (open triangles), egg white (*), beef (closed circles), soy protein (open circles), deprived of KHCO3 (+), given KHCO3 (closed squares), or given NaHCO3 by replacing some of the dietary NaCl and maintaining Na intake constant (open squares).
Despite the differing formalisms and even scientific instincts of the investigators who reviewed the topic (the one a group of skilled analysts, the other a group of expert acid base physiologists) the overall result is amazingly uniform. For example at about -50 net acid excretion, there would be about 50 mg less urine calcium and at about 200 mEq of extra acid about 300 mg more urine calcium in both studies alike.
Whereas the Fenton points easily fit a linear regression, the larger range of the Lemann review shows the response is not linear but has a curving character. If you look closely at the Fenton points there is indeed a slight sag around 0 meaning that perhaps a curving regression might have a higher multiple R2.
The point of showing all this is obvious: However you review the papers, acid loads increase and alkali loads reduce urine calcium, meaning this is a vigorous phenomenon, not some houseplant that cannot stand up to the weather. It has been found in many laboratories over many decades, in humans – shown in these two figures – and animals alike.
Does Protein Itself Raise Urine Calcium?
By this one must mean does a change in diet protein raise urine calcium more than would a corresponding increase in net acid load from some other source. Alternatively, it could mean what happens if one gives a protein load with enough alkali to offset the acid from the protein.
Four studies appear to fit the needs for data in that they are trials of protein loading in a rather pure form, using foods and with considerable care for total nutrition. Of these, one used alkali to offset the protein acid load. The points taken from these additional reports are here.
The Fenton data are in a faded blue, for visual contrast. The protein load studies are in red. The pentagon and diamond are protein load +KCl and the same protein load + K Citrate in a single trial.
In these trials, protein intake was varied over a two fold range, mostly from about 1 to about 2 gm/kg/day.
More or less the data fall on the Fenton plot.
In the one special trial it is obvious that the K Citrate (diamond) lowered the change in NAE without affecting the change in urine calcium. So it is possible to dissociate a protein effect from its acid base effect within the controlled environment of a trial. Given the modest quantitative changes in NAE it is possible that natural variability of urine calcium excretion might have permitted apparent stability despite the lack of a change in NAE in one point and a significant increase of NAE in the other, but the statistical testing is based on the observed variability and gave a low probability from chance alone.
Essentially the trial of diamonds and pentagons tells us that protein itself has a renal effect on calcium handling.
Does Diet Acid Load Damage Bone?
I am not so unwise – being an expert in stone disease not bone disease – to enter into this debate on my own. All I can do is present recent reviews by the real experts who do not seem to have convinced one another.
Meta analyses up to 2011
Fenton has performed what appears to be a rigorous screening of available balance studies concerning the effects of acid loads and protein intake. She culled out eight studies that met the criteria used by the Institute of Medicine in their assessment of dietary requirements for calcium and vitamin D. Her dataset is not presently available to me but I have replotted her summary data in a manner I find ideal for this site.
The abbreviated names refer to her Table 2 in the reference. The data I extracted and plotted are here.
Change in calcium balance does not vary importantly with change in protein intake (upper left panel) nor at all with change in net acid excretion (NAE) from the protein amounts and types (upper right panel). There is perhaps a slight inverse relationship between change in balance and change in urine calcium (lower left panel) and, as in less curated studies shown above, a marked direct relationship between urine calcium and NAE (lower right panel).
The only way balance (upper right panel) can be indifferent to change in NAE and yet inverse on urine calcium which is itself dependent on NAE is that changes of intestinal calcium absorption make up the difference from calcium lost in the urine. One presumes this but proof may be beyond the resolution of calcium absorption measurements.
Balance Data after 2011
At least one important research group performed what appeared to be a fine balance study in which potassium citrate was given to neutralize diet acid load and calcium balance was measured by an expert in such work. The data for urine calcium and balance are in mg/day and I simply transformed them to mmol/d for graphing purposes.
The way the new study was performed was to compare change in NAE and both urine calcium (left panel) or calcium balance (right panel) after 6 months of treatment with placebo, or with 60 or 90 mEq/d of potassium citrate. I have plotted the new study points in red over the Fenton analysis in blue and have removed linear smoothers for clarity.
In a sense all of the studies agree about urine calcium. A change in NAE gives rise to a reasonably stable and predictable change in urine calcium here as in the much larger data sets I already reviewed.
For balance (right panel), the placebo and 60 mEq potassium citrate points are not out of range of the other studies Fenton considered although with these two points – and of course their many more internal measurements – there might be a slight inverse relationship between NAE and balance. The single 90 mEq point would make a more powerful negative regression, as is obvious.
Whether or not the Fenton group would consider this study as being of the highest quality I do not know, as I am not a student of meta analysis or of the rather elaborate and – to me at least almost incomprehensible – criteria for ‘high quality’ as opposed to ‘low quality’ studies. But if this study were indeed part of the elect minority it might change opinions.
Perhaps I should say something, however, and it is this. Potassium citrate does lower urine calcium just as acid loads raise it, and so far as I can tell the agent will not worsen bone mineral balances. So in giving it I have no reservations about bone just as I cannot have definitive hopes for better bones as a result, at least right now.
Sodium Intake Affects Urine Calcium Response to Acid
In a prior article I showed the urine calcium lowering effects of potassium citrate were independent of the effects of diet sodium. But those data, and trial data like it are observations. Suppose you give people an acid load so their urine calcium goes up as a result of what you did and also varied sodium intake – a direct experiment, not observations.
I did that, and although others also may have done the same, my experiment was a good one and I like it.
Four people were studied during three control days – points to the left on the graph. They had normal urine calcium excretions (lower panel), normal serum PTH levels (middle panel) and normal serum total calcium (upper panel filled circles) and ionized calcium (open circles). That is what one expects from normal people.
I gave them ammonium chloride which is an acid load, and as you might expect by now their urine calcium should go up. But, I also lowered their sodium intake to 40 – 80 mEq daily (average about 1500 mg) and – take a look – urine calcium did not change.
Their blood became distinctly acidic – you will have to look at the paper. The calcium ion rose and the total calcium fell because the acidity tends to liberate calcium ion from binding to blood proteins and from phosphate complexes.
I then raised the diet sodium to about 200 mEq (4000 mg) and there was the urine calcium increase. Serum PTH went up, too, perhaps because the kidneys were losing calcium.
All of this experimental data emphasize the importance of diet sodium. Given our protein intake imposes a tonic acid load, low sodium diet should presumably act as it did here and lower the calcium losses acid loading may well create. In a well performed study of bone mineral balance in menopausal women, it was the combination of reduced sodium intake and increased calcium intake that brought bone mineral balance into a positive range.
Given this, I would add to my prior statement that low sodium diet is itself safe for otherwise normal people and is likely to benefit bone health, or at least do no harm to bones.
How Does Acid Base Change Alter Renal Calcium Handling?
A Fair Warning
What comes is technical.
Physicians and scientists know this material and can read it fluently. If you are not one of those, you can read what is coming and find is very interesting. I avoid jargon, and explain things reasonably well.
However response to acid or alkali loads is a fundamental property of kidneys, crucial for life, deeply embedded in the way they function and elaborated and refined by millions of years of evolutionary biology. It is, therefore, elegant in its way and hard to grasp.
Many investigators have shown that chronic acid administration raises urine calcium by reducing tubule calcium reabsorption. My data are as good as any to illustrate the point.
Here are the same four people from the graph just above. The vertical axis shows urine calcium excretion and the x axis shows the measured filtered load of calcium, the rate at which calcium is being filtered out of blood into the fluid moving down the tubules of the kidneys.
At any filtered load, urine calcium was lowest when people ate a low sodium diet without an acid load (closed circles). High sodium diet without acid raised urine calcium, as expected (filled triangles). Chronic acid load with low sodium diet lowered filtered load (open triangles are to the left of the filled triangles) but urine calcium was slightly higher.
High sodium and acid load caused very high urine calcium excretion at any filtered load – reduced tubule calcium reabsorption.
Let me put this into perspective. In other articles about treatment I have shown you much the same thing. Sodium raises urine calcium and that is why low sodium diet is a good treatment for stones. Moreover, the effect of sodium on urine calcium is far more marked in stone formers with idiopathic hypercalciuria than in normal people. What I show here is that acid loading makes normal people behave like those with IH – urine calcium becomes overly sodium dependent. The high sodium diet raises the urine calcium far more than it could without the without the acid load – the sodium load + acid load points are far above the other points.
We have already taken trips down the nephron. For those who have forgotten the road, here is a good review. The nephron tour begins at about page 3 of the link.
Likewise here is a good review of what is to come concerning how kidneys respond to acid loads. Read it later.
What I have Said Already
In the oxalate review noted just above we focused on SLC26a6, which can permit chloride and oxalate or other negatively charged species to move through the cell membrane facing the tubule fluid. In another article we considered the citrate transporter that faces the same way and reclaims filtered citrate. That transporter is regulated by acid and alkali and I presented the outlines of that regulation.
As part of the citrate article I introduced NHE3, a sodium hydrogen exchanger that moves protons into the tubule fluid, reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate, and also moves ammonium ion (NH4+) out into the lumen.
Chronic acid loading increases NHE3 and therefore proton transport and therefore the completeness of bicarbonate reabsorption. This latter means less alkali (bicarbonate) can be lost in the urine – and is instead returned to the blood to counteract the acid load. Also less is present in later parts of the nephron. This means that protons secreted into the tubule fluid downstream are not used up reabsorbing bicarbonate but can flow into the urine as acid excretion.
The article also told us that acid loads increase the conversion of glutamine, an amino acid, to α-Ketogluterate which process takes up protons thus generating alkali. The extra ammonia from the nitrogens of glutamine is moved into the tubule fluid by NHE3 and migrates downstream. Eventually much of it leaves in the urine. We say the sum of the protons titrating phosphate and the ammonia in the urine are the net acid excretion (NAE), which we spoke of in relation to protein acid loads in this article. The ammonia counts as acid lost because metabolism of the α -Ketogluterate produces new bicarbonate.
What about Sodium?
As NHE3 moves protons into the tubule fluid to titrate bicarbonate and therefore reabsorb most of what was filtered, it reabsorbs a sodium ion for each proton secreted (therefore called a sodium hydrogen exchanger). That sodium is transported out of the cells at the blood side of the cell by the ancient and universal sodium potassium active transporter (ATPase) and reenters the blood. In fact one might point out that NHE3 runs off the sodium current created by the ATPase.
NHE3 is like a revolving door with people coming in and coming out but those coming in are doing all the pushing. This is because the sodium concentration in the cell is kept very low by the ATPase so there is a driving force favoring sodium entry into the cells from the tubule fluid.
In the process of reabsorbing sodium, the proximal tubule reabsorbs bicarbonate via NHE3. This reabsorption of bicarbonate makes the concentration of bicarbonate in the tubule fluid lower than that in the blood. The proximal tubule cells are linked together by junctions that are rather water permeable, so as sodium and bicarbonate are reabsorbed water will move with its dissolved salts back into the blood. There is more to this, but perhaps I can add it later.
Effects of Acidosis on Sodium Reabsorption
This should be simple. More NHE3 from acid means more sodium reabsorption and more bicarbonate reabsorption, therefore more water reabsorption. So proximal tubule sodium reabsorption will go up. In the proximal tubule, calcium is reabsorbed almost completely passively – meaning along with sodium. Therefore with acid loading calcium reabsorption will also go up.
But that is not what happens.
Chronic metabolic acidosis in rats produced by ammonium chloride administration, reduces sodium reabsorption in both the proximal tubule and along the nephron downstream from the proximal tubule. There is no increase in filtration of sodium but rather a reduction of tubule reabsorption. This means that calcium reabsorption would necessarily be reduced. In fact, I just showed you in my own experiment how acid loads reduce calcium reabsorption.
How can it be that NHE3 can increase and yet sodium – and therefore calcium – reabsorption go down?
This problem led to an important experiment in animals.The rats were given acid loads and as expected bicarbonate reabsorption increased significantly. But, there was trouble with respect to chloride – an element we have not as yet mentioned.
Sodium reabsorption via NHE3 is limited by the fact that only 20% or less of the sodium filtered uses bicarbonate as its counter ion – negative ion to balance the positive charge on sodium. The rest – a majority – uses chloride, and I did not say how chloride is reabsorbed. It is in fact reabsorbed passively in part because of the sodium bicarbonate reabsorption; as bicarbonate is reabsorbed with sodium and water more and more of the sodium left behind is with chloride so the concentration of chloride rises compared to blood. This chemical concentration difference causes chloride to move back into the blood, but through what can it pass?
It moves through chloride exchangers – more revolving doors, and one of these is our old friend SLC26a6, the oxalate transporter.
What if that transporter is not working right?
You would find what was found in these rats. Sodium bicarbonate reabsorption was above normal when the rats were loaded with acid but chloride oxalate exchange was not functioning. This means that sodium chloride reabsorption could not proceed at a normal rate so neither could sodium chloride and water reabsorption – or calcium reabsorption.
In this bar graph, the control rat kidney cell membrane transport of chloride (vertical axis) rose markedly when oxalate was added – black bars so labeled. Membranes from the acid loaded rats lost their oxalate response. Another pathway, chloride formate exchange, was also abolished.
When sodium reabsorption is thus limited, calcium reabsorption is also limited, and therefore the stage is set to deliver more calcium downstream as without acidosis, and potentially more out into the urine.
This oxalate requiring transporter is SLC2a6, our friend from oxalate days. One must wonder if acid base changes affect renal oxalate handling.
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
I am skipping over the thin and thick ascending limbs of the loop of Henle. Though dear to me, there is a powerful effect of acid in the DCT that can greatly affect urine calcium excretion and this article can be only so long
We have not much spoken about the cells here, but I will tell you that they have a protein in them that can ferry calcium through the cell from the urine side to the blood side and a transporter to move calcium out of the cells into the blood.
Most importantly they have a gated transporter that controls entry of calcium into the cells, bearing the stately name TRPV5.
When the outsides of the cells are made alkaline, more of these transporters are moved into the cell membranes facing into the tubule fluid.
Transporters moved from just inside cell membranes into the membranes themselves show up here as the colored splotches in these images of single cells. The whole experiment is over 400 seconds. The pH of the medium bathing the cells was raised, and then lowered again. During the high pH period the transporter entered the membranes and could therefore increase calcium entry.
Chronic acid loading lowers the pH in blood slightly and lowers the pH in the fluid delivered to the DCT – because bicarbonate reabsorption in proximal tubule is more complete. This in turn will reduce membrane TRPV5 and therefore less calcium can enter the cells and move back into the blood.
The transporter can be put into a larger host cell than its native DCT cell so its function can be studied in isolation. When this is done, one can demonstrate that the pH outside the cell controls the entry of calcium.
In this experiment the transporter is anchored in the membrane, so the effects on calcium transport are related to the intrinsic carrying capacity of the transporter itself. As the pH is lowered (pHe, x axis) the calcium entry falls from 100% (at pH 9) to nearly 0. The solid line labeled ‘WT’ shows results for the normal transporter (wild type) whereas E522Q refers to a transporter genetically modified so as to alter the pH receptor at amino acid 522.
The pH range of interest is of course not from 9 to 4, but from about 8 to 4.5 which is the range over which the tubule fluid pH might vary. When alkali loads are
given, potassium citrate as an example, the tubule fluid pH can easily be as high as 7 or more because protons are added downstream from DCT in the collecting ducts. This could permit alkali loads to increase calcium reabsorption markedly without necessarily a corresponding increase in urine pH. WIth acid loads the fluid reaching the DCT would be more acid than normal because proximal tubule bicarbonate reabsorption is more complete via the increase in NHE3 that acid loads produce.
TRPV5 is regulated by many factors other than acid base change and therefore urine calcium itself is multiply regulated. Here is an excellent review that lists some of the important regulators. In other articles I will explore these additional regulators.
Synthesis – Clinical Recommendations
Protein is more or less the acid load to which most of us are exposed lifelong who eat a Western diet. All carnivores and omnivores like ourselves have adapted to this kind of acid load over vast expanses of evolutionary time, and the systems we have that are affected by acid loads and can respond to acid loads include the kidneys, no doubt the GI tract – that can secrete bicarbonate, for example – and bone. It is partly because diet protein imposes an acid load that potassium citrate is a useful medication. It neutralizes that acid load and in so doing lowers urine calcium losses and potentially raises urine citrate losses. Given in amounts above net acid load, it imposes an alkali load that can in principle lower urine calcium further.
As for diet protein, the correct amount is certainly that recommended by WHO: between 0.8 and 1 gm/kg body weight/day. Very high intakes are not unpopular, and if pursued will raise urine calcium and stone risk. For various reasons, some may wish or need to use such diets. Probably potassium alkali will reduce urine calcium to some extent by offsetting the acid load. The one experiment that employed protein loading and potassium alkali, however, showed that urine calcium rose anyway, so alkali cannot be relied upon to compensate for high protein diet.
Sodium and acid interact as if partly independent of each other, in that acid load raises urine calcium at any level of sodium excretion presumably by varying filtration and proximal tubule reabsorption via pathways separate from chloride exchange. That makes low sodium diet and alkali a powerful synergistic approach to stone prevention. Possibly low sodium diet will reduce the increase of urine calcium from high protein diet; this has not been tested.
Although protein can raise urine calcium, it is unclear if spontaneous variation of diet protein raises stone risk on average. In his male cohort studies, Curhan found at most a weak and variable association between diet protein intake and stone onset. There have been no convincing trials showing that low protein diet reduces stone production.
Whether alkali spares bone mineral loss from diet protein is a vexed issue because the range of acid load from food is modest and balance changes might be lost in the general variability of the measurement. One cannot therefore recommend chronic alkali for bone health or condemn meat eating as a sure path to bone disease. With time perhaps this important matter will become clearer. But, there is no obvious benefit to high sodium intakes and high sodium intake certainly did interfere with the achievement of bone mineral uptake in at least one well done study, so the use of reduced sodium diet – 65 to 100 mEq (1500 to 2300 mg) daily – is prudent and should be a national health measure. | <urn:uuid:d0c84606-54c1-4da8-9d17-8a89ca89bb19> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://kidneystones.uchicago.edu/2016/09/09/does-too-much-protein-increase-stones-or-damage-bones/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.943438 | 6,153 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Numerous standards and regulations have been proposed in order to guarantee the safety of people and the installation of electrical appliances. In fact, electrical shock, known as electrocution, is at the top of the list of domestic accidents.
In principle, the safety of people against these electric shocks is based on the combination of a main protective system (protection against any possible direct contact) and additional protection measures in the event of a fault. The latter is used for the protection against indirect contact, and ensured by the combination of an earthing system and protection by automatic power cut-off (e.g., differential protection).
Installing earth rods, earth grid, ring conductor or any other combination of conductors, there are several earthing techniques that we can use. Figure 1 shows three examples of components widely used in earthing systems.
Earthing is an important component of an electrical system because of reasons such as the safe dissipation of undesired currents into the soil. In addition, earthing allows other protective systems to operate effectively. For instance, it allows the circuit breaker or residual‑current device to protect you if there is a fault in your electrical installation where you could get an electric shock should you touch an energised metal part.
Indeed, earthing systems remain the first thing to consider when creating any electrical circuit or when wanting to protect any installation or system. It is also important in terms of protection against lightning discharges – direct and indirect effects of lightning.
In a well-designed system, all conductive components and services, such as water and gas pipes, power, telecommunications and data cables would be connected to a single earth bonding bar (equipotential bonding). Which, in turn, would be connected to the earth termination system as represented in Figure 2.
Equipotential bonding can be achieved through direct connection utilising bonds, clamps and conductors which link the various metallic services and parts of the structure to earth bars. In this situation, earth bars act as collection points for the various bonds and their subsequent connection to the earthing system. Thus, it can be called equipotential earth bar with regard to its role in this example.
In the same context, we can also find earth bars in lightning protection systems as shown in Figure 3. In fact, lightning protection earthing systems are often segregated from power earthing, but might be bonded under specific circumstances.
The first important piece of information to know may be the position of the earth bar in earthing systems. Normally, it is located between the earth-termination system and the electrical panel distribution block in the internal protective systems. As shown in Figure 3, the earth bar is an electrical connection located between the down conductor of the external lightning protection system and just before the earth termination system.
In both cases, the earth bar position is selected in order to help engineers to make a cut in the circuit for measuring the resistance of the earthing installation, checking the effectiveness of the protective earthing system. For this role, it is also called a cut-off earth bar or earth measurement bar.
An earthing bar is too simply a solid metal plate with multiple holes to which wiring is connected to using crimp lugs and bolts. Regarding the variety of roles that it can play, Kingsmill Industries have offered several designs to meet the requirements of the protective systems in any given installation. Figure 4 illustrates three different earth bars.
Outgoing ways enable the earth connection to be isolated from the test link.
Standard test links are supplied on all Kingsmill Earth Bars unless outgoing ways are requested
Parallel and Staggered Fixings:
Parallel and staggered fixings are typically used when there are space restrictions impacting on the installation of the Earth Bar.
Fixings and No-fixings:
Earth Bars can be supplied with and without fixings. In addition, options include punched holes, tapped holes or plain bars.
Our high-performance range includes standard, single-linked and twin-linked Earth Bars and can also be manufactured to your own specifications.
Kingsmill Industries supply all earth bars on metallic bases. We can also supply galvanised and hot-dipped galvanised bases for use in external or more humid environments.
Want to know more about earth bars? Check out our guide. | <urn:uuid:58835c0b-0358-4b69-9a2b-6865bd69d979> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://kingsmillindustries.com/importance-of-an-earth-bar-in-the-earthing-system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.924458 | 871 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Water is one of the most essential resources on our planet. It has countless uses, from drinking and cooking to agriculture and manufacturing. However, when it comes to measuring water, things can get a bit confusing. One common question that arises is how many liters are in a gallon of water? This may seem like a simple question, but the answer can vary depending on where you are in the world. In this blog post, we’ll explore the different conversions between gallons and liters, and help you understand the relationship between these two measurements.
Understanding the conversion
To understand the conversion between gallons and liters, it’s important to have a grasp on the concept of measurement. Measurement is the process of determining the quantity, dimensions, or extent of something. In the case of liquid measurements, we use units such as gallons and liters to determine how much liquid we have.
A gallon is a unit of volume used in the United States customary system and the British imperial system. It is equivalent to 3.78541 liters. On the other hand, a liter is a metric unit of volume that is defined as the volume of a cube with sides equal to one decimeter (0.1 meter).
When it comes to converting gallons to liters, the conversion rate is straightforward. One gallon is equal to 3.78541 liters. This means that if you have 5 gallons of water, you can convert it to liters by multiplying the number of gallons by 3.78541. The result will be the number of liters you have, which in this case would be 18.92705 liters. Similarly, if you have 10 liters of water, you can convert it to gallons by dividing the number of liters by 3.78541. The result will be the number of gallons you have, which in this case would be 2.64172 gallons.
Understanding the conversion between gallons and liters can be useful in many situations, whether you’re cooking, filling up your car, or measuring liquids for scientific experiments. Knowing the conversion rate can save you time and ensure that you’re using the right amount of liquid for your needs.
What is a gallon of water?
A gallon is a unit of measurement used to quantify liquid volume. It is commonly used in the United States, particularly for measuring gasoline, milk, and water. In the case of water, a gallon is defined as 128 fluid ounces or approximately 3.785 liters.
Water itself is an essential substance that makes up around 71% of the Earth’s surface and is vital for life on our planet. It is colorless, odorless, and tasteless and can exist in three different forms: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor).
When we talk about a gallon of water, we refer to the amount of water that fits into a container or vessel that measures one gallon. This measurement is equivalent to 3.785 liters, which is the standard unit of volume in the metric system.
In the United States, using gallons to measure liquid volume is still prevalent, but most other countries have adopted the metric system, which uses liters as the primary unit of measurement. However, gallons are still used in some industries globally, such as the fuel industry, where gasoline is sold by the gallon.
Understanding what a gallon of water means is crucial when you need to measure water or any other liquid accurately. Whether you’re cooking, brewing coffee, or watering your plants, knowing how much water you need can make all the difference. So next time you encounter the term “gallon of water,” you’ll know precisely what it means!
What is a liter of water?
A liter is a unit of measurement used to quantify volume. It is commonly used in the metric system and is defined as the volume of one kilogram of water.
Water is a unique substance because it has a density of 1 gram per milliliter, which means that 1 liter of water weighs exactly 1 kilogram or 1000 grams. This makes water an ideal reference for measuring volume.
A liter of water is equivalent to approximately 33.8 fluid ounces or 4.2 cups of water. It is important to note that although a liter of water always contains the same volume, the weight may vary depending on the temperature and pressure.
When measuring liquids, it is essential to use accurate and precise tools such as measuring cups or graduated cylinders. These instruments are calibrated to ensure that the proper amount of liquid is measured, which is especially important when baking or cooking.
In summary, a liter is a unit of measurement used to measure volume, and a liter of water is equivalent to approximately 33.8 fluid ounces or 4.2 cups. Remember to use accurate measuring tools to get the most precise results when measuring liquids.
The conversion rate
The Conversion Rate
When it comes to understanding how many liters are in a gallon of water, the key lies in understanding the conversion rate between the two units of measurement. In the metric system, liters and milliliters are used to measure liquids, while the imperial system uses gallons and fluid ounces.
To convert gallons to liters, you need to know the conversion rate between these two measurements. One US gallon is equal to approximately 3.785 liters, while one UK gallon is equal to approximately 4.546 liters. This means that if you have a volume of water measured in gallons, you can easily convert it to liters by multiplying the number of gallons by the conversion rate for the specific type of gallon you are using.
For example, if you have 5 gallons of water that you want to convert to liters, you would multiply 5 by 3.785 (for the US gallon) or 4.546 (for the UK gallon). This would give you the equivalent volume of water in liters, which would be 18.925 liters for the US gallon or 22.73 liters for the UK gallon.
Understanding the conversion rate between gallons and liters can also be helpful when you are traveling to a country that uses a different measurement system than your own. By knowing how to convert between these two units of measurement, you can easily calculate how much water you need to buy or use for various tasks.
In conclusion, understanding the conversion rate between gallons and liters is essential for anyone who wants to be able to accurately measure liquids. By memorizing the conversion rates and practicing converting between these two units of measurement, you can become more confident in your ability to accurately measure and use liquids in a variety of settings.
Understanding the conversion from gallons to liters is an essential skill for many different applications, including cooking, science, and industry. In this blog post, we have learned that a gallon is equivalent to 3.78541 liters, and this conversion rate is critical to understanding volume measurements accurately. We also explored what a gallon of water is and what a liter of water is and how they differ.
Knowing how many liters are in a gallon of water can help you make informed decisions when measuring liquids, whether you need it for your recipe or experiment. It’s important to keep in mind that different countries use different measurement systems, so understanding conversions is crucial when working with international partners or traveling abroad.
In conclusion, understanding the conversion rate between gallons and liters is an essential aspect of proper measurement. By knowing how many liters are in a gallon of water, you can ensure accuracy and precision in your measurements, resulting in successful outcomes in your project or endeavor. Keep in mind that practice makes perfect, so don’t be afraid to try different conversions until you feel confident in your ability to convert between these two units of measurement. | <urn:uuid:5c27077c-d7f4-4b62-8353-ecd42e0555ed> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://letxa.com/convert-gallons-to-liters-how-many-liters-is-a-gallon-of-water/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.944805 | 1,587 | 3.21875 | 3 |
First responders haunted by 9/11 terrorism for 20 years to be treated with minute doses of electricity
Twenty years after the 9/11 terror attacks on the United States, survivors still suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder—PTSD—a condition that New York researchers will attempt to control through bioelectronic medicine, delivered as imperceptible pulses of electricity from "ear buds" in patients' ears.
While the treatment may seem like science fiction, PTSD is one of several human disorders that a cadre of elite medical investigators believes can be treated via the emerging discipline of bioelectronic medicine. The 20th century introduced a vast array of pharmaceutical interventions for an imponderable number of medical disorders. The 21st century, these scientists say, could very well be the biolectronic era in which patients are treated with imperceptibly tiny pulses of electricity.
Researchers at the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research in Manhasset, New York, are embarking on a clinical trial that will test an in-the-ear device that emits doses of electricity to banish symptoms of PTSD. The small trial will recruit 35 volunteers, all of whom were first responders following the World Trade Center attack in New York City on September 11, 2001.
On that day, members of the militant Islamic terrorist group known as al-Qaeda, hijacked U.S. commercial airliners and struck multiple targets. Hijackers flew two planes, 17 minutes apart, into the 110-story twin towers, causing each massive building to collapse. The terrorists also flew a hijacked plane into the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., and yet another terrorist-commandeered plane crashed into a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania.
Death and severe injuries were seared into the memories of survivors. While the 9/11 attacks are events in history for most of the world, for many survivors, it's a day of mass casualties still vividly relived. Feinstein scientists hope to break new ground with a bioelectronic strategy that addresses patients' PTSD by directing tiny doses of electricity to a key nerve that emanates in the brain.
"PTSD is a psychiatric disorder that may occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event, such as a terrorist attack, war, natural disaster, sexual violence, or who have been threatened with death, violence or serious injury," said Dr. Rebecca Schwartz, an associate professor of occupational medicine, epidemiology and prevention. She is investigating PTSD and bioelectronic medicine at the Feinstein.
