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The municipality’s annual tree planting program ensures the continued health of our urban forest and contributes to our climate action goals.
Beginning in mid-May, the Halifax Regional Municipality will plant approximately 2,500 trees throughout right-of-way spaces and other municipally-owned land.
Residents may request trees on municipal land by contacting 311. Requests will be considered for planting in a future season but are not guaranteed. To maintain a healthy urban forest, the municipality plants a variety of species to ensure tree diversity and resiliency.
Right-of-way spaces are ideal locations for trees, providing many environmental and social benefits, such as reducing heat effects, improving stormwater management and providing enjoyable outdoor spaces for recreational use. Although trees may compete for the same space as power lines, properly pruned and managed trees pose little risk to power infrastructure.
The municipality manages tree health in our urban forest through a cyclical tree pruning program. Residents may also report trees that require pruning or maintenance by contacting 311.
Frequently asked questions
- Why is the municipality planting trees?
Trees provide many environmental and social benefits in alignment with the municipality’s Urban Forest Management Plan. Trees are critical public infrastructure and planting trees is a key component of growing our urban forest and replacing lost canopy.
- An air filter for the municipality
- Our protection from heat
- Habitat for pollinators and migratory birds
- Key to combating climate change
- Integral to the health of our watersheds
- A factor in improving health and emotional wellness
- An effective traffic calming tool and safety barrier between cars and pedestrians
- Why does the municipality plant trees under power lines?
The municipality recognizes the importance of balancing the need for reliable electrical service with the need for an environmentally sustainable urban forest in the municipality. Planting trees near and under power lines is a function of creating and maintaining the urban forest, just as having power infrastructure in the right-of-way, in proximity to trees is a function of creating and maintaining a reliable electrical service for residents of the municipality.
While there is limited space within the road right-of-way, it is within this space that trees provide their greatest benefit, and one of the only locations within the municipality where trees are protected by a by-law, and actively maintained such that they will continue to provide these benefits long into maturity.
The municipality selects certain species, approved by Nova Scotia Power, to be planted under lines. These tree species are either small form, conducive to directional pruning, and/or slow growing, making them less likely to break in storms.
- Do I have to take care of the tree in front of my home?
No, the municipality assumes responsibility for the tree. The tree should not be tampered with in any way (pruning, addition of fertilizer or more mulch, removal of stakes/tethers); however, you are welcome to water the tree if you wish. If at any time you notice an issue with the tree, please contact 311.
- I don’t like the new tree in front of my home. Can it be removed or relocated?
The municipality reserves the right to plant on public property and assumes responsibility to care for the tree and replace it if needed. The tree was planted with an intended purpose, as per the implementation strategy of the municipality’s Urban Forest Management Plan.
- Why doesn’t the municipality provide direct notice to homeowners about a tree being planted in front of their home?
Each tree is planted with an intended purpose, whether this be to increase canopy coverage in certain neighbourhoods, even out the age distribution of trees, diversify species, take advantage of good growing conditions, create a buffer between traffic and pedestrians, etc. With these larger goals in mind, it is important that the municipality reserves its right to plant on public property. Therefore, in the process of implementing the Urban Forest Master plan, providing direct notice to each homeowner is a redundant use of resources.
- Can I choose which species is planted?
While we consider species requests, we do not guarantee them. Tree species are strategically selected, and may be based on site conditions, nursery stock availability, overhead power infrastructure, and/or species diversity targets.
- Why was a tree planted in front of my neighbours home and not mine?
This could be for a few different reasons. Firstly, underground infrastructure (primarily water and sewer laterals) often run through right-of-way space, meaning that the ground cannot be dug/a tree cannot be installed at many locations in the right of way space. Secondly, this may be part of a long-term goal to achieve age class diversity on a given street. Having a diverse age structure can help to buffer the urban forest against stressors that impact trees at different life stages.
- Will the tree in front of my home damage underground infrastructure?
For newly planted trees, underground locates are obtained for each tree planted in the right of way space in order to avoid infrastructure conflict. Tree roots will not damage properly functioning sewer systems or drains. Roots will only enter degrading drains or drains that have been damaged. Once they enter, they can cause the drain to back up. However, it is not the tree itself that has caused the damage, and the roots in the drain are only a symptom of damaged or degrading infrastructure.
Tree roots are not know to cause damage to water lines. | <urn:uuid:35988b6b-7942-4546-8bec-3ad612228233> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.halifax.ca/transportation/streets-sidewalks/urban-forestry/tree-planting | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.933371 | 1,113 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Is oatmeal good for constipation?
Eating fiber-rich foods – oatmeal, prunes, apples, flaxseeds, oranges, and beans – is a tested technique to keep your ‘gut’ happy.
While constipation is a common medical condition these days, afflicting a vast majority of the population worldwide, eating foods rich in fiber can help eliminate this complexity.
Oatmeal is one such light and healthy special breakfast that holds excellent high-fiber properties. It contains higher levels of insoluble and soluble fibers, which helps improve bowel movements and prevent constipation.
Why Is Oatmeal Good For Constipation?
Diet specialists suggest adding oatmeal to breakfast for its fiber-rich content. When consumed regularly, oatmeal can help lower LDL ‘bad cholesterol.
Not only does oatmeal prevents constipation but it also keeps your heart healthy in sound shape.
Oatmeal contains 4-5 grams of fiber per serving (a single cup). Eating oatmeal regularly shows a positive effect on bowel movements, improving the consistency of bowel functions.
It is one of the healthy and easy-to-cook breakfast or anytime snacks to help you go free in the toilet.
One cup of oatmeal breakfast can lower cholesterol, prevent constipation, and also reduce the risk of diabetes.
All in all, this is undoubtedly the best breakfast for people experiencing difficulty in bowel function.
Oatmeal – How This Special Breakfast Prevents Constipation?
As said, oatmeal contains higher levels of soluble and insoluble fibers, which makes it one of the best foods to avoid constipation.
The soluble fiber in the oatmeal makes water content to help with stool movement, making the process smoother.
Stool quickly passes through the body when the stool is softer and more watery. It can help you reduce pain and improve the frequency of bowel movements to prevent further health issues.
Having a sufficient amount of oatmeal daily is an ideal method for proper fiber intake. You can consume fiber-rich fruits and foods to pass stool easily and eliminate constipation.
Oatmeal for Constipation – Benefits of Power-packed Grain
Oatmeal possesses many health benefits for the body, adding to preventing constipation. This power-packed grain is highly advantageous for people with infrequent bowel movements.
But, before starting with oatmeal, make sure to take suggestions from a healthcare professional so that everything goes the right way.
The market has a wide range of oats prepared with different processes. You should always check the type and variety of oats before making the right choice.
When consumed ideally, oatmeal can be the best food to prevent constipation, without a doubt.
Let’s start with the benefits right here:
- Easily available
- Easy to prepare and cook
- Higher levels of the fiber content
- It contains both soluble and insoluble fiber
- Suitable for heart, digestion, and overall health
- Controls blood sugar levels
- Better digestion for good results
- No artificial flavors and colors added
- Lowers cholesterol and controls diabetes
Due to these fantastic benefits, oatmeal is an excellent fiber food for kids, teens, adults, and almost everyone.
It can be prepared in great ways to make it the right food for kids and even infants. You can add milk, dry fruits, and natural flavors while preparing oatmeal to make it more delicious.
Oatmeal to Ease Constipation – The Right Way to Eat It
What you eat in a day decides everything about your health. For good health, you must follow a balanced diet and consume foods rich in fiber, proteins, vitamins, and minerals and low in fats.
Here, let’s discuss the proper method to eat oatmeal to make it favorable for your health.
Oatmeal is good food for overall well-being, but only when consumed within the prescribed limit. When taken in excessive quantity, you might not show the desired results.
You can add dry fruits, natural flavors, and fresh fruits to the oatmeal to make it more fiber-rich.
Oatmeal can be savored anytime. And there are unlimited ways to cook oatmeal and make it breakfast-ready or snack-ready.
You can try different recipes to prepare oatmeal according to your taste. People add milk, flavors, cardamom, cinnamon, and dry fruits to make it even tastier. | <urn:uuid:a0831f94-687e-4282-a909-8e1978b00197> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.healthlearner.com/is-oatmeal-good-for-constipation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.902562 | 904 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Gastrointestinal bleeding is common among people with cirrhosis due to a complication called portal hypertension. This is elevated blood pressure in the veins that lead to your liver.
Cirrhosis is severe and permanent scarring of your liver. It’s also called end-stage liver disease because it’s the most severe form of liver damage.
Portal hypertension, meanwhile, raises your risk of developing conditions like stomach and esophageal varices that can lead to bleeding. Gastrointestinal bleeding is a serious medical condition that requires prompt medical attention. If left untreated, it can be life threatening.
In this article, we take a deeper look at the relationship between cirrhosis and gastrointestinal bleeding.
Portal hypertension is a potentially life threatening complication of cirrhosis. It develops when scarring and changes to the blood vessels in your liver cause blood to back up in the veins that lead to your liver. Almost
Portal hypertension is linked to a number of conditions that can lead to gastrointestinal bleeding, especially in your upper gastrointestinal tract. Your upper gastrointestinal tract is the region from your mouth to the first part of your small intestines.
Esophageal and stomach varices
Stomach and esophageal varices (singular: varix) account for about
Varices account for
Portal hypertensive gastropathy
Portal hypertension can also lead to portal hypertensive gastropathy, which is characterized by changes in the mucous membrane lining your stomach due to changes in your blood pressure. It accounts for about
In severe cases, portal hypertensive gastropathy can cause anemia and be life threatening. Anemia is a low red blood cell count.
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding
Although less common than upper gastrointestinal bleeding, cirrhosis can also cause lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding due to changes in the mucosal membrane of your intestines.
The main diagnostic test for suspected gastrointestinal bleeding is endoscopy. Endoscopy involves passing a long, thin tube through either your mouth or your anus, depending on which part of your gastrointestinal tract is suspected to be bleeding.
Your doctor may also order imaging tests, such as:
- abdominal computed tomography scans
- radionuclide scan
- X-rays with barium swallow or barium enema (less common)
Along with being a diagnostic tool, endoscopy can also be used to treat bleeding. Endoscopic therapy can stop bleeding in about 90% of people with varices in their stomach or esophagus.
Endoscopic techniques that can be used to stop bleeding include:
- Injection sclerotherapy: A surgeon uses an endoscope to inject a substance into varices to help the affected veins shrink. It usually only requires a small injection.
- Variceal ligation: The surgeon uses an endoscope to attach elastic bands to enlarged veins to stop bleeding.
- Self-expanding stents: A surgeon endoscopically places a stent into a bleeding blood vessel to allow blood to pass through the blood vessel without leaking. A stent is an artificial tube that keeps a blood vessel open.
- Shunts: Doctors can divert blood flow between your blood vessels with a shunt. A shunt is an artificial passage for carrying blood.
Endoscopic techniques are often combined with medications to reduce pressure in your portal vein and antibiotics to prevent infection. Medications like terlipressin and somatostatin may be administered for 5 days after endoscopic treatment.
Liver transplantation is the only potential cure for cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Liver transplantation involves surgically replacing your liver with a liver from a deceased donor or a part of a liver from a living donor.
Cirrhosis can lead to many other complications besides gastrointestinal bleeding. Most of these complications are also linked to portal hypertension.
Portal hypertension can also lead to:
- ascites, or a fluid buildup in your abdomen
- hepatic encephalopathy, or altered consciousness due to liver failure
- buildup of fluid in your lungs
- hepatocellular carcinoma, the most common type of liver cancer
- reduced oxygen saturation of your red blood cells
- acute kidney failure caused by liver failure
- high blood pressure in your lungs
It’s very important to see your doctor if you have signs of gastrointestinal bleeding, whether you have been previously diagnosed with cirrhosis or not. Gastrointestinal bleeding can be life threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
Symptoms of gastrointestinal bleeding can include:
- black and tarry stools
- bright red blood in vomit
- dizziness or lightheadedness
- vomit that looks like coffee grounds
Severe bleeding can cause you to go into shock. It’s also critical to call emergency medical services or go tot he nearest emergency room if you or somebody you’re with:
Gastrointestinal bleeding is a common complication of cirrhosis. It’s usually caused by varices, which are areas in your gastrointestinal tract where blood vessels rupture due to increased blood pressure. They can usually be treated with local treatments to stop the bleeding and medications to lower blood pressure in your portal vein.
It’s critical to get immediate medical attention if you suspect you may have gastrointestinal bleeding to prevent potentially life threatening complications. | <urn:uuid:7392e4b0-f4d8-4891-960a-e45f780b91a5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.healthline.com/health/cirrhosis-and-gi-bleed?utm_source=ReadNext | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.886491 | 1,091 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Mild scoliosis means that your spine has curved at least 10 degrees more than expected but less than 20 degrees. You may not experience any symptoms with mild scoliosis, but it’s important to monitor it to ensure the curve doesn’t progress.
Approximately 6–9 million people in the United States are affected by scoliosis, but not all of these individuals will experience scoliosis to the same degree. Some individuals will require surgery to correct their spinal curve, and others will need braces. Some will have much milder cases of scoliosis.
If you or someone you know has mild scoliosis, you may wonder what this means for symptoms and treatment. People with mild scoliosis usually have a good outlook, and you may not feel pain or need treatment. You’ll still want to speak with a doctor about your specific health needs.
Scoliosis is a condition where the vertebrae of your spine curve abnormally in an S or C formation. Doctors frequently use X-rays and a measure called the Cobb’s angle to classify and treat an individual’s scoliosis. Mild scoliosis means that the curve of an individual’s spine is
People with curves between
If you’re interested in learning more about scoliosis generally, you can read more here.
Many individuals with mild scoliosis will have no other symptoms, and they may experience no pain from it.
If scoliosis becomes more severe over time, individuals may develop symptoms such as:
- uneven shoulders, hips, or ribs
- having their head not centered above their pelvis
- a shoulder or hip sticking out
- their body leaning lopsided to one side
- back pain
- weakness in the lower extremities
- trouble walking, gait imbalance
The cause of an individual’s scoliosis is unknown about 8 out of every 10 times.
Other cases of scoliosis have been linked to:
- spinal bones not forming properly in the womb before birth (known as congenital scoliosis)
- cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy (called neuromuscular scoliosis)
- wear and tear with age (known as degenerative scoliosis)
- spinal cord injuries or spinal tumors
Scoliosis can develop at different ages. In particular, adolescent scoliosis worsens during the pubertal growth spurt, and degenerative scoliosis in older people can lead to worsening joints, osteoporosis, and other issues.
Mild scoliosis doesn’t typically have a significant impact on an individual’s life or life span.
While it can occasionally cause some pain, it’s not usually considered a serious condition unless it continues to progress to moderate or severe scoliosis.
Most people can live a completely normal life with mild scoliosis.
In many cases, the only treatment you’d need for mild scoliosis is extra doctor visits for observation and monitoring. A doctor may recommend regular X-rays to ensure that the curve doesn’t get worse.
If you experience back pain as a result of their scoliosis, over-the-counter (OTC) pain medications such as ibuprofen may help.
Some individuals may be interested in therapies to help their scoliosis, but there’s very little reliable research indicating that osteopathy and chiropractic care can improve one’s curve.
It’s not entirely clear if back exercises will help resolve scoliosis or prevent it from advancing, but exercise is generally beneficial for anyone.
It’s especially important for children with scoliosis to get exercise unless a specialist recommends otherwise, because it can build muscle strength and reduce pain. It can also help to maintain a moderate weight, so additional stress isn’t placed on their back.
As mentioned earlier, bracing is the only therapy that reduces scoliosis progression. It can also help prevent the need for surgery.
If you’re interested in at home exercises that may be beneficial for scoliosis, you can read more here.
Although millions of Americans have scoliosis, not all experience it to the same degree. Mild scoliosis means that you have a spinal curvature approximately 10–20 degrees more than what’s expected. Most individuals with mild scoliosis will be able to live a normal life with minimal symptoms and pain.
It’s important to continue monitoring for individuals with mild scoliosis through physical exams and X-rays to ensure that the curve doesn’t progress. If you have scoliosis and notice an increase in your symptoms, it’s important to talk with a doctor. | <urn:uuid:d6343ed0-ae89-47fd-826b-e1a1e9511740> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.healthline.com/health/scoliosis/mild-scoliosis?utm_source=ReadNext | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.940058 | 989 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Berries Should Be In The Blood Pressure Diet
A high blood pressure diet should include plenty of servings of berries to help boost your cardiovascular health.
Berries such as blueberries, bilberries, black currants, and cranberries contain antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties that have a positive effect on blood pressure.
Researchers have found that a diet rich in berries can help lower both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Consuming berries is also good to keep your heart healthy and lower your risk of developing chronic diseases.
Put Some Dash In Your Lunch And Dinner
Dont worry were not back in gym class again. While dashing is indeed a good way to get some vigorous exercise, its also about what youre eating, too.
DASH stands for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. Its a high blood pressure diet specifically designed to focus on foods that reduce blood pressure that is, foods rich in calcium, potassium and magnesium as well as low in sodium and fat.
/6one Exercise To Lower Blood Pressure
While one has to consult a doctor and take medication to lower their blood pressure, there are many other things that can be done to keep blood pressure in control. In fact, there is one exercise that can help lower blood pressure instantly. As per a report, isometric handgrip strengtheners can lower down blood pressure quickly. Yes, it’s that simple.
Simply sitting down and squeezing one can be enough for your body to reduce the systolic pressure, say experts. If done regularly for eight weeks, it can reduce the blood pressure by 8 to 10 mmHg. But one must consult their doctor before making the exercise a part of the routine to avoid hypertensive crisis, a condition characterised by the rapid rise in the blood pressure to very high levels.
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Sudden Spike In Blood Pressure Can Be Serious
Blood pressure is a measurement of the force that blood applies to your arterial walls as it pumps from your heart throughout your body. It also represents how hard your heart is working to push the blood. When blood pressure is higher, it means the heart must work harder to push blood through your system. In turn, the risk of heart disease or heart attack increases.
According to 2014 data, high blood pressure accounts for roughly 1,100 deaths every day in the United States, and only about half of all people with high blood pressure have it under control.
Disturbingly, most people may not even be aware that they have the condition, or are at least on the verge of becoming hypertensive. Some risk factors for high blood pressure include:
- Eating a high sodium/low potassium diet
- Not getting enough exercise/physical activity
- Overactive thyroid
- Overactive adrenal glands
A normal blood pressure is in the range of 120 mmHg/80 mmHg . The higher number represents systolic blood pressure and the lower represents diastolic. Prehypertension arises when systolic and diastolic pressures exceed these numbers, and hypertensionor high blood pressurearises when blood pressure reaches 140 mmHg/90mmHg.
Sometimes, however, something causes blood pressure to spike unexpectedlyand the higher your resting blood pressure is, the greater your risk of suffering a severe cardiac event becomes. Therefore, knowing how to lower blood pressure fast is very important.
Blood Pressure Medicine Beta Blocker
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Calcium Helps Lower Blood Pressure Naturally
Eating foods that contain calcium can help to manage elevated blood pressure issues and prevent cardiovascular heart disease.
The journal Blood Pressure reported that calcium is an important mineral that regulates blood pressure. Not getting enough calcium in your diet can result in hypertension and increase artery pressure.
The American Heart Association published the results of a study showing that consuming yogurt daily can help to naturally reduce the risk of high blood pressure in women. The researchers suggested that raw yogurt should be added to the list of foods to eat for high blood pressure.
Foods that can help bring down blood pressure because they are high in calcium include sardines, cheese, milk, yogurt, and tofu.
If you canât take dairy products or you stick to a vegan diet, find out about other great non-dairy sources of calcium you can enjoy.
Drink Tea Instead Of Coffee The Less Caffeine The Better
Coffee: its the little heart starter you need in the morning, but is it the start your heart needs? The answer, which might disappoint you, is no. Caffeine is one of the most common contributors to high blood pressure. And, even though it brings you that golden period of joy before work, it might have to go. But, to atone for bringing such devastating news, we have a solution! Tea is a great alternative to coffee. Depending on what type you choose, it can still deliver a slight caffeine kick. But overall, it has a much lesser effect on your blood pressure. And the best part is that you get to keep that important morning ritual! We couldnt possibly deny ourselves that.
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Soak Your Feet In Hot Water
In case if you want to know about how to lower blood pressure instantly then soaking feet in hot water needs to be the first priority for the people suffering from high blood pressure.
Soaking your feet in hot water can be challenging at first, but it eventually lower your blood pressure instantly. After soaking feet in hot water, the blood in the feet will start to get hot making the arteries and veins wider. Then it starts to move towards the upside part of the body and reaches the brain resulting to maintain the temperature of blood in the brain.
Why soak feet in hot water to lower blood pressure fast?
The normal persons blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg. When being suffered from high blood pressure, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure will start to rise and move around the body very fast. To maintain this pressure, we need to increase a little bit temperature of blood from other parts of the body.
This will help arteries and veins to get wider than before and blood from the brain will move towards the foot, and your blood pressure will gradually be decreased to normal. Besides, it also helps to get rid of strokes.
- Sit and soak your feet maintaining the temperature of the water and good posture.
- Make sure the water is not too hot to avoid scalding.
- Have a good posture in the chair while sitting.
Does Cherry Juice Lower Blood Pressure
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What To Do If Took Second Blood Pressure Medicine
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Eat Garlic Or Take Garlic Extract Supplements
Fresh garlic or garlic extract are both widely used to lower blood pressure .
According to one clinical study, a time-release garlic extract preparation may have a greater effect on blood pressure than regular garlic powder tablets .
One 2012 review noted a study of 87 people with high blood pressure that found a diastolic reduction of 6 mm Hg and a systolic reduction of 12 mm Hg in those who consumed garlic, compared to people without any treatment (
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The Dash Diet Helps To Lower High Blood Pressure
You can bring down your blood pressure naturally by following the principles of the DASH diet.
The DASH diet is the âDietary Approach to Stop Hypertensionâ and includes dietary guidelines if you have hypertension. The main principles of the diet to treat high BP is to eat more vegetables, fruits, and lean meat and cut down on sodium.
Foods to eat for hypertension on the DASH diet include:
- Complex carbohydrates such as green leafy veggies, whole-grain foods, and legumes.
- Healthy fats such as olive oil, nuts, oily fish, and flaxseeds are all recommended to lower blood pressure.
- Low-fat protein that contains essential micronutrients such as fish, eggs, beans, and lean meats.
One study on the benefits of the DASH diet to manage hypertension found that it has great potential to reduce complications associated with heart disease. For example, it is estimated that, if followed, these dietary guidelines could help prevent 400,000 cases of heart disease.
If you are interested in finding out more about what to eat to lower blood pressure fast, read the information about the cardiac diet for improved health.
Get The Facts On Alcohol And Blood Pressure
Many of us like to have a drink when we go out with friends or family. The right concoction can make a delicious dish even better or help set the mood for a fun evening. But alcohol and blood pressure dont always mix well.
Drinking a lot can raise your blood pressure, which puts you at greater risk for a wide variety of further cardiovascular issues. So when you decide to drink, its important not to have too much.
How much is too much? If youre a woman, try not to have more than one drink per day. For men, no more than two drinks per day. A standard drink is a 12 oz. beer, a 5 oz. glass of wine or 1.5 oz. of spirits.
However, if youve already been diagnosed with high blood pressure, your doctor may advise you on a different daily limit, or suggest you cut out alcohol completely.
And just to clear something up: Red wine isnt necessarily good for your heart the research is still unclear and we still suggest moderation.
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Try Some Dark Chocolate
Dark chocolate with 60-70% of cacao can help in lowering blood pressure. People, who eat one square of dark chocolate every day, can prevent heart diseases by lowering blood pressure.
The flavonoids present in dark chocolate can help dilate or widen your blood vessels. People with hypertension should try dark chocolate.
Stress Management Is The Key
Too much pressure from the daily grind gives you stress and stress is really bad for your health. One of the bad effects of stress is high blood pressure. Try to manage your stress and it will lower your blood pressure naturally. Resting and sleeping in complete hours can lower blood pressure. Doing relaxing activities also lower blood pressure. Do some yoga and meditation to reduce the stress level and enjoy a health life.
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The Best Home Remedy Is Exercise
We know this probably isnt what you wanted to hear. Exercise is not exactly a quick fix and it is far from a good time! But stick with it, because exercise is your most powerful ally in the fight for health. If the word exercise has triggered thoughts of sprinting up hills on hot days, then you can breathe a sigh of relief. When we say exercise, we dont mean anything too strenuous! For a lot of people, regular walks will suffice. Perhaps even a short jog around the block or up the road each morning. Theres no need to go crazy on the exercise just try and get into the habit of being active. And as always, take your doctors advice!
Consider Cutting Back On Caffeine
Caffeine raises your blood pressure, but the effect is temporary. It lasts 45 to 60 minutes and the reaction varies from individual to individual .
Some people may be more sensitive to caffeine than others. If youre caffeine-sensitive, you may want to cut back on your coffee consumption, or try .
Research on caffeine, including its health benefits, is in the news a lot. The choice of whether to cut back depends on many individual factors.
One older study indicated that caffeines effect on raising blood pressure is greater if your blood pressure is already high. This same study, however, called for more research on the subject .
You May Like: What Causes Low Blood Pressure And High Heart Rate
Have Your Blood Pressure Measured Regularly
Have your blood pressure measured regularly and know what your blood pressure is. Remember that both numbers are important. If either the systolic or diastolic number is high , then your doctor will need to further check your blood pressure. A blood pressure measurement of less than 120/80 mmHg is very good unless it causes dizziness.
How To Manage High Blood Pressure At Home In Emergency
Before attempting first aid for high blood pressure at home, please note, that the tips to lower down your blood pressure in this post arent meant to replace specialist consultation and hospital visit in any circumstances. Please visit your nearest hospital whenever possible in case of hypertension as it may have serious outcomes.
Also remember, that some ways to bring blood pressure down immediately can be harmful to our body including brain. They can also develop hypotension . Thats why never attempt any remedies or techniques without consultation with your doctor.
Read Also: What To Do If You Have High Blood Pressure
How To Reduce Blood Pressure Naturally
Apart from the above regular lifestyle changes that you should follow, there are a few more remedies that will help your blood pressure get back to normal quickly and naturally.
You should eat more of oranges and other citrus fruits high in vitamin C . This is an effective method of lowering blood pressure in a few days. You should eat oranges on an empty stomach, in case you suffer from very high blood pressure.
Watermelon is another fruit that helps reduce blood pressure. Sprinkle some black pepper powder over the juice or the pieces. Consume the fruit regularly, and find your blood pressure reduced in a few days.
You should chew on a clove of garlic on empty stomach. If you want, you can drink a glass of water to swallow the chewed clove. Garlic contains allicin that helps in lowering cholesterol, thus, helping in controlling high blood pressure to a great extent.
Celery has mild diuretic properties that helps reduce blood pressure. You should eat at least 4 stalks of celery daily to observe results. Fruits and vegetables are rich in fiber, which can help lower your blood pressure.
You should apply a few drops of lavender essential oil on a handkerchief, and breathe in the aroma every time you feel your blood pressure rise. This will have a relaxing effect on your mind, and help reduce high blood pressure immediately. However, the effect is temporary. | <urn:uuid:f623b2a8-829a-4583-b245-69c635d9c069> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.healthybpclub.com/how-to-lower-blood-pressure-instantly-at-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.932034 | 3,780 | 2.75 | 3 |
Car policy could help lower domestic pollution
Jeffrey Gogo Climate Story
Global carbon emissions will this year rise 2,7 percent, as pollution from the transport industry surges, according to a new study by the Global Carbon Project (GCP). The increase is a lot bigger than the 1,6 percent reported in 2017.
This dovetails with the World Meteorological Organisation’s findings in a report last week, which said during the first 10 months of this year, global temperatures averaged 1°C above the levels between 1850-1900. The WMO said the 20 hottest years on record have been in the last 22 years, warning that global temperatures could rise by between 3°C to 5°C by end of Century.
Now new studies have emerged to back this dreadful outlook up. The GCP research shows that cars and coal contributed significantly to carbon emissions, which have increased to an all-time high this year driven by the booming global market for cars.
Coal usage in China rose sharply this year, the study said, surpassing the historically high levels recorded in 2013, adding to the global emissions total. Emissions in China have climbed 4,7 percent due to increased industrial activity, even though the country is also a rezl pioneer in clean energy putting $132 billion into renewables in 2017.
That means China could also have the answers to curbing climate change.
The country is basically leading the global clean energy revolution with massive investments in solar, wind and hydropower. China has arguably almost single-handedly brought down the cost of renewables by about 70 percent in the last decade.
A lot rests on China if the target of increasing the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix to 85 percent in the coming decades is to be achieved.
In the United States, a serial climate policy philander, growth in emissions have also been fuelled by extreme weather conditions that have increased the demand for energy. Although efforts are being made globally to migrate to clean sources of energy, this has not been enough to offset the impacts of CO2 emissions.
The uncontrolled emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) is the biggest drivers of global warming and climate change. In Zimbabwe, recent policy changes could result in a dramatic reduction in emissions from the transport industry,
Last month, Finance and Economic Development Minister Professor Mthuli Ncube presented his 2019 National Budget themed “Austerity for Prosperity”.
The minister outlined strict measures that complement the TSP, an implementation strategy that seeks economic recovery and should see Zimbabwe become an upper middle income economy, as espoused in Vision 2030.
Among the measures introduced in the National Budget include duty payment for car imports in foreign currency. Consumers reacted angrily to the measures, concerned this will reduce the number of vehicles that are imported, especially second hand vehicles from Japan.
The “nay sayers’ to this move complained it was unfair to pay duty in foreign currency and that this would thwart their chances of ever importing vehicles.
But Zimbabwe has lots of vehicles and from an environment point of view, this was a blessing in disguise. Minister Ncube has his reasons, but he is also building on an existing law to curb emissions from the country’s rapidly growing vehicle population.
Since 2001 when Zimbabwe started to put a price on carbon for fuel, ostensibly to curb greenhouse gas emissions, petrol and diesel consumption has expanded rapidly ever since. Transport is the fourth largest emitting industry in Zimbabwe.
To drive on the roads, Zimbabwean motorists have to pay US3 cents per litre of petrol, and per litre of diesel, for the pollution they cause, Zimra says.
That’s about $13 per tonne of carbon dioxide emissions equivalent (CO2e) for petrol, and $11 per tonne of CO2 emissions for diesel, according to calculations by The Herald Business.
However, this is substantially lower than what is actually needed to achieve the global temperature targets agreed at Paris in 2015.
To do that, prices would have to rise to between $40/tCO2e — $80/tCO2e, says the World Bank’s State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2017 report.
Clearly, carbon tax has not been effective as an emissions-controlling measure in Zimbabwe for the one reason that it has not been used to deliver climate-sensitive interventions.
In its early years, the application of the tax didn’t even seem an effective tool for curbing automobile industry emissions, but more a clever design to improve Government revenues.
But authorities have also looked to ethanol blending, both as a climate-busting intervention as well as addressing fuel shortages. Minister Ncube has now added foreign currency-denominated duty payments on polluting used Japanese cars to that layer.
He may not know it, but he is doing Zimbabwe’s climate goals a lot of favour.
God is faithful. | <urn:uuid:095ee1c6-d681-4cad-a417-71c2e35817a9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.herald.co.zw/car-policy-could-help-lower-domestic-pollution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.956341 | 1,013 | 3.15625 | 3 |
09 Jan Landscaping To Improve Clay Soil
Struggling with the soil in your garden? Here are some tips on landscaping to improve clay soil.
Many of the gardens we work with have clay soils. And I won’t lie – it’s not always an easy medium to work with. Particularly in new build gardens where the soil has been abused by the builders. When clay is compacted it turns into a sludgy mess that won’t even grow weeds, let alone anything else.
However, if you understand what makes clay soil sticky in winter and rock hard in summer, then you can start to put together a strategy for landscaping to improve clay soil.
Sticky clay soil on a landscaping site – when finished, this garden went on to win a prestigious APL award, proving that clay soils can be managed if you understand how to work with them.
Improving Clay Soil – The Science Bit.
Any soil is made up of trillions of minute particles of minerals and organic matter with countless microbial life forms living amongst them. The proportions of each component are what determines the look and feel of the soil and how different plants will interact with it. I guess it’s a bit like cake. Whatever type of cake you’re trying to make, the basic ingredients are the same. Fat, sugar, flour, egg and flavourings. Get the balance right and you’ll have a light, airy delicious sponge. Too much of one thing or not enough of another and you could end up with anything from a soggy pancake to (in my case) a crunchy concoction.
When you are landscaping to improve clay soil, you need to start with a thorough understanding of the proportions of particles within it.
Discovering what’s in your soil
The 3 basic ‘ingredients’ of soil are clay, silt and sand. And by measuring the proportions of each, you’ll be able to decide which type of soil you have. A very simple way of measuring is to half fill a glass jar with soil from your garden. Just soil – no roots, twigs or leaves. Now add tap water until the level reaches about 2cm from the top of the jar. Put the lid on, give it a really good shake and then leave it for a couple of hours. The soil components will separate out and settle into different layers. Biggest (heaviest) particles at the bottom and smallest particles at the top.
This is how scientists classify soil particles.
- Clay: Less than 0.002mm in diameter
- Silt: Between 0.002mm and 0.05mm
- Sand: 0.05mm – 2mm diameter
- Stones: Bigger than 2mm
You probably won’t have the means (or the will!) to measure the particles in your pot – but you will be able to see the layers and estimate what percentage of your soil is clay, silt, sand or stones.
Use the chart below to decide which type of soil you are working with. For example, if your garden soil contains 50% clay, 40% silt and 10% sand, you can classify it as ‘silty clay’. In fact, any soil with over about 25 % clay particles is classed as clay. The higher the percentage clay, the more ‘interesting’ it will be to work with.
Another clue to whether you are working with sandy or clay soils is to scrunch up some damp soil up in your hand. It should form a ball. Now poke the ball with your finger. If it falls apart easily, it’s sandy. If it retains its shape, it’s most likely to be clay.
Why Soil Spaces Are More Important Than The Components
For the purposes of landscaping, it’s not the chemical composition of soils that matter as much as the spaces in between the particles. When the plan is to have a nice friable soil to grow plants in, it’s really important to have spaces between the soil particles. That’s so that water can filter through to the plants’ roots and so that air can circulate. As well as mineral content, soil contains a myriad of minuscule life forms that help to store carbon and nurture the plants. They all need air and water too.
In clay soils, the particles are not only tiny, they’re actually flat too and kind of sticky. Which means that once they’re squished together, there’s not a lot of room between the particles for air or water to circulate. That’s bad news for plants and mini beasts. When water does get in, the molecules can’t run freely through the soil and away into the watercourses. It gets trapped – which is what makes clay soil so poorly drained.
Compacted clay soil is bad news for landscapers too, because a huge number of soil particles squished into a small space is very dense. Dense = heavy as anyone who has ever tried to dig a clay based veg patch will be able to testify.
The size and shape of clay particles also means that when clay soil is damp, the particles slip and slide over each other like slime. Trust me, it’s horrible to work with. In summer all the clay particles stick fast to each other and when the water trapped in the soil finally evaporates you get great big clumps of hard baked, impenetrable soil. It’s not nice to look at, and if I were a plant or an earthworm, I certainly wouldn’t fancy living in it.
How To Improve Clay Soil With Landscaping
Now that we know what causes the problems with clay soil, we can figure out how to solve them. Basically, what’s needed is to introduce more space between those particles. That way water and air can circulate so that plants and mini beasts can thrive.
The good news is, that you do have choices.
My first choice of action when faced with heavy clay soil is to remove as much of it as possible and replace it with a good quality topsoil. In my experience, that’s the quickest and most effective method. Unfortunately, it’s also the costliest, especially if you need to hire skips to take away the waste.
You could design your garden so that it is a mix of hard landscaping and raised beds. And yes, you can raise a lawn area. That way you can add a layer of aggregate to help with drainage before bringing in a more loamy kind of topsoil.
This garden on heavy clay was built on a limited budget. To save the cost of taking waste away from the site, we raised the lawn and imported good soil to support the grass, then we incorporated lots of organic matter into the planting beds to improve the growing medium.
Some landscapers like to install land drains. They’re certainly an option and well worth looking into for managing excess water. They’ll not help relieve compaction in the long term though. Neither will they stop the soil becoming desperately dry in summer.
Another method used when landscaping to improve clay soil is to dig in lots and lots of organic matter. I’m pretty sure this is how gardeners have been managing clay soil for – oh – centuries. And really, it IS nature’s way. If man didn’t have farms or gardens, there’d be a constant supply of fallen leaves and animal dung added into the soil. It’s the cycle of life.
Here’s the thing with the cycle of life, things go awry when it’s broken. Over time, the soil microbes will break down organic matter into plant food. And then the plants will use it all up. So to perpetuate the cycle, we need to keep up the supply of organic material by mulching and/or manuring. If you want a lower maintenance garden therefore, replacing clay soil will be an easier option for you.
One way to deal with clay soil is to incorporate lots of aggregate and then mulch with even more gravel.
With careful construction and the right choice of plants it can become a very attractive low maintenance feature.
Are You Fed Up With Managing Clay Soil In Your Garden?
Don’t worry, you’re not the only one. Clay soil is sticky and messy in winter, dry and ugly in summer and it restricts the way you can use your garden. It’s well worth investing in landscaping to improve clay soil – you’ll find it makes your life a lot more pleasant. You’ll be able to use your garden all year round. Grow your favourite plants, have a nice lawn and entertain outdoors without worrying about the massive cracks in your lawn.
Talk to Holland Landscapes about improving the clay soil in your garden.
How to make the most of a wet garden https://www.hollandscapes.co.uk/how-to-make-the-most-of-a-wet-garden/
What does £25K buy you in landscaping? https://www.hollandscapes.co.uk/what-does-25000-buy-you-in-landscaping/ | <urn:uuid:729b3a71-2499-4d19-8209-783e07e59358> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.hollandscapes.co.uk/landscaping-to-improve-clay-soil/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.933625 | 1,950 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Unit VII Essay
Write a 1000-1500-word essay about a topic of your choice in the style described within Unit VI and VII.
Throughout Units VI and VII, we have discussed the conventions of the expository essay. The purpose of this assignment is to measure your mastery of those conventions by putting your knowledge to practice.
As we discussed in Unit VI, Lesson 1, the expository essay is a general term for an essay that expounds upon or explains a topic. The objective of the essay is to convey information to the reader; most importantly, an expository essay is an exploration of a topic, and the tone is explanatory. After choosing your topic, you will need to choose the form that is most appropriate to fit the topic: cause and effect, problem and solution, or sequential. A thesis statement, which contains the paper’s argument, will be appropriate to the form you choose.
Process: For the expository essay, you will complete the following steps:
1. Choose a topic: See Unit VI, Lesson 2, for more information about choosing a topic.
2. Create a plan of action: See Unit VI, Lesson 3, for strategies for assessing what you already know and assessing what you need to know.
3. Research the topic: See Unit VI, Lesson 4, for instruction on research methods.
4. Choose the organization of your essay: Choose between cause and effect, problem and solution, or sequential organization types. See Unit VI, Lesson 1, for a list of the three organizational forms, and see Unit VII, Lesson 1,for a description of thesis statements written according to the organizational form of the essay.
5. Create a thesis statement: See Unit VII, Lesson 1, for a description of thesis statements written according to the organizational form of the essay.
6. Draft the essay: See Unit VII, Lesson 1, for keeping brainstorming in mind, and Unit VII, Lesson 2, for more on the drafting process and description of each essay section.
All essays must meet the following requirements:
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Designing and Layout a Garden – A garden can be a beautiful and peaceful place to relax, but designing and laying out it can be overwhelming.
Whether you are starting from scratch or revamping an existing garden, here are some tips on how to lay out your garden and create a beautiful outdoor space.
Designing and Layout a Garden, Creating a Beautiful Outdoor Space
Assess Your Space
The first step in laying out your garden is to assess the space you have. Measure the area and take note of any existing features such as trees, shrubs, and walkways.
Consider the amount of sunlight the area receives, as this will impact the types of plants that will thrive in your garden.
Determine Your Garden’s Purpose
Decide what you want to use your garden for. Do you want a vegetable garden, a space for entertaining, or a place to relax?
Knowing the purpose of your garden will help you decide on the layout and the types of plants you want to include.
Create a Layout Plan
Now that you have assessed your space and determined your garden’s purpose, it’s time to create a layout plan. Use graph paper and sketch out the area, including any existing features.
Decide where you want to place your plants, walkways, and any garden structures such as a gazebo or a trellis.
Consider the Elements of Design
When designing your garden, keep in mind the elements of design. These include color, texture, form, and scale.
Consider the colors and textures of the plants you want to include, as well as their form and size. A variety of plants in different shapes and sizes can add interest to your garden.
Choose Your Plants
Choose plants that will thrive in your garden’s environment and complement the purpose and design of your garden.
Consider the amount of sunlight, soil type, and climate of your area when selecting plants. Mix different types of plants, including perennials, annuals, shrubs, and trees, to add depth and variety to your garden.
Install Hardscaping Features
Hardscaping features such as walkways, patios, and retaining walls can add structure and functionality to your garden.
And consider adding these features to your garden to create defined spaces and make it easier to navigate.
Maintain Your Garden
Finally, once your garden is laid out, it’s essential to maintain it. Regularly water and fertilize your plants, prune them when necessary, and remove any weeds.
A well-maintained garden will continue to grow and thrive for years to come.
In conclusion, designing and layout a garden can be a fun and rewarding experience. With these tips, you can create a beautiful outdoor space that meets your needs and enhances your home’s curb appeal.
Remember to assess your space, determine your garden’s purpose, create a layout plan, consider the elements of design, choose your plants, install hardscaping features, and maintain your garden. | <urn:uuid:7b993551-ab3a-4cff-9c8a-be06ab43b73b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.ideashomes.id/designing-and-layout-a-garden/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.916617 | 626 | 2.890625 | 3 |
English for Religion
A religion is a set of beliefs that is passionately held by a group of people that is reflected in a world view and in expected beliefs and actions (which are often ritualized). There are many different religions, each with a different set of beliefs. The beliefs are about the world and the people in it, about how they came into being, and what their purpose is. These beliefs according to some religious sects, are often linked to supernatural beings such as God, a number of gods or spirits. They may also be linked to an idea such as a path that the spirit of each person should take towards goodness, truth and duty. This they called spirituality. | <urn:uuid:9e6d8d3d-1872-4e18-864e-b9f67eb9a0af> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.ieltscounsellor.com/bs/english-for-specific-purposes/english-for-religion- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.986354 | 136 | 3.3125 | 3 |
5 Amazing Ways Drones Are Helping Out
Slowly and steadily, drones are finding their space across several kinds of industries in this world. Some companies use it to provide WiFi signals to remote places, while some high-end resorts use it to follow skiers and videotape them as they come downslope.
Drones, or Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), are aerial vehicles that do not need to be piloted by any person on board. Drones are scaled up functionality model aircrafts that serve more of purpose than the enjoyment of flying a remote-controlled aircraft.
They are remotely controlled by a pilot or a computer, which means that some drones are pre-programmed to carry out actions without direct human piloting.
Here are some amazing examples of how this tech is making our lives easier:
From firefighters to rescue personnel, a drone can be used to fly over hard-to-reach areas to check for survivors before rescuers risk their lives through the thick bush. Rescue drones are equipped with infra-red cameras that can help in search-and-rescue efforts. They also help determine the hottest area during a house fire. In the recent chain of earthquakes in Nepal, drones were put to use to search for survivors.
Supporting law enforcement
Police forces around the world are slowing starting to see the advantages of UAVs to aid them in their work. Drones are now being used to give the cops a wide range of view and to provide quick and accurate information. If used on a regular basis, drones will soon revolutionize the way police force operates.
Safe Infrastructure Management
Across countries, drones are already being used on a considerable scale for the betterment of the society and community. Considering the difficulty to inspect the top of a skyscraper or under a bridge, drones can help in minimizing the risks taken to otherwise examine such areas. These UAVs can just be deployed to assess a structure’s condition remotely, thus reducing the need for cranes or harnesses, along with the associated risks.
Using drones, farmers can target areas that need special attention. Most of the farms are acres in size, and it is not viable for a farmer to access far ends of the farm every day. By working in those areas, farmers can improve their yield and avoid wastage of resources.
Media Access for Hard-to-Reach Places
While we can already understand how this power might be abused by the media, if utilised cautiously, photography for a news channel can easily be taken using drones without risking the lives of the media person.
Some of the other potential uses where drones can be utilized are earth and climate monitoring, mapping, wildlife research and anti-poaching, temporary communications, etc. Besides in Disaster Management, India should soon start using UAVs for other purposes as well as its usage is almost endless and will prove to be beneficial for the nation. | <urn:uuid:74061eb4-4dd1-4a60-864a-f1a9cea5a005> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.igyaan.in/108984/power-of-drones/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.943734 | 596 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Cupping therapy, an ancient practice with origins in Egyptian, Chinese, and Middle Eastern cultures, has gained renewed attention in recent times. This alternative form of medicine involves placing cups on the skin to create suction, with claims ranging from pain relief and improved blood flow to relaxation and deep-tissue massage. While cupping therapy’s historical significance is well-established, its contemporary resurgence has sparked curiosity and debate. This article delves into the methods, potential benefits, and scientific research surrounding cupping therapy, shedding light on its efficacy and safety.
Methods and Materials
Cupping therapy employs various materials for the cups, including glass, bamboo, earthenware, and silicone. These cups are placed on the skin, and suction is created using either traditional fire-based methods or modern alternatives like rubber pumps. During dry cupping, the suction is created without incisions, while wet cupping involves making small cuts on the skin to draw out a small amount of blood after suction.
Historical Roots and Modern Trends
Cupping therapy’s roots can be traced back to ancient civilizations. The Ebers Papyrus, an ancient Egyptian medical text dating to 1,550 B.C., documents the use of cupping therapy. This historical context adds depth to the practice’s authenticity and longevity. In contemporary times, modern adaptations of cupping techniques, such as the use of silicone cups for massage-like
effects, have contributed to its popularity.
The Range of Benefits and Scientific Inquiry
The primary application of cupping therapy is to provide relief from conditions that cause pain. While some individuals claim that it offers relief for chronic ailments, the scientific community is still unraveling the precise mechanisms underlying its effectiveness.
Some of the health issues that cupping therapy is believed to alleviate include:
- Arthritis, including Rheumatoid Arthritis: Cupping therapy is believed to help reduce inflammation and improve blood circulation, which might provide relief to people with arthritis. It’s thought that the improved circulation could promote the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to joint tissues.
- Pain Management: Cupping is commonly employed to address various forms of pain such as back pain, neck pain, knee pain, and shoulder pain. The suction applied by the cups is believed to stimulate blood flow and nerve response, potentially promoting the body’s natural pain-relieving mechanisms.
- Respiratory Concerns: Some practitioners suggest that cupping therapy might assist with respiratory conditions like asthma and other breathing issues. By creating a vacuum on the skin’s surface, it’s thought that cupping could help open up the chest and promote better breathing. However, its efficacy in this regard is not strongly supported by scientific research.
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Cupping therapy might be used as part of a holistic approach to alleviate symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. The increased blood flow and localized muscle relaxation from cupping could potentially offer relief to individuals with this condition.
- Gastrointestinal Disorders: While there’s limited scientific backing, cupping therapy has been suggested to help with gastrointestinal disorders like irritable bowel disease (IBD). The premise is that improved circulation might aid digestion and alleviate discomfort, although more research is needed to confirm these claims.
- Headaches and Migraines: Some people turn to cupping therapy to relieve headaches and migraines. The increased blood flow induced by cupping might help relax tense muscles in the neck and shoulders, which can contribute to headache pain.
High blood pressure (hypertension).
Advocates of cupping therapy claim a range of benefits, including pain management, inflammation reduction, and relaxation. However, scientific research on the efficacy of these claims remains limited. While some studies have suggested positive outcomes for conditions like acne, pain relief, and herpes zoster, researchers emphasize the need for more rigorous and unbiased investigations. Notably, many studies reviewed by experts acknowledged potential bias and insufficient research quality.
Conditions and Safety Considerations
Cupping therapy is touted to treat a plethora of conditions, from blood disorders and rheumatic diseases to skin problems, migraines, and anxiety. However, the lack of substantial scientific evidence calls for cautious interpretation of these claims. While cupping therapy is generally considered safe when administered by trained professionals, possible side effects include mild discomfort, burns, bruises, and skin infections. Contaminated equipment can pose additional risks, potentially spreading bloodborne diseases.
Consulting Professionals and Informed Decision-Making
Before embarking on cupping therapy or any alternative treatment, it is imperative to consult with qualified medical professionals. Engaging in open discussions with cupping therapists about their training, experience, and proposed treatment strategies is equally essential. Taking a proactive approach to understanding both the potential benefits and limitations of cupping therapy enables individuals to make informed decisions aligned with their health goals.
Cupping therapy, an ancient practice with enduring historical significance, has resurfaced as a topic of intrigue and exploration. While its potential benefits are widely debated, the scientific foundation supporting these claims remains a work in progress. As individuals navigate the realms of alternative medicine, it’s crucial to approach cupping therapy with both curiosity and caution, collaborating with medical experts to ensure informed choices for their well-being. | <urn:uuid:9bf3785f-b6f3-47a3-bb32-5ced7e9895fe> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.indothainews.com/the-magic-of-cupping-ancient-healing-for-todays-aches-and-pains/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.933083 | 1,079 | 3.375 | 3 |
Reality often falls short of expectations
Indonesians take great pride in the national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika – Unity in Diversity, and the country’s image as a tolerant and pluralist nation. In practice, however, reality often falls short of expectations, and double standards persist in both the state’s and the public’s treatment of certain minority ethnic groups.
In Indonesia several laws ostensibly provide protection for minorities: Article 156 of the Criminal Code, for example, prohibits publicly expressing feelings of hostility hatred or contempt against a particular race, religion, ethnicity or nationality in Indonesia.
Article 28, clause 2 of the controversial Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law) similarly prohibits the dissemination of information 'aimed at inflicting hatred or hostility against individuals and/or certain groups based on ethnicity, religion or race'.
Law No. 40/2008 is even more explicit about 'eliminating racial and ethnic discrimination', detailing a number of discriminatory actions that are punishable by Law up to five years imprisonment.
On paper these laws provide ample protection for minority groups as well as significant deterrents and punishment for racist and discriminatory behaviour. Yet these regulations offer little protection to minorities, and in practice, such laws are more often used against minorities, discriminating and marginalising even further already vulnerable groups.
To better understand how these laws- and the justice system in general - have disproportionately targeted minorities, the experience of two of the most discriminated racial and ethnic groups in the country, Papuans and Chinese Indonesians, provide a case in point.
'As if we were half-animal'
Papuans have faced racial abuse from other Indonesians since their home region was incorporated into Indonesia in July 1969. Many Indonesians considered Papuans to be 'primitive' and less intelligent, as can be seen in the portrayal of Papuans in Indonesian films and television shows. In a 2020 article, media watchdog Remotivi noted that even recent movies such as Denias, Senandung di Atas Awan (2006) and Lost in Papua (2011) depicted Papuans as 'primitive, stupid, and violent'.
This negative perception is further complicated by stark political and religious differences that make it easier for Papuans to be treated as an 'other': many Papuans believe that Papua was illegally incorporated into Indonesia and crave independence, conflicting with the nationalist idea of a Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI); Papuans are also predominantly Christian, while the rest of Indonesia is majority Muslim.
In his 2014 memoir, Seakan Kitorang Setengah Binatang (As If We Were Half Animal), Papuan activist and former prisoner of conscience, Filep Karma, states that throughout his childhood in Papua as well as his time as a university student in Java, he and his fellow Papuans were treated like they were not fully evolved humans by non-Papuans. 'Papuans were often called, "Monkey! Armpit!" Like that', he writes.
Such racial abuse continues unabated to the present day, with a number of high-profile incidents taking place in recent years.
In August 2019, security personnel and local mass organisations surrounded a Papuan university student dormitory in Surabaya, East Java, accusing the students of refusing to celebrate Indonesia’s Independence Day. Uniformed military personnel allegedly shouted slurs and curse words like 'monkeys', 'pigs' and 'dogs' at the students while banging on the dormitory gate.
Five soldiers were suspended for their involvement in the incident but no further action has been taken against them. Tri Susanti, one of the leaders of the mass organisations that besieged the dormitory was initially charged under both the ITE Law and the Racial Discrimination Law but was later convicted only of violating the former, receiving a seven-month prison sentence. No one else was convicted for participating in the incident.
More recently, Natalius Pigai, an ethnic Papuan, also a former commissioner of the National Human Rights Commission and outspoken government critic, has been the target of racially-tinged insults from pro-government supporters. In a picture posted on Facebook, Ambroncius Nababan, the head of a pro-government volunteer group, compared Pigai to a gorilla because of remarks he had made expressing doubts about the efficacy of the Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine that the Indonesian government has purchased from China, and which it has already begun to administer.
Meanwhile, in early January 2021 University of North Sumatra (USU) professor Yusuf Leonard Henuk posted a tweet comparing Pigai to a monkey.
The posts illustrate the deeply ingrained casual contempt and derision that is reserved for Papuans in Indonesian society - while political polarisation has reached new highs over the past few years, non-Papuan government critics have never been subjected to disparaging comparisons with apes and monkeys.
