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Dr. W taught four General Psychology classes last semester. Each of her classes was the same in: material coverage and methods of teaching & grading. Students’ grades in each of the classes were determined by three exams. After the first exam, for two of her classes, Dr. W posted all of the grades (without students’ names) on a bulletin board; for the remaining two classes she did not post grades.
What informed conclusion might you draw from the above example? Group of answer choicesThe independent variable in the example is exam, whereas the dependent variable is the number of classes Dr. W is teachingDr. W should expect students’ grades to be exactly the same in each of her classes because she used the same teaching and grading methods and covered the same materialStudents grades should be highest on the second exam because the greatest amount of learning occurs in the middle of the semesterStudents in the classes in which grades were posted will have higher grades on the second and third exam because they will be more motivated to outperform their classmatesBecause students drop classes over the length of the semester, the remaining students’ grades on the last exam should be lower than their grades on the first exam | <urn:uuid:0ad8bb59-24cb-49a2-af7f-8c327c0e09f7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://academia-essays.com/dr-w-taught-four-general-psychology-classes-last-semester-each-of-her-classes-was-the-same-in-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.960272 | 241 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The Fulani creation myth from northern Nigeria. Doondari is the creator. The five elements in the first half of the poem (stone, iron, fire, water and air) are carefully balanced against the five stages of man’s suffering and triumph in the second half. As with all creation myths, it is intended to explain the world as we experience it.
At the beginning there was a huge drop of milk.
Then Doondari came and he created the stone:
Then the stone created iron,
And iron created fire,
And fire created water,
And water created air.
Then Doondari descended the second time,
And he took the five elements
And he shaped them into man.
But man was proud:
Then Doondari created blindness, and blindness defeated man.
But when blindness became too proud,
Doondari created sleep, and sleep defeated blindness;
But when sleep became too proud,
Doondari created worry, and worry defeated sleep;
But when worry became too proud,
Doondari created death, and death defeated worry;
But then death became too proud:
Doondari descended for the third time,
And he came as Gueno, the eternal one:
And Gueno defeated death.
from Black Orpheus 19 (March 1966)
trans. H. Owuor | <urn:uuid:2fed9eab-4a6c-401a-809c-b277f2c8a7be> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://africanpoems.net/gods-ancestors/creation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.978027 | 283 | 3.125 | 3 |
In the world dominated by easy living, aided by technology, physical activity has reduced to the extent where obesity has become a major problem of our society. Everyone is accumulating fat in the body by consuming more calories than they can burn out, which has led to physical ailments in addition to emotional problems. Yoga works on both, the physical and mental aspect of weight gain, thus helping permanent control of weight.
Yoga is a complementary alternative medicine, which has been practiced in India for thousands of years for a healthy body and mind. Today, the whole world has accepted the benefits of Yoga which has taken it to great heights of popularity.
Yoga not only aids in weight loss but also helps the person develop strong flexible body, beautiful and youthful skin, stress free mind and overall good health. The asanas or postures are meant to help the body, whereas the breathing techniques known as pranayama and meditation help in freeing the mind of stress and negative emotions.
Postures that Aid in Weight Loss
One of most popular posture in Yoga is the Surya Namaskar Asana, which translates as salutation to the sun, which is not only the most effective way to lose weight but also helps in maintenance of overall wellness of human body.
One can start the day with a Yoga jog or march for warming up. The Yoga jogging is done by standing at a place and jogging by bringing the legs as high up as they go. Halasana, Trikonasana, Dhanurasana, Bhujangasana, and Sarvangasana are few of the proven methods which help in weight loss programs.
One should follow a healthy diet along with Yoga, so that the effect of Yoga will be maximized. It is good to avoid meals consisting of heavy fried, fatty food and also large portions of meals, as these are not good for the digestive system. Yoga therapy for weight loss recommends a diet which consists of fresh fruits, vegetables and lot of pure water, with 6-8 small portions of meals every day.
The Fast Paced Power Yoga
Though Yoga was performed as a gentle and slow exercise, the modern community has adapted it to suit their needs, which has given rise to faster paced power yoga, which can help in control of obesity. Yoga is an excellent art which imparts overall health benefits to people both for their body and mind. Today this ancient Indian art has been manipulated to control weight effectively.
Yoga increases the metabolic rate of the body to burn high amount of calories, power yoga which is faster in pace than general yoga, increases the metabolic rate to an extent, which results in weight loss more quickly than regular Yoga. 200 minutes of power yoga in a week is excellent and safest way to lose weight and maintain good health. | <urn:uuid:ce884e08-0dbe-4b95-8e23-1c367e256ad3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://altmedicine101.com/yoga-to-control-obesity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.974073 | 569 | 2.65625 | 3 |
“Think and Grow Rich” by Napoleon Hill is a cornerstone in the realm of personal development and success. Here’s a concise summary of this influential book:
Napoleon Hill’s book is an exploration of the mindset and principles needed to achieve success. It delves into the philosophy of personal achievement, focusing on the power of one’s thoughts and their influence on success.
Hill emphasizes the significance of a burning desire, a strong and definite goal that fuels one’s actions. Without a clear and intense desire, success is often unattainable.
Belief in oneself, one’s goals, and the possibility of their achievement is critical. Faith acts as a driving force in overcoming challenges and obstacles.
This refers to the power of affirmations and self-talk. Hill emphasizes the importance of repeatedly affirming one’s goals to the subconscious mind.
Acquiring specialized knowledge in a particular field is crucial. Hill highlights the importance of expertise and the continuous pursuit of learning.
The book stresses the role of imagination in creating a blueprint for success. Visualization of one’s goals is key to achieving them.
Having a well-thought-out plan, combined with persistence, is essential for achieving success.
Decisiveness is vital. Procrastination and indecision often hinder success.
Perseverance in the face of adversity is a key trait of successful individuals.
The Power of the Mastermind:
Surrounding oneself with a supportive network of like-minded individuals creates a synergy of ideas and energy, propelling one towards success.
Transmutation of Sexual Energy:
Hill discusses the conversion of sexual energy into creative energy, driving passion and focus towards achieving goals.
The Subconscious Mind:
Understanding and utilizing the power of the subconscious mind is crucial for success.
“Think and Grow Rich” emphasizes that success is not solely about financial gain but encompasses personal fulfillment, achieving one’s desires, and leaving a lasting impact. It’s about mastering one’s thoughts, desires, and actions to create the life one envisions.
This timeless classic provides a blueprint for those seeking to achieve their dreams, emphasizing that success starts in the mind and is brought to fruition through consistent action and unwavering belief. | <urn:uuid:59faf59b-b355-4874-8f30-76d35019ddd7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ansiandyou.life/the-path-to-success-napoleon-hills-think-and-grow-rich-summary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.890982 | 473 | 2.703125 | 3 |
3D Laser Scanning in a Scottish Museum
Walk into the virtual world of a maritime museum
Technology has not only changed the way we gather information but how we share information with each other. As it evolves and advances to new stages, many fields have adopted this technology, understanding the benefits they could receive from it.
The Scottish Maritime Museum started using 3D laser scanning last year to create a way for anyone who has the interest to view their artifacts. For instance, this museum has created and allowed users and access to a cat’s head. This cat head is an artifact found on the Dumbarton ship. The object was gifted to the museum in 1987, and now they have decided to share it with the world.
Not only has this museum adopted 3D laser scanning, but they have used the scans to create virtual reality tours of historic vessels. Users who log onto the website have the option to view inside multiple ships at a full 360° as well as unusual artifacts that they may never have the chance to walk in and see.
3D laser scanning can be one of the best technologies for museums to adopt because it allows guests to interact with an object in ways they could not do physically. It will enable the user to observe an artifact from any angle they wish. As well as from any distance they choose.
This technology could also allow guests from across the world to access what any museum has to offer. Someone from Arizona in the U.S. could open up a new window on their laptops and walk into the virtual world of the Scottish Maritime Museum. Any guest from anywhere could go in to view a specific gallery they find interesting.
Why it’s useful technology
Not only does 3D laser scanning allow people to interact with historical artifacts in a different way. It allows for various details to be highlighted. This technology is incredibly accurate and precise. No researcher will ever have to worry about creating a 3D model or replica that is missing any details.
3D laser scanning allows a device to take rapid pictures of an object, sometimes collecting thousands of images per second. These images contain information like texture, size, and color. It can pick up small little cracks that can be fully visible to study after it is transferred to a partnering system.
This technology creates a free way for people to learn about history and can be shared with anyone who has an interest. Not all museums are adopting 3D laser scanning at a rapid pace but slowly is it gaining traction.
3D laser scanning allows museums to create virtual worlds and replicas based around history. It enables them to preserve digital copies, and share amongst people across the globe. It is one of the best ways to create replicas without harming an object.
Once this technology gains more adoption globally, more museums will start using 3D laser scanning. This will change the way we view and interact with museums around the world, and will preserve our history for future generations. | <urn:uuid:f4399320-e748-4bde-b544-1e637e2192dd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://arrival3d.com/3d_laser_scanning_in_a_scottish_museum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.947799 | 596 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Apply cold when an injury is new (acute),Cryotherapy In Sports Injury And Recovery Articles that is for the first 24-48 hours. After 48 hours, heat can be applied over muscles as long as there is no warmth or swelling. The focus of this article is to explain cold therapy in sports performance and recovery.
Cold causes capillaries to constrict, reducing the swelling and inflammation which occur with a new injury. Apply the cold for 15-20 minutes. Ice applied directly to the skin can cause frostbite, so put a cloth or towel between the ice and the skin. For maximum cold transmission, wet the towel. Apply the ice once per hour initially. As the injury heals, apply cold as needed for pain relief, or try heat.
Even with chronic pain, such as with trigger points over the thorax, cold can be more effective than heat. Sports teams use cold therapy to recover from muscle soreness after intense games. Many teams routinely jump into an ice bath, covering themselves from the chest down in ice water. A common protocol is to spend 10 minutes in the ice bath.