"Symptoms of PTSD may include having intense, disturbing thoughts or feelings related to their traumatic experience that continue long after the trauma has ended," added Schwartz, who is also a clinical research psychologist.
She said there are several treatments for PTSD that "have been empirically validated as effective therapies." These include several psychiatric medications and various forms of psychotherapy. Among them: cognitive processing therapy; prolonged exposure therapy, and eye movement desensitization reprocessing. In the latter, patients focus on a negative thought, memory or image as the therapist simultaneously asks the patient to make specific eye movements.
But researchers at the Feinstein are attempting to address PTSD in a different way, and are launching a randomized controlled trial of a bioelectronic treatment designed specifically for PTSD in World Trade Center first responders. The clinical study is supported by a two-year, $700,000 grant from the National Institutes of Health and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. If successful—and scientists involved in the project have high hopes that it will be—the treatment will mark the first use of tiny pulses of electricity to treat PTSD.
Bioelectronic medicine is an emerging treatment strategy pioneered at the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, but studied by a growing number of investigators worldwide. Feinstein scientists theorize that infinitesimal pulses of electricity can be used to correct a vast number of medical disorders, especially conditions that have inflammation at their core. Clinical studies conducted in Europe in recent years have shown, for example, that bioelectronic medicine can successfully treat rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. A study at the Feinstein a few years ago treated lupus—an autoimmune condition characterized by inflammation—using a bioelectronic protocol.
In each of those studies, whether conducted at home or abroad, doctors relied on minute doses of electrical stimuli to mitigate debilitating symptoms. All of the disorders were treated by stimulating the vagus nerve, which will be the target in the PTSD research, as well.
Dr. Kevin Tracey, president and chief executive of the Feinstein Institutes, and a global pioneer in bioelectronic medicine, theorized more than two decades ago that using bioelectronic medicine to stimulate the vagus nerve could help control a wide spectrum of human maladies.
The form of bioelectronic medicine designed to address PTSD among World Trade Center first responders is known as transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS). This non-invasive therapy targets the vagus nerve through devices that fit in each ear.
"The vagus nerve is one of the major cranial nerves and connects the brain to the majority of our peripheral organs," explained Schwartz, who will collaborate with the staff at the Northwell Health Queens World Trade Center Health Program in Queens, N.Y., to conduct the PTSD research.
"Bioelectronic medicine and specifically vagus nerve stimulation—VNS—can potentially benefit treatment of psychiatric disorders, partly due to its projections [the vagus nerve] to brain areas that have been linked to the psychosomatic origins of anxiety," Schwartz said. "Brain areas such as the amygdala and hippocampus that have been reported to be involved in the hardwired fear and stress response, are also anatomically connected to the vagus nerve."
Dr. Theodoros Zanos, an assistant professor in the Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine at the Feinstein, is an expert in the evolving class of devices that treat human medical conditions in an innovative way.
Going into the research Zanos said the aim was to focus the auricle, the outer part of the ear. "Specific parts of the auricle are innervated by the vagus nerve, providing a route to interact with it in a non-invasive way," Zanos said.
The system that will allow the world's first investigation of treating PTSD with extraordinarily low pulses of electricity was designed by Nesos Corporation, which started working on versions of the system in 2018, Zanos told Medical Xpress.
"The device has two "ear buds" that are personalized—molded—to fit both ears of the user optimally, much like custom ear monitors used by musicians. These ear buds are connected to a stimulator that provides the current to stimulate the auricle at a specific location.
"The patients will operate the device through a phone remotely connected to the device and they will turn the device on and off using the phone," Zanos said. "The amplitude—or level—of stimulation is also personalized to each patient, chosen to be right below what we call the sensory threshold, meaning enough electricity so that the user doesn't feel anything.
"This has been chosen in order to optimize the amount of electricity delivered to the auricle, while maintaining proper "blinding" of the participants, meaning each participant doesn't know if they are part of the treatment or control group," Zanos said.
Participants in the research won't be able to change the dosage of electricity being delivered, he added, but they will be able to turn the system on and off.
Schwartz noted: "They will have the device at home and will be instructed to use it twice a day for 15 minutes each time," she said of each stimulation in which electrical pulses will be delivered to the vagus nerve.
Scientists see this method of addressing psychiatric conditions as having great promise. Vagus nerve stimulation could potentially benefit psychiatric disorders by "downregulating activity in brain regions related to stress responses and hyperarousal," Schwartz said.
In addition, certain brain regions also play a major role in inflammation, both in the brain and periphery, mainly due to their direct and indirect connections to the vagus nerve. "Inflammation both in the body and brain have been shown to evoke neural responses in the vagus nerve, and are believed to elicit neural changes leading to various psychological difficulties, such as depression and anxiety, in addition to inflammatory diseases of the body as well as neurodegenerative disease.
"Finally, various studies have established a relationship between PTSD and systemic inflammation, suggesting that PTSD is underpinned by the presence of a systemic low-grade inflammatory state," Schwartz said.
© 2021 Science X Network | <urn:uuid:f79b39e8-5060-4a6d-a056-bfdd5cd26283> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-09-terrorism-years-minute-doses-electricity.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.953627 | 1,765 | 2.890625 | 3 |
While diabetes has a significant impact on the body’s overall health, it can also have a significant effect on oral health and wellness. In this blog post, we’ll explore how diabetes affects oral health, what can be done to keep diabetes in check, and the importance of open communication with dental professionals.
How Diabetes Affects Oral Health and Overall Wellness
Diabetes can increase the risk of various oral health problems, including gum disease, dry mouth, oral thrush, and tooth decay. This is because high levels of glucose in the blood can lead to increased bacteria growth in the mouth, making it harder to fight off infections.
Understanding Type 1 vs. Type 2 Diabetes is Essential for Oral Health
There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2. While both types of diabetes can impact oral health, there are some key differences between the two.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder where the body attacks the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. As a result, people with type 1 diabetes must take insulin injections or use an insulin pump to manage their blood glucose levels.
Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes and is often caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors. People with type 2 diabetes may be able to manage their condition through lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet and regular exercise, or through medication.
Challenges Facing Dental Professionals
Dental professionals face unique challenges when treating people with diabetes. For example, if the disease is uncontrolled, patients may be more prone to infection and have slower healing times, making dental procedures more challenging. Additionally, some medications can cause dry mouth or other oral health issues.
In the case of type 1 diabetes, dental professionals may need to work closely with the patient’s healthcare team to ensure that blood glucose levels are stable and well-controlled during dental procedures. People with type 1 who take insulin may need to adjust their insulin dosage or timing of injections to account for the stress of dental procedures or the use of local anesthesia. Additionally, dental professionals may need to schedule appointments for times when the patient’s blood glucose levels are more stable.
For people with type 2, dental professionals may need to be aware of any medications the patient is taking and their potential side effects. Some medications used to treat type 2, such as metformin, can cause dry mouth, which can increase the risk of oral health problems. In these cases, dental professionals may recommend products to help increase saliva production or suggest frequent sips of water during appointments. Additionally, lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise may be a part of the patient’s overall treatment plan, and dental professionals may provide guidance on how these changes can impact oral health.
In both cases, dental professionals may need to provide additional cleanings or more frequent check-ups to help prevent oral health problems associated with diabetes. They may also need to work with the patient’s healthcare team to ensure that any necessary precautions are taken to prevent infection or other complications during dental procedures.
The Importance of Open Communication
It’s essential for people with diabetes to be open and honest about their condition with their dental professionals. This allows dental professionals to provide appropriate care and take necessary precautions, such as adjusting medication dosages or providing additional cleanings. Dental professionals can also provide guidance on how to maintain good oral health and prevent oral health problems associated with diabetes.
Keeping Diabetes in Check
To keep this chronic, ongoing condition in check and reduce the risk of oral health problems, it’s important to maintain good blood glucose control through regular monitoring, medication, and lifestyle changes. Additionally, practicing good oral hygiene, such as brushing and flossing regularly and visiting the dentist for regular cleanings and check-ups, can help to reduce the risk of oral health problems. Contact us today to schedule your appointment and get on the right path to fully managing your total oral wellness! | <urn:uuid:eb2f1846-05cc-4e43-9668-fb119147c8c9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://minimallyinvasiveperio.com/blog/diabetes-and-oral-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.924112 | 804 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The extraordinary development in the digital sphere has led to an increase in the demand for various courses in the area. One such field that the education sector is particularly interested in is computer science. For those who are interested in computers, an M.Sc. in computer science is a career-building course. Those interested in this subject typically hold bachelor's degrees in computer science, computer applications, or a related field.
A M.Sc. in computer science opens up a variety of professional options. Everyone who like computers can benefit from taking this course. In addition, the curriculum, the area of study, compensation, and employment options will all be detailed.
Bachelor's degree in BSc., BCA, BE, or equivalent | <urn:uuid:2b921d04-7b20-4816-8eb4-4b47bf70d3e9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://mlacw.edu.in/programs/master-of-science-computer-science/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.944921 | 147 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Is glucose a carbohydrate?Asked by: Alta Flatley
Score: 4.5/5 (37 votes)
Is glucose carbohydrate or fat?
Carbohydrates are used for energy (glucose). Fats are used for energy after they are broken into fatty acids. Protein can also be used for energy, but the first job is to help with making hormones, muscle, and other proteins. Broken down into glucose, used to supply energy to cells.
What carbohydrate has glucose?
The two main forms of carbs are: simple carbohydrates (or simple sugars): including fructose, glucose, and lactose, which also are found in nutritious whole fruits. complex carbohydrates (or starches): found in foods such as starchy vegetables, whole grains, rice, and breads and cereals.
Is glucose a simple form of carbohydrate?
Monosaccharides are the simplest carbs, in that your body cannot break them down further. This allows your body to absorb them quickly and easily, with the exception of fructose. There are three types of monosaccharides ( 1 ): Glucose: Fruits and vegetables are natural sources of glucose.
Which one is a carbohydrate?
Carbohydrates (also called carbs) are a type of macronutrient found in certain foods and drinks. Sugars, starches and fiber are carbohydrates. Other macronutrients include fat and protein.
Carbohydrates & sugars - biochemistry
What is the two types of carbohydrates?
There are two major types of carbohydrates (or carbs) in foods: simple and complex. Simple carbohydrates: These are also called simple sugars. They're found in refined sugars, like the white sugar you see in a sugar bowl. If you have a lollipop, you're eating simple carbs.
What foods turn into sugar in your body?
Simple carbohydrates are mainly made up of one kind of sugar. They are found in foods, such as white bread, pasta, and candy. The body breaks these carbohydrates down into sugar very quickly, which causes blood sugar levels to rise rapidly.
What do carbohydrates do to blood glucose?
When you eat or drink foods that have carbohydrate—also known as carbs—your body breaks those carbs down into glucose (a type of sugar), which then raises the level of glucose in your blood. Your body uses that glucose for fuel to keep you going throughout the day.
What are the healthiest carbs?
- Brown rice.
- Whole wheat pasta.
What is worse for diabetics sugar or carbs?
The American Diabetes Association states that all carbs will have the same ultimate effect on blood sugar, however, complex carbs, because they are a long string of sugars, will provide a slower rise in blood sugar – after all, it takes some time to break down that long string of sugars into absorbable single sugars.
Do humans need carbohydrates?
Our bodies need carbohydrate for energy. Carbohydrates are broken down to glucose which is used for energy by our body's cells. The biggest consumers of glucose are our brain and muscles – our brain alone uses around 120g of glucose a day just to function. As a backup, our body can use other sources of fuel.
Can your body make glucose from fat?
At the end of the day your body will replenish depleted glycogen stores through a process called Gluconeogenesis, where it takes fats and/or proteins and coverts them to glucose for storage in the liver, kidneys, and muscles.
What is difference between carbohydrate and glucose?
Carbohydrates, or carbs, are sugar molecules. Along with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one of three main nutrients found in foods and drinks. Your body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose. Glucose, or blood sugar, is the main source of energy for your body's cells, tissues, and organs.
Can you eat carbs with type 2 diabetes?
The key for people like you with type 2 diabetes is to eat carbs in limited amounts at each meal and when you snack. Total carbs should make up about 45 to 60 percent of your daily diet (and be spaced out throughout the day) if you have type 2 diabetes.
Do carbohydrates turn to sugar?
If you're healthy, carbohydrates turn into glucose (blood sugar), which your body uses for energy. But if your blood glucose levels become too high or too low, it could be a sign that your body can have trouble producing the insulin that it needs to stay healthy which can eventually result in diabetes.
What is the number 1 worst carb?
- White bread (1 slice): 14 grams of carbs, 1 of which is fiber.
- Whole-wheat bread (1 slice): 17 grams of carbs, 2 of which are fiber.
- Flour tortilla (10-inch): 36 grams of carbs, 2 of which are fiber.
- Bagel (3-inch): 29 grams of carbs, 1 of which is fiber.
How many carbs should a Type 2 diabetic eat per day?
How Much Is Enough? The American Diabetes Association recommends getting about 45% of your total calories from carbs. You should spread out your carb consumption throughout the day. Typically, that works out to about 45 to 60 grams of carbs per meal and 10 to 25 grams per snack, eaten twice a day between meals.
Why does my blood sugar go up when I don't eat carbs?
While protein typically has very little effect on blood glucose, in the absence of carbohydrates (such as a low carb meal) or insulin, it can raise blood glucose. Many individuals with diabetes who eat carb-free meals will take a bit of insulin to cover the difference.
How can I flush sugar out of my system fast?
Keep Yourself Hydrated
Experts advise drinking 6-8 glasses of water every day for oxygen to flow freely in your body and help the kidneys and colon eliminate waste. What's best, it helps in flushing out excess sugar from your body.
Do bananas raise blood sugar?
Despite being a healthy fruit, bananas are pretty high in both carbs and sugar, which are the main nutrients that raise blood sugar levels.
Do eggs raise blood sugar?
The American Diabetes Association considers eggs an excellent choice for people with diabetes. That's primarily because one large egg contains about half a gram of carbohydrates, so it's thought that they aren't going to raise your blood sugar. Eggs are high in cholesterol, though.
Are bananas simple or complex carbs?
By contrast, a banana has a complex structure made up of water, fat, protein, fiber and myriad other molecules, as well as carbohydrates in the form of simple sugars and starches. This complex structure is called a food matrix.
Which foods are carbohydrates found in?
Carbohydrates are found in a wide array of both healthy and unhealthy foods—bread, beans, milk, popcorn, potatoes, cookies, spaghetti, soft drinks, corn, and cherry pie. They also come in a variety of forms. The most common and abundant forms are sugars, fibers, and starches. | <urn:uuid:110e96dd-c540-45ed-a1f1-570fd6eb3f5c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://moviecultists.com/is-glucose-a-carbohydrate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.93282 | 1,451 | 3.359375 | 3 |
August 30 - September 5 2021
The origin of SARS-CoV-2 is still hotly debated
Since the first cases of COVID-19 in December 2019 in Wuhan, we have been trying to establish the origins of SARS-CoV-2. Currently, several hypotheses are being debated.
- Firstly, did SARS-CoV-2 emerge from an animal reservoir (zoonosis)?
A large majority of human viruses do, in effect, emerge from animal sources. Coronaviruses infect numerous species, including humans, and four of them are endemic (HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63). Although the ancestor of SARS-CoV-2 and its reservoir have not yet been formally identified, very close viral strains (with more than 96% genetic identity in the case of RaTG13) have been found in bats and other species (pangolins, civets, raccoon dogs), in particular in certain rural provinces of Asia (Yunnan). Epidemiological data has localised the epicentre of the pandemic in Wuhan, where some of these types of animal were reportedly found in Huanan market. It is probable that other localities were involved and that repeated contact was necessary for the epidemic to get a foothold. Previous human coronavirus infections, including SARS-CoV, have involved similar scenarios.
- Secondly, was SARS-CoV-2 able to escape from a laboratory ?
Such a scenario has already been responsible for several infections in the past, but they have been very quickly brought under control. The only documented epidemic arising from human error was the H1N1 flu outbreak of 1977, following large-scale vaccine trials. Today, no data exists to show that the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), or any other laboratory, was involved in a study of SARS-CoV-2 or another possible ancestor before the outbreak of the pandemic. Amongst laboratory personnel, there were no reports of cases of COVID-19 or HIV. Nor would the lab scenario explain the multiple hospitalisations that occurred before December 2019. The three strains of infectious coronavirus studied at the WIV were close to SARS-CoV and not SARS-CoV-2.
In addition, the culture techniques in use there induce the loss of the furin cleavage site, an essential step for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Studies carried out at the WIV also did not use any closely related viral genome. Mice, the animal model most often used to study the virus, cannot be naturally infected by SARS-CoV-2, and no genetic trace of adaptation to this animal have been found.
- Thirdly, was SARS-CoV-2 genetically engineered or adapted in the laboratory so as to develop a strain that could infect humans?
Several mutations, occurring independently in the current “variants of concern”, increase the virus’ contagiousness by optimising its binding to the ACE2 human receptor. These mutations seem to be indispensable for the virus to be able to adapt to humans, but were absent in the Wuhan ancestral strain. Furthermore, some natural strains found in pangolins bind more efficiently to ACE2 than SARS-CoV-2. All this rules out the hypothesis of the virus causing the pandemic having been “pre-adaptated” in the laboratory. In the strains closest to SARS-CoV-2, the furin cleavage site is absent, and this has also fed theories of human intervention. But genetic signatures show that it is more likely that this site was acquired by recombination (a natural evolutionary mechanism involving exchange of genetic material) from another strain (HKU9-1). In addition, this cleavage site (R-R-A-R) is less effective than the canonical or general site (R-X-R/K-R), and no evidence of molecular engineering activity of this type has been found at the WIV.
- Finally, no concrete proof exists at the current time to indicate that the virus came from a laboratory, while evidence of natural zoonosis continues to grow.
These theories appeared because the WIV was studying, by chance, a number of coronaviruses at the time of the virus’ emergence. In addition, Wuhan is a densely populated city, with connections to many other cities through travel and commerce, at both national and international levels, and it hosts several animal markets. All of this created conditions favourable to the emergence of a coronavirus. Inaccurate interpretations and poor understanding of the origins of zoonoses are in part due to an absence of collaborative research, and we will be exposed to other viral episodes if we continue to commit the same errors. | <urn:uuid:ea401183-3cfd-4d56-9bbc-e0112e40cde2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://news-covid-19.info/the-origin-of-sars-cov-2-is-still-hotly-debated/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.959726 | 1,013 | 3.625 | 4 |
A Community of Tradition… Seeking to Serve… Touching Tomorrow!
Advanced Math Program
Aligning with the New Jersey Core Curriculum Content Standards, OLMC’s Advanced Math Program students will cover number sense and theory. Building upon knowledge acquired the previous year. Decimals, fractions, integers, rational and irrational numbers will be covered in depth including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. This basic knowledge will be applied to algebraic equations in the form of decimal and fraction coefficients.
Each year we will cover Data and Statistics, Probability and Logic. Geometry topics will include measurement and two- and three-dimensional concepts such as area, surface area and volume. Real-life applications such as ratio, proportion and percents will also be taught. Algebraic concepts will be covered ranging from solving simple equations to multi-step equations and will continue toward graphing linear, quadratic, and cubic equations. These concepts will lead to functions and relations including linear, quadratic, absolute value, radical and step functions.
Advanced Math will cover all aspects of inequalities will be taught including solving and graphing both linear and nonlinear inequalities. Mastering operations with polynomials will lead into solving rational expressions and equations. Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities will be covered in both two and three space. | <urn:uuid:cff28eb6-b6aa-4bf1-a75b-772efe9b28f5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://olmc-school.org/academics/advanced-math-program/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.927718 | 274 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Boris Johnson claims that Putin threatened to kill him with a missile just days before the Ukraine war.
Why it matters
The claim is significant as it highlights the tense relationship between the UK and Russia, and the aggressive tactics used by Putin in his foreign policy.
What the papers say
Most sources report on Johnson's claim, with the Kremlin denying the allegation. Some sources also report on the wider context of the Ukraine war and the tensions between the UK and Russia.
How we got here
The Ukraine war began in February 2022, with Russia annexing Crimea and supporting separatist rebels in eastern Ukraine. The UK and other Western countries have imposed sanctions on Russia in response to its actions in Ukraine.
More on these topics
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin is a Russian politician and former intelligence officer who has served as President of Russia since 2012, previously holding the position from 1999 until 2008.
Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson Hon FRIBA is a British politician, writer, and former journalist serving as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party since 2019.
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which it borders to the east and north-east.
Robert Ben Lobban Wallace is a British politician serving as Secretary of State for Defence since 24 July 2019. He previously was the UK’s longest-serving Minister of State for Security and Economic Crime from 2016 to 2019.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country located off the northwestern coast of the European mainland.
The Western world, also known as the West, refers to various regions, nations and states, depending on the context, most often consisting of the majority of Europe, Australasia, and the Americas.
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country located in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Covering an area of 17,125,200 square kilometres, it is the largest country in the world by area, spanning more than one-eighth of the Earth's in | <urn:uuid:624e4c23-4836-4403-a776-2f17d006606c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://onesub.io/story/aukm7rplylqsjor3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.965958 | 431 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Workplace safety is a paramount concern for organizations, and ensuring that employees are well-versed in safety protocols and practices is crucial. Traditional methods of assessing work safety knowledge often involve passive learning through lectures or written tests. However, in today’s dynamic work environments, interactive assessments have proven to be more engaging and effective.
Why a work safety assessment is important for companies?
Employee Well-Being: The most fundamental reason for conducting work safety assessments is to ensure the health and well-being of employees. Safety assessments identify potential hazards and risks in the workplace, allowing companies to take preventive measures to protect their workforce from accidents and injuries.
Legal Compliance: Laws and regulations mandate that employers provide a safe working environment for their employees. Conducting regular safety assessments ensures that the company is compliant with these legal requirements, reducing the risk of legal penalties and liabilities.
Reducing Workplace Accidents: Safety assessments help identify potential hazards and unsafe practices before they lead to accidents or injuries. By addressing these issues proactively, companies can reduce the frequency and severity of workplace accidents, leading to fewer worker compensation claims and insurance costs.
You can build engaging work safety quizzes with our free online quiz maker.
Enhancing Productivity: When employees feel safe and confident in their work environment, they are more likely to be productive and focused. A safe workplace reduces employee stress and anxiety about potential hazards, allowing them to concentrate on their tasks and perform at their best.
Cost Savings: Workplace accidents and injuries can result in significant financial costs for a company. These costs include medical expenses, worker compensation claims, legal fees, and potential fines. By preventing accidents through safety assessments, companies can save money and protect their bottom line.
- Part 1: 5 Ideas for Making an Interactive Work Safety Assessment
- Part 2: OnlineExamMaker: Best Safety Assessment Tool for Companies
- Part 3: Step-by-step Guide to Make A Work Safety Assessment with OnlineExamMaker
5 ideas for making an interactive work safety knowledge assessment
Idea 1: Gamified Quizzes
One innovative way to assess work safety knowledge is through gamified quizzes. Traditional safety quizzes can be transformed into engaging games by incorporating elements like competition, rewards, and interactivity. This approach not only tests employees’ knowledge but also makes learning fun and competitive.
Gamified quizzes are particularly effective for engaging employees who might find traditional assessments mundane. Incorporate features such as leaderboards, time limits, and scoring systems to create a competitive atmosphere. Sample questions might include scenarios like “What should you do in the event of a chemical spill?” or “How should you handle a workplace fire emergency?”
The benefits of gamification in safety assessments are manifold. It motivates employees to actively participate and challenges them to apply their knowledge in practical scenarios. Moreover, it provides instant feedback, helping individuals identify areas where they need improvement.
Idea 2: Scenario-Based Simulations
Scenario-based simulations are a powerful way to assess work safety knowledge by immersing employees in realistic workplace situations. Unlike traditional tests, these interactive assessments require employees to make decisions and take actions as they would in real-life scenarios.
For example, employees could be presented with a simulated workplace accident and must navigate through a series of decisions to address the situation. This not only tests their knowledge of safety protocols but also their ability to apply them under pressure.
Scenario-based simulations foster critical thinking and problem-solving skills, enabling employees to understand the practical implications of safety guidelines. Additionally, they allow employers to evaluate decision-making skills and the effectiveness of safety training.
Idea 3: Virtual Reality (VR) Training
Virtual reality (VR) technology has revolutionized the way we learn and assess work safety knowledge. VR-based assessments offer an immersive experience that simulates real workplace situations. Employees can interact with their environment, practice safety protocols, and make decisions in a risk-free setting.
Using VR, organizations can recreate scenarios such as operating heavy machinery, responding to chemical spills, or navigating confined spaces. This hands-on approach enables employees to experience the challenges of their work environment without physical risks.
Implementing VR-based assessments requires investment in appropriate equipment and software, but the benefits are substantial. Employees receive practical training and assessments that closely mimic their work conditions, enhancing their preparedness and competence in real-life situations.
Idea 4: Interactive Workshops and Drills
Interactive workshops and safety drills offer a hands-on approach to work safety knowledge assessment. These sessions provide employees with opportunities to practice safety procedures, respond to emergencies, and collaborate with their colleagues in a controlled environment.
Organizations can organize workshops and drills on topics like fire safety, first aid, or hazardous materials handling. Employees actively participate in simulations and learn by doing. They can apply their knowledge to solve problems and address challenges as a team.
The advantages of interactive workshops and drills are numerous. They promote teamwork, build confidence, and reinforce the importance of safety protocols. Additionally, these sessions offer immediate feedback and the opportunity for employees to ask questions and seek clarification.
Idea 5: Gamification of Workplace Safety Policies
One often-overlooked aspect of work safety knowledge assessment is ensuring that employees understand and adhere to workplace safety policies and guidelines. Organizations can transform these policies into interactive games or simulations to make them more engaging and memorable.
For example, employees can participate in a virtual “Safety Policy Adventure” where they navigate through different scenarios, each presenting a safety policy challenge. They must make decisions based on the policies, and their choices have consequences within the game.
This approach ensures that employees not only read the safety policies but also comprehend and apply them. Gamification encourages employees to explore and understand workplace safety guidelines thoroughly.
OnlineExamMaker: Best Safety Assessment Tool for Companies
With OnlineExamMaker quiz maker, HR & company managers can easily create, customize, and distribute work safety knowledge assessment with just a few clicks. The intuitive interface provides a range of question types, including multiple-choice, true or false, fill in the blank, and open-ended questions, enabling users to make professional assessments that suit their specific needs.
Public Exam: No registration required, anyone on the internet with the link can take the exam.
Quiz on Mobile: Take an online exam on any devices, including mobile phone, tablet, laptop, desktop. Support users to scran a QR code to enter the online exam.
Shuffling Question Option: The order of sections, pages, questions and choices in the exam is shuffled.
Create Your Next Quiz/Exam with OnlineExamMaker
Step-by-step Guide to Make A Work Safety Assessment with OnlineExamMaker
Step 1: Sign in to OnlineExamMaker >
Step 2: Create a new test, then set quiz settings.
Step 3: Setting scoring, Define how many points each question is worth.
Step 4: Preview the quiz to ensure everything looks and functions as you expect, the click “Publish” button.
Assessing work safety knowledge is an essential aspect of maintaining a safe and productive workplace. Traditional methods can sometimes fall short in engaging employees and ensuring they truly understand and apply safety protocols. By incorporating interactive assessments such as gamified quizzes, scenario-based simulations, virtual reality training, interactive workshops and drills, and gamification of workplace safety policies, organizations can create more engaging and effective ways to assess work safety knowledge.
These innovative approaches not only improve employee engagement but also lead to a deeper understanding of safety practices and a stronger commitment to maintaining a safe work environment. Investing in interactive work safety knowledge assessments can ultimately contribute to a safer and more productive workplace for all employees. | <urn:uuid:4454588f-3023-4ed8-9b39-cfd77df17cc8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://onlineexammaker.com/kb/5-ideas-for-making-an-interactive-work-safety-knowledge-assessment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.9249 | 1,595 | 2.625 | 3 |
Hack Your Mood & Create Ambiance With Light
Unless you're a photographer or artist, you probably don't spend too much time thinking about the qualities of light. It's either on or off, dim or bright, right? Well, yes, but there's much more to light than meets the eye, literally! Light is made up of tiny invisible energy packets called photons that travel in waves. The direction and density of photon packets interacting with our eyes can have a direct effect on our mood and energy levels. Let's take a closer look at three of the properties of light and how you can use them to your advantage to influence your energy levels and set the scene for memorable social gatherings as well!
You've probably heard light referred to as either warm or cold light, but what does that mean, really? The temperatures we assign to different colors of light even have corresponding numerical values on the Kelvin scale. However, light in itself does not have a physical temperature. Instead, the light/cold color temperature scale is all about how the light makes us feel.
Imagine a dinner party with your closest friends. You're all seated around a table heaped with your favorite dishes. You're talking and laughing and getting pleasantly stuffed in good company. For most people, that type of scenario would create lots of warm feelings.
On the other hand, imagine walking through a white-tiled hallway in a hospital, the sharp smell of disinfectant in your nostrils and each footstep echoing off the walls and high ceilings of the otherwise empty corridor. Most people would associate this with a feeling of coldness.