The apparent reluctance of state officials to take action against racial abuse against Papuans stands as a stark contrast to the swift and decisive measures taken when Papuans, or pro-Papuan activists, find themselves on the other side of the justice system.
In 2020, twelve Papuans and one non-Papuan activist were found guilty of treason for their participation in peaceful anti-racism protests in Jakarta and Jayapura.
The most high-profile charges of treason brought against anyone in Indonesia prior to this case was against a group of people accused of plotting to kill several high-ranking government officials in the wake of the 2019 election.
Veronica Koman, a human rights lawyer and an outspoken advocate for Papuan rights, was also charged with violating both the ITE Law and the Racial Discrimination Law for allegedly 'provoking' the widespread anti-racism protests that sprang up in Papua and across Indonesia in the wake of the Surabaya incident. Over the past two years, she faced harassment, intimidation, including death and rape threats.
Blacklisted by government, she had been asked by the Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP), a government-funded scholarship program under the Finance Ministry, to return scholarship money for her master’s degree studies. Koman, who is now in exile, is of Chinese descent - another group that faces systemic and widespread discrimination in Indonesia.
'Ganyang Cina' (Crush the Chinese)
Like Papuans, Chinese-Indonesians have long been subjected to racist abuse and discrimination - in this case dating back to the Dutch colonial era.
Stereotypes of Chinese-Indonesians as rich, power-hungry, greedy, selfish and corrupt have persisted from colonial times to the present day, with government regulations explicitly targeting Chinese-Indonesians remaining in place until 2000.
Presidential Instruction 14 of 1967, for example, banned Chinese literature and culture, prohibited the use of Chinese characters, and strongly advised Chinese-Indonesians to adopt Indonesian-sounding names.
While overt anti-Chinese racism is now generally frowned upon in the public sphere, and Chinese-Indonesians have access to more opportunities than in the past, the anti-Chinese rioting that erupted in the midst of pro-democracy protests in 1998 has continued to loom large over the community – the threat of violence is present any time someone of Chinese descent is deemed to have ‘overreached their position’.
And as with Papuans, any perceived misstep on the part of Chinese-Indonesians is swiftly met with law enforcement action, while criminal action against Chinese Indonesians is often overlooked.
A prominent case in point is the conviction of former Jakarta Governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, better known as Ahok, under Article 156 of the Criminal Code. Ahok, a Christian of Chinese descent, was deemed to have insulted the Quran when he said that people were using a specific Quranic verse to 'deceive' voters.
While the groups that organised the massive anti-Ahok protests in the wake of his remarks portrayed themselves as 'defending Islam', the demonstrations were marked by widespread anti-Chinese sentiment. Some protesters, alongside politicians who joined the street protest, put up banners with the words 'Crush the Chinese' (Ganyang Cina) and many shouted slogans calling President Joko Widodo, a close ally of Ahok, a 'Chinese stooge' (antek Cina).
Following a protest against Ahok in November 2016, rioting and looting broke out in Penjaringan, North Jakarta – a neighbourhood with a large Chinese-Indonesian population – raising the spectre of May 1998.
No discrimination charges were brought against the protesters and rioters, nor were any brought against former student activist Sri Bintang Pamungkas, who referred to Ahok as a 'Chinese bastard'.
Another case that drew national and international attention is that of Meiliana, an ethnic Chinese Buddhist who was also found guilty of violating Article 156 in 2018. Her crime? Complaining about the loudspeaker volume of the adzan (call to prayer) in her neighborhood in Tanjung Balai, North Sumatra.
Her comment triggered a series of events that ended with arson attacks and the ransacking of 14 Buddhist temples in the city, in another echo of the 1998 riots - causing many ethnic Chinese residents to flee Tanjung Balai in fear for their lives.
Nineteen people involved in the rioting were charged with looting, destruction of property and inciting violence– none were charged with racial discrimination. The perpetrators were handed down sentences of between one to four months’ imprisonment. Meiliana, meanwhile, was sentenced to 18 months’ imprisonment for blasphemy under Article 156. She and her family have since moved from Tanjung Balai to Medan.
Miles to go
The cases mentioned above are just a small cross-section of how the legal system continues to turn a blind eye to offences perpetrated against minority racial and ethnic groups, while simultaneously responding to perceived slights by those same groups, in an excessive and discriminatory manner.
According to data from the Southeast Asia Freedom of Expression Network (SAFEnet), since 2011 at least 77 people have been charged with violating Article 28 clause 2 of the ITE Law, which bans the electronic dissemination of information 'aimed at inflicting hatred or hostility against individuals and/or certain groups based on ethnicity, religion or race'. Of these, few, if any, include violations perpetrated against a minority group likely due to a lack of awareness among law enforcement agencies that has resulted in weak rule of law.
Similarly, Article 156 of the Criminal Code has largely been used to prosecute those accused of blasphemy, particularly against Islam, with Amnesty International Indonesia recording 61 such cases that occurred between 2017 and 2020.
By contrast, the Racial Discrimination Law - the only law that specifically targets racism, has only been used to prosecute a handful of people, several of whom are themselves members of minority groups, as in the case of Veronica Koman and that of ethnic-Chinese politician Bobby Jayanto, who was accused to have called non-Chinese Indonesians 'black-skinned', although his case was later dropped. National Human Rights Commission member Choirul Anam said in an online discussion last year that there has yet to be a single conviction under the law.
The uneven implementation of these laws, coupled with the less overt everyday racist and ethnic discrimination faced by minority groups cast a spotlight on how far Indonesia still has to go before in can be truly said to have achieved Bhinneka Tunggal Ika.
Usman Hamid (firstname.lastname@example.org) is the Director of Amnesty International Indonesia. | <urn:uuid:d64ba5ed-0db2-4a1f-aba0-34252c2442e9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.insideindonesia.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3710:bhinneka-tunggal-ika&catid=248&tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=&Itemid=129 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.96202 | 2,401 | 2.984375 | 3 |
By: Maryam Rahbar MSc DPhil (Pending, Oxon), the Chief Scientific Officer of Jack Fertility.
Where does sperm come from?
Sperm production is constantly occurring in the testicles with an average of millions of sperm being produced daily. The process takes approximately 60 days in the testicles after which the sperm move through the epididymis and mature which takes approximately 14 days. The process can be slightly longer or shorter depending on the physiology of the individual and other factors such as genetics and medical conditions. In this blog post, we’ll take a more scientific approach in understanding the steps involved in sperm production.
How is sperm production initiated?
It all starts in the brain and the hormones that are released. In more scientific terms, the hypothalamus section of the brain releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) which acts on the anterior pituitary to release two hormones: luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). LH and FSH travel through blood to the testicles where they initiate sperm production (spermatogenesis) .
Let’s delve a bit more into the production of sperm in the testicles
In response to LH and FSH, leydig cells and sertoli cells in the testicles are activated. Leydig cells produce testosterone which maintains spermatogenesis while sertoli cells nourish and provide regulatory signals to support the developing sperm cell.
Within the testicles, there are semineferous tubules (coiled tubes) where spermatogenesis occurs. On the periphery of the tubes, primary spermatocytes are present which divide to form the secondary spermatocytes. These divide further to form spermatids that become spermatozoa which are the sperm cells that we are all familiar with. One primary spermatocyte divides and gives rise to four spermatids. At this stage the sperm cell contains the head, midpiece and tail but is not functional in that it lacks the ability to move and requires maturation .
The maturation process of the sperm occurs in the epididymis where the sperm gains motility and is able to travel towards the egg after ejaculation. The epididymis stores and carries the sperm until they are fully functional. Once the maturation has completed the sperm remain in the epididymis until ejaculation. During ejaculation, the sperm leave through the vas deferens where secretions from other accessory organs are added to form semen .
The effects of ejaculation on sperm levels
Once sperm is ejaculated, it only survives for a few hours outside the body. Inside the female reproductive tract however, sperm can stay alive and functional for 3-5 days due to the mucosal environment which provides the right nutrients and temperature for sperm to survive.
If ejaculation does not occur, the sperm cells are broken down and are reabsorbed. The process of sperm breakdown produces reactive oxygen species which are harmful to other sperm cells. This is the reason why it is recommended for individuals trying to conceive to ejaculate regularly every 2 to 5 days. If ejaculation occurs more frequently than this, the volume and concentration of the ejaculate will be lowered. Frequent ejaculation (daily or more than once per day) will cause a decline in sperm count .
However, other sperm parameters such as motility may increase with daily ejaculation . Although it is recommended for individuals with reduced fertility to avoid ejaculation on a daily basis as this may lower the chances of conception by lowering sperm count , newer data suggests that daily ejaculation may not have negative impacts on fertilisation .
If ejaculation does not occur on a regular basis, although the sperm count may increase, the quality of the sample will reduce due to the presence of reactive oxygen species.
It is therefore important to maintain regular ejaculation of at least every 2 to 5 days in trying to conceive.
What can go wrong?
Although spermatogenesis is a continuous process, things can go wrong at any point during the process. If not in the optimal conditions, the release of hormones, the response of the cells within the testicles, the timing of ejaculation and other factors can all have a negative impact on the sperm that is produced. There are lifestyle factors as well as genetics and medical conditions which can impact spermatogenesis and should be investigated if sperm parameters are abnormal.
Since spermatogenesis takes approximately 3 months, the effect of lifestyle changes can be seen after this time frame. It is therefore crucial to plan and make the necessary adjustments in lifestyle at least a few months in advance prior to trying to conceive. Being able to regularly check sperm parameters (through semen analysis) can allow for better understanding and planning for conception. At Jack Fertility, we provide an easy at home test which will provide a comprehensive analysis of sperm parameters allowing individuals with sperm to track their sperm production and the effects of any changes in lifestyle or medical conditions.
Even though sperm production and maturation can take months, there is a continuous supply of sperm suggesting that conception is possible at any time during a woman’s fertile window if all sperm parameters are optimal. To ensure sperm health is maintained, a healthy lifestyle can improve sperm quality and regular semen analysis can provide an insight into the process of sperm production.
Sign up here to be the first to know when the Jack Fertility kit launches. | <urn:uuid:5077ef74-feed-42d5-8e6b-30a8d4e9240e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.jackfertility.co.uk/post/sperm-production-understanding-the-process-maturation-and-main-factors-affecting-sperm-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.933304 | 1,116 | 3.671875 | 4 |
A printed circuit board (PCB) is a critical electronic component that provides the foundation for many electronic devices. In recent years, the demand for high-density and complex electronic devices has increased, leading to the development of 10 Layer PCBs.
For electronic devices requiring six routing layers, PCB design engineers recommend using a ten-layer PCB due to its benefits. A ten-layer PCB typically comprises six signal layers and four plane layers. It is not advisable to design a ten-layer board with more than six signal layers. This is because ten layers are the maximum number of layers that can be conveniently manufactured on a 0.062-inch thick board. Although rare, some PCB manufacturers can fabricate a 12-layer board from 0.062-inch thick boards.
If you have a 10-layer PCB project, it is prudent to partner with a reputable PCB manufacturer. Renowned companies such as JarnisTech provide excellent solutions and PCB manufacturing services while ensuring quality control throughout the entire production process. They have the expertise and experience to create a reliable, durable, and high-performance ten-layer PCB that meets your needs. Contact JarnisTech for your 10-layer PCB project, and experience their exceptional service.
What is a 10 Layer PCB ?
A 10 Layer PCB is a type of multi-layered printed circuit board that has ten layers of conductive material separated by insulating layers. It is designed to accommodate complex electrical circuits and is commonly used in applications that require high performance, such as in smartphones, computers, automotive electronics, and aerospace equipment.
The multiple layers allow designers to route circuit traces in a more efficient and compact way, reducing the size of the PCB while increasing its functionality. The use of a 10 Layer PCB can provide improved signal integrity, higher reliability, better thermal management, and enhanced electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) performance compared to single or double-sided PCBs.
PCB Design Considerations for 10 Layer PCBs
When designing a 10 Layer PCB, some important considerations to keep in mind include:
● Layer stack-up configuration: Careful selection of the stack-up configuration is crucial to ensure the integrity and performance of the PCB, as it determines the distribution of power planes, ground planes, and signal layers.
● Trace routing: Routing of signal traces must be done on the appropriate layer to avoid signal crosstalk and interference. High-speed signals should be routed on internal layers, while low-speed signals can be routed on outer layers.
● Power delivery: Proper distribution of power planes is critical to prevent voltage drops and ensure reliable power delivery. It is important to ensure that high current traces have adequate copper thickness, trace width, and clearance from other components.
● Ground planes: Proper grounding is critical to ensure the integrity of the signals and to reduce EMI. Ground planes should be designed with low impedance, and all components should have a clear path to ground.
● Thermal management: The high density of components and the power dissipated in a 10 Layer PCB can lead to heat buildup, which can damage components and affect performance. Thermal vias, heat sinks, and other cooling techniques should be used to manage heat dissipation.
● Design rules: It is important to adhere to the design rules defined by the manufacturer to ensure manufacturability and reliability of the PCB.
● Testing and verification: Proper testing and verification are critical to ensure the functionality and reliability of the PCB. Testing should be done at each step of the design process to ensure that the design meets the expected performance criteria and to identify and correct any issues.
Fabrication process for 10 Layer PCBs
The fabrication process for a 10 Layer PCB typically involves the following steps:
● Design: The circuit design is created using design software, taking into account the specific requirements of the application.
● Layer stack-up: The layer stack-up configuration is determined, deciding the order of each layer in the PCB, which varies depending on the application.
● Drilling: Holes are drilled through the layers, including vias that connect the different layers of the PCB.
● Electroless deposition: A thin layer of conductive material such as copper is deposited onto the walls of the drilled holes through an electroless deposition process.
● Plating: Conductive material is plated onto the copper in the drilled holes, including plating for blind vias, buried vias, and through holes.
● Lamination: The separate layers are laminated together, typically through heat and pressure, using a bonding material known as prepreg.
● Etching: The undesired copper is etched away, leaving behind the desired circuit traces.
● Solder mask and silk screen: Solder mask is applied to the surface of the PCB in areas where no soldering should occur, and silk screen is applied to provide labeling and other information.
● Surface finish: The surface of the PCB is plated with a material such as gold, silver, or tin to improve solderability and protect against corrosion.
● Electrical testing: The PCB is tested to ensure that it meets the desired specifications including signal integrity, power delivery, and thermal management.
Testing and Inspection of 10 Layer PCBs
Testing and inspection of 10 Layer PCBs are critical to ensuring that the final product meets the desired specifications, is reliable, and performs as expected. Some common testing and inspection methods include:
● Visual inspection: A visual inspection is performed to ensure that there are no visible defects or damage to the PCB.
● Automated optical inspection (AOI): AOI is a non-destructive testing method that uses cameras and software to inspect the PCB for defects such as misplaced components, missing solder joints, and solder bridges.
● X-ray inspection: X-ray inspection is a non-destructive testing method that is used to inspect the internal structure of the PCB, including the quality and flow of solder joints and the presence of voids or cracks within the components or solder.
● In-circuit testing (ICT): ICT is a functional testing method that involves the use of a test fixture to check and verify the connectivity, resistance, and capacitance of the components on the PCB.
● Flying probe testing: Flying probe testing is a form of ICT that uses a fixture with probes to test the connectivity and functionality of the PCB.
● Environmental testing: Environmental testing is conducted to ensure that the PCB can function under extreme conditions such as temperature changes, humidity, and vibration.
● Electrical performance testing: Electrical performance testing involves verifying the power delivery, signal integrity, and thermal management of the PCB using various testing equipment such as oscilloscopes and thermal cameras.
As a result, proper testing and inspection of 10 Layer PCBs ensure that they meet design specifications, are reliable, and perform as expected before being placed in service.
Benefits of using a 10 Layer PCB
There are several benefits to using a 10 Layer PCB, including:
● Increased circuit density: The use of multiple layers allows for a higher circuit density, enabling more components to be fitted onto a smaller board.
● Improved signal integrity: The additional layers allow for separation of the power and ground planes from the signal traces, reducing the chances of noise and electrical interference.
● Enhanced thermal management: The additional layers allow for better heat dissipation, preventing accumulation of heat in the components and thus reducing the risk of thermal damage.
● Improved EMC performance: The additional layers, coupled with proper grounding and shielding techniques, can improve electromagnetic compatibility and reduce the potential for interference with other nearby electronic devices.
● Reduced size and weight: The higher density and increased functionality offered by a 10 Layer PCB can reduce overall size and weight of the circuit board and the device it is used in.
● Increased reliability: The use of multiple layers and advanced manufacturing techniques improves the reliability of the PCB, reducing the likelihood of failure or malfunction.
● Easier to meet design requirements: 10 Layer PCBs offer the designer more flexibility when trying to meet specific design requirements such as impedance control, high-speed signaling, and RF signal management.
● Reduced noise: More layers help to isolate and separate power and ground planes, minimizing signal noise and improving electromagnetic compatibility.
● Better manufacturing control: While 10 Layer PCBs are more complex than traditional PCBs, modern design tools and manufacturing processes enable greater precision and consistency, with less design errors.
Examples of Applications for 10 Layer PCBs
10 Layer PCBs are used in a wide range of applications that require high-density, complex and high-performance circuitry. Some examples of applications for 10 Layer PCBs include:
● Telecommunications: 10 Layer PCBs are commonly used in telecommunication equipment such as routers, switches, and base stations that require high-speed data transfer and signal processing.
● Medical devices: 10 Layer PCBs are used in medical devices such as ultrasound machines, CT scanners, and patient monitoring systems where high-density, specialized electronics are necessary.
● Aerospace and Defense: 10 Layer PCBs are used in aerospace and defense applications such as avionics, radar systems, and missile guidance systems where reliability, durability, and high performance are critical.
● Industrial equipment: 10 Layer PCBs are used in industrial equipment such as robotics, automation systems, and motor control systems where precise and high-power electronics are necessary.
● Consumer electronics: 10 Layer PCBs are used in consumer electronics such as smartphones, laptops, and gaming consoles where high-density, high-performance circuitry is necessary within the compact form factors.
● Automotive: 10 Layer PCBs are used in automotive applications such as engine control systems, safety systems, and infotainment where high-performance and rugged electronics are vital.
Choosing the Right Vendor for Multilayer PCBs
Manufacturing multilayer printed circuit boards (PCBs) requires specialized equipment, trained operators, and significant financial investments. These are some of the reasons why some fabricators may be slower to enter the multilayer market than others.
At JarnisTech, we have the capabilities and expertise to support advanced printed circuit board designs with challenging requirements. Our manufacturing processes include laser-drilled microvias and cavity boards, heavy copper up to 20 oz, via-in pad, microwave and radio boards, and production of up to 60 layers.
Our team is equipped with state-of-the-art facilities and utilizes advanced manufacturing technologies to produce high-quality, high-performance PCBs for our clients. We have highly skilled operators that undergo regular training to keep up with industry advancements and ensure the quality and reliability of our products.
Whether you have a complex multilayer PCB board with advanced design requirements or need support with a standard PCB design, our team is committed to delivering exceptional service and products tailored to your specific needs. Contact us today to learn more about how we can help with your multilayer PCB project.
Rigid Multilayer 10 Layer PCB from JarnisTech manufacturer
High-density interconnect (HDI) technology is commonly used in the fabrication of 10-layer or 20-layer PCBs. HDI boards are characterized by small geometries, high interconnect densities, and typical microvia design rules. However, it is worth noting that not all 10-layer or 20-layer PCBs are HDI boards. Some boards still have large trace widths and spaces and holes larger than 0.3mm. As an experienced PCB manufacturer, we have the capability to produce both HDI and non-HDI boards to meet our clients’ specific requirements for 10-layer or 20-layer PCBs.
Our team at JarnisTech has extensive expertise in the design, fabrication, and assembly of PCBs, regardless of complexity or layer count. We are equipped with state-of-the-art facilities and an experienced workforce that enable us to produce high-quality, reliable, and cost-effective PCBs. Our services are tailored to meet the needs of clients with varying requirements. Whether it is an HDI board or a non-HDI board, our team is committed to delivering high-end solutions and exceptional service. Contact us today and let us help you with your 10-layer or 20-layer PCB project.
Advanced Technology From JarnisTech
● We leverage advanced PCB manufacturing technologies to produce PCBs of up to 60 layers, achieving a minimum trace and space of 2.5/2.5mil. Our capabilities include a maximum board thickness to hole diameter ratio of 12/1.
● To meet the design requirements of photoelectric communication products, we have developed long and short gold finger processing techniques and high-density trace precision control. Our high-precision back drilling technology minimizes equivalent series inductance vias to enhance signal transmission integrity.
● For high heat-dissipating power products, we use ultra-thick copper and advanced metal-based manufacturing processes. We apply laser depth control technology and high-precision mechanical engineering to create multi-level step groove products, meeting various assembling requirements.
● Our mature mixed pressure process can combine FR-4 and high-frequency materials, resulting in reduced material costs while meeting high-frequency performance standards. We have also applied advanced Anti-Caf technology to increase PCB reliability and service life.
● Advanced buried capacitor and resistor technology improves PCB product performance, while our advanced inner layer exposed technology meets high-frequency circuit information transmission requirements.
At our manufacturing facility, we strive to stay up-to-date with industry advancements and trends, allowing us to deliver innovative PCB solutions tailored to our clients’ unique product designs and requirements. Contact us to learn more about how we can help you deliver high-performance PCBs that meet your precise needs.
Strict Quality Control
● We understand the importance of meeting industry standards and certifications in our PCB manufacturing processes. For this reason, we have obtained various certifications, including UL certification, ISO/TS1694:2009 certification, and quality certification ISO9001:2008.
● We also prioritize the confidentiality of our clients’ information and have implemented strict management policies to ensure its protection.
● Our production process follows IPC 6012 II/III standards along with customer-specific requirements, enterprise standards, and industry practices. We emphasize the use of quality materials, advanced manufacturing equipment, and strict quality control measures to produce custom products that meet our clients’ exact specifications.
● Ultimately, we are dedicated to delivering bespoke PCB solutions that meet the highest quality standards for our clients. Contact us to learn how we can help you achieve your PCB production goals while adhering to the required certifications and standards.
Layer Stack-up Configuration for 10 Layer PCB
The layer stack-up configuration for a 10 Layer PCB varies depending on the specific requirements of the application, but common configurations include:
● Standard layer stack-up: This layer stack-up configuration consists of four signal layers (top, bottom, inner 1, and inner 2), two power planes (inner 3 and inner 8), two ground planes (inner 4 and inner 7), and two split planes (inner 5 and inner 6).
● Power/Ground layer stack-up: This layer stack-up configuration consists of four signal layers (top, bottom, inner 1, and inner 2), two power planes (inner 3 and inner 8), four ground planes (inner 4, inner 5, inner 6, and inner 7).
● Mixed power and ground layer stack-up: This layer stack-up configuration consists of four signal layers (top, bottom, inner 1, and inner 2), three power planes (inner 3, inner 7, and inner 8), and three ground planes (inner 4, inner 5, and inner 6).
The layer stack-up configuration is an important consideration for 10 Layer PCBs. It determines the distribution of power planes, ground planes, and signal layers, and can affect the performance of the final product in terms of reliability, signal integrity, and electromagnetic compatibility. The choice of layer stack-up depends on the specific requirements of the application, such as the number and speed of signals, the voltage and current requirements, and thermal management.
Standard 10 Layer PCB Stack–Up
For designers of printed circuit boards (PCBs), utilizing a 10-layer stack-up is a popular and practical choice. A standard stack-up of 10 layers serves as a common option applicable in most PCB designs.
This 10-layer stack-up arrangement provides advantages in terms of design flexibility, signal integrity, and power distribution. It can accommodate a wide range of design requirements and is suitable for various applications.
Standard 10L Stacks Up 1.6MM Standard 10L stacks up 1.33MM
Standard 10L Stacks Up to 2.0MM Standard 10L Stacks Up 2.4MM
Standard 10L Stacks Up To 3.00mm
The standard 10-layer PCB buildup depicted above is based on the best manufacturing features in terms of both quality and cost. However, to ensure optimal quality and prevent potential issues during the PCB assembly process for designs with six or more layers, we highly recommend using Tg170 laminate material.
Our standard 10-layer construction features 1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1 oz copper thickness, which is ideal for manufacturing multilayer rigid PCBs.
At JarnisTech, we also offer the flexibility to tailor our stack-up configurations to meet your specific PCB design requirements. For example, if you need a custom stack-up with impedance control on a 10-layer circuit board or require a PCB with a higher copper thickness, such as a 3-ounce copper stack-up, we encourage you to email us at [email protected] for further information and support. Our team of experts can guide you through the process and help you select the optimal stack-up configuration for your desired outcome.
Multilayer Printed Circuit Boards We Offer High-quality Raw Materials
When it comes to selecting the substrate materials for printed circuit boards (PCBs), it is essential to choose brands with a proven track record of quality and performance. Some of the leading brands in the industry include Shengyi, Rogers, Arlon, Taconic, and others.
These well-established brands offer a range of options in terms of materials, including laminates, prepregs, and other substrates with varying characteristics, such as flexibility, thermal conductivity, and dielectric constant. By using these high-quality materials, we can ensure the reliability and longevity of our PCBs.
In addition to substrate materials, the auxiliary materials used in PCB manufacturing are also crucial to achieving high-quality and durable results.
We use trusted brands like Taiyo ink, Hitachi dry film and Noda resin, known for their quality and consistency in the PCB industry.
At JarnisTech, we understand the importance of using the best materials to produce PCBs that meet our clients’ specific needs. Our team of experts has extensive experience in selecting and working with the best brands and materials in the industry to deliver exceptional results.
10-Layer Board Lead Time
The cost of manufacturing a printed circuit board (PCB) is dependent on the number of boards required, the specific process requirements, and the pricing structure. To receive a quote, the customer can send us a Gerber file containing the necessary design information.
Typically, a 10-layer PCB manufactured in a general factory takes approximately 10-15 days to produce. However, at JarnisTech, we understand that sometimes clients require quicker turnaround times to meet project timelines. Therefore, we offer expedited orders for clients who need their orders completed within a shorter timeframe. Such orders can be completed in as little as one week while still maintaining the same level of quality and performance.
At JarnisTech, we are committed to meeting our clients’ needs and providing exceptional service and products. Our team of experts utilizes advanced manufacturing technologies and techniques to deliver high-quality PCBs that meet our clients’ exact specifications while also offering competitive pricing and timely delivery.
Do you need someone to manufacture your PCB ? JarnisTech can help !
10 Layer PCBs are essential in modern electronic devices that require high-density, complex, and high-performance circuitry. A careful consideration of various design factors such as layer stack-up configuration, trace routing, power delivery, ground planes, thermal management, design rules, and testing and verification is necessary to ensure their proper functionality and performance.
The fabrication process for a 10 layer PCB involves several steps such as designing, layer stack-up, drilling, electroless deposition, plating, lamination, etching, solder mask and silk screen, surface finish, and electrical testing. Testing and inspection of the final product are critical to ensure the final PCB meets the desired specifications, reliability, and performs as expected. 10 Layer PCBs find diverse applications in various industries such as telecommunications, aviation, defense, medical, automotive, industrial equipment, and consumer electronics.
Manufacturing high-quality printed circuit boards (PCBs) requires great attention to detail and expertise. When choosing a PCB manufacturer, it is crucial to opt for a highly skilled supplier with a strong focus on quality at every stage of the manufacturing process. This will ensure your PCBs meet your exact specifications.
For more than 20 years, Jarnistech has been a leading supplier of custom PCBs in China. Our success is measured by the success of our clients, and so we are committed to overseeing every step of the PCB manufacturing process. We ensure that your order is safely delivered and packaged to prevent any damage during transit. As a trusted supplier, we serve clients in over 100 countries, producing circuit boards for companies of all sizes. Moving forward, we are dedicated to ensuring our PCBs are delivered to every corner of the world.
We specialize in producing quick-turn prototypes and mass production of PCBs, as well as providing assembly services. Our team offers a fast and free quotation to help you make informed decisions.
At Jarnistech, we understand that our clients’ success is our success, so we take great care to manufacture high-quality PCBs that meet your requirements. Contact us today to discuss how we can help you achieve your PCB manufacturing goals. | <urn:uuid:c421dcc1-a1e2-4220-9fe4-55dad3959aad> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.jarnistech.com/10-layer-pcb | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.923256 | 4,573 | 3.375 | 3 |
Understanding Fuel Filters
The fuel filter is an important component used in all cars, trucks and other vehicles powered by a combustion gas engine. As with other filters, it's designed to catch and hold impurities. As fuel travels from your vehicle's tank to the engine, it passes through the filter where dirt, debris, sediment and other impurities are removed. Over time, however, fuel filters can fail. Below are five possible signs you may notice when your vehicle's fuel filter begins to fail.
#1) Doesn't Start on First Turn
If your vehicle doesn't start on the first turn, it could be the result of a failing fuel filter. As the fuel filter becomes clogged, fuel may struggle to enter the fuel lines and, therefore, reach the engine. And without fuel, the engine won't start. You may be able to force a small enough fuel into the lines by pumping the gas pedal, but this is only a temporary solution that doesn't solve the underlying problem.
#2) Engine Misfires
Engine misfires can be the result of a failing fuel filter. The clogged filter prevents fuel from reaching all the engine's cylinders in an even, equal amount. As a result, some cylinders may receive more fuel, whereas others receive less fuel. This problem can manifest as a misfire in which your vehicle jerks or stutters.
#3) Low Engine Power
Of course, low engine power is another possible sign of a failing fuel filter. All combustion gas engines need three things to produce power: air, fuel and spark. If your vehicle has a clogged fuel filter, the engine may fail to receive a sufficient amount of fuel. The engine may still run, but you can expect lower and less-consistent power.
#4) Check Engine Light
If your vehicle's Check Engine Light (CEL) is turned on, use a scanning tool to determine the specific fault or faults that triggered it. The CEL can activate for a number of reasons, one of which is a failing fuel filter. If your vehicle has one or more sensors to measure fuel pressure, for instance, it may trigger a CEL if the fuel filter is bad. The failing fuel filter trips the sensor, which then triggers the CEL.
#5) Low Fuel Pressure Reading
Finally, low fuel pressure can indicate a failing fuel filter. You can take your vehicle to a professional mechanic to have them pressure test the fuel system. If your vehicle's fuel pressure is lower than that specified by the automaker, your engine may struggle to get a sufficient amount of fuel, in which case you should consider replacing the fuel filter. | <urn:uuid:e95c162d-eb65-432e-873c-746e8b21e11a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.jbtools.com/blog/5-signs-of-a-failing-fuel-filter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.94126 | 540 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Views: 1 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2020-08-06 Origin: Site
Stainless steel has many advantages, such as extreme durability and corrosion resistance, making it the precision machining of the material of choice.So what are stainless steel machining parts? Let's check.
The following knowledge points are listed below:
The basics of stainless steel machining parts
The quality of stainless steel machining parts
The types of stainless steel
Stainless steel is defined as alloy steel with a minimum chromium content of 10.5%. As the name implies, stainless steel is a steel that is not easily stained or corroded. There should be no stains, but it can't prevent dirt. It is generally considered to be corrosion-resistant, but considering various grades of stainless steel, this is not a very useful defining feature because its quality and grade determine its strength and corrosion-resistant stainless steel.
The basic element of stainless steel is iron (Fe), plus chromium (Cr), making it a corrosion-resistant alloy, an alloy of metal mixtures. Usually a small amount of carbon (C) is added to increase hardness and strength. Nickel can be added to stabilize the crystalline structure of iron, thereby improving the integrity at all extreme temperatures and contributing to corrosion resistance. Other alloying elements such as molybdenum (Mo) or titanium (Ti) can be added to improve heat resistance and corrosion resistance. That makes the metal suitable for make stainless steel machining parts.
One of the qualities of stainless steel machining parts is that it can repair itself after CNC machining. Chromium forms an invisible protective layer on the surface of iron through a process called passivation to protect the iron from air and water. If the surface is scratched, the protective layer will quickly rebuild in the presence of oxygen. This is why high-quality stainless steel will not rust even if scratches occur during processing. Most of the high-quality stock shape materials of brass parts are stress-relieved to ensure the highest degree of processing ability and dimensional stability.
Stainless steel is increasingly used in custom material processing, power generation, transportation and other applications. Good processing technology and advanced materials and insert technology can overcome the difficulties of austenitic stainless steel cutting.
(1) Alloy 303 is the easiest to process austenitic stainless steel; but the addition of sulfur makes the corrosion resistance of alloy 303 lower than that of alloy 304. Like other austenitic grades, it exhibits excellent toughness, although sulfur also reduces toughness a bit.
(2) 304 alloy austenitic stainless steel contains at least 18% chromium and 8% nickel. The maximum carbon content of Type 304 is 0.07%. It is a standard "18/8 stainless steel" and usually appears in pans and cooking tools. 304 alloy is the most widely used alloy in the stainless steel family. 304 alloy has excellent corrosion resistance, is easy to manufacture, has excellent formability after cnc processing, and is an ideal material for various home and commercial applications. Type 304/304L has good forming and welding performance. It does not harden after heat treatment. Austenitic stainless steel is also considered to be the most weldable high-alloy steel, which can be welded by fusion welding and resistance welding processes. The stainless steel is work hardened quickly, with heavy positive feed, sharp tools, and a rigid setting that cuts the forefront of the work hardening layer below.
(3) The 400 series group (such as 414) stainless steel has 11% chromium and 1% manganese increase, higher than the 300 series group. The 400 series is prone to rust and corrosion under certain conditions. Heat treatment can harden 400 series products. 400 series stainless steel has a high carbon content, making it have a martensite crystal structure. This provides high strength and high wear resistance after CNC machining. Martensitic stainless steel is not as corrosion resistant as austenitic stainless steel.
(4) The stainless steel with a PH value of 17-4 is a precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steel with excellent oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance, which is comparable to 304 under most conditions or environments. Mechanical properties, such as strength and ductility, can be optimized by heat treatment. Because this alloy is hard, forming should generally be limited to gentle operations. However, by heat treatment before cold working or using a hot forming method, the formability can be greatly improved. | <urn:uuid:ce9cc703-fb60-470a-9ed6-de75a9953c7f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.jstindustry.com/What-are-stainless-steel-machining-parts-id3694842.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.923112 | 918 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The Project Life Cycle refers to the four-step process that is followed by nearly all project managers when moving through stages of project completion.
This is the standard project life cycle most people are familiar with. The Project Life Cycle provides a framework for managing any type of project within a business. Leaders in project management have conducted research to determine the best process by which to run projects. It has been found that following a project life cycle is critical for any services organization. The Project Life Cycle is the standard process by which teams achieve project success.
Lesser known but growing in popularity, the Professional Services Life Cycle exists because the standard project life cycle does not fit everyone’s needs. The standard project life cycle works for some project managers, but professional services need a more robust process. In professional services, unlike other businesses, their product is their people. That is, professional services lend their expertise to other companies in exchange for profit. Due to the constant involvement of clients, professional services require a unique project life cycle that involves a recurring feedback loop to ensure project success.
Try Project Life Cycle Software FreeRequest A Demo
First, let’s dig into the standard definition of a project life cycle and then we can see how the Professional Service Life Cycle compares to the standard.
What is the Standard Project Life Cycle?
According to the Project Management Institute, the project life cycle is critical for any managers hoping to deliver projects to clients successfully.
Let’s take a look at the steps involved.
The Project Phases Involved
- Phase 1 The Conceptualization Phase
- Phase 2 The Planning Phase
- Phase 3 The Execution Phase
- Phase 4 The Termination Phase
Phase #1 The Conceptualization Phase
This can also be referred to as the ‘Initiation Phase’ and is the starting point of any project or idea.
For the Conceptualization Phase to begin, a strategic need for the project or service must be recognized by upper management.
Ask yourself the following questions during Conceptualization
- What is the problem?
- Will the development of a project solve that problem?
- What are the specific goals of the project?
- Do we have enough resources to create and support the project?
The Conceptualization Phase typically involves
- Creation of the statement of work (SOW).
- Presenting the business case.
- Creation of a business contract.
Phase #2 The Plan Phase
The Plan Phase is focused on scheduling and staffing projects at a professional services organization.
Once management has given the OK to launch a project, a more formal set of plans—outlining initial goals—is established.
Ask yourself the following questions during Planning
- What is the project purpose, vision, or mission?
- Are there measurable objectives or success criteria?
- Do you have a high level description of the project, requirements and risks?
- Can you adequately schedule and budget high level milestones?
The Planning Phase typically involves
- Determining resource availability.
- Creating a project budget.
- Beginning to allocate tasks to certain resources.
Phase #3 The Execution Phase
The third phase is labeled Execution.
This is when the actual work of the project is performed. Required materials, tools and resources are transformed to reach the project goals. During this phase, performance is continually measured to ensure the project is successful.
Ask yourself the following questions during Execution
- Are all resources being tracked?
- Is the project on budget and on time?
- Can resource planning be optimized?
- Are there major roadblocks that require change management?
The Execution Phase typically involves
- Strategic planning.
- Implementation planning.
Phase #4 The Termination Phase
The fourth and final phase is called Termination Phase, also referred to as Project Closure.
This phase begins once the project has been completed.
Ask yourself the following questions during Termination
- Are the project’s completion criteria met?
- Is there a project closure report in progress?
- Have all project artifacts been collected and archived?
- Has a project post-mortem been planned?
The Termination Phase typically involves
- The disbandment of the project team.
- Personnel and tools are reassigned to new duties.
- Resources released back to parent organization.
- Project transferred to intended users.
What is the Professional Services Project Life Cycle?
The key difference between the standard Project Life Cycle and the Professional Services Project Life Cycle is that the standard life cycle lacks fluidity and feedback between projects.
The standard project life cycle model consists of four very distinct project phases that have deliberate start and end points. That is, once a project is completed, tools are archived, resources are sent to new projects, the job is closed out and then the entire process starts over.
The standard, linear life cycle model is not adequate for the complexity of projects in professional services. The reason this model is inadequate is because it fails to account for the human capital component that exists at professional service organizations. Due to the human capital component at professional service organizations, there must be a infinite and cyclical life cycle that exists throughout the entirety of the project. Human capital refers to the fact that professional services rely on resource expertise for profits. Therefore, it is required for clients and resources to sync and agree on goals, processes and deliverables throughout the entirety of the project. Trying to achieve project success without constant feedback or communication between client and resource would be impossible. This is why professional services require a life cycle that includes time to analyze, reflect and forecast accordingly.
The Professional Services Life Cycle vs. the standard Project Life Cycle
The standard project life cycle has endured throughout the years despite the growing complexities surrounding project management.
However, the complexities involved in PSO projects have reached a critical point where a new life cycle model is required for success. Someone who is part of a professional services team who follows the standard project life cycle runs the risk of making the same mistakes during the following project. This is because there is no feedback loop or learning from past mistakes between the completion of one project and initiation of the next.
Why does a Professional Services Organization require a new life cycle for project management?
- Professional Services teams need something more tailored to them.
- Services organizations typically operate on a cycle.
- Human capital.
- Constantly selling services.
What are the phases in the Professional Services Project Life Cycle?
The Project Phases Involved
- Phase 1 The Sell Phase
- Phase 2 The Plan Phase
- Phase 3 The Deliver Phase
- Phase 4 The Account & Bill Phase
- Phase 5 The Analyze Phase
Phase #1 The Sell Phase
The Sell Phase begins when professional services are first demanded by clients—that is, the sell phase occurs before business is won.
This phase is unique to the professional services project life cycle because the standard project life cycle does not start until a project kicks off. Professional services, however, require a pre-project phase to organize the complexities typically associated with professional service projects.
The first phase of the standard project life cycle (Conceptualization) differs from the Sell Phase because it fails to prepare your team for upcoming challenges, blocks, or inadequacies involved in project completion. Conceptualization allows project managers to kick off a project, but a Sell Phase requires team members to be more forward thinking. Professional Services organizations require this type of forward thinking because they have numerous, complex projects occurring simultaneously. Because professional services projects require forecasting prior to kickoff, it is increasingly important that your team has visibility into sales related activity in the CRM system. This allows them to account for change and properly estimate and allocate resources to the appropriate tasks prior to winning the deal.
Adequate forecasting is required to determine the feasibility and profitability of a project, client, or resource. Professional service organizations can not just “kick off” a project. Rather, they must adequately forecast the scope, the required resources, the profitability and the feasibility of client demands. Without adequate time to pre-plan, PSOs would blindly take on projects even if they were low on resources, had too many projects occurring, or would not profit from a certain client. Allowing project managers the time to forecast and estimate success during the Sell Phase means less mistakes or blocks will occur during the project execution. The less blocks or conflicts during a project’s execution is directly related to increased profits.
Steps involved in the Sell Phase
- 1. Opportunity management.
- 2. Project scoping.
- 3. Bid management.
- 4. Contract negotiations.
- 5. Forecasting.
Advantages of the Sell Phase
- Newfound visibility into project delivery.
- Increased and meaningful communication between teams.
- Enhanced customer relations.
- Ability to sell more services at a time.
Phase #2 The Plan Phase
The Plan Phase is focused on scheduling and staffing projects at a professional services organization.
The Plan Phase gets underway once a project contract has been signed and resources are beginning to be allocated across tasks. Not to be confused with the standard life cycle “Planning Phase,” the professional services “Plan Phase” requires a bit more time and attention from team members. A project plan is determined and resources slowly begin to be allocated across tasks or responsibilities. A professional services organization is typically juggling nearly hundreds of resources, consultants, contractors, or part-timers and these employees can not just be assigned to tasks or projects on an ad-hoc basis. For a PSO to properly plan a project, extensive soft resource planning is required before-hand to ensure all tasks have an available resource. Some projects are simple enough where only a resource or two is required. However, the projects at PSOs are typically much more extensive and require in depth resource planning. Without proper allocation during the plan phase, most projects are doomed from the start.
Steps involved in the Plan Phase
- 1. Project plan definition.
- 2. Resource planning.
- 3. Resource scheduling.
- 4. Task assignment.
- 5. Timeline development.
- 6. Milestones.
- 7. Capturing expectations.
- 8. Measures of success.
Advantages of the Plan Phase
- Increased accuracy with resource allocation, budgeting and timelines.
- Insights into past projects to learn from successes or failures.
- Resource manager visibility into what resources are currently allocated (aka who is already soft or hard scheduled to a task and who is available to work?).
- Reduced wasted costs once associated with inaccurate resource and project planning.
Phase #3 The Deliver Phase
The Deliver Phase is also referred to as the execution phase of the project.
During this phase, the plan that was previously developed is set into motion and all resources and tools are moved to their respective duties. As changes or conflicts arise, project managers must manage the risk associated with such noise. That is, if a project is going over budget or past its deadline, it is the project manager’s responsibility to track such risks throughout the delivery phase to ensure there will be no surprises down the line. The standard project life cycle accounts for change management but fails to recognize the numerous moving parts that can affect the success of a complex project. Professional services have more variables typically involved in a project and these variables require a more in-depth and responsive delivery phase than what we see in typical project life cycles.
Steps involved in the Deliver Phase
- 1. Executing plan.
- 2. Completing tasks.
- 3. Managing risk.
Advantages of the Deliver Phase
- By managing risk during the project, costs associated with conflicts are greatly reduced.
- The visibility into a project’s status allows quicker delivery times, resulting in more satisfied clients and customers.
- Having the ability to manage change while the project is being executed reduces the risk of a failed, over budget, or late project.
- The team is more efficient when they know all the potential variables associated with any given project.
Phase #4 Account & Bill
The Account & Bill phase is dedicated to recognizing revenue and financial opportunities.
This is a unique phase that does not exist in the standard life cycle description. The standard life cycle goes from the Execution Phase directly to the Termination Phase. Professional services teams must keep track of the return on investment when they sign on to projects. Without a phase dedicated to accounting, financials and invoices, many project managers fail to recognize the true cost of a project. As mentioned previously, the sheer size of professional service organizations put them at a greater risk for an avalanche effect - when one project goes wrong, all associated resources are affected and ultimately other projects begin to feel the burden of one mistake. By taking note of the costs associated with each phase of project delivery, as well as the costs associated with certain tools, resources, or practices—a service organization can actually forecast project costs with great accuracy. This ultimately allows a PSO to sign on to only the most profitable projects which would increase margins and ultimately boost a company’s bottom line.
Steps involved in the Account & Bill Phase
- 1. Project accounting.
- 2. Contract management.
- 3. Invoicing.
- 4. Collection.
Advantages of the Account & Bill Phase
- The ability to consistently monitor the status of the project’s budget.
- Ample time to identify areas of financial opportunities or extra profit.
- Invoices are accurate, timely and are based upon actual hours worked rather than guesstimates.
Phase #5 The Analyze Phase
The Analyze Phase was created specifically to better serve the complexities within PSOs.
This phase only exists in the postmortem phase of the standard four-step project life cycle model. This is an issue because project, client, or resource feedback is typically not useful after projects are completed. Unlike the standard life cycle, the Professional Services Life Cycle includes analysis before the project has closed and before it starts.
This phase primarily involves managing performance and looking to the future for trends and forecasting using business intelligence data. This phase acts like a feedback loop to provide teams and organizations with data from completed projects in hopes to better prepare for the future. The lack of an analysis phase is the most critical distinction between the Professional Service Life Cycle and the standard Project Life Cycle. The standard life cycle fails to recognize the importance of business intelligence and metrics as a way to measure success. Without a phase that allows for reflection, involved processes can never be optimized or even enhanced. Professional services organizations require a moment of reflection between one job and the next, because other clients demand a number of the same variables.
If a certain task is executed well, or if a task is not executed in a cost-effective manner, it is time to take note of both your successes and failures and adjust process or practice to reduce the chance that they occur again with a new client. Due to the fact that professional services teams tend to have more projects occurring simultaneously, they also have more resources spread across tasks, as well as higher costs associated with mistakes. Without an Analyze Phase, professional services teams would run the risk of making the same mistakes.
This phase typically includes
- Analyzing key metrics.
- Calculating margins.
- Measuring utilization.
- Forecasting people, resources, tools.
- Forecasting trends and future needs.
Advantages of the Analyze Phase
- Ample time to reflect on project success and failures and better plan for future clients and projects.
- Ability to use key performance metrics to track resource efficiency from the project inception to completion.
- Using metrics to enhance process and practice.
- Visibility into utilization rates and ability to adjust for cost-efficiency.
Why does the Professional Services Project Life Cycle matter?
The Professional Services Project Life Cycle
- Helps professional services teams be more efficient and more profitable.
- Helps with Organization.
- Forces communication.
- Emphasizes reporting and analyzing past projects.
How to Improve the Professional Services Project Life Cycle
If you are working within professional services and constantly find yourself struggling to execute projects successfully, it may be time to adopt the upgraded Professional Services Project Life Cycle.
There is no doubt that our economy is currently led by the services industry. That is, as more companies provide services alongside (or instead of) products, the more complicated projects become—trying to allocate resources across hundreds of projects and clients can get a bit too difficult if you are relying on the standard four-step Project Life Cycle.
The standard four step cycle fails to give teams time to reflect on past success or forecast future plans. Schedules are squeezed and little time is set aside to optimize current practices. Without a life cycle that includes a feedback/analysis phase, professional services organizations will fail to meet the growing demands of consumers. A new cycle is required for professional service organizations if they hope to survive in our Service Level Economy.
Learn how to deliver more profitable projects
Overcome today's challenges and deliver more profitable projects with these five stepsRead the ebook
- Have a platform that works with the cycle.
- Include a PM,RM, time tracking, Invoicing and business intelligence in a collaborative environment.
- Use BI to analyze pass projects to optimize the project life cycle. | <urn:uuid:ec348d26-ddc2-4c47-ae3e-4f3bddce0c2c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.kantata.com/resources/what-is-the-professional-services-project-life-cycle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.928014 | 3,570 | 2.609375 | 3 |
This article will explore the most common core styles used in distribution transformers. There are two main types we’ll focus on–laminated, and wrapped (distributed gap) cores. To begin with, we’ll take a look at the basic function of the core and its associated parts.
What is a Transformer Core?
A transformer core is a structure of thin laminated sheets of ferrous metal (most commonly silicon steel) stacked together, that the primary and secondary windings of the transformer are wrapped around.
Parts of the Core
A transformer core is composed of limbs and yokes that are joined together to form a single structure around which the coils are placed. The manner in which the respective yoke and limbs join together will depend on the type and design of the core.
In the above example, the limbs of the core are the vertical sections which the coils are formed around. The limbs can also be located on the exterior of the outermost coils in the case of some core designs. The limbs on a transformer core can also be referred to as legs.
The yoke is the horizontal section of the core which joins the limbs together. The yoke and limbs form a pathway for magnetic flux to flow freely.
What does a transformer core do?
The transformer core ensures efficient magnetic coupling between the windings, facilitating the transfer of electrical energy from the primary side to the secondary side.
When you have two coils of wire side by side and you pass an electric current through one of them, an electromagnetic field is induced in the second coil, which can be represented by several symmetrical lines with direction emanating from north to south pole–called lines of flux. With the coils alone, the path of the flux will be unfocused and the density of the flux will be low.
Adding an iron core inside the coils focuses and magnifies the flux to make for a more efficient transfer of energy from primary to secondary. This is because the permeability of iron is much higher than that of air. If we think of electromagnetic flux like a bunch of cars going from one place to another, wrapping a coil around an iron core is like replacing a winding dirt road with an interstate highway. It’s much more efficient.
The densely packed laminated sheets that cores are constructed from, reduce overheating and circulating currents in the core and lowers energy loss. Removing any air gaps between the laminations will result in lower core losses and a higher efficiency as well. A core design with large gaps between laminated sheets will yield higher no load or iron losses and a lower efficiency.
Type of material cores are made from
The earliest transformer cores utilized solid iron, however, methods developed over the years to refine raw iron ore into more permeable materials such as silicon steel, which is used today for transformer core designs due to its higher permeability. Also, the use of many densely packed laminated sheets reduces issues of circulating currents and overheating caused by solid iron core designs. Further increases in core design are made through cold rolling, annealing, and using grain oriented steel.
Silicon steel is a softer metal. Cold rolling silicon steel will increase its strength–making it more durable when assembling the core and coils together.
The annealing process involves heating the core steel up to a high temperature to remove impurities. This process will increase the softness and ductility of the metal.
Grain Oriented Steel
Silicon steel already has a very high permeability, but this can be increased even further by orienting the grain of the steel in the same direction. Grain oriented steel can increase flux density by 30%.
Core and Coil Assembly Configurations
Another important point to consider is how the core is formed around the windings. The core and coils can be configured with either a shell type or core type design.
With a shell-type configuration, the core surrounds the windings. This creates a closed pathway surrounding the windings for magnetic flux to flow. This design also typically yields less energy loss than a core type design. A shell type design is the classification for most distribution class padmounts and substations with a wrapped 5-legged core.
A core type design is where the windings surround the core steel. In this design, there is no return path (or closed loop) for the magnetic flux around the coils. This design typically yields more energy losses, and it requires more copper or aluminum winding material than a shell-type configuration.
Three, Four, and Five Limb Cores
Three Limb Core
Three limb (or leg) cores are frequently used for distribution class dry-type transformers–both low and medium voltage types. The three limb stacked core design is also used for larger oil-filled power class transformers. It is less common to see a three limb core used for oil-filled distribution transformers.
Due to the absence of an outer limb(s), the three legged core alone is not suitable for wye-wye transformer configurations. As the picture below shows, there is no return path for the zero sequence flux which is present in wye-wye transformer designs. The zero sequence current, with no adequate return path, will attempt to create an alternate path, either using air gaps or the transformer tank itself, which can eventually lead to overheating and possibly transformer failure.
Buried Delta Tertiary Winding
One way this problem is solved is by adding a buried delta tertiary winding which provides a place for the flux to circulate freely. Other solutions for wye-wye transformers would include utilizing a 4-limb or 5-limb core as described below.
Four Limb Core
Rather than employ a buried delta tertiary winding, a four limb core design provides one outer limb for return flux. This type of core design is very similar to a five limb design as well in its functionality, which helps to reduce overheating and additional transformer noise.
Five Limb Core
Five-legged wrapped core designs are the standard for all distribution transformer applications today (regardless of whether or not the unit is wye-wye). Since the cross sectional area of the three inner limbs surrounded by the coils is double the size of the three limb design, the cross sectional area of the yoke and outer limbs can be half that of the inner limbs. This helps conserve material and reduce production costs as well.
Types of transformers cores
There are two main types of transformer cores, distributed gap and laminated core (sometimes referred to as stacked)
Distributed Gap Core
Commonly referred to as a wrapped core, this core design is used in 3-ph and 1-ph distribution transformers. Distributed gap cores utilize a simple core clamp design which leads to faster assembly times and lower manufacturing costs. Another advantage of the distributed gap design is that there is only one cut per layer of laminated sheet. This type of core configuration is also referred to as a shell since the windings are surrounded by the core. As we mentioned earlier, this shell type design typically yields lower transformer losses. It’s efficient and lower cost design makes it the ideal choice for distribution transformers.
To form these distributed gap cores, multiple layers of laminated metal are placed inside a compression machine that forms their general shape.
(The picture below shows a distributed gap design. Each laminated sheet is formed around another and fit together with a step-lap joint)
Also referred to as a stacked core or E core, this type of core design employs a step-lap mitred configuration for the core sections. The laminations for each limb are grouped together in groups of 5 - 7 sheets–these groups are referred to as books. These sections of core steel are mitre cut and fit together as shown below.