Other groups use contrast baths, consisting of 1 minute in an ice bath and 1 minute in a warm shower. Research evidence is inconclusive about the best protocol, but there is agreement that ice and contrast baths make athletes feel better afterwards. Some studies show an improvement in physiological markers of recovery, but findings are inconsistent. During cryotherapy machines for sale a soccer match in warm temperatures, body temperatures can rise to 39.4 degrees celsius (103 degrees fahrenheit). Ice vests are specialized vests packed with ice, which cools the body core . Neck collars are ice filled collars. Even though the cooling is done at half time only (ten minutes), studies show some improvement in aerobic performance compared to controls who were not cooled.
An amazing and extreme form of cryotherapy is immersion in a chamber which is
cooled to -120 degrees celsius (184 degrees fahrenheit). To avoid frostbite, the face, hands, feet and ears are covered, but the subject wears a bathing suit. The person stays in for 3 minutes. How can a person survive such extreme temperatures? The skin cools rapidly, but core temperature remains the same while in the chamber. Obviously, cryotherapy chambers must be used with great care to avoid damage. It has been shown that whole body cooling influences the antioxidant balance in blood and has an anti-inflammatory as well as analgesic effect.
Very little research has been done on the effect of cryotherapy chambers on sports performance. One study showed that after 10 exposures of three minutes of cryotherapy, anaerobic cycling performance in men improved, that is, the ability to do short sprints improved. The most effective way to promote optimal exercise performance in the heat, and to enhance recovery after intense exercise, is still being debated, but cryotherapy remains an important modality. | <urn:uuid:c0162085-74e2-4aa8-898d-21d82d7d18f3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://auctionxs.com/cryotherapy-in-sports-injury-and-recovery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.93441 | 596 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Presentation #107.07 in the session “Asteroid Dynamics: Spinning, Tumbling, Running in Circles”.
The observed near-Earth-asteroid (NEA) population contains very few objects with small perihelion distances (q). NEAs that currently have orbits with relatively large q might have had a past evolution during which they have approached closer to the Sun. We present a probabilistic assessment of the minimum q that an asteroid with given orbital elements and absolute magnitude (H) has had at some point in its orbital history. At the same time, we offer an estimate of the time that it has spent having such an orbit. We have re-analyzed orbital integrations by Granvik et al. (2017,2018) of test asteroids from the moment they entered the near-Earth region (q≤1.3 AU) until they ended up in their respective sinks, such as a collision with the Sun or a planet, or an ejection from the inner regions of the Solar System. We considered a total disruption of asteroids at certain q as a function of H, as proposed in Granvik et al. (2016) in order for their NEO population model to match the observations. We calculated the probability that an asteroid with a given set of orbital elements (semi-major axis, eccentricity, inclination) and H has acquired a q value smaller than a given threshold value, as well as its respective dwell time in that range. We have constructed a look-up table containing this information that can be used in studies of the past orbital and thermal evolution of asteroids, as well as meteorite falls and their possible parent bodies. | <urn:uuid:b172d009-67a0-4bce-84b0-df90c328b1fe> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://baas.aas.org/pub/2021n7i107p07/release/1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.963406 | 342 | 3.078125 | 3 |
KC Tsang and Johnny Wee were at the Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve on the morning of 15th November 2007 when they were rewarded with the sighting of an uncommon raptor at 1130 hours.
“Had a long walk with Johnny Wee this morning, and found this fellow perching up a bare branch …
Would greatly appreciate if some one can confirm the ID of this bird. The closes I can get is Chinese Sparrowhawk (Accipiter soloensis), but the eye and bill colour is wrong…”
The side shot by KC makes it less easy to identify the bird, if only the frontal is visible…
The distinct yellow-orange cere seen in the image indicates that the bird is an adult – in the juvenile it is yellow-grey to yellow.
This small accipiter is an uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor that has been regularly sighted at various locations during October–November and March. It breeds in Northern China, Korea and Taiwan. During the northern winter, it migrates south to reach Singapore, Indonesia and West New Guinea. The bird makes the return flight during March-mid May.
Ferguson-Lees & Christie (2001) reports that it migrates along two separate routes. The main route is from the Korean Peninsula south along Nansei-shoto through Taiwan and the Philippines to Sulawesi and Moluccas. The other route is from southeast China through the mainland Southeast Asia to Sumatra, Java and Bali.
KC Tsang & Johnny Wee
(Image by KC Tsang)
Ferguson-Lees, J. & Christie, D. A. (2001). Raptors of the world. London: Christopher Helm. | <urn:uuid:c2e0eecb-ebff-4d0d-8a81-9f45793998fa> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://besgroup.org/2007/12/26/chinese-sparrowhawk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.936938 | 346 | 2.53125 | 3 |
With the Toyrific Science World Globe kids can explore their planet in an educational and fun way. By seeing the world as it really is, rather than on a flat map, children will be able to appreciate where they are in the world, where other countries are and most importantly where they are relative to each other. The globe has major and capital cities labelled on it too which is ideal for expanding children’s knowledge of geography. Spin the globe round a full 360° on a sturdy stand to view this whole wonderful planet we live on. Exploring the world with this wonderful educational toy encourages children to be inquisitive and learn about the world, sparks their imagination and creativity. This high quality world globe is bright and colourful and easy to distinguish all the different countries in the world with its easy-to-read colour coding. | <urn:uuid:c8d101e6-4c78-4bc2-82d5-5f9ffbcf2d23> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://bilcodirect.co.uk/product/25cm-globe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.940707 | 168 | 2.75 | 3 |
The University of Stuttgart’s Collaborative Research Center 1244 has unveiled HydroSKIN, the world’s first hydroactive building façade made with textiles that not only stores rainwater but also uses it to cool down hot building exteriors.
On October 4, 2022, the Collaborative Research Center 1244 presented a groundbreaking solution to two pressing urban problems: the overheating of cities and the damage caused by flood events. The solution comes in the form of a hydroactive facade called “HydroSKIN,” which stores rainwater in textile elements and uses it for evaporative cooling on hot days. With urbanization and densification on the rise, there is a growing need for sustainable design solutions to reduce the impact of buildings on the planet’s heating. The HydroSKIN facade reduces heat islands caused by glass facades that absorb and trap heat, while also reducing flood damage by absorbing and reusing rainwater.
Need for sustainable building solutions
As cities grow and become more densely populated, the issue of urban heat islands is becoming increasingly urgent. In Singapore, for example, built-up areas can be up to 10 degrees hotter than parks due to the fact that sealed surfaces allow only 10 percent of water to evaporate, leading to a lack of natural cooling. This, coupled with the increasing risks posed by flooding caused by heavy rain, means that new solutions are needed to mitigate the impact of climate change on our cities.
Minimal resource requirements
Christina Eisenbarth, a Research Assistant at the University of Stuttgart’s Institute of Lightweight Structures and Conceptual Design (ILEK) and the inventor of the hydroactive façade, proclaims it as a milestone in the adaptation of the built environment to urgent challenges. According to Prof. Werner Sobek, former spokesperson of the Collaborative Research Center 1244 Adaptive Skins and Structures for the Built Environment of Tomorrow, upgrading the sewage system to control increasing water masses would require an enormous construction effort and is not a sustainable solution. He suggests that the hydroactive elements of the façade, which have minimal resource requirements, are an effective solution for neutralizing the urban heat island effect.
Composition and layers
The HydroSKIN façade is composed of multiple layers of textiles that collect and evaporate water. The first layer is a water-permeable mesh or knitted fabric on the outside that filters out impurities and insects while letting water in. The second inner layer is a water-transporting spacer fabric with pile threads that enhance water mobilization and provide a large surface area for air circulation, which enhances evaporation. The system may include a third layer to optimize water storage and evaporation performance. Finally, the fourth layer, located on the inside, is a water-bearing foil that facilitates drainage and collection.
The HydroSKIN facade’s layers are assembled by a force fit and fixed into a frame profile using a waterproof Keder fabric. The thickness of the envelope system, which can range between 20 and 60 mm, depends on the environmental conditions and performance requirements. The depth of the frame profile’s water supply and discharge conduits varies from 50 to 100 mm, depending on the wind-driven rain yields. High-rise buildings are ideal for hydroactive facades due to their large facade surfaces and the angle at which rain hits the facade at higher elevations. From a height of approximately 30 meters, more rain can be absorbed by the facade than by a roof surface of the same size. The high wind speeds also increase the evaporative-cooling effect, creating a cool air flow that moves downward into the urban space.
The first HydroSKIN elements are currently being tested on the world’s first adaptive high-rise building on the Vaihingen Campus at the University of Stuttgart, which is the flagship project of the Collaborative Research Center 1244 and one of the selected projects for the International Building Exhibition (IBA). “The results are promising. In laboratory tests, we were able to demonstrate a temperature reduction of about 10 degrees due to the effect of evaporation. Initial measurements on the high-rise building from early September suggest that the cooling potential is even significantly higher,” explains Christina Eisenbarth. Researchers have also tested their concept in the lab and on buildings in Stuttgart and Singapore, with Eisenbarth currently in Australia preparing to test HydroSKIN on buildings in Sydney. With the positive results so far, the potential for widespread application of HydroSKIN in high-rise buildings could revolutionize building cooling systems and enhance urban environments. | <urn:uuid:c092ab4b-b995-4cc3-a0b7-705a2abe8ce5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://bindustry.eu/innovative-facade-design-for-climate-resilient-buildings-reducing-heat-islands-and-flood-risks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.94164 | 952 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Lottery is a game where numbers are drawn and winners are rewarded with prizes. It is a form of gambling that is widely played. There are many different types of lotteries and many different ways to participate.
In the United States, lottery games are usually run by state governments. The first modern government-run US lottery was established in 1934 in Puerto Rico. Other states have their own state-specific lotteries. Some of these lotteries offer players a chance to win fixed prizes, while others are more popular and allow participants to pick their own numbers.
Online lottery subscriptions are a convenient way to purchase tickets for each drawing, although they vary in price depending on the number of drawings. They also provide insurance backing to help ensure payouts. Several lottery experts recommend that consumers consider investing in lottery annuities, which are a type of guaranteed fixed payment that is paid out in a lump sum.
Many state lotteries are considering expanding their online presence. However, there are concerns about cannibalizing the revenue from other sources. Moreover, there are several state-specific rules that govern ticket sales. One of these rules is that lottery tickets may not be sold to minors.