These two examples go to illustrate how we use the terms wam and cold to mean much more than physical temperature. The same goes for the temperature quality of light. While the terms "warm" and "cold" are relative and can vary based on personal perception and cultural factors, we use the Kelvin scale to give a more precise idea of the type of light we're talking about. For comparison's sake, a candle's glow (warm light) is assigned a Kelvin value of 1800-1900 degrees, whereas a fluorescent tube light is in the 4000-6500 Kelvin range.
Warm light, which actually has lower Kelvin values, is typically associated with colors that have a reddish or yellowish hue. It's often described as having a cozy, inviting, and relaxing feel. Think of the warm tones you might see during sunrise or sunset, with colors like red, orange, and yellow dominating. This kind of lighting tends to evoke feelings of comfort, relaxation, and intimacy. So if you're unwinding after a long day, hosting a romantic dinner, or relaxing with the family, you're probably best off with warm light.
Cold light is typically associated with colors that have a bluish or white hue. It's often described as being crisp, bright, and refreshing. Think of the cool tones you might see during a clear, sunny day or in some types of fluorescent lighting. Cold light is often used in environments where a clean and energetic atmosphere is desired, such as offices, schools, and retail spaces. With higher Kelvin values, this type of light is often associated with alertness and productivity. Just what the doctor ordered when it's time for a study session, exercise, or work.
Since photons are a form of energy, bright lights mean that more energy is bouncing into your retinas than when the lights are dim. It's no wonder that bright lights tend to make us feel more alert and invigorated! Bright lights are associated with happiness and excitement. Exposure to bright lights suppresses the creation of melatonin in our bodies, helping us to stay energized. Want a lively social gathering with lots of conversation? Go bright!
Dim lights signal to our bodies that it's time to start getting into sleep mode. This means increased production of melatonin, slowed heart rate and digestion, and feelings of relaxation. Additional benefits of dim lighting include enhanced creativity and reflection, and more ease with feelings of intimacy. For romantic or relaxing evenings, or to take a break from your hectic schedule, dim those lights!
Emphasis & Focus
The emphasis and focus of light play a profound role in shaping our emotional experiences. When light is directed with purpose, such as through highlighting specific objects or areas, it draws our attention and guides our perception. This can evoke feelings of curiosity, engagement, and even awe.
Conversely, a soft and diffused illumination can create a gentle ambiance that encourages relaxation and introspection. The interplay between light and shadow adds depth to our surroundings, influencing our emotional responses. By adjusting the emphasis and focus of light, we have the power to transform spaces from invigorating and productive to tranquil and contemplative. This dynamic interplay between light and mood underscores the importance of thoughtful lighting design in shaping our daily experiences and enhancing our overall well-being.
Enhance Your Outdoor Spaces With Professional Lighting
For top-quality, expertly designed and installed outdoor lighting for your Raleigh-area home or business, contact Outdoor Provisions. We offer free consultations and will happily come out to your location to give an on-site evening demonstration to illustrate what illumination can do for you. Call or text us at (919) 586-7111 to get started! | <urn:uuid:5cf5615b-b351-4224-9f0a-e7d83792f69a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://outdoorlightingnc.com/how-3-qualities-of-light-effect-your-mood/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.941073 | 1,077 | 2.609375 | 3 |
These are stressful times, and stress can affect every system and organ in the body, particularly the adrenal glands, nervous system and endocrine system. Stress can lead to anxiety, depression, trouble sleeping, and weight gain and can have a significant impact on a person’s health and nutritional status.
Virtually any form of exercise can act as a stress reliever, but activities such as walking or jogging that involve repetitive movements of large muscle groups can be particularly stress relieving. Regular exercise helps release endorphins, which are chemicals that improve your mood and act as natural painkillers. Exercise can also improve your sleep quality and regular exercise improves feelings of confidence and mood, which in turn promotes mental wellbeing.
Your body’s requirements for B-vitamins and vitamin C increase during times of stress because B-vitamins are needed to produce hormones involved in the stress response. It is important to replenish and or maintain optimal levels of these nutrients to limit the potentially damaging physical and emotional effects that stress can have on the body. Supportive herbs such as valerian, hops and skullcap, as well as the mineral magnesium can help calm the body during stress. Scientific studies have shown that the natural amino acid L-theanine relieves mental tension, promotes relaxation and deep restful sleep without causing drowsiness or other unwanted side effects (Reference article here). Research on L-theanine also suggests that it can have significant benefits for cardiovascular, immune and neurological health.
Ask our professional staff to recommend the best supplements to help you relieve stress naturally. | <urn:uuid:e77926c4-8b8f-45b1-bcd1-cd228c1c7efd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://pacepharmacy.com/stress-relief/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.94898 | 323 | 2.703125 | 3 |
We study genetic variation within various insect species, for the purpose of inferring their evolutionary history and/or evaluating their capacity to disperse.
- we investigated the influence of past climate changes that occurred during the late Pleistocene on several cold-adapted leaf beetles currently displaying a boreo-montane distribution in Europe and North America,
Mardulyn P., MikhailovY.E., Pasteels J.M. 2009. Testing phylogeographic hypotheses in a Euro-Siberian cold-adapted leaf beetle with coalescent simulations. Evolution , 63:2717-2729. [PDF]
Mardulyn P., Othmezouri N., Mikhailov Y.E., Pasteels J.M. 2011. Conflicting mitochondrial and nuclear phylogeographic signals and evolution of host-plant shifts in the boreo-montane leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 61:686-696. [PDF]
Dellicour S., Fearnley S., Lombal A., Heidl S., Dahlohff E., Rank N. E., Mardulyn P. 2014. Inferring the past and present connectivity across the range of a North American leaf beetle: combining ecological-niche modeling and a geographically explicit model of coalescence. Evolution, 68:2371-2385. [PDF]
Quinzin M. C., Normand S., Dellicour S., Svenning J.C., Mardulyn P. 2017. Glacial survival of trophically linked boreal species in northern Europe. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 284: 20162799.
- we conducted several comparative phylogeographic studies (leaf beetles, bark beetles, bees), comparing variation at multiple loci across several species, to investigate the combined influence of species-specific traits (host plant abundance, dispersal) and environmental disturbances on phylogeographic patterns, or to explore inter-species hybridization through patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear introgression
Quinzin M. C., Mardulyn P. 2014. Multi-locus DNA sequence variation in a complex of four leaf beetle species with parapatric distributions: Mitochondrial and nuclear introgressions reveal recent hybridization. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 78:14-24. [PDF]
Dellicour S., Michez D., Rasplus J., Mardulyn P. 2015. Impact of past climatic changes and resource availability on the population demography of three food-specialist bees. Molecular Ecology, 24: 1074-1090. [PDF]
Mayer F., Piel F.B., Cassel-Lundhagen A., Kirichenko N., Grumiau L., Økland B., Bertheau C., Grégoire J.-C., Mardulyn P. 2015. Comparative multi-locus phylogeography of two Palaearctic spruce bark beetles: influence of contrasting ecological strategies on genetic variation. Molecular Ecology, 24:1292-1310. [PDF]
Dellicour S., Michez D., Mardulyn P. 2015. Comparative phylogeography of five bumblebees: impact of range fragmentation, range size and diet specialisation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, in press. [PDF]
- we evaluated current migration in a leaf beetle species at the landscape level
Mardulyn P., Milinkovitch M. C. 2005. Inferring contemporary levels of gene flow and demographic history in a local population of the leaf beetle Gonioctena olivacea from mitochondrial DNA sequence variation. Molecular Ecology, 14:1641-1653. [PDF]
- we evaluated the mode of colonization of a solitary bee that went through a recent range expansion in Europe
Dellicour S., Mardulyn P., Hardy O. J., Hardy C., Roberts S.P.M., Vereecken N. J. 2014. Inferring the mode of colonisation of the rapid range expansion of a solitary bee from multi-locus DNA sequence variation. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 27:116-132. [PDF]
- we compared hypotheses over the colonization of Italy by the insect vector of the bluetongue virus, Culicoides imicola
Mardulyn P., Goffredo M., Conte A., Hendrickx G., Meiswinkel R., Balenghien T., Sghaier S., Lohr Y., Gilbert M. 2013. Climate change and the spread of vector-borne diseases: using approximate Bayesian computation to compare invasion scenarios for the bluetongue virus vector Culicoides imicola in Italy. Molecular Ecology, 22:2456-2466. [PDF]
Speciation and hybridization in leaf beetles
We are studying hybridization between two sister species of cold-resistant leaf beetles inside a hybrid zone, and are evaluating its consequences on species divergence and genomic variation.
After having established the occurence of mitochondrial genome introgression from Gonioctena quinquepunctata to G. intermedia, inside their hybrid zone in the Alps (Quinzin and Mardulyn 2014), We first attempted to evaluate introgression at the level of the nuclear genome using RAD-seq markers. Analyzing these RAD-seq data provided very little evidence that introgression was taking place inside the nuclear genome.
Kastally C., Trasoletti M., Mardulyn P. 2019. Limited gene exchange between two sister species of leaf beetles within a hybrid zone in the Alps. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 32: 1406-1417. [PDF: see Publication request page]
We then proceeded to evaluate this using whole genome sequencing of multiple individuals from their hybrid zone in the Alps. Analyzing whole genome sequence variation with a machine learning approach, we were able to detect asymetric introgression: about 2% of the nuclear genome was transferred from G. quinquepunctata to G.intermedia, thus in the same direction than was observed for the mitochondrial genome. We suggested that this asymetric introgression was caused by the recent invasion of the range of G. quinqupeunctata by G. intermedia, and that some of the introgressed regions may have been favored by natural selection. Could the introgressed alleles have facilitated the colonization of the Alpine habitat by G. intermedia?
Lukicheva S., Mardulyn P. 2021. Whole genome sequencing reveals asymetric introgression between two sister species of cold-resistant leaf beetles. Molecular Ecology, 30: 4077-4089. [open access]
For the purpose of analyzing genomic variation within the two species, we also generated a reference assembly and annotation for the genome of G. quinquepunctata.
Lukicheva S., Flot J.-F., Mardulyn P. 2021. Genome assembly of the cold-tolerant leaf beetle Gonioctena quinquepunctata, an important resource for studying its evolution and reproductive barriers between species. Genome Biology and Evolution, 13: evab134. [open access]
Evaluation and development of methods to analyze DNA sequence variation in an evolutionary context
We have evaluated several methods we rely upon to analyse DNA sequence variation
Cassens I., Mardulyn P., Milinkovitch M. C. 2005. Evaluating intraspecific "Network" construction methods using simulated sequence data: do existing algorithms outperform the global maximum parsimony approach? Systematic Biology, 54:363-372. [PDF]
Mardulyn P., Vaesen A., Milinkovitch M.C. 2008. Controlling population evolution in the laboratory to evaluate methods of historical inference. PLoS ONE , 3(8): e2960. [PDF]
Mardulyn P., Cassens I., Milinkovitch M.C. 2009. A comparison of methods constructing evolutionary networks from intraspecific DNA sequences. Pages 104-120 in Population Genetics for Animal Conservation (eds G Bertorelle, MW Bruford, HC Hauffe, A Rizzoli, C Vernesi). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Mardulyn P. 2012. Trees and/or networks to display intraspecific DNA sequence variation? Molecular Ecology, 21:3385-3390. [PDF]
Quinzin M. C., Mayer F., Elvinger N., Mardulyn P. 2015. Theoretical expectations of the Isolation-Migration model of population evolution for inferring demographic parameters. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6: 610-620. [PDF]
A large variety of analytical tools are already available to explore genetic variation data. We have also developped a few programs.
Dellicour S., Kastally C., Hardy O. J., Mardulyn P. 2014. Comparing phylogeographic hypotheses by simulating DNA sequences under a spatially explicit model of coalescence. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 31:3359-3372. [PDF] [software download]
Dellicour S., Mardulyn P. 2014. SPADS 1.0: a toolbox to perform spatial analyses on DNA sequence datasets. Molecular Ecology Resources, 14:647-651. [PDF] [software download]
Branders V., Mardulyn P. 2016. Improving intraspecific allele networks inferred by maximum parsimony. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7:90-95. [PDF] [software download] | <urn:uuid:1190cc9c-58b7-4633-b523-b1dee696b13a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://patrick.mardulyn.web.ulb.be/research.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.751932 | 2,030 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Good oral hygiene is essential for maintaining healthy teeth and gums. Brushing and flossing regularly, along with regular dental check-ups, are crucial for preventing cavities. However, there are certain habits that many people engage in unknowingly, which can lead to the development of cavities. In this article, we will explore some of these bad habits and provide valuable insights on how to avoid them.
1. Neglecting Regular Brushing and Flossing
One of the most common bad habits that can lead to cavities is neglecting regular brushing and flossing. Brushing your teeth at least twice a day and flossing once a day helps remove plaque and food particles that can contribute to the formation of cavities. When you skip brushing or flossing, these harmful substances remain on your teeth, increasing the risk of cavities.
To avoid this bad habit, make sure to set a routine for brushing and flossing. Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste to thoroughly clean your teeth. Additionally, don’t forget to replace your toothbrush every three to four months or sooner if the bristles become frayed.
2. Consuming Sugary and Acidic Foods
The foods and drinks we consume play a significant role in our oral health. Consuming excessive amounts of sugary and acidic foods can contribute to the development of cavities. Bacteria in the mouth feed on sugar and produce acids that attack the tooth enamel, leading to decay.
To prevent cavities, it is important to limit your consumption of sugary and acidic foods. Opt for healthier alternatives such as fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. If you do indulge in sugary or acidic foods, make sure to rinse your mouth with water afterward and wait at least 30 minutes before brushing your teeth to avoid damaging the enamel.
3. Using Your Teeth as Tools
Using your teeth as tools is a common habit that can lead to cavities and other dental problems. Many people use their teeth to open bottles, tear open packages, or even bite their nails. These actions can cause chips, cracks, or fractures in the teeth, creating spaces for bacteria to accumulate and cause cavities.
To break this habit, always use the appropriate tools for tasks such as opening bottles or packages. Keep a pair of scissors or a bottle opener handy to avoid using your teeth. By doing so, you can protect your teeth from unnecessary damage and reduce the risk of cavities.
4. Not Using Fluoride Products
Fluoride is a mineral that helps strengthen tooth enamel and prevent tooth decay. However, many people neglect to use fluoride products, such as toothpaste and mouthwash, in their oral care routine. This can increase the risk of cavities, especially in areas where the water supply is not fluoridated.
To protect your teeth from cavities, make sure to use fluoride toothpaste and mouthwash as part of your daily oral care routine. Fluoride helps remineralize the enamel and makes it more resistant to acid attacks. Additionally, consider using a fluoride rinse or gel if your dentist recommends it.
5. Skipping Dental Check-ups
Regular dental check-ups are essential for maintaining good oral health and preventing cavities. However, many people tend to skip these appointments, especially if they don’t experience any dental problems. This can be a costly mistake, as cavities can develop silently without causing any noticeable symptoms.
To avoid this bad habit, make it a priority to schedule regular dental check-ups every six months. During these visits, your dentist will examine your teeth and gums, perform professional cleanings, and detect any early signs of cavities or other dental issues. Early detection and treatment can prevent cavities from progressing and causing further damage.
Preventing cavities requires a combination of good oral hygiene practices and avoiding bad habits that can contribute to their development. By brushing and flossing regularly, limiting the consumption of sugary and acidic foods, using your teeth properly, using fluoride products, and attending regular dental check-ups, you can significantly reduce the risk of cavities and maintain a healthy smile.
Remember, your oral health is an integral part of your overall well-being. By taking care of your teeth and gums, you can enjoy a lifetime of healthy smiles. | <urn:uuid:71a6d24c-9465-4fab-98e1-8dec7ca68f4a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://pearlypros.com/dental-donts-bad-habits-that-lead-to-cavities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.934303 | 895 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Have you recently noticed a mark having a ring-like appearance on your pup’s fur? This may be a fungal infection called ringworm. However, what are the causes of ringworm in dogs? Read this article that is completely dedicated to explaining the causes, symptoms, and treatment options to cure ringworm.
Ringworm has derived its identity by the misnomer, that it is an infection caused due to a worm masquerading under the epidermis layer. However, as mentioned, it is a false notion that leads to highlighting the actual definition of ringworm. Ringworm or dermatophytosis is an infection caused due to the infestation of various types of fungi hampering the hair or the hair follicles of the skin. Ringworm may be predominantly seen in animals and may be transmitted from an infected animal to another. Animals are known to carry the fungal transcriber and pass it on to their owners or other animals.
Causes of Ringworm in Dogs
According to a research conducted with reference to the type of fungi that affect the hair follicles.
- Microsporum canis is one type of fungus which is found predominantly in cats and has the potential to be transferred through contact to other animals as well.
- Trichophyton mentagrophytes; a fungus type that is found in dogs and is transferable in nature.
- Another fungus type that hails from the same family tree is called Microsporum gypseum. This infestation is burrowed in soil.
Methods to Diagnose the Cause of Ringworm
Evaluating and diagnosing which type of fungus is the prime factor in causing ringworm in dogs becomes a critical study. However, there are three methods in which the cause of ringworm can be revealed. Dermatophytosis can be identified by methods such as:
- Woods Lamp; where an ultraviolet source of light is passed through the dog’s skin.
- Fungassay Test/Fungal Culture; a test where a culture of the dog’s hair follicle is considered and is observed for a stipulated period for any traces of the infection.
- It can also be diagnosed by the loss of hair in patches, especially from the area near the ear, the paws and the eye circle and showing visible ringworm symptoms in dogs.
Symptoms of Ringworm
Your dog is suffering from ringworm if you notice:
- Patchy skin; rough and scaly.
- Hair loss from specific areas.
- Hair loss in patches that form dents exposing the skin surface.
- Onset of follicles being infected and developing into pustules and cysts.
- Excessive itching with papules developing on the skin; they appear in the form of lumps.
- Redness around the skin lump or lesion.
Ringworm Treatment for Dogs
- Taking your dog to a vet may prove helpful. It is better if you take up the case in neonatal stages rather than neglecting it and letting the infection manifest on other animals and even family members.
- The vet may pull out hair from the root to check and rule out the possibility of countering any other skin condition. He would either prescribe an antifungal cream; preferably one that is absorbed instantly by the skin which further seeps into the affected area extricating the infection.
- You may be asked to shave off the dog’s hair. You may not like this proposition, especially when your dog’s hair is a great asset to his personality, however it is an effective method to counter ringworm.
- Using antifungal shampoos to bathe your dog works well. You may leave the shampoo on the dogs coat for a few minutes and then scrub it off. The mechanism of this shampoo is very similar to shampoos that are specifically formulated for human usage when they counter lice.
- Make sure that you wash off the blankets and other linen that may have come in contact with your pet. Vacuum clean the carpets and upholstery, so that there are no traces of hair or spores swimming in the environment.
The best way to prevent the spread of ringworm is to keep your dog isolated from areas of the house, predominantly frequented by family members. Maintain dog hygiene by giving him a statutory bath and brushing his coat as and when. Keep children away and do not allow them to play with pets until they are thoroughly disinfected. The disinfection process with these treatment methods may take two to three weeks. | <urn:uuid:bdbde915-1aa3-4e22-9ae4-081a2cd18735> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://petponder.com/what-are-causes-of-ringworm-in-dogs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.955794 | 941 | 3.15625 | 3 |
When is it appropriate to tie a puppy?
Tethering a puppy refers to the practice of securing them to a fixed object using a leash or line. It can be a useful tool for certain situations, but it is important to understand when and how to appropriately tether a puppy. This article provides guidance on when it is appropriate to tie a puppy, emphasizing their safety and well-being.
Understanding the concept of puppy tethering
Puppy tethering is a method used to restrict a young dog’s movement temporarily. It allows owners to keep their puppies in a designated area, preventing them from wandering off or engaging in potentially dangerous activities. Tethering can be beneficial when used appropriately, but it should never be the sole means of confinement for extended periods.
The importance of considering a puppy’s safety
When considering puppy tethering, the safety of the puppy should always be the top priority. Owners must ensure that the chosen tethering method does not pose any risks to their furry companion. The puppy should be comfortable, have access to water, and be protected from extreme weather conditions.
Factors to consider before deciding to tie a puppy
Before tethering a puppy, several factors need to be taken into account. The age, breed, and temperament of the puppy play a significant role. Puppies with high energy levels may require more space to move around freely. Additionally, the puppy’s health, including their physical abilities and limitations, should be considered.
Recognizing when tethering may be necessary
Tethering may be necessary in certain situations, such as when it is challenging to supervise a curious puppy constantly. It can be useful during training sessions, preventing the puppy from getting distracted or running off. Tethering can also be beneficial when introducing a puppy to a new environment, gradually acclimating them to their surroundings.
Appropriate situations for puppy tethering
There are several appropriate situations for puppy tethering. It can be useful when introducing a puppy to new people, animals, or environments, helping them feel secure while gradually expanding their boundaries. Tethering can also be employed during meal times, preventing the puppy from begging or stealing food. In cases where a puppy needs to rest or recover from an injury, tethering can ensure they remain calm and avoid further harm.
Ensuring a safe and comfortable tethering experience
To ensure a safe and comfortable tethering experience, it is crucial to select appropriate equipment. Use a lightweight, non-restrictive collar or harness with a secure leash. Avoid using choke chains or prong collars, as they can cause discomfort and injury. The length of the tether should allow the puppy to move easily but prevent them from reaching potentially hazardous areas.
Alternatives to tethering for puppy supervision
While tethering may be suitable for some situations, it is important to explore alternative methods for puppy supervision. Crate training can be an effective way to provide a safe and confined space for a puppy. Puppy-proofing a designated area or using baby gates can also limit their access without the need for tethering.
The potential risks and drawbacks of puppy tethering
Despite its benefits, puppy tethering carries certain risks and drawbacks that must be considered. If not done correctly, tethering can cause injury, such as strangulation or entanglement. Puppies may also become frustrated or anxious if they are consistently tethered for long periods, leading to behavioral issues. It is crucial to use tethering as a temporary measure and provide regular exercise and mental stimulation.
How to properly tie a puppy for their safety
When tying a puppy, ensure they are wearing a well-fitted collar or harness. Choose a location away from hazards, such as sharp objects or tangled cords. Use a secure tethering point, such as a sturdy post or a fixed object. Avoid tying the puppy too tightly, allowing them to move comfortably but preventing them from reaching dangerous areas.
Monitoring and supervising a tethered puppy
When a puppy is tethered, it is essential to provide constant supervision. Regularly check on the puppy to ensure their safety and well-being. Offer water, toys, and appropriate shelter from the weather. Avoid leaving a puppy tethered for extended periods, as they may become bored or distressed.
When to untie a puppy and provide freedom
Puppies should not be left tethered for long periods. As soon as the need for supervision or confinement diminishes, it is important to untie the puppy and allow them their freedom. Provide them with ample opportunities for exercise, socialization, and mental stimulation. Gradually increasing their freedom will help them develop into well-rounded and independent dogs.
In conclusion, puppy tethering can be an appropriate method for temporary confinement and supervision. However, the safety and well-being of the puppy should always be the primary concern. By considering the appropriate situations, ensuring a safe environment, and providing adequate supervision, puppy tethering can be a useful tool in raising a happy and well-behaved dog. | <urn:uuid:e4b65b2a-fe2f-42d5-b944-311a06a20173> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://pettime.net/when-is-it-appropriate-to-tie-a-puppy-as-you-inquired/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.932554 | 1,025 | 2.875 | 3 |
The most effective way to decrease complications and reduce the impact of the flu is to get a preventative vaccine shot!
The North American vaccine is developed each year to work against three strains of influenza virus, based on trends seen in the Southern Hemisphere. The best time for vaccination is early October to mid-November.
Anyone who is in contact with high-risk populations (including health care workers) should also receive the vaccine.
People who are not part of the high-risk groups but just want to avoid the flu can also get vaccinated. If you are currently sick with a low-grade fever, experts suggest that you should wait until you are better before you get the vaccine. If you do not have a fever, you do not have to wait.
Certain medications (e.g., zanamivir, oseltamivir) are also used in some cases to prevent the flu. Consult your doctor or pharmacist to determine whether you need a preventative medication, and which one is the right one for you.
Book your appointment right NOW!
People who have an egg or chicken protein allergy, an allergy to any of the ingredients of the vaccine (e.g., formaldehyde, gentamicin), a history of allergic reactions to the flu vaccine, or an acute illness should not receive the vaccine.
Did you know...?
In the province of Ontario, Pharmacists are certified to administer flu shots to children 5 and over.
Vaccinations are not recommended for children less than 6 months of age because their immune systems are too immature for the vaccine to work properly. | <urn:uuid:53604aea-52e5-4362-afb0-4f3218cbdbb1> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://pharmasavebramcity.com/flushot.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.954586 | 326 | 3.03125 | 3 |
THE PAKISTAN DEVELOPMENT REVIEW
Is Economic Growth Inclusive in Punjab, Pakistan? A District Level Assessment Using the Composite Index (Article)
This paper aims to develop a composite Inclusive Growth Index (IGI) for 36 districts of Punjab, incorporating six overarching dimensions including (i) economic, (ii) amenities, (iii) gender equity and financial inclusion, (iv) human development (v) governance and (vi) sustainability. Following the OECD’s Handbook of Composite Indices, the study uses a minmax approach for the normalisation of indicators followed by the weighted aggregation using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for assigning weights to indicators in each dimension in the composite index. The study ranks the districts as out-performing, average-performing, and lagging districts in terms of social inclusion. According to the ranking, the central and northern districts of Punjab such as Lahore, Gujrat, and Rawalpindi, etc. are scoring high on IGI, while districts falling in South Punjab such as Rajanpur, Dera Ghazi Khan, and Muzaffargarh, etc. are lagging. The result of the study highlights the areas and dimensions of social inclusion where the districts are lacking and, consequently, the policymakers and planners need to focus on these.
GHULAM MOHEY-UD-DIN and KHADIJA IKRAM | <urn:uuid:30ff3a60-8bc0-4246-b447-7eb4539a537e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://pide.org.pk/research/is-economic-growth-inclusive-in-punjab-pakistan-a-district-level-assessment-using-the-composite-index-article/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.877628 | 290 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Try the GSS WORDSUM questions!
Saturday January 1, 2022
The General Social Survey includes a WORDSUM vocabulary test component that is often used as a proxy measure for IQ. Want to see how well you can do? Try these 20 questions!
For each initial word, find the other word which means the same or most nearly the same.
In the example at right, “animal” is selected because it has the closest meaning to “beast.”
- I'm pretty sure I've identified the right answers, but I haven't seen an answer key (just the relevant test booklets).
- The actual WORDSUM has 10 questions, not 20. I know that those ten questions are among these 20, but I don't know which. For more detail, read on.
Here's an excerpt on the history of WORDSUM:
In the early 1920s, Edward L. Thorndike developed a lengthy vocabulary test as part of the I.E.R. Intelligence Scale CAVD to measure, in his words, “verbal intelligence.” As in the modern-day Wordsum test, each question asked respondents to identify the word or phrase in a set of five whose meaning was closest to a target word. Robert L. Thorndike (1942) later extracted two subsets of the original test, each containing twenty items of varying difficulty. For each subset, two target words were selected at each of ten difficulty levels. The ten items in Wordsum (labeled with letters A though J) were selected from the first of these two subsets.
It's not perfectly accurate to say Thorndike developed a lengthy vocabulary test. The I.E.R Intelligence Scale CAVD, copyright 1925 and 1926, is 17 levels (A through Q) and each level has ten vocabulary questions in multiple choice format, among other question types.
Thorndike 1942 is Two screening tests of verbal intelligence, which describes how two 20-word tests “containing two words from each of the levels of CAVD from H through Q” (the more difficult end of the spectrum; levels A through E use pictures) were constructed.
The first subset then is Form A, and those are the questions included above. I don't know which ten words from Form A's twenty are in WORDSUM, however. As GSS Codebook Appendix D explains:
To minimize the admittedly small possibility that some form of publicity would affect the public's knowledge of the words included in the test, they are not reported here.
I think it's fascinating that a vocab test from the 1920s is part of the GSS, which continues to be administered in the 2020s. I think it's fascinating that WORDSUM has been used for evidence that Intelligence makes people think like economists, among many other things.
I think the benefit of knowing what the WORDSUM questions are far outweighs any risk “that some form of publicity would affect the public's knowledge of the words included in the test.” Frankly, I'm not sure WORDSUM deserves an encomium. | <urn:uuid:fa5439a4-49a6-430f-ab7c-a414b890d664> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://planspace.org/20220101-try_the_gss_wordsum_questions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.955907 | 644 | 3.796875 | 4 |
- Soybeans are one of the most important legume crops globally and are known for their high protein and oil content.
- They are annual plants that produce pods containing edible seeds (soybeans).
- Soybeans are used in various forms, including whole soybeans, soybean meal, soybean oil, and soybean-based products like tofu and soy milk.
Soybeans Crop Characteristics
- Height: Soybean plants typically range from 2 to 5 feet in height, depending on the variety and growing conditions.
- Leaves: Soybeans have compound leaves with three leaflets.
- Flowers: Soybean plants produce small, inconspicuous, and typically self-pollinating flowers.
- Seeds: The seeds of the soybean plant are contained within pods and are typically oval-shaped.