(the photo above shows several books step-lapped and stacked together to form a point where an outer limb and the yoke are joined together by a mitre cut).
(The figure above shows the mitre cuts in the core which join the yoke and limbs together)
Amorphous & Nanocrystalline Cores
Although less common, amorphous cores are worth mentioning here–especially with growing demands for higher efficiency transformers (Check out our article on Transformer DOE Efficiency Standards). Known as tape wound cores, these core designs employ densely packed ribbon-like strips of highly permeable metallic-glass material. This makes for a more brittle core construction, but a higher efficiency. To keep the sheets together, amorphous cores are often encased in epoxy, or taped together. The no load losses are lower and core saturation levels are higher than conventional core designs. Amorphous cores are more costly than conventional cores, but their higher efficiency makes them a popular choice for special, custom applications.
There will be some loss of energy with any core configuration, but the better the core design, the less the no load losses. A well built transformer core help offset operating costs of the transformer and extend its lifespan.
Core designs have come a long way since the early days of transformer manufacturing, but the basic principles remain the same. Fill out the form below if you have any questions about transformer core design or are looking for a quote on a specific transformer.
Also check out our page on how transformers work for more information about cores, coils and electromagnetic induction. | <urn:uuid:3331afc8-c8e0-439b-baf5-f22fbb8cc843> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.maddoxtransformer.com/resources/articles/transformer-cores | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.936569 | 1,921 | 3.84375 | 4 |
There are four main parts of a rice grain. A grain of rice is a seed that contains an embryonic rice plant, stored food and a protective coat.
The HUSK (hull) is the outer straw-like protective covering that surrounds the entire grain. It is inedible and must be removed before the grain can be seen. Under the husk is the BRAN (germ).
The germ is the plant EMBRYO from which a plant emerges. The bran layers include layers of fibrous tissue with protein, vitamins, minerals and oil.
ENDOSPERM is found beneath the bran layers. The white endosperm is made of complex carbohydrates (starch), the energy source used by the germinating rice plant. The endosperm is also the largest portion of the rice grain.
The bran, germ and endosperm are the edible portions of the grain. In the milling process, the inedible husk is removed to make brown rice. If the rice is further milled to remove the bran and germ, the result is white rice. | <urn:uuid:24e28165-c9dd-4caa-83c5-ebfa4d2779e8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.malaysiarice.com/rice-anatomy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.924399 | 228 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Global health epidemiology is one of the most popular concentrations among public health students. This field combines quantitative training with an international focus on infectious disease patterns. If you’re looking for career stability and the chance to make a difference, keep reading to learn more about global epidemiology.
What is Epidemiology?
Epidemiology studies the distribution of diseases. It is a scientific and mathematical discipline that determines who gets sick in what areas of the world. For example, an epidemiologist may try to study if certain ethnic groups in Sierra Leone are more likely to become infected with Ebola or if malaria is more deadly for youth or adults. If you work in global epidemiology, you may collect data yourself, but it’s more likely that you’ll study information gathered by other sources. You’ll need to learn common statistics programs like SAS, SPSS and R, and you’ll need a strong understanding of mathematical principles, particularly statistics.
Related resource: 50 Most Affordable Healthcare MBA Degree Programs
What’s Unique about Global Epidemiology?
Epidemiologists do the same type of work no matter where they are or who they work for. The difference is which populations and diseases they study. In the United States, you’ll likely study chronic illnesses like diabetes or cardiovascular disease. On a global level, you’ll find more interest in acute infections like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and Ebola. You can investigate chronic diseases, especially in middle-income countries like China or India, but your main focus will be on infectious illnesses.
Is Global Epidemiology a Good Career Path?
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the annual median wage for epidemiologists was $69, 450 in 2015. Wages are lower than the median in government roles, but you’ll enjoy greater job security and benefits working for a government agency like USAID or the CDC. Because epidemiologists need math skills, there aren’t many people going into this field This makes it easier for you to find work. You may need to start at a local government or private company before finding work as a global health epidemiologist.
What Degree Do You Need for Global Health Epi?
Some public health fields are easy to enter with just a bachelor’s of science in public health (BSPH). Global health is not one of those fields. You will need either a master’s of public health (MPH) or master’s of science in epidemiology (MS-EPI or MS) to find work as a global epidemiologist. That’s because so many public health students are passionate about international health issues that only those with the highest levels of education can find work in the field.
An MPH program will prepare you for program administration and evaluation in a non-profit or governmental role and provides some opportunity for hands-on data collection and management. The MS degree is more focused towards statistical analysis and research design, although some smaller organizations may need you to run studies yourself. Either option is a strong choice for finding a job in global epidemiology.
You can enter an MPH or MS-EPI program with any undergraduate degree, and you can find online degrees you can complete remotely. If you’re interested in global health epidemiology, reach out to a university that offers this program and see when you can start classes. | <urn:uuid:e5105a6f-6fdf-47cb-8827-b88c78c743d0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.mba-healthcare-management.com/faq/what-is-global-health-epidemiology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.9109 | 696 | 3.203125 | 3 |
“The best thing about the future is that it comes one day at a time.”
– Abraham Lincoln
"I do not have the time!" This is the shortest, easiest outcome escapist attitude toward the expectations and responsibilities. Most of us live very complicated lives and hectic, and it became mandatory to some extent before being occupied. During these times of dynamic are the students and educated young people who need to master the art of knowing how and where to invest their time.
There is an abundance of knowledge with the increasing popularity of the Internet and the resources of another study, presents itself here on the importance of qualitative growth. Here are some of the ways in which students can expand their capacities while put in the same amount of time, but somehow planned and carried out well:
• Get motivated, stay motivated.
• Break down your workload into chunks and understand the importance of what needs your attention the most.
• Keep in consideration the time, surroundings and resources that escalate your performance.
• Use a planning tool (to do list, worksheet etc.) to prioritise and allocate your efforts. It is equally important to execute as planned.
• Know and understand the difference between what is urgent and what needs your attention based on what the results of your actions will be.
Group, realistic goals and work short and smooth manner well regulated to ensure the achievement of those goals. It has a clear vision of the goal and do not let the perceptions and opinions of those around you deter from the path that has been chosen.
It should be the highlight of your struggle against time your control more than expected as well as unexpected results. Remember, we are all no more than 24 hours a day. | <urn:uuid:877c2ffb-9803-47f3-aa18-0c7b669113ca> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.mc2academy.com/welcome/blog_details/Time-Management-for-Students.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.964724 | 348 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Clean, dry bedding is critical for cow health and comfort, and key to the production of high-quality milk. When bedding is clean and dry, there is less chance for bacteria to grow and less chance for the cows’ udders to come into contact with harmful pathogens that can cause mastitis and higher somatic cell counts.
Bedding material can be organic (straw, sawdust, dried manure solids, etc.) or inorganic, such as sand. Sand is a popular type of freestall bedding material for several reasons. Being an inorganic material, it doesn’t promote the growth of bacteria. It is moisture-wicking and readily drains away any urine or dripped milk. It cushions the cow’s body and provides traction as she stands or lies down, reducing the risk of potential knee or hock injuries. Sand is also available worldwide.
A major benefit of sand bedding is that it can be recycled for reuse in the freestalls, potentially saving dairy producers thousands of dollars each year from buying new sand.
How to Recycle Sand Bedding
Bedding sand can be recycled with sand lanes or mechanical sand separation equipment, such as Sand-Manure Separators. The separation method selected may depend on whether or not the manure is diluted.
Sand lanes are long concrete lanes that are sloped slightly. They are utilized where dilution is used to convey manure. When the sand-laden manure stream is flushed into the lane, ideally the sand settles out on the concrete lane while the manure fibers remain suspended in the water and continue flowing down the lane.
The sand needs to be removed from the sand lane daily or even multiple times per day in order for this separation method to be most effective. This is because as soon as sand starts to settle, the channeling begins to occur and settling dynamics change.
A McLanahan Sand Lane System (shown at right) accepts sand from a sand lane (shown at left) and dewaters it for less stockpiling time and quicker reuse.
Sand-Manure Separators take the sand-laden manure stream — either diluted or undiluted — and separate it via mechanical means. The sand-laden manure enters the pool area of the Sand-Manure Separator, where the heavy sand particles settle to the bottom of the machine. A rotating screw conveys the settled sand out of the pool area and up the incline, allowing water to drain from the sand. A spray bar provides a final rinse of the sand as it travels up the incline toward the discharge end.
Mechanical Sand Separation Systems provide higher and more consistent sand recovery and better moisture removal than sand lanes. This means higher recovery of cleaner sand. When used together with the addition of an Agricultural Hydrocyclone, Sand-Manure Separators and sand lanes can recover up to 95% of sand from the manure stream. This allows for the potential of sand-bedded dairies to make use of anaerobic digestion or biogas systems.
McLanahan Sand-Manure Separators separate the sand from the manure stream, discharging a clean, stackable bedding sand suitable for reuse in the freestalls.
What is the Ideal Moisture Content for Recycled Sand Bedding?
The ideal moisture content for sand is 0%. Practically speaking, new bedding sand ranges in moisture content from 5-10%, depending on how it was processed and stored. The lower the moisture content, the lower the chance bacteria will grow and thrive. This goes back to clean, dry bedding being the key to cow comfort, cow health and milk production.
When recycling sand bedding, producers should try to get the moisture content as low as possible before reuse.
Sand removed from a sand lane is often too wet and dirty to be reused right away. It is typically stacked on sloped concrete pads to allow the water to drain or piled into windrows and turned over and over. In either case, it can take weeks or months for the sand to be dry enough to be put back into the freestalls. Stockpiling sand requires space and sand inventory to account for the piles of being moved and allowed to drain.
Agricultural Sand Dewatering Screens are standard with Sand-Manure Separation Systems and can be used as a stand-alone to improve sand lane quality. With each system the goal is to remove excess moisture from the sand for quicker reuse, cutting down on conditioning time, decreasing inventory requirements and freeing up valuable land space.
McLanahan Agricultural Sand Dewatering Screens remove up to 40% of the moisture in separated recycled sand bedding.
Dewatering Screens for Sand Bedding
Dewatering Screens have been used successfully to remove excess moisture from aggregate sands, industrial sands and mineral sands for decades. They feature an inclined deck onto which separated recycled sand is fed. The motion of two counter-rotating vibratory motors throws the material upward and forward toward the discharge end, allowing the water to detach from the sand and drain through openings in the screen media.
The first Dewatering Screen used to dewater separated recycled sand bedding was tested extensively. The results were as follows:
The tests also revealed another benefit of the Dewatering Screen. As water detaches from the sand particles and drains through the screen media, it takes with it some of the small organic fibers that remain in the sand.
Since then, Dewatering Screens have been reducing the moisture content of separated recycled sand bedding on dairy farms around the world.
Dewatering Screen Benefits for Dairies Recycling Sand Bedding
In addition to removing excess moisture and reducing organic matter to produce cleaner, drier bedding sand, Dewatering Screens allow dairy producers to decrease sand inventory and free up land space, as dewatered sand can be reused in one week or less.
Dewatering Screens are used as standard equipment immediately following Sand-Manure Separators to provide a recycled sand product with a moisture content as low as 12%. They can also be used as part of a Sand Lane System to remove up to 50% of the water from sand recovered from a sand lane.
In either setup, a Dewatering Screen will provide a drip-free, stackable sand product that requires less stockpiling and conditioning time before reuse. The separated recycled sand is proven to be cleaner and drier than sand not processed through a Dewatering Screen, which makes for happier, healthier cows and increased milk production. | <urn:uuid:f9994130-74b4-430b-823b-c714fd156e91> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.mclanahan.com/blog/a-study-in-sand-how-dewatering-screens-can-provide-cleaner-drier-bedding-sand | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.911034 | 1,359 | 3 | 3 |
The volcanic activity has caused thousands of people to flee in search of safer places. Houses, buildings and roads were covered. Around 16,000 people live in areas subject to eviction orders.
“The island, which has a population of more than 110,000 people, seemed to be a winter paradise, despite being covered with ashes,” the news portal news784.com wrote.
Visibility in some areas was very limited, while smoke in the capital, Kingstown, on the other side of the island, caused a slight haze of ash, according to the portal.
A cloud of smoke in the archipelago of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in the southern Caribbean Sea – Photo: Reuters
“Sanvicentinos woke up to a torrential rain of ash and a strong sulfur smell has now transported to the capital,” the local emergency agency wrote on Twitter.
Prime Minister Ralph Gonçalves said on Saturday that there is no water supply in most of the island and that the country’s airspace is closed due to smoke. Around 3,000 people spent Friday night in bomb shelters.
“It’s a huge operation that we are facing,” Gonçalves told NBC News.
He also said that his government is in contact with other countries that have offered help, including Guyana and Venezuela.
The initial eruption of La Soufriere volcano, the highest volcano in San Vicente and the Grenadines, ejected hot ash and smoke to a height of nearly 6,000 meters on Friday morning.
A second secondary eruption occurred yesterday afternoon, creating an ash cloud about 4,000 meters high, according to the University of the West Indies Center for Seismic Research.
La Soufriere volcano, which has a height of 1,235 meters, has not erupted since 1979, and its largest eruption occurred more than a century ago, in 1902, when more than a thousand people died.
On Friday afternoon (9), the disaster management agency said, all people living in the red danger zone have been moved to safer areas.
Royal Caribbean International and Celebrity Cruises said in a statement that they would send two ships to help with the evacuation missions.
Local media reported that the evacuees will be transferred to shelters in other cities in the island chain or to other areas in the Caribbean that have provided assistance, such as Barbados and Santa Luzia.
Fog dominated the archipelago of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines on Saturday (10) – Photo: Associated Press
“Proud explorer. Freelance social media expert. Problem solver. Gamer.” | <urn:uuid:ca32d083-757f-433c-8632-3c9d895a859b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.mediarunsearch.co.uk/the-caribbean-island-of-san-vicente-is-covered-in-ash-after-the-eruption-of-la-soufriere-volcano-scientist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.953083 | 548 | 2.5625 | 3 |
How To Properly Dispose of Expired Medications?
Doctors' offices and hospitals are bound to end up with expired medications. However, as with many items under the umbrella of medical waste, you cannot simply throw those medications in the trash. Rather, they must be properly disposed of. Making the process even more complicated, though, is the fact that not all expired medications should be stored, containerized, and treated the same. For environmental safety and to comply with all relevant regulations, you need to be aware of the different categories of expired medications and the protocol associated with each. Knowing how to dispose of expired medication properly constitutes a large part of safe medical waste disposal.
Best Methods for Properly Disposing of Expired Medications
Red bags are exclusively used for regulated medical waste—items that have been in contact with or contaminated by blood or other potentially infectious materials. Medications do not qualify under the definition of regulated medical waste. Therefore, these medications should never get lumped in with red bag waste. Putting expired medication in red bag waste constitutes a violation of the regulations related to proper waste disposal.
Whether the medications are classified as hazardous or not, they still shouldn't go into red bags. Again, red bags are exclusively for gauze, gloves, contaminated sharps, and all other items that have come in contact with enough blood or other material to potentially spread blood-borne pathogens.
Why Shouldn't Waste Medication Be Mixed with Regulated Medical Waste?
All red bag waste is treated with a sterilization process called autoclaving. This essentially uses a large oven that's heated to approximately 300 degrees, and the regulated medical waste is exposed to that temperature for fifty minutes to an hour. This kills all the bacteria in the blood or other potentially infectious materials, and with those bacteria killed, the items can then safely be shipped to a landfill.
However, if expired medication samples are included in red bag waste, those medicines will only be exposed to the autoclaving, which is not sufficient to properly treat the medications. Hazardous medications thrown into standard garbage after autoclaving are not considered properly treated. They remain hazardous, which obviously poses a large environmental risk.
Improper disposal and treatment such as this also put your office or facility out of compliance with federal regulations.
What's the Protocol for Disposing of Hazardous Medication?
Medications that have been deemed hazardous waste (as established by RCRA) need to go into specialized incinerators. These run at much higher temperatures than autoclaves and turn hazardous medicine waste into nonhazardous waste.
What's the Protocol for Disposing of Nonhazardous Medication?
If your office or clinic has expired nonhazardous medication, those items still can't go directly into the garbage. They need to be placed in separate containers (provided by a medical waste management company) to be shipped to proper treatment facilities.
These pharmaceutical waste containers come in a variety of gallon sizes and should be labeled differently than biohazardous waste to clearly differentiate the contents.
Properly Identifying Hazardous Medications
It's the responsibility of the hospital, clinic, doctor's office, or facility to know what medications they have that are considered hazardous under RCRA standards. Differentiating what's hazardous is extremely important because improper identification (and subsequent disposal) can lead to serious environmental contamination as well as making your facility liable to fines or other punitive action for noncompliance with medication waste regulations.
If your facility is using a full-service medical waste company, that company can review your formulary and ascertain for you what you have that's hazardous. They can also determine if the chemicals within certain nonhazardous items will become hazardous if combined or brought into contact with each other. If you're at all unsure or confused about this process, then this highly technical job is best left to your medical waste management company and their trained, knowledgeable professionals who know exactly what they're looking for and how to handle, classify, containerize, transport, and dispose of hazardous medications.
For more information about how to properly dispose of expired medications, please contact a representative of Medical Waste Services, LLC a full-service medical waste company | <urn:uuid:3f57541b-5c3f-45a8-89fb-b1c4ef597301> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.medicalwasteservices.org/post/how-to-properly-dispose-of-expired-medications | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.946242 | 848 | 2.890625 | 3 |
As part of the cancer care multi-disciplinary team, radiation oncologists coordinate every aspect of care with oncologists, radiologists, surgeons and pathologists to provide personalized treatment plans for each patient.
Radiation therapy is often used to treat breast cancer after a tumor is removed. Radiation may be recommended to ensure that any cancer cells remaining in the lumpectomy area are destroyed. Since healthy cells, as well as cancer cells can be affected by radiation, partial breast irradiation minimizes exposure to the rest of the breast, skin, ribs, lungs and heart.
Partial breast irradiation administers radiation to only the immediate region surrounding the original tumor. This is the site where recurrence of breast cancer is most likely to occur.
In the past, radiation has been administered to a patient’s “entire” breast over an approximate seven week period of time. Because partial breast irradiation takes less time than external beam radiation, it is called accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI).
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved this new technology in 2002. APBI has been used in clinical trials over the past 10 years. These trials have shown that in properly selected breast cancer patients, with early stage breast cancer, a week of partial breast irradiation is as effective as standard whole-breast radiation in preventing recurrence.
How APBI Works
During the lumpectomy surgery, or in a separate procedure, a catheter with a balloon at the tip is temporarily placed into the lumpectomy cavity where the tumor was removed. After surgery, the radiation oncologist sends a radioactive seed directly to the tumor site through the catheter. The high dose rate of radiation is usually administered as a complete course given twice a day for a total of five days. This is done on an outpatient basis. Each treatment takes only 5-15 minutes. The catheter stays in place for the entire treatment period. No radiation remains in the body between treatments or after the final treatment. At the end of the last treatment, the balloon is deflated and the catheter is removed.
What to Expect
Side effects from APBI are milder than those generally resulting from external beam radiation. Your doctor will explain how to prevent or manage these possible side effects:
- Pain and discomfort related to radiation.
- Skin and tissue changes during and after radiation.
- Fluid accumulation inside the lumpectomy cavity.
- Scar tissue.
Benefits of APBI
This newer approach to giving breast radiation improves the quality of life for many patients with breast cancer. An APBI treatment may decrease patients’ time commitment and travel distance often associated with receiving external beam radiation therapy. APBI treatment may allow more patients to preserve their breasts with breast conservation therapy. | <urn:uuid:4b38e951-cd50-4b69-acfe-f011fb1c58cb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.memorialcare.org/services/breast-care/accelerated-partial-breast-irradiation-apbi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.943527 | 567 | 3 | 3 |
An international team discovers a class of functional autoantibodies in antiphospholipid syndrome patients that contributes to the disease's development
Antiphospholipid syndrome is a understudied autoimmune disease that is nevertheless a leading causes of deadly blood clots and late-term pregnancy loss. An international study led by the University of Michigan researchers Ray Zuo, M.D., and Jason Knight, M.D., Ph.D., has discovered a new class of functional autoantibodies in APS patients that contributes to the disease's development and the systemic inflammation it induces.
Recent studies suggest that APS patients can produce a flurry of overactive immune cells, called neutrophils, that release toxic webs of proteins and DNA called neutrophil extracellular traps, or NETs. These harmful NETs, if not appropriately cleared, can promote inflammation in patients resulting in various clinical complications.
For this study, the team analyzed serum from over 300 APS patients collected by the APS Alliance for Clinical Trials and International Networking international consortium, searching for novel antibodies, called anti-NET antibodies, that might shield the toxic NETs from being destroyed and thereby produce longer lasting noxious effect in the body.
The results reveal elevated levels of the anti-NET in 45% of APS patients worldwide. High anti-NET antibody levels are associated with more circulating toxic NETs in patients’ blood and higher levels of inflammation. The team also found that these anti-NET antibodies promote inflammation via a specific pathway called the complement activation pathway.
“While we have suspected the presence of those antibodies based on what we saw in APS patients here at the University of Michigan, this large international study confirmed that these functional anti-NET antibodies are indeed present across a diverse cohort of international patients,” said Zuo, lead author and a rheumatologist at Michigan Medicine. “They likely feed into the inflammatory storm responsible for many complications of APS.”
Beyond blood clots and adverse pregnancy outcomes, many APS patients suffer from other less-recognized clinical complications, such as low platelet counts, heart valve disease, seizure disorder, kidney damage, and brain lesions. There are few clinically relevant tests that can help physicians predict which APS patients are at risk for these non-clotting complications. The researchers also found that anti-NET antibodies were associated with developing brain “white matter” lesions, which potentially affect the brain’s ability to efficiently conduct signals.
“While further studies are needed,” said Knight, co-corresponding author of the paper and an associate professor of rheumatology at Michigan Medicine. “Anti-NET antibodies have the potential to help physicians identify patients at risk for certain complications such as the abnormal brain changes that may contribute to difficulties with thinking and memory.”
This study stems from APS ACTION, an international research consortium supporting large-scale, multicenter clinical and translational research in APS patients. The consortium has enrolled almost 1,200 antiphospholipid antibody-positive patients as of March 2023, with a collection of detailed demographic and clinical information and blood specimens spanning up to 10 years.
“APS is a relatively rare disease,” said Knight. “Without the support of APS ACTION researchers and participants around the world, this study would not have been possible.”
“APS ACTION is a unique international research collaborative effort with 43 centers around the globe, including the University of Michigan, open to qualified investigators who are committed to further our understanding of APS and its management,” said Doruk Erkan, M.D., M.P.H, founder member and executive committee co-chair of the APS ACTION, Professor of Medicine at Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY. “We will continue to support innovative research and brilliant minds such as Dr. Zuo and Dr. Knight, who are passionate about finding a cure to APS.”
NETs themselves are a mixture of DNA, numerous proteins, and other inflammatory molecules, any of which could be targets for “anti-NET antibodies.” Utilizing a state-of-the-art high-throughput platform, the team uncovered several specific targets of the identified anti-NET antibodies. Follow-up studies are underway to dive deeper into these particular molecular targets and their associated pathways.
“The better we understand these anti-NET antibodies and their functions, the more equipped we will be to design better therapeutic for APS patients," Zuo said. " As these anti-NET antibodies have been reported in other autoimmune diseases, studying these antibodies will also teach us about the mechanisms of autoimmunity in general.”
Additional Authors: Yu Zuo, MD, Sherwin Navaz, BS, Katarina Kmetova, MS, Lyndsay Kluge, Amala Ambati, MD, Claire K. Hoy, BS, Srilakshmi Yalavarthi, MS, and Jason S. Knight, MD, PhDfrom the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Alex Tsodikov, PhD from the School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Danieli de Andrade, MD, PhDfrom the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Maria G. Tektonidou, MD, PhDfrom the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Savino Sciascia, MD, PhDfrom the University of Turin, Turin, Italy. Vittorio Pengo, MD from Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy. Guillermo Ruiz-Irastorza, MDfrom the Hospital Universitario Cruces, University of the Basque Country, Bizkaia, Spain. H. Michael Belmont, MDfrom the New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. Maria Gerosa, MD, PhDfrom the University of Milan, Milan, Italy. Paul R. Fortin, MDfrom CHU de Québec- Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada. Guilherme Ramires de Jesus, MDfrom Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. D. Ware Branch, MDfrom the University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. Laura Andreoli, MD, PhDfrom the University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy. Esther Rodriguez-Almaraz, MDfrom the Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain. Michelle Petri, MDfrom Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Ricard Cervera, MDfrom the Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Rohan Willis, MDfrom the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. David R. Karp, MD, PhDfrom the Division of Rheumatic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA. Quan-Zhen Li, MD, PhDfrom the Department of Immunology, Immune Phenotyping Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.Hannah Cohen, MDfrom the Haemostasis Research Unit, Department of Haematology, University College London, London, UK. Maria Laura Bertolaccini, PhDfrom the King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, UK. Doruk Erkan. MDfrom the Barbara Volcker Center for Women and Rheumatic Disease, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Funding was received by NIH, Rheumatology Research Foundation.
Paper cited: “Anti-NET antibodies in antiphospholipid antibody-positive patients: Results from the Antiphospholipid Syndrome Alliance for Clinical Trials and InternatiOnal Networking (APS ACTION) Clinical Database and Repository,” Arthritis & Rheumatology. DOI: 10.1002/art.42489
Explore a variety of healthcare news & stories by visiting the Health Lab home page for more articles.
Want top health & research news weekly? Sign up for Health Lab’s newsletters today! | <urn:uuid:07968938-2f24-4594-ac5d-7e9aea534e2d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.michiganmedicine.org/health-lab/novel-anti-net-antibodies-multinational-cohort | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.892246 | 1,742 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Children's Individual Counselling
Empower your child to thrive with the support of children's individual counselling
- 50 min50 minutes
- 55 British pounds£55
- Merthyr clinic
Children's individual counselling is a form of therapy that is designed to help children and adolescents work through emotional, behavioural, and mental health issues. It involves a one-on-one relationship between a trained mental health professional and a child or teenager, with the aim of providing a safe and confidential space for the child to explore their thoughts and feelings. Some of the benefits of children's individual counselling may include: Improved mental health: Counselling can help children and adolescents to cope with and manage symptoms of mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and ADHD. Increased self-esteem: Counselling can help children and adolescents develop a positive self-image and build self-confidence. Improved communication skills: Counselling can help children and adolescents develop effective communication skills, which can improve their relationships with family members, peers, and teachers. Better coping skills: Counselling can help children and adolescents develop healthy coping strategies for dealing with stress, trauma, and other challenges. Improved academic performance: Counselling can help children and adolescents address issues such as academic stress and learning difficulties, leading to improved academic performance. Stronger family relationships: Counselling can help families to communicate more effectively, leading to stronger and more positive relationships. Overall, children's individual counselling can provide a safe and supportive environment for children and adolescents to work through their personal struggles and achieve greater mental health and well-being. By addressing these issues early on, children and adolescents can develop the tools they need to lead happy, healthy, and fulfilling lives.
24 hour cancellation policy.
14 Church Street, Merthyr Tydfil, UK | <urn:uuid:2dcc4e5b-ff2b-42fa-9c3a-736a4110896c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.mindbodyconsultancy.com/service-page/children-s-individual-counselling | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.942974 | 360 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The Fennoscandian Shield as a part of a large Precambrian basement area is located in northern Europe and hosts economically important mineral deposits including base metals and precious metals. Regional geophysical data such as potential field and magnetotelluric data in combination with other geoscientific data contain information of importance for an understanding of the crustal and upper mantle structure. Knowledge about regional-scale structures is important for an optimized search for mineralisation. In order to investigate in more detail the spatial distribution of regional electrically conductive structures and near-surface mineral deposits, complementary magnetotelluric measurements have been done within the Precambrian Shield in the north-eastern part of the Norrbotten ore province. The potential field data provided by the Geological Survey of Sweden have been included in the current study. Processing of magnetotelluric data was performed using a robust multi-remote reference technique. The dimensionality analysis of the phase tensors indicates complex 3D structures in the area. A 3D crustal model of the electrical conductivity structure was derived based on 3D inversion of the data using the ModEM code. The final inversion 3D resistivity model revealed the presence of strong crustal conductors with the conductance of more than 3000 S at depth of tens of kilometres within a generally resistive crust. A significant part of the middle crust conductors is elongated in directions that coincide with major ductile deformation zones that have been mapped from airborne magnetic data and geological fieldwork. Some of these conductors have near-surface expression where they spatially correlate with the locations of known mineralisation. Processing and 3D inversion of the regional magnetic and gravity field data were performed, and the structural information derived from these data by using an open-source object-oriented package code written in Python called SimPEG. In this study, a new approach is proposed to extract and analyse the correlation between the modelled physical properties and for domain classification. For this, a neural net Self-Organizing Map procedure (SOM) was used for data reduction and simplification. The input data to the SOM analysis contain resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, and density model values for some selected depth levels. The domain classification is discussed with respect to geological boundaries and composition. The classification is furthermore applied for prediction of favourable areas for mineralisation. Based on visual inspection of processed regional gravity and magnetic field data and a SOM analysis performed on higher-order derivatives of the magnetic data, an interpretation of a sinistral fault with 52 km offset is proposed. The fault is oriented N10E and can be traced 250 km from Karesuando at the Swedish-Finish border southwards to the Archaean-Proterozoic boundary marked by the Luleå-Jokkmokk Zone. | <urn:uuid:91770de3-7d6d-44a0-9055-3d77d39063d2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.mysciencework.com/publication/show/geophysical-vectoring-mineralized-systems-northern-norrbotten-74a9755e?search=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.921073 | 569 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Motion sickness is feeling sick when you are moving, for example on a ride at a fair, or travelling by car, boat, plane or train. There are things you can do to prevent it or relieve the symptoms.
Symptoms of motion sickness
Anyone can get motion sickness, but it’s more common in children and pregnant women. Some people are more sensitive to motion than others and will experience symptoms when others do not in the same situation.
Apart from making you want to be sick or causing you to vomit, motion sickness can cause other symptoms including:
Causes of motion sickness
Motion sickness is caused by repeated movements when travelling, like going over bumps in a car or moving up and down in a boat.
Motion sickness occurs when the brain receives conflicting messages. The inner ear sends different signals to your brain from those your eyes are seeing. These confusing messages cause you to feel unwell.
If you are in a vehicle, your eyes may tell your brain that you are static, looking at objects in the vehicle, but your senses feel movement/motion.
If your brain can’t process the conflicting signals, you may end up experiencing motion sickness.
How you can ease motion sickness yourself
There are some things you should and shouldn’t do to help ease motion sickness. See information below for what these include.
- minimise motion – sit in the front of a car or in the middle of a boat
- look straight ahead at a fixed point, such as the horizon
- breathe fresh air if possible – for example, by opening a car window
- close your eyes and breathe slowly while focusing on your breathing
- distract children by talking, listening to music or singing songs
- break up long journeys to get some fresh air, drink water or take a walk
- try ginger, which you can take as a tablet, biscuit or tea
- read, watch films or use electronic devices
- look at moving objects, such as passing cars or rolling waves
- eat heavy meals, spicy foods or drink alcohol shortly before or during travel
- go on fairground rides if they make you feel unwell
A pharmacist can help with motion sickness
You can buy medication from pharmacies to prevent motion sickness, including:
- tablets – dissolvable tablets are available for children
- patches – can be used by adults and children over 10
- acupressure bands – these don't work for everyone
Your pharmacist will be able to recommend the best treatment for you or your child.
More useful links
The information on this page has been adapted from original content from the NHS website.
For further information see terms and conditions. | <urn:uuid:2af1737c-5195-49db-89d3-5c1c3630428e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/motion-sickness | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.932476 | 550 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Payment bonds are very common in the construction industry. These bonds are usually required by contractors and sub-contractors. The bond ensures that subcontractors and material suppliers working on a project will be paid on time. The payment bond is usually part of most government construction projects. A contractor must submit the bond before the commencement of the project.
To ensure payments to sub-contractors
The main purpose of the payment bond is to ensure the sub-contractors and workers are paid on a construction project.
To ensure smooth continuity of a project
What happens if suppliers and workers are not paid in time? The work will sooner or later discontinue. This can cause huge delays and losses to the obligee. A smooth continuity of a project is in everyone’s interest. The bond ensures that sub-contractors and employees working on the project are paid on time and are motivated to finish on time as payment is usually for completed projects. In this way, the bond ensures timely payments.
To ensure ethical practices
The rationale behind a payment bond goes beyond the narrow scope of a project. A payment bond is devised to ensure that construction projects are conducted in an ethical manner. Through the bond, the project owner — usually the State–clarifies that everyone is treated fairly. Ethical practices in the industry make certain that regular payments occur. This is an important element in establishing ethical business practices.
To ensure only capable firms are employed
Before issuing a bond, a surety undertakes a thorough investigation into the principal. Specifically, a surety investigates each candidate’s financial stability, their ability to complete the project, and any outstanding loans or taxes. The surety ensures that only capable firms are employed in a project.
To reduce State liability
The bond holds the responsibility of payments firmly on the contractor assigned to the project. In the event of fraud, the contractor is liable. The compensation is paid against the bond. Without such stipulation, the State — as the project owner — can be held liable for losses. The bond then protects the State and the taxpayer’s monies. | <urn:uuid:e1f1f04a-485a-428c-9690-d4c160fdc3d1> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.nielsonbonds.com/why-payment-bonds-are-needed-in-a-construction-project/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.939344 | 428 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Last year, the World Food Programme (WFP) was feeding approximately 100 million people on a regular basis. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of people on the brink of starvation has risen to approximately 270 million. This month, the WFP estimated that as many as 45 million people across southern Africa are facing food insecurity, itself a significant rise on last year. On top of the impact of the pandemic, a massive infestation of locusts has devastated crops.
In August, swarms of the African migratory locust (AML) broke out across southern Africa, particularly Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe, devastating essential crops. Swarms of AML are unusual, but when they do occur they can strip crops to the amount of “enough food for 2500 people a day”, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation. In a region already struggling from a spectrum of issues, the build-up and spread of AML will exacerbate the economic impact of the pandemic and could threaten next planting season.
The AML swarms have come at the worst possible time, coinciding with an unprecedented global pandemic. Despite low official statistics for COVID-19 cases, it is quite possible that real numbers of infections are high. Accordingly, governments in southern Africa introduced nationwide lockdowns and border closures, much like the rest of the world. Such measures have already harmed the region’s agricultural sector. The restrictions on movement caused by these responses have: disrupted supply chains, reduced imports of essential agricultural products, reduced the accessibility of rural areas to international aid agencies, and most importantly have prevented farmers from accessing their regular markets.
The swarms also come at a time of economic instability in the region, when government debts are high and unemployment is growing. The pandemic has already diminished international travel, devastating the tourism industry in all four countries. Remittances from family members working overseas have plummeted as migrant workers have been laid off without the means to return home.
Other environmental issues are contributing to food insecurity in the region. In 2019, Zambia and Zimbabwe were hit by their worst drought in nearly 40 years, Namibia by its worst drought in 90 years, while Botswana experienced its second consecutive year of drought (it had already started food relief in some areas). Additionally, eastern Zimbabwe was, like Mozambique, host to Cyclone Idai in March 2019, while western Zimbabwe and southern Zambia endured flash flooding in January 2020. Farming communities across these areas were only just starting to recover from these disasters when the AML swarms arrived.
Wider political tensions in the region
Botswana is traditionally one of the most politically stable countries in Africa. However, in October 2019 it held the most contentious presidential election in its 54-year history, with the incumbent winning 51% of the vote, the result being challenged in the High Court, and allegations of vote-rigging being made against the government. The country has also seen a decline in its major exports (primarily the diamond industry), a rise in unemployment, and the highest HIV infection rate in the world.
Namibia is more politically secure than its neighbours, but it has experienced some economic instability in the last two years. The World Bank predicts GDP growth to pick up through 2020.
Zambia is approaching a political dispute, as its Constitutional Court has ruled that the incumbent president can run for a controversial third term, an issue that has already caused massive political civil unrest in other African nations this year. It is also facing a major debt crisis, such is its financial dependence on China.
Zimbabwe remains an economic basket case, in which GDP has been falling annually since the 1990s, and into which no outsiders are prepared to risk investment. Politically, it is home to an increasingly confident opposition party, whose gangs of youth supporters target ruling party supporters in violent attacks. Many Zimbabwean nationals have been facing starvation since the early 2000s, when Mugabe’s land reform policies began to result in a substantial drop in agricultural output.
Food security has a direct relationship with national security. As such, this combination of disasters, rounded off by the AML swarm, increases a number of risks in the region that will impact nationwide politics and international travel for the medium- to long-term.
Crime: the increase in food insecurity will induce a rise in crime. Types will vary depending on the country and the locality, but in large urban areas children will be employed to contribute to their family’s income by the proceeds of petty crime. Residential crime will increase, with targets likely to shift from wealthy homes to more modest, less well defended middle class areas. In more remote districts, carjacking and highway robbery will grow, with international aid agencies very likely to become easy targets.
Civil unrest: if governments respond inadequately, civil unrest is likely. It has already happened across the world, where people are unhappy with nationwide restrictions that harm economic prospects. Governments in southern Africa must now juggle several critical issues. The question for their populations will be whether they can switch focus from managing economic problems and the short-term containment of the pandemic, towards longer-term issues of food insecurity. In reality, it is unlikely that an indebted government such as Zambia will be able to achieve all these goals. In countries where civil unrest is a routine occurrence, it is expected that people will object to their government’s inability to secure food security for the population.
Wider political instability: if civil unrest breaks out, economies remain unstable, and families cannot access food, then a more serious breakdown of social order becomes possible. All it needs is for groups of unattached, unemployed young people who only seek security, food and support for themselves, to join together in militant groups (that may or may not have affiliations with political parties or movements). In the same way, Islamist groups, already moving into the north of neighbouring Mozambique, may already see an opportunity to establish themselves in politically unstable territories. Any such outcome could lead to territorial violence as seen in parts of DR Congo or Sudan, will bring about innumerable internally displaced people, and thereby increase the demand for food aid and humanitarian assistance. If such a scenario comes to pass, then neighbouring South Africa may even become vulnerable to violent political movements.
Author: Jamie Thomson, Senior Risk Analyst
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Material supplied by NGS is provided without guarantees, conditions or warranties regarding its accuracy, and may be out of date at any time. Whilst the content NGS produces is published in good faith, it is under no obligation to update information relating to security reports or advice, and there is no representation as to the accuracy, currency, reliability or completeness. NGS cannot make any accurate warnings or guarantees regarding any likely future conditions or incidents. NGS disclaim, to the fullest extent permitted by law, all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on content and services by any user with respect to acts or omissions made by clients on the basis of information contained within. NGS take no responsibility for any loss or damage incurred by users in connection with our material, including loss of income, revenue, business, profits, contracts, savings, data, goodwill, time, or any other loss or damage of any kind. | <urn:uuid:802d84af-9b69-4b87-bc0a-de1dc97db317> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.northcottglobalsolutions.com/2020/10/ngs-insight-food-insecurity-in-southern-africa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.959228 | 1,507 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Read: What is Cocaine?
WHAT IS COCAINE?
The word cocaine refers to the drug in a powder form or crystal form.1 The powder is usually mixed with substances such as corn starch, talcum powder and/or sugar or other drugs such as procaine (a local anesthetic) or amphetamines.
Extracted from coca leaves, cocaine was originally developed as a painkiller. It is most often sniffed, with the powder absorbed into the bloodstream through the nasal tissues. It can also be ingested or rubbed into the gums.
To more rapidly absorb the drug into the body, abusers inject it, but this substantially increases the risk of overdose. Inhaling it as smoke or vapor speeds absorption with less health risk than injection.
Cocaine is one of the most dangerous drugs known to man. Once a person begins taking the drug, it has proven almost impossible to become free of its grip physically and mentally. Physically it stimulates key receptors (nerve endings that sense changes in the body) within the brain that, in turn, create a euphoria to which users quickly develop a tolerance. Only higher dosages and more frequent use can bring about the same effect.
Today, cocaine is a worldwide, multibillion-dollar enterprise. Users encompass all ages, occupations and economic levels, even schoolchildren as young as eight years old.
Cocaine use can lead to death from respiratory (breathing) failure, stroke, cerebral hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain) or heart attack. Children of cocaine-addicted mothers come into the world as addicts themselves. Many suffer birth defects and many other problems.
Despite its dangers, cocaine use continues to increase—likely because users find it so difficult to escape from the first steps taken down the long dark road that leads to addiction.
- 1. In its crystal form, it is called crack cocaine. For more information see The Truth About Crack Cocaine in this series. | <urn:uuid:5a588f68-d214-4688-9f06-8a8e06fe096b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.notodrugs.co.za/course/lesson/the-truth-about-cocaine/what-is-cocaine.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.946683 | 405 | 3.25 | 3 |
Nan Dieter Conklin: A Life in Science
by N.D. Conklin, © 2001
UC Berkeley: OH
On March 3, 1965 I began an exciting time at the Radio Astronomy Laboratory of the University of California at Berkeley. The Lab and the campus were what I had been looking for (although in 1965 the Berkeley campus was a bit more than I had bargained for). Harold Weaver and David Williams had used the Berkeley 85-foot radio telescope to confirm the detection of OH in the interstellar gas, and they set out (just as I arrived) to look for the molecule elsewhere in the galaxy. This enterprise turned out to be the most exciting project of my career.
The relatively complex structure of the OH molecule (compared to the simple hydrogen atom) led to great complications in its study in the interstellar gas. The spectrum of OH shows radiation at four distinct frequencies: 1667, 1665, 1612, and 1720 MHz (all at approximately 18 cm wavelength). The 1667 "line" observed in the laboratory is about twice as intense as that at 1665, and about nine times that at 1612 and at 1720. Naturally searches for OH were made at 1667 MHz. However, no OH was found in absorption in the direction of three bright sources (one of which was the Orion Nebula). And to the dismay of those who hoped OH could become a tool like neutral hydrogen for studying the interstellar gas no emission from the molecule was found in searches around the galaxy.
Nan Dieter Conklin in the Hat Creek control room
(Image courtesy of N.D. Conklin)
With a new 100-channel receiver at Hat Creek (the Berkeley observatory) Harold Weaver, David Williams, and I searched for OH in absorption in fainter continuum sources. In due course we reached the source, designated W49. In its direction only obscuring dust clouds are observed optically, but behind them lies a large nebula similar to the Orion Nebula. Our first observations of W49 at 1667 MHz provided the greatest surprise since the discovery of OH. The line was not in absorption but emission, and its intensity was 100 times the upper limit set in searches elsewhere in the galaxy! Since the 1667 was so strong, we looked also at 1665, expecting the emission to be about half as strong. It was in fact much stronger! It was obvious that we should stop assuming anything about OH in the interstellar gas.
So, we set out to search for OH in a variety of sources at the supposedly weaker frequencies. In setting up a list of likely sources I went for advice to Rudolph Minkowski, who was a senior advisor in the Lab. He had been in charge of the Palomar Survey of the Northern Sky and had a set of the photographs in his office. This survey was intended to cover only regions north of a certain declination, but he had slipped in one just below the limit. On the photograph was a large, complex nebula designated NGC6334. "Try that one", Rudolph said. We were to be very glad we took his advice. NGC6334 showed very strong emission at 1665, but another surprise lay in store. One day in October 1965 I was looking at a new observation of NGC6334 and happened to have on my desk at the same time an observation made in July. They were different!! Such a thing had never been seen before. Things had been puzzling in the interstellar medium, but conditions did not change in a matter of months. In fact, both this source and the one in Orion changed in days. All these peculiarities led to the conclusion that something unsuspected exists - a MASER in the interstellar gas (the microwave equivalent of a LASER).
Such surprising results required confirmation. They were all confirmed although the variability of emission with time met with considerable skepticism. One of our Lincoln Lab colleagues called to say "Iím sorry, Nan, but it doesnít vary." To which I replied with a snap, "Thatís because you havenít looked long enough!" I had gained some confidence with the years.
My next project was of quite a different sort. I was asked by the editor of Reviews of Modern Physics to write an article on recent work on the interstellar medium. Flattering, but I knew that my knowledge of theoretical studies was far from adequate. Fortunately Miller Goss was at that time a Berkeley graduate student, and he joined me in writing the paper. I was particularly glad to write the long paper because I enjoyed trying to make my writing as lucid and graceful as possible within the restrictions of brief scientific communications, and here I would be able to stretch my literary wings. The last paragraph of the paper remains true 33 years later:
Our intention was to describe the progress that has been made in building up a detailed physical description of the interstellar medium. The outcome has been a picture full of uncertainties, but one that gives the impression that the discovery of a few vital pieces of the puzzle will clarify it all. The search for these pieces is likely to be a fascinating pursuit. | <urn:uuid:3e36acfa-7de1-401e-b824-f5ba27b322bc> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.nrao.edu/archives/static/Conklin/conklin_berkeleyOH.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.979286 | 1,045 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Another day, another opportunity to get outside and get journaling! Over the past two weeks we’ve talked about different ways to track changes in the season and embrace the month of May! It is the perfect time of year to get outside and see what lives near and around our homes as animals and plants prepare for the summer months. Thank you to everyone who has been sharing your nature journaling journey with us, it is incredible to see all the wildlife you’ve been able to explore.
Below are some great examples of what community members have been observing during the exciting month of May. On the left, Janet Bednarz documents a cluster of Toad Trillium and Ostrich Fern Fiddleheads at the NRT! This is a wonderful example of how creating a contour drawing can help to capture the shape and essence of a subject before adding details such as texture and color. On the right is a popping depiction of the different stages of blossoms from one single branch on a local shrub. Thank you for sharing!
This week we are going to focus on something that isn’t always obvious when we step outside – the insects in our lives! It may be hard to believe, but insects are the most diverse group of animals on this planet and there are over 900,000 documented species of insects around the world. It is predicted that at any given moment, there are more than one quintillion six legged critters wandering this planet at once and for every pound of human weight that is on earth, there are 300 pounds of insect weight!
For anyone wondering, a quintillion looks like this: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000!
You’re probably thinking, if that were the case, wouldn’t we have to be constantly surrounded by insects? Well, we are! Because of their small size, ability to move quickly, and excellent camouflage skills, insects are tricky to spot but they really are everywhere! This week’s task is all about finding some six-legged invertebrates and getting to know them through journaling.
Not all of the small, scuttling macroinvertebrates wandering around are insects. There are some key characteristics that distinguish insects from other bug groups. Two of the major things you can look for when trying to identify an insect are:
Try to find some small, crawly critters near you and figure out if they are in fact insects, or possibly something else!
When it comes to journaling about insects, there are many different approaches you can take. One way to start finding insects near you is to open your ears. Many insects make distinct sounds by rubbing different parts of their bodies together. Think crickets, grasshoppers, and cicadas. You can follow these sounds to try and find exactly who is making what noise. It may be helpful to have an insect guide on hand, so that you know what to look for and where these insects are most likely to be found.
Once you are ready to draw your insect, you only really have to draw half of them! Insects are bilaterally symmetrical, which means that the right side of their body and the left side of their body is exactly the same. For drawing purposes this means that you only have to focus on half of the insect while it is in front of you and then you can recreate the other half as a mirror image at your leisure. Below is a great example of the steps you can take when drawing an insect from Clare Walker-Leslie and Charles E. Roth’s Keeping A Nature Journal.
This week, challenge yourself to go on a bug hunt (idea taken from Clare Walker Leslie’s The Nature Connection).
Head out to your backyard, or a local green space and see what you can find! Once you’ve caught your insects, you can sketch them, make note of how large they are, notice what their eyes look like, observe if they have wings or antennae, and take note of anything else you see! After you’ve gotten everything you can from them, be sure to put your insects right back where you found them.
This activity can be done without catching any insects and simply by observing them in their natural habitat – whatever works best for you!
Good luck finding some interesting insects and as always if you have any observations or journal entries you’d like to share with us, please email them to firstname.lastname@example.org. Happy nature journaling!
NRT's dedicated staff are responsible for the content of the NatureTalk blog. Questions? For more information on any blog post, please contact us at any time. | <urn:uuid:4994a2d4-ff71-41cf-908d-5054a85f1497> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.nrtofeaston.org/naturetalk-blog/nature-journal-notes1331855 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.954675 | 961 | 2.75 | 3 |
Anglo-Saxon runes are an extended version of Elder Futhark consisting of between 26 and 33 letters. It is thought that they were used to write Old English / Anglo-Saxon and Old Frisian from about the 5th century AD. They were used in England until the 10th or 11th centuries, though after the 9th century they were mainly used in manuscripts and were of interest to antiquarians, and their use ceased after the Norman conquest in 1066.
It is possibly that this alphabet was developed in Frisia and then adopted in England, or that it developed in England and then spread to Frisia.
From the 7th century the Latin alphabet began to replace these runes, though some runes continued to appear in Latin texts representing whole words, and the Latin alphabet was extended with the runic letters þorn and wynn.
Notes and corrections provided by Nothelm Hurlebatte
Download an chart of Anglo-Saxon runes (Excel speadsheet)
fisc flodu ahof on fergenberig
warþ gasric grorn þær he on greut giswom
The fish beat up the sea(s) on to the mountainous cliff
The king of (?)terror became sad when he swam onto the grit.
The inscription is a riddle with the answer whale's bone, which is what the casket is made of.
From the Franks Casket. Photo by Simon Ager, taken in the British Museum.
Eall folc weorþaþ frēo and efne bē āre and rihtum ġeboren. Ġerād and inġehyġd sind heom ġifeþu, and hīe þurfon tō ōþrum ōn fēore brōþorsċipes dōn.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Information about Angli-Saxon Runes
Convert English in the Latin alphabet to Anglo-Saxon Runes
Anglo-Saxon Runic fonts
A-chik Tokbirim, Adinkra, ADLaM, Armenian, Avestan, Avoiuli, Bassa (Vah), Beitha Kukju, Beria (Zaghawa), Borama / Gadabuursi, Carian, Carpathian Basin Rovas, Chinuk pipa, Chisoi, Coorgi-Cox, Coptic, Cyrillic, Dalecarlian runes, Elbasan, Etruscan, Faliscan, Fox, Galik, Georgian (Asomtavruli), Georgian (Nuskhuri), Georgian (Mkhedruli), Glagolitic, Global Alphabet, Gothic, Greek, Irish (Uncial), Kaddare, Kayah Li, Khatt-i-Badí’, Khazarian Rovas, Koch, Korean, Latin, Lepontic, Luo Lakeside Script, Lycian, Lydian, Manchu, Mandaic, Mandombe, Marsiliana, Medefaidrin, Messapic, Mongolian, Mro, Mundari Bani, Naasioi Otomaung, N'Ko, North Picene, Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong, Odùduwà, Ogham, Old Church Slavonic, Oirat Clear Script, Ol Chiki (Ol Cemet' / Santali), Old Italic, Old Nubian, Old Permic, Ol Onal, Orkhon, Osage, Oscan, Osmanya (Somali), Pau Cin Hau, Phrygian, Pollard script, Runic, Székely-Hungarian Rovás (Hungarian Runes), South Picene, Sutton SignWriting, Sunuwar, Tai Viet, Tangsa, Todhri, Toto, Umbrian, (Old) Uyghur, Wancho, Yezidi, Zoulai
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Although health care is a fundamental quality of life issue, it is not something that all Washington residents can take for granted – more than 750,000 Washingtonians are without it. Health insurance translates into access to health care, and access to regular health care facilitates treatment that is preventative, effective and cost-efficient. When people are uninsured, they do not get the care they need or they delay care to the point where minor health concerns become major health problems, with enormous health and economic costs.
The Uninsured Lack Access to Health Care that the Insured Take for Granted
- Compared with their insured counterparts, the uninsured are 4 times less likely to have a regular source of care.
- Uninsured children are 2.8 times less likely than insured children to have seen a physician in the previous year, and significantly less likely to be attended to by a doctor after a serious injury.
- The uninsured are less likely than the insured to use cost-saving preventive services like basic screenings and checkups.
- Those without insurance are 3-5 times more likely than the insured to delay seeking needed medical services, including eyeglasses, dental care, prescription drugs and surgery.
One quarter of the uninsured with high-risk health problems like hypertension, diabetes and high cholesterol go at
least two years without a regular check up, leading to enormous avoidable emergency care costs.
- Uninsured pregnant women begin prenatal care later, and receive more sporadic care than their insured counterparts. Nearly 40% of those who delay care cite lack of insurance and cost as their main reason
More To Read
November 27, 2023
Apply by January 5th, 2024
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This one is personal.
November 9, 2023
What can we really learn about taxes, wealth, and policy from the behavior of one person? | <urn:uuid:3702cd7c-91e4-4505-bef4-01941274606b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.opportunityinstitute.org/research/post/the-dilemma-of-the-uninsured-poor-access-to-care-leads-to-poor-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.965542 | 374 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Leaving an abusive relationship can be frightening and dangerous but the risks should not stop you from seeking safety for yourself and your family. Receiving an order of protection from a judge can give a greater sense of security as you take the first step.