Lotteries have been a source of revenue for states for centuries. Before the age of the Internet, these lotteries were held in many towns, and the funds raised by them went to a variety of public purposes. These included building libraries, town fortifications, and roads. They also funded colleges and universities. For example, in 1755, the Academy Lottery funded the University of Pennsylvania. A similar lottery was held to support the colonial Army, and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts also used a lottery for the “Expedition against Canada” in 1758.
Lotteries were also used to fund local militias, libraries, bridges, and schools. In addition, many private lotteries were held to raise money for organizations such as the Virginia Company of London.
Today, most of the profits from lotteries are donated to various charities, as well as colleges and universities. In addition, most states do not impose income taxes on lottery winners. This allows them to pay out their winnings as a lump sum instead of a series of smaller payments.
Despite their benefits, lottery opponents have legitimate concerns about problem gambling and cannibalization. Most US gaming establishments are already equipped with keno and other lottery-style games. Although most of the state lotteries offer keno, there are still a handful of locations that do not.
Online lottery services have been a big hit in the past few years. However, only a few states have authorized ticket sales for the internet. Nonetheless, more states are likely to authorize these types of sales in the future.
If you want to play online, you can use a legal online lottery courier service to buy your tickets. You can also order your official tickets from a licensed lottery website. Those websites are regulated by the state’s gaming authorities. Each site offers a secure, password-protected account and reliable payment methods. | <urn:uuid:2902b244-4c08-4a30-bcae-cd20941ed634> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://binkdavies.com/the-benefits-of-gambling-online/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.97951 | 623 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The Deterioration Of Macbeths Mental State
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Once the honorable fighting Macbeth known by all, “What he hath lost honorable Macbeth hath won.” Act 1 Scene 2, Line 69, through different mental states chooses not to wear his armor because he is delusional by the witches prophecy that he is invincible, “none of woman born” can harm him Act 4, Scene 1, Line 96.
As soon as Macbeth turns away the armor, the reader feels the sense that Macbeth is invincible, cannot be beaten in any length. But mentally he is delusional, by rather accepting that it’s an unconquerable endeavor, he chooses to battle on. His still astray even after hearing his wife’s death, “a tale / Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, / Signifying nothing” Act 5, Scene 5, Lines 25-27.
A messenger enters with astonishing news, the trees of Birnam Wood are advancing toward Dunsinane. Enraged and terrified, Macbeth recalls the prophecy that said he could not die till Birnam Wood moved to Dunsinane.
However, On the battlefield, Macbeth strikes those around him vigorously, insolent because no man born of woman can harm him. He kills Lord Siward’s son and fades away in the fight.
Macbeth at last encounters Macduff. They fight, and when Macbeth insists that he is invincible, Macduff tells Macbeth that he was not of woman born, but rather “from his mother’s womb / Untimely ripped” Act 5, Scene 5, Lines 10-11. Macbeth suddenly fears for his life, but he says that he will not surrender “[t]o kiss the ground before young Malcolm’s feet, / And to be baited with the rabble’s curse” Act 5, Scene 10, Lines 28-29
Overall, Macbeth visits the truth on the verge of his death, till that point he was in mental state of invincibility, the feeling of being God. As reality struck him, he was less delusional and more in the realization his fate was no different then his wife. | <urn:uuid:f63c07a4-cac0-4964-9993-86ca8efb4d0e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://blablawriting.net/the-deterioration-of-macbeths-mental-state-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.956381 | 496 | 2.625 | 3 |
The major public health achievements of the first 10 years of the 21st century included improvements in vaccine preventable and infectious diseases, reductions in deaths from certain chronic diseases, declines in deaths and injuries from motor vehicle crashes, and more, according to a report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The 10 domestic public health achievements are published in the latest issue of CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
One of the major findings in the report is that the United States has saved billions of dollars in healthcare costs as a result of these achievements. For instance, fortifying our foods with folic acid has resulted in a savings of over $4.6 billion over the past decade, by reducing neural tube defects in children. Continued investments will save more. For example, ensuring that all children are vaccinated with the current schedule could result in a savings of $20 billion in healthcare costs over the lifetime of those children. Preventing motor vehicle crashes could save $99 billion in medical and lost work costs annually and the economic benefit of lowering lead levels among children by preventing lead exposure is estimated at $213 billion per year.
Learn more about the CDC science and programmatic work that went in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. | <urn:uuid:f44b337e-f4a0-41c2-9007-db73025931db> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://blog.devazdhs.gov/top-10-public-health-accomplishments-2000-2010/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.958943 | 252 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Learning is not “I need to know everything.” Learning includes unlearning. It’s also about admitting that you were wrong, and it’s ok to change your mind.
There are two kinds of learning in this world: proactive and accidental.
Proactive learning is deliberate. You commit to studying when you go to school to finish a degree. Your intention is clear when you visit Google’s site and type on the search box, “How to make pasta.”
Accidental learning happens when you stumble on some information you weren’t searching for but found helpful later. Accidental learning happens mostly in our everyday lives. For example, many of us became more careful touching a candle or a stove when we got burned during our childhood. Some of us became smarter and wiser in our future romantic relationships after surviving a bad heartbreak. I teach and train for a living, but I’ve discovered so many lessons in life from the impromptu remarks made by my students in class.
Both types of learning are essential to our growth, but accidental learning is usually painful because it comes at the cost of losing something or someone. They say that while experience is the best teacher, it’s also the most vicious because it only teaches you the lesson when the mistake is already made. And unfortunately, some of these mistakes break us.
Here’s what I’m learning so far with adulthood: we’re all like glowsticks. Many times, we need to break ourselves first before we can shine. Mistakes, failures, and embarrassments that we never forget in our lives. I am a better leader only because I’ve committed dozens of past errors in managing my employees. I am a better motivational speaker because I screwed up a few talks while starting in the industry. Failure isn’t the opposite of success. It’s a necessary condition for success to happen. The earlier we fail, the faster we get our goals right. Failure isn’t always a loss. It’s a near-win. It’s the state of accumulating the ingredients you need to get that recipe right. The more we fail, the more skilled we become in making decisions during the most critical parts of our lives. That phase is called adulthood. It’s when we are forced to make life-changing decisions and become responsible for other people.
You’re still forgivable, excusable, and tolerable when you’re young. It’s totally ok to make those mistakes. But mistakes won’t be a luxury forever when you get older. So when you have an opportunity, go ahead and break like a glowstick. Enjoy the ride, and don’t forget to shine.
*This excerpt is taken from the newest book of Jonathan Yabut, Everything Will Be Alright, available now in paperback http://www.feastbooks.ph! | <urn:uuid:4618a2ce-22be-470e-8376-3e09497d6218> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://blog.feastbooks.ph/posts/career/break-like-a-glowstickby-jonathan-yabut | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.940991 | 609 | 2.59375 | 3 |
It’s the latency stupid! David Cheriton once said that if you have a network link with low bandwidth then it's an easy matter of putting several in parallel to make a combined link with higher bandwidth, but if you have a network link with bad latency then no amount of money can turn any number of them into a link with good latency.
Let us have a look at an example to break down the technical jargon of latency. Boeing 747 carries 500 passengers whereas Boeing 737 carries 150. Would you say 747 is 3 times faster than 737? The Boeing 747 is 3 times bigger than the 737, not faster since both travel at 500 miles per hour. Latency plays a vital role in algorithmic trading where speed is the key entity in executing a trade. A brief comparison between traditional system architecture and automated system architecture.
System Architecture of a Traditional Trading System
A traditional trading system would consist of a system to read data, a storehouse of historical data, a tool to analyze historical data, a system to submit trading inputs and a system to route orders to the exchange. Exchange sends the tick by tick data. The server is mostly used for data storage, a synonym to an individual’s desktop. The market data is retrieved from server to the trader’s tool where actionable intelligence (buy, sell, no trade) takes place. The actions are then passed via order manager to the exchange. These actions are sequential. The trader’s tool can only process and generate orders once it receives market data.
The advent of Direct Market Access known as DMA has brought drastic changes in the architecture of a trading system.
System Architecture of an Automated Trading System
In a traditional system the data flow would occur from the broker to the trader’s tool. This is bettered in the automated trading system via DMA. This significantly reduces the time needed for data flow from the exchange to the trading tool. Even in the automated trading system these actions of data flow and trade generation remain sequential. Latency can be reduced between the trading tool (event occurrence) and order generation can be reduced to achieve better efficiency. This can be done by reducing the latency to the order of milliseconds and lower. Risk management has to be implemented in real-time without human intervention.
Why is low latency that important in the first place? To answer this question, think of trading as a running race. Faster the speed than your competitors, better your chances of winning. The objective in trading is trade execution at a competitive price. It is desirable to improve latency to stop getting picked by competitors. Correct technology has to be implemented to reduce latency as low latency systems cost a lot. Hence a right balance between low latency investment and ROI on low latency has to be achieved.
A snapshot below provides latencies for different strategies.
Latency can be represented in an equation form.
Here P is propagation time sending the bits along the wire, N is network packet processing- routing, switching and protection, S is serialization time- pulling the bits on/off the wire, I interrupt handling time- receiving the packet on the server, API is application Processing Time.
As discussed before, decisive actions have to be taken to balance sophistication levels to reduce latency and optimizing investment decisions for the same.
To summarize low latency is an important factor in algorithmic trading. Low latency leads to competitive prices for trade execution. | <urn:uuid:7b682603-8c71-4dd6-9099-c76c101b6aae> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://blog.quantinsti.com/latency-war-why-is-low-latency-important/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.933574 | 693 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Caring for kids with fragile X syndrome — one of the most common causes of intellectual disability — is incredibly challenging, even under normal circumstances. Now, as the worst pandemic in more than 100 years sweeps the planet, those difficulties are compounded many times over, says Israeli expert Lidia V. Gabis, MD.
Gabis is founder and director of the Keshet Center for Autism, a unit of the Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer and Israel’s top institution dealing with complex developmental disorders. She said the current nationwide lockdown prompted by COVID-19’s alarming spread throughout the Jewish state has forced the center to put many of its programs online.
“Although Israel’s population is relatively small — about 9.1 million — our clinic is one of the largest of its kind in the world because the prevalence of fragile X in Israel is so high,” the pediatric neurologist said in a recent interview.
The Keshet Center, established in 2006 and located in Ramat Gan, focuses on specific genetic disorders related to autism. It employs 130 professionals such as psychologists, social workers, researchers and speech, occupational and physical therapists; roughly 20 of those professionals focus specifically on fragile X.