- Food-Grade Soybeans: These soybeans are primarily grown for human consumption and are used to make various food products such as tofu, soy milk, and soy-based meat alternatives.
- Soybeans: Feed-grade soybeans are grown for animal feed and are an essential protein source in livestock and poultry diets.
- Industrial Soybeans: Some soybean varieties are grown for industrial purposes, including the production of soybean oil and biodiesel.
- Calories: Approximately 173 kcal
- Carbohydrates: About 9.9 grams
- Dietary Fiber: Approximately 6 grams
- Protein: Approximately 16.6 grams
- Fat: About 8 grams
- Vitamins: Soybeans are a good source of vitamins, including folate, riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), and vitamin K.
- Minerals: They contain minerals like manganese, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium.
- Soybeans are processed into various food products, including tofu, soy milk, tempeh, and soy-based meat substitutes.
- Soybean oil is widely used in cooking and food processing and is a common ingredient in many products.
- Soybean meal, a byproduct of soybean oil production, is a valuable protein source in animal feed.
- Soybeans are also used to produce industrial products like biodiesel and soy-based plastics.
- United States: The United States, especially in states like Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, and Minnesota, is one of the world’s major soybean producers. The country exports a significant portion of its production.
- Brazil: Brazil is one of the largest soybean producers globally and ranks among the top exporters. The states of Mato Grosso, Paraná, and Rio Grande do Sul are significant soybean-producing regions.
- Argentina: Argentina is another important soybean producer and exporter, with the province of Buenos Aires and other areas of the country dedicated to soybean production.
- China: China cultivates a substantial amount of soybeans for both domestic consumption, including human food and animal feed. China also imports large quantities of soybeans, primarily from Brazil and the United States.
- India: India also produces soybeans, though in smaller quantities compared to other mentioned countries. Its production is mainly used for domestic consumption and animal feed.
- Paraguay: Paraguay is a growing soybean producer and exports a significant portion of its production, particularly to countries like Brazil and Argentina.
In summary, soybeans are cultivated and distributed across various regions of the world, and their international trade is essential to meet the growing demand for plant-based protein and vegetable oils in human and animal nutrition and various industrial applications. Their versatility and nutritional value make soybeans a globally important agricultural crop. | <urn:uuid:f2922fc3-9bad-4182-ac62-442af2de20f6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://platformideas.com/products/category-grains-oil-seeds/soybeans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.921888 | 740 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Laptop techniques technologists resolve computer-associated points for businesses, authorities businesses, utilities, regulation enforcement businesses, well being companies suppliers, instructional institutions and extra. Learn the foundational expertise for software application development. Whereas SQL is the language for querying a relational database, sometimes it’s further environment friendly to depend on R as middleman software program. Students with a Bachelor of Computer Science will obtain an in-depth understanding of advancing software program paradigms, and develop new methods to create and interpret information that generate strong, efficient applications.
This system additionally prepares the scholars to be able to design and construct laptop networks and data communication each in a company and in a cellular format and in addition design variours digital-expertise-based mostly devices. College of Advancing Know-how’s (UAT) Digital Advertising diploma combines know-how skills with advertising, goal consciousness and messaging in a discipline that’s both analytic and inventive.
Future open supply know-how innovators will gain priceless expertise as they work towards their software program engineer degree credentials, utilizing know-how that features open supply tools, languages and frameworks to organize them for exciting careers in software improvement.
Within the Eighties its major applications have been Packaging, Software Engineering, CAD, and Superior Laptop Architectures. Second- and third-yr packages focus on superior laptop engineering concepts, ranging from software enchancment to embedded systems design. Associates-level laptop and data know-how degrees are normally versatile, allowing college students to earn their credentials on a component-time or full-time foundation.
In Computer Engineering Technology, you will be educated in each computer hardware and software program, together with ideas associated to laptop architecture fundamentals, industrial electronics and embedded controllers using analog and digital integration. | <urn:uuid:282de347-027d-4873-be2b-81f852daf7f5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://portalecclesia.com/why-research-computers-and-expertise/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.906083 | 362 | 2.625 | 3 |
You probably know Tomorrowland as one of the themed lands at Disney theme parks, home to famous rides such as Space Mountain. But if you’re like me, you probably aren’t as familiar with the history of Tomorrowland.
One of the five original themed lands at Disneyland, Tomorrowland first opened in July 1955. It was the last land to be completed, and some of its exhibits were not even finished when the theme park opened.
It boasts a variety of attractions that were updated as the years went on in order to maintain a futuristic atmosphere.
House of Tomorrow – invites guests to tour the home of the future, as sleeping beauty’s medieval castle makes a dramatic comparison in the background.
Early Years: Tomorrowland’s Original Attractions
Tomorrowland was meant to depict the future, with early plans featuring suspended monorail systems and moving sidewalks. This was modeled after what Walt Disney and his colleagues thought the year 1986 would be like. Some of these early attractions include:
- Circarama Theater: Sponsored by American Motors, Circarama Theater used a technique called Circle-Vision 360° to create an immersive viewing experience. It consisted of nine screens arranged in a circle and nine cameras mounted on automobiles to capture cities, highways, and landscapes. This technique was used to show various films, including “A Tour of the West,” “Wonders of China,” “America is Beautiful,” and “American Journeys.” Circarama eventually became the Circle-Vision Theater.
- Rocket to the Moon: This attraction simulated a trip to the moon and was sponsored by Trans World Airlines. The Moonliner rocket, a well-known icon of Tomorrowland associated with this attraction, was actually the tallest structure present in Disneyland until the Matterhorn was built. In 1967, this attraction was renamed to Flight to the Moon.
- Autopia: This is the only attraction from the very beginning of Tomorrowland that still remains in Disneyland. Sponsored by Richfield Oil, Autopia allowed guests to get behind the wheel of a car and drive around an enclosed track. At the time, the United States’ highway system was still being developed, so Autopia gave guests a taste of what multi-lane highways would be like. The name was created by merging the words “automobile” and “utopia.”
- House of the Future: Completed two years after the opening of Tomorrowland, House of the Future depicted what a house might look like in the year 1986. It was sponsored by Monsanto. The house included features like a microwave oven, adjustable height sinks, touch-tone phones, and a sonic dishwasher. The ride is no longer functioning, and the foundation of the house now serves as part of Pixie Hollow in Fantasyland.
In 1956, Disneyland added the Skyway aerial gondola ride, linking Tomorrowland with Fantasyland, and in 1958, a station was built at Tomorrowland for the Disneyland Railroad. These new developments provided easier access between Tomorrowland and other parts of the theme park.
Autopia — Disney’s most popular transportation — the Autopia Freeways — includes four separate “Super Autopia” highways. Over the multi-level Fantasyland and Tomorrowland Autopias, youngsters of all ages drive individual sports cars, including 75 new Mark V Autopia cars. It’s the perfect place for dad to give his kid that first driving lesson.
Better than Yesterdayland: A New Tomorrowland
In October 1966, Tomorrowland closed down for reconstruction. Walt Disney had ideas to redesign the area and make it even more futuristic. It would be better than “Yesterdayland,” which is what Walt called the original Tomorrowland. Sadly, Walt Disney passed away in December 1966 before he could see the result of his dreams.
The Walt Disney Company pushed forward with Walt’s plans. As Vice President of Disneyland Joe Fowler said, “Disneyland was a very special place to Walt. But Disneyland also is a very special place for all the people who come here… As long as we continue to carry out our responsibility and obligation to the public, Disneyland will always be Walt’s dream come true: ‘a source of joy and inspiration to all the world.’” Walt lived on in his creations.
Matterhorn and Monorail – First in America, the Disneyland-Alweg Monorail System traverses the area overlooked by the Disneyland Matterhorn Mountain. Guests also enjoy the sky ride which goes through the Matterhorn.
Reconstruction of Tomorrowland was completed in 1967. These are some of the new additions that were part of the revamped Tomorrowland:
- Adventure Thru Inner Space: In this ride, guests traveled through the world of a snowflake and even into an atom from a microscopic perspective. The attraction was centered on the Mighty Microscope, made of concrete, and sponsored by Monsanto. The lore behind the Mighty Microscope is that scientists reversed the properties of a typical microscope, giving it the ability to shrink objects. Monsanto ended their sponsorship in 1977, so the logo and almost all other references to Monsanto had to be removed from the Mighty Microscope. Now, the famous ride “Star Tours: The Adventures Continue” sits where this attraction used to be.
- Carousel of Progress: This attraction first debuted at the 1964-1965 New York World’s Fair in collaboration with General Electric, and after its success, it was implemented in Disneyland. The ride explores the impact of electricity on American homes in the 20th century. Due to dwindling audiences, the ride was later moved to the Magic Kingdom in Disneyworld, where it still runs today.
- Space Mountain: This ride was planned for the 1967 relaunch of Tomorrowland, but was put aside after Walt Disney’s death. However, in 1975, Space Mountain opened at the Magic Kingdom in Disneyworld because there was a need for a thrill ride attraction. When this saw great success, Disneyland decided to implement its version of the ride in 1977. Though it underwent various refurbishments in the future, Space Mountain is still one of Tomorrowland’s popular rides.
Flying Saucers – fact or fancy, “Flying Saucers” have a place in Disneyland’s Tomorrowland, where a guest may pilot his own ship in free flight, above the ground.
The Tomorrowland of Today
In 1998, Tomorrowland underwent yet another revamping. Drawing on the likes of Jules Verne, this Tomorrowland featured a heavy theme of retrofuturism. In later years, as new Disney-Pixar movies came out, Disneyland added new rides to capture fans of these movies.
- Rocket Rods: Rocket Rods is a high-speed thrill ride that is meant to be a futuristic rapid transportation system. The entrance for this ride was at the former Circarama Theater. The ride gave guests brief, up-close views of rides such as Space Mountain, Autopia, and Submarine Voyage. The ride was closed in 2000 for refurbishment—there were various mechanical failures, and it usually broke down at least once a day. Rocket Rods never reopened, though the track still stands.
- Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters: This ride takes inspiration from House of the Future in that guests are scaled down to the size of a toy. It is located where the queue space for Rocket Rods used to be.
What new attractions will the future of Tomorrowland bring? Only time will tell. I know one thing, though. Just like everything that comes from Disney, whatever it is will be something amazing. | <urn:uuid:f28428a5-77f6-4d07-9860-e8adf344d506> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://postcardinspirations.com/walt-disneys-tomorrowland-a-journey-through-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.958541 | 1,583 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Mesothelioma – What is Mesothelioma?
There are many conditions that can cause chest discomfort or breath shortness. To determine if mesothelioma is the cause, it is crucial to rule out other conditions.
Doctors do this by taking samples of fluid around the stomach or around the lung. They may also use tests such as a CT, MRI or a PET scan.
Mesothelioma can be found in the chest’s tissues (pleural esothelioma) or the abdomen (peritoneal esothelioma) or the heart (peritoneal esothelioma). The primary cause of mesothelioma lies in exposure to asbestos which was once widely used in construction, shipbuilding and other industries. The exposure to asbestos that causes mesothelioma typically happens through the inhalation of tiny fibres, which can cause irritation and damage to the tissue and cause the development of abnormal tumours. Mesothelioma typically develops between 20 and 50 years after exposure to asbestos.
Asbestos is a group minerals consisting of thin, long fibers that are able to be separated into smaller particles. These fibres can easily enter the lungs where they can be inhaled. They then can be lodged in the pleura, the lining around the lungs. These can irritate lungs over time and cause tumors that are abnormal to form. Mesothelioma may also result from exposure to asbestos through secondhand sources for instance, asbestos-containing fibres that workers ingested on their clothing and gear or from materials that are contaminated, like asbestos-containing insulation.
Shortness of breath, fatigue and coughing are typical symptoms for mesothelioma patients. Other signs include chest pain, swelling, difficulty swallowing, and a painful rash that is similar to hives. Mesothelioma is a rare condition in the United States, is diagnosed between 2,500 and 3,000 times per year.
The most common type of mesothelioma starts in the pleura, which covers the chest wall and lungs. Other mesothelioma types may be found in the peritoneum, which connects the stomach, intestines and testicles.
A specialist for mesothelioma may suggest tests like xrays, CT scans, or MRI to determine the presence of disease. A mesothelioma specialist surgical thoracic surgeon, or a medical oncologist might perform a procedure, chemotherapy or radiation treatment. There are a variety of palliative treatments available to relieve pain and other signs. Doctors can also assist with the diagnosis of mesothelioma by examining symptoms and offering suggestions on managing them. They may also refer you to an expert if needed. They can refer you to an expert in the field of respiratory medicine to assess your symptoms and investigate the way you breathe.
The symptoms of mesothelioma may differ depending on the type. This is because the types of mesothelioma can be classified based on the location and spread of the cancer.
Mesotheliomas can develop in the lining of the lungs (pleura) or the heart’s lining (pericardium) or the abdominal lining (peritoneum). The symptoms of mesothelioma are chest pain, difficulty breathing, fluid accumulation and weight loss.
Asbestos fibres can cause irritation of the pleura (lung liner) and abnormal cells to develop. Over time, these cells can grow in uncontrollable amounts and become tumors. Mesothelioma can also affect other body parts that have similar linings. This includes the abdominal cavity as well as reproductive organs.
Symptoms can take longer to show, which can result in a delayed diagnosis. Mesothelioma is usually diagnosed after it has advanced and is life-threatening. This is in part because mesothelioma sufferers have a latency time of 20 to 40 years between exposure and the time when the cancer begins to manifest.
There are three treatment options for mesothelioma, including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The doctor will advise you on the option that is most suitable for your particular situation. The type of treatment depends on the stage of mesothelioma or how far the cancer has spread.
Surgery: Doctors will eliminate any cancerous tissue during a surgical procedure. They can also combine surgery to treat mesothelioma. The type of surgery used depends on the location and extent of mesothelioma.
Radiation: Doctors may use high-energy X-rays or other forms of radiation to kill mesothelioma cells or stop them from growing. This kind of therapy may be administered externally or internally.
Chemotherapy: Doctors might prescribe chemotherapy pills or liquids to shrink cancer cells or stop the spread of cancer. Chemotherapy can be used by itself or in conjunction with other treatments, like surgery and radiation.
If you or someone you love has mesothelioma, it is important to see an expert as soon as you can. Bring our no-cost Symptoms Checklist to your appointment, and speak to your physician about your symptoms.
In the past, doctors used different tests to determine mesothelioma. These tests include a lab test, physical examination and imaging scans. They will also review the patient’s medical as well as job history to identify any asbestos exposure signs.
what is malignant mesothelioma to diagnosing mesothelioma is to have a physical exam by a physician. This involves looking for lumps, and asking about the person’s symptoms. The doctor will also consider the type of mesothelioma such as epithelial or sarcomatoid. These kinds are based on the cells that are found in every type of cancer.
Mesothelioma is difficult to detect. It usually affects the Pleura, which is a thin layer of tissues that line the lungs and chest cavity. It can also affect the peritoneum which is a thin layer that surrounds the stomach, intestines and lungs. Breathlessness, coughing and abdominal pain are just a few possible symptoms. In certain cases, mesothelioma could expand to other organs including the heart.
A biopsy is the most effective method to determine if mesothelioma is present. A doctor removes mesothelioma tissue and sends it to a laboratory for testing. The lab tests for mesothelioma and other cancer types.
If the biopsy results are positive, doctors will examine the cancer cells to determine what kind of mesothelioma is it. This helps them select the most appropriate treatment.
Other tests could include an X-ray or CT scan to check for asbestos in the lung liner, calcium deposits or signs of mesothelioma, such as an effusion in the pleural cavity. They can also run blood tests to see if there are any abnormalities such as anemia, or low levels of certain antibodies that indicate mesothelioma.
Other imaging tests include an MRI or PET scan, which employs radio waves and magnets to produce precise images of the body’s soft tissues. They can aid in the identification of mesothelioma that has spread to the lungs and other areas, such as the diaphragm (a dome-shaped muscle which separates the chest and abdomen). They can also tell how far the cancer has spread. They may also test the lymph nodes for evidence of mesothelioma. Doctors can perform this by inserting a scope into the windpipe — or trachea. This procedure, called mediastinoscopy, is performed under the influence of sedation.
The cancer is extremely difficult to treat because it usually develops later in the process and is widespread when discovered. The treatment aims to minimize symptoms and improve quality of life. A mesothelioma expert can help people find the right treatment program for them.
A mesothelioma specialist will have an entire team of specialists working together to provide care. The team could include a general practitioner who is responsible for the overall health of a patient as well as a respiratory doctor who investigates symptoms and treats lung diseases as well as an interventional radiologist who utilizes imaging scans for guiding needles or other instruments for draining fluids or removing tissue to diagnose, a surgeon who performs surgery or other operations to treat lung or chest and a medical oncologist that prescribes drugs such as chemotherapy.
If mesothelioma is detected, further tests may be carried out to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. This could involve a CT scan or MRI, FDG-positron emissions tomography (to look for the movement mesothelioma tumor cells) and a biopsied sample taken from a tissue sample that was removed during surgery.
A patient with malignant pleural mesothelioma is likely to undergo a surgical procedure to reduce breathlessness due to the accumulation of fluid. This might require a procedure known as VATS (video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery), in which some of the lining of the lung and chest wall are removed to lessen the fluid build up. In some cases it is possible to have a tube placed into the chest to drain the fluid frequently at home.
Benign mesothelioma is not typically require surgery. Instead, doctors might opt to use palliative treatments like painkillers to ease symptoms or try other treatments that don’t involve surgery.
Because mesothelioma has a low incidence new treatments are being evaluated in clinical trials. It is important for people with mesothelioma to take part in these trials as much as possible, since they could lead to better treatments. However the decision to participate in a trial should not be taken lightly, as the risks associated with treatment are usually extremely severe. This is why it is vital for mesothelioma patients or their families to discuss their options with a mesothelioma expert.
Mesothelioma – What is Mesothelioma? | <urn:uuid:1dca2933-ee39-438b-9014-d339e60d887e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://preschoolcurriculum.in/what-you-should-be-focusing-on-enhancing-mesothelioma-is-a-cancer-caused-by-what/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.949498 | 2,080 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Path to your future
At Project Respect, we have lots of great information to provide youth. We do that because we think youth deserve every opportunity to chart a path to their futures–one that is greatly improved when they don’t engage in risky activities, like teen sex. The decisions they make about sex can have a significant impact on their physical and emotional health, their relationships, and their future lives.
What is Sexual Risk Avoidance? (SRA)
Sexual Risk Avoidance is an educational approach based on the public health model of primary prevention to empower youth to avoid ALL the risks of sexual activity.
Good News: The Majority of Teens are Listening
And they are responding by waiting for sex. In fact, more are waiting today than at any other time in recent history. Ascend thinks parents, policy-makers, and sex education classes should support the healthiest choices for youth, both now and in the future. Ascend represents those who agree.
We Don’t Intend to Give Up. Not on Youth.
And not on their access to the skills, information, and encouragement to avoid all sexual activity, hopefully until they marry. We believe that helping teens eliminate – not simply reduce – sexual risk, is the right thing to do.
Because we believe where youth live or what their current reality looks like should not exclude them from the tools for the best possible health outcomes and future success. | <urn:uuid:febb87cd-13e5-4858-bccd-86f7e8e46660> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://projectrespectnwo.org/935-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.946169 | 290 | 2.6875 | 3 |
National Guideline for Sickle Cell Anaemia and Thalassemia: Sickle-cell disease is characterized by a modification in the shape of the red blood cell from a smooth, donut-shape into a crescent or half-moon shape. Thalassaemias are also inherited blood disorders. People with thalassaemia are not able to make enough haemoglobin, which is found in red blood cells. When there is not enough haemoglobin in the red blood cells, oxygen cannot get to all parts of the body. Organs then become starved for oxygen and are unable to function properly. There are two major types of thalassaemia, alpha and beta, which are named for the two protein chains that make up normal haemoglobin.
Thalassaemias are the most common in Asia, the Mediterranean basin, and the Middle East. National burden of haemoglobin disorder has not been estimated in Nepal yet. Some of studies have been conducted based on hospital data. It seems that sickle cell disease is commonly detected in Banke, Bardiya, Dang, Kailali and Kanchanpur. Thalassaemia cases can be found any part of country.
Rationale for guideline
Haemoglobin disorders are one of the major public health problems in Nepal. Government of Nepal has been trying to reduce the burden of disease by two major interventions:
a] effective case management and
b] preventive measures.
In order to effectively implement these interventions, we must enable our health system by strengthening technical and managerial capacity. For this, we do not have any guiding document. Therefore, a national guideline is required. This guideline is expected to full fill the gap.
Objectives of the Guidelines
- The general objectives of this guideline is to serve a reference for health managers, doctors, nurses and paramedics for case management and implementing preventive measures.
- To provide basic information about haemoglobin disorders
- To provide guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and management of sickle cell diseases and thalassemia
- To make health care professionals be able to cope problems of haemoglobin disorders
- To improve health status and quality of life to increase life expectancy of patients with haemoglobin disorders
- To create awareness on haemoglobin disorders in the community
Designated for treatment centres for Sickle Cell Disease
- Civil Service Hospital, Min Bhawan, Kathmandu
- Mid-Western Sub-regional Hospital, Ghorahi, Dang 3
- Mahakali Zonal Hospital, Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur
- Seti Zonal Hospital,Dhangadi, Kailai
- Bheri Zonal Hospital,Nepalgunj, Banke
- Lumbini Zonal Hospital, Butwal,Rupendehi
- District Hospital, Kapilvastu
- District Hospital Bardiya
- District Hospital, Nawalparasi
Source of Info: National Guideline for Sickle Cell Anaemia and Thalassemia
Guideline to Implement livelihood allowance for Cancer, Kidney & paralyzed patients from spinal injuries
- COP28: Summary of the initiatives and financial commitments for climate and health
- COP28 UAE Climate and Health Declaration: Putting Health at the Heart of the Climate Agenda
- Guiding Principles for Financing Climate and Health Solutions
- Global health community calls for urgent action on climate and health at COP28
- Asia Pacific Forum on Sustainable Development (APFSD) Youth Forum 2024
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Disclaimer: The resources, documents, guidelines, and information on this blog have been collected from various sources and are intended for informational purposes only. Information published on or through this website and affiliated social media channels does not represent the intention, plan, or strategies of an organization that the initiator is associated with in a professional or personal capacity, unless explicitly indicated.
If you have any complaints, information, or suggestions about the content published on Public Health Update, please feel free to contact us at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:84d66e69-0cc4-41db-8618-1ca347392891> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://publichealthupdate.com/national-guideline-for-sickle-cell-anaemia-and-thalassemia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.902938 | 835 | 3.6875 | 4 |
When contemplating our fingernails, we often see them merely as canvases for nail polish or the occasional nervous nibbling. Regrettably, our fingernails tend to be overlooked, receiving little more than a passing glance.
However, beneath their unassuming appearance lies a world of complexity and intrigue. Fingernails are not just ordinary appendages; they harbor captivating secrets.
Intrigued? Brace yourself for an exploration of 25 captivating facts about your fingernails that may leave you pleasantly surprised.
1. Growth Rate: Fingernails grow at an average rate of about 3 millimeters per month, while toenails grow at a slower pace.
2. Dominant Hand: Fingernails on your dominant hand tend to grow faster than those on your non-dominant hand.
3. Half-Moon: The white, crescent-shaped area at the base of your nails is called the lunula. Contrary to popular belief, it’s not the actual growing part of the nail.
4. Nail Composition: Fingernails are primarily composed of keratin, the same protein found in hair and skin.
5. Fingernail Function: Nails help improve our dexterity and sensitivity by providing a firm grip and protecting the tips of our fingers.
6. Hygiene Indicator: Changes in the color or texture of your nails can be an indicator of underlying health issues or poor hygiene.
7. Nail Growth Factors: Factors such as age, genetics, and overall health influence the rate of nail growth.
8. Nail Biting: Nail biting, also known as onychophagia, is a common habit that can damage nails and increase the risk of infection.
9. Cuticle Protection: Cuticles serve as a protective barrier against bacteria and fungi. Avoid cutting them too aggressively.
10. Nail Polish Breathability: Nails need to “breathe,” so it’s advisable to take breaks from nail polish to prevent discoloration and brittleness.
11. Unique Prints: Just like fingerprints, everyone has a unique nail pattern. No two people have identical nails.
12. Nail Shapes: Fingernail shapes can vary, with common shapes being square, oval, and almond.
13. Nail Thickness: Nails on your dominant hand may be thicker due to increased use.
14. Dermatologic Conditions: Nails can reveal underlying dermatologic conditions, such as psoriasis or fungal infections.
15. Age-Related Changes: Nails may become more brittle and prone to splitting as we age.
16. Protective Function: Nails help protect the fingertips from injury, aiding in tasks like picking up small objects.
17. Usefulness in Medicine: Nails can provide insights into a person’s health, assisting doctors in diagnosing certain conditions.
18. Nail Art: Nail art is a creative and popular way to express personal style, with intricate designs and patterns.
19. Nail Myths: There are several nail-related myths, such as nails continuing to grow after death (they don’t).
20. Cultural Significance: Nails hold cultural significance in various societies, often symbolizing cleanliness, beauty, or status.
Fingernails, though often overlooked, play a vital role in our daily lives and can provide valuable insights into our health. Taking care of them, maintaining good hygiene, and paying attention to any changes can help keep your nails healthy and beautiful.
Next time you admire your nails or give yourself a manicure, remember these fascinating facts that make these small, keratin-rich shields so intriguing.
Ques: Why do our fingernails grow at a seemingly slow rate?
Ans: Fingernails have a relatively slow growth rate to ensure their strength and durability. This gradual growth allows for the production of strong, well-structured nails.
Ques: Is it true that fingernails continue to grow after death?
Ans: No, this is a common myth. Fingernails do not continue to grow after death. Instead, the skin around them may retract, giving the appearance of increased nail length.
Ques: What can changes in nail color indicate about our health?
Ans: Changes in nail color can be a sign of various health issues. For example, a bluish tint may indicate poor circulation, while yellowing could be a sign of a fungal infection.
Ques: How can I strengthen my nails and prevent brittleness?
Ans: Proper nail care, a balanced diet, and protection from harsh chemicals can help strengthen nails. Avoiding excessive nail polish and acetone-based removers can also help prevent brittleness.
Ques: Are nail abnormalities, such as ridges or white spots, a cause for concern?
Ans: Not always. Some nail abnormalities are harmless and may resolve on their own. However, persistent or severe changes should be discussed with a healthcare professional.
Ques: How can cuticles be best cared for?
Ans: Gently push back cuticles after a warm soak, but avoid cutting them too aggressively to prevent infection. Moisturizing the cuticles can also help keep them healthy.
In this journey through the intricate world of fingernails, we’ve uncovered a treasure trove of fascinating facts. From their gradual growth rate to their role as indicators of health, nails are more than just cosmetic features; they’re essential components of our daily lives.
As we pondered the mysteries of the lunula and the uniqueness of nail prints, we gained a newfound appreciation for these small but mighty shields of keratin. They protect, they adorn, and they tell stories of our health and habits.
Next time you trim your nails or apply that favorite nail polish, remember the hidden world beneath your fingertips. The journey of your nails, slow and steady, is a testament to the intricate beauty of the human body. So, take a moment to admire these marvels of nature and the wonders they reveal about us. | <urn:uuid:fdac7ce4-02c8-4586-9238-c67d04a4be46> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://radiumnails.com/interesting-facts/20-interesting-facts-that-you-didnt-know-about-fingernails/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.913054 | 1,279 | 3.125 | 3 |
Sometimes autistic people want to hang out with a group of people and can’t tell if it’s ok to talk to them or not.
And then, they try to watch for a while to try and pick up on signs that interaction would be welcome.
This is generally a bad idea. The problem is that people find it uncomfortable to be watched by people who aren’t explaining their presence. If they’re not ok with you joining them, they’re probably not ok with you watching them, either.
It’s better to just go up to people and ask if it’s ok to join them. Watching first for more than a couple of seconds actually makes things worse.
Some people are socially awkward because they don’t know the rules. Those people can learn the rules and not be awkward anymore. That is a different problem than autism.
Being autistic means that, no matter how much you understand, you will not be able to follow all of the rules. There will be some rules you won’t ever be physically capable of following. And some rules you will be capable of following, but with a heavy cost not faced by nonautistic people. And sometimes your abilities will fluctuate. That is a different problem than being awkward out of ignorance.
It’s also a different problem than being a jerk. Some people are jerks who don’t much care about being good to others. This is a different problem than not knowing the rules, and it’s a different problem than being physically incapable of following the rules.
Some people are kind of unintentional jerks because they don’t understand much about *how* to be good to others. This is a different problem from not caring about others. It’s also a different problem from not understanding the rules, or being unable to follow the rules. Treating people well is a learned set of skills. It’s not the same as social conformity or appearing normal.
Autistic people can be considerate of others. Autistic people can treat others well. This does not depend on following all of the rules all of the time. Following the rules is one tool people can use to be considerate of others. It is not the only tool.
Being autistic means that being considerate of other people will look different for you than most other people. It doesn’t mean that your neurology dooms you to be a jerk. It just means that you have to learn to treat others well in a way that works with rather than against who you are. | <urn:uuid:aa426176-6916-4b36-b4b9-d1aa5e24d0e2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://realsocialskills.org/tag/creepiness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.971808 | 536 | 2.875 | 3 |
In recent years, we’ve seen skyrocketing ticket prices to Taylor Swift and Beyonce concerts, and a recent article from CNN suggested that these superstars might also be contributing to inflation and GDP growth.