Orders of Protection
October is National Domestic Violence Awareness Month. Here are some common signs of domestic abuse from the National Domestic Violence Hotline
Domestic violence, or intimate partner violence, isn’t just physical abuse. It is any pattern of behavior used to maintain power and control over the other partner in a relationship and it is not OK. If you feel trapped in a relationship, please know you are not alone. Domestic violence affects 1 in 4 women and 1 in 10 men and does not discriminate based on gender, sexuality, religion, education or economic status. | <urn:uuid:a7d6e629-a0b6-48bc-adc3-1a9f1710d5c3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.pangerllaw.com/category/orders-of-protection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.944816 | 165 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Frequently Asked Questions about GENE and Research Link Yeast Strains
1. Why is the yeast strain (HA1, HA2, HA12, HB1, HB2, HB12) I got
from the supplier not red even though it is supposed to be a red strain?
Answer: The strains are shipped on medium that contains an
excess of adenine. This prevents them from turning red because of
feedback inhibition on the adenine biosynthetic pathway (see answer to
#3, below). It is only when the adenine in the medium is used up
and the yeast attempt to synthesize their own, that they begin to accumulate
the red pigment due to the block in adenine biosyntheis. Streak out
the yeast on YED. It should start to look pink after a couple of
days' growth on YED. If it does not, then you should contact the
2. I streaked out the strain from the supplier and I get red
colonies, white colonies, and mixed colonies. What is going on and
which should I pick?
Answer: If this is supposed to be a red strain (e.g.
HA1, HA2, HA12, HB1, HB2, or HB12), then you need to pick a red colony.
What is going on is that white mutants have arisen in the culture and it
is now a mixed culture. By streaking for isolation, you can recover
the pure red strain.
3. Why do white mutants arise in red cultures at such high frequency?
Answer: There is a tremendous disadvantage to the yeast to
make all that red pigment. Red strains will always grow more poorly
than otherwise isogenic white strains. This results in a strong selection
for any mutants that may arise that prevent the red pigment from being
produced. Many of these mutants are secondary mutations that block
an earlier step in adenine biosynthesis than that of the ade1 and
mutations. This was first shown by Herschel Roman, one of the founding
fathers of yeast genetics, in the 1950's. The pathway looks like
Mutations in ADE1 or ADE2 cause accumulation of the intermediate
AIR, which is converted to form the red pigment. Mutations in any
of the genes earlier in the pathway, such as ADE4, ADE5, ADE8, ADE6,
block the pathway before the formation of AIR and prevent accumulation
of the pigment. So generally the white mutants contain
mutations in the adenine pathway: ade1 or ade2, and
a mutation in one of the genes encoding the enzymes that catalyze an earlier
step. Since there are multiple genes that can be mutated to create
this phenotype, the mutation rate is high.
4. The yeast strain was red when I got it six months ago but when
I recently tried to grow it up, all I got were white colonies. What
has happened and how do I get the red strain back?
Answer: What has probably happened is that because you kept
the plate around for a long time, you produced conditions that favored
the accumulation of mutations (see question 3, above). Now your culture
mainly consists of double mutants. It may be possible to get the red strain
back by streaking out more colonies--there may be a few single red cells
left--but more than likely you will have to get the strain from the supplier
5. How can I maintain my strains from one school year to another?
Short-term storage: Working cultures can be kept on YEPAD agar slants
for 6 months to more than a year, depending on the strain. Non-adenine
requiring strains can be transferred directly to new slants, but adenine-requiring
strains should be purified by isolating single colonies and picking one
that turns pink on YED. (Do not leave on YED more than 3 days.)
Long-term storage: Strains can be stored desiccated in refrigerator
dried onto paper in a suspension of evaporated milk or in ultra-low temperature
refrigerator (Revco) in 15 percent glycerol.
6. Why do HAR and HBR have the same genotypes as HA2 and HB2?
Are they the same strains? And if so, why do they have two different
Answer: They are the same strains, that is, HAR = HA2 and
HBR = HB2. For historical reasons, the different terminologies were
developed for the same strains:
The HA1, HA2, etc., nomenclature is used in the "Two
Genes/One Trait" experiment and the nomenclature is discussed there
in the Teacher
Tips for that activity (Page 31 of Basic Genetics Experiments in the
Classroom Guide to Yeast Experiments).
The HAO,HAR,HAT notation is used in the "A
Dihybrid Cross Experiment" and the use of the traditional notation
is discussed under Teacher
Tips (Page 37 of the Classroom Guide).
Although it now appears later in the book, the Dihybrid
Cross case was developed earlier in the program and the notation was selected
to resemble what teachers were familiar with from Mendelian genetics as
presented in many text books. When Two Genes was developed it was
obviously necessary to distinguish between the two different red strains.
Copyright © 2001, Beth A. Montelone, Ph. D., GENE Project and
Research Link 2000. Last updated 7/10/01. | <urn:uuid:3ae28979-5098-4989-8014-86ea5f67f933> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.phys.ksu.edu/gene/genefaq.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.933365 | 1,186 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Selection and installation of control valve
In the automatic control of modern chemical plant, regulating valve is very important. By receiving the control signal from the control unit, the process parameters such as medium flow, pressure, temperature and liquid level can be changed. It can be said that the regulating valve is the last gate in the process loop. Therefore, how to correctly select the control valve to achieve the best control effect has become a key problem.
The selection of control valve should be based on the characteristics of control system, interference source and S (valve resistance ratio) value.
General selection principle
- 1. The linear flow characteristic should be selected for the small change of pressure difference on the valve, the small change of given value, the small change of main variables in the process, and the control object with s > 0.75.
- 2. For slow production process, when s ＞ 0.4, the linear flow characteristic should be selected.
- 3. When large adjustable range is required, the pressure loss of piping system is large, the opening change and the pressure difference on the valve are relatively large, the equal percentage flow characteristic should be selected.
- 4. For fast production process, when the dynamic process of the system is not well understood, the equal percentage flow characteristic should be selected.
- 5. Quick opening feature: it is suitable for two position action or when the maximum flow capacity of the control valve needs to be obtained quickly. When the regulator must be set in the wide proportional band, its control valve can also choose the quick opening feature.
1. According to the process variables (temperature, pressure, pressure drop, flow rate, etc.), fluid characteristics (viscosity, corrosiveness, toxicity, suspended solids or fiber, etc.), the requirements of regulating system (adjustable ratio, leakage and noise, etc.) and the connection form of regulating valve pipeline, the type of regulating valve shall be comprehensively selected.
2. In general, priority should be given to the straight through single seat, double seat control valve and common sleeve valve with small volume, large carrying capacity and advanced technology. Low S value energy-saving valve and fine small control valve can also be selected.
3. According to different occasions, the following types of control valves can be selected.
1) Straight through single seat valve
- It is generally applicable to the occasions with small leakage, small flow and small pressure difference before and after the valve. But the valve with diameter less than 20 mm is also widely used in the occasion of large differential pressure;
- It is not suitable for high viscosity or fluid containing suspended particles.
2) Straight through double seat valve
Generally, it is suitable for the occasions where the leakage is not strict, the flow is large and the pressure difference between the front and back of the valve is large;
But it is not suitable for high viscosity or fluid containing suspended particles.
3) Sleeve valve
It is generally applicable to the occasions where the fluid is clean and does not contain solid particles.
There may be large pressure difference between the front and back flash valve and liquid.
4) Ball valve
Suitable for high viscosity, containing fiber, granular and dirty fluid.
- The adjustable range of the regulating system is very wide (R can reach 200 ∶ 1; 300 ∶ 1).
- When the valve seat gasket is made of soft material, it is suitable for tight sealing.
- “O” type ball valve is generally applicable to two position cut-off occasions.
- “V” type ball valve is generally suitable for continuous regulation system, and its flow characteristics are similar to equal percentage.
5) Angle valve
It is generally applicable to the following situations:
- Fluid with high viscosity or suspended solids (if necessary, it can be connected to flushing liquid pipe);
- Gas liquid miscible or easily flashing fluid;
- Where the pipeline requires right angle piping.
6) High pressure angle valve
It is not only suitable for various occasions in 5), but also suitable for occasions with high static pressure and large pressure difference. But we must choose the material and structure of the valve internals reasonably to prolong the service life.
7) Valve body separate control valve
- It is generally suitable for high viscosity, granular, crystalline and fibrous fluids;
- When used for strong acid, strong alkali or strong corrosive fluid, the valve body shall be provided with corrosion-resistant lining, and the valve cover, valve core and valve seat shall be provided with corrosion-resistant pressure pad or corresponding corrosion-resistant material. Its flow characteristic is better than diaphragm valve.
8) Eccentric rotary valve
It is suitable for the occasions with large flow capacity, adjustable ratio (r up to 50 ∶ 1 or 100 ∶ 1), large pressure difference and tight sealing.
9) Butterfly valve
- Suitable for large diameter, large flow and low pressure difference;
- It is generally applicable to the occasions of dense and turbid liquid and fluid containing suspended particles;
- The rubber or polytetrafluoroethylene soft sealing structure should be used when tight sealing is required, and the corresponding corrosion-resistant lining should be used for corrosive fluid.
10) Three way valve
It is suitable for the split flow and confluence of the fluid temperature below 300 ℃, and for the simple ratio adjustment. The temperature difference between the two fluids should not be greater than 150 ℃.
11) Diaphragm valve
It is suitable for the fluid with strong corrosion, high viscosity or containing suspended particles and fibers, and the flow characteristics are not strictly required. Due to the limitation of diaphragm lining, it can only be used when the pressure is less than or equal to 1MPa and the working temperature is less than 150 ℃.
12) Bellows seal valve
It is suitable for vacuum system and occasions where the fluid is highly toxic, volatile, rare and precious.
13) Low temperature control valve
It is suitable for low temperature and deep freezing.
When the medium temperature is – 100 ~ 40 ℃, the valve with heat sink (heat absorption here) and flexible graphite packing can be selected.
When the medium temperature is between – 200 ℃ and – 100 ℃, long neck low temperature valve should be selected.
14) Low S value energy saving regulating valve
It is suitable for the situation that the process load changes greatly or when s value is less than 0.3.
15) Low noise valve
It is suitable for liquid flash, cavitation and gas flow velocity at the valve contraction surface is greater than the speed of sound, and the estimated noise is more than 95dB (a).
16) Quick cut off valve
It is suitable for emergency opening or closing of valve in case of failure of two position regulating system and process.
17) Self operated control valve
It is suitable for the occasions with small flow change, low regulation accuracy requirement or difficult instrument air supply.
The special control valve should be selected according to the use experience in the special process.
Material selection of control valve
General selection principle
- 1. The pressure resistance grade, temperature range, corrosion resistance and material of valve body shall not be lower than the requirements of process connecting pipe material. Priority should be given to the products approved by the manufacturer. Generally, cast steel or forged steel valve body is selected.
- 2. The cast iron valve body is not suitable for steam or wet gas with more water and flammable fluid.
- 3. Cast iron valve body should not be used when the ambient temperature is lower than – 20 ℃.
- 4. The valve internals shall be resistant to corrosion, fluid erosion and cavitation damage caused by throttling and flashing.
Material selection of valve trim
1. 1Crl8Ni9, 1Crl8Ni9Ti or other stainless steels are generally used as non corrosive fluids.
2. For corrosive fluid, the appropriate corrosion-resistant material should be selected according to the type, concentration, temperature and pressure of the fluid, as well as the oxidant content and flow rate of the fluid. Common corrosion resistant materials are 1Crl8Ni9Ti, 0crl8nil2m02ti, 20 alloy, Hastelloy and titanium steel.
3. Wear resistant materials should be selected for the condition of high velocity and serious erosion. Such as 9crl8 and 17-7ph after superheating treatment, Cr Mo steel and g6x with firm oxide layer, high toughness and fatigue strength.
4. Material selection for severe wear cases:
- In case of flash, cavitation and fluid containing particles, the surface of valve core and valve seat shall be hardened.
- When the fluid temperature is too high and the pressure difference is too large, the valve core and valve seat should be surface hardened. Such as surfacing Steller alloy.
Selection of leakage and flow rate of control valve
According to the requirements of the process for leakage, the valve types with different leakage levels are selected.
Generally, the leakage of straight through single seat valve shall be less than or equal to 0.01% of rated C value, and that of double seat valve shall be less than or equal to 0.1% of rated C value.
Choice of flow direction:
1. The flow direction of ball valve and ordinary butterfly valve is not required, and any flow direction can be selected.
2. Three way valve, venturi angle valve and double seal sleeve valve with balance hole have specified a flow direction, which can not be changed generally.
3. For single seat valve, angle valve, high pressure valve, single seal sleeve valve without balance hole and small flow control valve, the flow direction of control valve should be selected according to different working conditions.
1) For DN ≤ 20 high pressure valve, due to high static pressure, large pressure difference and serious cavitation erosion, flow closed type should be selected; when DN > 20, good stability should be selected as the condition to determine the flow direction.
2) Angle valve for high viscosity, containing solid particles medium requirements “self-cleaning” performance is good, should choose flow closed type.
3) Single seat valve, small flow control valve generally choose flow open type, when the erosion is serious, can choose flow closed type.
4) The single seal sleeve valve generally selects the flow open type; when there is a “self-cleaning” requirement, the flow closed type can be selected.
5) Two position control valves (single seat valve, angle valve, sleeve valve, quick opening flow characteristics) shall be of flow closed type; in case of water hammer and surge, the flow open type shall be selected.
6) When the flow closed type is selected and DS < D (DS – stem diameter; D – seat diameter), the stability of the valve is poor, the following points should be noted:
- The minimum working opening is more than 20% ～ 30%;
- Choose the spring with high rigidity;
- The equal percentage flow characteristics are selected.
Selection of accessories for regulating valve
Valve positioner application
- 1. it is used to overcome friction or need to improve the speed of regulating valve.
- 2. the situation where the open and closed modes of the air are required to be changed for the split control and regulating valve.
- 3. the situation where the flow characteristics of the regulation need to be changed.
- 4. the regulator has a wide proportional band, but also requires the valve to respond to small signals.
- 5. the situation where the non spring actuator or piston actuator is required to realize proportional action.
- 6. use standard signal to operate the actuator of non-standard spring (spring range outside 20-100kpa).
Application of pneumatic relay
- 1. in case of rapid process, the response speed of regulating valve needs to be improved, and the distance between the regulating valve and regulator is more than 100m.
- 2. the situation where the output signal of pneumatic regulator needs to be improved.
Three solenoid valve
1. it is applicable to remote control, program control, interlocking system, automatic closing of air circuit and opening or closing of regulating valve.
- The direct solenoid valve is used for two position regulation and remote control. According to the logic relation of program control, the “normally closed” or “normally open” solenoid valve can be selected.
- Two position three-way solenoid valve: it is generally used to control the single acting cylinder actuator, pneumatic film actuator, pneumatic regulating valve and other control systems for automatic switching control or interlocking program control of air circuit.
- Two position four (five) way solenoid valve: it is generally applicable to control the double acting cylinder and the regulating valve with piston actuator, and realize automatic switching and program control in the automatic control system using the cut-off ball valve.
2. when large capacity is required to shorten the operation time, the solenoid valve is used as the pilot valve and the large capacity pneumatic relay.
3. in the explosion hazard place, explosion-proof solenoid valve, intrinsically safe type solenoid valve or switch type electrical converter shall be selected.
Four position valve
It is suitable for the situation where the pressure of the air source is lower than the given value, and the regulating valve is required to be kept in a certain position.
Five electrical converters
- 1. the control system is composed of electric instrument and pneumatic regulating valve.
- 2. change the electrical signal into gas signal.
- 3. for the quick adjustment system, the electric converter should be selected.
Six valve position transmitter
- 1. in important occasions, valve position transmitter should be selected.
- 2. the electric actuator shall be equipped with valve position transmitter.
Seven handwheel mechanism
- 1. if no bypass regulating valve is set, handwheel mechanism shall be set in the following situations; however, for emergency vent valve for process safety production interlock and regulating valve installed in dangerous area prohibited from entering, handwheel mechanism shall not be set.
- 2. occasions where valve opening is required to be limited.
- 3. for large diameter and the occasions where precious metal pipes are selected.
Eight pneumatic three way control valve
It is suitable for remote control or program control system, which makes its regulating valve or pneumatic ram valve open or closed.
When the electrical components attached to the regulating valve, such as the positioner, solenoid valve and electrical converter, are used for explosion-proof occasions, the explosion-proof grade shall conform to the relevant explosion-proof design regulations.
Selection principle of air opening and closing of regulating valve: when the instrument air supply system fails or the control signal is interrupted suddenly, the opening of the regulating valve shall be in the position to make the production device safe.
Installation of regulating valve
- 1. the regulating valve should be installed vertically and vertically on the horizontal pipe. Permanent supports shall be set on the front and rear pipes of regulating valves with nominal diameter DN ≥ 80mm.
- 2. the installation position of regulating valve shall be convenient for operation and maintenance. Platforms shall be set up if necessary.
- 3. the regulating valve group piping shall be compact in combination, which is convenient for operation, maintenance and liquid discharge.
- 4. there should be enough space for the upper and lower parts of the regulating valve to remove the actuator and valve internals, and the lower flange and plug of the valve during maintenance.
- 5. when the regulating valve is used for high viscosity, easy crystallization, easy vaporization and low temperature fluid, measures of heat preservation and antifreeze shall be taken.
- 6. the ambient temperature of regulating valve is not higher than 60 ℃ and not lower than – 40 ℃.
- 7. when the valve is installed in the case of vibration, vibration prevention measures shall be taken into consideration.
- 8. for regulating valve without valve positioner, small pressure gauge indicating control signal shall be installed on membrane head.
- 9. when the regulating valve is used for containing suspended solids and high viscosity fluid, flushing pipeline shall be provided.
- 10. during the installation of regulating valve, it should be noted that the medium flows through the direction of valve body calibration arrow.
- 11. the regulating valve shall be checked and calibrated first and installed after the pipeline is purged.
Bypass of regulating valve
1. bypass shall be set in the following cases:
- Corrosive fluid;
- Severe wear of valve internals;
- Other important occasions, such as boiler feed water regulating valve.
2. bypass can not be set in the following situations:
- Clean the fluid;
- The nominal diameter DN > 80mm;
- The situation where the regulating valve fails or repairs, which will not cause process accidents;
- The process is not allowed or can not use bypass valve operation. For example: emergency interlock vent valve and slurry and easy to crystallize fluid, etc.
3. the connection form of regulating valve shall conform to the provisions of the product description book of the manufacturer.
4. the eccentric expanding (shrinking) pipe is preferred for the regulating valve, concentric and eccentric expansion (contraction) pipes.
5. regulating valve piping and wiring
- The piping and wiring scheme of regulating valve shall meet the requirements of the regulating system.
- The regulating valve should be equipped with φ 6 × 1 copper pipe or PVC sheathed copper pipe, and the large film head regulating valve and pneumatic gate valve should adopt φ 8 × 1 copper pipe or PVC sheathed copper pipe.
- The wiring of electrical components used for regulating valve in explosion-proof area shall conform to the relevant provisions of code for design of electric equipment in explosion and fire hazard places (GBJ 58-83).
6. the pressure level of compressed air used for regulating valve shall meet the requirements of product specification. The quality of compressed air shall meet the requirements of national standard “pressure range and quality of air source for industrial automation instruments” (GB 4830-84)).
7. precautions for installation of self-propelled regulating valve
Pressure type pressure regulating valve with command valve, filter shall be installed in front of valve. The distance between pressure taking point and regulating valve shall not be less than 10 times of pipe diameter.
Temperature regulating valve, when the detector is bimetal, the detector shall be installed vertically on horizontal pipe.
When the detector is a temperature pack, install it vertically as far as possible. If conditions do not allow, they can also be installed in an inclined manner, but the angle to the horizontal pipe shall be greater than 45 °
In principle, the self-propelled regulating valve is not equipped with bypass valve, if it is necessary to set the bypass valve.
Source: China Control Valves Manufacturer – Yaang Pipe Industry (www.pipelinedubai.com) | <urn:uuid:4a4c4c1e-957b-482f-b77f-e71c5d42aeed> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.pipelinedubai.com/selection-and-installation-of-control-valve.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.882163 | 4,040 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The heart is a muscular organ that is placed centrally to your circulatory system. This fist-sized organ pumps blood to all the parts of the body and beats around 100,000 times in a day.
Through regular contraction and extraction, about 2,000 gallons of blood is reached to all the parts of the body in a day. This is made possible, with the help of a well-organized network of different types of elastic blood vessels such as veins, arteries, and capillaries.
Structure of the Heart
- The heart is placed exactly below the rib cage, between the lungs and left of the breastbone or sternum.
- It is made of muscles. When the strong muscular walls squeeze the blood is pumped.
- Coronary arteries are present at the surface of your heart and these arteries supply blood rich in oxygen to the muscles of the heart.
- Three major blood vessels enter the heart. These are the pulmonary veins, the superior vena, and the inferior vena.
- The aorta and the pulmonary artery exit the heart and provide blood rich in oxygen to all parts of the body.
- Inside of the heart is hollow and is divided into four chambers.
- It is divided by a muscular wall-septum into right and left side and these two sides are further divided into top and bottom chambers known as atria and ventricles respectively.
Working of the Heart
The heart is controlled by an electrical system and the working is carried out by using electrical signals. These signals play a significant role in the contraction of the walls of the hearts.
- When the contraction occurs, blood is pumped into the circulatory system.
- There are two valves in your heart chambers: Inlet valves, outlet valves, and these valves direct the proper flow of the blood.
- Perfect working of the heart is crucial for your health and almost everything that goes within your body has some association with the heart.
- If the heart stops, the blood will stop moving throughout the body.
- The blood provides nutrients and oxygen to all the organs so that they can perform their functions well.
- The blood also reaches the waste in the form of carbon dioxide to the lungs from where it is exhaled out.
- When the organs fail to get the blood in the required amount they weaken and the total working of your body is disrupted.
- This whole process is effectively carried out and the blood is reached to each and every part of the body by the blood vessels.
Note: The system of arteries, capillaries, and veins in total is quite vast and runs over 60,000 miles, equivalent to making around to the whole world more than two times.
Precautions to Prevent Heart Disease
Nowadays heart diseases have become very common. 1 in 100 are affected with one or the other heart diseases and they will be usually in search of Best Cardiologist in Hyderabad or any other city depending upon the location they are in. But one must take care of their health either before or after they are affected by the disease.
These top 35 heart care tips for healthy heart will protect from any heart disease and also helps in curing the heart disease. One must follow these following tips to lead a healthy life. At least a few tips must be added to their daily routine and make it as a habit gradually.
Heart disease is certainly one of the major causes of death, especially among the young generations. Apart from certain genetic factors, the other reasons that cause heart disease can be controlled and you can very well prolong or stop the occurrence of this disease. Find out how:
Quit Smoking or Use of Tobacco:Smoking can develop heart disease as the carbon monoxide given out during smoking, replaces the oxygen in the blood thereby raising your hypertension and heart rate. This forces your heart to work faster to provide the required amount of oxygen leading to stroke or heart attack. Giving up smoking or tobacco is the best way to reduce the risk of getting heart disease.
Note: An encouraging fact for the smokers is that once they stop smoking their risk of getting heart disease drops almost equal to non-smokers who have given up smoking since last five years.
Workout for 30 minutes:Exercise is the best way to increase the capacity of your heart to pump fresh oxygen-rich blood. When good lifestyle changes and regular physical exercise is combined the result is simply awesome. What you get is a good healthy heart with a reduced risk of heart disease. Apart from regular exercise units such as yoga or aerobics, you should also try to remain physically active all day and perform simple tasks such as housekeeping, gardening, walking up the stairs and more.
Eating Healthy:This is very important to reduce heart disease risk. Experts suggest two heart-healthy diet plans- The Mediterranean diet and Stop hypertension-eating plan (DASH):
- Your diet should be rich in vegetables, whole grains, and fruits.
- Low-fat protein sources such as beans and particular types of fish can help reduce the chances of heart disease
- You must limit intake of the certain type of fats such as polyunsaturated, saturated, trans fat and monounsaturated fats.
- Make sure that you avoid the sources rich in saturated fats such as dairy products, red meat, palm and coconut oils.
- Also, you should avoid eating trans fat foods such as deep-fried fast foods, packaged snack foods, crackers, bakery products, and margarine.
- Include healthy fats that are derived from plant sources such as olive oil, olives, nuts, avocados as these lower the bad cholesterol level.
- Eating more servings of vegetables, fruits and certain fish such as mackerel and salmon reduce heart disease risk.
Note: Oil bottles that carry the word hydrogenated indicate that the oil contains trans fat.
Healthy WeightCarrying more weight especially around your middle area poses great risk of heart related diseases and other health problems such as high cholesterol, diabetes and high blood pressure Depending upon your height and age you need to calculate your BMI (Body Mass Index) and accordingly ensure that your weight is normal so that such diseases are kept at bay.
Sound SleepDeprivation of sleep can cause serious harm to health in the end and lower your working capacity. Moreover, it can also lead to obesity, heart attack and depression. That is why you should make sound sleep a top priority in life and schedule proper sleeping and waking up the pattern. In case you are suffering from insomnia or obstructive sleep apnea you should use CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) device to keep your airway open so that you can sleep soundly.
Note: Use of CPAP device is known to lower the heart disease risk.
Get regular health screeningsTo prevent heart disease, it is important that you conduct certain treatment once you cross the forties and after every couple of years thereon. You need to check your cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and diabetes on regular basis to avoid the risk of heart disease. Some of the suggested health screenings for the purpose include:
- Cardiac calcium scoring
- Carotid Intimal Medial Thickness Test
- High-sensitivity C - reactive protein Test
- Advanced Lipid Profile Test and Lipoprotein (a)Test
- A1C Blood Glucose Test
- Genetic Tests
- Stress Echocardiography
Tests to Diagnose Heart Diseases
Specialized tests are recommended for diagnosing different types of heart diseases. Some of them are discussed in detail below:
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
- ECG test is recommended to record the electrical activity of the heart.
- It is conducted by attaching small electrode patches to the skin of your legs, arms, and chests. It can be recommended as a routine test or even to test heart-related problems.
- The test is painless, inexpensive, safe and quick and doctors use it to assess heart rhythm, diagnose ischemia, heart attack or any abnormalities.
- Small radiation is used to develop an image of chest bones, lungs, and heart. Doctors use this film chest x-ray to
- Diagnose cardiac and lung diseases
- Check the chest structures such as lungs, bones, and heart
- To evaluate the perfect location for placing devices such as defibrillators, tube or pacemakers
Head-Up Tilt Table Test
- Patients suffering from fainting spells are usually recommended this test to find the reason behind such occurrence.
- During this test, the patient is made to lie quietly on a bed and then it is tilted at various angles in between 30 to 60 degrees for a particular period.
- During this tilting activity, different machines are engaged to monitor oxygen level, heart's electrical impulses and blood pressure.
- The process is carried out in specialized room-electrophysiology lab or EP.
- This test is carried out by using ultrasound for evaluating the heart valves and muscles.
- An echocardiogram is especially recommended to assess the complete functioning of the heart, determine the exact type of heart disease, check out the progress of disease related to heart disease and to evaluate how effective the surgical or medical treatments have been on the patient.
- Cardiac catheterization is also known as a coronary angiogram and is a type of invasive imaging procedure.
- During this procedure, the doctors can clearly see how well the heart is receiving blood from the blood vessels.
- A long and narrow tube-like catheter is inserted into the leg or arm blood vessel and from there on guided to the heart with the help of a dedicated x-ray machine.
- A contrast dye is injected using a catheter tube due to which the X-ray video can clearly show the valves, heart chambers, and coronary arteries.
- This procedure is used to confirm or evaluate heart disease like heart valve disease, a disease of the aorta or coronary artery disease and to determine the function of heart muscle.
- It is a preliminary test used to determine the requirement for the further mode of treatment such as bypass surgery or interventional procedure.
- Electrophysiology or EP testing is carried out to find out the reason behind abnormal heart rhythm and determine a proper mode of treatment.
- During this test, the electrical pathways and electrical activity of the heart are recorded.
Coronary CT Angiography
- CTA is a computed tomography angiography and is a noninvasive type of heart imaging test.
- It provides 3D, high-resolution images of the blood vessels and the heart and helps to determine the presence of plaque or calcium and fatty deposits that usually grow inside the coronary arteries.
- In angiography, contrast dye of iodine is passed on inside the body by injecting IV into the arm of a patient so that improved images are obtained during the procedure.
- Sometimes special medication that stabilizes the heart rate of the patient is also injected through IV to obtain improved imaging results.
- Scanning is carried out using a special detector. The latest technology makes use of multislice scanning or multidetector and is also known as dual source CT.
- Myocardial biopsy, cardiac biopsy, and heart biopsy are similar invasive tests carried out to detect the heart disease.
- The procedure makes use of bioptome, which is a type of very small catheter having a grasping device attached to its end.
- This bioptome is used to get a small tissue piece of the heart muscle and is sent to a laboratory for analysis.
- This procedure is requested to evaluate rejection after heart transplant surgery, to detect cardiac disorders or to pinpoint a particular heart disease.
- Also known as pericardial tap, during this invasive procedure you need a catheter and a needle for removing fluid from within the sac and also around the heart region.
- This fluid is used for testing signs of inflammation, infection, cancer or the presence of blood.
- The procedure is usually recommended to treat emergency conditions such as cardiac tamponade, which is a life-threatening fluid buildup that surrounds the heart and affects the heart's ability to pump blood.
- Magnetic resonance imaging or MRI testing is advised for evaluating the function of the heart's structures and its anatomies such as pericardium, major vessels, lungs, and heart.
- In this procedure, radio-frequency waves and large magnets are used for producing the picture of internal structures of the body.
- It is specifically advised to diagnose different serious diseases such as cardiac tumors, cardiomyopathy, pericardial disease, coronary artery disease, congenital heart disease, and heart valve disease.
"We welcome your comments on this Post" | <urn:uuid:f933f23e-d062-470e-b76b-d2449aeb0464> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.plus100years.com/health-tips/precautions-to-prevent-heart-diseases-check-these-life-saving-tips | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.926662 | 2,628 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Torture vs Other Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment -- Is the Distinction Real or Apparent?, by Metin Basoglu, MD, PhD et al.,
Reviewed by John E. Dannenberg
Motivated by recent reports of U.S. human rights abuses in military prisons, the three psychiatrist authors studied ill treatment during captivity, including psychological manipulations, humiliating treatment and forced stress situations, and upon finding them indistinguishable from torture as to associated distress and uncontrollability, recommended prohibition of such practices by international law.
The authors set out to distinguish between torture and various other forms of ill treatment during captivity as to their relative psychological impact. They studied 279 survivors of war trauma from Bosnia, Croatia and Serbia. The target group was selected evenly from combat veterans, torture survivors, refugees, displaced people and NATO bombing victims. The measure tools used were the DSM-IV [standard psychiatric evaluation manual] scales for post-traumatic stress disorder and war/torture survivors. The principal results were that the effects of psychological manipulations, humiliating treatment, exposure to aversive environmental conditions and forced stress positions showed much the same results observed with torture victims.
The study defined the abusive prison treatment as blindfolding, hooding, forced nudity, isolation, forced standing, rope bondage, deprivation (e.g., sleep, light, water, food or medical care), and treatment designed to create fear, terror or helplessness. By comparison, it defined torture as acts inflicting severe mental pain or suffering and prolonged mental harm. Examples here included Palestinian hanging (i.e., by wrists bound behind back), suffocation, electric shock, beating of the soles of the feet, stretching, beating, hanging by hands or feet, needles under finger and toe nails, cupped hand beating of ears, and pulling by hair.
In general, the study found that the severity of psychological damage was proportional to the amount of physical pain one was subjected to. Since physical torture is prohibited by the Geneva Convention, but ?interrogation? is not, the question was whether so-called ?interrogation techniques? crossed the boundary of prohibited torturous acts. A total of 21 psychiatrists participated in the study, conducting interviews over a two-year period.
An important result was that the long term effects of physical torture and of other psychological mistreatment were the same. This lead to the recommendation that since such long term damage from torture has long been prohibited by international convention, the equally-harmful practices of psychological ?interrogation? mistreatment should likewise be banned.
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Already a subscriber? Login | <urn:uuid:bfbd4ee9-5b4f-42b4-8aba-ca3d0773340b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2007/aug/15/torture-vs-other-cruel-inhuman-and-degrading-treatment-is-the-distinction-real-or-apparent-by-metin-basoglu-md-phd-et-al/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.949957 | 550 | 2.625 | 3 |
Updated: May 6, 2022
The word “family” can carry many different meanings. For some, family are the people you are biologically connected to, for some it is those you choose to have in your lives, and for others family refers to anyone you have a profound love for. There is no correct definition when it comes to those you choose to identify as being your family. What is important is that we learn to navigate through these relationships in a healthy and positive manner.
It is not uncommon for people to relate to the word family with feelings of trauma, anxiety and anger. When we grow up in a family structure we learn conscious and subconscious behaviors by those who are caring for us. Our first bonds are formed when we are babies and the nurturing or lack thereof, can have profound impacts on how we see relationships and our understanding of love. Attachments are meant to begin with the family we are raised in but there can be instances where attachments are not formed in a manner that encourages trust and love and may only form as a result of the need to survive.
Our childhood trauma in regards to attachments and bonds does not mean we can never experience love or attachments in a healthy way when we are adults. What it does mean is that we need to understand how our underlying family beliefs and experiences can influence our present day choices and behaviors. We do the work needed to heal so that we do not repeat negative behavioral patterns.
We learn to set healthy boundaries with toxic family members.
We engage in honest and uncomfortable conversations with family members that have hurt us in the past
We take accountability for the roles we played in hurting others in our family
We forgive others and ourselves so that we can move forward
We understand that moving forward sometimes means letting go of family members whose relationship with us is still unhealthy
Understanding our past can help lead us into a future we desire not only for ourselves but for our current and future family. Love is fluid and it ebbs and flows and changes just as frequently as we change. Realizing that we are all entitled to a type of love that is nurturing, supportive, and safe allows us to seek out relationships that are conducive to these traits and to steer away from environments that breed dishonestly, manipulation, and control. It is never too late to learn to love yourself and others whom you call family and it's only natural that family dynamics change over the years. It is equally important to constantly re-evaluate your relationships within your family and always know when it's time to work on improving them or when it’s time to let them go in peace and love. | <urn:uuid:c4caad73-9de1-46d8-99ab-da7430091151> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.puamohala.com/post/family-love | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.972069 | 529 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Multiple Sclerosis Exercises
Individuals with paralysis including spinal cord injuries, traumatic brain injuries, stroke, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and other neurological conditions come to Push to Walk for training, exercise and the support that can help them live productive, independent and fulfilling lives.
Nearly 8% of our client population is diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). MS is a long-lasting disease that can affect your brain, spinal cord, and the optic nerves in your eyes. It can cause problems with vision, balance, muscle control, and other basic body functions. The effects are often different for everyone who has the disease.
It is thought that MS gets diagnosed most between 20 to 50 years of age, but many younger patients (younger than 18) are getting diagnosed and treated.
Some people have mild symptoms and don’t need treatment. Others will have trouble getting around and doing daily tasks. There are many symptoms associated with MS such as trouble walking, feeling tired, muscle weakness or spasms, blurred or double vision, and depression.
Physical Rehabilitation for MS
When you have MS and you exercise, it can improve your fitness, endurance, and strength in your arms and legs. Studies have shown that this can also give you better control over your bowel and bladder function and decreased overall fatigue.
For people with MS who are newly diagnosed, strengthening as a primary focus can be considered, but for most people with MS, strengthening should be part of a functional program to improve balance and mobility. Balance and functional mobility is considered in all aspects of Push to Walk’s exercise program. Ultimately, we hope our clients with MS will see the benefits of exercise through their ability to move safely and effectively without falls or transferring independently to and from their wheelchair.
Regardless of symptoms, at the most basic level, the trainer is looking for ways to target and excite the nervous system. Positional movements, load-bearing activities, active-assistive exercises, developmental movement patterns and so forth are all aimed towards eliciting a response from the damaged nervous system and re-educating the body to work the way it was designed.
Our Approach to MS Exercises
Push to Walk has FES equipment. FES stands for Functional Electrical Stimulation: a rehabilitation technique whereby electrical current stimulates nerves to evoke muscle contractions.
FES replaces or enhances volitional movement to allow a neurologically impaired person to undertake progressive resistance exercise (PRE) for therapeutic outcomes. FES helps the muscles perform a patterned activity that the client may have lost or have impaired ability to perform voluntarily. Clients who are good candidates for FES are those who present with upper motor neuron symptoms and have limited voluntary control of their muscles. There are many documented benefits of using FES cycling including relaxation of muscle spasms, prevention of disuse atrophy, increasing local blood circulation, and maintaining or increasing range of motion.
Push to Walk currently has seven units that administer FES:
- Empi Unit
The “RT” devices made by Restorative Therapies combine dynamic motor support along with internet connectivity to monitor progress and update settings appropriately. | <urn:uuid:83e2c91c-4844-40b4-8599-1c2cfd5d7468> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.pushtowalknj.org/ms-exercises/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.944421 | 641 | 2.875 | 3 |
How To Write On Metal Surfaces
Whether it’s for DIY or commercial work, finding out how to write on metal surfaces is hard.
Why? Well, there are many different finishes to consider! So here are some simple options for both permanent and removable marking:
How To Write On Metal Surfaces: Permanent Markings
First off, let’s tackle writing on metal permanently. Below are some of the ways you can achieve a permanent mark on metal surfaces for both commercial and DIY users.
Depending on what you’re trying to do, this can be a good option. For things like serial numbers and logos it’s perfect as it involves expensive machinery which can be incorporated into the manufacturing process. If you’re doing a DIY project, this might not be for you, though some companies do offer this as a standalone service.
Many small stores can engrave metal for you but basic tools aren’t that expensive if you wanted to do it yourself. The only problem is, if you get it wrong, it’s permanently on your piece of metal… Probably best to get a professional to do it.
3) Letter Punching
An easy method of getting writing onto your metal surface. All you need is a hammer and some metal letters, which you can pick up relatively inexpensively online. One problem with these is that they usually only come in certain sizes, so your metal could end up with writing that either looks tiny or huge. Another problem is that they can be quite hard to get in a straight line, leaving you with very wiggly sentences!
4) Acid Etching
This is the most complicated method to do as a DIY and the most dangerous as it involves acids which can cause serious harm to you. We’d recommend steering clear of this method unless you have professional help.
For commercial use, however, this can be a good option.
These pens are purpose built for writing on non-porous metal surfaces.
The non-toxic, Chloride free formulation is ideally used on metal surfaces as it won’t react and turn different colours. The pens come in a bright range of colours which is great for marking out areas that need to be cut or welded. The ink can be removed with a damp cloth and will leave no visible staining after going through the galvanisation process.
Commercially, you may want to use these pens for marking up metal that needs to be cut. For home use, they’re great for changing metal surfaces into unique canvases.
2) Permanent Markers
These pens aren’t designed to write on metal surfaces but can have some success.
The colours can appear less vibrant than a water-based chalk pen and removing the marks can also be difficult in comparison to specially designed steel writer pens. If there are no other options, you can just about get away with this.
Painting onto metal can work, though it’s harder to remove than using a steelwriter pen and it can easily chip off. Drying times are also a lot longer with paint, and the result is permanent. Not ideal if you’re just trying to write measurements or temporary order numbers.
Well, our own products, of course! . If we didn’t believe in them, we wouldn’t sell them!
Our Steelwriter pens are the perfect tool for writing on metal and come in many different colours. They also come with a 10% discount for first time buyers, just use the code ‘ftb10’ when you get to the checkout.
So, take a look at our selection of Steelwriter pens here, or use the product boxes below to order yours now. | <urn:uuid:456a67ef-9f12-448d-b33c-3613ece2666e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.rainbowchalk.com/how-to-write-on-metal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.942637 | 769 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Displaced New Orleans Residents Pilot Study examined the current location, well-being, and plans of people who lived in the city of New Orleans when Hurricane Katrina struck on August 29, 2005. The study used a representative sample of pre-Katrina dwellings in the city. Fieldwork focused on tracking respondents wherever they resided, giving them a short interview by mail, by telephone, or in person. The pilot study was fielded in the fall of 2006, approximately one year after the hurricane. This paper describes the motivation for the pilot study, outlines its design, and describes the fieldwork results. This analysis focuses on the study’s ability to locate and successfully interview displaced New Orleans residents and includes calculating a set of outcome rates and estimating a series of multivariate logistic models for outcome indicators. It ends with a discussion of the lessons learned from the pilot study for future studies of the effects of Hurricane Katrina on the population of New Orleans. The results point to the challenges and opportunities of studying this unique population.
Sastry, Narayan, Tracing the Effects of Hurricane Katrina on the Population of New Orleans: The Displaced New Orleans Residents Pilot Study. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2007. https://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/WR483.html.
Sastry, Narayan, Tracing the Effects of Hurricane Katrina on the Population of New Orleans: The Displaced New Orleans Residents Pilot Study, RAND Corporation, WR-483, 2007. As of November 30, 2023: https://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/WR483.html | <urn:uuid:ed8780bb-eb25-4a50-95d2-ee5d3fc86b09> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/WR483.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.904582 | 331 | 3.25 | 3 |
In order to start using your Raspberry Pi you will need a few other bits of equipment. The Pi is supplied on its own so you will either need to have these items available or buy them. Luckily none of the items are particularly expensive and you will possibly have a few of them already.
- Display and cable
- 5V MicroUSB Power Source
- USB Keyboard
- USB Mouse
- SD card (4GB or larger)
If you have a Model A or A+ you will require :
- USB hub, to allow the mouse and keyboard to be connected to the single USB port.
If you have a Model B or Model B+ you may also require :
- Standard network cable
The display is probably the most expensive item you require so it’s best if you can use an existing device. You need a computer monitor or TV with HDMI, DVI or Composite Video inputs. The Raspberry Pi can output video via its HDMI or Composite Video connectors. The HDMI signal can easily be converted to DVI using a cheap converter cable.
Note : There is no VGA signal available and you can not convert to VGA with just a cable. VGA is analogue and HDMI is digital. A cable can not convert between the two despite the claims of some internet sellers. You can purchase various HDMI to VGA adapters but you should only buy one that a current Pi owner has confirmed as working.
5V Power Supply
The Pi needs to be powered via a power supply with a MicroUSB connector. This is the connector shown on the right in the photo and not to be confused with the MiniUSB connector (shown on the left). This is the connector on new mobile phone chargers and these are easy to find and cheap to buy. The only thing you need to ensure is the unit provides 5V with a current of 1A (1000mA). Some chargers will only provide 500mA which may be enough for a Model A but will not be enough for a Model B. Going for a 1A supply will save you having to worry about it later.
USB Keyboard & Mouse
Most standard USB keyboards and mice will work with the Pi when connected to a USB port. In order to connect both to a Model A Pi you will need to connect a USB hub which will give you at least two additional ports. Some Keyboards include a built in hub and this would mean you could avoid buying a separate device.
If you require more USB ports than your Pi can provide you can connect a USB hub. A hub provides additional USB ports. A USB port can only provide a certain amount of power so you may need a hub that has its own power. The four ports shown in the photo will be sharing the power available from the port it is plugged into as this example hub has no external power. A keyboard and mouse should operate correctly using an un-powered hub.
The Pi has no on board storage and when it powers-up it expects to find an SD card with an operating system on it. You can either purchase a preloaded card from the RaspberryPi Foundation or make your own. This is free and easy to do and all you need is a suitable SD card.
|Pi Model||Card Type|
|Model A, Model B||SD, SDHC|
|Model A+, Model B+||MicroSD, MicroSDHC|
|Pi 2 Model B||MicroSD, MicroSDHC|
The original Model A and Model B support standard SD cards. The Model A+,B+ and Pi 2 make use of MicroSD cards.
SD cards have a speed rating (or “Class”) and a class 4 or 6 card will work fine. In terms of size a 4GB card is a good starting point. Larger cards may be required but it depends on what you plan to do with the device. For instructions on creating your own bootable SD card please see the Create an SD Card with ‘Fedora Remix’ page. | <urn:uuid:5b1b4434-f77d-4788-a209-c47353f173fe> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.raspberrypi-spy.co.uk/2012/03/raspberry-pi-initial-hardware-setup/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.928621 | 817 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The Georgia Militia existed from 1733 to 1879. It was originally planned by General James Oglethorpe prior to the founding of the Province of Georgia, the British colony that would become the state of Georgia. One reason for the founding of the colony was to act as a buffer between the Spanish settlements in Florida and the British colonies to the north. For background with respect to the region’s Native Americans, see the Yamasee War (1715–1717).
Gordon Smith states, “… ‘ante-bellum’ Georgia was in an almost constant swirl of ‘war or rumors of war’.” This was due to the presence of Tories, Indians, bandits, privateers and border disputes with France and Spain. “Central to the American concept of a republican democracy, composed as it was of citizen-soldiers, the militia system was essential to the political and social structure. The basic building blocks at the bottom of the Georgia Militia pyramid were the general militia districts. Established pursuant to the Militia act of 1784, these theoretically contained one company of at least sixty-three men…the governor as commander-in-chief.” “The General Militia Acts of 1803, 1807, and 1818 directed that all district male residents from eighteen to forty-five years old, except those exempted by laws such as ministers, enrol in their district company and perform regularly scheduled drills, at the designated unit muster ground.” Campaigns included the Oconee Wars, 1787-1797, The Embargo Wars, 1807-1812, The War of 1812, 1812-1815, The First Seminole War, 1817-1819, The Second Seminole War, 1835-1843, The Creek War of 1836, 1836-1837, The Cherokee Disturbances and Cherokee Removal, 1836-1838, and The Mexican-American War, 1846-1848.
Three brigades of Georgia militia under the command of Brigadier General Pleasant J. Philips engaged Union forces on November 22, 1864, near Macon, Georgia, in the Battle of Griswoldville, the first battle of Sherman’s March to the Sea. On April 16, 1865, in response to Wilson’s Raid through Alabama, Georgia forces under the command of Brigadier General Robert C. Tyler engaged union force in the Battle of West Point. The desperate Battle of Columbus (1865), fought the same day, would prove to be the last battle of the American Civil War. | <urn:uuid:c251d46f-2dbd-41e9-9fc6-eee719a928bb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.revwartalk.com/georgia-militia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.95112 | 531 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Colours of Nature - Sustainable Dyeing with Aal (Morinda citrifolia)
With rapidly growing awareness regarding carbon footprints, ozone depletion and impending problems of global warming, there is a sense of urgency felt around the world to find solutions to problems of environmental degradation.
Renewable fashion and eco- friendly textiles are part of new design trends that are aimed at designing and producing products keeping in view environment and social responsibility. Use of natural dyes in coloring textiles has witnessed revival in the past few years.
Natural dyes are of plant or animal origin, but very few members of the animal kingdom produce substances which give out substantial coloring matter. The dyes of plant origin are also known as vegetal dyes. In India, approximately 500 species of plants are known to produce dyes, which are usually grown on marginal land and wasteland. The dyes are obtained from leaves, fruits, fruit skin or rind, bark, root bark or tree secretion, which are renewable resources. Some of the commonly used natural dyes are indigo, myrobolan, pomegranate fruit rind, red sandalwood, henna, saffron and safflower etc.
Natural dyeing in craft sector
A craft-based approach towards usage of natural dyes could play an important role in providing information about ingredients and processes that might then be adapted for large-scale, industry-oriented operations. In India, traditional methods are still usually used for dyeing with natural dyes, which has ensured more original and economic production of small quantities of textiles and become the USP of the craft.
Aal dyed and woven textiles are an example of this approach. These are used mainly as sari by the women of the tribal societies and as turban or shoulder cloth by their men. Bastar in Chhattisgarh and the neighbouring Koraput in Odisha, are home to the tribal culture and traditions nurtured by the artisans.
The Kotpad cluster is known for its traditional Aal (Morinda citrifolia) dyeing. Historically, the region is well known for its handicrafts, which have a distinctly developed identity as tribal in terms of material, techniques and style. Handlooms of the region have produced textiles mainly for the local consumption. Due to easy availability of alternate mill-made cheaper textiles, the handloom crafts of the region have suffered immensely, seriously affecting the livelihoods of traditional weaving community.
Medicinal Properties of Natural Dyes
It is well known that skin functions not only as a protective barrier, but also as a conduit for outside substances to enter the body. Researches have proved that skin takes up toxins and chemicals from clothing and the environment. Hence it has the ability to absorb herbs and medicines found in natural dyes in clothing. Knowledge of these facts has led to renewed interest in fabrics dyed in natural dyes and herbs and plant extracts.
It has been recorded in Indian historical texts that Aal (Morinda citrifolia), madder (Rubia cordifolia) and indigo (Indigofera tinctoria) had cooling effects and hence the fabrics dyed with these coloring agents were used as head cloth or clothing especially by people who were involved in occupations which required them to be in the sun for long hours.
Most parts of the Morinda citrifolia plant are reported to possess medicinal properties. The roots and leaves are used as a cathartic and febrifuge, and applied externally to relieve pain in gout or applied on wounds. Fruits are used for the treatment for spongy gums, throat complaints, dysentery and leucorrhoea. (Wealth of India, CSIR, 1962)
Dyeing with Aal (Morinda citrifolia)
Morinda citrifolia is also known as Indian mulberry. It is a tall tree with a straight trunk, with broad elliptical bright green leaves and white flowers . It was earlier cultivated throughout India but now Aal trees are grown mainly in Kalahandi and Malkangiri forests of Odisha.
The roots of Morinda citrifolia spread out and are not too deep in the ground. For dyeing, the roots are chipped and given a preliminary steeping in water. Red, maroon and chocolate shades are produced on mordanted cotton. When necessary precautions are taken, the dyeing power of Morinda excels that of madder.
Panika women dye yarns with Aal, for the weaving activities in their own family as well as to sell dyed yarns to other weavers in Kotpad and the neighboring state of Chhattisgarh. It is a very lengthy, time consuming and tedious job.
The dyes in the form of root bark are sold by the Muria, Parjas and Gadbas tribes, in the weekly market, haat. The dried roots of Aal are washed thoroughly and dried in the sun on the streets. The dried bark is then either taken to a flour mill for milling or milled at home in hand-mill.
Bark of the roots of Aal tree
Normally one bundle of yarn, weighing around 4.5 to 5 kilos, is dyed in one lot. The peculiarity of dyeing with Aal is that the pre- dyeing treatment is long drawn and tedious and takes at least 12-15 days.
Each hank of yarn is mordanted by dipping in a solution made by mixing water with Castor oil (Ricinus communis linn). Hanks of yarns are completely immersed inside it and then squeezed.
Rubbing castor oil and water into yarns
They are placed on a wooden plank to be rubbed by stamping with feet for better penetration of the oil. The process is repeated till the yarns are completely saturated and soft.
In the same pot, a semi- solid solution of cow dung is made with water to make into a paste of running consistency. Yarns are dipped into the solution and again the extra solution is squeezed out.
Rubbing Cow-dung gobar on Yarns
Some more cow dung solution is applied on the hanks by hands before they are spread on the bamboo rods for drying in the sunlight.
Ash washing process- In a separate container ash from the kitchen hearth is mixed well in water and is kept overnight. The ash settles down on the base of the container. The clear water from the top is taken out in the earthen pot. Cow dung coated dried yarns are sprinkled with Kharpani and are stamped again with the feet on the wooden plank.
Sprinkling ash water on cotton yarns
The hanks are then dried in the sunlight. This process is repeated two or three times daily till foam starts oozing out, on application of kharpani. This is an indicator that the yarns are now receptive to take up dye.
Drying of yarns in sunlight
Dyeing with Aal powder- For dyeing, Aal powder is added to the boiling water in a wide mouthed large earthen vessel, to mix thoroughly. The sun bleached yarns are then dipped in the dye bath and rubbed with hands to spread water and Aal powder into the hank .
Dipping processed cotton yarns into pot containing Aal dye
Additional Aal powder mixed with hot water is then poured into it. The yarns are again kneaded for 10 to 15 minutes and then the pots are kept in bright sunlight for the whole day ensuring the yarns are completely immersed in dye. Next morning the pots are placed on fire to boil until the water evaporates .
Boiling of Handi till the water evaporates
Finally the yarns are washed at the water bodies, located on the outskirts of the village. The desired shade does not actualize immediately. For deeper shades hanks are dyed again and the process is repeated till the required shade is achieved. Normally, yarns are dyed with Aal twice to achieve rich and bright terracotta hue.
Aal dyed cotton yarns
For deeper shade, the yarns are again dipped in Aal dye solution and boiled. For dark coffee shade, loha ghoua (iron fillings) are used in the third dyeing solution along with Aal dye. Finally the yarns are washed at the pond outside the village by beating on a stone. Then they are dried to be stored for selling or weaving.
Sari with two shades of Aal dyed yarns
Thus, after almost 25-30 days, one lot of cotton yarn gets dyed in the required shade, which not only has colour of Aal, but also dyers skill and hard work.
The continuity of Aal dyeing and handloom weaving in the region has been maintained and has remained untouched by chemicals, because it is an integral part of lives of Panika dyers and weavers of Kotpad in Odisha. The yarns are sold in the village market by Panika women in and around Kotpad and Jagdalpur in Chhatisgarh.