“Since 2013, screening for fragile X is free for all childbearing women in Israel,” said Gabis. “Any woman can get carrier testing. Since Israel is one of the few countries that offers this, we’ve started to see that in some ethnic populations, the disease is more common than in others.”
In Israel, about 1 in 140 people are carriers, compared to 1 in 250 in the United States. But in certain specific populations within Israel itself, the prevalence is much higher. For example, 1 in 40 Sephardic Jewish women descended from the Tunisian island of Djerba carry the fragile X mutation.
The disease is also relatively common among Moroccan and Iraqi Jews, as well as among Ashkenazi Jews from northern and central Europe — particularly Scandinavia, Germany and Britain.
Screening of vital importance
Gabis estimates that Israel is home to roughly 7,000 to 8,000 people with fragile X, making it 100 times more common than Angelman syndrome. Some 80% of Israeli women are screened for the disease; the remaining 20% come from ultra-Orthodox Jewish or Arab Muslim families whose cultures frown on such testing.
“We try to emphasize that it’s important for all women to be screened,” she said. “When we have a Tunisian family, we sometimes screen both parents, and if they did the test long ago, we sometimes repeat it. We do everything in our power to increase awareness.”
Gabis earned her medical degree from Jerusalem’s Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School as well as an MBA from Israel’s Collman Business College. She trained in pediatrics at Kaplan Hospital — also in Israel — and later did a fellowship in pediatric neurology at State University of New York-Stony Brook. For nearly 15 years, she has directed the Keshet Center as well as its Fragile X Resource Center and Clinic.
She said people with genetic forms of intellectual disability who don’t have Down syndrome frequently have fragile X, though the disorder is often not diagnosed properly.
“Fragile X should be considered in every child with some sort of developmental delay,” she said. “It can present with motor delay, or with communications or language problems. We try to guide primary-care doctors not to rely on physical features [such as a long and narrow face, large ears, a prominent jaw and forehead, unusually flexible fingers, flat feet, and in males, enlarged testicles after puberty] since many kids don’t have any of the physical features of fragile X.”
The disease itself is caused by genetic abnormalities in the FMR1 gene, which is located on the X chromosome. People with 54 or fewer repetitive sequences known as CGG repeats are considered normal, while those with 55 to 199 repeats are carriers. Those with 200 or more such repeats have full-blown fragile X.
“If a mother with 55 to 199 repeats passes it to her son, this number will expand and the boy may have more than 200, and the full syndrome,” Gabis said, adding that all boys and half the girls with the full mutation suffer developmental disability.
“That’s the main reason women are screened, in order to advise them how to prevent having a child with fragile X. In a known carrier of the pre-mutation, there’s still a 50% chance of transmitting a non-carrier X chromosome, so a pre-implantation diagnosis — a type of in vitro fertilization — can be performed in which the embryo is returned only if it doesn’t carry fragile X.”
Bringing clinical trials to Israel
Gabis said it’s important to screen women not only for their potential of having a child with fragile X, but also because of the possibility of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). This means they may become infertile at a relatively young age. POI is considered one of the main causes of infertility.
“One patient was only 19, though most are in their early 30s,” she said. “Often, those parents of children with disabilities may postpone parenthood, and also for many other reasons, so the knowledge of the predisposition may influence family planning.”
Because the Keshet Center is part of Sheba — a government-owned hospital — and does not belong to a health maintenance organization (HMO), visits related to fragile X require approval from an HMO. Without that approval, visits are not reimbursable unless they are part of a research project.
“We’ve tried to get recognition from Israel’s Ministry of Health that our center is the most specialized in seeing fragile X, and that HMOs should reimburse for visits here, but it’s still a struggle,” she said, estimating her clinic treats about 300 fragile X patients on a regular basis.
Gabis is honorary president of the Israeli Fragile X Parents Association, which has about 300 member families. One of the group’s objectives is to attract more clinical research to Israel.
“The main reason scientists became interested and parents became more hopeful is that about eight years ago, research started to emerge that aims to change the disorder, not just treat the symptoms,” she said. “It was extremely difficult to bring those studies to Israel, but since this disorder is so prevalent in Israel, we have succeeded in convincing a few drug companies to do clinical studies here.”
In fact, the Keshet Center has participated in clinical trials for Novartis and Israel’s Alcobra (which has since merged with Arcturus Therapeutics) regarding potential therapies for fragile X. While neither effort yielded positive results, all eyes are now on OV101 (gaboxadol), a once-a-day pill being developed by New York-based Ovid Therapeutics to restore tonic inhibition and improve quality of life for both fragile X and Angelman patients.
Coping with coronavirus lockdown
With coronavirus on the rampage, Israel is now under a near-total lockdown. At press time, more than 4,500 Israelis were infected, and 16 had died of the disease. All schools are shut, public gatherings of more than 10 people are banned, and Israelis are generally prohibited from straying more than 100 meters from their residences — unless they’re buying groceries or medicine, or they’re essential workers on their way to or from their jobs.
All this has made it particularly hard for families affected by fragile X.
“The educational system is now closed, so special-needs kids are at home. For the past two weeks, we’ve been treating everybody remotely,” said Gabis. “The clinic is still open, but many people are afraid of coming. It’s a huge challenge.”
To the extent it’s possible, Gabis and her staff are treating the kids via telemedicine, with parents receiving online guidance and individually designed videos on how to exercise at home — and even how to administer physical therapy. The Keshet team is now providing online parent groups and support from dawn to nearly midnight.
“It’s much harder for a kid with fragile X to stay home. They’re usually in an all-day school, and a change in routine is extremely complicated. Many of their parents have lost their jobs, and they have other children to take care of,” said Gabis.
On the plus side, most parents of children with fragile X have been able to obtain permits allowing them to take their children for walks beyond the 100-meter limit.
“We’re trying to help families establish new routines and not be in pajamas in front of the TV all day long,” she explained. “We’re trying to structure their routines and organize their day. Many parents are starting to see more disability in their kids as a result of the situation, but some parents have also gotten more involved and have begun to see benefits.” | <urn:uuid:f6117f62-e6bd-4c5b-a897-ec7169b47caf> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/coronavirus-forces-top-israeli-fragile-x-clinic-to-go-online/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.965949 | 1,941 | 3.15625 | 3 |
In this splendidly lucid and profusely illustrated book, a Nobel laureate relates the fascinating story of Einstein, the general and special theories of relativity, and the scientists before and since who influenced relativity's genesis and development. Eschewing technical terms in favor of ordinary language, the book offers a perfect introduction to relativity for readers without specialized knowledge of mathematics and science.
The author follows Einstein's own dictum to make explanations "as simple as possible, but not more so." His periodic use of equations as points of clarification involve nothing more than simple algebra; these can be disregarded by math-averse readers. Dr. Schwinger begins with a discussion of the conflict between two principles of electromagnetic theory that are irreconcilable in Newtonian physics, and how Einstein's attempts to resolve this conflict led to the theory of relativity. Readers learn about the meaning of time and the paradoxes of space travel at speeds close to that of light, following the development of Einstein's relativistic thought and his epochal perception that E=mc2. Further chapters examine gravity and its effect on light; non-Euclidean geometry and the curving of space-time; and the impact of radio astronomy and space-age discoveries upon Einstein's model of the universe.
Amusing quotes, suppositions, and illustrative fictions — along with numerous sidebars and boxes explaining physical principles, anomalies, events, and inventions — enhance this accessible introduction, and provide stimulating food for thought. Preface. 189 black-and-white illustrations. Sources of the Illustrations. Index. | <urn:uuid:347cfa2e-8021-43f8-badf-aae8184f7df7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://books.google.com/books/about/Einstein_s_Legacy.html?id=PbJCIcvMu1AC | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.910976 | 320 | 3.96875 | 4 |
In his wide-ranging 2016 treatise, physicist and economist Robert Ayres considers how the science of thermodynamics can be applied to economic growth and wealth creation.
Ayres’s thesis is that “wealth in human society is the result of conscious and deliberate reformulation and dissipation of energy and materials.” We burn oil. We mine ores and smelt them into metals, which we fashion into goods. But we do so at the cost of depleting irreplaceable natural resources.
Ayres encapsulates decades of his own research and that of colleagues Benjamin Warr, Reiner Kümmel, and others seeking to ground economics in physical reality. Not only are “the laws of thermodynamics central to everything that happens…the core ideas of economic theory (up to now) have never included, or even touched tangentially, on energy or the laws of thermodynamics.”
Integrating thermodynamics into economics means imposing its laws on economic models. As Ayres explains, mainstream economics assumes that energy is unlimited and its consumption determined entirely by demand, which in turn is driven by the state of the economy. Most economic models treat energy as an “intermediate good” created by capital and labor – the only true “factors of production.”
In Ayres’s view, energy is not an intermediate good but rather a third, extremely valuable, factor of production. The plentiful and inexpensive energy that has come from the exploitation of fossil fuels has been a primary driver of economic growth over the past 250 years.
The first law of thermo-dynamics says that energy is conserved within natural systems: it must come from and go somewhere. The second law tells us that energy and materials are degraded (via entropy) in the process of creating economic value. The results is a discharge of waste heat, depleted ores, carbon dioxide, and other low-grade emissions.
Ayres’s perspective has enormous implications for economic analysis and policymaking. In calculations based on the mainstream economics view, energy’s “output elasticity” (the percentage change in production relative to the change in energy inputs) is about 0.05 for the US and other industrialized countries. By contrast, Kümmel, Ayres, and others estimate a value closer to 0.3-0.4, an order of magnitude larger.
Ayres devotes two chapters, “Mainstream Economics and Energy” and “New Perspectives on Capital, Work, and Wealth,” to developing the economic implications of his thesis. An appendix titled “Energy in Growth Theory” summarizes the ideas and presents data in support of Ayres’s hypothesis.
The reconceptualization of energy and its role as an economic driver naturally leads the reader to wonder what will happen when fossil fuels become scarce. Ayres addresses this question in his chapter “Energy, Technology, and the Future,” which discusses peaking oil production, the fracking boom, energy efficiency, and renewable energy.