According to Klaus Baader, the global chief economist at Societe Generale, their respective tours are having a macroeconomic impact. “It’s not just that the tickets become more expensive,” said Baader. “It’s also that your beer or cider or your Coca-Cola or your hot dog at the venue has also gotten a lot more expensive.”
The “tourflation” is also driving up prices for local businesses. Hotel prices surge when Swifties (fans of Taylor Swift) visit cities for concerts, drawing the ire of local residents and other travelers.
But are we really seeing evidence of inflation? It’s a tricky question to answer, particularly because there are multiple definitions of the term. But the answer may be “no” regardless of the definition.
While prices are constantly changing due to factors like shifts in supply and demand, these changes don’t necessarily mean inflation. Consider the case of the Ford Lightning. In June, Ford slashed the price of its electric pickup truck by $10,000, citing lower-than-expected demand for electric vehicles.
According to The Economist, inflation is defined as “a general and sustained increase in prices,” and that concerts, theatre, and cinema have a weight of less than .8% in the basket. This means that the price increases associated with “tourflation” may not actually count as inflation.
In fact, many economists still believe in the simpler definition of inflation: an increase in the money supply. Making more money available creates more demand without a corresponding increase in supply, leading to higher prices.
Inflation may be a policy, according to economist Ludwig von Mises, but it’s not one that we can blame on Beyonce and Taylor Swift. Rather, it’s a deliberate policy created by policymakers who think printing more money is a lesser evil than unemployment.
So while Beyonce and Swift are undoubtedly having a major economic impact with their tours, there’s less evidence to suggest that they are responsible for inflation. People are paying more for tickets, hotels, and snacks near the venue, but it appears that these changes are being driven by factors other than an increase in the money supply.
Taylor Swift and Beyonce are impacting inflation and the GDP with their respective tours. pic.twitter.com/Lc8G7SNzK7
— CNN (@CNN) August 9, 2023 | <urn:uuid:623cce4e-6384-436b-84f5-1bb8f093f1e9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://redrightnewsfeed.com/cnn-claims-tourflation-affecting-economy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.952783 | 555 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Policies for Better Buildings
Cost-Effective Ways Cities Can Cut Carbon, Slash Costs, and Create Jobs
Cities consume over two-thirds of the world’s energy and account for more than 70 percent of global CO2 emissions, while occupying only 2 percent of its land area. Many cities are well aware of their substantial carbon footprints and have made commitments to emissions reductions and conducted emissions audits to target certain sectors. Overwhelmingly, cities have seen that the energy consumption of existing buildings accounts for the greatest source of their carbon emissions—constituting 64 to 73 percent of citywide carbon emissions in the three most populous cities in the United States. Most existing buildings are decades old, suffer from substantial deferred maintenance issues, and have significant potential for cost-effective energy retrofits.
Reducing energy use in existing buildings is critical to driving down citywide carbon emissions and achieving a city’s emissions goals. Many cities have already implemented policies and programs that target existing building energy reductions, and are making real progress toward their carbon goals. However, many of these policies address only technology-specific measures, as opposed to more holistic deep retrofit packages that bundle measures to enable greater energy and cost savings over time. A holistic approach to building and citywide energy reductions is necessary to drive cities all the way to their carbon-reduction goals swiftly and cost-effectively.
Rocky Mountain Institute’s latest insight brief, Policies for Better Buildings: Cost-Effective Ways Cities can Cut Carbon, Slash Costs, and Create Jobs, describes how cities can leverage thoughtful policies to swiftly and cost-effectively deploy energy efficiency and distributed renewable energy systems. Packaging multiple policy elements together can unlock substantial carbon emissions reductions while driving job creation, increasing tax revenue, and developing new markets for renewable energy and energy efficiency. Understanding baseline energy consumption and evaluating policies using a citywide model are critical to understanding the efficacy and potential impact of a policy targeting existing buildings.
A Policy Framework that Drives Deeper Savings
RMI developed a comprehensive framework to develop retrofit policies that drive deeper carbon savings for cities. We tested this framework by analyzing New York City to develop a policy recommendation that would help the city meet its 80 percent emissions-reduction target by 2050. This framework is based on an outcome-based energy code, among other key components, and is comprised of four key steps:
- Identify effective and appropriate triggers: Triggers are events that prompt energy upgrades and that align with key market intervention points, such as point-of-sale or point-of-lease negotiations. Aligning building retrofits with key trigger points such as market events and building life-cycle events can make projects more cost-effective, ease implementation, and provide a logical point in the building’s life cycle for a policy to come into effect. The insight brief details a range of trigger points, including point of sale, building refinancing, and end of major equipment lifetime.
- Approach interventions holistically: The core “event” that is prompted by the trigger can be most broadly defined as an energy upgrade requirement. It is important that this requirement point toward a more holistic solution, reward projects that address energy reductions across multiple building systems, and complement other energy efficiency goals or targets in place.
- Recognize and respond to enabling factors: Policy designers should understand the key factors that could enable or prevent success for the policy being considered. It is helpful to segment the existing building market to understand pain points within the market and the building types that would be simplest or most cost-effective to retrofit. Examples of enabling factors covered in the insight brief range from building stock age to local construction costs.
- Apply iterative and rigorous cost optimization to ensure market stability: An iterative evaluation process that includes financial analysis is critical when analyzing a policy package. Although a policy’s effectiveness is partially measured by emissions-reduction outcomes, a policy can only be effective if it is politically viable, adopted, and accepted by the market. This requires evidence of affordability and market stability.
This policy approach can dramatically accelerate code compliance within a city, is rooted in an appropriate trigger for each building, follows an outcome-based approach (code compliance), and can be designed for each city to support market viability with a rigorous and objective approach.
Policy in Action—Case Study Findings
RMI used this approach to evaluate a point-of-sale building energy efficiency upgrade policy for New York City and found that:
- New York City could achieve a 67 percent emissions reduction in the buildings sector (including existing policies, grid emissions reductions, reductions from solar goals, and fuel mix changes), in support of its 80 percent overall emissions-reduction goal by 2050 if it were to implement a point-of-sale energy efficiency requirement.
- Buildings could realistically achieve up to ~60 percent energy savings on average through deep energy retrofits.
- Energy efficiency upgrades are cost-effective as stand-alone projects until energy savings reach 30 to 50 percent, according to an assessment of return on investment and net present value.
- Temporary alternative compliance in the form of local renewable energy offsets until a trigger is hit was a critical part of the recommendation for this city, as building efficiency upgrades and on-site renewable energy are limited by space and financial constraints.
Cities and states need bold policies to reduce emissions from existing buildings and achieve the audacious climate goals that they have set. They must tailor energy-reduction policies to the unique characteristics and market forces at play in their own cities to have the greatest impact. A robust, citywide impact model is necessary to characterize the full impact of policies, understand feasibility and market dynamics, and uncover potential roadblocks.
Cities and states need bold policies to reduce emissions from existing buildings and achieve the audacious climate goals that they have set.Tweet
This approach to developing a holistic policy for decarbonizing a city’s building stock can help cities take the first steps toward achieving and exceeding greenhouse gas emissions-reduction goals. We hope that cities will leverage this guide and reach out to RMI for any further guidance.
The first step has already been taken in committing to emissions reductions; now it is time for cities to take action by implementing bold policies. | <urn:uuid:73b9cf7c-600f-401e-8983-32df90ba624c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://rmi.org/policies-for-better-buildings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.938573 | 1,272 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Healthy Ecosystems Increase Resilience
Though his business card says Director of Forest Carbon Science at The Nature Conservancy, Bronson Griscom introduces himself as an ecological accountant. Griscom radiates an optimism somewhat rare in seasoned environmentalists, especially when he discusses the “carbon economy” of nature: the everyday role that trees, grasslands and coastal habitats play in the carbon cycle.
Griscom can measure the carbon impact of logging in old growth forests, or how well different forest ecosystems work as sinks for absorbing and storing carbon from the atmosphere. He helps link our economy with the economy of the biosphere.In recent decades, forest use—Griscom’s area of expertise—has been widely studied for its climate impacts. Forest loss accounts for 8 to 10 percent of carbon emissions globally; tropical rainforests like the Amazon have become almost synonymous with land conservation, largely because they work as massive carbon sinks and are home to many of the world’s indigenous people and endangered species. But other global ecosystems and managed lands—from farmlands and peatlands to seagrass and tidal marshes—have garnered less attention from climate regulators, both as a source of emissions and a potential mitigation solution. In fact, until recently no one had ever integrated the raw data on all the carbon that all ecosystems were already sequestering, and what the potential was for increasing carbon storage among all these habitats together, as Griscom and his team studied.
“I thought we would review a few papers and take an average to answer the question,” he says. “We were shocked to find that important gaps remained in answering the question: how much can lands contribute to solving climate change? So we took it upon ourselves to convene a large group of scientists across 15 research institutions to take a comprehensive look at this question.”
Answering that question became the highest priority for Bronson’s team, and the foundation for what has become the most comprehensive study on the role that nature can play in keeping global temperature increases to 2°C or below. They found that, with the right management, nature can play a bigger role than we realized.
Natural climate solutions offer up to 37 percent of the mitigation needed between now and 2030 to keep global temperature rise below 2°C.
The paper offers a comprehensive roadmap for reducing carbon emissions through nature. The study is the culmination of a partnership between the Conservancy and the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation that brought together more than two-dozen leading natural scientists and economists from fifteen research, educational and private institutions around the world.
The land-use sector is currently responsible for a quarter of greenhouse gas emissions. But this new study shows that this could change—and with concerted global action on land use over the next decade, nature can be a significant part of the climate solution.
The analysis found that the total biophysical potential for natural climate solutions while still taking account of food production needs is as much as 23.7 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year—approximately 30 percent more than previous, less comprehensive estimates.
In addition, the study’s economic analyses show that half of these natural climate solutions (11.3 billion tons CO2e) offer cost-effective mitigation opportunities, because they cost less than the future impacts of climate change, expected to cost society more than $100 per ton of CO2 in the atmosphere. These cost-effective NCS mitigation options offer up to 37 percent of mitigation needed between now and 2030 to keep global temperature rise below 2°C —the widely recognized target of the Paris Climate Agreement.
Pathways to Natural Climate Solutions
To synthesize the research, Griscom and his team developed a framework to distill the world’s “natural climate solutions”—the proven ways of storing and reducing carbon emissions in forests, grasslands (including agricultural and rangelands) and wetlands—into a taxonomy of 20 specific pathways that account for the full climate potential of nature.
In addition to covering three biomes, the pathways also look at different practices across a variety of economic scenarios that mitigate climate change, including the implementation of low-cost opportunities only ($10 per tonne CO2e or less).
Another striking aspect of these pathways is the additional benefits they provide. Most nature climate solutions—if effectively implemented—also offer water filtration, flood buffering, improved soil health, protection of biodiversity habitat, and enhanced climate resilience.
“The approach is synergistic,” says Justin Adams, managing director for Global Lands at the Nature Conservancy. “We can hit multiple targets of the UN Sustainable Development Goals if we get this right.”
There is, however, a catch: The world must act soon.
Assuming current business-as-usual trajectories, increased emissions entering the atmosphere, coupled with continued environmental degradation, will lessen the impact that nature can have. If natural climate solutions are mobilized over the next 10 to 15 years, they could provide 37 percent of the needed mitigation for global climate targets. But if action is delayed until after 2030, that number drops to 33 percent, and drops again to only 22 percent after 2050.Over the past two years, the world experienced unprecedented global climate momentum. In September 2015, international leaders adopted the UN’s 17 Sustainable Development Goals, which aim to fight poverty, promote sustainability and address climate change. Shortly after, nearly 200 countries came together in Paris to adopt the world’s largest ever international climate treaty.
And despite recent setbacks, including the United States announcing its intention to withdraw from the Paris Agreement, many countries have moved forward implementing voluntary measures to limit emissions. And while natural climate solutions are part of many countries’ pledges, there remains a gap between promised action and realized climate progress.
“Natural climate solutions are available now, are cost effective and greatly benefit communities,” said Justin Adams.
As they are currently written, the Paris Agreement pledges still fall short, likely keeping warming around 4°C. Every five years, international representatives and negotiators will meet to ramp up ambition, but the current timeline for countries to end their reliance on fossil fuels while still maintaining development and economic growth does not align with what is needed to achieve climate stability. Barring a technological miracle, the world likely needs more time than it realistically has to move to full economic decarbonization.
“There’s a growing recognition that to get to below 2°C, we need to actively drawdown carbon from the atmosphere,” Adams says. “And while there’s lots of interest and investment in new technology solutions to capture and store carbon, this is new, experimental technology. Trees and other plants, meanwhile have already perfected this process over hundreds of millions of years of evolution—we’re unlikely to see a better carbon capture and storage technology than that which nature provides.”This makes the findings from the 20 pathways particularly important: they provide a scalable near-term option that, combined with fossil fuel emission reductions, can put the planet on a 2° path by 2030. If world leaders hold off on concurrently investing in nature now, emerging technology will have to play an exponentially larger role in reducing emissions later on. “That’s a gamble on the future that can be prevented today,” Adams says.
“The rapid deployment of clean energy technologies currently being witnessed is truly inspiring, and we absolutely must press forward with the deployment of renewables, electric cars, energy efficiency and other methods for fossil fuel reduction,” Adams adds. “But we also need to see a similar level of investment in natural solutions, which are available now, are cost effective and greatly benefit communities.” | <urn:uuid:e456946a-56c6-4a2f-a2ad-f82fc0112e4a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://sacredseedlings.com/nature-based-solution-climate-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.942873 | 1,586 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Deforestation Threatens Endangered Species
The Montane Evergreen Forests (MEF) of Sri Lanka is beginning to expand. This is great news for the Horton Plains slender loris (HPSL), a subspecies which is endemic to Sri Lanka and restricted to the MEF in the central highland. Furthermore the MEF in Sri Lanka is considered a super-hotspot within the globally important Sri Lanka/Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot. Unfortunately the MEF (1600m above sea level) is one of the critical ecosystems in Sri Lanka and these forests suffer high deforestation rates, and with over 80% of the MEF lost, this vital ecosystem now accounts for only >0.1% of the country’s total land area.
The Red Slender Loris Conservation Project (RSLCP) identified that deforestation and forest isolation is also high in this region and four out of six HPSL occupied forests were isolated – Horton Plains NP, Conical Hill FR, Single Tree FR, and Haggala SNR.
As part of the ongoing RSLCP, a Species Conservation Strategy (SCS) has been drafted, which has identified the restoration of the MEF and raising awareness among local stakeholders as priority activities for conservation of the HPSL.
We are pleased to announce that the recently completed project “Re-establishing Ecological Corridors for the Horton Plains Slender Loris” is able to achieve the goals set out in the SCS through tree planting that will reconnect existing areas of MEF. This is a collaborative initiative, with Sri Lankan and international partners, including: the Open University of Sri Lanka, University of Colombo, and Land Owners Restore Rainforests in Sri Lanka and the Zoological Society of London (EDGE of Existence programme) with financial support provided by BBC Wildlife Fund.
The project was able to established three plant nurseries with native montane plats in Nuwra Eliya with capacity of 4550 potted plants at a time. This will be a huge benefit for future restoration activities in this region. The project also wants to thank Dr R. Rudran for providing financial support to maintain these plant nurseries via Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation during last couple of months.
Replanting was ceremonially started in 21st May 2013 with participation of the Mayor of Nuwara Eliya, the DWC staff members, the Forest Department staff members, Participants from District Secretariat Nuwara Eliya, Local community groups, teachers and students from six schools in Nuwara Eliya. The event was jointly organized by the Open University of Sri Lanka, Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka and LORRIS. We were able to plant 5245 native tree saplings at the two sites (Meepilimana and Ambewela) in Nuwara Eliya with total area of 4.2 ha.
Furthermore the project was able to conduct several community awareness programmes, school awareness programmes and field trips in Nuwara Eliya. Part of these awareness activities were funded by Lanka Challenge as part of the “LARGE minority travel.”
This success encouraged us to expand these efforts to other sites already identified (we identified nearly 100 ha of lands need to be restored to connect these forest islands) and maintain the effort for at least the next five years. Hopefully longer. | <urn:uuid:1d46c7e1-9ac8-4343-963f-bee6e88730fd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://sacredseedlings.com/reforestation-sri-lanka/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.941816 | 693 | 2.75 | 3 |
Stream foam near Hanson Ridge Road Rail Trail Trailhead. The newer, white foam is on the upstream section, left
Photo Credit: Kevin McKeon
Nature Brews Organic Foam
By: Kevin McKeon, Maine Master Naturalist
Enter the Rail Trail at Hanson Ridge Trailhead and look to your right near the opening to the granite box culvert — or really, look beside any woodland stream — and you’ll occasionally see a foamy mass. What is this sudsy-looking stuff? There’s a natural explanation.
Pour your brewed coffee or tea from a foot or so above your cup and it will form bubbles. Do the same with water — notice the difference in bubble persistency?
Well, nature’s brew is formed from the action of surface water mixing with dissolved organic matter from leaves, twigs, topsoil, and algae, which contain surfactants — materials that reduce surface tension in water. Hand soap does the same thing. This reduction essentially makes water “wetter” and easier to “spread”. And it also makes bubbles last longer. This action is comparable to a tea bag infusing its flavor and color into your teacup. Scientifically called dissolved organic compounds (DOC), the bubbles created from turbulent water flow stabilize and persist, collecting in stream obstructions and eddies. (Eddies are circular flows of water created by obstructions to water flow, like rocks, branches, and riverbanks.) This foam is usually white at first, turning brown as atmospheric and environmental materials are absorbed.
The waters of Deering Pond and the surrounding Hall Reserve are rich in tannins, absorbed from the landscape’s acidic, peat-forming soils. As such, you’ll notice that these waters are a bit brownish, indicating a high level of DOC’s; thus, foam is readily formed, especially during elevated turbulent flows, like after a rainfall and during snow melt.
There’s another naturally occurring foam found along shorelines and beaches. These are called foam lines, and they’re caused by similar actions. As aquatic plants and algae die and decompose, the natural oils contained in their cells are released and float to the surface. Wind and wave action combine to mix the two, both decreasing the water’s surface tension and pushing the mixture to the shore. The turbulence and wave action at the beach creates persistent bubbles that form foam lines.
So, at the seashore, seawater mixing with decaying matter from dead plankton and algae results in the beach foam we see. The sea air smell we all love is caused by bacteria eating this decay, releasing this scent. | <urn:uuid:26fbfabc-77ec-4c5d-89a4-5bd78ec035d3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://sanfordspringvalenews.com/out-in-the-woods-7/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.934245 | 557 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Excursion in the "State" of the Institute of Nuclear Physics: Where Particles Are Born
The issue of the matter-divisibility limits dates back to the 5th century B. C. In antiquity, in addition to a discrete pattern of the world known as atomism, the belief in infinite divisibility of matter was also fairly popular. Even Democritus, the founder of atomism, believed that atoms — indivisible, eternal, and invariable particles — consist of smaller elements, which have practically no size at all. Antique disputes about these unclear objects, however, were purely speculative
The result of experimental investigations of the structure of matter at the end of the 19th century was the discovery of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles. A new vision of particles was proposed by Paul Dirac, who developed a theory aimed at describing electron motion in late 1920s. The theory revealed the fundamental symmetry of matter and antimatter and predicted the existence of an “antielectron” having the mass of an electron but oppositely charged. Indeed, such a particle — positron — was discovered two years layer.
When it became clear that the entire matter observed consists of atoms, and the latter consist, in turn, of neutrons, protons, and electrons, physicists almost believed that they finally managed to find the ultimate “bricks” of the universe — infinitely small and indivisible units of matter.
A principally new stage of research into subatomic phenomena, however, started in early 1930s. Improvement of experimental techniques and development of new instruments for the detection of elementary particles allowed discovering new kinds of the latter. Thus, 6 elementary particles have been known by 1935, 18 by 1955, and more than 100 by now. In this situation, the use of the term “elementary” as applied to these particles is merely a tribute to tradition.
As a result, the problem of matter divisibility is solved today in an absolutely unforeseen manner. It turned out that two high-energy particles during their collision break into fragments whose sizes, unexpectedly, are not smaller than those of the primary particles. New particles emerge owing to the kinetic energy involved in the collision process. The only method of further division of particles is their collision with the use of high energy. Thus, we can divide the matter again and again without obtaining smaller fragments: new particles merely arise from the energy used.
Thus, elementary particles are divisible and indivisible at the same time. This seems to be paradoxical as long as we keep to the idea of “building bricks.” Yet, this contradiction is reconciled if particles are considered as certain dynamic “essentials” or, more correctly, as processes utilizing a certain amount of energy contained in their mass. During a collision of two particles, their energy is redistributed and forms a new set of “essentials.” If the kinetic energy of the collision is sufficiently high, the new set can include additional particles that were not present in the initial set.
The main method used currently to study the properties of elementary particles is based on their high-energy collisions; that is why this part of physics is also called the high-energy physics. A high level of the kinetic energy of particles is obtained in huge setups reaching several miles in circumference — accelerators — where particles are accelerated to velocities close to the velocity of light.If particles are considered to be elementary, how can their collision result in fragmentation? It is not merely identical particles but a particle (electron) and its antiparticle (positron) that collide in electron-positron accelerators. Annihilation can give birth to new structures, and it is the latter that produce fragments to be examined. The higher the energy of colliding particles, the heavier particles emerge in the experiment
Yury A. ROGOVSKY, post-graduate student, chief laboratory assistant:
Facilities with colliding beams are now the main sources of information in the elementary-particle and high-energy physics. The energy of particles interacting in such colliders continuously increases: from 250 MeV in the first electron storage ring VEP-1 (INP SB RAS) to 2x7 TeV in the proton-proton Large Hadron Collider currently under construction at the European Сenter of Nuclear Research (CERN).
INP has extensive experience in creating electron-positron storage rings with high luminosity. The VEPP-2M booster ring with an energy of particle generation ranging from 0.36 to 1.4 GeV was in successful service here in 1972—2000. The process of radiation self-polarization of beams was observed on VEPP-2M for the first time in the world, and the method of precision measurement of the electron energy, now successfully used elsewhere to measure the masses of elementary particles, was put into practice. During the years of its existence, the facility has been modernized several times, and there were several generations of detectors of elementary particles.
COLLIDER — accelerator with opposing (colliding) beams of charged particles
ELECTRON-VOLT (eV) — unit of energy popular in high-energy physics.
1 eV – energy acquired by an electron passing through a potential of 1 V; it approximately corresponds to 10,000 °С;
MeV (mega-electron-volt) — million of eV;
GeV (giga-electron-volt) — billion of eV;
TeV (tera-electron-volt) — million of millions of eV
LUMINOSITY — important parameter of the accelerator characterizing the number of particle collisions at the point of the collision of beams in a cross section per unit time. The greater the number of collisions, the higher the chance that something interesting will emerge
COOLING of the beam — decrease in the velocities of elementary particles in the beam reference system. In other words, it is not sufficient to speed up particles, it is necessary that they pass in a compact group and do not scatter
In 1999, the INP administration decided to significantly upgrade VEPP-2M to increase luminosity and maximum reachable energy up to 2 GeV. The new project was entitled VEPP-2000, where 2000 indicates the number of MeV to be obtained rather than the millennium as many people think. A natural question arises: Why do we need an accelerator with such a comparatively small energy, whereas machines with a power almost thousand-fold greater are already available? The answer is simple: when you need to drive a nail, you do not take a hand sledge — it is more convenient to use a small hammer.
All modern accelerators are sophisticated multi-component systems, which can be considered by using an example of the VEPP-2000 machine.
First, it includes an electron gun, which is a source of electrons. Then there follows a synchrobetatron, where the electron energy increases from 30 to 250 MeV. In the storage cooler BEP, the particles obtained previously are accumulated, and their energy further increases to 900 MeV. Finally, there follows the main booster ring of VEPP-2000 with a perimeter of 24 m, where charged particles move along closed circular trajectories, as in all cyclic accelerators.
A charged particle in the magnetic field is known to move along a circular trajectory; therefore, the main closed orbit in the accelerator is generated by dipole magnets with a vertical magnetic field. The accelerator size is normally limited by the available space, and this is the reason why rather strong magnets have to be used. Thus, to reach a design beam energy of 1 GeV, the magnetic field strength should be 24 kGs, which exceeds the natural magnetic field of the Earth by a factor of more than 30 thousand!
In straight-line segments, the beam is controlled by magnets with a special configuration of the magnetic field — the so-called quadrupole lenses. The name of these magnets was due to their influence on the beam. Like a conventional optical lens diffracts the light beam, these magnets can focus or defocus the beam of particles flying though them.A specific feature of VEPP-2000 is the use of novel optical devices for reaching a high design luminosity of 1032 cm-2 x sec-1.
The optical scheme of the accelerator implements the concept of circular beams proposed at INP in 1989. The method is based on the disposal of betatron coupling resonances in transverse motion, which affect the dynamics of circulating beams, owing to the generation of an additional integral of motion — the longitudinal component of the angular momentum. This scheme will be implemented in practice by using superconducting solenoids for focusing the beams at their “meeting point.” VEPP-2000 will be the first facility in the world with this type of optical instrumentation
An essential element of the accelerator is a resonator. This is a device where the beam is accelerated by an electric field, because it is known that a charged particle moves with acceleration in a longitudinal electric field. The resonator resembles a closed cylinder with an electric field reaching the maximum strength at the point where the beam passes and at the time it passes. Passing through the resonator in each round, the beam is accelerated by energy imparted in small portions; after a large number of rounds, it is accelerated to a velocity fairly close to the velocity of light.
Collisions of the electron and positron beams that can give birth to a new particle occur at two diametrically opposite points surrounded by advanced detectors of elementary particles.
The VEPP-4M electron-positron collider is an upgraded facility on which high-energy physics research was performed at INP as long ago as 1980-1985. At present, this is the main collider of the institute, on which both high-energy physics and photonuclear studies and synchrotron radiation experiments are performed.
After 1985, a new elementary-particle detector KEDR was installed in the experimental gap of the accelerator. The accelerator was originally intended to study the physics of Y-mesons (upsilon-mesons) — complex systems consisting of a heavy b-quark and its antiquark — and two-photon processes, in which photons, rather than electrons, collide in the accelerator.
In recent years, however, it has been decided to concentrate on the energy range of 3.0—3.6 GeV. The reasons for this are, first, the increased interest of the scientific community in the investigation of the physics of ψ-mesons (psi-mesons) and τ-leptons and, second, and not least, strong competition in the research area of higher energies.Δm/m is the ratio of the mass measurement accuracy to the mass, i. e., the relative accuracy. In experimental physics, the answer is not a number but a number plus/minus a measurement error. In most cases, the labor expenditure in estimating the accuracy of the measured quantity far exceeds the difficulty of obtaining the the number itself. It is like in sport, but there the efforts are concentrated on increasing the speed/range, and here they are concentrated on increasing the accuracy.
Neutrons, protons, and electrons are particles that constitute matter on the Earth. Muons (µ) and pions (π) can easily be detected in space beams. In contrast, J/ψ- and ψґ-mesons in sufficient amounts for studies are produced only in experiments. The most accurate measurements of the masses of J/ψ- and ψґ-mesons have been performed at the Novosibirsk Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Accurate measurements of the masses of these particles allow one to develop a reliable energy scale in this range of energies in order to further increase the measurement accuracy of parameters of elementary particles. The theory in this area of physics is far from being completed. Elementary particles are the simplest subjects of study in physics, but until now many things could not have been predicted; for example, it is still not clear why the particles have exactly these masses. A particular theory can be validated only by experiments
A distinctive feature of the accelerating complex is the precision energy measurement using the resonant depolarization method, which is described below. This is the only technique that accurately measures the masses and parameters of resonances — unstable particles with amass exceeding the proton mass — which are generated only in experiments at our energies.
Ivan B. Nikolaev, junior researcher:
Experiments on high-accuracy determination of the masses of elementary particles require ultrahigh-accuracy techniques for measuring the energy of electron and positron beams colliding in the accelerator. One of such techniques — the resonant depolarization method — was developed at our institute as long ago as 1975. It was employed to measure the masses of elementary particles from the class of mesons, and measurements are currently in progress to determine the mass of the τ-lepton.
Briefly, the essence of the resonant depolarization method is as follows. In the accelerator, charged particles (in our case, electrons) move in a circular orbit at a velocity only forty billionth lower than the velocity of light, which is known to be about 300 000 km/hrs. When moving, they radiate photons — light quanta. This radiation is called synchrotron radiation. In addition, in the accelerator electrons form peculiar bunches, each of which contains about ten billion particles.In our measurements, we use two electron bunches, one of which is polarized, and compare the electron scattering intensities in the bunches. An abrupt jump in the relative difference of the amount of scattered electrons in the polarized bunch compared to that in the unpolarized bunch corresponds to the time of depolarization of the bunch. The numbers under the points are values of the electron energy in the beam that correspond to the depolarizer frequency. The energy measurement accuracy is 1—2 keV —only one-millionth of the beam energy
Each electron is a small spinning top. Its rotation cannot be accelerated or slowed down and, therefore, it even has a special name — spin. In the accelerator, the spin direction precesses (rotates) around the direction of the accelerator magnetic field, and the velocity of this rotation depends on the electron energy. Therefore, by measuring the velocity of spin precession, it is possible to determine the energy of elementary particles.