It was observed that the dyers of Aal dyers of Kotpad as well as weavers make complete use of all the material. They make cautious use of all resources, including water. The yarns were prepared for dyeing with cow dung and ash obtained from the kitchen hearth. Disposal of effluent was also taken care of. After dye extraction, the sludge is either composted or utilized as fuel. Complete environmentally safe discharge is possible by rural artisans and industry with low capital investment. The need of the hour is to build awareness about the challenges to the environment and highlight the role of indigenous communities who are making tremendous efforts to safeguard natural resources.
Fletcher Kate, (2008) ‘Sustainable Fashion & Textiles-Design Journeys’, Earthscan, USA & UK
Gupta, D. & Gulrajani, M. L. (2001), ‘Natural Dyes – Convention Proceedings’ Indian Institute of Technology, Department of Textile Technology, New Delhi
National Institute of Sciences Communication, CSIR ‘The wealth of India-A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Research’ Volume V: H-K
Singh Martand, Chishti Rta Kapur, Sanyal Amba,(1989) ‘Saris of India- Madhya Pradesh’, Wiley Eastern Ltd. and Amar Vastra Kosh, New Delhi
Singh, O. P. (2000), 'Natural dyes – pros and cons', The Indian Textile Journal, 109 (1)
Switch Asia (2010) ‘Sustainable textiles for sustainable Development’ -Market Research study-India.
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Samples in broilers, ground chicken and ground turkey testing positive for salmonella at US slaughter and processing plants have surged since 2002. As a result, poultry and meat processors face a safety crack down after the USDA proposed a more aggressive testing program to bring down the recent spike in Salmonella cases at their plants.
Broilers had the highest rates of salmonella, with 16.3 per cent of samples testing positive in 2005, up from 11.5 per cent in 2002.
"Our goal is to work proactively to reduce the presence of salmonella on raw products before plants develop a pattern of poor performance," USDA under secretary for food safety Richard Raymond stated. "FSIS will more quickly report testing results and target establishments needing improvement, providing timely information to both consumers and industry."
The FSIS plans to concentrating its testing at plants with higher levels of Salmonella. The unit will also make changes to the reporting and use of the FSIS’ Salmonella verification test results. Where FSIS has performed food safety assessments at plants that have persistently poor performance records for controlling Salmonella, there has been a dramatic reduction in the levels of the pathogen, the agency stated. | <urn:uuid:c0b93973-798c-475d-9d6b-4aefaf024dee> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.salmonellablog.com/salmonella-watch/processors-face-plant-safety-crackdown-after-spike-in-salmonella-cases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.946893 | 247 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Since the 1970s, a parasitic worm that infects fish, squid, whales, dolphins and sometimes even us has increased globally by 283-fold, according to a new meta analysis.
That's no small amount, and yet because this creature is so tiny and the oceans so vast, it's somehow evaded our notice until now. Not even the researchers themselves can figure out why this parasite is "growing like gangbusters", or what it could possibly mean in the long run.
Known as the "herring worm" or Anisakis simplex, this particular parasitic nematode can hide in raw seafood; if mistakenly eaten by humans, it can cause symptoms similar to a bad case of food poisoning.
Other mammals aren't so lucky. While the fishing industry might be inconvenienced by a rising tide of Anisakis, this parasite poses a much bigger threat to cetaceans, such as whales and dolphins.
Unlike humans, these marine mammals can get stuck with Anisakis for years, and they don't have seafood processors and sushi chefs around to carefully clean out their catch.
Aquatic and fishery scientist Chelsea Wood says consumers don't need to be too worried; she herself continues to eat sushi regularly. Given that the fishing industry hasn't even noticed this increase in the parasitic worm, any risk of us ingesting it probably remains quite low. But the same can't be said for marine mammals.
"It's not often considered that parasites might be the reason that some marine mammal populations are failing to bounce back," says Wood.
"I hope this study encourages people to look at intestinal parasites as a potential cap on the population growth of endangered and threatened marine mammals."
The impact of this rising parasite on marine mammals is currently unknown, but if the numbers are right, cetaceans are facing a much greater risk of contracting Anisakis than half a century ago.
Analysing a total of 123 papers, the researchers reveal an astonishing increase in Anisakis abundance over a 53 year period from 1962 to 2015. On average, they explain, this means we have gone from finding less than one worm in every 100 hosts to more than one worm in every single host caught.
The global scale of this analysis was too great to pin down any one factor driving this growth, but Wood has a strong suspicion she knows what's going on.
"My gut is that this is about the improvements we've made in marine mammal conservation," Wood told ScienceAlert.
"The time frame of our study directly overlaps with when a bunch of really important marine mammal legislation went into effect like the Marine Mammal Protection Act in 1972 and the international whaling commission moratorium on commercial whaling which came in the 1980s."
Strangely enough, however, not all marine mammal parasites are increasing. The authors found another similar parasite, called Pseudoterranova, which infects fish, sea lions and other seals, remained relatively stable throughout the same time period.
Wood says they were expecting it to be the other way around, given how much seals and sea lions have thrived in recent years and how much whales have struggled. So maybe Anisakis is increasing because its life cycle has to pass through fewer hosts. Or perhaps it has something to do with the fitness of cetaceans versus seals.
The problem is, we have no baseline for what 'natural' looks like. The rising number of ocean worms could be a sign of the ecosystem thriving, or they could represent a growing threat to already endangered and vulnerable creatures like Hector's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori).
The only studies available for analysis come from near history, and by this time, humans had already changed the oceans in drastic ways.
This raises the question: is the abundance of Anisakis increasing in response to human impacts, like fishing, pollution, or climate change, or is it recovering alongside an exploited marine mammal host?
Right now, we just can't say for sure. Wood thinks the most plausible explanation is that some marine mammals are doing well, leading to an increase in their parasites. We simply need more research.
"This is the story of only two parasite species among millions that are extant, and we encourage others to use historical ecology approaches to track change across a diversity of marine parasite species," the authors write.
"Only then will we have the data to indicate whether contemporary oceans are facing a 'rising tide' of marine disease."
In the Arctic, where Anisakis flourishes, we often lack long-term data, even for the best known parasites and their diseases. And if we don't know where they're going or where they've been, we can't predict how diseases will change with the times.
In this case, we completely missed out on the rise of Anisakis, and while it might not matter to humans this time, some day it very well could.
"There are way bigger infectious disease threats that people have to worry about, particularly for now," says Wood. The effects of Anisakis are pretty mild, she says, and while it's certainly not fun to barf, we've got bigger fish to fry.
The study was published in Global Change Biology. | <urn:uuid:ce9009ae-ca2b-49c2-90b4-14ba57fc88f2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sciencealert.com/parasitic-worms-in-raw-seafood-have-increased-280-fold-but-it-s-not-sushi-we-should-be-worried-about | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.963012 | 1,071 | 3.3125 | 3 |
When creating SEO content, quality matters.
This holds true regarding accuracy, clarity, writing skill, keyword usage, thoroughness, links, images, and more.
But I bet I can name one more factor that affects SEO content quality, and thus your SEO rankings — one you’ve never thought about.
What are they, and why are they integral for great readability, content, and SEO?
What are Transition Words?
Think of a transition word or phrase as a bridge.
The purpose of transitions is to help text flow from one idea to another while showing a clear relationship between sentences, paragraphs, subjects, actions, and concepts.
Transition words can be singular words, such as “because” or “finally.” They can also be a phrase, like “in other words” or “without a doubt.”
Let’s look at an example:
I hit the snooze button this morning. As a result, I overslept and was late for work.
Starting a sentence with “as a result” tells the reader that what happens next is a direct outcome of the actions in the first sentence. It intrinsically ties the two sentences together into a clear cause-and-effect relationship.
Transition words are often at the beginning of a sentence, but they don’t have to be. They can also be used at the end of a sentence or in the middle when combining two clauses.
I have the best dog ever. She snuggles with me every night, for example.
I love playing with my dog because it’s a great way to relieve stress.
The vet says she’s a black lab, and although this may be true, I suspect she also has some German shepherd in her bloodline.
Let’s take a closer look at the different categories for transition words to see what they can do.
Types of Transition Words with Examples and When to Use Them
This type of transition is merging two or more ideas together and showing a corresponding relationship between them.
- Example Transition Words: again, also, and, and then, besides, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, in addition, lastly, next, nor, moreover, what’s more
- Example Sentence: I propose a change to the chore schedule. Furthermore, I would also like to increase the kids’ allowance.
2. Cause & Effect
When one event directly triggers another, this cause-and-effect transition lets the reader know that the two occurrences are directly linked.
- Example Transition Words: as a result, consequently, hence, next, therefore, thus
- Example Sentence: I overslept this morning. Consequently, I missed the bus.
Sometimes we need to rephrase what we’ve already said in order to clarify an original statement. This might be to simplify a complicated point or provide emphasis.
- Example Transition Words: in other words, that is to say, to clarify
- Example Sentence: We have no idea where we are. In other words, we’re lost.
4. Compare & Contrast
This transition shows a relationship between two ideas that are being compared to each other based on similarities or differences.
- Example Transition Words: after all, although this may be true, but, compared to, conversely, however, in contrast, likewise, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, similarly, where, whereas, vis a vis, yet
- Example Sentence: I’m a cat person. Compared to dogs, cats are much quieter and self-sufficient.
6. Exception / Contradiction
Contradictory transitions happen when an action that had an anticipated outcome instead ends with a different result. Leading with a transition warns the reader to expect the unexpected.
- Example Transition Words: despite, however, nevertheless, in spite of, of course, once in a while, sometimes
- Example Sentence: I studied every night for the final exam. Despite my hard work, I didn’t pass.
An emphatic transition demonstrates the narrator’s certainty and conviction. It establishes a sense of authority.
- Example Transition Words: absolutely, always, certainly, definitely, emphatically, in any case, in fact, indeed, never, surprisingly, undeniably, without a doubt, without reservation
- Example Sentence: Working from home has many benefits. Without a doubt, the extra time saved from commuting helps to maintain a better work-life balance.
This transition connects a statement to a follow-up example that illustrates the point being made.
- Example Transition Words: as an illustration, for example, for instance, in another case, in this situation, on this occasion, take the case of, to demonstrate, to illustrate
- Example Sentence: I like to exercise after work. For instance, I often walk the dog or run in the park.
Sometimes, especially when information is important, we repeat it to ensure the lesson sticks. A transition serves as a red flag to the reader so they comprehend the significance of the repetition rather than assume the writer wasn’t paying attention and made the same point twice.
- Example Transition Words: again, as I have noted, as I said, I repeat, in brief
- Example Sentence: Use transition words in your blog posts. As I said at the beginning of this article, they’re important for SEO.
9. Time, Order, and Sequence
Transitions can help a reader grasp the passage of time, which is especially important in narrative works. These types of transitions also establish order and sequence. Instructional how-to articles often rely on sequential transitions to ensure the reader is following the steps in order.
- Example Transition Words: after, after a few hours, afterward, and then, at this time, before this, concurrently, eventually, finally, (first, second, third…), formerly, immediately, in a while, later, next, previously, soon, then, thereafter
- Example Sentence: We’re going to the party at 3. After a few hours, we’ll meet the family for dinner.
10. Summarize or Conclude
A concluding transition signals the reader that they’re nearing the end. It usually summarizes the most important points and leaves the reader with key takeaways.
- Example Transition Words: accordingly, as I have shown, as a result, consequently, in brief, in conclusion, in short, hence, therefore, thus
- Example Sentence: In conclusion, the importance of transition words for SEO cannot be understated.
Why are Transition Words Important for SEO?
Now that we have a solid grasp on what transition words and phrases are, you might be wondering, “Why are transition words so important for SEO?”
It’s not the words themselves that are important. Rather, it’s the function they serve.
Transition words improve the overall readability of your content by guiding the reader from Point A to Point B with a bridge that helps them understand the relationship between the connecting points.
Readability is one of many SEO best practices to take into consideration. If your content is easy to read with ample headings, subheadings, lists, and transition words, search engines are much more likely to reward you as your content demonstrates higher quality.
Of course, other aspects of the content still play a crucial role. Poor content that’s well organized still isn’t going to rank well.
Neither is good content that is poorly formatted and stuffed with transition phrases and keywords in the hopes of wooing Google.
How to Improve Your Transition Words for SEO
Transition words are meant to enhance the flow of your sentences and ideas.
The good news: most writers already use them. We rely on transitions when we speak, and they naturally slip into our writing as well.
The bad news: finding the goldilocks of usage – not too few, but also not so many that the writing becomes awkward and unnatural – can be a challenge. So can using transition words correctly.
More good news: SEO apps and plugins can help you keep track of your transition words in addition to other SEO basics. Yoast and All-In-One (AIO) SEO are two of the most popular.
Below is a screenshot of an AIO SEO analysis of a blog post on WordPress:
As you can see, it alerted the writer that more transition words were needed to achieve proper SEO readability. Tools like this can help you stay on track.
In order to successfully use transition words in your content:
Know the Transition Words and Phrases
You know Google loves transition words, but if you don’t know what they are, you’ll have a hard time successfully using them to boost your SEO.
This problem tends to affect non-native speakers much more than native speakers, but even if you’re writing in your first language, a refresher could be helpful.
Skim through a list of transition words and consider how their meanings might change depending on the context.
Understand the Relationships Between Separate Ideas, Thoughts, and Actions
When you’re writing, you should have at least a basic grasp of how your topic points fit together.
If you struggle with this, do some research and read content from other authors to analyze how they tied their ideas together with transitions.
Drafting outlines for your projects can also help you to visualize the structure of your content.
Know How Transition Words Should Be Properly Applied in Context
You may have noticed that some of the same transition words were listed in multiple categories above. That’s because the same word can have multiple meanings.
It all depends on the relationship of the thoughts being bridged. Pay attention to your context and make sure you’re choosing the transition that best suits the relationship you’re attempting to establish.
Using transition words and phrases successfully is just one small way you can support content quality and give your rankings a boost. Improved readability on its own is a compelling argument to use transitions.
If you’re not comfortable with transition words yet, practice, practice, practice! Soon, they’ll be second nature.
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Global transformation is nigh. Beyond AI and machine learning, or the fact that humans are living longer, the big issue is how humanity is affecting the environment in terms of how we live, how we do business and how compatible our financial and planetary ecosystems may be. With global populations escalating alongside our insatiable appetite for more disposable products, the success of globalisation has started to bear negative side effects on our climate. According to one global consortium of central banks and supervisors (better known as NGFS: Network for Greening the Financial System), recent figures are sobering:
- In 2017, air pollution caused almost five million deaths worldwide.
- In 2018, 62 million people were affected by natural hazards, with two million forced to move home because of climate events.
As individuals, we can all play our part in creating a greener environment. But climate-related risks are also a source of financial risk. That puts them squarely within the mandates of central banks and supervisors charged with ensuring financial stability. And in our view, all banks and financial institutions must also now grasp what the magnitude of climate change heralds for them.
Why focus on finance?
Banks are the key intermediaries which supply funding to industries around the world. They have large exposures to land, buildings, machinery, companies and other assets which could ultimately contribute to climate change. Indeed the Bank of England has highlighted that $20 trillion worth of global assets could be wiped out as a result of climate change.
Action is afoot
In 2018 the financial institutions responsible for managing almost $100 trillion of assets – more than annual worldwide GDP – publicly supported the principle of disclosing material, decision-useful climate-related financial risks by signing up to the recommendations of the Taskforce on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD). These recommendations cover four key areas and provide a framework for financial disclosures by companies:
- Risk Management
- Metrics and targets
Clarity can be costly
The wholesale reassessment of prospects (no matter what the best intentions are) could destabilise markets, spark a pro-cyclical crystallisation of losses and lead to a persistent tightening of financial conditions. All the more reason to understand the risks and take action now.
What are the key risks?
Climate-related financial risks arise from two primary channels: physical and transition.
- Physical risks are associated with the physical effects of climate change such as heatwaves, droughts, floods, storms and rising sea levels. These can potentially result in large financial losses, impairing asset values and the creditworthiness of borrowers, which in turn affect both borrowers and lenders.
- Transition risks are those associated with the transition to a low-carbon economy. These include a spectrum of changes from climate policies and restrictions, to new technologies, to investor sentiment and consumer demands. Individually and collectively, these can each prompt a reassessment of the value of a large range of assets, in particular via impairments, increasing credit exposures and creating additional risks (both market and operational) which again affect both banks and consumers.
The rise in global average temperatures and sea levels is well documented. This sustained increase in temperature may cause structural shifts in the climate which could lead to water scarcity and declining crop yields. This in turn will cause stress to the agricultural sector and ultimately lead to large financial market losses. Climate change can also be linked to wider macroeconomic impacts such as GDP, inflation, declining productivity, employment, food insecurity, increased mortality and large-scale migrations or political instability.
While we see many banks (and insurance companies) identifying the potential impacts from physical risk factors on areas such as property and real estate, few are identifying the potential impacts from the transition risk itself. Shifting sentiment among customers, and increasing attention and scrutiny from other stakeholders and policy makers, means the pace of the transition may lead to extreme bank vulnerabilities.
Central banks, policy makers and financial regulators have all been vocal on how banks and financial services should manage the possibility of dramatic climate change. There has been a raft of policies, consultations and recommendations proposing guiding principles and approaches, with many leveraging TCFD as their key foundation.
If not managed properly – for instance if markets incorrectly price the risks stemming from extreme weather events – climate risk could hit bank balance sheets with a knock-on effect on financial stability. This will not only require a redesign of traditional risk management frameworks, but also demand a new level of data and reporting, feeding up risks all the way up to the Board. A board-level committee be established (if not already in place) will be essential to ensure Board involvement in the development of appropriate climate change policies, targets and approach and the management of its associated financial risks.
Once those policies are established, they need to be applied to all decision-making layers. That requires a strong procedures framework, with controls and KPIs / KRIs to demonstrate and track progress. The creation of new exclusion policies on sectors (such as lending) which are large contributors to climate change were a good start. The next step will be for forward-looking environmental stress testing and climate change scenario analysis to transition to a world that contains global warming to less than two degrees Celsius – and to a more sustainable business.
If an orderly market transition to a low carbon economy is to be achieved, banks must start minimising their financial risks today and adopt a group-wide climate strategy across the whole bank. Yet many jurisdictions still have no explicit requirement for climate change-related risks to be disclosed by companies as part of mainstream financial filings. Canada is a conspicuous counter-example, with banks publishing comprehensive reports on sustainable finance. This should be the rule, not the exception. Banks must take the lead and look to align their assessment processes and disclosures with the TCFD. Leveraging TCFD’s sector guidance, banks now have the opportunity to step up their engagement with corporate clients to reduce climate risk and redeploy lending to those sectors and companies that are better positioned for a low-carbon future.
Doing the right thing – for all the right reasons
If achieving a sustainable business isn’t enough of an incentive, then the potential to be hit with tens of millions (if not billions) of dollars of losses should be. Over the course of the next few months, we will delve deeper across what a new risk framework should look like (including data, scenarios, models and reporting metrics) along with analysing the potential challenges banks can expect along the way.
We will also explore the opportunities of change – and the positive potential ahead for those banks willing to take action today. | <urn:uuid:13ddf33d-ee64-401e-a5a2-6302f2b1563d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sionic.com/opinion/climate-change-financial-stability-issue | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.939863 | 1,338 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Flight 87 - Space launch mission detailed information
Flight 87 87
27 JUN 1963
United States Air Force
Edwards Air Force Base
Flight 87 of the North American X-15 was a test flight conducted by NASA and the US Air Force in 1963. Piloted by Robert A. Rushworth it reached an altitude of 86.7 km.
North American X-15
The North American X-15 was a hypersonic rocket-powered aircraft operated by the United States Air Force and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration as part of the X-plane series of experimental aircraft. | <urn:uuid:25958317-ad78-4627-9d44-c6ef47db5c31> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.spacerealm.live/launch/x-15-flight-87 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.891156 | 122 | 2.671875 | 3 |
POLYURETHANE AND RUBBER ELASTOMER SPRINGS
Elastomers are designed to absorb forces, they absorb impact forces aswell as continous forces.
Elastomers can be used to substitute helical springs aswell as for energy absorption or damping in multiple applications.
The main contrast between these and steel springs is that the elastomers are more reliable in emergency situations because of their longer life being unattended. Elastomers have a maximum load resistance aswell as an excelent impact absorption capacity
Our elastomers have a high resistance to oil, cracking and heat. Their capacity to withstand heat is a minimum of a constant 80ºC temperature. all standard pieces are based on DIN 9835 standards.
In the following link we can see some examples of assembly with this type of spring:
DIN ISO 10 069
Material: Chloroprene-elastomer (CR)
Hardness 70 [+/- 3] Shore A
Admissible travel stroke Smax = 0,35 Lo
Rubber springs are qualified for large travel strokes.
Heat resistance up to +80ºC
short-time up to 120ºC
The material used to manufacture the products included in this series is an elastomer called Chloroprene (CR) whose final hardness is 70 +/- 3 Shore A. Commonly called rubber spring.
In the following link we can see the standard dimensions and measurements of these elastomers:
DIN ISO 10 069
hardness 90 +/- 5 Shore A
Admissible travel stroke Smax = 0,25 Lo
Poliurethane springs are qualified for strong spring powers.
Heat resistance up to + 80 ºC
Short-time up to + 120 ºC
In this case, the designation of the material used is VULKOLAN. They are also part of the family of elastomers, in this case polyurethane. Its final hardness is 90 +/- 5 Shore A. They are commonly called plastic elastomers.
In the following link we can see the standard dimensions and measurements of this elastomer: | <urn:uuid:988bbc03-6e60-4d56-a568-59fe09d9fc48> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.surisa.es/en/products/springs-and-damping/elastomer-springs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.885406 | 440 | 2.875 | 3 |
A Social Class Survey of the New Zealand Army in the Second World War
In the first of a series of blogs on my new article, ‘Soldiers and Social Change: The Forces Vote in the Second World War and New Zealand’s Great Experiment in Social Citizenship’, in The English Historical Review, I outlined how the soldiers’ vote won Labour the 1943 New Zealand general election. In this and a subsequent blog, I will investigate why the forces were so inclined to vote Labour.
The socio-economic profile of the cohort provides a good starting point. Indeed, a hypothesis that the New Zealand armed forces of the Second World War were predominantly made up of men likely to vote for a party with working-class interests (Labour) does not seem unreasonable. In the First World War, the call-up system, as it operated in Britain, put a disproportionate strain on certain segments of society, especially skilled working-class and lower-middle-class men. Studies of conscription in New Zealand in the First World War point to a similar dynamic.
My study provides the first comprehensive and statistically robust social class profile of the New Zealand Army (and, as far as this author is aware, any army) in the Second World War. The usual method for ascertaining social class categorises groups based on their position in a graded hierarchy of occupations. Unfortunately, the 1945 New Zealand census did not provide a social class breakdown by occupation; in fact, it was not until 1972 that W.B. Elley and J.C. Irving produced an occupational index, allowing scholars to make comparisons between population sub-sets and the population in general in New Zealand. Elley and Irving segmented New Zealand society into six ‘levels’, or classes: level 1 included, for example, accountants, doctors, lawyers and university teachers; level 2, bank managers, clergymen, artists, company directors and farmers; level 3, bookkeepers, clerks, laboratory technicians and policemen; level 4, builders, fishermen, mechanics and electricians; level 5, blacksmiths, bus and truck drivers, textile and other factory workers; and level 6, farm and general labourers, janitors and miners.
To gauge the proportion of the army in each occupational grouping or social class in New Zealand, it was decided to cross-reference data on the occupational background of the 2NZEF (contained in the nominal rolls of 2NZEF embarkations from New Zealand during the war) with the social class category classifications from the study of Elley and Irving. The occupational background of the 2NZEF was derived from a probability sample of embarkations, where each of the 113,847 men who embarked from New Zealand had an equal chance of being chosen. The embarkation rolls were already organised alphabetically, and the individuals selected for the sample were picked on a systematic basis, i.e. one name was chosen from the middle of every second or third page of the embarkation rolls, depending on the number of names on the page. When the individual’s occupation was ascertained, it was then assigned to a class category using the Elley and Irving classification. The total sample size was 1,241; thus, at a 95 percent confidence level, there was a sampling error of ±2.8 per cent.
Details from the sample analysed in the paper show that the 2NZEF had a disproportionately small percentage of the professional classes, levels 1 and 2, as compared to the population at large. Skilled workers, level 4, were also under-represented. Unskilled workers, level 6, by comparison, were represented to a disproportionately high extent. It is evident that the 2NZEF was, therefore, of lower occupation status than the population at large. Accordingly, the Army would have been; it could be argued, more likely to vote for Labour than for the right of centre National Party in the 1943 general election.
However, analysis of the forces vote, detailed in the paper, throws considerable doubt on this supposition. By aggregating the votes cast for each party from each military theatre in each constituency, it is evident that a greater proportion of those stationed in the UK voted Labour than those stationed in other theatres, such as the Pacific and the Middle East. The vast majority of the voters in the UK were Air Force personnel, individuals who were likely to have been of a higher social class than the majority of those in the 2NZEF.
Throughout the war, the British and Commonwealth armies continually struggled to find ‘good human material’, as the majority of the ‘best’ intakes chose to join either the Air Force or the Navy. Nominal rolls, such as those used for the 2NZEF, are unfortunately not available for the airmen who served with the Royal Air Force (RAF) in the United Kingdom. However, several books include biographical information about New Zealand airmen in the Second World War. Kenneth G. Wynn’s study of New Zealanders awarded the Battle of Britain Clasp, for example, gives details of the occupations of 120 of the 131 men who were granted this honour by the Battle of Britain Fighter Association or the Royal New Zealand Air Force. This sample, although clearly too small to be statistically representative, suggested what one might expect, that New Zealand airmen were of a higher social class than those in the 2NZEF generally.
The figures indicate that the cohort in the UK was overall of higher social status than the 2NZEF generally. But that cohort exhibited the highest level of support for Labour in their votes. The voting behaviour of the New Zealand forces in the UK does not, therefore, support the argument that social class background was a key factor in shaping the forces vote. Additionally, as there is no reason to believe that soldiers serving in New Zealand or the Pacific were of a different social class background to those in the Middle East, or that airmen serving in Canada were of a different social class background to those in the UK, social class can also be discounted as an explanation for the differences in voting preferences between these regions. There appears, therefore, to be no clear association between the social class status of New Zealanders in the armed forces and their voting behaviours.
This post first appeared at Defence-in-Depth, the blog of the Defence Studies Department, King’s College London.
Dr Jonathan Fennell is a Senior Lecturer in the Defence Studies Department of King’s College London based at the Joint Services Command and Staff College. He was awarded a Doctorate (2008) and a Masters (2003) in History from the University of Oxford after completing a History and Politics Degree at University College Dublin (2002). His research takes a multidisciplinary approach to the study of the British and Commonwealth Armies in the Second World War. He is a Director of the Second World War Research Group and is the author of Combat and Morale in the North African Campaign: The Eighth Army and the Path to El Alamein (CUP, 2011). He tweets @jonathanfennell. | <urn:uuid:cad136c7-841a-4083-b89f-76a56ffd5a96> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.swwresearch.com/post/a-social-class-survey-of-the-new-zealand-army-in-the-second-world-war | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.957301 | 1,451 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The new Autoliv airbag module is based on Swiss mathematician and physicist Daniel Bernoulli's fundamental principles of fluid dynamics that explain many phenomena such as how airplanes fly. Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in static pressure. Using this principle, Autoliv can leverage pressure differences to add a significant contribution of surrounding air to the inflation of an airbag.
"We have developed a way to inflate very large airbags, like the one's needed in newer electric vehicles with roomier cockpits and comfort seating, with a smaller single stage inflator. Additionally, the Bernoulli airbag generates less heat, is lighter, and can reduce customer development testing in the United States by more than 30 per cent. Low risk deployment requirements can be met with a single stage inflator," said Jordi Lombarte, chief technical officer, Autoliv.
For the Bernoulli airbag, the inflator will receive the signal that a crash has begun, and it will propel high pressure gases at supersonic speed through multiple inlet tubes. As the gases flow through the tubes, it will suck the surrounding ambient air into the chamber with the gases, creating aspiration, and will inflate a much larger airbag with an even smaller inflator than required, the company said in a press release.
"It is undoubtedly an example of our commitment to saving lives and redefining the standards of safety so our customers can build the safest possible vehicles. By doing this, we can affect other aspects of the safety system and offer our customers options that do not exist today. The Bernoulli airbag is a significant step forward in making vehicles safer in a more efficient and sustainable manner," concluded Lombarte.
Fibre2Fashion News Desk (RR) | <urn:uuid:dd66fea0-0005-491e-b15a-bde84982dec4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.technicaltextile.net/news/sweden-s-autoliv-unveils-revolutionary-passenger-bernoulli-airbag-288182.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.935359 | 372 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Here are 5 interesting facts about March 15 in Indiana history:
1. In 1894, Indiana's first state park was established on March 15. McCormick's Creek State Park, located near Spencer, is named after John McCormick, an early settler in the area. Today, it is Indiana's oldest state park and features hiking trails, waterfalls, and a limestone canyon.
2. In 1963, the Indiana House of Representatives passed a resolution on March 15 commemorating the achievements of Hoosier astronaut Gus Grissom. Grissom, who was born in Mitchell, was one of the original Mercury Seven astronauts and flew on both the Mercury and Gemini missions. He died in 1967 in a tragic accident during a pre-launch test of the Apollo 1 spacecraft.
3. On March 15, 1820, the Indiana General Assembly passed a law allowing African American men to vote. This law was seen as a progressive move towards supporting the rights of African Americans in Indiana, but it ultimately did little to challenge the systemic racism and discrimination that existed throughout the state.
4. March 15, 1911, marked the first day of operation for the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Originally built as a test track for automotive manufacturers, the Speedway soon became the home of the legendary Indianapolis 500, which was first held in 1911. Today, the Speedway is one of the most iconic racing venues in the world.
5. In 1871, Purdue University was founded on March 15 with a $150,000 grant from John Purdue, a wealthy businessman and philanthropist. Today, Purdue is one of the largest and most prestigious universities in the country, with over 40,000 undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in a variety of programs.
- Tags: IN | <urn:uuid:588a3d3a-06de-4986-94ec-365b097c5aad> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.tfdsupplies.com/blogs/today-in-history/5-fun-facts-about-march-15-in-indiana-history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.974755 | 351 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Circumcision, also known as genital mutilation, is one of the oldest practices in history. It is a practice that has been conducted by numerous communities, both in the East and the West. In the Muslim world, all males have to be circumcised in order to be accepted into the Islamic religion. In the west, many cultures and countries consider male circumcision to be healthy. For example, in the US, about 65% of all newborn males are circumcised (“Discussion Papers, p.1). Male circumcision is scientifically justified, especially that it helps maintaining the health of the sexual organs through cleanliness and the prevention of infections and diseases. Female circumcision, on the other hand, is considered to be a violation of human rights, and one that is still carried out in a number of Arab countries, especially in Egypt, Sudan, Yemen and other Gulf states. This research paper describes female genital mutilation as an inhuman practice that results in serious physical, psychological and social consequences on women. This topic is important for study for many reasons. First of all, it is related to the well-being of women all over the world, reflecting the inhuman practices inflicted on them by male-dominated societies. Secondly, this issue is related to the violation of women’s human rights. Thirdly, circumcision is one of practices that threaten the health of women and put their lives at risk. Finally, researching female circumcision is important as part of the self-awareness that every individual should be involved in to create a better society and to prevent harm and unjust pains that women suffer.
What is Female Circumcision?
While circumcision of males is related to religious necessity, as well to health needs, the circumcision of women is a totally different story. It is in fact related to the sexual repression of women.
By definition, female circumcision is the surgical removal of external parts of the female genital organs (“FGM Taskforce,” p.1). In the majority of cases, the circumcision of the female is not even conducted by a surgeon, but rather by the daya, that is, the woman who is responsible for attending and nursing pregnancies and the delivery of newborns (Saadawi, p. 56).
The Concept of Female Circumcision
Circumcision is as old as the concept of virginity itself. It has been carried out for hundreds of years. It is based on the belief that virginity of women has to be protected at any rate. It is believed that through circumcision, women will not feel a strong sexual desire when she reaches the age of puberty, and hence, they will remain sexually under control. It is mainly for this reason that circumcision is still carried out, especially in those closed communities where the sexuality of women is viewed with suspicion as a dangerous risk to social integrity, religious conservatism and traditions (Saadawi, p. 57).
Consequences of Female Circumcision
Circumcision of women can have serious physical and health impact on the circumcised female. Most circumcisions take place when the girl is between the ages of four and six, that is, before she approaches the age of puberty. The operation is usually conducted by the daya, often an uneducated woman who has no idea about essential medical concepts such as cleanliness, anesthetics, pasteurization and other techniques that are indispensable for the well-being of any person undergoing surgical operations (Saadawi, p. 58).
In many cases, the female victim of circumcision suffers from infections because the surgical instruments are contaminated. Infections may be simple and on the surface, but in some cases, they may be deep and serious, resulting in painful cramps that last for days. In some cases, the infection could be very serious and due to ignorance, the infection is ignored or treated inappropriately, thus resulting in complications. It is not uncommon for girls to die within a few days or weeks as a result of circumcision-induced infection (Bahieddine, p.2).
A more common occurrence is hemorrhage. Most operations take place in the absence of any anesthetics and with the use of blunt blades. Besides, during the operation, the girl moves and kicks because of fear. As a result, the wounds are usually deep and unclean, and hence, hemorrhage results. Hemorrhage sometimes lasts for days, and the girl suffers from a severe loss of blood in her body. It is not uncommon that many girls often die a few days after the operation, not only from infections but also from hemorrhage (“FGM Taskforce, p.2)”.
On the psychological level, circumcision results in a number of very serious problems. First of all, the sexuality of the woman is inhibited, especially as a young girl who has reached puberty recalls that she had been violently treated and abused in order to maintain her sexuality under control. Circumcision for many girls is treated as a punishment that has taken place before they committed any crime (Saadawi, p. 58).
Feeling guilt for a crime they never committed, and afraid of being punished, women often suffer from serious sexual and psychological problems. In Egypt, studies show that the lacking of self-esteem and self-confidence are common traits among women who have been through circumcision.
Circumcised women also share emotional problems, as many of them find it difficult to achieve emotional integrity with the men they love. Some of them become sexually frigid as a result of their fear of sexuality, especially that the feeling of guilt never lets them free. One reason for these problems is that circumcision is usually conducted when the girl is conscious of what is going on around her, usually at the age of five or six. When such a horrifying experience happens in her life, especially in relation to her sexual organs, she develops a kind of fear that is later on enhanced by the sexual repression she suffers. Eventually, all these feelings of fear and repression develop into a phobia towards sexuality, resulting in frigidity or fear from sexuality and its pleasures (Toubia, p. 14).
The circumcision of females has also been identified as a molestation and abuse of the female child. As a practice, it cannot be justified, especially that its objective is to impose sexual repression on females. Circumcision is a molestation against female children for many reasons. First of all, there is not one medical reason or cause that justifies female circumcision and the common interpretation is that it is related to sexuality of the female. Since circumcision is a distortion of the female’s body that also has emotional harm, the fact is that circumcision of females is a criminal act. It is a violent maltreatment of females and an assault against their sexuality and femininity at the same time (Bahieddine, p. 3).
On the social level, circumcision has several serious consequences. First of all, it is a means through which conformity to social standards is forced on women. It is a means through which a woman is branded like a sheep so that she will remain virgin, mainly through the repression of her sexuality. Indeed, the goal of circumcision it to keep the woman’s sexuality under control. The point is that sexual repression does not end with circumcision. Rather, circumcision is only one of the shocks that a female child will receive during the process of sexual education in the social context, regardless how limited this education is. The female child will learn through circumcision that her body does not belong to her, but rather, to those who can control it and impose all kinds of mutilation, humiliation and pain to it. From there on, the female child is taught that she is not free to express her sexuality, that in addition to her weakness as a woman, she has been distorted and mutilated in order to have her desires brought under control. Thus, the physical tormenting is not sufficient, but in addition to it, there has to be emotional and social repression that will inevitably influence the female’s behavior and thinking for many years to come (Saadawi, p. 59).
Secondly, female circumcision is one of those behaviors through which the social rights of women are violated. Female circumcision is in fact one of the first steps towards female subordination. When a girl is circumcised, she is learning that she as a woman is punished for something that she did not do, that she has to feel guilty because of her existence, and that she is going to remain under the control of man and the male-dominated society. The violation of the rights of the female is considered to be a common occurrence in many Arab countries, especially Egypt. Yet, by identifying the circumcision of the female as a tradition that cannot be ignored or change, the violation of women’s right through female circumcision is thus turned into a tradition that persists for many years. This tradition does not only become well established in the minds of the people, both males and females, but it also becomes tolerated, accepted and even encouraged (“Discussion papers,” p.4).
At the same time, the circumcision of females is seen as a first step of teaching females that they can be abused, sexually and physically by the males in their community. This does not only inhibit the behavior of the female, but it also forces her to accept the abuse she receives from the males in her community. It is true that the circumcision operation is conducted by a female daya but the fact is that this operation takes place only in conformity with the demands and standards of the male-dominated society. In other words, although the female knows very well, through her personal experience, that circumcision is a violation of her body and a painful experience that she would be much happier and preserved without, she will accept what is happening to her because she learns that she is a subject that is subordinated to the laws set by the male-dominated society (Saadawi, p. 59).
Prevention of Female Circumcision
The prevention of circumcision cannot take place only through legal prohibition. Already the laws in Egypt for example, prohibit circumcision but they are not seriously applied for three reasons. First of all, NGOs and other interest groups do not consider circumcision to be a priority on their agendas. One reason for this problem is that NGOs cannot operate against those traditions and beliefs that are well established in the minds, behaviors and traditions of the people. NGOs depend on support from the community, but while certain changes may be accepted by the senior members of the community, issues such as circumcision are considered to be highly sensitive. To avoid angering the community, most NGOs prefer to stay away from the issue of circumcision. They only prefer to educate against it, but they do not actually fund any activities that would lead to a effective restriction or prohibition of circumcision. This is the cased as the influential key members of the community who can facilitate the work of NGOs are at the same time those who reject the prohibition of circumcision (“FGM Taskforce”, p.4).
Another problem with the prohibition of circumcision is that those who are responsible for prohibiting circumcision sympathize with the community and its traditions, and hence, it is women who in the end suffer the consequences. As circumcision is a traditional behavior and conduct, very few governmental agencies will try to impose any restriction against it. Even the Muslim communities and organizations have developed a tolerance for female circumcision in order to attract the attention and support of the traditional groups in the community. This is despite the fact that circumcision is not related in any manner to the religion of Islam, but rather, to ancient social traditions that developed and became enhanced over the years. The point is that circumcision has become a politicized behavior. To win over the political support of traditional and conservative groups, both governmental agencies and political groups will not object to female circumcision even as it is evident that female circumcision is a violation of the human rights of the female child. The consequences are accordingly suffered by the female herself, especially as the community is capable of lobbying the sufficient political support to avoid restriction on and prohibition of circumcision (Toubia, p. 17).
A third factor that has to be considered in this respect is that governments as in Egypt, Sudan and Eritrea do not seriously consider circumcision as a serious crime. Rather, it considers it as a tradition that needs to be eventually eliminated. However, the mixing between religion, traditions and social attitudes has made the prohibition of circumcision almost impossible. One factor that explains the attitude of these governments is that there is a need for social reconciliation. These governments have been accused on many occasions of launching policies against the traditions of the community, especially in relevance to the use of contraceptives and population growth control. To avoid tension with the community and to maintain acceptability of future demands, the government cannot impose too much pressure on the issue of circumcision, especially that this issue is related to the rights of the female child, that is, to the weakest members of the community. The case being as such, there is very little chance that governments would actually take the initiative with respect to applying the laws that prohibit and punish actions of female circumcision (“FGM Taskforce,” p.5).
In Egypt, the government has to some extent promoted educational programs that aim at reducing the importance of circumcision for the community. Circumcision has been educated against through the media and other means in order to discourage the Egyptian families, especially in the rural areas from accepting such a practice. The obstacle however is that even among many of the educated families, circumcision has been an accepted tradition. The reason, as it seems, is that circumcision is related to one of the most important and sensitive aspects of the Egyptian social and moral standards, namely virginity (“FGM Taskforce,” p.5).
Circumcision in Egypt is now carried out at a lesser extent than it used to be decades ago, but the fact remains that more than 50% of Egyptian girls, especially in the remote areas and regions and the countryside are still victims of circumcision. In my opinion the prohibition of circumcision in Egypt will still take many years before serious attempts are carried out, and before female children are treated as human beings. I believe that bringing the problem of circumcision to an end will require a number of radical steps. First of all, there should be serious, committed and elaborate educational programs launched in order to educate the community about the realities of circumcision. When the people find out that circumcision has nothing to do with the controlling of sexual desire of the woman, they will eventually abandon it. A second step is related to the creation of awareness about the physical, mental and emotional consequences of circumcision on the young female child. These consequences should be emphasized as being long lasting and of serious outcome so that parents become aware of what they are really doing. Thirdly, it is important to start applying the laws, at least gradually. It is difficult to make the people comply with laws that defy traditions that have been established for thousands of years. However, the application of laws can be effective if it is conducted gradually, together with efforts at the education of the community and at the spread of awareness. Egypt is not the only Arab country where female circumcision is carried. Other countries include Sudan and Somalia, in addition to some countries where circumcision is carried out but on very limited scale such as Saudi Arabia and Kuwait (“FGM Taskforce, p.6).
Female circumcision is still widely practiced in many communities and societies, especially in countries such as Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea and others. Thousands of young girls have their genitals mutilated under unhealthy and inhuman circumstances. The purpose of circumcision, be it religious, traditional, or cultural, cannot be justified, for, it remains a serious violation of the human, health, social, and physical rights of women. It is a violation against the woman’s body, against her psychological and social well-being, and against her sexual rights. Governments and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are trying to bring this serious violation to an end, but obviously there are many obstacles in the way. These religious, social, cultural and sometimes official obstacles, are still preventing the elimination of female genital mutilation and as a result, the health, happiness and even the lives of thousands of women in several countries of the world are seriously at risk. Individuals, organizations and governments should continue in their efforts to bring this practice to an end. The means through which these efforts are channeled involve legal prohibition, the creation of awareness, and above all, education.
Bahieddin, Amira. The Female Child: Protection & Abuse. UNICEF, July 1994. | <urn:uuid:6850902f-c7c4-49be-94d2-06ad68379583> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.theuniversitypapers.com/female-circumcision-term-paper-help/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.973843 | 3,376 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Dual discoveries at USC propose a promising method to regrow nonliving hard tissue, lessening or even eliminating pain associated with tooth decay, which the National Institutes of Health calls the most prevalent chronic disease.
Janet Moradian-Oldak, a professor at the Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, has investigated methods to regrow tooth enamel for the past two decades. The process is especially tricky because unlike bone, mature enamel cannot rejuvenate. Tooth enamel is a nonliving tissue.
The a-ha moment came Oct. 22, 2015 when, in collaboration with lead author Sauma Prajapati of USC and other colleagues, she published a study in the Biomaterialsjournal saying matrix metalloproteinase-20, an enzyme found only in teeth, chops up amelogenin proteins, which facilitate organized enamel crystal formation. MMP-20 clears the way for hard material to usurp vacated space.
Her team is the first to define the function of an enzyme for preventing protein occlusion inside a crystal, she said.
"MMP-20 is released at a very early stage of enamel formation," said Moradian-Oldak, the study's senior author. "MMP-20 chops up proteins during the crystallization of enamel. Together with other enzymes, it gets rid of 'sludge' so the enamel making cells in the body can add more mineral and make enamel, the hardest bioceramic in the human body."
Moradian-Oldak will couple the MMP-20 discovery with another study published Nov. 2, 2015 in the Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, which concluded an amelogenin-chitosan hydrogel could repair early tooth decay by growing an enamel-like layer that reduces lesions by up to 70 percent.
"Recognizing MMP-20's function in biomineralization is one of the first steps to learning how dental enamel forms in nature," said Qichao Ruan, lead author of the hydrogel study and a postdoctoral research associate in the Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology at USC. "The findings regarding MMP-20 not only help us to further understand the mechanisms of enamel formation but they also can be applied in the design of novel biomaterials for future clinical applications in dental restoration or repair."
The Food and Drug Administration has not yet approved any type of enamel regrowing gel. USC is in pre-clinical trials. Moradian-Oldak said one day people may be able to use an overnight mouth guard or teeth strips saturated with hydrogel to regrow enamel-like substances and reduce teeth sensitivity.
Finding The Right Fix
Products such as toothpaste and mouthwash containing fluoride and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate promote remineralization of initial enamel lesions, however, they need to be used regularly and are more of a tire patch than a real solution, Moradian-Oldak said. It plugs up the problem so people don't feel pain. The gel, however, fills the cracks and holes with an enamel-like substance.
In the United States, 92 percent of adults aged 20 to 64 have had dental decay in their permanent teeth, Moradian-Oldak said. Grinding teeth at night, gum recession and the disappearance of enamel over a lifetime due to demineralizing acidic food and drink are all common problems people everywhere face.
When tested in an environment that mimics an oral cavity's biochemical processes, the gel created a robust attachment, eliminating the threat of secondary cavities in the same spot, Ruan said. The gel could be more effective than traditional crowns, whose adhesion weakens over time, he added.
"Besides biocompatibility and biodegradability, the gel has unique antimicrobial and adhesion properties that are important for dental applications," Ruan said.
Looking for a 100% all-natural liquid tooth oil and mouth rinse? Check out OraMD Original Strength and OraMD Extra Strength. Subscribe to our Trusted Health Club newsletter for more information about natural living tips, natural health, oral health and skincare. If you are looking for more health resources make sure to check out the Trusted Health Resources list.
Founder Ray Spotts has a passion for all things natural and has made a life study of nature as it relates to health and well-being. Ray became a forerunner bringing products to market that are extraordinarily effective and free from potentially harmful chemicals and additives. For this reason Ray formed Trusted Health Products, a company you can trust for clean, effective, and healthy products. Ray is an organic gardener, likes fishing, hiking, and teaching and mentoring people to start new businesses. You can get his book for free, “How To Succeed In Business Based On God’s Word,” at www.rayspotts.com. | <urn:uuid:e6e56f48-dfac-48d5-a823-0d85c78b64c3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.trustedhealthproducts.com/fr/blogs/dental-news/how-to-eliminate-pain-tied-to-tooth-decay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.934234 | 1,025 | 2.9375 | 3 |
These studies look at the effects of breastfeeding on children’s mental health, behaviour and emotional development.
A Future for the World’s Children?
A major new report commissioned by the World Health Organization (WHO), Unicef and The Lancet details new risks and solutions related to child health and wellbeing. This commission took more than two years to develop and reflects combined knowledge from 40 child health experts from around the world. The importance of close and loving relationships between parents and babies was evidenced in the report, highlighting the effects of early nurturing on later development in children:
“Beginning with the maternal-infant dyad, the child’s biological and developmental trajectory is ideally set in the context of nurturing relationships. The rights, freedoms, and entitlements of children can only be advanced when the entitlements of their mothers and care givers are realised. Moves to promote gender equality will improve nurturing care in the early years of life.”
The need to get babies off to a good start and how that effects on development and growth is also supported within the report:
“Evidence from longitudinal studies reports that the benefits of healthy childhood development extend to older ages: birth weight, infant growth, and peak physical and cognitive capacities in childhood are associated with or predictive of older adults’ physical and cognitive capacities, muscle strength, bone mass, lens opacity, hearing capacity, skin thickness, and life expectancy.”
- Maternal-child interaction and emotional development
- Breastfeeding duration and emotional attachment
- Impact of breastfeeding on child behaviour | <urn:uuid:f20c0001-2746-4bed-9db8-87f1f3df6a5c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/news-and-research/baby-friendly-research/infant-health-research/infant-health-research-mental-health-and-emotional-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.922875 | 316 | 3.53125 | 4 |
What is a Stroke/TIA?
What Happens During a Stroke/TIA?
- A Stroke Occurs When Blood Supply to the Brain is STOPPED.
- Brain cells REQUIRE oxygen and nutrient-rich blood.
- Without oxygen, brain cells start to die after just 3-4 minutes.
2 Types of Stroke:
Like a drain clog, ischemic strokes happen when a clot stops blood flow to an area of the brain.
Like a burst pipe, hemorrhagic strokes happen when a vessel breaks, causing blood to leak into an area of the brain.
Why Should you Care About Stroke?
- Stroke is the 3rd leading cause of death in Monroe County, NY
- Stroke is the 4th leading cause of death in NYS
- Stroke is the 5th leading cause of death in the U.S.
- Stroke is leading cause of serious long-term disability, and of placement in nursing homes.
- Stroke reduces mobility in more than half of stroke survivors age 65 and over.
- Stroke costs money: $34 billion direct costs and 68.5 billion in indirect costs (loss of work productivity, job loss, premature mortality).
To Learn More About Stroke
You can also visit the links below: | <urn:uuid:66885b61-9990-43c7-ba1e-7825c8ddcb68> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/stroke-center/what-is-a-stroke.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.904728 | 273 | 3.265625 | 3 |
A Comparative Analysis of Fecal Cortisol Concentrations Between Four Populations of Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) Living Under Different Environmental Conditions
Over 16,000 woolly monkeys, Lagothrix lagotricha, were imported into the United States beginning in the 1960s. They have an extremely high mortality rate in captivity and it is estimated that there are less than 25 remaining in zoos and in private ownership in the United States today. Studies have indicated that woolly monkeys in captivity have a very high incidence of hypertension and related disorders.1-3
It is unknown whether woolly monkeys develop hypertension under natural conditions or if it is in some way related to captivity. One possible explanation for the high incidence of hypertension is that this species may be in some way hypersensitive to physiological and/or psychological stressors affiliated with a captive environment resulting in chronic stress response activity and an associated hypertensive state. If abnormally high stress associated with captivity is a primary factor in the development of hypertension in this species, then measurable indices of stress response activity would be expected to be significantly higher in captive populations, especially in traditional zoological settings, than they would in wild populations.
The primary purpose of this pilot study is to investigate whether differences exist in fecal cortisol levels from woolly monkeys living under different environmental conditions and to evaluate fecal cortisol as a potential hormonal indicator of chronic stress response activity in this species. Fecal cortisol analysis is a very new area of research, especially in nonhuman primates. In the future, fecal cortisol analysis may prove to be a safe and noninvasive method for measuring cortisol levels and assessing stress in animals.
Mean fecal cortisol concentrations were determined from four populations of woolly monkeys living under different conditions to discern if significant differences exist between them. The four populations consist of one from a zoo setting (the Louisville Zoo), one from a less conventional captive environment (the Monkey Sanctuary), a population of orphans who have daily human contact but live freely at the Caparu Biological Station in the Colombian Amazon Rainforest and a wild population living in the vicinity of the field station. The Caparu Biological Station is located deep in the Amazon Rainforest far away from any human populations so it is expected that these monkeys will not have any additional stress brought about by proximity to human populations such as hunting or habitat loss, which is the case elsewhere.
Fecal cortisol concentrations were determined using a cortisol enzyme immunoassay (EIA) at the Assay Services Laboratory of the Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center. Prior to assaying the samples, two woolly monkey samples were separated through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC): a thoroughly mixed pool of wild woolly monkey feces (wfp) and a sample from a captive male 3-yr-old. UV detection indicated that both cortisol and cortisone were identified in the feces of the woolly monkey. HPLC elutes were fractionated into 0.025 or 1 ml aliquots. The aliquots were then assayed for cortisol by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using the technique described by Ziegler et al. with minor modifications.5 Results indicated that both cortisol and cortisone were present in the feces of the woolly monkey and that the cortisol EIA antibody cross reacted with both steroids (100% with cortisol and 60% with cortisone) giving a complete profile of cortisol metabolites. Assayed fractions indicated that over 80% of cortisol activity occurred at the retention times of cortisol and cortisone.
The enzyme immunoassay was used to determine cortisol concentrations in fecal samples collected from individuals from all four populations. Fecal samples were either collected in ethanol and later frozen or first frozen and later placed in ethanol prior to processing. The alcohol was evaporated off and samples were lyophilized to complete dryness. Prior to assaying, a portion of each sample was weighed, extracted with water/ethanol and put through solvolysis to remove all conjugates following previously reported methods.4
Mean cortisol levels were calculated for individual animals for which there were multiple samples. Mean population cortisol levels were then calculated. Statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences in mean population cortisol levels between all population comparisons except between the wild and orphan populations (p<0.01). The cortisol mean from the Louisville Zoo was higher than the mean from the Monkey Sanctuary and both captive population cortisol means were significantly higher than wild and orphan means.
Further research will continue to investigate the possibility that woolly monkeys living in traditional captive settings are subjected to greater stress than woolly monkeys living in more stimulating captive habitats or in natural environments to which they are evolutionarily adapted and whether fecal cortisol measurements can accurately be used for assessing stress response activity in this species. This research project has many potential implications in terms of ecosystem health, animal welfare and captive breeding programs. If zoological parks or other institutions decide that woolly monkeys should be kept in an enriched or otherwise improved captive environment, then fecal cortisol measurement may prove useful in the future as a simple and noninvasive method for continually assessing the risk of hypertensive disease. This method would allow for the early identification of inadequate captive habitat and living conditions so that efforts could be made to improve them prior to the onset of disease.