Anyone who has puzzled over the disconnect between mainstream economics and the physical sciences, or who is concerned about the economic implications of the finite limits of our biosphere, should continue by reading Ayers’s Energy, Complexity and Wealth Maximization. As he evocatively puts it, “Nothing happens without a flow of energy. Not in the natural world and not in the human world. Thus, it is perfectly true that energy—not money—makes the world go round.”
* Reproduced from Physics Today 71, 10, 53 (2018), with the permission of the American Institute of Physics. | <urn:uuid:540bb744-dad2-48f7-a454-e8c60ab2a766> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://bpeinstitute.org/thermodynamics-of-economic-growth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.938084 | 754 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The early months of 1862 saw the US Congress busy devising war plans. Soldiers were recruited on an unprecedented scale. An entirely new currency funded immediate military spending. Enslaved people flocking to Union lines demanded some kind of policy response. In the middle of all this, Congress somehow found time to create the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the land-grant university system, agencies that represented major departures in the forms of American governance and came to wield immense power. Over subsequent decades the USDA and land-grant universities fundamentally reshaped agricultural development in countless ways while serving as models of governmental autonomy and interventionism. Later, they became key centers of expertise for American foreign policy objectives. Yet scholars never wonder where these agencies came from. They never ask: How is it that Congress chose to fundamentally reorient the federal government’s relationship to the country’s largest economic sector and occupational category at precisely the moment it was absorbed with a total war against slavery?
I try to answer this question in my book, Grassroots Leviathan: Agricultural Reform and the Rural North in the Slaveholding Republic. I focus on a vast agricultural reform movement that arose between the American Revolution and the Civil War to demand novel federal policies that were fiercely opposed by slaveholders. These demands came to determine key aspects of the governing agenda pursued by the antislavery Republican Party, leading to a profound restructuring of the American state and its relationship to the agricultural sector.
A thumbnail sketch of the plot might go something like this: Immediately after the Revolution, patrician agricultural improvers, animated by Enlightenment ideals, tried to modernize American farming from above. They succeeded in generating widespread interest in scientific farming but were cast aside when a sweeping deference-to-democracy politics took hold in the 1820s. Over the next couple of decades an enormous specialized farm press emerged, creating a distinct agricultural public composed of millions of middle-class farmers. After about 1840, a new generation of reformers mobilized this public to win state-level subsidies for agricultural societies that pledged to reform and improve farming practices through the introduction of science and technology, including biological innovation. During the 1850s, reformers (now backed by a huge network of agricultural societies, fairs and journals) scaled up their ambitions to the national level. They called for new kinds of federal farm agencies and funding for agricultural education and research. Southern politicians fought these initiatives tooth and nail, but when secession left Congress in the hands of the Republican Party, action was swift. Despite the pressing demands of the Civil War, Congress acted because a vast movement had prepared the ground years ahead of time and continued to exert organized pressure.
The clash with slaveholders was conditioned by the agricultural reform movements’ geographic distribution. The movement was rooted in a region I call the Greater Northeast. Less a neatly bounded space than a set of conditions, the Greater Northeast expanded out of New England and the mid-Atlantic states into the Ohio River Valley, the Great Lakes’ region and the upper Chesapeake around Baltimore. It was defined by the growing presence of cities and manufacturing surrounded by dense hinterlands of free farmers growing a diverse mix of crops primarily for domestic rather than export markets. Its distinctive features are captured in the above maps, which show cities, major transport routes, and free rural population densities by county. With urban and enslaved people taken out, the maps highlight the enormous disparity between southern and northern hinterlands, even as agriculture continued to dominate the entire US economy both North and South. Comparatively, then, the Greater Northeast fostered a larger and more varied economic ecosystem and, by the same token, a more extensive and diverse public sphere, which gave rise to the agricultural reform movement. Data collected by the Patent Office in 1858, though flawed, indicates much higher total and per-capita numbers of agricultural organizations in the North. Additional evidence only reinforces this picture and the available figures for the number and circulation of agricultural publications show an even greater northern advantage.
Agricultural societies were genuinely farmer-led, as revealed by a range of measures linking obscure archival sources to manuscript census data. These organizations’ primary purpose was to put on an annual fair. At the state level, such fairs were often massive events that astounded visitors by their crowds. They were uniquely rural instances of emerging mass society and they were repeated many times over, in miniature form, at the county and local levels. Typically, the fairs were organized around exhibitions of farm goods and technologies in various categories, with public awards going to specimens judged best. The goal was to stimulate innovation and to diffuse best practices according to the logic of emulation, a psychological “passion” that Enlightenment thinkers regarded as a powerful lever for social change. Although the data may not allow for well-identified econometric determination of the fairs’ effects on American agricultural practice, a study of similar institutions in Meiji Japan finds they had “a strong positive effect” on innovation as measured by patenting activity.
As agricultural reformers soon discovered, their networks of semi-public societies, fairs and journals could not handle some important tasks, including regulation of novel artificial fertilizers and other technologies, collection of comprehensive national agricultural statistics, and establishment of institutions for agricultural research and education. So reformers turned to government. By the 1850s, they had built up considerable influence in several northern state capitals and had succeeded in founding a few state agricultural colleges. Yet these were always plagued by unstable and inadequate public funding. The situation drove reformers to Washington, DC. There, too, with the help of a newly formed national agricultural society, they began to exert real influence. But they also ran headlong into the “Slave Power,” the institutional matrix that allowed defenders of slavery effectively to veto any federal actions they found threatening. Although the South was overwhelmingly agricultural and therefore set to benefit disproportionately from new kinds of federal aid to agriculture, the agricultural reform movement’s decidedly northern tilt made it suspect to slave-state politicians. They repeatedly torpedoed reformers’ efforts, culminating with their engineering of a presidential veto of the Morrill Land Grant Act in 1859.
Slaveholders had reason to worry. Some agricultural reformers were actual abolitionists, though the movement as a whole was often accommodating to slaveholder sensibilities in an effort to remain nonpartisan and, in appearance at least, above politics altogether. But the movement’s northern social roots and interests, together with southern obstructionism in Congress, drove an alliance with the nascent, all-northern, antislavery Republican Party. This linkage gained depth from an encompassing economic ideology that I call the “Republican developmental synthesis.” At a theoretical level it was expressed most forcefully by Henry Charles Carey, the doyen of the American School of Political Economy, whose big idea was that agriculture enjoyed a reciprocal relationship with manufacturing: raw materials and organic energy flowed to town, while consumer goods, new technologies, and fertilizers flowed back to the countryside. “Improvements in agriculture always accompany manufactures,” he maintained. Industrialization was thus what made agriculture scientific and this implied that farmers should support a protective tariff. In fact, agricultural reformers, as represented by farm editors and fair orators, did tend strongly to support the tariff. Evidence abounds that many northern farmers followed suit. Whatever one thinks about this, the Republican case for protecting infant industry, combined with reformers’ calls for a USDA and land-grant university system, presented an integrated, coherent developmental plan with broad electoral appeal—at least, in the North.
The Civil War settled the conflict over slavery—though not over the place of Black Americans in the United States—and agricultural reformers got the agencies they had long advocated for. The politics changed at this point and eventually southern growers and their representatives came into the fold, becoming essential powerbrokers of federal agricultural policy. In the nearer-term aftermath of the war, however, one image perfectly captured the northern vision that had created a national agricultural state at the same moment it had destroyed slavery. On the left, a seemingly white overseer supervises dark-skinned laborers working the land with primitive hand tools. On the right, a single farmer accomplishes the same task with a horse-powered mechanical reaper. The message was clear: free farmers were as technologically superior to slaveholders as they were morally superior. | <urn:uuid:9d988598-2e92-4b4b-bc78-2d80604984b1> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://broadstreet.blog/2021/09/03/slavery-technology-and-the-social-origins-of-the-us-agricultural-state/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.961595 | 1,707 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Want a Bright Smile? Avoid These 6 Habits That Stain Teeth
Everybody wants to have pearly white teeth. But if your smile isn’t as bright as you’d like, there are a couple of habits that might be causing the discolouration of your teeth.
You can always go to the dentist for help with teeth whitening, but if you don't avoid the following habits, your teeth will eventually go back to being stained like before.
Smoking is bad for your health and the people around you. Tobacco is also a major teeth staining ingredient as the nicotine and tar it contains causes yellowing in the teeth. Smoking also increases your risk of developing gum disease and oral cancer, so the earlier you quit, the better.
2. Eating teeth-staining foods
Rich- or deep-hued foods not only stain your hands but can also stain your teeth. These include beetroot, berries (blueberries, strawberries, pomegranates, blackberries, tomatoes, etc.), and artificially coloured products like fruit juices, lollipops and gum. Certain sauces like curries, soy sauce and even tomato-based sauces can stain teeth, too.
3. Drinking teeth-staining beverages
Acidic drinks and condiments (e.g., balsamic vinegar) can wear away the tooth enamel, thereby exposing the yellow colour of the dentin underneath. Sometimes, acidic substances that you ingest are also teeth-staining, so the discolouration effect is worse, as in the case of drinking coffee, tea, red wine, cola and dark fruit juices.
4. Inadequate water intake
If you don’t drink enough water, especially after a meal or snack, food or drink residue will remain in your mouth, leading to the formation of acids. The same thing happens when you consume sugary foods and don’t drink enough water afterwards. As the bacteria in your mouth try to break the sugar down, they produce acids that destroy the enamel and cause tooth decay. To avoid this, drink water throughout the day.
5. Keeping food in your mouth for too long
Sometimes it’s pleasurable to let certain food or drinks linger in your mouth — just so you can savour the flavours or taste. However, doing this habitually can expose your teeth longer to staining substances. Therefore, it’s best to eat and chew properly and then swallow food (or beverages) as you normally would.
6. Poor dental habits
Everyone knows about the need to brush twice daily using fluoride toothpaste. Therefore, no matter how busy, tired or sleepy you are, never skip one brushing session — especially at night time.
Leaving your brushing for the next day will lead not only to plaque formation but also to the development of tartar, which will stain your teeth. So, make sure you maintain your daily oral hygiene routine.