The spins of all beam electrons point in different directions, and the rotation of an individual electron cannot be seen. In this case, synchrotron radiation comes to the rescue. It causes the electron spins to gradually align in about the same direction — opposite to the magnetic-field direction: polarization of the bunch is said to occur. At INP, electrons are first polarized for about an hour in the VEPP-3 accelerator, and the polarized electrons are then accelerated in VEPP-4M.
When the spins of all ten billion electrons begin to point in one direction, the spin polarization and precession velocity can already be measured. The bunch is subjected to a varying electric or magnetic field produced by a special device — depolarizer. When the frequency of this field reaches a certain value, depolarization of the bunch occurs — the spins of all electrons point variously again.Plot of energy fluctuations in the accelerator. The difference between the measured and predicted energies is plotted on the ordinate, and time in days on the abscissa. Pronounced daily dynamics is clearly seen. The appreciable growth in the fluctuation amplitude is related to the spring season: one part of the accelerator thawed first and then the other. Siberia is not Switzerland!
Electron polarization can be traced by studying electron-electron scattering in the bunch because some of the electrons are knocked out from it and, having made one or two rotations around the accelerator ring, are incident on the walls. Recording such electrons by counters and finding an insignificant (only 1—2 %) change in their amount, it is possible to determine the time of disturbance of the polarization and, hence, the spin precession frequency. After that, determining the energy of elementary particles in the beam is a matter of skill.
E. M. Baldin:
As to why the detector was called so, the history of INP is silent. KEDR is simply a name, like a person’s name.
KEDR is a classical detector of elementary particles. It deserves inclusion in manuals: to some extent, it incorporates all units or systems used in modern detectors.
The detector is like a nested doll: each of the systems encloses the previous one. At the very center there is “a place of meeting”: the place where the electron and positron beams collide and where a new particle can emerge. It breaks up soon after the generation. What has happened can be inferred only from rather stable fragments that reach the detector systems. Therefore, to make this original “tessellation,” one needs to record all fragments, measure their parameters, and identify them.
To learn everything about a fragment, it suffices to measure its momentum and energy, but this should be done with high accuracy. Since the measurement accuracy is always limited, to facilitate an analysis of the observations, it is required to identify the fragment. All detector systems solve all these problems to some extent.
The closest to the beam is the vertex detector, which consists of a set of tubes filled with a gas with an energized wire located in the middle. A particle moving through a tube leaves a track of an ionized gas.
If there are charge carriers, it is possible to measure the current. The distance traveled by a particle from the center can be found from the time of electron drift to the central wire. The signal is many times amplified as a result of “gas amplification”: in the strong electric field near the sensitive wire, electrons ionize the surrounding gas.
The drift chamber operates on almost the same principle as the vertex detector but all electrode wires are located in one large volume. Some of the wires produce a field, in which the electron tracks from moving particles drift, and some of the wires are used to measure the current signal. (The total number of wires can be estimated from the following fact: to avoid sagging, each of them was strained by a force of about 100 g, resulting in a total pressure on the ends equal to 2.5 tons!) Since the drift chamber is in a strong magnetic field, the momentum can be determined from the curvature radius of the particle trajectory.
It is well-known that nothing can move faster than light. There is, however, one circumstance: the velocity of light in matter is lower than the velocity of light in vacuum. Therefore, a high-energy elementary particle moving through a volume filled with matter can exceed the velocity of light. This leads to the formation of peculiar “shock light waves,” which can be recoded by aerogel Cherenkov counters. This system separates heavy particles, whose velocity does not exceed the velocity of light in the matter of the counter aerogel, from light particles, which have a higher velocity with the same momentum.
The time-of-flight system consists of scintillating transparent plastic plates, which are viewed by using photomultipliers. Moving, a particle loses part of its energy in the plastic. In the scintillator, part of the lost energy is converted to visible light, which can be recorded. In addition to determining the time of flight of particles from the place of meeting to the counter, this system triggers the process of “scanning” the detector performance because it is the fastest of all the systems involved.
The particle energy is measured by calorimeters. In addition to measuring energy, these systems are used to find the coordinates of photons that do not leave tracks in the vertex detector and the drift chamber. The KEDR detector uses two types of calorimeters: an end calorimeter based on CsI inorganic crystals and a barrel calorimeter based on liquid krypton (an LKr calorimeter).
Entering matter, a particle can lose energy. In the end calorimeter, part of the lost energy is converted to visible light, which is collected by photomultipliers. In the LKr calorimeter, the lost energy is partly spent on ionization of krypton atoms. The electrons and ions formed in this process can be collected by a simple method — by applying a potential to the electrodes. The resulting electronic signal provides a good estimate for the energy.
The LKr-calorimeter is inside a superconducting solenoid — a big coil (three and a half meters in diameter and four meters long) — which produces a magnetic field in the detector. To prevent the magnetic field from extending beyond the detector, the assembly is embedded in an iron magnet yoke.
In the iron, there is one more system of the detector — a muon chamber. Some short-lived particles collapse without reaching the detector volume, some particles completely lose energy in the calorimeters (all electrons and photons), and some are not detected at all (neutrino). Muons leave tracks in the detector but they try to fly beyond the detector and carry away part of the energy. Therefore, if the muon system has recorded something, this is most likely a muon or a space (i. e., extraneous) particle.
By the way, the background from space particles creates difficulties in performing experiments since it can simulate a valid signal. At the same time, space particles allow one to test the performance of all detector systems without switching on the accelerator. Even noise can provide something useful.
Although the KEDR detector was created long ago, it is still a fairly modern facility because its design incorporates the most advanced ideas and technologies of that time. It can be said that the detector was indeed an experimental facility: it was used to test technologies that are currently employed in many modern detectors. For example, the experience gained in designing the LKr calorimeter helped very much in the development of a liquid argon calorimeter for the largest ATLAS detector (CERN); a unique technique for producing aerogel for Cherenkov counters was developed; new developments in electronics led to the creation of a low-dose X-ray facility.
In Russia, facilities with performance similar to that of KEDR are not currently available and are not expected in the foreseeable future. Even as regards the techniques tested and the hypotheses verified to date, KEDR has already contributed to the world physics, but this is not enough for us — it needs to be geared to physics as a whole. The experiment should be continued...
Viktor S. Bobrovnikov, junior researcher:
Light as a feather
AEROGEL is sand, though rather unusual. It is similar in internal structure to a common sponge and is a rather friable material. In aerogel, the nanometer-size quartz spheres constituting sand are linked in chains. The latter, in turn, form complex three-dimensional structures separated by air-filled spaces.
Because of its porous structure, aerogel is brittle but exhibits excellent thermal-insulation properties. Even if you heat one side of an aerogel block with a gas burner and touch the opposite side with a hand, you will feel nothing. However, the high cost prevents its domestic use. Footwear boxes contain “the younger brother” of aerogel — silica gel, a substance of similar porous structure, which is capable of actively absorbing moisture and is used where it is required to “dry” air.
Since the quartz chains in aerogel can be variously formed, its density can vary over a wide range. For the aerogel produced in Novosibirsk, the refraction index of the material, which depends directly on its density, varies from 1.01 to 1.13. Therefore, under normal conditions, aerogel is a unique material that ranks between gases and solids.
Why aerogel is needed at the Institute of Nuclear Physics? In the so-called Cherenkov counters in the KEDR detector, a material with a refraction index of 1.05 is needed to identify particles in the required range of momenta. Using aerogel for this purpose is essentially the only possible solution. The project on the development of aerogel Cherenkov counters performed jointly by the Boreskov Institute of Catalysis and INP resulted in the development of an aerogel with high optical transparency, which is comparable, and often superior, to foreign analogs.
The future is being built today
The main purpose of the VEPP-5
injection complex under construction at INP is to produce intense positron and electron bunches needed for the effective operation of electron-positron colliders (VEPP-4M and VEPP-2000).
Today, the VEPP-5 complex consists of two linear accelerators and a cooler storage ring. After rotation by 180° in the magnetic field, electrons from the first accelerator reach the conversion target and produce positrons, some of which are then accelerated to 510 MeV in the second accelerator. Ahead of the positron target there are two pulsed magnets, which deflect electrons by a small angle in opposite directions. This allows a parallel transfer of the electron beam and causes some electron bunches to pass by the target into the second accelerator, which in this case is adjusted to accelerate electron bunches from 300 MeV to 510 MeV.
Then, each of the accelerated electron or positron bunches is let into the cyclic cooler storage ring
Modern positron sources used in accelerating facilities work on the principle implemented for the first time in the 1950s in Stanford. An intense electron beam from a linear accelerator focused on a target made of a material with high atomic number generates an electromagnetic shower. The positrons produced in the shower leave the target with a large angular and energy spread; therefore, only a small part of these particles reaches the second linear accelerator with the aid of the pulsed magnet of a matching device. The forepart of this accelerator is placed in a strong magnetic field, which keeps positrons on the axis of the accelerating RF structure until they acquire a sufficiently large longitudinal momentum and, hence, a small spread in angles and energies. In the remaining part of the accelerator, strong focusing is accomplished by quadruple lenses put on accelerating structures.The cyclic cooler storage ring is a device in which the bunch circulates along a closed trajectory and where, after a certain number of rotations, it is replenished with a new portion of electrons or positrons from the linear accelerator.
In addition to particle storage, this system is designed for so-called cooling of the beam. The motion of relativistic charged particles along curved trajectories in the magnetic field gives rise to synchrotron radiation and, hence, a force opposite to the total particle velocity.
Average losses of the longitudinal momentum of particles in the facility are compensated with the aid of the RF resonator, and radiating friction results in a gradual decay of the transverse momentum components. The chaotic velocity of the particles decreases — the beam is cooled
Every 30 electrons entering the conversion target give rise, on the average, to only one positron accelerated to the required energy. In collider experiments, the number of particles in each of the colliding beams should be as large as possible; therefore the injection complex was designed to produce electrons and positrons in a storage mode.
Yu. A. Rogovsky:
The equipment of modern accelerators includes systems for observing and measuring beam parameters because their electronic optics requires constant precise adjustment. This equipment is used already at the storage ring adjustment stage to study the characteristics of the magnetic system. Next, it is used to study the bunch sizes, reasons for the loss of stored electrons, etc. Finally, in the two-beam mode, the effect of the electromagnetic interaction of the beams (meeting effects) on their optical functions and lateral dimensions is investigated.
The beam parameters are measured using methods that do not lead to perturbation and, particularly, to the loss of particles in the beam since a long lifetime (a few tens or thousands of rotations of the particle bunch in the orbit) is one of the main conditions for performing experiments with colliding beams.
In this sense, valuable information on the beam can be provided by so-called synchrotron radiation (SR), which is emitted by a charged particle moving along a curvilinear trajectory in a vacuum chamber. SR is characterized not only by high intensity but also by monochromaticity and small angular divergence, which allows it to be widely used for optical diagnostics. Here, however, we encroach on the physics of synchrotron radiation — another area of scientific research and a subject of future articles.
A great ship asks deep waters!
Here is the end of our latest excursion in the Novosibirsk Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences — a leader in high-energy physics and accelerators. Despite not very good times for science, what is available is working and what can be done is being done. Of course, there is something to dream of.
The accelerator researchers of INP can do much — this is evidenced by the high-performance modern facilities, colliders, and detectors operating abroad, to which our scientists have contributed a lot of ideas and effort. Although they currently do not have enough resources for themselves, this does not prevent them from dreaming. The diagram of the available and future accelerating facilities of INP shows a prototype of a new machine, beams for which will be produced by VEPP-5 being constructed today. May these plans become reality in the foreseeable future! Yet, our people are incorrigible optimists — they believe that dreams come true. At the same time, they are realists because they know that to implement their dreams, they will have to put not only their mind and effort but also heart and soul into it. They are ready for this… | <urn:uuid:b6315894-b991-44d9-a097-3d08016f7892> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://scfh.ru/en/papers/excursion-in-the-quot-state-quot-of-the-institute-of-nuclear-physics-where-particles-are-born/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.9357 | 6,264 | 3.59375 | 4 |
2nd mobility in Greece
Modern languages imported from ancient Greek a common (and unfortunately well known and largely used) word ξενοφοβία (Xenophobia).
The ancient Greeks used as counterpart another word and knew its importance – φῐλοξενῐ́ᾱ (Philoxenia). Ancient Greeks believed in this friendship, in this love (Philo) for diversity (Xenos). They believed that God protects strangers and therefore they felt their duty to give hospitality to those who come and pass by. Philoxenia is unconditional eagerness to help others, to assist and give shelter without asking any questions.
Well, our Erasmus+ group was impressed by that and we were curious to know, to see and experience that. With these expectations we came for our 2nd mobility to Chania (Crete). The world we found there tells us a millennial story of a wonderful and magic country – founded directly by Minos (son of Zeus and Europe), conquered by Greeks, shaped by Romans, influenced by Venetians, attacked by Turks, and finally occupied by Germans. They all left traces, hints of their story (a wall, a fruit, a castle, a tradition, a word).
Cretan people have learned to deal with diversity. They built religious houses for those who lived there, they integrated those who came and remained, they accepted diversity. And nowadays Cretan people love their proud and sunny island and are still eager to help new comers – escaping wars, famine, fear.
We can all learn from their successful story and try to overcome our fear for differences – developing a new, open, optimistic approach to human love.
Erasmus+ helped us. And we are all proud of.
Dr. Detti and Erasmus+-AG
Day 0 – Sunday 22nd Apr 2018
Preparing the Greek mobility
Welcome to Chania
Day 1 - Monday 23th Apr 2018
@3rd Senior High school of Chania
Welcome to Crete – Introducing our school
Using a traditional Cretan product at Chem lab
Interactive meeting games
Workshop: Quick intro to Greek philosophy-language-culture
Day 2 – Tuesday 24th Apr 2018
@Cultural Center of Chania Course: Introduction to the history of Crete
@Chania old city A historical walk through the city of Chania
@Social stage – Immigrants house of Chania Workshop: Our Europe today, focus on the migration issue
Day 3 – Wednesday 25th Apr 2018
Excursion to Herakleion
Guided visit at the archeological site of Knossos
Walk through the center of the city of Herakleion
Guided visit to Koules fortress
Day 4 – Thursday 26th Apr 2018
Visit to the monastery of Agia Kyriaki at Varypetro
Short program at the environmental education center
Walk around the caves
Visit to the monastery of Metamorphosis under the Kastelos fortress
Visit to Venizelos Graves
Day 5 – Friday 27th Apr 2018
Feedback on the mobility. Preparing the mobility results.
Leaving an Erasmus handprint to the school (graphiti with a verse from Erofili)
Conclusion of the mobility, presentation of results, goodbye buffet
Day 6 – Saturday 28th Apr 2018
Private excursions and departures | <urn:uuid:fd8e44a4-7550-4d2a-b5b3-9fa72c7d0c98> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://schooldiversity.eu/mobilities/2nd-mobility-in-greece/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.927898 | 713 | 2.765625 | 3 |
In the world of personal finance and lending, two terms often come up: FICO score and credit score. While these terms are often used interchangeably, they have distinct differences that can affect your financial well-being. In this article, we’ll delve into the nuances of FICO scores vs credit score, helping you understand their significance and how they impact your financial life.
Understanding FICO Score
What is a FICO Score?
Your FICO score, created by the Fair Isaac Corporation, is a specific type of credit score used by lenders to determine your creditworthiness. FICO stands for Fair Isaac Corporation, and it is a mathematical model that evaluates various factors in your credit report to generate a three-digit score ranging from 300 to 850. The higher your FICO score, the better your credit.
How is the FICO Score Calculated?
The FICO score is calculated based on several factors, including your payment history, credit utilization, length of credit history, types of credit accounts, and recent credit inquiries. Each of these factors carries a different weight in determining your FICO score.
Understanding Credit Score
What is a Credit Score?
A credit score, on the other hand, is a more generic term for a numerical representation of your creditworthiness. Unlike FICO scores, there are various credit scoring models, each with its unique calculation method. Credit scores can range from 300 to 850 or even have a different scale depending on the model.
How is a Credit Score Calculated?
Credit scores are calculated based on factors similar to FICO scores, such as payment history, credit utilization, length of credit history, and the types of credit accounts you have. However, the specific algorithms and weightings may vary between different credit scoring models.
Key Differences Between FICO Score and Credit Score
One of the primary differences is the calculation method. FICO scores have a consistent algorithm used by all lenders, making them more standardized. In contrast, credit scores can vary significantly depending on the model used.
Credit Bureau Variations
FICO scores are reported by all three major credit bureaus (Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion) and provide consistent results. Credit scores, on the other hand, may vary between bureaus due to differences in the information they collect.
Importance in Lending
FICO scores are widely used by lenders when making lending decisions. Credit scores may be used in some cases, but FICO scores are generally more prevalent and influential.
In some industries, specialized credit scores are used. For example, the auto industry may use an auto-specific score. These industry-specific scores are typically not FICO scores.
The Impact on Financial Health
Both FICO scores and credit scores play a significant role in your financial life. They determine your ability to secure loans, the interest rates you’ll receive, and even your rental or employment prospects. A good score can open doors to better financial opportunities, while a poor score can limit your options.
How to Improve Your FICO Score and Credit Score
If your FICO score or credit score needs a boost, there are steps you can take to improve it. This includes making on-time payments, reducing credit card balances, and maintaining a long credit history.
Monitoring Your Scores
Regularly monitoring your FICO score and credit score is essential to staying on top of your financial health. You can obtain free credit reports annually, and many websites and apps offer ongoing monitoring for a fee.
Common Myths and Misconceptions
There are many myths and misconceptions surrounding credit scores. We’ll debunk some of the most common ones to help you better understand how these scores work. Read more…
The Future of Credit Scoring
The world of credit scoring is continually evolving. New technologies and data sources are being incorporated into the scoring process. We’ll explore what the future may hold for credit scoring.
In conclusion, understanding the differences between FICO scores vs credit scores is essential for managing your financial life effectively. Both scores have a significant impact on your ability to secure loans, receive favorable interest rates, and enjoy various financial opportunities. By knowing how to improve your scores and monitoring them regularly, you can work towards a healthier financial future.
1. Is a FICO score the same as a credit score?
- No, they are not the same. A FICO score is a specific type of credit score, but there are various credit scoring models in use.
2. How often should I check my FICO score and credit score?
- It’s a good practice to check your scores at least once a year. You can obtain free credit reports annually.
3. Can I have different FICO scores and credit scores from different bureaus?
- Yes, it’s possible to have variations in scores between different credit bureaus.
4. What is considered a good FICO score or credit score?
- A good score typically falls in the range of 700 to 850, but the definition of a “good” score can vary between lenders.
5. How long does it take to improve a FICO score or credit score?
- Improving your score is a gradual process. It may take several months to see significant improvements. | <urn:uuid:e1b3901a-8b26-4dc1-afbf-ee0e7d495fca> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://simplesattamatka.com/fico-score-vs-credit-score-whats-the-difference/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.942755 | 1,086 | 2.65625 | 3 |
- Slides: 47
UNIX/LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM
Linux Commands UNIX/LINUX Commands A command is a program which interacts with the kernel to provide the environment and perform the functions called for by the user. A command can be: a built-in shell command; an executable shell file, known as a shell script; or a source compiled, object code file. The shell is a command line interpreter. The user interacts with the kernel through the shell. You can write ASCII (text) scripts to be acted upon by a shell. It reads the terminal input and translates the commands into actions taken by the system. The shell is analogous to command. com in DOS.
Linux Commands UNIX Shell The original shell was the Bourne shell, sh. Every Unix platform will either have the Bourne shell, or a Bourne compatible shell available. The default prompt for the Bourne shell is $ (or #, for the root user). Another popular shell is C Shell. The default prompt for the C shell is %.
Linux Commands Shell Programming You can write shell programs by creating scripts containing a series of shell commands. The first line of the script should start with #! which indicates to the kernel that the script is directly executable. You immediately follow this with the name of the shell, or program (spaces are allowed), to execute, using the full path name. So to set up a Bourne shell script the first line would be: #! /bin/sh The first line is followed by commands #!/bin/bash cd /tmp mkdir t You also need to specify that the script is executable by setting the proper bits on the file with chmod, e. g. : $ chmod +x shell_script
Linux Commands LINUX COMMANDS File Management and Viewing Help, Job and Process Management Network Management System Management User Management Miscellaneous
Linux Commands Command Structure Command <Options> <Arguments> Multiple commands separated by ; can be executed one after the other
Linux Commands Help Facilities for Commands To understand the working of the command possible options use (man command) Using the GNU Info System (info, info command) Many tools have a long−style option, `−−help', that outputs usage information about the tool, including the options and arguments the tool takes. Ex: whoami --help
Linux Commands Pipes An important early development in Unix was the invention of "pipes, " a way to pass the output of one tool to the input of another. eg. $ who | wc −l By combining these two tools, giving the wc command the output of who, you can build a new command to list the number of users currently on the system
Introduction to Linux Listing the Content of a Directory ls is used to list the contents of a directory. If the command ls is written with parameter –l then the command lists contents of the working directory with details. Example: $ ls –l
Introduction to Linux Moving in Directories cd try_it Changes the directory to try_it pwd Prints present working directory (e. g. /home/smith/try_it) cd. . Move to superior directory pwd : Prints /home/smith cd /home The absolute path pwd : Prints /home cd The system is returned to the user home directory pwd : Print /home/smith
Introduction to Linux Make Directory The command mkdir test makes new directory test (the path is given relative) as a subdirectory of the current directory.
Introduction to Linux Remove Directory The command rmdir your_dir removes directory your_dir if it is empty. The command rm –rf is used to delete a non empty directory
Introduction to Linux Copy File The command cp file_1 file_2 copies file_1 to file_2. The both files must be in the same working directory. If they are in various directories, the path must be given.
Introduction to Linux Rename and/or Move the File The command mv file_1 file_2 moves file_1 to file_2 The both files directory. must be in the same working If they are in different directories, the path must be given. The file_1 is removed from the disk.
Introduction to Linux Remove File The command rm file_a removes the file_a from the system If you use wildcard. For example rm h*c you will remove all files beginning with h and ending with c which are in working directory. If you write rm * you will erase all files from your working directory.
Introduction to Linux Access Permission of File/Directory The ownership of the file or directory can be changed using the command chown <owner> <file/directory name> The group of the file or directory can be changed using the command chgrp <group> <file/directory name> The permissions of the file can be changed using chmod command chmod -R ### <filename or directory> -R is optional and when used with directories will traverse all the sub-directories of the target directory changing ALL the permissions to ###.
Introduction to Linux Access Permission of File/Directory The #'s can be: 0 = Nothing 1 = Execute 2 = Write 3 = Execute & Write (2 + 1) 4 = Read 5 = Execute & Read (4 + 1) 6 = Read & Write (4 + 2) 7 = Execute & Read & Write (4 + 2 + 1)
Linux Commands Linux File Management and Viewing find Find files (find <start directory> -name <file name> print) Ex: find /home –name readme -print (Search for readme starting at home and output full path. ) “/home" = Search starting at the home directory and proceed through all its subdirectories "-name readme" = Search for a file named readme "-print" = Output the full path to that file locate File locating program that uses the slocate database. Ex: locate –u to create the database, locate <file/directory> to find file/directory
Linux Commands Linux File Management and Viewing File viewing and editing vi Editor with a command mode and text mode. Starts in command mode. gedit GUI Text Editor tail Look at the last 10 lines of a file. Ex: tail -100 <filename> (looks at last 100 lines) head Look at the first 10 lines of a file. (head <filename>)
Linux Commands Linux File Management and Viewing cat View a file Ex: cat filename grep List all files with the specified expression. (grep pattern <filename/directorypath>) Ex: ls –l |grep sidbi : List all lines with a sidbi in them. Ex: grep " R " : Search for R with a space on each side sleep Delay for a specified amount of time. sort Sort a file alphabetically. uniq Remove duplicate lines from a sorted file. wc Count characters, words and lines in a file. (wc –c/w/l <filename>).
Linux Commands Network Management Commands ping Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts. (ping <remote-host-name/ip>) ssh Secure Login (ssh <remote system name/ip>) telnet User interface to the TELNET protocol, setting up a remote console session. (telnet <remote system name/ip>) tcpdump Dump traffic on a network. Prints out headers of packets that match the boolean expression. (tcpdump eth 0) traceroute Print the route that packets take to the specified network host. (traceroute <remote system name/ip>)
Linux Commands System Management Commands shutdown If your system has many users, use the command shutdown -h +time ‘<message>`, where time is the time in minutes until the system is halted, and message is a short explanation of why the system is shutting down. Ex: # shutdown -h +10 'We will install a new disk. System should be back on-line in three hours’. passwd Set a user's pass word. (passwd, passwd <username>)
Linux Commands System Management Commands su Single user login. (su -) who Display the users logged in. whoami Print effective user id.
Linux Commands Linux Job & Process Management Linux Process Management ps Get the status of one or more processes. PPID-parent process ID ; PID-process ID Eg: ps ax |more to see all processes including daemons Eg : ps –ef | grep <process> top The top program provides a dynamic real-time view of a running system. It can display system summary information as well as a list of tasks currently being managed by the Linux kernel
Linux Commands Linux Job & Process Management Linux Process Management kill Ex: "kill 34" - Effect: Kill or stop the process with the process ID number 34. killall Kill processes by name. pid Find the process ID of a running program
Linux System Administration SYS ADMIN TASKS Setting the Run Level System Services User Management Network Settings Scheduling Jobs Backup and Restore Adding and Removing software/packages Monitoring the system (general, logs)
Linux System Administration Init Runlevels The following runlevels are defined in Linux: 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this) 1 - Single user mode 2 - Multiuser, without Network (The same as 3, if you do not have networking) 3 – Text Mode 4 - unused 5 – Graphical Mode 6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
Desktop Configuration Init Runlevels The default runlevel for a system to boot to is configured in /etc/inittab. id: 5: initdefault: In GUI: Applications System Settings Server Settings Services Generally, Linux operates in runlevel 3 or 5.
Linux System Administration Linux Services There are 113 deamons, each for a service or application. Some examples are: httpd : Apache Web server mysqld : My. SQL server named : DNS server network : Networking nfs : Network File Share ntpd : NTP (Network Time Protocol) server
Linux System Administration Linux Services Start/Stop boot time services in /etc/rc. d/rc 3. d or /etc/rc. d/rc 5. d All services startup scripts which start with S will start at boot time and all startup scripts which start with K will not start at boot time. The number after S or K is the priority. K 95 kudzu K 96 pcmcia S 56 xinetd S 60 vsftpd Use service <service name> start/stop/restart to start, stop or restart a service from command line
Linux System Administration Creating a new User Account Add an entry in /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow file (use next uid and suitable gid). You will have to create the user directory and assign a password to the user Use useradd or adduser command to create a new user (useradd –g <group> -d <home directory> -c <comment> -s <shell> login-name) and groupadd to create a new group (groupadd group-name). You will have to assign a password (passwd loginname) In GUI: Applications System Settings Users and Groups
Linux System Administration /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow File /etc/passwd Holds user account info Included fields are: Login name User Id (uid) Group Id (gid) General Comment about the user Home Directory Shell /etc/shadow Contains the encrypted password information for users' accounts and optionally the password aging information.
Linux System Administration Removing a User Account userdel –r <username> Remove login id from /etc/passwd & /etc/shadow file and delete home directory Use GUI to Delete the user
Linux System Administration Linux Network Configuration /etc/resolv. conf Tells the kernel which name server should be queried when a program asks to "resolve" an IP Address. nameserver 172. 31. 1. 1 search cc. iitk. ac. in /etc/sysconfig/network Indicates networking is enabled (NETWORKING=yes) and provides information on hostname, gateway and nis domain. NETWORKING=yes HOSTNAME=webhome. cc. iitk. ac. in GATEWAY=172. 31. 1. 250
Linux System Administration Linux Network Configuration /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth 0 Network configurations like boot protocol (static/dhcp), ip address, netmask, network address, broadcast address etc. DEVICE=eth 0 ONBOOT=yes BOOTPROTO=static IPADDR=172. 31. 1. 40 NETMASK=255. 0. 0 BROADCAST=172. 31. 255 NETWORK=172. 31. 0. 0 GATEWAY=172. 31. 1. 250
Linux System Administration Scheduling Jobs: Cron is a program that enables you to execute a command, or a script with a sequence of commands, at a specified date, time or at set intervals. Add the job script in /etc/cron. hourly or /etc/cron. daily or /etc/cron. weekly or /etc/cron. monthly to schedule a job
Linux System Administration Backup & Restore Backup the user area or configuration file Use tar to take backup on a different disk or tape Backup can be scheduled using cron Backup: tar –zcvf <tar filename> <Directory Tree to be backedup> Restore: tar –zxvf <tar filename> <file to be recovered> Backup should be occasionally checked by restoring it Backup Policy: Full Backup every weekly/fortnightly and incremental backup every day
Linux System Administration Adding & Removing Software Download a binary Download the source code and compile on the system (download, untar, configure, make install, make uninstall) Use RPM - Redhat Package Manager and install rpms www. rpmseek. com & www. rpmfind. net can be used to search and download rpms (i 386 Binary RPMs or SRC RPMs) For Binary rpms: rpm [options] rpm-file (rpm –qa, rpm –ivh, rpm –Uvh, rpm -e) Where -q= query, -a= all, -i=install, -v=verbrose, -U= upgrade, -h= hash, -e= erase For Source rpms: rpmbuild –rebuild rpm-source-file Compiled binary rpms will be available at /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i 386 which can be installed
Linux System Administration Monitoring the System Monitor Disk Usage (df) Monitor CPU and Memory utilization (top) Monitor process/services (ps, pgrep) Monitor logs (/var/log/messages) GUI Tool (Applications System Tools System Performance) | <urn:uuid:a8ff13b4-491b-4ecd-b343-d3cd420ad52e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://slidetodoc.com/unixlinux-operating-system-linux-commands-unixlinux-commands-a/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.781329 | 3,089 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Did you know …?