This study also has the potential for identifying fecal cortisol in the future as an easily measured, early, sensitive indicator of environmental changes in habitats in which woolly monkeys occur. Future study in this area will involve field investigations in which woolly monkey fecal cortisol concentrations are compared at different levels of environmental perturbation, ranging from areas with little or no human population pressures to areas where human population pressures are great. The purpose of this will be to investigate the suitability of the fecal cortisol parameter as an indicator of habitat health in neotropical rainforests.
The authors wish to thank Drs. Tom and Sara Defler of the Caparu Biological Station; Dr. Roy Burns, Silvia Logsdon and the Louisville Zoo; Dr. Jordi Casamitjana and the Monkey Sanctuary, and Dr. Robert Yaffee of New York University for all of their essential contributions to this project. We also wish to acknowledge the helpful input of Dr. Brent White, Daniel Wittwer, Nicholas Wolfinger and Frank LoPresti. We are grateful to the Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation and the National Institute of Health for providing the funding which made this research possible.
1. Giddens WE, Jr., Combs CA, Smith OA, Klein EC. 1987. Spontaneous hypertension and its sequelae in woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha). Lab Anim Sci. 37(6): 750–756.
2. Müller M, Heldstab A, Luginbühl H. 1989. The woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha): a possible model for human hypertension research. Schweiz Arch Tierheilk. 131: 569–576.
3. Wagner RA, Klein EC, Coombs CA. 1985. Clinical observations of hypertension in woolly monkeys. Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet. 43–44.
4. Ziegler TE, Scheffler G, Abbott DH. 1996. Metabolism of reproductive steroids during the ovarian cycle in two species of callitrichids, Saguinus oedipus and Callithrix jacchus, and estimation of the ovulatory period from fecal steroids. Biol of Reprod. 54: 91–99.
5. Ziegler TE, Scheffler G, Snowdon CT. 1995. The relationship of cortisol levels to social environment and reproductive functioning in female cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus oedipus. Hormones and Behavior. 29: 407–424. | <urn:uuid:8c463255-90c1-45d4-8149-2fb8cb0e4913> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.vin.com/AppUtil/Project/DefaultAdv1.aspx?pId=26439&meta=generic&catId=159991&id=10047369&ind=3&objTypeID=17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.923075 | 1,610 | 3.25 | 3 |
In today’s digital age, securing your financial data is of paramount importance. With cyber threats on the rise, individuals and businesses must take proactive measures to protect their sensitive financial information. This comprehensive guide will explore the best ways to secure your financial data, providing you with practical tips and strategies to safeguard your assets and personal information.
- 1 Secure Your Financial Data
- 2 Importance of Financial Data Security
- 3 Strong Password Practices
- 4 Two-factor authentication (2FA)
- 5 Secure Banking and Financial Apps
- 6 Regular Software Updates
- 7 Encryption for Data Protection
- 8 Secure Wi-Fi Networks
- 9 Safe Online Shopping Practices
- 10 Beware of Phishing Scams
- 11 Identity Theft Protection Services
- 12 Data Backups
- 13 Secure Your Physical Documents
- 14 Monitor Your Financial Statements
- 15 Conclusion
- 16 FAQs
Secure Your Financial Data
In an era where financial transactions are predominantly digital, your financial data security is a top priority. This article will guide you through essential steps to ensure the safety of your financial information.
Importance of Financial Data Security
Financial data security is of paramount importance in today’s digital age. It encompasses the protection of sensitive financial information, including bank account details, credit card numbers, investment portfolios, and personal financial records. The significance of financial data security cannot be overstated, and here are several reasons why it holds such a crucial role in our lives:
- Preventing Unauthorized Access: Financial data security ensures that only authorized individuals have access to your financial information. Unauthorized access can lead to financial loss and even identity theft.
- Protection Against Fraud: Robust security measures safeguard your accounts and financial transactions against fraudulent activities. This includes preventing unauthorized withdrawals, purchases, or transfers.
- Privacy Preservation: Financial data often contains personal and confidential information. Protecting this data preserves your privacy and prevents it from falling into the wrong hands.
- Maintaining Trust: In the business world, maintaining the trust of customers and clients is essential. Ensuring the security of their financial data is a critical aspect of building and retaining that trust.
- Compliance with Regulations: Many industries and financial institutions are subject to strict regulations regarding data security. Compliance with these regulations is not only necessary to avoid penalties but also to demonstrate responsible business practices.
- Preventing Data Breaches: Data breaches can be catastrophic for individuals and businesses. They can result in financial losses, reputational damage, and legal consequences.
- Protection from Identity Theft: Financial data security helps protect individuals from identity theft, where personal information is used to commit fraud or other crimes.
- Peace of Mind: Knowing that your financial data is secure provides peace of mind. It allows you to focus on your financial goals without the constant worry of potential security threats.
- Business Continuity: For businesses, financial data security is essential for ensuring continuity. In the event of a security breach or data loss, operations can be severely impacted.
- Preventing Financial Loss: Cyberattacks and fraud can lead to significant financial losses. Robust security measures help prevent such losses and protect your hard-earned money.
Strong Password Practices
Secure Your Financial Data: Creating strong, unique passwords for each of your financial accounts is the first line of defense. Use a combination of upper and lower case letters, numbers, and special characters. Avoid easily guessable information like birthdates or names.
Two-factor authentication (2FA)
Enable 2FA whenever possible. This extra layer of security requires you to provide a second verification step, such as a code sent to your mobile device, in addition to your password.
Secure Banking and Financial Apps
Secure Your Financial Data: Choose financial institutions and apps with robust security features. Look for encryption, biometric authentication, and a history of reliable security practices.
Regular Software Updates
Keep your devices and software up to date. Manufacturers release updates to patch vulnerabilities, making it harder for cybercriminals to exploit weaknesses.
Encryption for Data Protection
Secure Your Financial Data: Use encryption tools to secure sensitive files and communications. This technology scrambles data, making it unreadable without the decryption key.
Secure Wi-Fi Networks
Protect your home Wi-Fi with a strong password. Avoid using public Wi-Fi for financial transactions, as these networks may not be secure.
Safe Online Shopping Practices
Secure Your Financial Data: When shopping online, only use reputable websites with secure payment methods. Look for the padlock symbol in the browser’s address bar.
Beware of Phishing Scams
Be cautious of emails and messages asking for financial information. Verify the sender’s authenticity before sharing any data.
Identity Theft Protection Services
Secure Your Financial Data: Consider subscribing to identity theft protection services that monitor your personal information and alert you to suspicious activity.
Secure Your Financial Data: Data backups are an essential component of data management and security in today’s digital age. They involve the process of creating and storing duplicate copies of your important data, files, and information. These backups serve as a safeguard against data loss, ensuring that even if your primary data is compromised or lost, you can recover it from these secondary copies. Here’s why data backups are crucial:
- Protection Against Data Loss: Data loss can occur due to various reasons, including hardware failures, software glitches, viruses, or human errors. By regularly backing up your data, you can recover lost information and prevent disruptions in your personal or business operations.
- Recovery from Disaster: Natural disasters such as floods, fires, earthquakes, or even theft can lead to the destruction or loss of physical and digital assets. Having offsite backups ensures that your data survives these catastrophic events.
- Security Against Ransomware: Ransomware attacks are on the rise, where malicious software encrypts your data and demands a ransom for its release. With backups, you can restore your data without paying the ransom, mitigating financial losses and reducing the incentive for cybercriminals.
- Version Control: Data backups often include multiple versions of files. This allows you to retrieve earlier versions of documents or data in case changes made later on turn out to be problematic.
- Business Continuity: For businesses, data is the lifeblood of operations. Regular backups are crucial for ensuring that business processes can continue uninterrupted, even in the face of data loss incidents.
- Long-Term Data Preservation: Some data, such as important records, documents, and archives, need to be retained for extended periods. Backups can be stored for long-term preservation, ensuring data integrity and compliance with legal requirements.
- Ease of Migration: When upgrading hardware or switching to new software, backups simplify the process of transferring your data to the new environment, reducing downtime and potential data loss.
- Peace of Mind: Knowing that your data is backed up provides peace of mind, reducing anxiety over the possibility of losing valuable information.
When implementing data backups, consider the following best practices:
- Regular Backup Schedule: Establish a regular schedule for data backups, whether daily, weekly, or monthly, depending on your needs.
- Redundancy: Maintain multiple copies of backups in different locations to further protect against data loss.
- Automated Backups: Use automated backup solutions to ensure consistency and reliability in the backup process.
- Testing Backups: Periodically test your backups to ensure that they can be successfully restored when needed.
- Encryption: Secure your backups with encryption to protect sensitive data even in the event of theft.
Secure Your Physical Documents
Secure Your Financial Data: Store important financial documents in a locked cabinet or safe. Shred any documents you no longer need to prevent identity theft.
Monitor Your Financial Statements
Review your bank and credit card statements regularly for any unauthorized transactions. Promptly report any discrepancies to your financial institution.
Read More: How to Set and Achieve Your Financial Goals
Securing your financial data is an ongoing commitment to protect your assets and personal information. By following the best practices outlined in this guide, you can significantly reduce the risk of financial fraud and identity theft.
Remember that securing your financial data is an ongoing commitment. It requires vigilance, regular maintenance, and adapting to evolving threats in the digital landscape.
By implementing these strategies and staying informed about the latest security practices, you can take control of your financial security and reduce the risks associated with financial data breaches. Your financial well-being and peace of mind depend on it.
If you have further questions or concerns about securing your financial data, please refer to the FAQs provided earlier in this article or seek advice from a trusted financial advisor or cybersecurity expert.
1. What should I do if I suspect a security breach in my financial accounts?
If you suspect a security breach, immediately contact your financial institution, change your passwords, and monitor your accounts for any unauthorized activity.
2. How often should I update my passwords?
It’s advisable to update your passwords every three to six months or whenever you have concerns about their security.
3. Are identity theft protection services worth the cost?
Identity theft protection services can provide peace of mind and rapid response in case of identity theft. The value depends on your individual needs and risk tolerance.
4. Can I trust mobile banking apps for secure transactions?
Most reputable banks have robust security measures in place for their mobile apps. However, always download apps from official app stores and enable additional security features like 2FA.
5. Is it necessary to use a VPN for online financial transactions?
While not mandatory, using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) can add an extra layer of security by encrypting your internet connection, especially when using public Wi-Fi networks. | <urn:uuid:74b50306-1761-4f7d-9237-56c1c3007329> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.viralkaboom.com/the-best-ways-to-secure-your-financial-data/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.875227 | 1,996 | 2.640625 | 3 |
JANUARY - FEBRUARY 2022
Known as the jewel of Micronesia, Palau is an isolated group of 300+ pristine limestone islands located in the Western Pacific. Palau has long been a leader in protecting their flourishing yet fragile ocean environment from development and exploitation. Safeguarding their ocean is deeply rooted in Palau’s history and culture. For centuries, traditional leaders in Palau have worked to protect local waters through enactment of a “bul”— closures on fishing or catching certain species to allow marine life to regenerate and ensure habitats that are critical to the community’s food security are healthy in the long term.
This expedition was conducted under strict COVID-19 protocol to keep the scientists and surrounding local communities safe.
day scientific expedition
coral reef images captured
fish species observed
"The places that are protected are teeming with so many marine life. This is one way that we restore balance."
One Reef Micronesia
SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL REPORTS | <urn:uuid:0dccac97-4838-4102-931d-6e6b19ced5df> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.waittinstitute.org/palau-expedition | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.902325 | 212 | 3.046875 | 3 |
DAVIS, CA, May 21, 2010 -- USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Farm Bill conservation programs will invest approximately $11.8 million in 2010 for contracts with California dairy and other livestock farmers to implement conservation practices that will help them comply with regulations, manage and use the manure from their animals to fertilize their crops and improve water quality.
"Manure that is applied in proper concentration and at the proper time is taken up and used by crops," said Ed Burton, State Conservationist for NRCS California State Office. "Nitrogen and other nutrients can be put to work so they cannot wash or percolate into water and become pollutants."
The $11.8 million is made available through the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), the Agricultural Water Enhancement Program (AWEP) and the Cooperative Conservation Partnership Initiative (CCPI). EQIP contracts are made directly with agricultural producers while AWEP and CCPI rely on industry and conservation groups to play a coordinating role to accomplish water quality and other conservation goals.
NRCS has had a focused effort to work with dairy operators for the past five years as the industry focuses on improving nutrient efficiency and complying with increasingly strict regulations.
"The dairy industry has been very responsive in working with us to develop and implement plans that take advantage of natural fertilizer occurring in livestock manure and developing structures and management techniques to keep it away from water sources," added Burton. In the past five years, NRCS has targeted roughly $47 million towards addressing the issue. Typically, producers put up half the cost of conservation projects, meaning the total NRCS-Industry investment approaches $100 million.
"California Dairy farmers take conservation seriously," concluded Burton. "They voluntarily employ methods that preserve natural resources and help their communities, such as managing nutrients, conserving water, and reducing fuel use. They know that the success and profitability of a dairy farm depends upon healthy land, water, and air."
NRCS is working closely with Western United Dairymen and other industry and conservation groups, the UC Cooperative Extension Service and others to bring information, training and financial assistance to dairy operators.
The work with dairy operators is part of a much larger EQIP-AWEP-CCPI effort throughout California that is expected to provide over $70 million for conservation on farms, ranches and other private property in 2010.
For 75 Years the Natural Resources Conservation Service has been providing leadership to help people conserve, maintain, and improve our natural resources and environment. | <urn:uuid:212e2b14-c753-4ca3-9822-c8788e9fdc9f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.waterworld.com/drinking-water/potable-water-quality/article/16221334/water-quality-investment-hones-infrastructure-management-to-better-use-manure-resource | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.952692 | 515 | 2.625 | 3 |
With its excellent electrical conductivity, high temperature resistance, lubrication and other properties, graphite powder quickly seizes the share of various industries with great advantages. It is soft, dark gray, and has a greasy feel that can stain paper. So what is the role of graphite powder?
Graphite powder is a kind of mineral powder, the main component is carbon, it is soft, black and gray; it has a greasy feeling and can pollute the paper. The hardness is 1 to 2, and the hardness can be increased to 3 to 5 with the increase of impurities in the vertical direction. Specific gravity is 1.9 to 2.3. Under the condition of isolating oxygen, its melting point is above 3000 ℃, which is one of the most temperature-resistant minerals.
1. Metallurgy and alloy: This is mainly metal alloy raw material and powder metallurgy release agent. The quality of special graphite powders used in these industries is closely related to their purity: the higher the purity, the better the lubrication effect. It has the following advantages: high temperature resistance, increased original strength, easy mixing, uniform particles.
2. Filler or improver: In order to better improve the conductivity, compression resistance and wear resistance of materials, graphite powder is used as filler or performance improver for various composite materials and rubber and plastics.
3. Base material: This is mainly corrosion-resistant lubricant base material and high temperature-resistant lubricant base material.
4. Fertilizer industry: As a mold release lubricant, it is mainly used in the production of catalysts in the fertilizer industry.
5. Conduction: use them to prepare conductive liquid and make carbon film resistors and conductive dry molds.
Different specifications of graphite powder have different uses; the larger the mesh number, the smaller the particle size and the better the quality; the higher the carbon content, the better the electrical conductivity and high temperature resistance, and the wider the use.
Graphite powder belongs to the hexagonal crystal system and has a layered structure, which is widely used in industry. Graphite powder and iron powder are very similar in appearance, and it is sometimes difficult for us to identify them. So what are the methods of distinguishing graphite powder and iron powder?
1. Mixing and heating: Add copper oxide to graphite powder and iron powder respectively for mixing and heating. Adding graphite powder will produce clear lime water and become turbid CO2, but iron powder will not have this situation.
2. When dilute sulfuric acid or dilute hydrochloric acid is added to the iron powder, bubbles will appear.
1. Heating: Graphite powder is ignited in the air, but iron powder will turn black.
2. Magnet: Iron powder can be attracted by magnets, but graphite powder cannot be attracted by magnets.
3. Touch: Graphite powder has a greasy feeling, but iron powder does not. | <urn:uuid:2d5d463e-c744-4bc6-86b7-0b523a332833> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.whgraphitesupplier.com/the-role-of-graphite-powder-and-its-difference-from-iron-powder.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.930562 | 622 | 2.90625 | 3 |
One of the key decision in a wind farm is the type of tower that will be used to reach the desired hub high.
In the infancy of the wind industry, lattice towers where used – you can still see them in very old wind farm, for instance in southern Spain.
However, this technology was not really a good fit when the hub high reached 50+ meters. The following step has been to switch to tubular steel tower with a circular section, which has been (and still is) the standard technical solution.
In parallel, the concrete tower solution has been developing. This can be either hybrid (the lower part of the tower is made of concrete and the upper section of still) or a full concrete solution (except for a small element on top of the tower that act as a sort of adapter between the last section and the nacelle.
The components of the tower can be either precast in an existing factory or cast in situ in a factory specifically built for the project, usually in the wind farm area. Obviously, this second alternative make sense in big wind farms, with dozens of wind turbines.
Regarding the assembly process, there are different technical solutions in the market. However, in general each tower section is composed by several elements (usually from 2 to 6) that must be assembled together with vertical joints to compose a complete tower section.
After, the different tower sections are assembled together and united with horizontal joints.
The joints are usually filled with grout, and a system of cables run through the tower usually all the way down to the foundation.
The foundation of a concrete tower is usually smaller and different from the standard shallow foundations used for steel towers.
Is a concrete tower a good choice?
As often, the answer depends on many factors.
From an economical point of view, to simplify the problem, concrete towers are usually competitive when the wind turbine is high (100 m. and above).
From the technical perspective, there are several advantages of concrete over steel:
- No restriction in the geometric design
- Greater stiffness (good for resonance) and damping
- Greater maximum hub height possible
- Smaller foundation due to increased weight | <urn:uuid:d5160d29-634e-471c-8cc6-661dc1d34e81> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.windfarmbop.com/wtg-tower-concrete-or-steel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.948769 | 445 | 2.75 | 3 |
Crazy mouse or wild mouse coasters are single car roller coaster developed in the mid-20th century. Unlike traditional coasters that feature long ride trains, crazy mouse coasters feature a small car that only sits between 2-4 passengers. They are noted for fast turns and short sudden drops.
Unlike the dramatic and expansive tracks of large roller coasters, wild mouse coasters are generally very compact rides that appear to be fairly tame. They do not usually feature large drops, inversions or corkscrew elements. At first glance, riders may assume the ride is intended for children, but the crazy mouse provides a great deal of punch for its size.
The original wild mouse coasters were designed in the late 1950s by German ride pioneer Franz Mack. They were built from wood and featured very small single cars, allowing only two tightly-seated adult riders. One of the earliest versions was at the Blackpool Pleasure Beach in England and still operates today.
The thrill factor in crazy mouse coasters relies on their small side. Because the cars are wider than the track, going around sharp, switchback turns leaves riders feeling as though they are about to be flung off the ride. The short, sudden drops are often unexpected, and give a g-force jolt to the riders. It is not uncommon for seasoned roller coaster fans to be terrified out of their wits on crazy mouse coasters, as the overall feel of the ride is completely different than a traditional roller coaster.
After initial popularity in the 1960s and 1970s, crazy mouse rides fell out of fashion in the wake of incredible new roller coaster technology. They remained popular with traveling carnivals and fairs, as the tracks were easily compactable. In the 1990s, steel wild mouse coasters began to regain popularity in theme and amusement parks. Even the world-class theme park Disneyland chose to include a crazy mouse coaster in their expansion park, Disney’s California Adventure.
The revitalization of the wild mouse rides led to new innovations, made possible by advancements in the roller coaster industry. In 1997, the first spinning mouse cars were introduced at Dinosaur Beach in New Jersey. Although the track remains similar to regular coasters, the car spins freely in circles, adding new dimensions of excitement, or terror, to the ride. Adding loops to wild mouse rides has also become popular, with one of the earliest being at the Tobu Zoo in Japan.
Crazy mouse coasters are not for the faint-hearted and should not be mistaken for children’s rides. They are often somewhat jerky when compared to smooth-running regular coasters, and those with back or neck injuries should consult with a doctor before riding. As with all amusement park rides, read and follow all safety directions before boarding a ride. | <urn:uuid:02701d17-7903-4e6a-ac20-883ed6640dab> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.wisetour.com/what-is-a-crazy-mouse-coaster.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.96826 | 567 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Which is an example of peer pressure A?
Which is an example of peer pressure A?
When the Pressure’s On. Sometimes, though, the stresses in your life can actually come from your peers. They may pressure you into doing something you’re uncomfortable with, such as shoplifting, doing drugs or drinking, taking dangerous risks when driving a car, or having sex before you feel ready.
How do you use peer in a sentence?
- Peer pressure is strong among young people .
- It will not be easy to find his peer.
- She was rejected by her peer group.
- A peer review system is being introduced to help teachers who are experiencing difficulty.
- Love is not to peer at each other but to stare the same way together.
What is a good sentence for pressure?
How to use Pressure in a sentence. Let me put pressure on it. She felt the pressure of a cup against her lips. They’ll keep the pressure on the authorities when any of these cases get out of the public eye.
What is peer pressure for students?
What Is Peer Pressure? People who are your age, like your classmates, are called peers. When they try to get you to act a certain way, or try to get you to do something, it’s called peer pressure. You might want to be like your peers, even if they’re not pressuring you.
What is peer pressure in simple words?
Definition of peer pressure : a feeling that one must do the same things as other people of one’s age and social group in order to be liked or respected by them She started drinking in high school because of peer pressure.
What is the peer pressure?
Peer pressure is the influence wielded by people within the same social group. It is also the term used to describe the effect this influence has on a person to conform in order to be accepted by the group.
What is the meaning peer pressure?
How do you use measure in a sentence?
Measure sentence example
- It took too much effort to look up at the sun to measure time.
- You can’t really measure which is most dangerous.
- Once the promise of this world comes to be, new ways will be created to measure even more data.
What means peer pressure?
Do you feel peer pressure in school?
When starting secondary school, it’s normal for students to feel influenced by their peers as they negotiate and manage new structures around friendships, belief systems and where they fit in. Peer pressure can cause students to do or say things they wouldn’t normally do or say.
How can peer pressure affect you?
Negative peer pressure can also affect mental health. It can decrease self-confidence and lead to poor academic performance, distancing from family members and friends, or an increase in depression and anxiety. Left untreated, this could eventually lead teens to engage in self-harm or have suicidal thoughts.
Why is peer pressure good?
Positive peer pressure is when someone’s peers influence them to do something positive or growth building. For example, peers who are committed to doing well in school or at sport can influence others to be more goal orientated. Similarly, peers who are kind, loyal or supportive influence others to be the same.
How do you use recommended in a sentence?
1 Her boss recommended a permanent transfer overseas. 2 This book is highly recommended by teachers. 3 She recommended us another restaurant. 4 Navy commanders recommended that he be tried by court-martial.
How do you use occasion in a sentence?
Occasion sentence example
- He was excited to see her dressed up for the occasion.
- Moulds have been isolated which occasion the formation of citric acid from glucose.
- He would often say the exact opposite of what he had said on a previous occasion, yet both would be right.
How would you describe peer pressure?
How does peer pressure affect your life?
How many kids are peer pressured?
Approximately 90 percent of teens reported having experienced peer pressure, which is commonly defined as any external force of influence on our decisions that might have an effect on our physical or mental health.
How do you use selective pressure in a sentence?
Check to see if your laptop has a precision touchpad. Go to Start>Settings>Devices>Mouseouchpad.
What are the 6 types of peer pressure?
Types of Peer Pressure . Most kids have a strong desire to fit in and are especially sensitive to being picked on, made fun of, or ostracized. Consequently, they’re often eager to do the things their peers tell them to do. Research has drawn attention to the significant role of peers in influencing prosocial behaviors.
Which statements describe peer pressure?
Which statement describes peer pressure?-A teen lets her friends give her used makeup even though she is worried about passing germs.-A teen decides not to drink alcohol at a party even though she sees other people drinking.-A teen lets his friends know how much their support means to him even though he does not have to.
How to use high pressure in a sentence?
high pressure system in a sentence. A chilly Canadian high pressure system will build into the Northeast on Saturday. Auckland was under a high pressure system, which tends to keep winds down. A high pressure system was expected to bring drier conditions over the weekend. Elsewhere, a high pressure | <urn:uuid:2b79e0bf-0f5f-47bb-96f1-f9e120cc8bc6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.wren-clothing.com/which-is-an-example-of-peer-pressure-a/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.964726 | 1,129 | 3.625 | 4 |
Since the introduction of ChatGPT, the business world has been captivated by artificial intelligence. Therefore, it's only natural that investors are actively seeking innovative ways to incorporate AI into stock market trading.
AI Boom in the investing sphere
The AI boom in the investing sphere represents a transformative shift in how investment decisions are made, managed, and optimized. Artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies have brought about significant changes in the financial industry, offering advantages and opportunities for investors.
However, there are also some risks associated with using AI in investing, in particular bias, complexity, and, most importantly, regulation. The use of AI in investing is still relatively new, and there is limited regulation in this area. It can lead to problems in the future, such as conflicts of interest or unfair trading algorithms.
AI influence on stock market trades
Here are five ways that AI is changing stock market trades.
Algorithmic trading is a type of trading that uses computer algorithms to execute trades. It has become increasingly popular in recent years, as AI algorithms have become more sophisticated. Algorithmic trading helps to reduce costs and improve efficiency, but it can also lead to increased market volatility.
AI is widely used to manage portfolios by identifying risks and opportunities and making recommendations for rebalancing. This service is often offered by robo-advisors, which are automated investment services that use AI to manage portfolios.
Artificial Intelligence can uncover illicit market activities like insider trading and pump-and-dump schemes. These deceptive practices are often challenging to spot through manual means, but AI algorithms can be specifically trained to recognize patterns associated with fraudulent behavior. By harnessing AI-powered fraud detection systems, investors can fortify their defenses against potential financial losses.
Data analysis and predictive analytics
AI-driven algorithms use historical data to create predictive models. These models can forecast stock price movements, market trends and even identify potential trading opportunities based on historical patterns and market conditions. Additionally, AI continuously monitors real-time market data, enabling traders to react swiftly to changing market conditions.
AI algorithms analyze social media feeds, news articles, and financial reports to gauge market and investor sentiment. This information helps traders and investors make data-driven decisions. AI can also identify and act on significant events, such as earnings releases, economic indicators, or geopolitical events, by assessing their potential impact on stock prices and market dynamics.
To learn more about using AI for investment strategies and other tips on how to get the most benefits from using artificial intelligence, check out YouHold. | <urn:uuid:119447a8-832b-4cf6-b804-a5f5d255c627> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://youhold.com/knowledge-hub/can-ai-help-with-the-stock-market | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.945544 | 512 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Brand audits involve local communities, volunteers, and environmental organizations collecting and categorizing plastic waste to identify the brands responsible for generating this waste. These initiatives aim to hold corporations accountable for their contributions to plastic pollution.
In Montenegro, as in many other parts of the world, brand audits are organized by environmental organizations or local community groups to raise awareness about plastic pollution and advocate for more sustainable practices such as reuse.
These actions shed light on the extent of the plastic pollution problem in the country, encourage responsible consumer choices, and potentially put pressure on brands to adopt more eco-friendly packaging and materials. The data gathered through brand audits is used to support advocacy efforts and push for policy changes related to plastic waste management and reduction.
In response to the persistently lacklustre corporate responses to plastic pollution, in 2022 activists worldwide have initiated a global “Trashiversary.” To commemorate the five-year reign of The Coca-Cola Company, PepsiCo, and Nestlé as top plastic polluters, activists are taking the fight directly to these corporations. They were mailing or delivering waste collected from cleanups to company headquarters, demanding immediate and substantial action. The coordinated efforts happened across various countries, targeting The Coca-Cola Company in Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, the United States, and Zambia; Unilever in Indonesia, the United Kingdom, and South Africa; and PepsiCo in India and Tanzania.
For half a decade, over 200,000 volunteers across 87 countries have conducted cleanups to identify companies contributing the most plastic waste to our planet. Shockingly, The Coca-Cola Company, PepsiCo, and Nestlé consistently emerged as the worst offenders. Notably, The Coca-Cola Company led the pack, with more of its branded items collected than the combined total of the next two major polluters. In 2022, brand audits uncovered more than 31,000 Coca-Cola branded products, doubling the proportion from 2018.
While we wait for the 2023 Global Brand Audit results, the plastic pollution crisis has reached alarming proportions, and shed light on the ineffective nature of corporate voluntary commitments in mitigating the environmental impacts of these giants. This sobering reality has led to a global call for a binding solution: a Global Plastics Treaty to curtail plastic production and usage by corporations.
Voluntary Commitments vs. Reality
In 2018, the Ellen MacArthur Foundation and the United Nations Environment Programme introduced the New Plastics Economy Global Commitment. This initiative centered on a set of voluntary commitments by major fast-moving consumer goods companies, including most of the top plastic polluters, with the aim of addressing plastic pollution.
However, the Global Commitment 2022 Progress Report paints a disheartening picture. It indicates that the 2025 targets are “almost certainly” unattainable. In fact, for many of these companies, the use of plastic packaging has increased since joining the Global Commitment, underscoring how voluntary measures have failed to make a meaningful impact on plastic reduction.
Of particular concern is the fact that the top plastic polluter, The Coca-Cola Company, is a sponsor of the UN climate change conference COP27 in Egypt. This association has left environmental activists puzzled, as 99% of plastic is derived from fossil fuels, making Coca-Cola’s presence at COP27 incongruous with the conference’s environmental goals.
The glaring failure of big corporations to make meaningful progress in reducing plastic pollution despite their voluntary commitments sends a clear message. It highlights the urgency of transitioning from voluntary actions to legally binding mechanism. | <urn:uuid:08bb442f-1946-4971-8bb1-a9b54c09d57d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://zerowastemontenegro.me/coastal-clean-up-and-brand-audit-2023/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.925049 | 736 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This is where Rhodes relaxed on visits to his Westacre Estate; the Summer-house was used as a dining-room and place to relax during the heat of the day, as it was open-sided and cooled by the breeze. Rhodes usually lived in a wagon when travelling, but here he used the four rondavels that were constructed on the site.
No trace of the rondavels exists, but the foundations of the Summer-house are visible on the rise.
From Bulawayo take Robert Mugabe Way from the city; this turns into Matopos Road which continues south, but before reaching the National Park turn right into the entrance to REPS School (a prominent white building on the right) and drive around the school fence. Turn left at the western boundary of the school down a drive 100 metres between two houses to a small rise at the end of the driveway. The historical monuments plaque is directly in front on the rise.
GPS reference: 20⁰23′07.93″S 28⁰30′31.81″E
The Summer House is where Cecil Rhodes’ coffin rested on the night before the final trek to the grave and burial on 10th April 1902 at World’s View on the summit of Malindidzimu. Although only the foundations of the Summer-house remain and the site is not even signposted, the site still has its National Monument plaque.
The Summer-house was built in 1897 on the uppermost of two levels which are ringed with cemented stones on a small mound with the entrance facing north down the approach driveway. It stood with its long side facing south over Rhodes Westacre Estate toward the Matopos Hills on the skyline. Like many of his farms throughout Zimbabwe, it is now an agricultural research station. The top level contains the cement foundation of 10 metres by 7 metres, a very modest size for a man who left an estate of over £4million pounds. Like his beachside cottage situated at Muizenberg on the False Bay coast, near Cape Town where he finally died on March 26, 1902 Rhodes liked his homes to be unpretentious and simple.
The Summer-house on Westacre estate overlooks what was later called World's View Farm (National Monument Number: 29) where Rhodes spent much of his time in the Matopos, where he enjoyed by the rugged grandeur of the landscape. Essentially just a thatched roof supported by poles on a solid foundation, it was destroyed in a veld fire that swept over the small hillock on which it was built. According to Rob Burrett of the Natural History Museum, the Summer House has been burnt down three times since 1902 and after the last occasion in the 1980’s it was decided to leave it and it has also been deproclaimed as a National Monument.
The photograph was probably taken during or after the series of Indabas in August 1896. Even in 1871, when Rhodes arrived in Kimberley on horseback accompanied only by a cart pulled by four oxen to join his brother Herbert Rhodes, he cut a somewhat odd figure that attracted attention. A contemporary description is “fair blue eyed, and with somewhat aquiline features, wearing flannels off the school playing field, somewhat shrunken with strenuous rather than effectual washings that still left the colour of the red veld dust.”
C.K. Cooke. Some buildings and sites near Bulawayo connected with C.J. Rhodes. Rhodesiana Publication No.35. September 1976. P37-42 | <urn:uuid:be1527ae-9121-46f0-9b4f-a5c34f5b933c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://zimfieldguide.com/matabeleland-south/rhodes-summer-house | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.974397 | 730 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Stem cells have been developed that don’t provoke a destructive immune response, and they have been used to make pancreas cells to treat mice with a form of type 1 diabetes.
The result is a further step down the road to treating a range of medical conditions with tissues or organs that can be used “off the shelf”, instead of having to be made from scratch for each person.
“The vision is we have cells for anyone, anytime, anywhere,” says Sonja Schrepfer at Sana Biotechnology in San Francisco, California, the firm behind the approach.
It has been a long-standing medical goal to harness the regenerative powers of stem cells – cells that are similar to those in embryos that can be coaxed into multiplying and developing into different tissues. The hope is that they could be transplanted into people to treat a host of conditions, including heart attacks and strokes.
Most of the stem cell treatments in development would therefore either need people to take immune-suppressing drugs or require stem cells to be created from cells taken from the person receiving them. Such made-to-measure therapies would be more costly and could take several weeks to develop, which would be a problem if someone needed urgent treatment.
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To get around those issues, Schrepfer’s team has developed a technique to genetically change cells so they become invisible to the immune system.
In this method, two genes that encode surface molecules that are required for the immune system to recognise the cells as “foreign” are removed. A gene is also added so the cells make a molecule called CD47, which normally tells the immune system not to attack.
The researchers first tested a “pluripotent” version of the cells – meaning they have the potential to be turned into multiple different tissues and organs – that was created from a rhesus macaque’s cells and then inserted into the leg muscles of four other rhesus macaques.
The cells survived with no signs of immune attack for up to four months, at which point the monkeys were euthanised. In contrast, cells that were inserted that hadn’t had the genetic changes were destroyed by the monkeys’ immune systems within three weeks.
Next, the stem cells were tested as a treatment for type 1 diabetes, which is caused by the loss of pancreas cells that make the hormone insulin. The stem cells were turned into pancreas cells and put into mice with the condition, with blood tests showing the cells reduced their diabetes symptoms.
Sana Biotechnology has previously shown that these genetically altered stem cells can be turned into heart muscle cells and a type of immune cell called CAR-T cells, which can be used to treat cancer.
But stem cells that aren’t invisible to the immune system have some advantages over those that are, says John Martin at University College London. For instance, so-called mesenchymal stem cells are visible to the immune system and seem to interact with it to promote the release of healing compounds.
And if any implanted stem cells happen to turn cancerous, immune cells need to “see” them in order to kill them, says Susan Kimber at the University of Manchester, UK. Nevertheless, the results are an important step towards making off-the-shelf stem cell treatments, she says.
Nature Biotechnology DOI: http://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-01784-x | <urn:uuid:f85db3bc-750e-43b2-b45a-8594e365bb3c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://12crmov.org/index-249.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.962787 | 733 | 3.90625 | 4 |
If you have multiple food allergies, you're probably under the direct care of an allergist who monitors your symptoms and regularly tests you for new allergies. The information you share with your allergist is important for you to receive the proper treatment, but what if you didn't know you were having allergic reactions to certain foods? Below are three uncommon symptoms of an allergic reaction and what to do if they're experienced.
If you suffer from allergies, you know that hives are the universal skin symptom of an allergic reaction. Did you know that blisters can also be a symptom experienced by certain individuals?
A blister is formed as a line of defense — the upper layer of the skin perceives a threat, and a fluid filled sac, known as a blister, forms to protect the lower layers of skin from further damage. If an allergen comes into contact with your skin, either external or internal, it can cause cracking or other damage that leads to the formation of blisters. This can be particularly dangerous if the food was consumed and blisters begin to form in the throat, blocking the airway. If you notice the formation of blisters after eating a particular food, it's best to avoid it until your allergist is able to test you further for allergies.
Metallic Taste in Mouth
While not always a sign of a life-threatening reaction, a metallic taste in the mouth following consumption of a possible allergen can be the beginning stages of anaphylaxis, the most life-threatening reaction your body can experience.
If you're experiencing this symptom, it's important to be alert of other symptoms your body might be exhibiting. Other troubling symptoms include hives, nausea or vomiting, and trouble breathing. A reaction exhibiting this symptom, especially in combination with some or all of the other symptoms listed above, should be treated as if it were life-threatening. Use of an epi-pen, if available, and a visit to the emergency room are both warranted in such cases.
As mentioned above, nausea and vomiting can both be signs of an allergic reaction. Other symptoms within the same body system include indigestion, diarrhea, and general stomach pains.
Allergic reactions can affect one, some, or all bodily systems and can morph over time. If you've eaten a suspected allergen and are experiencing any of the intestinal symptoms listed above, it's important that you receive medical attention immediately. These symptoms can go away on their own, or they can worsen over time and become life-threatening within a matter of minutes.
Food allergies are no laughing matter. Whether you have a history of food allergies, or this is all new to you, the above listed symptoms can be unusual signs that you're experiencing an allergic reaction. While not all reactions warrant a trip to the emergency room, those with a known history should seek medical attention as their allergies may be worsening and could become life-threatening. Discuss any troubling symptoms with your allergist so they can test you and better equip you to deal with them in the future. Contact a company like Oak Brook Allergists for more information.Share
7 May 2015
As I've gotten older, I've found that my body is less able to tolerate spicy, greasy, and heavy foods. While I never used to struggle with heartburn, it's become a common occurrence. I spent a lot of time talking with my doctor and reading about all kinds of heartburn relief options. After trying a lot of different options, I finally found that there are a few things that work exceptionally well. I created this site to journal my experience with chronic heartburn and the treatment options that I've tried. I hope that it helps you if you're struggling with heartburn problems as well. | <urn:uuid:05804af8-0319-4f4d-a91b-56b721cfa665> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://bestheartburntreatment.org/2015/05/07/three-unusual-food-allergy-symptoms-and-what-to-do-if-you-experience-them/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.961702 | 761 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis
WFT is found on vegetables, ornamentals and fruit throughout Australia. When found in low densities, populations are mainly males, but females develop when the population becomes more dense. Western flower thrips are more numerous in mid to late summer although in both protected and outdoor crops they can be found throughout the year. WFT females range in size from 1.4mm to 1.8mm, and males from 0.9mm to 1.1mm. A darker, slightly larger form of WFT may be seen in winter. There is a distinctive black tip on the females abdomen.
WFT are usually found in flowers, where they feed on nectar and pollen. In flowers, feeding causes silvering, streaking, bronzing or distortion of petals or sepals. Feeding scars on immature fruit can result in distortion of the fruit as the fruit is unable to elongate evenly around the scar tissue. WFT is a primary vector of tomato spotted wilt virus, which can cause major problems in a wide range of crops such as tomato, capsicum, egg-plant, potato, ornamentals, lettuce, cymbidium orchids, melon, and cucumber to name but a few.
Western flower thrips can be controlled with Orius, Cucumeris, Hypo-A and Dalotia. | <urn:uuid:3147610d-314f-43cb-973d-06c0c24b0b86> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://biologicalservices.com.au/pests/western-flower-thrips-91.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.938306 | 284 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The following two different AirTable views contain all 959 Southeast RSGCN species.
In 2018-2019, the Southeast Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies’ (SEAFWA) Wildlife Diversity Committee (WDC or Committee) developed a list of Regional Species of Greatest Conservation Need (RSGCN) to enhance their ability to work collaboratively and proactively to sustain populations of both endemic and shared Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN) across the southeast U.S. Regional work can enhance efficiency and conservation effectiveness to promote recovery and prevent the need to list where possible through shared expertise, data collection and analysis, regional information availability, and coordinated actions. The list can guide and facilitate collaboration with conservation partners in the region and leverage support from diverse funding sources by presenting information on many of the unique, rare, and declining biodiversity shared across the southeastern United States.
The SEAFWA RSGCN list captures the remarkable endemism and biodiversity of the region, particularly in aquatic habitats, and highlights species that would benefit from regional collaborative conservation. The list can be sorted to deliver customized priorities:
Taxonomic breakdown of southeast RSGCN. All vertebrate SGCN from 15 states’ State Wildlife Action Plans (SWAPs) and selectinvertebrate taxa were considered. Of the approximately 6,700 Species of Greatest Conservation Need, nearly 2,100 SGCN were evaluated. Of that, 960 species met the RSGCN criteria.
Regional Responsibility and Conservation Concern. Nearly one-third of the RSGCN were considered Very High Concern, 44% High Concern, and the remaining 25% were Moderate Concern. Seventy-seven percent of the Very High Concern RSGCN are aquatic species (fishes, mussels and crayfishes). Seventy three percent of the Very High Concern RSGCN are SEAFWA endemic species. Species were not designated in states where they are considered extirpated. However, rediscovery or reintroduction of species anywhere within their natural range may be a priority conservation action”
Conclusions and Recommendations. Updating the RSGCN list at regular intervals will help prioritize actions at the regional scale. Repeating the process between SWAP revisions can inform SWAPs as well as be informed by SWAPs’ SGCN lists for the next RSGCN revision. Improvements and refinements to the process and methods are encouraged to capture additional criteria and emerging issues that are important to the region. The WDC recommended these actions:
There was an overwhelming consensus that there is a need for additional resources to allow state agencies to effectively address the needs of fish and wildlife diversity conservation in the southeast. Specifically, most RSGCN taxa – especially invertebrates – have critical data gaps that, if filled, would inform more effective on-the-ground conservation and monitoring for success. Coordination with marine conservation practitioners was also recommended.
Information about the RSGCN and their key habitats and threats, gathered at the regional scale, can directly inform the next SWAP revision and generate more effective conservation actions taken at the regional scale. Best management practices, standardized data collection, and policy, regulation, or law enforcement can be developed at a regional scale and collaboratively implemented.
The list can be used to communicate state fish and wildlife diversity conservation priorities to their many conservation partners. USFWS can use the RSGCN list in their workplan development and schedule or identifying at-risk species. The Natural Resource Conservation Service and U.S. Forest Service can use the list to identify focal or sensitive species. NatureServe and their state partners can prioritize rank updates for the highest concern species, particularly if emerging threats have been identified. This list can also be used to foster increased communication and collaboration between state agencies, universities, natural heritage programs, land trusts, and other conservation partners.
* Minor revisions include changing a scientific name to reflect current taxonomy or changing the state-level distribution of a species based upon new information. The RSGCN list generally follows accepted taxonomy when the list was created in 2018. When taxonomic revisions result in the splitting of RSGCN taxa into additional species with new geographic distributions, these new taxa may also be a priority for regional conservation efforts even if they are not listed on this website. Please contact your state’s representative to the SEAFWA Wildlife Diversity Committee to suggest minor changes or corrections to the RSGCN list. | <urn:uuid:e7b2f569-a625-47b6-93c1-bedef48737ca> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://georgiabiodiversity.org/portal/sersgcn | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.924189 | 906 | 2.546875 | 3 |
In trigonometry, the law of sines is a formula that develops a relationship between a triangle's angles and the lengths of its sides. As long as you know at least two sides and one angle, or two angles and one side, you can use the law of sines to find the other missing pieces of information about your triangle. However, in a very limited set of circumstances you can end up with two answers to the measure of one angle. This is known as the ambiguous case of the law of sines.
The law of sines is especially useful for any non-right triangle because it adjusts the traditional sine ratio to work for many different triangles. The law of cosines is another tool that uses a pythagorean type relationship to determine the sides of a triangle.
When the Ambiguous Case Can Happen
The ambiguous case of the law of sines can only happen if the "known information" part of your triangle consists of two sides and an angle, where the angle is not between the two known sides. This is sometimes abbreviated as an SSA or side-side-angle triangle. If the angle were between the two known sides, it would be abbreviated as an SAS or side-angle-side triangle, and the ambiguous case would not apply. Other examples of triangle formations include SSS (which is a unique triangle), ASA (also a unique arrangement), and AAA which is not unique.
Given such a triangle where only SSA is known, the possible number of triangles is no longer limited. We can still use the sine rule with the law of sines to solve for a given side or opposite angles, but there are two possible outcomes.
The second triangle created here by ‘swiveling’ side a further in creates an oblique triangle. Side b, side a, and angle A are held constant, but angle C, angle B and side c are variable depending on the other given information.
A Recap of the Law of Sines
The law of sines can be written two ways, given triangle ABC where a,b,c are side lengths of the triangle and A,B,C are the corresponding angles across from each side. The first form is convenient for finding the measures of missing sides:
The second form is convenient for finding the measures of missing angles:
Note that both forms are equivalent. Using one form or the other won't change the outcome of your calculations. It just makes them easier to work with depending on the solution you're looking for.
How to Use the Law of Sines
In most cases, the only clue that you might have an ambiguous case on your hands is the presence of an SSA triangle where you're asked to find one of the missing angles . Imagine you have a triangle with angle A = 35 degrees, side a = 25 units and b = 38 units, and you've been asked to find the measurement of angle B. Once you find the missing angle, you must check to see if the ambiguous case applies.
Insert your known information into the law of sines. Using the second form, this gives you:
We can disregard the third term with C and c as we are only trying to solve for angle B (which can then give us the remaining information) so it's irrelevant for the purposes of this calculation. So really, you have:
Solve for B. One option is to multiply the denominator across; this gives you:
Next, simplify by using a calculator or chart to find the value of sin(35). It's approximately 0.57358, which gives you:
This then simplifies through, giving you:
To finish solving for B, take the arcsin or inverse sine of 0.8718416. Or, in other words, use your calculator or chart to find the approximate value of an angle B that has the sine 0.8718416. That angle is approximately 61 degrees.
Checking for the Ambiguous Case
Now that you have an initial solution, it's time to check for the ambiguous case. This case pops up because for each acute angle, there is an obtuse angle with the same sine. So while ~61 degrees is the acute angle that has a sine value equivalent 0.8718416, you must also consider the obtuse angle as a possible solution. This is a little tricky because your calculator and your chart of sine values most likely won't tell you about the obtuse angle, so you have to remember to check for it.
Find the obtuse angle with the same sine by subtracting the angle you found – 61 degrees – from 180 (known as its supplementary angle). So you have 180 - 61 = 119. So 119 degrees is the obtuse angle that has the same sine as 61 degrees. (You can check this with a calculator or sine chart.)
But will that obtuse angle make a valid triangle with the other information you have? You can easily check by adding that new, obtuse angle to the given angle from the original problem. If the total is less than 180 degrees, the obtuse angle represents a valid solution, and you'll have to continue any further calculations with both possible triangles in consideration. If the total is more than 180 degrees, the obtuse angle does not represent a valid solution.
In this case, the given angle was 35 degrees, and the newly discovered obtuse angle was 119 degrees. As 119 + 35 = 154 degrees which is less than 180, the ambiguous case applies and you have two valid solutions: the angle in question can measure 61 degrees, or it can measure 119 degrees. It is important to note that the third unknown side also varies with these angle measures, and so does the non-included angle.
About the Author
Lisa studied mathematics at the University of Alaska, Anchorage, and spent several years tutoring high school and university students through scary -- but fun! -- math subjects like algebra and calculus. | <urn:uuid:8f6c6361-78d6-485f-88a2-6fe1daa26f97> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://glorytogodalone.org/what-is-amiguous-case-of-the-law-of-sines-13712272.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.939541 | 1,235 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Object name: KKH005
KKH 005 is a low surface brightness, dwarf, irregular galaxy not even recognized as a galaxy until 2001. Most consider it a member of the Maffei/IC342 group though it is located at its very edge. The one paper I found on it ( https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2003/05/aa3077.pdf ) says it "appears to be well resolved into stars." I found a couple HST frames of the galaxy that are quite noisy. Not able to tell the difference between noise and stars I've not tried to process it. The Planetary camera appears to resolve a lot of widely spaced stars and noise specks. The galaxy is nearby and has a blue shift so that is unavailable for a distance estimate. The one paper I found on it calculates a distance of about 14 million light-years based on the tip of the red giant branch. Since the brightness of these stars is thought to be known, by comparing this to the apparent magnitude and accounting for dimming for gas and dust between us and the galaxy, its distance can then be calculated. Usually, I can see stars in galaxies this close but Maffei galaxies are so obscured it isn't surprising I don't see any stars. | <urn:uuid:de154513-1241-47fc-9b23-55c35913b542> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://images.mantrapskies.com/catalog/OTHER/KKH005/index.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.965854 | 264 | 3.03125 | 3 |
This is the first of three applications of eigenvectors and eigenvalues. Let x(t), y(t) be functions of t, and consider the simultaneous linear ordinary differential equations dot x = a x + b y, dot y = c x + d y where dot x denotes d x by d t and a, b, c, d are constants.
These equations are coupled: each equation involves x and y. Our goal is to decouple them, turning them into a pair of equations, each involving only one unknown function. We first rewrite the equations as dot v = A v using: v(t) = x(t), y(t); dot v = dot x, dot y, and A = a, b; c, d Let lambda_1, lambda_2 be the eigenvalues of A and assume they are distinct; let u_1 and u_2 be eigenvectors for these eigenvalues. Write v as alpha(t) u_1 + beta(t) u_2. In other words, alpha and beta are the components of v when in the u_1- and u_2-directions (compare with v = x times 1, 0 plus y times 0, 1).
Substituting v = alpha u_1 + beta u_2 into the left-hand side of dot v = A v gives: dot v = dot alpha u_1 + dot beta u_2 (because u_1, u_2 are constant).
Substituting it into the right-hand side gives A v = alpha A u_1 + beta A u_2 = lambda_1 alpha u_1 + lambda_2 beta u_2 (because u_k is a lambda_k-eigenvector for k = 1, 2).
Comparing the components in the u_1-direction, we get dot alpha = lambda_1 alpha The u_2-components tells us that dot beta = lambda_2 beta These equations now involve only alpha and beta separately. We have decoupled the equations.
An example in detail
Consider the equations: dot x = y and dot y = minus x This is equivalent to the simple harmonic oscillator equation x double dot equals minus x. To see this, differentiate dot x = y to get x double dot equals dot y equals minus x.
In general, if you have a second-order equation like this, you can define y = dot x (which gives you one equation) and then use the second-order equation to express dot y in terms of x and y: this is a good trick for converting second-order equations into pairs of first order equations.
The equation x double dot equals minus x describes physical situations like a particle on a spring:
one end of the spring is fixed at the origin;
the particle sits at a distance x from the origin;
Newton's law tells us that if m is the mass of the particle then m x double dot equals the force experience by the particle, which is minus k x by Hooke's law (for some constant k), so the equation of motion is m x double dot - minus k x;
if we work in units where m = k = 1 then this gives us back our equation x double dot = minus x.
Let's solve this equation. We have = 0, 1; minus 1, 0. This has characteristic polynomial det of minus t, 1; minus 1, minus t equals t squared + 1 which has roots lambda_1 = i and lambda_2 = minus i.
The eigenvectors are:
for lambda_1 = i, 1, i,
for lambda_2 = minus i, 1, minus i.
(We're just picking particular eigenvectors, not writing down the general eigenvector).
We write x, y in the form alpha u_1 + beta u_2, that is alpha times 1, i + beta times 1, minus i, or alpha + beta, i times (alpha minus beta). Thus alpha = (x minus i y) all over 2 and beta = (x + i y) all over 2.
Our equations are now: dot alpha = lambda_1 alpha = i alpha, and dot beta = lambda_2 beta = minus i beta. Dividing the first equation by alpha gives dot alpha over alpha = d by d t of log alpha, equals i so log alpha = i t + a constant, so alpha of t = C_1 e to the i t. Similarly, beta of t = C_2 e to the minus i t.
Therefore x, y = C_1 e to the i t times 1, i + C_2 e to the minus i t times 1, minus i, so x = C_1 e to the i t + C_2 e to the minus i t, and y = i C_1 e to the i t minus i C_2 e to the minus i t. This is the general solution to dot x = y, dot y = minus x. You may be worried about the fact that there are is here: this is supposed to describe the motion of a particle on a spring, so x and y should be real numbers. The is will all cancel out if we pick appropriate initial conditions.
Suppose x of 0 = 1 and y of 0 = 0 (particle at rest at distance 1 from the origin). Substituting t = 0 into our general solution, we get x of 0 = 1 = C_1 + C_2 and y of 0 = 0 = i (C_1 minus C_2). This implies C_1 = C_2 = a half. Therefore x of t equals e to the i t + e to the minus i t all over 2, and y of t equals e to the i t minus e to the minus i t all times i over 2. This means that x of t = cos t and y of t = minus sine t using the formulae for trigonometric functions in terms of complex exponentials. The minus sign in y is because our particle starts moving towards the origin as time increases.
The moral of this story is that you can use eigenvectors to decouple systems of linear differential equations. | <urn:uuid:b146f006-20fb-4f0e-b6b6-6908dab816a3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://jde27.uk/la/35_eigenapplications1_accessible.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.855476 | 1,318 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Why reading is more beneficial than watching television. opportunities.alumdev.columbia.edu 2022-10-22
Why reading is more beneficial than watching television
Reading and watching television are both popular forms of entertainment, but they differ in their benefits and effects on the individual. In this essay, I will argue that reading is more beneficial than watching television.