Also, schedule visits to your dentist at least twice a year. Aside from providing professional dental care, your dentist can give you advice on teeth whitening procedures or products that produce long-term results, so you’ll always have a bright, healthy smile. | <urn:uuid:df88b71c-a5a9-4199-ac6b-9376319c9336> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://brunswickfamilydentalsurgery.com.au/blog/when-to-visit-dentst | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.933618 | 658 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Try These 7 Ways to Make Your Teaching Life Easier with Post-Its
Create a Seating Chart
Create a flexible seating chart using post-its. You can easily move your students around in class and on paper to change your classroom dynamics. Include essential info about each student on the notes.
In your classroom snack area or lunch tables, post any allergies students have on a sticky notes. Use red post-its for severe allergies, and include emergency numbers on the stickies for easy access.
Make the personal comment section of report cards easy by jotting down any observations about student behavior on a post-it each day. At the end of the day, stick the note on a designated comments page in your grade book and be stress free when it is time to complete report cards!
Invite students to come up and write any questions they have about what you reviewed in class on post-its and stick them in a designated area on your board. Since the notes are anonymous, your students wont be too embarrassed to ask, and you will know what you need to review with the class.
Text Book Notes
Do you find your students making notes in books you will use with future students? Give each student a pack of 1 x 1m post-its to use for notes in the book! Simply peel them off before giving the book to your next student.
Need a calendar large enough for all of your students to see? Make your own classroom calendar using post-its on a wall or bulletin board! You can change the paper color each month or simply shift dates to the correct position when a new month rolls around.
Create a cooperative learning environment in your classroom by posting a classified section in your room. When a student needs help with anything (e.g. I need help finishing my family tree.) he writes his need on a post-it and includes his name at the bottom. Then, a student who has been successful at that task takes the post-it and seeks out the student who wrote it. When the task is complete, students can throw away the note.
P.S. If you enjoyed this article, please help spread it by clicking one of those sharing buttons below. And if you are interested in more, you should follow our Facebook page where we share more about creative, non-boring ways to teach English. | <urn:uuid:6ef7571a-df9a-4954-a6bc-08f6bf70eeb4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://busyteacher.org/13627-post-its-make-teaching-life-easier-7-ways.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.939392 | 478 | 3.046875 | 3 |
- The standard spelling of “colour” in Canada is with a “u”, as it is in the United Kingdom.
- However, “color” is also an acceptable spelling.
Canadian Spelling Guide
The Canadian Spelling Guide is a guide to Canadian English spelling. It was published in 1998 by the Department of Canadian Heritage. The guide recommends spellings for words that are commonly spelled differently in Canadian English than in American English.
What Spelling Is Used In Canada?
In Canada, the spelling system is based on British English. Canadian spelling rules are slightly different from American spelling rules, but the general principle is the same – to spell a word the way people actually say it. There are a few exceptions to this rule, however. One exception is the s in words like mesa and pasado. Canadians usually say them as mahss and pahs-dah.
What words are spelled differently in Canada?
In Canada, the words “colour” and “colour” are spelled with a “u” instead of a “o” in most cases. The word “gauche” is also spelled with a “u” in Canada. The word “joule” is spelled with a “y” in Canada. The word “queue” is spelled with a “q” in Canada.
Does Canada use Z or S?
Canada is one of the few countries in the world that uses the letter Z for the letter S. Some people believe this is because z is the fourth letter of the alphabet and s is the fifth. Others believe it has to do with Canadian pronunciation. Canada is one of only a handful of countries to use this distinction.
What is the main language spoken in Canada?
The main language spoken in Canada is English. However, there are also around 270 different languages spoken in the country, making it a truly multicultural nation. The majority of Canadians are bilingual, speaking both English and their native language. There are also sizable Francophone and Aboriginal populations, both of which enjoy their own official languages.
Which English is spoken in Canada?
Canada is home to a number of different dialects of English. Which one you hear spoken in a given area will depend on the region and the age of the residents. In general, older Canadians tend to speak more formal British English, while younger Canadians prefer more informal American English. However, there are areas where all varieties are spoken, and even hybrid varieties can be found.
Why do Canadians speak French?
There are a few reasons why Canadians speak French. The first reason is that Quebec, which is a province in Canada, is majority French-speaking. So, the French language has always been an important part of Canadian culture. Additionally, the government has made French one of the official languages of Canada, so it’s required to be taught in schools throughout the country. Finally, many Canadians simply enjoy speaking French!
Do Canadians say mum or mom?
In Canada, both “mum” and “mom” are used, but “mom” is more common.
Do Canadians have an accent?
Yes, Canadians do have an accent. However, it is not as strong as other accents, such as British or Australian. Canadian English is a mix of American and British English, so it has a bit of both accents.
Are Canadians friendly?
Yes, Canadians are friendly. In fact, a recent study found that Canada is the second-most friendly country in the world. Canadians are known for being polite and welcoming, and they are always happy to help a stranger.
Is USA better than Canada?
There are pros and cons to both countries, but in general, the US is thought to be better. The US has a stronger economy and more opportunities, while Canada has lower taxes and more social services.
Why do people leave Canada?
There are a number of reasons why people might leave Canada. Some may find that they no longer have a need to be in the country, while others may find that they are not able to achieve their goals here. Additionally, some may find that they do not feel welcome in Canada, or that the cost of living is too high. | <urn:uuid:d8c233be-c5e9-417f-9caa-9bf69c18f6c5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://canusim.com/how-to-spell-color-in-canada/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.967694 | 885 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Are you considering adding a Venus fly trap to your plant collection? If so, one of the questions you may be asking yourself is whether or not you can use cactus soil for this unique carnivorous plant.
While it may seem like a logical choice due to their shared preference for well-draining soil, there are some important factors to consider before making the switch.
Cactus soil is typically made up of a combination of sand, perlite, and peat moss, which allows for excellent drainage and aeration. However, despite these similarities with Venus fly trap soil requirements, cactus soil may not necessarily be the best option.
Venus fly traps are native to boggy areas with high levels of acidity and low nutrient content in the soil. As such, they require a specific type of growing medium that mimics these conditions.
In this article, we’ll explore whether or not cactus soil can meet these requirements and provide tips on how to ensure your Venus fly trap thrives in its new home.
Understanding Venus Fly Trap Soil Requirements
Venus fly traps, with their iconic snapping jaws, are fascinating carnivorous plants that require specific soil conditions to thrive. The right soil moisture is essential for the plant’s survival as it prefers moist soil but can suffer from overwatering. Nutrient availability is another critical factor in providing the right environment for these plants to grow healthy and strong.
The Venus fly trap’s natural habitat is in nutrient-poor soils, making it adapted to acquire nutrients from prey through its unique trapping mechanism. The plant requires a well-draining soil mixture that mimics its native environment and allows for oxygen to reach the roots. Inadequate drainage or soil compaction can lead to root rot, a common issue that causes the plant’s demise.
Finding the right soil mix for your Venus fly trap can be challenging, but it’s crucial for its growth and survival. Understanding the plant’s requirements will help you create a suitable growing medium that promotes healthy root development, nutrient uptake, and protection against diseases.
In the following section, we will explore the pros and cons of using cactus soil for Venus fly traps and whether it’s an ideal option for this carnivorous plant.
Pros And Cons Of Using Cactus Soil For Venus Fly Traps
As mentioned earlier, Venus Fly Traps require specific soil conditions to thrive. While some may consider using cactus soil as an alternative, it’s important to weigh the advantages and disadvantages before making a decision.
Advantages of using cactus soil for Venus Fly Traps include its fast-draining properties and high mineral content. These traits can provide adequate moisture without causing root rot, which is a common issue with Venus Fly Trap soil. Additionally, the minerals in cactus soil can help support the plant’s growth.
However, there are also some disadvantages to using cactus soil for Venus Fly Traps. The first is that it lacks organic matter, which is essential for healthy plant growth. Additionally, the pH levels in cactus soil can be too high for Venus Fly Traps and lead to nutrient deficiencies. Lastly, cactus soil can contain perlite or sand particles that are too large for the small roots of Venus Fly Traps.
When deciding on the best type of soil for your Venus Fly Trap, it’s crucial to consider these advantages and disadvantages. While cactus soil may work for some individuals, others may opt for a more suitable alternative such as sphagnum moss or peat moss. Ultimately, finding the right balance of nutrients and moisture will ensure a healthy and thriving plant.
In terms of tips for choosing the best soil for your Venus Fly Trap, it’s important to research different options thoroughly before making a decision. Consider factors such as drainage rate, pH levels, nutrient content, and particle size when selecting your preferred option.
Additionally, regularly monitoring your plant’s growth and health will allow you to make adjustments as needed to optimize its growing conditions.
Tips For Choosing The Best Soil For Your Venus Fly Trap
Choosing the right soil for your Venus Fly Trap is as crucial as selecting a wardrobe for an interview. Just like how a well-fitted suit can boost your confidence, the perfect soil mixture can help your plant thrive. The wrong soil acidity and moisture levels can cause harm, leading to stunted growth or even death.
To ensure optimal growth, Venus Fly Traps require soil with high acidity and low nutrient content. A good rule of thumb is to aim for a pH level between 4.5 and 5.5. Acidic soils mimic their natural habitat, where they grow in poor-quality soils that lack essential nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.
When it comes to moisture levels, Venus Fly Traps require consistent dampness without waterlogging the roots. It’s best to use a mixture of sphagnum peat moss and perlite or sand to improve drainage while retaining moisture. Avoid using regular potting soil or cactus soil, which contains too many nutrients and retains too much water, leading to root rot.
Remember that choosing the best soil for your Venus Fly Trap is not rocket science; it just requires some basic knowledge about its natural habitat and growing conditions. So next time you’re shopping for soil mixtures, keep in mind its acidity level and moisture content to give your plant the best chance at survival!
Frequently Asked Questions
How Often Should I Water My Venus Fly Trap If I Am Using Cactus Soil?
When it comes to watering a Venus fly trap, it’s important to consider the soil composition.
If you’re using cactus soil, the frequency of watering will likely be different than if you were using regular potting soil.
Cactus soil tends to be more porous and well-draining, which means it may dry out faster than other types of soil.
As a general rule, you should water your Venus fly trap when the top layer of soil feels dry to the touch.
Depending on the environment and season, this could mean watering once every few days or once a week.
Keep an eye on your plant and adjust your watering schedule as necessary to ensure it stays healthy and happy.