According to early Roman calendars, April was the second month of the year. The original name of the month was “Aprilis” which means to open (i.e. blossoming).
A diamond is the birthstone for the month of April.
The flower for April is the daisy or Sweet Pea.
April starts on the same day of the week as July in all years.
The birth of Christ was celebrated on April 1st until 350 AD, when Pope Julius I decided Christmas should be celebrated on December 25th.
Spanish Explorer Ponce de Leon discovered Florida and landed at St. Auguststine on April 2, 1513. St. Augustine is the oldest city in the continential United States.
Congress adopted a flag with one star for each state and 13 stripes (one for each of the original colonies) on April 4, 1818.
First Olympics of the modern era was held on April 6, 1896.
Napolean Bonaparte was exiled to the island of Elba and abdicated as the emperor of the French on April 11, 1814.
Confederate troops opened fire on Ft. Sumter in South Carolina beginning the American Civil War on April 12, 1861.
The American Revolutionary War started on April 19, 1775.
The Oklahoma land rush began with a single gunshot at noon at April 22, 1889.
William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564.
Don’t miss any new updates. Be sure to sign-up for FREE updates delivered right to your inbox. | <urn:uuid:9b1273c5-9ae7-46b1-b5db-9312a6ded6c4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://smartmomsmartideas.com/interesting-facts-about-april/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.965899 | 326 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Reproduction in Plants: The Key to Continuity and Diversity
Reproduction in plants is a fundamental biological process that ensures the perpetuation of plant species and contributes to the remarkable diversity of plant life on Earth. Unlike animals, plants employ various methods of reproduction, both sexual and asexual, to generate new individuals and adapt to different environments. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes, leading to the formation of seeds that contain genetic variations. On the other hand, asexual reproduction produces clones, where offspring inherit the exact genetic makeup of the parent plant. Through these intricate mechanisms, plants have evolved ingenious strategies to survive, colonize new habitats, and perpetuate their genetic legacy across generations.
Types of Reproduction in Plants
Reproduction in plants happen by the ways of both sexual and asexual reproduction.
|Type of Reproduction||Description|
|Sexual Reproduction||– Involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sex cells).|
|– Leads to the formation of genetically diverse offspring.|
|– Requires pollination to transfer pollen grains to the stigma.|
|– Fertilization occurs when male gametes fuse with female gametes inside the ovule.|
|– Results in the formation of seeds containing a new plant embryo.|
|– Essential for creating genetic variation and adapting to changing environments.|
|– Examples include seed-bearing plants like flowering plants (angiosperms) and cone-bearing plants (gymnosperms).|
|Asexual Reproduction||– Involves the production of new individuals without gamete fusion.|
|– Offspring are genetically identical clones of the parent plant.|
|– Does not require pollination or fertilization.|
|– Common methods include vegetative propagation, bulb division, corm and tuber division, grafting, and budding.|
|– Allows rapid multiplication and colonization in stable environments.|
|– Examples include runners in strawberry plants, tubers in potatoes, and bulb division in tulips and daffodils.|
Now, let’s explore both asexual and sexual form of reproduction in plants-
Asexual Form of Reproduction
The asexual form of reproduction in plants involves the production of new individuals without the involvement of gametes (sex cells). Unlike sexual reproduction, which requires the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote, asexual reproduction generates offspring that are genetically identical to the parent plant. This process results in clones, as the offspring inherit the exact genetic makeup of the single parent.
There are several methods of asexual reproduction in plants, and some common ones include:
In vegetative propagation, new plants are produced from vegetative structures of the parent plant, such as stems, roots, or leaves. These vegetative structures can grow independently and develop into new, fully mature plants. Examples of vegetative propagation include runners in strawberry plants, tubers in potatoes, and rhizomes in ginger.
Some plants, like tulips and daffodils, reproduce asexually through bulb division. The parent bulb produces small bulbs (bulblets) that separate and grow into new plants.
Corm and Tuber Division
Plants like gladiolus and potatoes can reproduce asexually through corms or tubers. Corms are swollen underground stems, and tubers are modified underground stems. When these structures divide and grow, new plants are formed.
Grafting and Budding
Grafting and budding are techniques used in horticulture to propagate plants asexually. In grafting, a stem or bud from one plant (scion) is attached to the rootstock (root and stem) of another plant. In budding, a single bud from one plant is inserted into the bark of another plant, where it eventually grows into a new shoot.
Apomixis is a type of asexual reproduction where seeds are produced without fertilization. The ovule develops into a seed without the need for pollination or fertilization. Some plants, like certain species of dandelions, reproduce through apomixis.
Asexual reproduction allows plants to rapidly multiply and colonize new areas without the need for pollinators or external factors. It is particularly advantageous in stable and favorable environments where the parent plant’s traits are well-suited for survival. However, it may limit genetic diversity within a population, making it susceptible to diseases or environmental changes that affect the entire clone. Sexual and asexual reproduction both play essential roles in the life cycle and survival strategies of plants, contributing to the incredible diversity and adaptability observed in the plant kingdom.
Sexual reproduction in plants
The sexual form of reproduction in plants involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sex cells) to produce offspring with genetic diversity. This process allows for the exchange of genetic material, leading to variations in the next generation, which is essential for the survival and adaptation of plant species to changing environments. Sexual reproduction in plants occurs through the following steps:
Fertilization in Plants: The Union of Gametes
Fertilization is a crucial process in plant reproduction that involves the union of male and female gametes to initiate the development of a new plant individual. This process brings together the genetic material from both parents, creating genetic diversity and promoting the adaptation of plant species to changing environments.
Fertilization in plants is a complex and essential process involving the fusion of male and female gametes, resulting in the formation of a zygote, and eventually leading to the development of a new plant individual through seed formation and germination. This process ensures genetic diversity and the survival of plant species in diverse and changing environments.
Let’s delve into the details of fertilization:
The process of fertilization starts with pollination, where pollen grains are transferred from the anthers (male reproductive organs) to the stigma (female reproductive organ) of the same flower (self-pollination) or a different flower of the same species (cross-pollination). Pollination can occur through various agents like wind, water, insects, birds, or other animals.
Pollen Germination and Tube Formation:
Upon landing on the stigma, the pollen grain absorbs moisture and undergoes germination. This process triggers the growth of a slender pollen tube that extends from the stigma to the ovary. The pollen tube serves as a conduit for the male gametes to reach the ovules inside the ovary.
Male Gamete Delivery:
The pollen tube grows down the style, navigating through the tissues of the female reproductive structure. As it reaches the ovary, it delivers the male gametes contained within the pollen grain to the vicinity of the ovule.
Fusion of Gametes:
Once the male gametes reach the ovule, they undergo a critical event: the fusion with the female gamete. The female gamete, also known as the egg cell, is located within the ovule. This fusion between the male and female gametes results in the formation of a single zygote, which is the first cell of the new plant individual.
Following fertilization, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division and differentiation. It develops into a young, multicellular structure called the embryo. The embryo carries genetic information inherited from both the male and female parents, ensuring genetic diversity in the new plant.
As the embryo develops, other structures in the ovule also undergo changes. The ovule transforms into a seed, which consists of the embryo, stored nutrients (endosperm in angiosperms or gametophyte tissue in gymnosperms), and a protective seed coat. The seed provides a protected environment for the embryo and serves as a vehicle for dispersal.
Dispersal and Germination:
Seed dispersal is the next step after seed maturation. Dispersal allows seeds to travel away from the parent plant, reducing competition and increasing the chances of successful growth in different environments. When a dispersed seed lands in a suitable environment with adequate water, light, and nutrients, it germinates. During germination, the seed absorbs water, and the embryo resumes growth. The seedling emerges from the seed coat, establishes its root system, and develops in
Read Important Topics for General Studies
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Medical Science Engg
- An address space is a set of all possible addresses which can be generated by a microprocessor.
- Each address in the address space allows a designer to provide at least one memory or I/O location in the system.
- Two types of address spaces are memory and I/O address space.
- Some micro processors have only one type of address space.
|Read the following statements about address space in microprocessors |
|A.||All [Correct Answer]|
|B.||1, 2, 3 only [Wrong Answer]|
|C.||1, 2, 4 only [Wrong Answer]|
|D.||1, 3, 4 only [Wrong Answer]| | <urn:uuid:122a1faa-5460-4ecd-915b-7be60bec9bdd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://studysite.org/Discuss/Question/read_the_following_statements_about_address_space_in_microprocessors_ol_styleliststyletype_decimal_paddingbottom10pxli_stylepaddingtop10pxan_address_space_is_a_set_of_all_possible_addresses_which_can_be_generated_by_a_microprocessor_lili_stylepaddingtop10pxeach_address_in_the_address_space_allows_a_designer_to_provide_at_least_one_memory_or_i_o_location_in_the_system_lili_stylepaddingtop10pxtwo_types_of_address_spaces_are_memory_and_i_o_address_space_lili_stylepaddingtop10pxsome_micro_processors_have_only_one_type_of_address_space_li_ol_which_of_the_above_are_correct-181115514.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.795098 | 162 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Haldwani: On the occasion of International Day for Biological Diversity, the Research Wing of Uttarakhand Forest Department, has released its 4th annual report highlighting the successful conservation of a total of 2035 plant species through in-situ and ex-situ conservation measures across seven different ranges of Research Wing, an official statement said. Chief Conservator of Forest (Research), Sanjiv Chaturvedi said,
This exercise was initiated in the year 2020, to create awareness about the conservation of plant species, which are facing serious existential threat, from climate change as well as anthropogenic activities like mining and unplanned construction activities.
“However, the conservation of plant species, attracts less popular attention than faunal species like Tigers and Elephants, because of the greater glamour quotient associated with these wildlife species. This is despite the fact that plants play a much important ecological role by way of carbon sequestration and also provide the raw material for a number of important medicines,” he added.
Uttarakhand Forest Department is the only one in the country which undertakes this exercise and has perhaps the largest inventory of various plant species, across all the State Forest Departments, he added.
He further said,
The idea behind the release of this report was to counter the concept of ‘Plant Blindness’. The term coined in 1998 by Elisabeth Schussler and James Wandersee, a pair of US botanists and biology educators, indicates the under-appreciation of plants and a limited interest in plant conservation. Plant conservation not only matters for environmental health but also, for human health, in the long run.
In the year 2020, the number of conserved plant species was 1145, it rose to 1576 in the year 2021, and 1943 in the year 2022 and this year number has crossed 2000 and reached 2035 plant species. Out of these 2035 plant species, there are 468 tree species, 177 herbs, 161 shrubs, 46 bamboo, 86 wild climbers, 12 species of cane, 107 types of grass, 179 ferns, 110 orchids, 87 palm, 18 cycads, 264 cacti & succulents, 50 aquatic plants, 28 insectivorous plants, 85 lichens, 77 bryophytes, 10 species of algae and 15 species of air plants, stated the report.
Out of the total species conserved, 107 species are currently listed under threatened/endangered categories, of which 63 species are in the red list of IUCN, it said.
Some of these threatened/endangered species are White Himalayan Lilly, Trayman, Atees, Seeta Ashok, Dolu, Patwa, Himalayan Golden spike and Tree fern, it stated.
In the conserved list, there are 57 species endemic to Uttarakhand/Indian Himalayan Region, the report said.
Endemic species are the species or taxonomic groups which are within a restricted geographic area, naturally found only in that particular region.
(This story has not been edited by NDTV staff and is published from a syndicated feed.)
NDTV – Dettol have been working towards a clean and healthy India since 2014 via the Banega Swachh India initiative, which is helmed by Campaign Ambassador Amitabh Bachchan. The campaign aims to highlight the inter-dependency of humans and the environment, and of humans on one another with the focus on One Health, One Planet, One Future – Leaving No One Behind. It stresses on the need to take care of, and consider, everyone’s health in India – especially vulnerable communities – the LGBTQ population, indigenous people, India’s different tribes, ethnic and linguistic minorities, people with disabilities, migrants, geographically remote populations, gender and sexual minorities. In wake of the current COVID-19 pandemic, the need for WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) is reaffirmed as handwashing is one of the ways to prevent Coronavirus infection and other diseases. The campaign will continue to raise awareness on the same along with focussing on the importance of nutrition and healthcare for women and children, fight malnutrition, mental wellbeing, self care, science and health, adolescent health & gender awareness. Along with the health of people, the campaign has realised the need to also take care of the health of the eco-system. Our environment is fragile due to human activity, which is not only over-exploiting available resources, but also generating immense pollution as a result of using and extracting those resources. The imbalance has also led to immense biodiversity loss that has caused one of the biggest threats to human survival – climate change. It has now been described as a “code red for humanity.” The campaign will continue to cover issues like air pollution, waste management, plastic ban, manual scavenging and sanitation workers and menstrual hygiene. Banega Swasth India will also be taking forward the dream of Swasth Bharat, the campaign feels that only a Swachh or clean India where toilets are used and open defecation free (ODF) status achieved as part of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2014, can eradicate diseases like diarrhoea and the country can become a Swasth or healthy India. | <urn:uuid:37d53227-f8c8-4ef2-8b47-b1bcdd1f7a6e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/international-day-for-biological-diversity-uttarakhand-forest-department-releases-report-on-conservation-of-2035-plant-species-77170/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.939525 | 1,099 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Debuting on the Western Front in 1918, the French Renault FT was a revolutionary weapon. Small and equipped with a fully rotating turret, it was deployed en masse in the later stages of the Great War, greatly impacting warfare and military thinking. In the post-war period of instability and economic crisis, the small, cheap, and simple FT would be acquired by the militaries of many nations, and in most cases, was the basis on which their own tank development was born. One of these nations was the Kingdom of Spain, which used the Renault FT during the Rif War.
Context – Spain and the Great War
Following centuries of imperial decline culminating in defeat during the Spanish-American War of 1898, Spain’s place as a lower secondary world power was cemented.
Since the mid-Nineteenth Century, Spain had greatly expanded its influence and territory in North Africa, and, as a result, been in conflict with the local Rifian tribesmen. The Algeciras Conference of 1906, convened to resolve Franco-German colonial competition during the First Moroccan Crisis, resulted in concessions to Spain in Morocco. Lead and other metal deposits were soon discovered further inland in Rifian territory and, almost immediately, contracts were given to companies to mine the deposits and build railway links to the coast, further infuriating the locals.
These growing tensions resulted in an armed uprising by the Rifians, whose attack on railway workers in July 1909 started the Melilla War, which Spain won, gaining some new territory south of Melilla.
However, peace was not long-lasting. In 1911, widespread rebellions against the Sultan and Morocco threatened the Spanish and French possessions. To make matters worse, in what is known as the Agadir Crisis or Second Moroccan Crisis, Germany attempted to use gunboat diplomacy by sending the SMS Panther to the port of Agadir, hoping to gain colonial concessions from France in the Congo by further destabilizing the situation in Morocco. In the end, France made concessions in the Congo and both Spain and France gained more territory in Morocco.
In 1913, the Spanish Protectorate in Morocco was established, integrating the new territories. Small armed uprisings began the following year, though they lacked cohesion and there was little activity during World War I. Spain took no part in the Great War but kept a close eye on developments and, by observing, learned valuable lessons.
Spain’s First Tank
Designed to break the deadlock of trench warfare, the tank was one of the Great War’s major developments. Even before the guns fell silent, on October 18th 1918, the Spanish Government had made a formal petition to their French counterparts to begin negotiations for the acquisition of a Renault FT. However, the French authorities proved to be uncooperative in sharing their newest ‘toy’ with the rest of the world and did not respond to the Spanish request until January 15th 1919, once the Armistice was in place.
At this point, the Comisión de Experiencias, Proyectos y Comprobación del Material de Guerra [Eng. Commission for the Testing of War Materiel], a commission within the Spanish Ministry of War for the testing, trialing and acquisition of war materiel, fleshed out their request to the French Government by asking for a Renault FT equipped with the 37 mm Puteaux SA 18 cannon, followed a few days later by one for three more tanks equipped with the cannon and one with the Hotchkiss M1914 machine gun. This was authorized by Spanish authorities on March 5th 1919.
The petition was then amended to include two additional cannon-equipped tanks. This amended order for a total of seven tanks (six with a cannon and one with a machine gun) was rejected by the French Government on March 20th, leading to the negotiation of a new petition on April 12th. After tough talks, the French Government authorized the sale for F52,500 (Francs) of one machine gun armed FT in May 1919. The longed-for vehicle finally arrived in Madrid from the Centre d’Approvisionament de Materiel Automobile [Eng. Center of Automobile Provisioning] in Paris on June 23rd 1919. The vehicle’s serial number was ‘68352’ and it was equipped with an octagonal or ‘omnibus’ turret. It would be the only Renault FT with this type of turret which ever served in Spain.
After the vehicle’s arrival in Madrid, it was sent from the Estación del Norte train station (modern day Principe Pío) to either the Campamento military barracks or the Escuela Central de Tiro [Eng. Central Target Practice School] in Carabanchel. This journey was undertaken without the assistance of a truck or lorry. Two days later, the new tank was presented to the monarch, Alfonso XIII, and the Infantes with considerable attention from the press, which at the time, incorrectly claimed that the Renault FT had been a present to Alfonso XIII. Over the next few days, it was vigorously tested and was inspected by a military and political commission headed by Colonel Ramón Acha.
During testing, by order of the commission, the machine gun was replaced by license-built Hotchkiss machine guns to allow the use of the Spanish Army’s standard 7 mm Mauser ammunition. These tests were so satisfactory that, on August 13th 1919, the Spanish Government ordered a further ten tanks, eight armed with a machine gun and two with cannon, priced at F533,400. The machine gun-armed Renault FTs were to be delivered with Spanish Hotchkiss machine guns and 500 rounds of ammunition per tank. Unfortunately for the Spanish Government, the French Government refused this request, claiming there were no surplus tanks to sell, and later refused any sales at all. It is possible that French feathers had been ruffled by Spain’s having replaced the machine gun on the vehicle which had arrived in 1919. As a result, Spain decided to look elsewhere in their search for more tanks, though nothing came of this.
During another presentation organized by the Ministry of War in April 1920, the vehicle was given an “ARTILLERIA” inscription, denoting that it belonged to the artillery, the section of the army that had carried out the purchase. On the vehicle’s redesignation to the infantry, this inscription was removed.
The Disaster at Annual
After September 1919, Spain made an effort to assert military control over its protectorate in Morocco and to quell the small scale rebellions which were taking place. This conflict is known as the Rif War. Across the dry, mountainous territory, the Spanish military built a series of forts supplied by long convoy routes subject to constant ambushes. With the objective of occupying Alhucemas Bay, the General Commander of the Melilla military region, General Manuel Fernández Silvestre, stretched his troops too far from the supply lines and, in May 1921, pitched camp in Annual. The reinforcement troops which were supposed to aid Silvestre’s troops for the final pacification of the Rif were ambushed and massacred by tribesmen under the command of their famed leader, Abd el-Krim. Krim’s triumph led many to join his forces, including part of the native contingent attached to the Spanish.
Driven by his success, Krim advanced, taking different forts en route to Annual. Silvestre, whose forces were reduced to four days of supplies and ammunition for one day of combat and with over 6,000 Rifians ever closer, ordered the retreat back to Melilla on July 22nd. Chaos and disorder broke out when some of the native contingent decided to fire upon their Spanish officers and the Rifian columns arrived. Four hours later, 2,500 Spanish troops lay dead on the field of battle, including Silvestre, who, it is rumored, committed suicide. For the next month and a half, Krim pressed his attacks, taking several other forts and massacring scores of Spanish troops in the process. Over the next month and a half, between 8,000 and 10,500 Spanish troops died at the hands of the Rifians or as a result of the harsh conditions.
The events had severe political consequences in mainland Spain and brought down the government, leading to the appointment of a national unity government headed by Antonio Maura, although it too would fall in March 1922. A report written by General Juan Picasso commissioned by the War Ministry found General Silvestre chiefly responsible for the disaster. The political instability was such that, in September 1923, General Miguel Primo de Rivera launched a coup and successfully took power with the King’s blessing.
On the military front, it was felt that more modern equipment was needed to defeat the Rifians. In August 1921, France agreed to sell 6 Schneider CA-1 tanks. Negotiations continued and, on September 14th, an agreement was reached between Spanish representatives and Renault for the acquisition of 10 Renault FTs, a Renault TSF (command and radio vehicle), spare parts for repairs and 11 Renault FU-25 lorries to transport troops. The tanks were equipped with the rounded ‘Berliet’ turret and were either unarmed but built to take a machine gun, or armed with the modified Spanish 7 mm Hotchkiss machine gun. The deal with Renault was worth 31 million pesetas (31,135,098.75).
The vehicles were transported from their factory to the border, arriving in Hendaye on December 17th, 1921, and the order to urgently transport them to the Escuela Central de Tiro in Madrid was given.
Once in Madrid, along with the Renault FT that had arrived in 1919, they were attached to the infantry section in the Escuela, where the infantry familiarized themselves with the new vehicles and tank-infantry operations. The tanks and infantry were amalgamated to form the Compañía de Carros de Asalto de Infantería [Eng. Infantry Tank Company] under the command of Captain Vicente Valero and this was divided into two sections with five tanks apiece and a command section with the Renault TSF.
The Renault FT Lands in Africa
On March 5th, 1922, even before instruction in Madrid was complete, the order was given to transport the tanks, their personnel, and instructors to Melilla with the utmost urgency. Two days later, on the 7th, eleven tanks (one had been left in the Escuela Central de Tiro), fourteen support vehicles, and thirty-seven personnel (four captains, eight sergeants, and twenty-five soldiers) departed Madrid by train towards the southern city of Málaga.
On March 12th, the tanks embarked the steamship Guillém Sorolla to cross the Strait of Gibraltar, docking in Melilla the following morning. On arrival, the Commander in Chief of Melilla asked Captain Valero to compile a report on the preparedness of the company and to assess if it was ready to enter combat on March 14th. The report found that two of the tanks had been slightly damaged on the journey from Madrid, that the company had only half of their intended drivers (of the required 40 drivers, there were only 22; 9 for the tanks, 11 for the trucks, and 2 for the fuel trucks), and that the commander and machine gun operators had not been fully instructed. The training was so incomplete that three of the Escuela’s instructors were sent from Madrid to continue the instruction whilst on campaign. Captain Valero concluded that eight more days would be needed to carry out the necessary repairs, to await the arrival of more personnel, and to complete training. The instructors even volunteered to cover for the missing and less experienced tank drivers so that the unit could enter combat as soon as possible, but their offer was refused by the Melilla commander.
The Compañía de Carros de Asalto de Infantería set up a base in Dar Drius (Driouch*) on March 14th 1922. One source, Carro de Combate Renault FT-17, states that the decision was made to leave one of the tanks in Melilla for training purposes, though this is not corroborated by other sources. Just 24 hours later, the order was given to join a column under the command of General Dámaso Berenguer in Itihuen (Ichtiuen).
*Please note that place names are spelled as by Spanish sources. Most place names have since changed. When possible, the current name is provided in parentheses.
On March 18th, the Renault FTs of the Compañía saw their baptism by fire. At 6 a.m., the Tercio de Extranjeros [Eng. Spanish Foreign Legion], with 7 tanks leading the column, advanced on a Rifian position in Tuguntz (Tougount). The tanks moved into the Anvar (or Ambar) settlement under heavy fire. Soon, 800 m ahead of the infantry, they became surrounded by the Rifian forces, who, lacking the knowledge of how to destroy tanks, climbed onto them, began throwing rocks at them, and tried to stick their knives through vision slits.
Due to the hasty departure, some of the components had not been checked, including the machine guns, some of which jammed, leaving tanks and crews defenseless. Surrounded, and without the means to properly defend themselves, the order came to retreat. Three tanks, either immobilized or without fuel, were abandoned by their crews. Two crew members were killed and a tank driver was wounded.
Two of the tanks (nº 3 and nº4) had been abandoned on the battlefield and Rifian forces destroyed them with explosives on March 23rd. On March 29th, the remaining tanks and infantry managed to capture the positions of Anvar and Tuguntz and recover the damaged tanks. Repairs to tank nº3 by the Maestranza de Artillería took until April 1923, just over a year later.
Whilst their baptism by fire had been disastrous, the mission itself was successful in capturing the hamlets of Anvar and Yebel-Imelahen. The Army HQ set up a commission to investigate the tanks’ lackluster performance but concluded that this was due to the lack of cooperation between tanks and infantry, which could be explained by a lack of proper and lengthy training.
Over the ensuing months, the Spanish FTs would be in the heat of battle on a regular basis, most often supporting columns to protect them from ambush, but also covering retreats. On March 29th, 1922, they protected a retreat at Chemorra (Chamorra). Between May 23rd and 26th, they protected Dar Drius from night attacks. They protected a column in Tamassin on May 29th and one in Tizzi-Azza (Tafersit) on October 18th and carried out small attacks near Cheik in August. From their debut in Morocco to the end of August 25th, at least 21 operations of this kind have been recorded, most, if not all, taking place in the modern-day Driouch province of Morocco.
The most notable engagement involving the Renault FTs in the early stages of the Rif War took place on June 5th, 1923. Colonel Ruiz del Portal’s column was tasked with relieving a besieged position in Tizzi-Azza (Tafersit). The lead tank, nº9, commanded by Sergeant Mariano García Esteban, who had taken command of the whole section when Lieutenant Francisco Sánchez Zamora became a casualty, broke the Rifian positions under intense fire. García Esteban lost his left eye and his right eye was also damaged, though that did not stop him from advancing across the enemy trenches, before turning around and continuing to fire his machine gun from the rear. Wounded, but refusing to be evacuated, the sergeant fought on for 20 hours. Tizzi-Azza was liberated for the time being and García Esteban was awarded the Cruz Laureada de San Fernando [Eng. Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand], Spain’s highest military decoration for gallantry.
To make up for losses, an additional six machine gun-armed tanks were purchased in 1925, along with their truck transports and 12,000 rounds of ammunition for a total cost of over one million Francs*. The tanks arrived in Madrid on August 20th and would soon be used to take the war to the enemy.
* 1,036,052.85 F
From Alhucemas to the End of the War
In April 1925, Krim had advanced his operation to the French Protectorate, inflicting a humiliating defeat on French forces at the Battle of Uarga. After this, the Spanish and French governments began to collaborate to defeat Krim and his Rifians. It was decided to strike behind Rifian enemy lines in Alhucemas and, as a result, a massive naval invasion with air support was planned to be led by Miguel Primo de Rivera. This would be the first time in history that air forces, naval forces, and army were deployed under a unified command.
A number of the surviving tanks from the operations in the vicinity of Melilla and the 6 new tanks were transported to Ceuta to prepare for the landings. Prior to their arrival in Ceuta, landing practice was undertaken at Medik. Part of General Leopoldo Saro y Marín’s column, the 11 or 12 tanks involved in the operation were commanded by Captain Juan de Urzaiz.
On the late morning of September 8th, 1925, the first of the 13,000 Spanish troops were landed on the beaches of Alhucemas Bay (Gulf of Hoceima) supported by covering fire from bombers, battleships, cruisers, and even a seaplane tender. 26 barges (named ‘barcazas K’ [Eng. K barges] in Spanish sources) bought from the British and used in the failed Gallipoli campaign in 1915, transported troops, and for the first time in combat, tanks. Each barge carried three tanks, though, due to the tides leaving the barges 50 m off the beach, it was impossible to disembark them until the early hours of the 9th with the assistance of some wooden structures. Once landed, the Renault FTs, with support from the 6th and 7th banderas [Eng. Battalions] of the Tercio de Marruecos, were used to secure the right flank of the beach and the advances on Malmusi. The heights controlling the Bay were captured by the end of September. After Alhucemas, a Spanish victory was finally in sight.
In November 1925, the tank forces were reorganized into the newly created Grupo de Carros Ligeros de Combate [Eng. Light Tanks Group] and would prove their worth throughout 1926 in the sieges of Iberloken and Tafrás and the recapture of Xauen (Chefchaouen or Chaouen). The war would dwindle to pacifyin some stubborn Rifians still holding out in 1927. After a rocky start, the Renault FTs had proved themselves.