First and foremost, reading promotes mental and intellectual development. When we read, we engage with the material on a deeper level than when we simply watch television. We have to actively interpret the words on the page, make connections between ideas, and visualize the events and characters in our minds. This mental exercise helps to improve our critical thinking skills, expand our vocabulary, and increase our knowledge and understanding of the world.
In contrast, watching television requires less mental effort and often involves passively consuming information without actively engaging with it. While television can be a source of entertainment and information, it is often oversimplified and lacks the depth and complexity found in books. As a result, it may not challenge or stimulate the mind in the same way that reading does.
Another advantage of reading is that it allows us to escape into new worlds and experiences. When we read a book, we can be transported to different places, times, and realities, and gain a new perspective on life. Reading allows us to vicariously experience things that we may not have the opportunity to in our own lives, and it can broaden our understanding of the human condition. Television, on the other hand, is often more limited in its scope and may not offer the same level of immersion and escape.
In addition to these intellectual and imaginative benefits, reading has also been linked to various physical and emotional health benefits. Studies have shown that reading can reduce stress, improve sleep, and even increase lifespan. Reading has also been shown to improve empathy and social connection, as it allows us to understand and relate to the experiences and emotions of others. Television, on the other hand, has been linked to negative effects such as increased sedentary behavior and decreased social interaction.
In conclusion, reading is more beneficial than watching television because it promotes mental and intellectual development, allows us to escape into new worlds and experiences, and has numerous physical and emotional health benefits. While television can be a source of entertainment and information, it is important to balance it with the enriching and enriching activity of reading.
why reading is more beneficial than watching opportunities.alumdev.columbia.edu
This isn't always possible if you want to know more about a topic before moving on to something else. You can take a book with you anywhere - even when you go to the bathroom or have dinner. This implies that youngsters have a better possibility of establishing empathy for the character. Either way, listening to music or watching movies is an excellent activity for writers because it helps them understand how stories are put together. Reading Stimulates Your Imagination: When you read, you get to use your imagination more than when you are watching television.
Top Ten Reasons Reading Is Better Than Watching TV
Only idiots enjoy the idiot box, right? Reading is highly descriptive and its message is presented in a way so as to be interpreted without ambiguity. There are exciting books, funny books, helpful books and many more. Especially for young children compared to being or grandparent. All the research says reading a book is good for you. Reading allows you to easily repeat a passage or paragraph in a text as much as you want. The next time you go to the library, take a look at the different kinds of books they have. And what specifically are the benefits of reading compared to watching television or movies? Books also allow readers to experience things that they could never do in real life.
Why Reading a Book is 20x Better Than Watching TV
It all depends on how you use them. Yet reading can have great impact on how we react in social situations. We once examined a similar phenomenon in a previous article, but as exhaustive as that article was, it only talked exclusively about E-Books and printed books are only mediums for doing the same thing: reading. The Active Vs Passive Argument Reading has been described as an active activity while watching videos have been described as a passive activity. But more often a tv show requires little to no input or thinking by the viewer. But unless a writer is highly talented or experienced, making an introduction to a difficult topic by writing may never be as smooth as using a video. This benefit of reading is one that TV actually damages.
Do You Agree With the Poet That Reading Is Better Than TV Watching? Why Not?
This makes reading a more cost-effective activity than television. Reading is active; watching TV is passive. Reading allows you to learn in any way that feels comfortable for you. Today we will talk about it! Reading Improve reader reading skills E. If you have been struggling to cultivate the habit of reading, we think you should put in more effort to adopt it — using your free time to read good books will always be better than bingeing on TV shows. And after dedicating so much time to the two of my favourite activities I can confidently say that I feel reading is a far more enriching and fulfilling activity than watching TV. This means that lots of the shows on TV are samey, boring and predictable.
10 Reasons Why Reading Is Better Than Watching Television
If you struggle with reading, then watching TV can certainly seem a lot easier. In other words, for applied and experimental learning, watching videos appear to be the best option. When you watch television, you need to be interested in what is happening on the screen otherwise you will lose interest quickly. In comparison, TV eliminates much of the extra inputs and provides a visual feed instead. Reading is an active process because it involves more of our cognitive senses to carry out. For example, studies have shown that students who read literature assignments out loud find them to be more interesting and appealing than those who just read them silently.
10 Benefits Of Reading Over Watching TV
Reading a book can help you strengthen your empathy, allowing yourself to relate to different characters, each with their unique backstory. Each reader has their own vision and the selection of a particular actor can polarize the book community who see it quite differently. By increasing Reading skills can help the reader Read Anywhere C. Reading Improve reader reading skills B. Books allow you to learn in your own time. For a well-known study by Authors Lauren M.
You can purchase books from a bookstore or library, and you can even borrow them for free. Watching videos, on the other hand, is just the opposite. Watching videos dictates the pace of watching and even understanding which can be too slow or too fast for the reader. We can laugh and cry with a good book or a good movie. This can help to increase your vocabulary and make it easier to express yourself.
Reading vs Watching Videos: What Science Says
Research is showing that the excessive violence on TV through news, or just television shows is overpowering both children and adults. Reading aloud together is an interactive process especially important for the development of young children. This makes it easier for some subjects to come across as boring or difficult to understand because there is no image to give people a sense of what they are trying to say. Video is another medium entirely, it conveys information in a way directly different from books. Readers can do it anywhere including places with no cell service, electricity, Wi-Fi, or satellite transmission. Raina is glamourous, athletic, tough, adventurous and independent. Their conclusions are interesting. | <urn:uuid:ba375af3-01d0-4fed-9060-6ffa4c956a0f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://opportunities.alumdev.columbia.edu/why-reading-is-more-beneficial-than-watching-television.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.952029 | 1,548 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Students will enjoy the tasks presented while learning science concepts with these project challenges. Because you need to know how big to make everything, of course! She also seems intent on becoming the crazy cat lady long before she's old and alone. Only a circular-shaped molecule can bind with this receptor. Create a chart identifying the organelles and display it next to your model. Finally, place it in a warm window and observe over time and look for roots and stems to sprout.
You Might Also Like Kris Bales is the quirky, Christ-following, painfully honest voice behind Weird, Unsocialized Homeschoolers. Again, you want explanations of how the cell structures fit into the cell as a whole. Break a non-raisin banana slice in half and lay it in the cell so that the halves touch eachother and one touches the first raisin slice the one wrapped around the orange. All cells come from existing cells. After making this observation, students should turn the bag so the plant is growing sideways, then upside down, continuing to observe root growth with these changes Fruit flies and tea Tea is often offered as a healthful drink, but which tea is the most healthful? Does that mean that if I write my name as researcher, I have to do all the research? Teach them to recognize the types of clouds and what they tell us about the weather. Next, you should decide whether you want to make an edible cell model or a non-edible cell model. A project on the colors of leaves, or chromatography, is also included here.
You might be surprised when you check different public areas for germs. If using clay or craft dough, make a flat layer for the rest of the organelles to stick to. Your child will meet and exceed the national high school science standards with these additions to your science instruction. During that time, write down every possible material you can think of. How a biological system functions is a consequence of the 3-D structures of biological macromolecules like proteins and protein complexes. Weigh your options carefully and choose the project type that is best for you. For example, the nucleus in any cell is always round so a jawbreaker, bouncy ball or orange would each make a great nucleus in your cell model.
Capitalize on that with these great study tips and activity ideas. Older kids can practice fractions; mean, median, and mode; and graphing. Use your imagination and look for things around the house buttons, chennile sticks, dried pasta, yarn, playdough, gelatin, candy of different shapes and sizes — Care is taken to choose materials that accurately represent each cellular component in shape, size and location in cell. Have each group explain to the class the following: Would you find this cell component in a plant or animal cell or both? Typically, proteins in the same family have similar biochemical functions. The wizard asks students to respond to a series of simple statements and then uses their answers to recommend age-appropriate projects that fit their interests.
Hair Do a biology experiment focusing on how the hair reacts to different types of products. Or, when teaching high school biology, consider the ecology projects presented in the last article in this section; the projects included involve pond organisms and food webs. The paper does not provide a complete description of major features and function The project is a good representation of the model. The cheek cell sample will be sent to a lab for processing, and the results of the analysis will be sent to you. Stick it into the nucleus. But remember, your own creativity is an essential learning tool.
Additional Resources To help you implement your cell analogy projects, it may help to further research cells and their functions with our fun video lessons on. Once they decide, they will need to research the structures of each cell. I gave up on doing a centriole fork and used a twist-tie instead. Or alternatively, How can I, as a travel destination adviser, create a working analogy for the cell? Creating a Cell Project: Lesson Plan Studying animal and plant cells is a wonderful way for students to understand life at its most basic level. Then, candies like jellybeans, gummy worms or gumdrops can be pinned to the gelatin with labeled toothpicks to make organelles. Understanding and memorizing the basic cell model for a plant or animal cell is an important step for biology students to accomplish.
Now that I have the students' attention, I distribute the , and give the students about 5 minutes to consider and write down their answers. They can find engaging information about parts of the cell and how they work together. Shape the base so that it is flat and ovular animal cell or rectangular plant cell. The overall project looks like this: You are going to make a 3D model of a cell, any type of cell you want as long as it has at least 10 cell parts to label. Example: skeletal muscle cells have many nuclei; red blood cells have none because their nuclei pop out before entering the blood stream from the bone marrow. If you're building your 3D model for a science class in private or public school, check with your teacher to make sure an edible cell model is ok before you take the time to make it! See full for more details.
Students can simply write down a list that pairs each cell structure with an aspect of a physical city. Water the plants with different types of bottled water and tap water from your home and other homes or add a small amount of vinegar and other liquids to see how the plants react to those substances. Educational Tip: This chapter on the can help students review what they need to know before they begin this project. This shape represents how signal molecules bind to specific molecules. Can you feel air on the other side of the swabs? Explore the article describing the options available for science materials and resources on the Internet to increase your materials for hands-on learning. Note to teachers: In the probe you will notice I ask students to their answers. For any other use, please contact Science Buddies. | <urn:uuid:006bb6e8-8792-48dd-b009-3c2119c82ab8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://rftp.com/cell-project-ideas-high-school.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.935048 | 1,238 | 3.796875 | 4 |
The darkness drops again; but now I know That twenty centuries of stony sleep Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle, And what rough beast, its hour come round at last, Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born? It was because of this that Chinua dropped out of his studies with medicine and changed his study to theology, English, and history. In Things Fall Apart, the main character, Okonkwo, battles with conflict within himself. There are some quotes from the Bible that people think are the proofs of the Second Coming. Through some research, I found out the Second Coming refers to the return of Christ at the end of the world. Now, I want the students to discuss in their groups their answers to the homework.
But the first stanza captures more than just political unrest and violence. In the novel the Christians come in with good intentions, but even just the presence of them destroys the Igbo people's culture and religion. This conflict could mean World War I, because this was one of the major conflicts among people that Yeats had gone through. The line says that after time passes and changes take place powers change. In conclusion, it is worth mentioning that according to the novel we see that in the last chapters, Okonkwo is so exhausted by those events that feels it must be the end of the world as does Yeats when looking forward to the second coming of Christ.
It seems to me that it is like someone is coming to replace their customs and traditions and replace them with the Christian belifs that was refered to in the poem as the 'Second Comming'. Explain why you think Okonkwo kills himself. He shows the process of Umuofian people dividing among themselves because of new religious belief introduced by the white missionaries. They let the missionaries change their ways. Not only is that phrase in the poem, possibly the inspiration for the title, the poem relates to what happens in the book. Yeats Poem represents how easily people can be influenced by outside forces and how things can fall apart when new ideas shake old beliefs. Hardly are those words out When a vast image out of Spiritus Mundi Troubles my sight: a waste of desert sand; A shape with lion body and the head of a man, A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun, Is moving its slow thighs, while all about it Wind shadows of the indignant desert birds.
Slouchy though they may be, the misapplications amount to a tribute. Why should a man suffer so grievously for an offence he committed inadvertently? At the bottom of page 176, Obierika quoted that the white man has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart. Christianity creates Chaos in Umuofia. If there is one concept one learns from comparing these two fine literary works. In Things Fall Apart, Achebe includes stories from Igbo culture and tradition, proverbs, and parables. When the whole village and tribes fall apart because of the arrival of Christianity, Okonkwo comes to have the same feeling as the poet, when he wrote the poem.
Clarendon lectures in English literature. Time does not allow the world to prepare for The Second Coming, So all hope is lost. This is simply the thing that must be done. The had to answer the first four questions on handout. But plodding is a conscious action; slouching is not. The same principals are present in Things Fall Apart. Both of these concepts are on the class's list of seven purposes for writing that we established earlier in the unit.
In Things Fall Apart it seems like whenever the main character, Okonkwo, gains hope things happen to fall apart. Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in answering the research question; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. Achebe writes in a mode that is intimate and at a remove. The superior force is not always an object that one can feel or hold in his or her hand but it could be as simple as an idea. The Ibo people enjoyed a simple lifestyle based upon faith in their religion, until the European missionaries started to arrive. In his first novel, Things Fall Apart, deals with the conflict of cultures and the violent changes and values brought upon by the British colonialism of Nigeria. Achebe resents the stereotype of African cultures that is presented in literature, such as Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad.
In describing Umuofa as it was originally he makes it easier to catch sight of the major changes throughout the story. How does the black and white thinking of Reverend Smith contribute to Umuofia's downfall? It seems to be rephrasing the bible in the second coming of Jesus like Kristina said. Yeats refers to the best as the good while the worst are the zealots that will rise. This beast is not only pitiless, but it leaves carnage behind, which leaves the reader to believe that this beast is not very friendly at all. The darkness drops again but now I know That twenty centuries of stony sleep Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle, And what rough beast, its hour come round at last, Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born? What was suppose to be a shining light is a dark nightmare. What would have prevented Umuofia's downfall? There are numerous similarities that can be seen when you compare the two situations, which makes it that much more fitting that Achebe chose Things Fall Apart as the title in reference to Yeats poem.
In Things Fall Apart Chinua Achebe is dramatizing what may happen and what was happening. The first part of the novel depicts a Nigerian village in a pre-colonial state, a time in which religious observances are pagan. When two opposing groups clash, there is no more cooperation among people to live together. The verb heightens the mystery and dread. A casual reader might wonder why the nations of the world have such terrible posture; is it that the earth is? Brittany Suchanek posted: I agree with Crystal on the points that the poem was used to emphasize 'things falling apart', in the society of the Igbo people.
Free Essays and Term Papers, n. Believing in something enough to act on it is kind of what being good is all about. In both cases it is not possible to stop these changes from happening. The poem stated that things fall apart when the center cannot hold. Surely some revelation is at hand; Surely the Second Coming is at hand.
It speaks of an aburpt change and the horrors that will be caused from it. An undated photo of Yeats by the Bain News Service. . It is clearly shown that both authors wanted to illustrate great change between an old era to a new era with the changes taking place. The last reflective idea between the poem and the book is the respect towards a superior force. Within the poem it kind of shows uncertainty of what is coming and not knowing if it will be good or bad for the clan even if the church means well. The First World War in Irish Poetry. | <urn:uuid:a3cf9810-8fd1-448c-b6a4-af34c9c8e844> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://rftp.com/things-fall-apart-and-the-second-coming.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.961801 | 1,490 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The Freeway Game was created to help students come to grips with the concept of 'externality'. Understanding this concept is important because when externalities are present, the outcome of free markets may lead to situations that are socially undesirable (e.g., too much pollution or not enough private investment in education and research). In the game, traffic congestion is simulated to demonstrate the effect of a negative externality.
When deciding whether to get on the freeway during rush hour, did you ever stop to consider that if you did so, you would slow everybody ELSE down? When we ask our students that question, they typically laugh--their only consideration is how long their own trip will take. When a decision maker does not account for all the costs or benefits associated with a decision, there exists what economists call an 'externality.' Externalities are commonplace, and can cause significant problems (or create significant benefits) for firms and society. In the Freeway Game, a traffic externality causes congestion on the freeway. As a result, it takes too long for people to commute. A toll can be used to internalize the traffic externality and eliminate the congestion. The Freeway Game helps students understand negative externalities and develop ways of at least partially neutralizing their undesirable effects.
Instructors who would like to use the game in class can download the teaching note from here. For additional information on the game, please refer to the 2015 DSJIE Outstanding Teaching Brief: Giraud-Carrier, F.C. and Schmidt, G.M. (2015). Learning in the Fast Lane: The Freeway Game. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 13(3), 273-287.
The instructor must create a game before students can play. For detailed instructions and rules, click | <urn:uuid:102c4bb0-873c-4366-8ac2-b32667d4ad60> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://thefreewaygame.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.938844 | 367 | 3.515625 | 4 |
By Dan Weisz
The Saguaro Cactus is one of the symbols of the American Southwest and the Sonoran Desert we live in. And at this time of the year, saguaro cacti bloom. Their flowers are stunning. Each cactus will have many blooms during the season and each bloom opens at night and closes by the end of the next day. The flowers are pollinated by many birds, insects, and (at night) by nectar feeding bats. The fruit, when it develops later, is food for many of the desert’s inhabitants. https://www.desertmuseum.org/kids/oz/long-fact-sheets/Flowers%20and%20Fruit.php
These particular saguaro cacti are in my neighborhood and are only about six feet tall making viewing of the flowers easy for me. I drove up to the cactus one morning, turned off the car and sat and waited using the car as a photo blind. One of the birds that feeds in the saguaro flowers and helps to pollinate it is the ubiquitous Gila Woodpecker. I only had to wait a few minutes when the Gila’s call alerted me to his presence. Gilas always have to announce their presence very loudly and very often! https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Gila_Woodpecker/sounds
Gila Woodpeckers are generalists when it comes to their diet. When visiting saguaro flowers, they can feed on nectar, pollen and/or insects that are attracted to the flowers. On this first flower, the Gila found a honeybee.
He continued to feed, burying his head deeply in the flower. You can see the red cap on this bird, letting you know it is a male Gila Woodpecker.
And then he hopped over to the next saguaro cactus. This series of photographs follow the Gila around as he dines. I wanted to show you how the Gila Woodpecker goes about foraging for food.
He fed at one flower in the photo above and then on a neighboring flower below, again burying his head deeply.
The Gila Woodpecker then turned to yet a third flower on this saguaro.
He would always lift his head after each feeding, whether to just swallow or to look around his environment for other birds.
It was time to move on.
And he flew the short distance back to the original saguaro he had begun his meal at.
As he sat on the back flower, I noticed his face looked different than at the start. His face was now covered in the yellow pollen of the saguaro flower.
A closer look reveals the dusting of pollen on his face and bill. I also like how he is gripping two different flowers at this point. He had moved over to some closer flowers on the saguaro.
The Gila Woodpecker then moved over to the next flower. If you look closely, his left foot is now gripping two flowers at once.
One more plunge!
And then after dessert the Gila Woodpecker flew off into the desert and on to his next snacking spot. | <urn:uuid:3046f9ee-62ff-4974-8ad6-f01f97b807e8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://wildlife.foothillsclusters.com/saguaro-flowers-and-a-woodpecker | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.972193 | 671 | 3.140625 | 3 |
My Own Books
Find "E" Things
By Anne Pemberton
This page creates a learning story starring your child.
Your child goes on a field trip with a teacher or parent.
They discover things that begin with the letter E.
Your child records the new words in a Pictionary.
to Make This Book.
to accompany this story.
To supplement learning the words in this story, print the Learning Cards.
Create a Personalized Story
Enter the name of a teacher, a parent or another who is helping the child learn the alphabet.
The teacher's name to appear in the story:
Enter the first name or nickname of the student or child.
The student's name to appear in the story:
Click on gender of the student:
Click to choose format:
Display LEARNING CARDS to print
Page created July 13, 2004.
. Updated Mon, Dec 12, 2011. AP. | <urn:uuid:129044e5-bda4-44a4-a3ef-89c89ef19038> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://www.educationalsynthesis.org/books/E-Things.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.818891 | 195 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Salivary gland tissue is ubiquitous in the submucosa of the upper gastrointestinal tract and is grouped into three major salivary glands: the parotid, the submaxillary (or submandibular), and the sublingual glands. The most common sites of tumors of minor salivary glands are the palate, the base of the tongue, and the buccal mucosa.)
The majority of salivary gland tumors arise in the parotid glands, and although 80% of these are benign, these glands are the origin of the majority of malignant tumors. Tumors arising in the submandibular, sublingual, or minor salivary glands are more likely to be malignant.
The largest salivary glands are the parotids, which are located on the cheeks anterior to the external auditory canal and pinna. The gland wraps around the mandible, and as the facial nerve passes through the parotid, it divides it into superficial or lateral and deep lobes. About 80% of the gland lies lateral to the facial nerve, and 20% lies deep to this nerve and behind and medial to the mandible. The internal carotid artery, the internal jugular vein, the cervical sympathetic chain, and cranial nerves IX, X, and XI are in close proximity to the deep lobe of the parotid.
The lymphatic drainage of parotid tumors is to intraparotid lymph nodes and the upper jugular (levels 2 and 3) lymph nodes. Additional lymphatic drainage is to adjacent levels, including the posterior triangle or level 5. Depending on histology, many nodes may be involved. The presence of nerves within the parotid gland, especially the facial nerve and the auriculotemporal branch of the trigeminal, can be involved by tumors, especially adenoid cystic carcinoma and SCC, which may progress by perineural growth. Any parotid mass warrants exploration, and surgical excision is often the only solution since progression of even benign neoplasms may not only cause facial asymmetry but place the facial nerve at risk.
The second largest glands are the submaxillary (or submandibular) glands, located in the triangle formed by the two bellies of the digastric muscle and the mandible. Malignant tumors in this location can spread to the lymph nodes in levels II, III, and IV, as well as grow along the nerves, preferentially the branches of the lingual nerve and occasionally the mandibular branch of the facial nerve. Seldom will growth occur along the hypoglossal nerve, in spite of the close proximity of the structure. About half of the tumors in the submandibular glands are benign.
The sublingual glands are the smallest of the major salivary glands and are formed off a conglomerate of glands located underneath the mucosa of the floor of the mouth and surrounding the excretory or Wharton duct of the submandibular gland.
The clinical presentation of malignant salivary gland tumors is variable, depending on the site and histology. The presence of a facial nerve paralysis is uncommon but generally indicates a malignant lesion. Tumors of the deep lobe of the parotid are notorious for producing dysphagia and submucosal deformity of the soft palate. When major invasion of the parapharyngeal space occurs, involvement of cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and even XII can occur. The usual presentation of submandibular gland tumors is a painless swelling below the mandible, and such tumors need to be distinguished from the much more frequent bacterial sialoadenitis of this gland.
On physical examination, a persistent mass without superficial ulceration of either skin or mucosa is the most frequent finding. An important diagnostic procedure to be considered, provided expert cytology opinion is available, is fine-needle aspiration. The objective of this cytologic diagnosis is to rule out neoplasia or confirm the presence of malignancy. This procedure, especially in the parotid and submandibular gland, has gained increasing acceptance and should be considered whenever the information that can be obtained will have an impact on treatment or prognosis. The accurate typing of tumor is often less important and may be deferred to the definitive histologic examination. This has to be applied judiciously in spite of the high accuracy reported by experts (ie, sensitivity, 94%; specificity, 97%; accuracy, 95%).
The basic histologic classification of malignant salivary tumors was developed by Foote and Frazzell (
Table 90-23). Over the years, this classification has been reviewed and expanded to include some less frequently found malignant tumors, and the present WHO classification is most often quoted.
Mucoepidermoid carcinomas constitute about 26%, 21%, and 10% of malignant salivary gland tumors of the palatal, parotid, and submandibular glands, respectively. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most frequent cancer of the parotid gland and is classified into high-grade, intermediate, and low-grade tumors.
Well-differentiated low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma is characterized by a slow growth rate, a low recurrence rate after complete surgical excision (about 15%), and rare incidence of metastasis. High-grade tumors are more aggressive, and the local recurrence rate after surgery alone approaches 60%. Local recurrences and distant metastases may occur many years after treatment. About 50% of patients with high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas present with regional metastases, and 30% develop metastases at distant sites.
Acinic cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid glands. Lymph node metastases occur in about 15% of cases. Local recurrence and distant metastases may occur many years after treatment.
Adenoid cystic carcinomas or cylindromas account for approximately 10% of parotid gland cancers and 60% of malignant neoplasms arising in the submandibular or minor salivary glands. An outstanding feature of this neoplasm is its propensity to invade major nerves and spread along the endoneural and perineural sheaths. This has a significant prognostic importance and must be taken into account when designing treatment. Although these tumors often follow an indolent course, as many as 40% of patients ultimately develop regional and distant metastases. Adenocarcinomas account for 10% of parotid gland cancers but are more common in the minor salivary glands. The majority of them are high-grade tumors. About 36% of patients either present with or subsequently develop regional lymph node metastases; therefore, the regional lymph nodes need to be addressed in treatment strategies for adenocarcinomas. Distant metastases to lungs and bone are common.
Carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma arises from preexisting benign pleomorphic adenoma. The risk of malignant transformation increases with time and age of the patient. Of adenomas of less than 5 years’ duration, 1.6% can dedifferentiate; 9.4% of adenomas present for more than 15 years can dedifferentiate. True malignant mixed tumors are very rare, constituting about 2% to 5% of all malignant salivary gland tumors, and are aggressive tumors. The neck nodes become involved in about 25% of patients. In rare instances, a benign-appearing pleomorphic adenoma may produce distant metastases.
Primary SSC of the salivary gland is rare, accounting for less than 3% of parotid neoplasms. It needs to be distinguished from metastatic SCC to the parotid lymph nodes from cutaneous or other origin. SCCs of the skin of the forehead, temple, or ear may metastasize to this region. Such primary sites must be excluded before the diagnosis of primary squamous carcinoma of the parotid can be made. Primary SSCs of the parotid gland may develop regional lymph node metastases in 50% of patients, and this needs to be considered when patients are treated by surgery and postoperative radiation therapy.
The accepted stagings for salivary gland tumors can be found in the monographs of the AJCC and UICC. Both organizations have agreed to changes bringing the two classifications into agreement. The regional lymph node staging and distant metastasis staging criteria are the same as for the common SCC of the UADT. (
The treatment of benign salivary gland tumors is primarily surgical. However, there may be a role for postoperative radiation therapy in situations of incomplete removal or recurrences of benign tumor following prior surgical treatment. If microscopic disease remains overlying the facial nerve, postoperative radiation therapy may be effective in preventing subsequent recurrences.
Surgery is also the primary form of treatment for patients with resectable salivary gland cancer. Early-stage (T1 T2) and especially low-grade tumors should be treated with local excision with free surgical margins. Such tumors arising in the parotid gland are generally treated by parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve. Early-stage high-grade tumors of any histology are treated with surgical resection of the primary site, with an attempt to achieve free surgical margins. This often is not possible, and microscopic spread, especially of adenoid cystic carcinoma, may occur along tissue planes, submucosal spaces, and perineural pathways. The dissection of regional lymph nodes should be done judiciously, and elective nodal dissection is seldom indicated. Salivary glands were thought to be resistant to conventional photon radiation, but over the years it has become established that postoperative irradiation is highly effective for eradicating subclinical disease. Postoperative radiation therapy is indicated for major and minor salivary gland cancers when (1) the tumor is high grade or is metastatic SCC, regardless of surgical margins; (2) the surgical margins are close or microscopically positive (which also may include tumors arising in the deep lobe of the parotid gland), regardless of grade; (3) a resection has been performed for a recurring cancer, regardless of the histology or margin status; (4) the tumor has invaded beyond the capsule of the gland into skin, bone, nerve, or glandular tissue; (5) regional lymph nodes contain metastatic cancer; or (6) if there is gross residual or unresectable disease. In addition, preoperative radiotherapy may actually facilitate parotidectomy in advanced cases and allow preservation of the facial nerve.
For T3 and T4 parotid cancer, sacrifice of the facial nerve may be indicated. Unless the facial nerve is circumferentially encompassed by tumor or grossly enlarged by cancer, nerve-sparing surgery may be used followed by radiotherapy. Radiation therapy dosages to the primary site and involved structures are in the range of 5,511 to 6,500 cGy, depending on tumor type and postsurgical status. For low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas and acinic cell carcinomas, generally it is not necessary to treat the neck when it is clinically uninvolved. For all other histologies of high-grade, the neck nodal drainage is generally treated to dosages in the range of 5,000 cGy. In the case of adenoid cystic carcinomas, the radiation fields should include the course of significant major named nerve trunks to the base of the skull. A facial nerve that is involved by cancer and still functional preoperatively should be repaired by appropriate resection and grafting. Postoperative radiotherapy can be given to nerve grafts.
The results of treatment depend on both the histologic type and the tumor site. In a series from the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 5-year survival rates were 100% for patients with acinic cell carcinoma, 95% for patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma, 90% for patients with low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 80% for patients with high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 70% for patients with adenocarcinoma, and 59% for patients with malignant mixed tumors. At the Princess Margaret Hospital, primary parotid disease was controlled by surgery alone in 24% of cases and by surgery and radiotherapy in 74% of cases. In the case of submandibular gland tumors, about half of the patients are free of disease after 5 years, compared with a lesser number of patients with high-grade mucoepidermoid histology. Minor salivary gland tumors, especially tumors in the paranasal sinuses, often present with advanced-stage disease. In an M.D. Anderson series, the t2year local control rate was 47% in patients treated with surgery alone and 76% in patients treated with surgery and postoperative radiation therapy. Results of minor salivary gland tumors are usually more favorable. In selected instances for minor salivary gland tumors, radiotherapy alone might be an option, but local control is less favorable. T stage affects local control of disease, and the extent of disease is more important than the site itself.
For patients with large inoperable salivary gland tumors or for patients that are at high risk for local recurrence after an incomplete resection, fast-neutron radiotherapy is an alternative to standard radiotherapy. Fast neutrons have different radiobiologic properties when compared to standard radiation, and in vivo data from Batterman and colleagues on the response of pulmonary metastases to fractionated radiotherapy shows a relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) factor in the range of 8.0 for salivary gland tumors, compared to RBEs in the range of 3.0 to 3.5 for late effects in most normal tissues. To put this in perspective, if one were to give a dose of 20 neutron-Gy to a parotid tumor, the biologic effect in terms of the mucosa and temporomandibular joint would be equivalent to 60 to 70 photon-Gy, but the biologic effect on the tumor would be equivalent to 160 photon-Gy - a therapeutic gain of 2.3 to 2.6.
The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) in the United States and the Medical Research Council (MRC) in England performed a phase III randomized clinical trial to compare fast-neutron radiotherapy versus conventional photon irradiation for inoperable salivary gland tumors. The fast-neutron group achieved significantly improved tumor clearance at both the primary site and in the regional lymph nodes. At the 2-year endpoint, the local/regional control rates were 67% for the neutron group compared to 17% for the photon group (p < .005), and survivals were 62% for the neutron group compared to 25% for the photon group (p = .1). Because of the significantly greater locoregional control rate achieved in the fast-neutron group, the study was closed early for ethical reasons. Ten-year data continued to show improved locoregional control on the neutron arm (56% vs 17%, p = .009) but no difference in overall survival, due to deaths from distant metastases. A summary of single-institution comparative data is consistent with the results of the randomized trial showing a local control rate of 67% for 309 patients treated with fast neutrons compared to 26% for 298 patients treated with conventional photon irradiation.
Modern neutron treatment facilities allow for three-dimensional conformal approaches to treatment, and this has resulted in further improvement of outcome. Douglas and colleagues reviewed the University of Washington experience involving 148 patients with major salivary gland tumors (mixed histologies). Local control was found to be a function of tumor size, with long-term control being achieved in 78% of patients with tumors smaller than 4 cm compared to 40% for patients with tumors larger than 4 cm. The probability of a patient developing distant metastases was found to be strongly dependent on lymph node status being 52% at 5 years for the node-positive group compared to 32% for the node-negative group. It was found that an initial surgical resection was beneficial in terms of reducing the amount of disease present at the time of neutron radiotherapy.
Another analysis by Douglas and colleagues focused strictly on patients with adenoid cystic histologies. This series consisted of 151 patients with tumors arising in both major and minor salivary glands and who had gross tumor at the time of treatment. The overall 5-year local control rate was 59%, with a 5-year actuarial survival rate of 72%. In patients who had undergone an incomplete surgical resection and in whom there was no skull base involvement by tumor, the local control rate was 80%.
Neutron radiotherapy has also been used to treat patients with multiply-recurrent pleomorphic adenomas. The initial treatment of choice for these benign tumors is surgery, with long-term local control rates being in the range of 95%. However, some patients exhibit multiple recurrences following surgical resection. These cases may present a difficult problem in medical management since further surgery may entail a high risk of damage to the facial nerve. In these situations, neutron radiotherapy offers an alternative form of treatment. The number of patients with multiply-recurrent pleomorphic adenomas treated with fast neutrons is small compared to the number of frankly malignant tumors that have been treated, but results appear quite encouraging. Douglas and colleagues reported on 16 patients who were treated with a median time at risk of 96 months. The 15-year actuarial local control was 76% for patients with gross tumors and 100% for those with only positive minimal disease following their last surgical resection.
Table 90-25). Distant metastases rates range from 8% for mucoepidermoid carcinoma to as high as 42% for adenoid cystic tumors and high-grade adenocarcinomas. Some of the distant metastases may occur several years after successful treatment of locoregional cancer.
Because of the advent of metastatic disease in high-grade tumors, several phase II chemotherapy studies have been conducted in search of effective systemic therapy for these cases.
Whereas adenoid cystic carcinoma is a slow-growing neoplasm, the mucoepidermoid subtype appears to grow faster and to more closely resemble HNSCC in its biologic and clinical behavior. The single-agent response patterns reflect these differences. Methotrexate can yield a 36% response rate in mucoepidermoid carcinoma. In other histologies, cisplatin combinations with and without doxorubicin (Adriamycin) have been tried, and in the last few years, paclitaxel has proven to be of some benefit in adenocarcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
Promising results have been achieved with cisplatin, methotrexate, doxorubicin, vinorelbine, fluorouracil, and paclitaxel. Many of the combination protocols have shown some response, albeit of short duration. A recent study with a dose-intensive cisplatin-based regimen combining all four drugs active in this disease produced a very high toxicity without improvement in response or in survival over single-agent cisplatin or other combinations. Some of the salivary gland tumors may have hormonal receptors, but hormonal therapy based on supportive preclinical work appears to be of limited activity. The taxanes are the most promising new agents under study for salivary gland tumors. New biologic agents are under clinical investigation, and the molecular evaluation of the various tumors may yield new treatment strategies.
Revision date: July 6, 2011
Last revised: by David A. Scott, M.D. | <urn:uuid:209f90ec-ee0c-4b92-aeae-bf1328278a99> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://www.health.am/cr/more/head-neck-cancer-pro26/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.924255 | 4,147 | 3.625 | 4 |
Phase 4: Identifying and Helping the Patient to Modify Irrational Beliefs and Contradictions in Schemas of Self
Once the maladaptive phenomena and shifting states of mind are clear and defensive obscurities reduced, the long middle phase of therapy can concentrate on changing behavioral patterns by identifying and modifying irrational beliefs. These beliefs often concern the self and also involve contradictions between various internalized models of relationships between the self and others. A first step stems from the individualized list of states of mind of the patient. A goal of clarification and interpretation becomes answering questions about each recurrent state: What views of self and others characterize a state, and how do shifts in these person schemas occur within the context of various social challenges and opportunities?
The theatrical, self-displaying, and exaggerating state that is sometimes itself called a histrionic state of mind will often be found to contain a role-relationship model in which the self becomes the center of interest for another person on the display of some kind of appeal. Sex appeal, as in flagrant machismo (male) or glamour (female), is common, but disability or waiflike helplessness may also be used. The role of a distressed and abused victim may be exaggerated in order to deserve rescue from a gallant savior.
A maladroit and impulse-ridden use of derivatives of such role-relationship models often leads the patient with a histrionic personality disorder to disaster rather than the desired satisfaction of real interest, attention, care, love, or friendship. Instead of a courting suitor, devoted rescuer, or protector and avenger against aggressors, the patient may attract people who will use, exploit, and then abandon the patient. It is not surprising that the person then enters into a dreaded state of mind in which the self is experienced as degraded, unworthy, desperate, and needy but alone.
Roles may be exchanged. The idealized rescuer becomes another aggressor, and the self is again a victim looking for a different rescuer. A variety of transference enactments can place either the patient or the therapist, or both, in each of these common roles as various scripts or scenarios of enactment unfold, leading to the sudden changes in emotionality already described. Now, however, in the middle phase of therapy, the patient is better able to sustain working states and reduce avoidances. This enables the therapist-patient pair to identify the differences between such transference-based expectations of seduction and later accusations of manipulation and abandonment of the self and the realities of the therapeutic arrangement and supportive environment.
A common sequence of transitions between different states and role-relationship models can start with a wish and go through a cycle of states of mind, only to repeat the entire cycle again. For example, a patient may wish for an intimate relationship with another person who can provide loving care and attentive reflection that will bolster a developing but immature (girl-like or boy-like) self. In such a relationship, the self would feel pride, dignity, and love for the other. In order to realize this wish, the self offers aspects of itself that are of likely interest to the other.
In response to this display of self, the other does become interested. The self reacts to that interest by becoming too enmeshed or enthralled in this script of sequential role shifts. The other exploits the enthralled and needy self, then loses interest and leaves the self. The self feels degraded, ashamed, or afraid of worse things that may happen or enters a state of despair at being unable to care for the self alone.
Because the wish for attention and closeness is too entangled with scripts of that closeness leading to manipulation or loss, the self instead shifts into a defensive stance of both wanting and anxiously resisting closeness. The other becomes ambiguous in this role-relationship model: aggressor or rescuer, selfish manipulator or available for intimacy or friendship? Inhibitions, anxiety, and phobic withdrawals may occur in this “mousy” state. It is a problematic compromise, containing such feelings and symptoms, and it is preferable to shift to a different self-image, that of having some kind of dramatic quality that can attract attention, even if that does not feel internally authentic as a real identity.
With this shift, the person may enter a theatrical display state that mimics what is desired but without any deep relationship quality. This histrionic state of mind may start a new relationship or a new part of the cycle in an existing relationship, but the patient remains unsatisfied because of the felt inauthenticity. This hollowness motivates activation of the desired role-relationship model of really getting care, and that starts the cycle just described into another repetition.
Such role-relationship models and scripts for going through a cycle of states are seldom consciously known at the beginning of therapy. What can lead to change is recognition of maladaptive patterns, reasons for them, and development of new schemas. One aspect of reschematization is integration of contradictions that are present in existing schemas of self and relationships. Conscious and focused thought and trials of new behaviors lead to such reschematizations when enough repetitions have occurred. The therapist’s encouragement of these more adaptive ways may be important to getting enough repetitions for reschematization to occur.
Contradictions, as mentioned above, include discrepancies between what is ideally desired and what is realistically possible and also between excessively weak self-concepts and ones that are realistically possible. The person may believe he or she has to make a prepayment of gratification to others in order to get attention or care. This may even include submission to the manipulation and exploitation of the self by others as a masochistic surrender to them in return for occasional or fantasized states of love. This scenario is contradictory to the development of a dignified, worthwhile, and competent self-concept.
Features of the personality that could lead to a positive sense of identity should be bolstered. Through practice, such features can be further developed. For this reason, identification and counteraction of self-degradations, abnegations, and harshly unrealistic self-criticisms are as important as identification and counteraction of excessive idealizations of self and others, and support for a mourning process in which unrealistic hopes for ideal parents in adulthood, or for better bodily attributes, are given up.
The obligatory scripts in which desired states and role-relationship models lead to dreaded ones can be identified in the here and now and the sources of their development in the past identified. The goal is to change the patient’s attitude toward the near future, so that the very next experiences and behaviors of the patient are dictated less by stereotypes and based more on observant attention to things as they are and could become. Some of these techniques of integrative psychotherapy are summarized in
Revision date: June 21, 2011
Last revised: by David A. Scott, M.D. | <urn:uuid:80bee3f7-b129-4520-8c7e-83be923a4359> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://www.health.am/psy/more/hpd_choice_of_treatment_phase_4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.95001 | 1,433 | 2.625 | 3 |
The desire of employers to reduce the curriculum down to basic skills with more focus on the so-called “3 Rs” of reading, writing and arithmetic has been aided by the new emphasis on preparing for tests in core subjects. A major consequence of high-stakes testing is that activities that offer no competitive advantage with other schools have been dropped, this includes subjects that are not included in academic league tables. Casualties include health education, environmental education, social sciences (history and geography), civics, art, music, creative writing, drama and physical education.
The Center on Education Policy found in its survey of the impact of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation that 71 percent of school districts reduced the time spent on at least one other subject so as to spend more time on preparing children for maths and reading tests.
When student performance in national standardised tests for science showed declining performance in 2006 it was attributed by some teachers to the declining class time spent on science in schools focussing on annual reading and maths test required by the NCLB legislation. Science classes had been cancelled in some cases or otherwise reduced, according to Dept of Education statistics.
An American Federation of Teachers survey found that 87 percent of members claimed that important subjects and activities were being forced out of the school curriculum. “Elementary teachers report that they devote more than a month to test preparation for the English Language Arts exam by eliminating all subjects other than language arts.” In many states poorly performing students are being required to do double the normal number of classes in English and mathematics so as to improve their performance on the tests. They are therefore forced to drop electives such as art, music, social studies and languages and therefore “are being deprived of a well-rounded education and the opportunity to explore new subjects”.
In Ontario, elementary school teachers have called for a two year moratorium on standardised testing, which occurs in grades 3 and 6. They argue that teachers spend so much time teaching to the literacy and numeracy tests that other subjects are neglected including science, history and social studies.
In England and Wales the introduction of a national subject-centred curriculum, with a core that is subject to testing, has meant that students are much less likely to get the “benefit of a rich, well-designed and broad curriculum”. Boyle and Bragg have shown that between 1997 and 2004 more class time has been spent on English, Maths and information technology and less on all other subjects including science, history, geography, art, music and physical education. Other educational elements such as social sciences, humanities, foreign languages, or the arts are considered “needlessly inefficient and expensive”. The National Strategies for Literacy and Numeracy are supposed to take up at least half the lesson time in primary schools.
A recent survey of teachers in England found that almost 90 percent of them wanted more freedom to tailor the school curriculum to student needs. For example, they cannot adapt it to suit a more ethnically diverse group of students. They argue that the national curriculum does not engage the interest of children. Teachers believe that if they were able to focus on teaching skills using knowledge that was of interest to the students they would be much more motivated to learn.
Similarly, in other parts of Europe, children up to the age of 14 “will experience a common and narrowly-defined core” curriculum focused on basic skills including reading, writing and mathematics.
If you have any examples or updates you would like to contribute please email them to me and I will add them here. Please give references for where you sourced the information. | <urn:uuid:b4c71075-42c0-4f44-9498-05dc0531fbe2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://www.herinst.org/BusinessManagedDemocracy/education/curricula/narrow.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.9716 | 741 | 3 | 3 |
WHAT IS SKIN CANCER?
Skin cancer occurs when skin cells mutate and multiply at uncontrolled and unpredictable speed. If diagnosed at an early stage, skin cancer is curable. By making yourself aware of the signs and symptoms of skin cancer, you can reduce the risk of negative repercussions of cancer on your health.
Mohs surgery is considered as the gold standard of treatment for certain types of skin cancer. Choose an experienced dermatologist for safe and effective Mohs skin cancer surgery treatment in PA.
What is Skin Cancer?
The most hazardous type of skin cancer is Melanoma. Melanoma is caused by the unrestricted growth of skin cells into cancerous growths due to genetic mutations, most often caused by damage to DNA from ultraviolet rays found in sun and tanning beds. The subsequent malignant tumors manifest on the skin usually in the form or irregular-appearing dark spots. Occasionally, pre-existing moles can turn into melanoma.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
BCCs are growths that occur in the epidermal basal skin cells –known to line the outermost layer of skin. Cumulative sun exposure and intermittent sunburns are the most common causes of basal cell carcinomas. This type of skin cancer can have a few different morphologies including patchy, red skin, skin-colored “pearly” bumps, and non-healing sores to name a few.
The United States reportedly diagnoses over four million cases of BCC per year, making it the most common type of cancer.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
The unrestrained growth of carcinogenic cells in the squamous cells causes Squamous Cell Carcinoma. The squamous cells constitute the epidermis or the top layers of skin. Signs and symptoms of SCC usually are open sores, warts, scaly skin, red patches, and bumpy growths which can look raised, with a depression in the middle.
More than one million cases of SCC are detected by registered doctors in the US – showing a 200% increase in cases in the last 30 years – and of those diagnosed approximately 8,800 persons lose their lives to it.
An annual skin check by a board-certified dermatologist like Dr. David Kasper can help in early detection of melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Treatment options would be discussed by Dr. David Kasper. If a skin cancer is deemed to be treated best with the gold standard of Mohs skin cancer surgery, Dr. Aradhna Saxena is a board-certified, fellowship trained Mohs surgeon. Fellowship training is a 1 year program in which Dr. Saxena specifically worked with cancer patients to remove skin cancer and reconstruct skin wounds on a daily basis.
Dr. David Kasper and Dr. Aradhna Saxena practice dermatology to the highest standard of care in 2 locations in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, Lansdale and Fort Washington. | <urn:uuid:948e3995-54dc-40b6-9e37-672b91bf12be> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://361derm.com/skin-cancer-blog/what-is-skin-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.918363 | 616 | 2.84375 | 3 |
While trees absorb significant amounts of carbon dioxide, there are issues with deforestation – we need more ways to take carbon out of the air.
Much of the world’s seaweed is produced in large sea-based farms off the coasts of China, Indonesia, the Philippines, South Korea and Japan.
With a global production of 19 million (17.3 million tonnes), seaweed aquaculture is second only in volume to the farming of freshwater fish.
A new study conducted by scientists at UC Santa Barbara found that if 9% of the world’s ocean surface were used for seaweed farming, this would sequester 58 billion tons (53 billion tonnes) of CO₂ from the atmosphere. This is just from the absorption of carbon during the growing process.
What makes seaweed a particularly appealing carbon sink is its growth rate: about 30 to 60 times the rate of land-based plants.
Grown in these quantities, seaweed may be used for the reduction of methane in cows, edible water bubbles, drinking straws and other non SUP materials.
Discover Solution 65: storing carbon dioxide beneath the ocean bottom.
Support 366solutions on Patreon and receive the ‘366solutions Insider Newsletter’ with updates on the monthly progress and successes of published solutions. | <urn:uuid:d9f69f4a-5e3d-4df9-99e3-ff3da044e9ca> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://366solutions.com/03-/11-/2020/64-co%E2%82%82-capture-by-seaweed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.924801 | 263 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Contingency maps can help an individual visualize their behavioral choices and the outcomes/consequences of their behaviors. They can help make the problem-solving process more concrete. The individual should be encouraged to determine which outcome is preferable and/or enables them solve their problem.
Here is an example (click or tap on the image to open a printable version):
These are the steps to complete a contingency map:
Determine the problem or situation.
Help the individual determine two different behavioral choices. One will be the problematic behavior that the individual has displayed in the past.
Help the individual discuss what the potential outcomes/consequences of their behaviors could be. For example, the consequence of refusing to do what your boss tells you to do could result in your being fired from your job. Alternatively, requesting a different task from your boss could result in a more enjoyable position.
Using the outcomes discussed, ask the individual which they would prefer. Then discuss the behavior choice that helps them reach their goal more effectively.
Here is a blank contingency map template (click or tap on the image to open a printable version): | <urn:uuid:32a89833-c200-4fa3-ac98-eb40bfba8644> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://adscresources.advocatehealth.com/resources/contingency-maps/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.918196 | 232 | 3.734375 | 4 |
An analysis of the transformation of the Panopticon from Foucault to the present.
The form of wood, for instance, is altered if a table is made out of it. Nevertheless the table continues to be wood, an ordinary, sensuous thing. But as soon as it emerges as a commodity, it changes into a thing which transcends sensuousness. It not only stands with its feet on the ground, but, in relation to all other commodities, it stands on its head, and evolves out of its wooden brain grotesque ideas far more wonderful than if it were to begin dancing of its own free will.1
In order to understand the intended function and purpose of the Panopticon and why it arose, I must explain the premier transition that occurred in forms of punishment during the Enlightenment. Prior to the eighteenth century, punishment consisted largely of gruesome public executions; however, as the eighteenth century progressed, a movement arose advocating against capital punishment and, more specifically, public display of capital punishment.2 This movement against public forms of punishment was a result of none other than a “disenchantment with the theatrical, dramaturgical aspects of public execution” and an increasingly “humanitarian impulse” that concerned itself with the dignity and rights of man. This concern for the rights of man led to the establishment of privacy as a natural right of the individual, and when combined with the Enlightenment disenchantment with public punishment caused forms of punishment to enter an increasingly private, and less public, setting.3
The Enlightenment ideal of the individual’s right to privacy, however, was not the only ideology that influenced the creation of the Panopticon. A new preoccupation with vision and transparency arose in the Enlightenment, deriving from the prevailing idea that reason could make transparent and illuminate the nature of man and the nature of the world.4 The ideal disciplinary institution would then operate on this notion of reason, serving as both “the source of light illuminating everything and a locus of convergence for everything that must be known.”5 Bentham’s Panopticon perfectly embodied the Enlightenment notions of vision and transparency by placing the individual in a virtually omniscient setting as a means to discipline him. The new developments in forms of punishment during the Enlightenment found physical manifestation in Bentham’s Panopticon, which united the movement for private forms of punishment with the Enlightenment preoccupation with transparency.6
To reconcile the Enlightenment desire for private punishment and fixation on visibility, Bentham created the Panopticon, a mechanism of surveillance applicable in prisons, schools, workhouses, mental hospitals, and several other institutions.7 In the Panopticon Papers, Bentham describes the design:
The building circular—the cells occupying the circumference—the keepers, etc.—the centre—an intermediate annular well, all the way up, crowned by a sky-light usually open [. . .] by blinds and other contrivances, the keeper concealed from the observation of the prisoners, unless where he thinks fit to show himself: hence, on their part, the sentiment of an invisible omnipresence.—The whole circuit reviewable with little, or, if necessary, without any, change of place.8
A complex arrangement of windows, slits, and reflectors along with the cylindrical design of the Panopticon enables the principle overseer to observe each inmate at any one time while preventing the inmates from viewing the overseer in return. Each inmate then becomes a subject of perpetual observation. Operating on the subject’s fear that at any moment he could be observed with or without this observation actually occurring, the Panopticon leaves no incentive to misbehave if one could be observed doing so.
Figure 1. Bentham’s original design of the Panopticon [Matthew Taunton, “Escape from Panopticon” (New Statesman 137, no. 4889, 2008), p. 48.
This apprehension as the subject of observation, along with a fear of punishment for misbehavior leaves inmates with no rational choice but to cooperate and comply with prison guidelines, creating a form of self-discipline independent of the overseer’s discipline. This external surveillance internalizes itself so efficiently within the inmates that the need for the overseer disappears, and this mechanism of control can operate on its own, fed by the anxiety of being seen and a simple fear of punishment.9
III. Foucault and the Anxiety of the Gaze
Bentham’s theory of panopticism received little attention until the latter end of the twentieth century when Michel Foucault deemed the Panopticon a perfect embodiment of his concept of power-knowledge. Foucault believed that power and knowledge operated together to produce and exercise control over the individual.10 To examine Foucauldian panopticism however, I must explain Foucault’s contribution to the history of punishment. Foucault noticed that the decentralization of power in the Enlightenment, with its rejection of absolute monarchy and the rise of democratic ideals, changed the type of power a ruler could exercise over his subjects, shifting from the power over death to the power over life. As power shifted to a control over the protection of life (i.e. biopower), punishment became less about extermination and instead directed toward reform.11 Two marked changes in forms of punishment in society then emerged in the Enlightenment: the shift from a public to a private setting and the shift from destructive to reformatory motives. The Panopticon then embodied these penal developments, coalescing two seemingly incongruent ideals in one mechanism of discipline and reform: surveillance at once private and transparent, sequestered and omniscient.
Foucault situates the Panopticon within this reformatory and private form of punishment; however, why the panoptic gaze generates anxiety within the inmate must receive attention before one can fully understand the effectiveness of panoptic power. During the classical age, “observatories” arose that relied upon “eyes that [. . .] see without being seen” and disciplined individuals by placing them in a setting of constant observation, thereby preserving individuals in their subjection.12 Foucault explains that the individual is effectively disciplined by means of observation because:
In [observation] the “subjects” were presented as “objects” to the observation of a power that was manifested only by its gaze. They did not receive directly the image of the sovereign power; they only felt its effects [. . .] on their bodies, which had become precisely legible and docile.13
Observation objectifies the subject, fostering an apprehension for the gaze that enables a power outside the individual to exercise control over said individual. I employ Sartre’s look to enhance Foucault’s explanation of the anxiety of the gaze. Nick Crossley describes the effect of Sartre’s look as “no longer belonging to oneself, but belonging, as an object, in the project of the other.”14 Thus, the Self is estranged by the Other and is recognized as possessed or captured by the Other. Sartre explains that anxiety arises when the individual realizes that the Self no longer holds claim over itself but instead lies under the gaze, and therefore control, of the Other.