Can I Mix Cactus Soil With Other Types Of Soil For My Venus Fly Trap?
Mixing soil types for your Venus fly trap can be a good idea, as it allows you to create the ideal conditions for your plant to thrive.
However, it’s important to consider soil drainage when doing so. Cactus soil is known for being well-draining, and can be mixed with other types of soil to improve drainage for your Venus fly trap.
When combining soils, make sure to use a ratio that provides enough moisture retention for the plant without causing waterlogging, which can harm the roots.
By experimenting with different soil mixes, you can find the perfect balance for your Venus fly trap’s needs.
Will Using Cactus Soil Affect The Growth Rate Of My Venus Fly Trap?
If you want to ensure the optimal growth rate for your Venus fly trap, it’s important to pay attention to the soil composition and ideal growing conditions.
While using cactus soil may seem like a good idea due to its fast-draining properties, it may not be the best fit for your carnivorous plant.
Cactus soil is typically formulated with a high percentage of sand and perlite, which can lead to excessive drainage and dryness for a Venus fly trap’s delicate roots.
Instead, consider using a soil mix specifically designed for carnivorous plants or make your own by blending peat moss, perlite, and sand in equal parts.
This will provide the ideal growing conditions that your Venus fly trap needs to thrive.
Do I Need To Add Any Extra Nutrients To The Soil If I Am Using Cactus Soil For My Venus Fly Trap?
If you are planning to use cactus soil for your Venus fly trap, it is important to ensure that the soil meets the nutrient requirements of the plant.
While cactus soil may be well-draining and have an appropriate pH level, it may not contain all of the necessary nutrients that a Venus fly trap needs to thrive.
Adding extra nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, can help ensure that your plant receives all of the essential elements for healthy growth.
Additionally, it is important to monitor the soil pH levels regularly to ensure that they remain within a suitable range for your Venus fly trap’s needs.
Is It Possible To Overwater My Venus Fly Trap If I Am Using Cactus Soil?
One concern many Venus fly trap owners have is overwatering their plant, and it can be a common issue when not using the right soil type.
While cactus soil may seem like a good choice due to its excellent drainage properties, it’s important to note that overwatering prevention is still necessary.
Comparing soil types for Venus fly traps can help you find the perfect balance between water retention and drainage.
So, if you’re using cactus soil, be sure to monitor your watering schedule carefully and adjust as needed to avoid any potential issues.
In conclusion, using cactus soil for your Venus fly trap can be a great option. However, it’s important to know how to properly care for your plant in this type of soil.
One tip is to water your Venus fly trap less frequently than you would with regular soil. This will help prevent overwatering and ensure that your plant stays healthy.
Additionally, mixing cactus soil with other types of soil may also be beneficial for your Venus fly trap. Just make sure not to add any extra nutrients to the soil, as this can harm the plant.
By following these tips and keeping an eye on your plant’s growth rate, you can successfully use cactus soil for your Venus fly trap and watch it thrive. | <urn:uuid:c0ec5828-be72-437e-8b35-c8f6f202a1a9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://carnivoregarden.com/can-i-use-cactus-soil-for-venus-fly-trap/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.901429 | 2,055 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Students can refer to the following MCQ on Basic Geometrical Ideas for Class 6 with Answers provided below based on the latest curriculum and examination pattern issued by CBSE and NCERT. Our teachers have provided here collection of multiple choice questions for Basic Geometrical Ideas Class 6 covering all topics in your textbook so that students can assess themselves on all important topics and thoroughly prepare for their exams
Class 6 Basic Geometrical Ideas MCQs Questions with Answers
We have provided below chapter wise MCQ on Basic Geometrical Ideas for Class 6 with answers which will help the students to go through the entire syllabus and and practice multiple choice questions provided here with solutions. As Basic Geometrical Ideas MCQs in Class 6 pdf download can be really scoring for students, you should go thorough all problems provided below so that you are able to get more marks in your exams.
MCQ on Basic Geometrical Ideas for Class 6
1. How many dimensions are there in a point ?
2. In a quadrilateral ABCD, the part AC is known as
3. Which of the following is not a pair of adjacent sides of a quadrilateral ABCD ?
4. If one of the angles in a triangle is 90°, then the triangle is called
(A) an acute-angled triangle.
(B) an obtuse-angled triangle.
(C) a right-angled triangle.
(D) an equilateral triangle.
5. Half of a semicircle has
(A) four quadrants.
(B) three quadrants.
(C) two quadrants.
(D) one quadrant.
6. Base of a cone is in the shape of a
7. Two or more circles are said to be concentric if they have
(A) same centre and same radius.
(B) same centre and different radii.
(C) different centre and same radius.
(D) different centre and different radii.
8. Match of the following from the code given below
Column A Column B
(A) All the three sides of a (i) Rectangle
triangle are of unequal length.
(B) Parallelogram with all angles
90° is (ii) Equilateral Triangle
(C) All the three sides of a triangle
are equal. (iii) Parallelogram
(D) A quadrilateral having (iv) Scalene Triangle
two pairs of parallel sides.
(A) A-(i); B-(ii); C-(iii); D-(iv)
(B) A-(iv); B-(i); C-(ii); D-(iii)
(C) A-(iii); B-(ii); C-(i); D-(iv)
(D) A-(ii); B-(iii); C-(i); D-(iv)
9. A rectangle has 4 vertices and 4 sides.
A triangle has 3 vertices and 3 sides.
A circle has _____vertices and _____ sides
(A) v = 2, s = 2
(B) v = 5, s = 5
(C) v = 1, s = 1
(D) v = 0, s = 0
10. How many corners does this shape below have?
|Class 6 Mathematics Basic Geometrical Ideas MCQs Set A|
|Class 6 Mathematics Basic Geometrical Ideas MCQs Set B|
Our teachers have developed really good Multiple Choice Questions covering all important topics in each chapter which are expected to come in upcoming tests and exams, as MCQs are coming in all exams now therefore practice them carefully to get full understanding of topics and get good marks. Download the latest questions with multiple choice answers for Class 6 Basic Geometrical Ideas in pdf or read online for free.
The above NCERT based MCQs for Class 6 Mathematics have been designed by our teachers in such a way that it will help you a lot to gain an understanding of each topic. These CBSE NCERT Class 6 Basic Geometrical Ideas Multiple Choice Questions have been developed and are available free for benefit of Class 6 students.
Advantages of MCQ on Basic Geometrical Ideas for Class 6 with Answers
a) MCQs will help the kids to strengthen concepts and improve marks in tests and exams.
b) MCQ on Basic Geometrical Ideas for Class 6 have proven to further enhance the understanding and question solving skills.
c) Regular reading topic wise questions with choices will for sure develop very good hold over each chapter which will help in exam preparations.
d) It will be easy to revise all Mathematics chapters and faster revisions prior to class tests and exams.
Free Printable MCQs in PDF of CBSE Class 6 Basic Geometrical Ideas are designed by our school teachers and provide best study material as per CBSE NCERT standards.
You can easily get MCQs for Mathematics from https://www.cbsencertsolutions.com
The MCQs for Class 6 Mathematics with Answers have been developed based on current NCERT textbook issued by CBSE.
Yes – These Multiple Choice Questions for Class 6 Mathematics with Answers are free to print and use them later.
MCQs cover the topics of all chapters given in NCERT Book for Class 6 Mathematics.
No – All MCQs for Mathematics are free to read for all students.
Just scroll and read the free MCQs.
Yes – you can download free MCQs in PDF for Mathematics in standard MCQs format with Answers. | <urn:uuid:cb44907d-60e9-46b4-816f-a587e99f8101> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://cbsencertsolutions.com/mcq-questions-for-class-6-basic-geometrical-ideas-with-answers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.873543 | 1,159 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Here’s a look back at some of the trucks from the past and a brief history of trucking, up to the 1980’s.
According to the IRS: This is a brief history of trucking:
Late 1800’s- The Federal Government began regulating transportation companies to prevent railroads from charging unfair rates. Regulation also helped to protect transportation companies from unfair competition.
1935- Congress passed the Motor Carrier Act. This gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) authority to regulate the motor carriers and drivers involved in interstate commerce by granting operating permits, approving trucking routes, and setting tariff rates.
The ICC set uniform tariff rates for hauling freight. Since the rates were uniform for all trucking companies, there was little or no competition due to pricing.
Mid 1900’s-Containerization became a popular method of transporting freight, to reduce shipping costs, reduce handling of the freight, and cut losses due to damage or theft.
1967-Department of Transportation (DOT) is created.
1980-The Motor Carrier Act of 1980 partly deregulated the trucking industry.
In the decade after deregulation, the competition in trucking was fierce. There were not only hundreds of new companies, but also the formerly gentlemanly manner in which the big players dealt with each other became a battle to the death. Ten years after trucking was deregulated, one third of the 100 largest trucking companies were out of business, casualties of the fierce competition.
It became increasingly difficult for the trucking companies to operate with union drivers. Their compensation is usually 35 percent more than non‘union drivers.
1982-The Surface Transportation Act of 1982 set uniform size and weights limits for the trucking industry nationwide. Under this law, trucks that use interstate highways may not weigh in excess of 80,000 lbs. | <urn:uuid:a22b9f2b-c4d1-4833-8e70-ba268e945c89> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://cdllife.com/2012/videos-photos-of-trucks-from-the-past/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.968911 | 376 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Welcome to the ComeOut LGBT Dictionary - your definitive guide to understanding the diverse language of the LGBT community. Language plays a crucial role in self-expression, identity, and inclusivity, and our dictionary seeks to provide a clear, respectful, and comprehensive resource for anyone seeking to better understand LGBT slang and urban dictionary terms.
Whether you're a member of the LGBT community seeking to better understand different identities or an ally looking to broaden your understanding, our dictionary is here for you. We cover a wide range of terms, from gender identities like 'non-binary', 'bisexual', 'pansexual', and more, to various sexual orientations and commonly used slang in the LGBT community.
Our LGBT dictionary is more than just a glossary - it's a celebration of the rich diversity within our community. It's about understanding, respect, and creating a more inclusive environment where everyone feels seen and understood.
We invite you to explore, learn, and deepen your understanding. Our journey into the rich language of the LGBT community starts here.