The Renault FT in Times of ‘Peace’
The order for the Grupo de Carros Ligeros de Combate to return to Spain was published on October 31st 1926. Sources indicate that between 15 and 17 tanks that had survived the constant fighting were sent back to the Escuela Central de Tiro in Carabanchel. Shortly afterward, the Grupo de Carros Ligeros de Combate was disbanded. On November 22nd 1926, the Renault FTs were reorganized into Grupo de Carros de Asalto [Eng. Tank Groups] of the 3rd section of the Escuela Central de Tiro under the command of Captain Marcos Nieto Malo and were mainly used for training personnel. The Grupo de Carros de Asalto was supposed to be made up of a HQ Company, a Renault Company, and a Trubia Company. The Renault Company had a command tank, two sections with 5 tanks apiece, and a reserve section with 4 tanks for replacements, a total of 15 tanks. The Trubia Company was to have had the same structure except that it would have only had two tanks in the reserve section. However, the Trubias were never built in the anticipated numbers.
After a few years of being limited to training and maneuvers, the tanks would be used again at the end of 1930. By this point, Miguel Primo de Rivera had resigned his position as dictator and had been replaced by General Dámaso Berenguer. The military dictatorship, which was supported by the monarch Alfonso XIII, was very unpopular among the political establishment, the general population, and even elements within the armed forces.
On December 12th, 1930, two Army Captains in the northeastern town of Jaca revolted and proclaimed a republic. Following their early success, they marched on Huesca, where they were defeated. The coup attempt was not able to count on the support it had expected. On December 15th, by which time the two Army Captains had been executed for rebellion, General Gonzalo Queipo de Llano and Air Commander Ramón Franco (the brother of General Francisco Franco, future dictator of Spain), took control of the Cuatro Vientos airbase in Madrid and flew planes over Madrid to incite workers and the general population to go on strike against the monarchy and in support of the Republic. This is somewhat curious given Queipo de Llano’s role in the coup against the Republic less than six years later.
A column incorporating a number of Renault FTs under the command of General Luis Orgaz Yoldi was sent to recapture the base but before they arrived, Queipo de Llano and Ramón Franco fled to France, where they would remain in exile until the proclamation of the Republic a few months later in April 1931. The Renault FTs continued to serve under the Second Spanish Republic and were active on both sides during the Spanish Civil War.
Influence and Legacy
As with many of the other nations which bought the Renault FT, the tank would serve as the basis from which indigenous tank development was born.
In 1925, three men, Commander Victor Landesa Domenech, Captain Carlos Ruíz de Toledo and Rogelio Areces came up with the idea of working together to design and build an indigenous tank for the Spanish Army. Given the lack of tank technology information available, it should come as no surprise that they based their design on the Renault FT. The project was a private venture paid for out of their own pockets with no state supervision or finance.
The prototype vehicle resembled the Renault FT, with an almost identical tail and suspension. To surmount the firepower concerns which had led the Renault FT to be extremely vulnerable when its main and only machine gun jammed, two overlapping turrets with independent movement and each armed with a Hotchkiss 7 mm machine gun were adopted. There were plans to substantially improve the Renault FT’s armor and engine, but due to financial and technological constraints, these were only marginally improved.
The success of the prototype in tests inspired the team to create a new tank, the Modelo Trubia Serie A; Spain’s first indigenous tank. Only 4 were built and they saw limited action in the Asturias Uprising of 1934 and the early stages of the Spanish Civil War.
The legacy of the Renault FT in Spain lives on. When the Regimiento de Infantería Acorazada «Alcázar de Toledo» n.º 61 [Eng. Mechanized Infantry Regiment ‘Alcázar de Toledo’ No. 61] was formed in December 1943, it was decided that the regiment’s emblem should feature a Renault FT. Additionally, when the regiment was incorporated into the newly formed Brigada de Infantería Acorazada «Guadarrama» XII [Eng. ‘Guadarrama’ Mechanized Infantry Brigade No. 12] in 1966, the Brigade would also choose the Renault FT as its emblem. Fate would have it that the Brigade would be one of the last units to serve in Morocco when, as part of Spain’s last imperial foray on mainland Africa, it was deployed without seeing action during the Green March in 1975.
Camouflage and Markings
The first Renault FT arriving in Spain in 1919 had a three-tone camouflage, the light base color being khaki and the other two colors dark green and brown, which may have been applied in the French factory. Apart from its period with the “ARTILLERIA” insignia, no other insignia or unit marking was present on this vehicle.
Because of the poor quality of some of the photos, it is difficult to tell what camouflage was painted onto the 1921 batch of Renault FTs. Whilst some photos would suggest just a two-tone camouflage, possibly khaki or sand and dark green, this was probably not the case and the contrast in the photographs is not the best. A grey-green and dark green camouflage combination has also been suggested by some artist’s interpretations, but this may not be the case. In some better contrast pictures, the two tones of camouflage appear to be separated by a thin dark line, maybe black.
Based on photographic evidence, individual tank markings seem to be inconsistent. Without accurate dating of said photographs, it is almost impossible to tell when different aspects were introduced. However, vehicles are often seen with an “INFANTERIA Nº” [Eng. Infantry No.] inscription on the left side.
To distinguish between the two sections of the Compañía de Carros de Asalto de Infantería, a system of circles or triangles on the rear sides of the tank was developed. Some photos of the vehicles atop of trucks, presumably taken as the vehicles arrived in the Protectorate, show the circles and triangles empty. The tank numbers and the number in the circle or triangle were not necessarily the same, as the number in the circle or triangle denoted the number within each individual section. In other photos, it is possible to distinguish a number 1, number 2, and number 5 (tank no. 10) in a triangle and number 4 in a circle.
One photograph shows a confusing vehicle with a circle with a number crossed out and a number 4 written on the suspension beam. Other photos depict Spanish Renault FTs with a small white number inconsistently painted on the suspension beam.
The FU-25 trucks purchased to transport the tanks had a similar camouflage pattern. Each truck was assigned to an individual tank and would have the relevant “INFANTERIA Nº” insignia on the side.
The vehicle which was left in Carabanchel had an “ESCUELA CENTRAL DE TIRO INFANTERIA” insignia instead of the infantry insignia. It also had an “ATM 1080” inscription on a white rectangle on the suspension beam. A similar numbered inscription on a white background was given to vehicles at some point between 1926 and 1931. By this later point, the Renaults’ three-tone camouflage had been replaced by single-tone camouflage.
The Renault TSF
With the summer 1921 purchase from Renault came a Renault TSF (Télégraphie Sans Fil [Eng. Wireless Telegraphy]). This vehicle differed from regular Renault FTs in that it was turretless and unarmed. In place of the turret was a superstructure that housed an E 10 radio system with possibly other radios. The top of the superstructure had a tall pole used for flag communications with other vehicles. Instead of the Renault FT’s crew of two, the Renault TSF had three – driver, commander, and radio operator.
In Spain, the vehicle was known as Renault TSH (Telegrafía Sin Hilos) and was used as the command vehicle for the Compañía de Carros de Asalto de Infantería. This was indicated by the “CARRO DE MANDO” [Eng. Command Tank] inscription at the front of the superstructure. Additionally, the vehicle was designated as “INFANTERIA Nº1” [Eng. Infantry No 1] with the inscription being present on either side of the superstructure.
Once it was in North Africa, the vehicle was given a lamp fixed to the left side of the superstructure. In a number of photos in Morocco, the vehicle has a light circle with a dark triangle inside it painted on either rear side. As has been explained, the two sections of the Compañia either had a circle or a triangle in this position, so being a command vehicle for both sections, a combination of the two makes sense.
The tank was painted in a two-tone camouflage with a light base (possibly light grey) and thick dark vertical lines (possibly dark grey or green). After its use during the Rif War, the fate of this particular vehicle is unknown.
As occurred in many other nations worldwide, the Renault FT was the first step in the armored history of Spain. It was sent straight into battle without much preparation or training. After an underwhelming start, it proved its worth time and time again as Spanish forces fought for a hard-earned victory against well-organized and motivated resistance in the Spanish Protectorate in Morocco. Its continued legacy to this day is testament to the high esteem the small tank was held in. Whilst a number of Renault FTs remain in Spain, these are all Polish imports dating from the Spanish Civil War.
Artemio Mortera Pérez, Los Medios Blindados de la Guerra Civil Española Teatro de Operaciones de Andalucía y Centro 36/39 (Valladolid: Alcañiz Fresno’s editores, 2009)
Juan Carlos Caballero Fernández de Marcos, “La Automoción en el Ejército Español Hasta la Guerra Civil Española” Revista de Historia Militar No. 120 (2016), pp. 13-50
Oscar Bruña Royo, Vehículos Acorazados en el Tercio Vol 1 De Cáceres a Sarajevo pasando por El Aaiún (Valladolid: Quirón Ediciones, 1998)
Pablo García Sánchez, “Historia del Regimiento de Infantería Acorazada Alcázar de Toledo Nº 61”, Grupos de Estudio de Historia Militar, 2015 | <urn:uuid:d1129aa6-881a-4f46-a346-6c3e0eea0832> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/renault-ft-in-the-service-of-the-kingdom-of-spain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.96731 | 6,415 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Under the instruction and guidance of the Principal
or class teacher to provide safe, high quality education and care to children.
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
Support for Pupils
1. To attend to the educational,
personal and social needs of pupils and any other requirements depending on the
pupil’s needs and, wherever possible, make these part of the learning
experience (this may include toileting, other hygiene needs, help with dressing
and/or assisting with feeding if necessary).
2. T o maintain the key-person system and act as a
key-person to a small group of children liaising closely with parents/carers
and ensuring each child’s needs are recognised and met; to keep appropriate
3. To promote and support the inclusion of all
pupils in the learning activities in which they are involved and to contribute
to the intellectual, physical, social, emotional, moral and spiritual
development of all the children.
4. To be aware of, and value, each child’s
cultural, racial and linguistic background and to ensure that regardless of
age, gender or ability all children have equal access to curriculum provision.
5. Under agreed school procedures, to
give first aid/medicine where necessary; assist with programmes of special care
under the direction of the appropriate specialist.
6. Whilst it will mainly involve
supporting children in the Nursery class,
support for a named pupil or pupils with an Education Health and Care Plan may
be required. This will be at the direction of
the Principal, Special Educational
Needs and Disability Co-ordinator, (SENDCO) or the classroom teacher.
7. To assist with preparation for
school visits and the supervision of pupils on such visits, in liaison with the
Educational Visits Coordinator.
Support for Teachers
1. In consultation with the class teacher and
Nursery team, identify and provide for the needs of individual children within
the class and to contribute towards the weekly planning in line with the Early
2. To participate in all systems of pupil
observation and assessment related to the Early Years Foundation Stage.
3. To help to prepare, set up and maintain the
learning environment each day.
4. To efficiently prepare, maintain and use
classroom teaching materials and equipment, including organising the use of
audio/visual and ICT equipment, bearing in mind the efficient use of school
resources (this may include photocopying, arranging displays of work etc).
Support for the School
1. To work collaboratively with
colleagues as part of a professional team, in particular the class teacher, the
Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator (SENCO) and other members
of support staff; working at all times within the
school’s policies and procedures.
2. To assist in the general efficient
operation of the school, including providing cover for other support staff
across the school where necessary and as directed by the Principal.
3. To attend staff meetings,
participate in performance management arrangements and undertake training and
4. To maintain confidentiality at all
times in respect of school-related matters and to prevent disclosure of
confidential or sensitive information.
5. To undertake tasks of a similar
nature and level, as directed by the Principal.
Please note, while every effort has been made to explain the
duties and responsibilities of the post, each individual task undertaken may
not be identified.
Employees will be expected to comply with any reasonable request
from the line manager/Principal to undertake work of a similar level that is
not specified in this job description.
This job post has expired. | <urn:uuid:10abb41b-52ea-4882-856a-b2c3736365cf> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://teaching-vacancies.service.gov.uk/jobs/early-years-practitioner-gothic-mede-academy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.922736 | 778 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Mica is a natural mineral that you’ve probably seen in sparkly rocks. It naturally separates into clear, reflective, flaky layers that you can pick apart to form sheets of clear rock. I wrote about mica powder here, so if you’re new to the concept, go check that article out first. Mica is not the same thing as glitter, however, and it’s not a true pigment. Mica is ground and powdered to form sparkly powders that are used to create metallic, pearlescent, or shimmery effects in the products we use every day. We can also use mica powders in our arts and crafts. In recent years, synthetic mica powder has come on the market, expanding our options for color and special effects. This article is an introduction to the various types of special effects in mica powder.
How Mica Powder Appears
While all mica powder is sparkly and reflects the light, it’s not all the same. There is tremendous variation possible with this simple material, allowing endless colors and effects.
When it comes to creating special effects in mica powder, the particle size determines the amount of sparkle. The flakes of mica are like little mirrors, and larger particles create a larger reflection. Finely ground mica particles will create a metallic shine, but larger flakes will look much like glitter. Very large flakes will resemble sequins!
Colored Mica Powder
Pure mica doesn’t have color (aside from impurities), but it can be colored to make colored mica powder. Metal oxides and pigments are used to coat the mica flakes, allowing them to come in a full range of colors. Iron oxide, tin oxide, and titanium dioxide (among others) are often used for this purpose. The thickness of the coating and the pigments used will determine what color the mica flakes are and also what color is reflected from them. By varying the colors and the coatings, mica powders with a variety of special effects can be created.
Mica Powder Opacity
The particle size can also affect the opacity of the mica powder. Small flakes usually provide more coverage of surfaces (and therefore more opacity), whereas large flakes allow less coverage, and more of the surface can be seen between the flakes.
The pigments and oxides applied to the mica flakes will also affect opacity. Titanium dioxide is naturally opaque, so mica that’s formulated with a thick coating of this metal oxide will have more coverage. This approach is often used in high-coverage face powder as opposed to sheer coverage for other makeup products.
By the way, did you know that I have an entire guide on using powders with polymer clay? It discusses pigments, mica powders, nail powders, metal powders, and dyes and details how they can be used in, on, and with polymer clay.
Pigments, mica, and powders are magical
Don’t be intimidated by those little jars and packets of colorful powders. Learn to use them effectively in your projects.
Special Effects in Mica Powder
The colors and pigments applied to the surface of the mica flakes will determine what color you see when you look at the mica powder itself, creating a variety of special effects. But because mica is reflective, the color of the reflection also comes into play. Optical special effects are created by applying the metal oxide coatings in different thicknesses. This means the reflected color your eye sees can be very different from the color of the mica powder itself, sometimes creating amazing and novel special effects in mica powder.
Visibly seen as a white powder, interference mica powder colors look nearly colorless or white when applied to light surfaces. But applied to dark surfaces, their reflective color is what your eye sees. Interference colors are fun when applied to the surface of multi-colored polymer clay because the color will only appear on the darker areas.
Some brands of interference mica powders have some opacity, while other brands are more sheer or translucent.
Duo colors of mica powder are similar to interference colors, except that the mica powder displays two different colors. Sometimes the is one color, and the reflection is a second color. Other times the powder is white and the reflection shows as two different colors at once, depending on the angle of the light in relation to your eye.
As with interference powders, some brands have more coverage and opacity than others. You can have sheer duo colors or high-coverage ones.
Chameleon or Color Shift Mica Powder
Depending on the angle of the light, color-shifting or chameleon mica powders can appear to be an entire range of colors. The color of the powder depends on the color of the mica flake itself and also on the viewing angle. You might have seen chameleon colors used to paint cars that completely change color as they go by. These powders are often used in nail art.
When the special effect coatings are applied to a black mica, you get chameleon special effect powders like you see above. But when the same coatings are applied to light colored mica, you get what is sometimes called unicorn special effect mica powders like you see below.
What is Synthetic Mica Powder?
So far, I’ve just talked about natural mica. But what if you apply these metal oxides and pigments to other materials? Yes, you can apply them to polyester film, glass, beads, minerals, metal, or plastic. This is how color-shifting objects like my water bottle are created, in fact!
If you apply these metal oxides and pigments to flakes of natural mica, the quality of the reflected sparkle will vary based on the clarity of the mica. If the mica is low grade and full of impurities, you might see a dull reflection in the same way that a dirty mirror doesn’t shine brightly. Some low-budget mica powder shows very little sparkle and can be very dull.
If you apply these coatings to plastic film and then chop it up or punch it out into shapes, you get glitter and sequins.
If you apply these coatings to a clear glass-like lab-created mineral and then grind it into powder, you get synthetic mica. Also known as fluorophlogopite (yes, say it slowly… floro-flogo-pite), or synthetic mica has all the fun of natural mica powders but without the cloudiness and dullness that comes from being a natural product that might contain impurities.
Because natural mica is sometimes mined using child labor, ethics concerns have been raised around it. Some companies, such as the Body Shop, have decided to exclusively use synthetic mica powder in their products.
The respected line of mica powders from Jacquard Products, called Pearl Ex, is made from high-quality natural mica. They do, however, now have two colors of synthetic mica. Hot Copper and Knox Gold are both made with synthetic mica, which explains their stunning color.
The Diamond range of Cernit Sparkling is made from synthetic mica powders. You can learn more about Cernit Sparkling in my review here.
What to Make with Special Effect Mica Powders
You can use these special effect mica powders to make anything that regular mica can do. It behaves the same. But the effects are much more colorful, brighter, or impressive. These Cosmic Lava pendants look extra wonderful because they were made with special effect mica powders.
Email is the best way
to get updates
You will LOVE getting this email, which is packed full of polymer clay goodness. About twice a month. | <urn:uuid:0e2d1917-5756-4109-a3c9-9bcb409882a0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://thebluebottletree.com/special-effects-mica-powder/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.931739 | 1,629 | 3.5 | 4 |
I remember when my wife and I found out our son was autistic. We went through what most parents who discover this disorder go through…guilt (that somehow it was our fault), fear (that he would not be able to cope) and well…mostly just worry. We managed to get help from EIPIC (Early Intervention Program for Infants and Children), and thankfully he is much better today.
My wife works from home, which is another big boon. She practices reading with our son, while I just read him bedtime stories. She did quite a bit of research on helping our son adapt and cope, especially with reading. I’ll be sharing five useful tips you can put into practice at home.
- Pick books that interest them Autistic children are usually fixated on something, from trains, to maps, to even anything with grills (kid you not). Thankfully, my son is obsessed with trains, especially our MRT trains. Pick books that feature their fixations, if possible. Also, most autistic children are visual learners. They remember words better if it’s attached to a picture, so they can form a picture in their mind representing the word or words.
- Pick books with common sight words and rhyming words
Common sight words are very important to new readers. Learning them, being able to recognize them and reading them out gives the children a confidence boost. Not to mention it will be pre-requisite when they get into Primary 1 (if you intend to let yours go mainstream like we do). Rhymes and rhyming words provide cadence, rhythm and fun! Some kids respond better when the story is read in a sing-song manner to them.
- Regulate sensory input
Create a quiet, peaceful and comfortable reading space at home. Autistic children react differently to loud sounds, flashing lights and discomfort. They find it tougher to filter out extraneous sensory information. These could be things like other kids playing loudly, a dog barking, to the flickering TV screen. This over or under-sensitivity can make it very difficult for autistic children to focus on tasks, including reading.
Some children learn better when they are moving. Reading on a patio swing, or a rocking chair, can often help them focus better.
- Read interactively
When I read to my son, I like to act out the story, sometimes with just my voice, sometimes with props and actions. Get your kids to imitate what the story characters are doing. Give them simple props to act out scenes from the book.
Get them to help turn the page at the right moment, or point to words as you read. All these activities help engage them as readers, without relying on their proficiency as a reader.
- Every child is different
Autism is a spectrum of disorders, and every child diagnosed learns in their own unique way. What works for one may not work for another. What you should always try to do, however, is to make use of and focus on the child’s strengths, and eliminate or overcome the child’s challenges as much as possible. Try different methods, keep a record, and once you’ve found a working combination, fine tune it. Make it fun, interactive and progressive. It will take time and patience, and lots of love, but you will see a difference, like I have in my son. | <urn:uuid:f8fc26ab-5b8c-4e6c-a554-782cedfffe20> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://thechalkboardacademy.sg/2017/06/02/five-ways-to-help-autistic-children-read-better/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.964573 | 692 | 3.140625 | 3 |
As the internet expands in popularity, computer technology advances daily. Several services and solutions have been made available to users as a result of the overwhelming demand. VPS hosting and RDP accounts are also available, which we shall discuss separately. RDP and VPS are both server industry acronyms. RDP is an abbreviation for Remote Desktop Protocol, and VPS is for Virtual Private Server. Although the two terms are related, they must be distinguished. We will define both terminologies throughout this article before getting into the distinctions between RDP and VPS and why they are sometimes tampered with.
What Is RDP? [Remote Desktop Protocol]
RDP is a Microsoft protocol that allows client users, devices, and a virtual network server to share applications, data, and security. It allows a remote user to add a graphical interface to another computer’s desktop. Each RDP Server serves 10 remote desktop accounts. You do not have administrator access to the server, but everything you do in your RDP Account is completely private. Simply said, an RDP account as a service is a remote Windows environment to which you can connect and utilize the preloaded apps without requiring administrative privileges.
How Remote Desktop Work
Connecting your home laptop to your business PC allows you to access files, run the software, print papers, and so on without having to go into the office. The host device, however, does not have to be a PC. Many corporate use cases involve a server or virtual server environment. The host device powers the software and operating system and displays it on the client device while using Remote Desktop. Remote Desktop software collects and transfers mouse and keyboard inputs from the client device to the host PC. Additional software may be required to ensure smooth, responsive performance for operations and files that make extensive use of graphics.
Features of RDP protocol
RDP is a proprietary protocol developed by Microsoft. It is primarily used for connecting to and controlling a remote Windows-based computer or server. RDP allows a user to access the desktop and applications of the remote machine as if they were physically present in front of it. Here are some key features and characteristics of RDP.
RDP provides remote control and management of a single computer or server. It’s ideal for scenarios where you need to access a specific machine, often for tasks like IT support or server administration.
Operating System Specific
RDP is primarily designed for Windows-based systems. It works seamlessly with Windows Server and Windows desktop editions.
RDP allows the sharing of local resources like files and printers with the remote machine.
RDP typically offers a seamless and responsive experience, as it allows you to use the remote computer’s full graphical interface.
Microsoft Windows-based RDP solutions usually come with licensing costs, which can vary depending on the version and usage.
What Is a VPS? [Virtual Private Server]
VPS is an abbreviation for what is VPS. A VPS hosting environment is a virtualized version of a dedicated server. VPS hosting is one of various web hosting accounts available for hosting your website online. VPS hosting technology is similar to that of VMware or Virtual Box. These programs enable you to run multiple virtualized operating systems on the same machine.
How Virtual Private Servers Work
With VPS hosting, multiple virtualized operating systems operate on a single server, with each operating system acting as a distinct dedicated server.VPS hosting makes use of a hypervisor, which is a type of computing equipment. The hypervisor pulls resources from the server and distributes them to each website on the server. Because the resources are already distributed across the websites, each virtual server may function independently. This means you never have to be concerned about another website consuming the resources that you require.
Features of VPS
A Virtual Private Server is a virtualized server environment created by partitioning a physical server into multiple isolated virtual servers. Each VPS operates independently and can run its own operating system. Here are the key features and characteristics of VPS.
VPS offers isolation from other virtual servers on the same physical machine. Each VPS has its own dedicated resources, making it more reliable and secure.
VPSs can run a variety of operating systems, including Linux and Windows, giving them the flexibility to fulfill a variety of hosting and application requirements.
Scaling up or down VPS resources such as CPU, RAM, and storage is simple. Because of its adaptability, it is appropriate for hosting websites, applications, or services.
VPS is often more cost-effective than maintaining physical servers. It eliminates the need for owning and managing hardware.
VPS is commonly used for web hosting, application hosting, development and testing environments, and other scenarios where you need a virtualized computing environment.
Difference Between RDP and VPS
RDP is primarily used for remote desktop access, while VPS is a hosting solution used for various purposes, including web hosting, application hosting, and more.
RDP is typically used with Windows-based systems, while VPS can run various operating systems, providing more flexibility.
In RDP, resources are allocated on the remote machine, while in VPS, resources are divided among virtual servers on a physical host.
VPS offers greater customization options, allowing users to configure the server environment to their specific needs. RDP provides access to an existing Windows machine without as much flexibility.
VPS instances are isolated from one another, providing better security and performance separation, whereas RDP connects to an existing machine, sharing its resources.
RDP: RDP performance is heavily influenced by the distant machine’s resources and hardware. The RDP experience can be smooth if the distant computer is strong. However, if the internet connection is sluggish, it may experience latency issues.
VPS: VPS performance may be more stable and predictable because you have control over the resources. You can choose the amount of CPU, RAM, and storage that best fits your needs, which results in increased overall performance.
RDP: RDP security is linked to remote machine security. Unauthorized access is possible if the distant computer is not appropriately secured. On the remote Windows PC, you must install strong authentication and security procedures.
VPS: Security features like as firewalls, intrusion detection, and DDoS protection are typically provided by VPS hosting firms. It is also possible to customize the security settings on your VPS to fit your specific requirements, making it a possibly more secure alternative.
RDP: RDP is commonly bundled with Windows operating systems, therefore there is no extra expense for the protocol. However, you’ll need to maintain and secure the remote machine, which may incur costs.
VPS: VPS hosting comes with a monthly or yearly fee, which varies based on the provider, the resources allocated, and the chosen operating system. VPS hosting costs can be more predictable, and you pay for the resources you use.
RDP: RDP is commonly used for administrative tasks, technical support, and scenarios where you need direct access to a specific Windows computer. It’s not designed for hosting websites or applications.
VPS: VPS is robust and can be used for a wide range of functions, including web hosting, application hosting, development, testing, and server-based software operation. It is suitable for businesses and individuals seeking a scalable and versatile hosting environment.
RDP: RDP is more suitable for scenarios where you need to access a specific machine that is physically located in a different place. It’s often used for remote work or technical support.
VPS: VPS hosting is accessible from anywhere with an internet connection. You can manage your virtual server from different devices and locations, making it a flexible solution for various needs.
You May Also Like To Read: Edge Computing vs Cloud Computing: Everything You Need to Know
That is largely based on your requirements. Both RDP and VPS are important components of computer networking, providing diverse functions. In brief, RDP is mostly useful for companies with remote workers and industries that require continuous background software activities, such as currency mining, data processing, and forex trading. VPS hosting, on the other hand, is appropriate for website owners who want dedicated server resources as well as improved security. It is also suitable for small to medium-sized company websites due to its high data security features.
Thus, Email Shop offers the same with SSD NVMe storage, 24×7 Support, a money-back guarantee, 99.95% uptime, and global data centers. Trust on quality for compelling results!
For Discount and Offers, Visit our Official Twitter Page | <urn:uuid:cccafa47-fe10-4ec2-a6f4-ee480f42a86f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://theemailshop.co.uk/rdp-vs-vps/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.927853 | 1,780 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Amidst so many problems to solve. Mars is becoming clearer to us every day, thanks to the dozen functioning robots we currently have either on the red planet’s surface or in its orbit.
A unique characteristic of Mars’ geology is depicted in spectacular detail in this newest release from the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Mars Express mission.
What Are The Mysterious Groves?
The grooves, which resemble huge scratches on the planet’s surface, are part of the Tantalus Fossae fault system on Mars.
Aside from the image’s detail, the size we’re dealing with is mind-boggling: these troughs can be up to 350 meters (1,148 feet) deep, 10 kilometers wide (6.2 miles), and stretch for up to 1,000 kilometers.
Significance Of This Image
The image is a true color, meaning it depicts what humans would see if they looked at the area with their own eyes.
The image was created from a digital terrain model of Mars and the color channels of ESA’s Mars Express’s High Resolution Stereo Camera – but it provides an amazingly clear glimpse of the enormous area.
An oblique perspective is shown above, while a top-down view of Tantalus Fossae is shown below.
What Is The Resolution Of This Image?
According to an ESA press release, these photos have a ground resolution of roughly 18 meters per pixel and are centered at about 43°N/257°E. To the right is the North.
What Are These Hollows?
Tantalus Fossae are a series of hollows or depressions that stretch along the east side of Alba Mons, a huge, relatively flat Martian volcano.
Alba Mons is the largest volcano on Mars in terms of surface area, with volcanic flow fields stretching for at least 1,350 kilometers (840 miles). Its highest point, however, is barely 6.8 kilometers above sea level.
What Caused These Fossae?
Alba Mons pushed up out of the planet’s crust, forcing the area surrounding it to become distorted and shattered, resulting in these fossae. Alba Fossae is located on the western side of Alba Mons, and is a comparable feature.
The Tantalus Fossae faults are an excellent example of a surface feature known as a grabens, according to the press release. “Each trench was produced when two parallel faults opened up, causing the rock between them to collapse into the ensuing void.”
These photographs aren’t only stunning to look at, but they could also reveal more about how Mars’ surface developed.
The impact crater in the photos has grabens going through it, indicating that it was there first. A smaller crater to the left of the troughs, which is possibly fresher, can be seen in the first two photos.
These structures are assumed to have formed one after the other, resulting in some of the troughs criss-crossing each other.
Mars Express has been orbiting the Red Planet for 18 years. We are waiting to see more of its distinct perspectives of our neighboring planets. | <urn:uuid:2d4c1f61-f5b1-47ff-8f83-1c42cf469c44> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://theglobestalk.com/esas-mars-express-latest-images-reveals-claw-marks-on-martian-surface/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.933858 | 657 | 3.78125 | 4 |
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