Merleau-Ponty’s gaze then strengthens Sartre’s argument and, by extension, Foucault’s argument. Central to Merleau-Ponty’s concept of the gaze is the subject of perception, which “does not predate perception but is effected through it.”15 Perception produces and effects the subject at the moment when said subject experiences the distinction between himself and the world, between “immediate me” and “imaginary me.”16 If the subject can identify the distinction between Self and Other, then the subject can likewise comprehend the possibility of the capturing of the Self by the Other, the possession of the subject in the perception and observation of the Other. This alienation from the Self that the gaze produces causes the subject to feel increasingly objectified in the eyes of the Other, termed the “inhuman gaze” by Merleau-Ponty to emphasize the gaze’s capacity to transform interhuman relationships from that of subject-subject to subject-object relationships.17 Herein lies the true source of the anxiety of the gaze.
With an understanding of the origins of this anxiety as examined through Foucault, Sartre, and Merleau-Ponty, one can more fully understand how the awareness of being seen has a controlling effect over the individual and how panoptic power exercises itself over the individual. The panoptic effect capitalizes on the objectification and apprehension created by the gaze, effecting an internalization of discipline within the individual that renders unnecessary the original external source of observation.18 After examining the derivations of the anxiety of the gaze, I arrived at a fuller understanding of the operational techniques and effectiveness of panopticism as described by Foucault.
IV. The Decentralization of the Panopticon
With a stronger grasp of Foucault’s argument, I will now provide modern-day examples of the Panopticon to demonstrate how the Panopticon has transformed since Foucault—from a centralized power structure to a decentralized, commodified, and fetishized mechanism of surveillance. Although Foucault viewed the Panopticon as a decentralized mechanism of surveillance to some extent,19 he focused primarily on the centralized Panopticon to demonstrate his concept of power-knowledge. His discussion of the decentralized Panopticon was but an embryo and has more fully developed since his time—why I contend that the Panopticon has become only increasingly decentralized in the post-Foucauldian world.
An important distinction to make between the explicit seer-seen relationship of Foucault’s Panopticon and the Panopticon of today, denoted the “participatory panopticon” or “sousveillance,” is that the post-Foucauldian Panopticon seer-seen relationship is less polarized than the Foucauldian panoptic relationship.20 Sousveillance was first coined by Steve Mann in 1998 as ‘watchful vigilance from underneath’ or the surveillance of oneself as a form of self-maintenance.21 While this self-surveillance seems no different than the end result of Benthamite and Foucauldian panopticism, sousveillance stretches beyond surveillance of oneself. Sousveillance is distinguished from the internalized surveillance and discipline of Foucault’s Panopticon due to its reflection of self-surveillance outward so that the individual not only monitors himself but also monitors each man around him. Thus, each individual in a society is at once the prisoner and the guard, the surveyed and the surveyor, the Seer and the Seen.22 Since Mann’s coinage of the term sousveillance in 1998, surveillance has assumed a dual role—the individual assumes the role of the Seer and the Seen in the panoptic relationship. If the individual monitors himself as well as the people around him, this modern panopticon becomes “participatory” as the individual must voluntarily monitor both himself and others.23 Panoptic power then is no longer exercised by one overseer but rather by many individuals serving as the Seer and the Seen. Because panoptic power is now exercised voluntarily by each member of society—both exercising and serving as subject to such power—and is no longer concentrated in a single overseer, the Panopticon has become increasingly decentralized since the time of Foucault.
Evidence of such decentralization is found in modern day recording and distributing devices including the Internet and mobile devices (paired for reasons I will later explain) and nano-technology. The Rodney King incident and the “dog-shit girl” are two of the most relevant examples that demonstrate the decentralization of the Panopticon that has occurred since the time of Foucault. On March 3, 1991, Rodney King was chased by police for eight miles on Interstate 210 for speeding, and after coming to a stop at Lake View Terrace Road and disobeying police commands, the police proceeded to beat Rodney King for a prolonged period. George Holliday, a bystander, recorded the beating but to no avail; three of the police officers were acquitted, igniting the Los Angeles Riots of 1992.24 Kingsley Dennis marks this incident as a message:
that living in the eye of the camera meant a person, people, institutions, and organisations were no longer insular and immune. Everyone now had to watch their back, literally, as people could learn how to play at being their own witness.25
While this event is not directly related to the Internet or mobile phone, it serves to demonstrate the capacity for perpetual surveillance that the recorded image supplies, applicable to the Internet and mobile phone by virtue of their recording capacities.
More directly related, then, is the incident of the “dog-shit girl.”26 A young woman “refused to clean up the mess when the dog she was carrying defecated on the floor of a subway carriage”27 and upon being offered a tissue, continued to refuse and soon departed the subway. Little time passed before a photograph of this woman and the mess her dog made appeared on the Internet, and even less time passed before the young woman’s personal information was exposed and widespread scorn was cast upon her.28 I will not consider the dangers of a world unremittingly monitored, as this incident expresses, because they do not contribute to my argument. I wish to prove that the Panopticon has been decentralized since the time of Foucault, and the speed with which this photograph spread concerns me more than the implications its spread had on the young woman. The “dog-shit girl” event demonstrates Dennis’s concept of sousveillance and the aforementioned “participatory Panopticon.” Not only did some individual make an effort to take the photograph of the young woman and post it on the Internet, but many more individuals propagated the spread of this photograph, confirming that modes of surveillance in society have become acts of participation, that people actively monitor both themselves and others. If surveillance is no longer concentrated in a single watchman but in many watchmen, it becomes decentralized. The power of the mobile phone and Internet to record images and distribute them globally represents the decentralization of the Panopticon in that one centralized Panopticon does not exist, but miniature panopticons do exist in the members of society and the digital devices they own.
Similar to the Internet and mobile devices, the development of nano-technology further suggests that the Panopticon has evolved from a centralized to a decentralized power structure and mode of surveillance. Jeroen van den Hoven dichotomizes panopticism as a means of revealing its decentralization today.29 He splits the Panopticon into synopticism, in which “the central position allows one single observer to see everything,”30 and the continuity aspect in which “people are continuously visible”.31 He argues that failure to make this distinction in panopticism (or failure to regard panopticism as dual forces operating together) leads to the misconception of nano-technology as a centralized form of surveillance—the Panopticon. In particular, RFID technology demonstrates the decentralizing capabilities of nano-technology and discounts the possibility of nano-technology assuming the title of Panopticon.32 The details of RFID chips and tags are extraneous; what is important is that Radio Frequency Identity chips constitute some of the principal technologies in tracking, tracing (from vehicles to consumer products), and surveillance. Hoven notes that the problem with the ubiquitous nature of RFID technology lies in our failure to separate panopticism into its component parts: synopticism and continuity.33 However, when this distinction is made:
one may argue that the sting in the nano-privacy debate may not be synopticism but its continuity. The introduction of fabrics, films, and new materials and surfaces that assist in recording, storing and giving off information to the environment at close range and at a distance, constantly and systematically, may serve centralized data collection and processing, but may also accommodate highly context dependent and local information needs.34
So while nano-technology may appear traditionally panoptic (by which I mean centralized), nano-technologies such as RFID chips and tags fulfill locally specific needs, rendering these forms of surveillance decentralized. The sheer distribution and use of nano-technology proves such technology to be decentralized because tracking tags such as RFID serve local needs far more often than a central data source.
One last point concerning the decentralization of modes of surveillance in today’s society can be found in Kevin Haggerty’s Dickensian polemic against the overuse and overextension of the term ‘panopticon’ to any form of surveillance that internalizes an external power and renders this internalized power capable of operating on its own.35 He provides approximately fifteen forms of panopticism to demonstrate his point, stating that “each new ‘opticon’ points to a distinction, limitation, or way in which Foucault’s model does not completely fit the contemporary [. . .] dynamics of surveillance,”36 thereby rendering the panopticon synonymous with surveillance itself.37 While Haggerty wishes to maintain the traditional definition and functions of the Panopticon outlined by Bentham and Foucault, he recognizes that the Panopticon as a centralized source has disappeared and been replaced by many miniature panopticons observing all and each.38 Thus, the Internet, mobile phones, and nano-technology serve as physical manifestations of the decentralized Panopticon in post-Foucauldian society as nearly any mode of surveillance is now labeled panoptic.
V. The Commodification and Fetishization of the Panopticon
Not only has the Panopticon been decentralized since the time of Foucault, but I argue that it has also been commodified and fetishized. I include the example of reality television to further my point. Oddly enough, reality television is widely used as an embodiment of the Panopticon’s commodification in today’s society.39 As David Lyon notes, reality television participants:
are encouraged to ‘be themselves’ and ‘wear their hearts on their sleeves.’ [. . .] There is a reward for displaying your body and its activities. It is gratifying to be watched; close surveillance is destigmatized.40
In the realm of reality television, surveillance becomes a mode of self-expression; rather than homogenizing individuals, this surveillance encourages “mass individuation” to be paraded in front of an audience.41 When examined within the context of the global market that encompasses this industry, this mass individuation becomes commodified. Lyon terms this commodification of the individual under constant surveillance the “panopticommodity” in that the “people market themselves.”42 He then states that if participants of reality television willingly display and advertise themselves on the global market, this surveillance that they undergo is participatory.43 By referencing the participatory panopticon, in which each man serves as guard and prisoner, as Seer and Seen, Lyon exposes the decentralized and commodified nature of the Panopticon today. Concerning my previous examples—the Internet, mobile devices, and nano-technology—these forms of surveillance are likewise commodified by virtue of their nature as goods bought and sold on the market and used on a global scale. Privacy loses its appeal and the anxiety of observation loses its strength as surveillance becomes a commodity to be sold on the market. The Foucauldian Panopticon that operates on a fear of observation and punishment thus loses its potency in the post-Foucauldian world, justifying my claim that the Panopticon has evolved quite significantly in form and function since its creation. The technologies of surveillance now deemed panoptic have become commodities, proving that the Panopticon—now synonymous with said technologies labeled miniature panopticons44—in the post-Foucauldian world has been likewise commodified.
If the Panopticon has been commodified in recent years, I contend that it has also been fetishized, and I cite Karl Marx for a fuller explanation of the fetishism of the commodity. Marx defines fetishism as “the definite social relation between men themselves [assuming] the fantastic form of a relation between things”45 and explicitly emphasizes the inseparability of fetishism and the production of commodities.46 While Marx uses the term fetishism in terms of labor relations, I apply this term to social relations involving not labor but the seer-seen relationship that the Panopticon operates upon. Because it has been commodified, the Panopticon, has been fetishized in the sense that the social relation of the seer-seen interaction has taken the form of a social relation between panoptic technologies. The argument against my claim may employ the Panopticon’s duality—its physical and social nature—to prove that the social relations that the Panopticon operates upon are inseparable from the structure itself and therefore that the Panopticon has always been fetishized and no difference exists between the Foucauldian Panopticon and the post-Foucauldian Panopticon. However, I discount this claim based on Marx’s statement that fetishism only relates to commodities and relations between commodities.47 The Panopticon was not commodified in Bentham’s or Foucault’s time because it was not a good exchanged on the market (on the most literal level, because the structure did not exist in the tangible sense). What enabled the Panopticon to emerge as a commodity in today’s market was its decentralization since the time of Foucault. Had the Panopticon remained a centralized power structure never constructed, commodification would not have occurred; however, because the Panopticon has become synonymous with the innumerable technologies of surveillance on the market today, it has emerged as a commodity and thus been fetishized.
I find that the social relationship between inmate and overseer, between Seer and Seen has become tied to the panoptic commodities themselves, as evident in the surveillance relations identified with the Internet and mobile devices, nano-technology, and reality television. These modern-day forms of the Panopticon are exchanged on the market and thereby fetishized, rendering the social relations existent in the function and production of the commodity identified with the commodity itself. Thus, the panoptic relationship between Seer and Seen has assumed the form of a relationship between the innumerable forms of opticons48 in the global market today.
VI. Implications of the Panopticon’s Transformation
Finally, I must concur with the conclusion several authors have arrived at in their analyses of the Panoptic on that society has approached closer to the realization of the Weberian iron cage than ever before. David Lyon cites Lyotard to catalogue the implications of the Panopticon’s evolution, stating that the “‘metanarratives’ of modernity [have been] replaced by, among other things, the categories of computerized control.”49 The overarching narratives of modernity were replaced by norms and categories determined by technological control, by the modern Panopticon, thus causing society “‘to function as a giant panoptic mechanism’ in which, to pursue the analogy, hapless consumers find themselves in atomized [. . .] cells at the periphery.”50 This image of entrapment and lack of control persuades Lyon to view Max Weber’s worries of the realization of the iron cage, of the rationalized world regulated by a teleological efficiency toward the creation of self-disciplined individuals, as perhaps not so illegitimate.51
While Weber discusses the iron cage in terms of the inexorable power of material goods over the life of man,52 I shall not use this term so strictly. I would instead like to draw a parallel between his iron cage of capitalism and what I shall term the iron cage of panopticism that the decentralization, commodification, and fetishization of the Panopticon have brought closer to realization in the post-Foucauldian world. As modern capitalism lost its need for the Protestant ethic to operate on its own,53 so the Panopticon lost its need for the specific overseer-inmate relationship that it originally operated upon to stand on its own. As the Panopticon has been decentralized, commodified, and fetishized, panopticism has diverged from its original mode of operation and become a system of surveillance that all could participate in, a system in which individuals act as Seer and Seen (i.e. sousveillance). As the Panopticon’s single watchman has been replaced by a world monitored by many watchmen, observation has become both ubiquitous and inescapable. This inescapability of observation has only been enhanced by the application of the term panoptic to virtually any mode of surveillance today, thus forcing us into an iron cage of panopticism, of perpetual observation and surveillance we may not be able to escape. The realization of this iron cage then seems more plausible than ever before as panoptic modes of surveillance proliferate, the boundaries between the Seer and the Seen disappear as each individual becomes the inmate and the overseer, the prisoner and the guard, and surveillance becomes evermore inescapable.
In this paper I aimed to investigate the transformation of the Panopticon from Foucault to the present in order to prove that the Panopticon has been decentralized, commodified, and fetishized in the post-Foucauldian world. I began by providing a synopsis of the original panoptic design, function, and purpose and followed this discussion with an examination of Foucauldian panopticism. Upon arriving at a stronger understanding of Foucault’s panopticism through an analysis of Sartre’s look and Merleau-Ponty’s gaze, I provided several modern-day examples of the Panopticon to demonstrate how it has been not only decentralized, but also commodified and fetishized in today’s society. Finally, I concluded in accordance with writers such as David Lyon that the state of the Panopticon today has delivered mankind closer to the realization of an iron cage not unlike that discussed by Weber. I now return to Marx’s quote that appears at the beginning of my analysis and that hyperbolizes his philosophy of the fetishism of the commodity. Upon emerging as a commodity in the time beyond Foucault, the Panopticon has been fetishized, assuming a mysterious quality that transcends its original nature and purpose. A world of opticons has been born, and the Panopticon gazes upon itself. And it weaves out of its omniscient eye bizarre designs far more wonderful than if it were to begin crying of its own free will.
1 Karl Marx, Das Kapital (Rep. of 1867 orig., Washington D.C.: Regnery Publishing Inc., 2000), p. 53-54.
2 Hugo Adam Bedau and Erin Kelly. “Punishment” (The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2010). p. 1
4 Paul Rabinow, edit. The Foucault Reader (New York: Vintage Books, 1984), p. 190-91.
5 Ibid., p. 191.
7 Mary Peter Mack, edit. Panopticon Papers (New York: Western Publishing Company, 1969), p. 194.
9 Ibid. 4, at 199.
10 Ibid., p. 259.
11 Ibid., p. 213-14.
12 Ibid., p. 189
13 Ibid., p. 199.
14 Nick Crossley, “The Politics of the Gaze: Between Foucault and Merleau-Ponty” (Human Studies 16, no. 4,
1993), p. 408.
15 Ibid., p. 411.
18 Ibid., p. 405
19 Ibid. 4, at 212-13.
20 Dennis, Kingsley. “Keeping a close watch– the rise of self-surveillance and the threat of digital exposure.” (Sociological Review 56, no. 3, 2008), p. 349.
23 Ibid., p. 350.
24 Ibid., p. 348.
26 Ibid., p. 350.
28 Ibid., p. 351.
29 Jeroen van den Hoven and Pieter E. Vermass, “Nano-Technology and Privacy: On Continuous Surveillance
Outside the Panopticon” (Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 32, no. 3, 2007), p. 291.
33 Ibid., p. 292.
35 Kevin D. Haggerty, “Tear down the walls: on demolishing the Panopticon” (In Theorizing Surveillance: the
Panopticon and Beyond, Portland: Willan Publishing, 2006), p. 23.
36 Ibid., p. 26.
39 David Lyon, “The Search for Surveillance Theories” (In Theorizing Surveillance: the Panopticon and Beyond,
Portland: Willan Publishing, 2006). p. 7.
40 Ibid., p. 8.
44 Ibid. 35, at 26.
45 Ibid. 1, at 55. Ibid.
48 Ibid. 35, at 26.
49 David Lyon. The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994), p. 75.
50 Ibid., p. 71.
51 Ibid., p. 75.
52 Talcott Parsons, transl. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Dover Publications Inc.,
2003), p. 181.
53 Ibid., p. 180-81. | <urn:uuid:590f21a8-8fe7-4c36-850a-1efdf0bcea3f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://aleph.humanities.ucla.edu/2015/07/26/the-fetishization-of-the-panopticon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.932732 | 6,261 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Surge Protectors, often errononeously referred to as “power strips”, is officially known as a Type 3 SPD (surge protection device).
These single outlet, point-of-use protection devices are the last line of defense against transient and voltage spikes that can damage your expensive electronic devices like LED TVs, stereo equipment, large and small appliances in a blink of an eye.
Due to sheer number of manufacturers, features and claims, most people don’t give much thoughts and grab something that seems to be most popular at the moment.
That is, until a lightning storm rolls through or when the power goes out during a storms and you have that kick-in-the-gut feeling like I did when my PCs fried during a nasty power surge.
I am going to try to cut through the confusion and BS claims to help you make an educated decision that is right for you.
In this Article You Will Learn
What is Type 3 Surge protection?
In an effort to consolidate confusing terminologies, Underwriters Laboratories (UL) decided in September 2009 to discontinue using the term “TVSS” and “Secondary Surge Arrester.”
Instead, it implemented Surge Protective Device (SPD) to describe protection devices used on AC power systems rated less than 1000 VAC.
UL further classified SPD into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4.
This classification is based on the application and the location where they are to be used.
Type 1 SPDs are permanently connected devices which bear a UL listing for installation at any location between the secondary of the utility service transformer and the service entrance primary disconnect. A Type 1 SPDs can also be installed anywhere on the load side of the service entrance and allowed to be installed anywhere on the low-voltage electrical system without requiring a dedicated fuse or
Type 2 SPDs are permanently connected devices which bear a UL listing for installation on the load side of the service entrance primary disconnect. Type 2 SPDs may, or may not require the use of a dedicated fuse or breaker.
Type 3 SPDs are installed at a conductor length of 10 meters (30 feet) or greater from the electrical panel. These devices are typically cord connected, direct plug-in, receptacle type SPDs installed at the load equipment being protected.
Type 4 SPDs are components and assemblies that do not have a UL Listing. They might carry the UL recognized mark. Examples are Metal Oxide Varistors, MOV and gas tubes.
The basic idea behind type 3 SPD is the same as Type 1 or Type 2 SPDs: to help protect electronic equipment (i.e. computers, televisions, home theater systems, game systems, large and small appliances, etc.) from electrical spikes and surges.
Type 3 SPD is designed to absorb and redirect damaging voltages caused by surges and spikes away from devices connected to it.
History of the Power Surge Protectors
An examples of early power strips exist as far back as 1932 when Carl M. Peterson was granted U.S. Patent # 1,889,695 for his invention, “Table Tap”.
Carl Peterson created his invention with four (4) primary objectives in mind:
- To provide a plurality of electrical outlets in a single unit which may be connected by a cord and plug to a wall receptacle base board outlet or the like to furnish ample plug-in facilities on a table where such electrical appliances as percolators, toasters, waie irons or the like may be used without the annoyance of entangling cords and a plurality of connectors.
- To provide a device of this type which simple in construction, reliable in operation and which may be used either as a portable or as a fixed device. In its use as a portable device the same is properly weighted or balanced at its base so that it will occupy a relatively stationary position when in use, or, if desired, the same may be fastened to a table or other support in a concealed position, if desired, to permit of attaching the cords appliances thereto in a neat and attractive manner.
- To provide a device which may be made from mold-able material, such for example, as Bakelite and which includes in its organization a pair of contact strips so arranged that any desired number of plugs may be connected with said strips. Furthermore, the arrangement is such that the contact strips will have sufficient spring or yield to always insure the prongs of the plugs making proper electrical contact with the strips.
One early iteration, called a “power board”, was invented in 1972 by Australian electrical engineer Peter Talbot working under Frank Bannigan, Managing Director of Australian company Kambrook. The product was hugely successful, however, it was not patented and market share was eventually lost to other manufacturers.[source: wikipedia)
How Does a Surge Protector Work?
A surge protector, or suppressor, is a device that blocks a sudden damaging voltage increase by sending it away from your electronics and into the ground.
Sudden voltage increases are commonly referred to as electrical surges and spikes. They are fast and unpredictable increases in electricity that travel through the wiring in your home. Without a power surge protection system, both can cause substantial damage to any computer, appliance or piece of equipment that has electronic components.
The difference between an electrical spike and an electrical surge is that a spike lasts for 2 nanoseconds (billionths of a second) or less compared to a surge that by definition lasts for 3 nanoseconds or more. While longer exposure to increased electricity would logically cause greater damage, the force of the excess electricity is an equally damaging factor.
Most surge protectors have a component called a metal oxide varistors (MOV). The MOV, which forms a connection between the hot power line and the grounding line, has three parts: a piece of metal oxide material in the middle, connected the power and grounding line by two semiconductors.
When the voltage is correct, the MOV remain the same and does absolutely nothing. If the voltage falls below a certain level, the electrons in the semiconductors flow in a manner that creates high resistance.
When the voltage exceeds the correct level, the MOV acts like a pressure valve and conducts the excess current, which eliminates the extra voltage.
Homes built without electrical grounding (i.e. outlets only accept 2-prong plugs) provide no path to ground for power strip types to dispense the excess voltage. Whole house surge protection devices on the other hand, still work at 100% efficiency in homes that were built without internal grounding. This is because a spike and surge protector that protects an entire home functions at the main circuit breaker box and utilize the much larger main grounding wires by NEC
Please note that only few “power strips” unction as the Point-Of-Use Surge Protection device so you need to examine the specifications carefully to make sure you are getting what you think are getting.
Plug this surge protection device into one power outlet and it passes the electrical current along to a number of electrical and electronic devices plugged into the power strip. A SPD provides the necessary protection from surges in power. If the voltage from the outlet spikes or the surge exceeds the accepted level, the surge protector diverts the overage into the outlet’s grounding wire. Some power strips (not all) include the surge protector feature.
Features and Functions
Good vs. Not-So-Good SPDs
something happens due to a sheer amount of available products with wild performance claims.
Once the massive overvoltages have been taken off the line at the service panel, the more sensitive components of point of use protection can come into play.
A good to excellent surge protectors should be able to sacrifice itself to block lower level surges that are damaging to electronics, including large LED TVs, refrigerators, washers, etc.
The marketing folks from some of these companies want you to believe their products are so superior, they are willing to include a $250,000 warranty against damages to electronic devices cause by a surge.
A quick search on the internet and you will soon find out that with so many exclusion clauses in fine print, you will be lucky to get a replacement surge suppressor.
In my opinion, large assortment of surge protection devices on the market are simply junk and others a fire hazard so the moral of the story is take some to research and pay little more upfront and buy a good surge protection device.
Built in Features for a high Quality Surge Protection Device
Here are some characteristics that goes into making a quality SPD power strip:
- Energy dissipation: 400 joules or greater, this is the maximum amount of electricity it can handle before failing;
- Clamping voltage: 330 or less, also known as let-through voltage it’s the trigger point that activates dissipation to ground;
- Underwriters Laboratories (UL) approval;
- Low resistance to grounding;
- Fast response time: 1 nano second or less; longer response times equal more exposure and greater damage.
- Automatic power disconnect if the unit fails;
- Self-diagnostic feature (indicator lights and test buttons) to indicate whether the receptacle is properly grounded and the protection system is operating;
- Contains high quality Metal-Oxide Varistors (MOVs);
- Abundant receptacle slots;
- Plenty of spacing between receptacles to accommodate bulky transformers;
- Wall plug should rotate and have a flat profile;
- Indicator lights: Even the best units are only able to suppress a certain number of spikes. This number depends on the severity of the spikes and their duration so it’s important to know that your equipment is always working correctly.
, , These are no UL standards for these parameters so take them with a grain of salt
Of course not every feature can be found in a particular device but more the merrier.
Many manufacturers carefully word-craft their descriptions to make it appear that you are getting surge protection. In fact, you are getting nothing more than a very expensive extension cord with a cheap circuit breaker that won’t protect anything other than starting a fire and that’s not guaranteed either.
Often time’s power strips that do not provide any protection at all are erroneously referred to and used as “surge protectors” by unaware consumers. Don’t make this potentially costly mistake,
Three Specifications of a Good SPD
Three technical specifications to watch when buying a surge suppressor: joules, response time and UL certification. Joules isn’t a rating on protection from a single surge, it is a rating on how many surges the suppressor can handle. It’s sort of a life expectancy rating. The experts recommend looking for at least 600 Joules. This APC suppressor gives you almost double that amount at 1,080 Joules.
Response time is also important. This determines how long your equipment will be exposed to the surge before the suppressor kicks in and clamps the voltage down. For this APC suppressor, the response time is a very respectable 1 nanosecond. That’s tech speak for 1 billionth of a second. Surges take a few thousands of a second to reach their peak, so this response time should be more than adequate.
The UL certification standard for surge suppressors is UL 1449. UL provides safety related certifications, not performance related certifications. A UL certification basically means that the surge suppressor itself and the equipment connected to it are extremely unlikely to blow up and start a fire when it’s hit with a surge.
Ignore “clamping voltage”. For technical reasons, you really want to watch the “Let-Through Voltage”. UL certification does include the specification for Let-Through Voltage with levels of 300, 400 and 500. This APC unit has a UL certification with a maximum Transient Voltage Surge Suppressor (TVSS) Let-Through Voltage of 300 volts, which is the best rating that UL provides for surge suppressors. Other manufacturers often make a big deal out of clamping voltage but avoid mentioning that their UL Let-Through Voltage is 400 or 500 volts.
Finally, a huge feature in a surge suppressor is a “Fail Safe” function. When a surge suppressor reaches it’s maximum Joules rating it quits providing surge suppression. The question is, how do you know that has happened? Most surge suppressors have an green idiot light (LED) that shows that the unit is still providing surge suppression. If you happen to notice that this LED has gone dark then you’re in luck. Most people don’t. A Fail Safe feature shuts the surge suppressor down so it no longer passes current through to your equipment. So, if your fail safe unit quits providing surge suppression, your equipment shuts down and you know the instant the surge suppressor has reached its life span. Very few manufacturers include a fail safe protection, so you continue merrily on your way until your $1,000 television or laptop suddenly melts down during a thunderstorm. APC provides fail safe protection on all of their surge suppressors including this unit. | <urn:uuid:db37f179-e294-49fa-b76f-64ce082ae431> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://allthumbsdiy.com/electrical/everything-you-need-to-know-about-type-3-spd-surge-protection-devices | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.933474 | 2,732 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Neustadt an der Weinstrasse (Germany)
Found in 3 Collections and/or Records:
The Frederick Brunner Collection incorporates the research of the banker and LBI board chairman Frederick Brunner. Prominent subjects encompassed in this research include the Rothschild family and the history of Jews in Landau in der Pfalz. Some research on banking history and Jews as bankers may also be found here. The collection contains extensive newspaper clippings, articles, correspondence, notes, genealogical tables and family trees, and a few photographs.
This collection holds the papers of members of Margaret Strauss Berman's family in several towns in the Palatinate. It is primarily composed of personal documents, like photographs, biographical texts and a diary, and it contains also some newspaper clippings and a flyer.
This collection contains a comprehensive and very well annoted historical collection of documents of the Bach and Mayer family from Stuttgart and Neustadt an der Weinstrasse. Vital documents reflecting the families' professions and essential information such as family trees, birth, marriage, and death certificates, and wills are complemented by photographs, correspondence and memoirs. Most original German documents from the 19th century are translated into English, and some are annotated with complementary information from family memory. | <urn:uuid:5cafc249-4c67-459f-add2-f8bb635554b0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://archives.cjh.org/subjects/41090 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.933997 | 264 | 2.828125 | 3 |
If you’re anything like me, you’ve struggled with drawing in perspective, and you’re looking to find better ways to learn perspective drawing in different scenarios. Sometimes, you can know the rules of perspective drawing and still need help applying them. I recently stumbled upon the 39 pictures you’ll see below by illustrator and animator Thomas Romain, who teaches with very easy-to-understand diagrams how to draw in perspective.
“Drawing is like filming the inside of your mind.” -Thomas Romain
In 2015, Romain posted all of these drawings on his public Twitter account, @ThomasinTokyo, to help people improve their drawings. These perspective drawing lessons are the best practical guides I’ve seen, and they will help you draw any concept or scene in no time. Use these as starting points and practice guides to get you to begin drawing architectural spaces with ease.
Who is Thomas Romain?
Thomas Romain is a French animator responsible for creating Code Lyoko alongside Tania Palumbo. He is also responsible for designing and co-directing the Franco-Japanese animated series Ōban Star-Racers, which started his career in Japan.
In early 2017, Romain attracted mainstream media attention when he began tweeting illustrations he had drawn based on his children’s sketches, which eventually became his Family Traits book. You can purchase it here. Thomas also published another book in 2015 entitled Lost in Anime.How to Draw in Perspective: 30+ Perspective Drawing Lessons By Illustrator Thomas Romain Click To Tweet
Perspective Drawing Lessons: Learn How to Draw in Perspective
Lessons on Eye Level in Perspective Drawing
1) Trace the eye level.
The first thing Thomas does when starting a drawing is to trace the eye level. It is essential because it defines the height at which you draw your scene.
2) Practice on random photos.
Thomas took three pictures of the same street with different eye-level heights. Tracing eye level (and vanishing points) on random images is a good exercise. It helps you understand this concept.
3) Use your eye level as a guide to how objects will appear.
Everything you draw from above the eye level will appear as seen from below. Everything you draw from below the eye level will appear as seen from above. Your beloved vanishing points will be on the eye level, not necessarily in the middle. The closer your objects are to eye level, the more their horizontal plans appear thin. The plan may become a line. Don’t be afraid of that. It happens to everyone.
4) Choose your eye level based on what you want to show.
Choose your eye level smartly according to what you want to show. Thomas uses a high eye level to show the room’s global layout. Thomas uses a low eye level when he wants to show the ceiling.
Lessons on Eye Level Height in Perspective Drawing
1) When the eye level is in the middle, vertical lines are parallel.
Thomas shows you the height of the eye level in your frame influences the global perspective of your layout. All the vertical lines are parallel when the eye level is in the middle of the frame.
2) When the eye level is low, the converging point changes upward.
If the eye level goes down in the frame, all the vertical lines will start converging to a new converging point, upward and far away. Refrain from drawing it since it’s so far. Instead, use a perspective guide to help you.
3) When the eye level is high, the converging point changes downward.
On the contrary, if the eye level goes up, all of the vertical lines will converge to another converging point downward. If you play a lot of FPS (frames per second), you are familiar with that.
4) Learn the rules of perspective before you break them.
In summary, if the eye line is in the middle of the frame, vertical lines appear parallel. The more you trace the eye level far from the center of the frame, the more the vertical lines will converge faster to the new converging point. According to the perspective rules, you can not make your vertical lines on abnormal slants in a realistic environment. However, it can look cool in cartoon stuff, which is the beauty of animation since everything is possible—Thomas’ advice, though: Learn the rules before you break them.
Lessons on Drawing People at the Correct Size
1) When the eye level is slightly taller than an average person, you can check your character’s height in relation to the eye level.
Here is a tip to help you draw your characters at the correct size anywhere in your scene. When the eye level height is slightly taller than the height of an average person, you can draw a silhouette and check how it is related to the eye level height.
2) Duplicate your silhouettes and place them so that the eye level is always crossing the character at the same height.
Now, you can duplicate your silhouette, move it in your picture, and adjust its size (Photoshop’s transformation tool) so that the eye level is always “crossing” the character at the same height, this time slightly above it.
3) When eye level is neck height, it’s good to determine the size of someone partially off-screen.
When the eye level is at the height of the neck, it is beneficial to determine the height and size of a partially off-screen character.
4) Try drawing your eye level at knee height to train your eye.
Also, try drawing a scene where the eye level is at the height of a person’s knees to train yourself.
Lessons on Drawing and Choosing the Correct Lens
1) The same place will appear completely different depending on the lens you choose.
The same place will appear completely different depending on the lens you choose. Even though we are accustomed to seeing these kinds of images, layouts drawn with a wide-angle lens can not naturally be seen by the human eye. The perspective effect is powerful. Layouts with a standard lens look natural, while layouts with a telephoto lens are like the image has been zoomed in. All the perspective lines are almost parallel. Note that Thomas drew all three layouts from the same distance. He did not move closer to the building.
2) There are many ways to draw the same set depending on the feeling you want to communicate to the audience.
What happens when you get closer to the subject and change the lens? Thomas shows all three lens choices again; this time, he is closer to the subject. He showcases many ways to draw the same set depending on the feeling you want to communicate to the audience.
3) Understand where your frame will be located depending on the lens you use.
If you are using perspective guides, which Thomas highly recommends, he showcases examples of where your frame will be located depending on the type of lens you are using.
4) Then look at the results of what you will see and how you will see the image using the perspective guides with all three lens choices.
Thomas showcases the results of what you will see and how you will see the image using the perspective guides with all three lens choices he showed in the previous slide.
Lessons on Drawing Street Slopes
1) Beginners make a crucial mistake when drawing streets.
Something to remember when drawing a street: Thomas showcases a drawing that doesn’t feel quite right but is technically drawn correctly in perspective. However, it doesn’t feel natural and could be better. He has made a mistake every beginner does at first.
2) Identifiable features look wide when seen in elevation view.
The windows and other identifiable features are too wide when you look at the image in elevation view.
3) To correct this, increase the number of houses and make the windows and doors thinner.
To correct the mistakes of the first layout, Thomas increases the number of houses and makes the windows and doors thinner.
4) You can take it further by drawing the windows and doors even thinner as slits.
To push it further, Thomas draws the windows as slits. To correct the mistakes of the first layout, Thomas increases the number of houses, makes the windows and doors thinner, and creates an eye-catching background in a foreign labyrinth.
5) There is a trick to drawing street slopes in perspective.
Thomas noticed that some people have difficulty drawing street slopes, which is sad since slopes always look more attractive on screen. Thomas shows how a flat street looks in perspective.
6) For a street going uphill, you’ll need to add a second vanishing point right above the first one at eye level.
For a street going uphill, you must add a second vanishing point above the first. Don’t draw it too far, though. You will use it to draw the road or the ground and determine how the houses are lined up. Of course, all of the horizontal parts (the roofs, windows, and doors) are still converging towards the first point at eye level.
7) Do the same thing with a street going downhill, but this time, the vanishing point will be under eye level.
Do the same thing with a street going downhill, but this time, the vanishing point will be under eye level. Remember to draw the distant background at eye level. The eye level equals the horizon.
Lessons on Drawing Cars in Perspective
1) It is easier to think in 2D at first before drawing in perspective.
Thomas shows an example of something he had to draw for the show Cannon Busters. Thomas needed to become more familiar with cars, so he gathered research images and thought first in 2D elevation of the front and side views. Thomas finds it much easier to think about the image using only two dimensions at first. He tried to make the two elevation views match as much as possible while trying to get an exciting silhouette.
2) Once you are satisfied with your 2D design, put it into perspective.
Once you’re satisfied with your 2D design, put it into perspective. Use a perspective grid and the Photoshop transformation tool. Be nice to your brain and use different colours for each axis. This will make an excellent base to work with.
3) By getting spatial information from your 2D views, you can build your 3D shape.
By getting spatial information from your 2D views, you can build your 3D shape. This part can be tricky for beginners, though. The car’s horns are the hardest to draw in volume, but the side of the vehicle will remain almost the same from the 2D version, making it easier to draw.
4) Add colour and dimension to your final drawing.
Thomas shows the final results with some fancy colours in his full 3D version.
Lessons on Drawing Clouds
1) Smaller clouds with flat shadows should appear near the horizon, and big clouds should be above us.
A few drawing tips about clouds: Smaller clouds with flat shadows should be near the horizon. Bigger clouds with shadows underneath should be above our heads. Thomas shows a naive way to draw clouds, except clouds are not flat. Clouds must follow perspective rules as well.
2) The composition of the sky matters.
The composition of the sky matters. You do not want your sky to appear regular and dull. It would be best if you always tried to apply more contrast so the sky seems more dynamic. The second image Thomas shows is more contrasted and exciting.
3) Remember that clouds cast shadows.
Don’t forget that clouds cast shadows. It can help you greatly when you draw large scale pictures. It adds depth and contrast. It can make your picture look awesome.
4) Clouds are your allies.
Clouds are your allies. When used smartly, the white surface of the clouds can help you make your pictures catchier and add contrast to your colour selection.
Lessons on Casting Shadows in Perspective Drawing
1) Regardless of where the light comes from, shadows cast by vertical elements on vertical surfaces are always vertical.
Sometimes, Thomas notices other people’s drawings that abnormally skew their shadows and light sources. While this can work for a stylish cartoon project, it’s unrealistic. The only case in which you see tilted shadows is when the surface of the cast shadows are tilted themselves. Regardless of where the light comes from, cast shadows of vertical elements on vertical surfaces are always vertical.
2) Shadows do not come from a weird dimension, so the classic perspective rules apply.
Shadows do not come from a weird dimension. The classic perspective rules apply to them. It isn’t easy to draw them accurately, but they must be believable enough. Thomas showcases a shadow he created with the handy Photoshop transformation tool.
3) Before using colour, shadows will help you describe the time of day and help give your drawing its mood.
Even before using colour, shadows will help you describe the time of day and help give your drawing its mood. Around noon, the shadows cast will be minimal. Classic shadows are usually of a medium size. Early in the morning or the afternoon, the shadows grow substantially. Just after sunset or before dusk, shadows will overtake your drawing, and the sunlight will only reach the tallest parts of the drawing.
4) Remember, you can create cast shadows of off-screen elements as well.
Cast shadows can bring information and contribute even more to the atmosphere of your frame or shot. On the show Basquash!, Thomas used a lot of cast shadows of water tanks and palm trees. Remember, you can create cast shadows of off-screen elements as well. Thomas compares two images of a crosswalk: one with no shadows and one with overbearing shadows. The second one is more interesting and conveys more information.
Lessons on Drawing Interiors in Perspective
1) Think in 2D at first.
Think in two-dimensional terms at first. It’s easier. You can also place a human down flat for size reference.
2) Put your idea into perspective.
Then, put your idea into perspective and draw your perspective guidelines.
3) Elevate yourself and the walls.
Then elevate yourself and the walls. Slide your walls upwards and decide what looks correct based on your perspective guidelines.
4) Work hard.
Work hard. Sorry, but you can’t skip this part. It will take a lot of work and practice, but you will become great at drawing in perspective in time.
Did these perspective drawing tips help you better understand perspective drawing and how to draw your concepts in perspective? Let us know your thoughts and perspective drawing tips in the comments below.
For more posts on Art Departmental about art and drawing, click here. | <urn:uuid:ccc3be28-6c15-490c-a2c6-915b0e15dee6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://artdepartmental.com/blog/perspective-drawing-lessons-thomas-romain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.916902 | 3,074 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Self-organized and complex patterns of behavior are common in many biological networks, where no single agent is in command and yet forms of self-organization and decentralized intelligence are evident. Examples include fish joining together in schools, birds flying in formation, bees swarming towards a new hive, and bacteria diffusing towards a nutrient source. While each individual agent in these biological networks is not capable of complex behavior, it is the combined coordination among multiple agents that leads to the manifestation of sophisticated order at the network level. The study of these phenomena opens up opportunities for collaborative research across several domains including economics, life sciences, biology, and information processing, in order to address and clarify several relevant questions such as: (a) how and why organized behavior arises at the group level from interactions among agents without central control? (b) What communication topologies enable the emergence of order at the higher level from interactions at the lower level? (c) How is information processed during the diffusion of knowledge through the network? And (d) how does mobility influence the learning abilities of the agents and the network? Several disciplines have been concerned in elucidating different aspects of these questions including evolutionary biology, animal behavior studies, physical biology, and even computer graphics. In the realm of signal processing, these questions motivate the need to study and develop decentralized strategies for information processing that are able to endow networks with real-time adaptation and learning abilities. This tutorial examines several patterns of decentralized intelligence in biological networks, and describes powerful diffusion adaptation and learning strategies that are able to model and reproduce these kinds of behavior.
Although biological networks provide inspiration for the design of powerful engineered networks, the resulting theory and algorithms will be applicable to a broader context including machine learning applications, distributed optimization problems, and cooperative processing designs. The material presented in this tutorial can be used to design general cognitive networks that possess adaptation and learning abilities. Cognitive networks are defined as consisting of spatially distributed agents that are linked together through a connection topology. The topology may vary with time and the agents may also move. The agents cooperate with each other through local interactions and by means of in-network processing. Diffusion adaptation strategies are embedded into the nodes and allow them to perform various distributed tasks rather effectively. Such cognitive networks are well-suited to perform decentralized information processing and inference tasks. They are also well-suited to model complex behavior encountered in nature and in social and economic networks. While it is generally possible to find centralized or hierarchical processing mechanisms that can be more accurate in performing a given task, cognitive networks are generally more robust, scalable, adaptable, and resilient. Biological networks provide an excellent example of how resilient cognitive and adaptive networks can be. | <urn:uuid:493ad898-438f-4720-8c97-0ee1e2438e62> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://asl.epfl.ch/asl-seminar/bio-inspired-cognition-adaptation-and-learning-over-networks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.93044 | 543 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Carajas Mine, Brazil
|Click on Image to Enlarge
Carajas Mine, Brazil (326,417 bytes) ( 1,800 x 1,200 )
The Carajas Mine is the largest open-pit iron ore mine in the world. It is located in the state of Para, northern Brazil. The mine is estimated to contain over 7 billion tons of iron ore, plus gold, manganese, bauxite, copper and nickel. Ore is loaded into rail cars, and shipped to the Atlantic port city of Sao Luis over 250 kilometers away. The image was acquired June 19, 2017, covers an area of 18 by 27 kilometers, and is located at 6.1 degrees south, 50.2 degrees west.
Click on thumbnails below for full resolution images.
||Carajas Mine, Brazil |
Size: (326,417 bytes)
Resolution ( 1,800 x 1,200 )
Please give credit for these images to:
NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Space Systems,
and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team | <urn:uuid:72b1f2d4-6a27-4508-819f-675ddd18249b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=carajas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.920613 | 227 | 2.84375 | 3 |
How Much Protein Is There in Fish? A Comprehensive Guide
Protein is an essential nutrient for the human body. It plays a crucial role in building and repairing tissues, producing enzymes and hormones, and strengthening our immune system. While we can get protein from many different sources, fish is an excellent option as it is low in saturated fat and high in omega-3 fatty acids, which are important for maintaining a healthy heart, brain, and joints.
Understanding the Importance of Protein in Our Diet
Protein is an essential macronutrient that is required for the proper functioning of our body. It is made up of amino acids, which are the building blocks of our muscles, bones, and other tissues. Our body cannot produce all the necessary amino acids on its own, which is why we need to get them from our diet.
Protein is also essential for maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails. It helps in repairing the body's tissues and keeps us full for longer periods, reducing the need to snack excessively. Moreover, protein is responsible for the growth and development of our body, making it a crucial component of our diet.
The Role of Protein in the Body
Protein plays a vital role in various body functions, including:
- Building and repairing muscle tissue: Protein is essential for the growth and repair of muscles. It helps to rebuild muscle fibers that are damaged during exercise or physical activity.
- Producing enzymes and hormones: Many enzymes and hormones in our body are made up of protein. These enzymes and hormones play a crucial role in various physiological processes, including digestion, metabolism, and growth.
- Transporting oxygen throughout the body: Hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells, helps to transport oxygen throughout the body.
- Stabilizing blood sugar levels: Protein helps to slow down the absorption of sugar in the bloodstream, which helps to stabilize blood sugar levels.
- Supporting the immune system: Antibodies, which are proteins, help to fight against infections and diseases, thereby supporting the immune system.
Without adequate protein, our bodies cannot perform these essential functions correctly, which can lead to illness, weakness, and fatigue.
Recommended Daily Protein Intake
The recommended daily protein intake varies from person to person, depending on their weight, age, activity level, and gender. In general, adults should aim to consume at least 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day. For example, a person weighing 70kg should consume a minimum of 56g of protein daily to meet their body's needs.
However, it is important to note that athletes, pregnant women, and individuals recovering from an injury or illness may require higher amounts of protein to support their body's needs. It is always advisable to consult a healthcare professional to determine the appropriate protein intake for your body.
In conclusion, protein is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in the growth, repair, and maintenance of our body. By including protein-rich foods in our diet, we can ensure that our body gets the necessary amino acids to perform its functions correctly.
Different Types of Fish and Their Protein Content
Fish is a great source of protein and other essential nutrients that are important for maintaining good health. Not all fish, however, are created equal when it comes to protein content. Some fish are high in protein, while others are not. Below, we will look at different fish types and their varying levels of protein content:
High-Protein Fish Varieties
Some of the fish varieties with a high protein content include:
- Tuna (30g protein per 100g)
- Salmon (26g protein per 100g)
- Haddock (24g protein per 100g)
These fish are not only great sources of protein but also rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential for maintaining good heart health. Tuna, for instance, is not only high in protein but also low in fat, making it an excellent addition to any diet.
Salmon is another high-protein fish variety that is also rich in vitamin D, which is essential for strong bones and teeth. Haddock, on the other hand, is not only high in protein but also low in calories, making it an ideal choice for weight loss diets.
Medium-Protein Fish Varieties
Fish varieties with medium protein content include:
- Trout (21g protein per 100g)
- Cod (20g protein per 100g)
- Mackerel (18g protein per 100g)
While not as high in protein as the above-listed varieties, these fish still provide a decent protein boost to your diet. Trout, for instance, is not only a great source of protein but also rich in vitamin B12, which is essential for maintaining good brain health. Cod, on the other hand, is not only high in protein but also rich in vitamin B6, which is essential for maintaining good heart health.
Mackerel, on the other hand, is not only a great source of protein but also rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential for maintaining good brain health. Additionally, mackerel is also a good source of vitamin D, which is essential for strong bones and teeth.
Low-Protein Fish Varieties
Fish varieties with a low protein content include:
- Tilapia (16g protein per 100g)
- Shrimp (24g protein per 100g)
- Clams (14g protein per 100g)
While these fish are low in protein compared to other varieties, they are still a great addition to a healthy diet due to their low levels of saturated fat and calories. Tilapia, for instance, is not only low in protein but also low in calories, making it an ideal choice for weight loss diets. Shrimp, on the other hand, is not only low in protein but also rich in vitamin B12, which is essential for maintaining good brain health.
Clams, on the other hand, are not only low in protein but also rich in iron, which is essential for maintaining good blood health. Additionally, clams are also a good source of vitamin B12, which is essential for maintaining good brain health.
Comparing Fish Protein to Other Protein Sources
Protein is an essential macronutrient that plays a vital role in building and repairing tissues in the body. It is also necessary for the production of enzymes, hormones, and other molecules that are essential for proper bodily function. While there are many sources of protein, fish is a popular choice for its unique nutritional profile.
Fish vs. Meat
Meat is a common source of protein, but it is often high in saturated fat, which can increase the risk of heart disease and other health problems. Fish, on the other hand, is a lean protein source that is low in saturated fat and high in heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to reduce inflammation, lower blood pressure, and improve brain function.
In addition to its lower levels of saturated fat, fish also contains other nutrients that are beneficial for health. For example, salmon is a good source of vitamin D, which is important for bone health and immune function.
Fish vs. Poultry
While poultry is also a lean protein source, it lacks the beneficial omega-3 fatty acids found in fish. Omega-3 fatty acids are essential for brain function, and they may also help reduce the risk of depression and other mental health problems. In addition, fish is a good source of vitamin B12, which is important for nerve function and the production of red blood cells.
Fish vs. Plant-Based Protein Sources
Plant-based protein sources such as beans, lentils, and chickpeas are high in protein content, but they often lack essential amino acids found in fish. Essential amino acids are those that the body cannot produce on its own and must be obtained through the diet. However, plant-based protein sources like tofu, tempeh, and soy products can have the full amino acid profile, making them good alternatives for vegetarians and vegans.
It is also worth noting that fish is a low-carbohydrate protein source, which can be beneficial for those following a low-carbohydrate or ketogenic diet.
While fish may not have the highest protein content compared to other sources, it is a nutrient-dense food that provides a range of health benefits. Its unique nutritional profile, including its high levels of omega-3 fatty acids and other beneficial nutrients, makes it a valuable addition to a healthy diet.
Health Benefits of Consuming Fish Protein
Fish protein is a great addition to any diet, offering numerous health benefits that can help to improve overall wellness. Not only is fish protein a delicious and versatile ingredient, but it is also packed with essential nutrients that can help to support heart health, brain function, weight management, and muscle growth.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Heart Health
One of the most significant health benefits of consuming fish protein is its high concentration of omega-3 fatty acids. These essential fatty acids have been shown to have heart-protective benefits, helping to lower blood pressure, reduce inflammation, and decrease the chances of developing heart disease. Omega-3 fatty acids are also known to help reduce the risk of blood clots, which can lead to heart attacks and strokes.
Additionally, omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to help regulate heart rhythm, reducing the risk of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Studies have suggested that regular consumption of fish protein can help to improve overall heart health and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Improved Brain Function
In addition to its heart-protective benefits, the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish protein are also essential for brain function. These fatty acids help to improve memory, concentration, and cognitive function, making them an important nutrient for individuals of all ages.
Studies have suggested that regular consumption of fish protein can reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease or dementia as we age. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory properties of omega-3 fatty acids may help to reduce the risk of depression and other mood disorders.
Weight Management and Muscle Growth
Fish protein is also an excellent choice for those looking to manage their weight or improve muscle growth. Protein provides our body with essential building blocks to maintain and repair muscle tissue, which can help to improve muscle growth and repair after exercise.
Additionally, consuming protein can help us to feel fuller for longer, reducing the desire to eat excessively. This can be particularly beneficial for individuals looking to manage their weight or reduce their overall calorie intake.
Overall, fish protein is an excellent addition to any diet, offering numerous health benefits that can help to improve overall wellness. Whether you are looking to support heart health, improve brain function, or manage your weight, fish protein is a delicious and nutritious choice that can help you to achieve your health goals.
Fish protein is an excellent source of essential nutrients like protein and omega-3 fatty acids, which have been shown to provide numerous health benefits. The protein content of fish varies from species to species, with some being high in protein and others being lower in protein. However, even low-protein fish serves as a healthy and nutritious addition to any diet. By regularly consuming fish, you can improve your heart health, brain function and manage your weight effectively. | <urn:uuid:83888c8e-a1d1-44d5-a59d-4742d092ad66> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://atlasbars.com/blogs/how-much-protein/how-much-protein-is-there-in-fish-a-comprehensive-guide | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.951918 | 2,327 | 3.78125 | 4 |
The Importance of Technical Analysis in Making Investment Decisions
Why Technical Analysis?
Investment is all about making informed decisions and minimizing risks. Technical analysis is a tool that helps investors predict future trends of securities by analyzing past market data. It is a method that looks at patterns and trends in financial market charts to determine future movements.
How Does Technical Analysis Work?
The analysis is performed using charts and other technical tools that help create models. These models identify patterns that help investors predict the direction of stocks, bonds, futures, and other securities. Technical analysis also involves using various indicators such as moving averages, oscillators, and chart patterns to determine the strength or weakness of a security.
The Benefits of Technical Analysis
One of the primary benefits of using technical analysis is that it helps identify trends in prices and volume. It is useful in detecting when a trend is beginning, when it is reversing, and when it may end. Technical analysis also helps investors identify key support and resistance levels for securities which are useful for setting stop-losses and take-profit points.
The Limitations of Technical Analysis
As useful as technical analysis is, it does have some limitations. One of the main limitations is that it does not take into account the fundamentals of the underlying security, such as earnings, dividends, and company financials. Technical analysis relies solely on past price movements and market trends and ignores external factors that could affect future prices.
Technical analysis is an important tool for investors to use to make informed decisions, but it should not be the only factor that investors rely on. It is important to also consider the fundamental aspects of the securities being analyzed to make sure that investments are based on a well-rounded and informed investment strategy. | <urn:uuid:620cc243-622d-46ca-8f34-56eeac551905> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://austria-forex.com/the-importance-of-technical-analysis-in-making-investment-decisions-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.929857 | 349 | 2.8125 | 3 |
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