Bisexual is a term used to describe a person who is attracted emotionally, romantically, and/or sexually to both men and women. This attraction does not have to be equally split or indicate a level of interest that is the same across the genders.
Non binary is a term used within the LGBTQ+ community to describe a gender identity that doesn't align with the traditional binary understanding of male and female. Individuals who identify as non-binary might feel as though they exist between, beyond, or outside these two gender categories.
Pansexual is a term used to describe individuals who can experience romantic, emotional, or sexual attraction towards people of all gender identities and sexes. This includes those who identify as male, female, transgender, non-binary, and more. It's a term that embraces the potential for attraction to the full spectrum of gender identities. | <urn:uuid:5ce003de-44a1-4e67-8dee-ff81fae5207e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://comeoutapp.com/dictionary | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.940567 | 383 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Free download Algorithm Design and Applications in PDF written by Michael T. Goodrich (University of California), Roberto Tamassia (Department of Computer Science Brown University) and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
According to the Authors, “This book is designed to provide a comprehensive introduction to the design and analysis of computer algorithms and data structures. We have made each chapter to be relatively independent of other chapters so as to provide instructors and readers greater flexibility with respect to which chapters to explore. Moreover, the extensive collection of topics we include provides coverage of both classic and emerging algorithmic methods, including the following:
- Mathematics for asymptotic analysis, including amortization and randomization
- General algorithm design techniques, including the greedy method, divide and-conquer, and dynamic programming
- Data structures, including lists, trees, heaps, search trees, B-trees, hash tables, skip lists, union-find structures, and multidimensional trees
- Algorithmic frameworks, including NP-completeness, approximation algorithms, and external-memory algorithms
- Fundamental algorithms, including sorting ,graph algorithms, computational geometry, numerical algorithms,cryptography,Fast Fourier Transform(FFT), and linear programming.
This is an exciting time for computer science. Computers have moved beyond their early uses as computational engines to now be used as information processors, with applications to every other discipline. Moreover, the expansion of the Internet has brought about new paradigms and modalities for computer applications to society and commerce. For instance, computers can be used to store and retrieve large amounts of data, and they are used in many other application areas, such as sports, video games, biology, medicine, social networking, engineering, and science. Thus, we feel that algorithms should be taught to emphasize not only their mathematical analysis but also their practical applications. To fulfill this need, we have written each chapter to begin with a brief discussion of an application that motivates the topic of that chapter. In some cases, this application comes from areal-world use of the topic discussed in the chapter,and in other cases it is a contrived application that highlights how the topic of the chapter could be used in practice. Our intent in providing this motivation is to give readers a conceptual context and practical justification to accompany their reading of each chapter. In addition to this application-based motivation we include also detailed pseudo code descriptions and complete mathematical analysis. Indeed, we feel that mathematical rigor should not simply be for its own sake,but also for its pragmatic implications.
This book is structured to allow an instructor a great deal of freedom in how to organize and present material. The dependence between chapters is relatively minimal, which allows the instructor to cover topics in her preferred sequence. Moreover, each chapter is designed so that it can be covered in 1–3 lectures,depending on the depth of coverage.
Table of Content
- Algorithm Analysis
- Basic Data Structures
- Binary Search Trees
- Balanced Binary Search Trees
- Priority Queues and Heaps
- Hash Tables
- Union-Find Structures
- Merge Sort and Quick Sort
- Fast Sorting and Selection
- The Greedy Method
- Divide and Conquer
- Dynamic Programming
- Graphs and Traversals
- Shortest Paths
- Minimum Spanning Trees
- Network Flow and Matching
- Approximation Algorithms
- Randomized Algorithms
- B-Trees and External Memory
- Multi-Dimensional Searching
- Computational Geometry
- String Algorithms
- The Fast Fourier Transform
- Linear Programming
Free download Algorithm Design and Applications in PDF written by Michael T. Goodrich (University of California), Roberto Tamassia (Department of Computer Science Brown University) from following download links.
File Size: 12 MB Pages: 803 Please Read Disclaimer
Don’t forget to drop a comment below after downloading this book.
Note: If download links are not working, kindly drop a comment below, so we’ll update the download link for you
You may also like to download Introduction to Algorithms Third Edition | <urn:uuid:a17acdf2-784f-40da-81ba-6a1cfc4d45b5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://computingsavvy.com/books/free-download-algorithm-design-and-applications/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.904391 | 872 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Boson Energy has developed an innovative technology that enables local energy production using non-recyclable waste to generate electricity and green methanol. The utilization of green methanol as a substitute for fossil methanol in the chemical and plastics industry addresses environmental concerns while also meeting the growing demand in the marine sector. Importantly, both the electricity and fuel produced through Boson Energy’s process are carbon negative, as it facilitates the capture and utilization or storage of carbon dioxide in a clean and cost-effective manner.
In partnership with Wallhamn AB, Boson Energy intends to cater to the increasing energy and electricity requirements of the company, including vehicle charging and support for the local power grid whenever necessary. The conversion process yields only a glass slag as solid residue, which can be directly used as an environmentally friendly filling material or further processed into climate-smart insulation material with high circular resource efficiency.
For Wallhamn AB, this project represents an opportunity to expand its port operations and achieve its ambition of becoming the world’s first carbon-negative port. The local electricity production will enable not only the charging of all vehicles within the port but also those that are unloaded there, promoting fossil-free transportation. Additionally, the planned availability of electricity is expected to facilitate the expansion of port electrification by offering shore power connections to incoming vessels.
Torbjörn Wedebrand, CEO Wallhamn AB says: “This project creates very good conditions for our green transition and reliable energy supply – both for our own operations and for our customers. It will be an important part of growing our import/export business while at the same time achieving significant reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, the various products from Boson Energy’s integrated approach offer very interesting opportunities to develop the entire area around the port. For us, this is a flagship project, and many ports around the world are facing similar challenges.” | <urn:uuid:d51eb70c-284a-4f54-92bc-481bb83f7dbd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://connectedenergysolutions.co.uk/swedish-port-wallhamn-ab-to-become-the-first-carbon-negative-port-in-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.923246 | 394 | 2.671875 | 3 |
There are multiple, feasible and effective options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to human-caused climate change, and they are available now, said scientists in the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report.
The report, approved during a week-long session in Interlaken, brings in to sharp focus the losses
and damages the planet is already experiencing and will continue into the future, hitting the most
vulnerable people and ecosystems especially hard. Taking the right action now could result in the
transformational change essential for a sustainable, equitable world.
“Mainstreaming effective and equitable climate action will not only reduce losses and damages for
nature and people, it will also provide wider benefits,” said IPCC Chair, Hoesung Lee. “This Synthesis Report underscores the urgency of taking more ambitious action and shows that, if we act now, we can still secure a liveable sustainable future for all.”
In 2018, the IPCC highlighted the unprecedented scale of the challenge required to keep warming to 1.5°C. Five years later, that challenge has become even greater due to a continued increase in greenhouse gas emissions. The pace and scale of what has been done so far, and current plans, are insufficient to tackle climate change.
More than a century of burning fossil fuels as well as unequal and unsustainable energy and land use has led to global warming of 1.1°C above pre-industrial levels. This has resulted in more frequent and more intense extreme weather events that have caused increasingly dangerous impacts on nature and people in every region of the world.
Every increment of warming results in rapidly escalating hazards. More intense heatwaves, heavier rainfall and other weather extremes further increase risks for human health and ecosystems. In every region, people are dying from extreme heat. Climate-driven food and water insecurity is expected to increase with increased warming. When the risks combine with other adverse events, such as pandemics or conflicts, they become even more difficult to manage.
In this decade, accelerated action to adapt to climate change is essential to close the gap between existing adaptation and what is needed. Meanwhile, keeping warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels requires deep, rapid and sustained greenhouse gas emissions reductions in all sectors. Emissions should be decreasing by now and will need to be cut by almost half by 2030, if warming is to be limited to 1.5°C.
According to the IPCC, the solution lies in climate resilient development. This involves integrating measures to adapt to climate change with actions to reduce or avoid greenhouse gas emissions in ways that provide wider benefits.
For example: access to clean energy and technologies improves health, especially for women and children; low-carbon electrification, walking, cycling and public transport enhance air quality, improve health, employment opportunities and deliver equity. The economic benefits for people’s health from air quality improvements alone would be roughly the same, or possibly even larger than the costs of reducing or avoiding emissions.
Climate resilient development becomes progressively more challenging with every increment of warming. This is why the choices made in the next few years will play a critical role in deciding our future and that of generations to come.
To be effective, these choices need to be rooted in diverse global values, worldviews and knowledges,
including scientific knowledge, Indigenous Knowledge and local knowledge. This approach can facilitate climate resilient development and allow locally appropriate, socially acceptable solutions.
“The greatest gains in wellbeing could come from prioritising climate risk reduction for low-income
and marginalised communities, including people living in informal settlements,” said Christopher
Trisos, one of the report’s authors. “Accelerated climate action will only come about if there is a many-fold increase in finance. Insufficient and misaligned finance is holding back progress.” | <urn:uuid:848d100f-8c45-4f65-932b-35f3907bb960> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://connectedenergysolutions.co.uk/urgent-climate-action-can-secure-a-liveable-future-for-all/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.936923 | 790 | 3.40625 | 3 |
An essential part of developing games with Unreal Engine 4 is learning Custom Events.
Custom events are used to run a set of blueprint nodes on demand.
Custom events are different from Functions as they can contain delay nodes and are created in the event graph.
In this guide we are learning how to create, setup and call custom events in Unreal Engine 4.
Creating the Custom Event
To create a custom event, right click anywhere in your actor’s event graph and write “Custom Event”.
Then click “Add Custom Event”.
Once created, name the new custom event.
It’s good practise to name your custom event based on its purpose.
Your event has now been created!
For this guide we named our custom event “My Custom Event”.
Similar to functions, custom events can have input variables attached to them.
These are used to send information to the nodes running from the custom event.
To add an input firstly click your custom event in the event graph and look to the right side of the screen.
Click the “New Parameter” button shown below to add a new variable to the inputs list.
Then change the name of the input. The left side text box is the name that will be displayed inside the custom event.
On the right side we can then change the input variables type.
We are changing this variable from Boolean to String. This means we can use text values in our input.
The finished custom event input should now look like this.
The custom event in the event graph will now look like this.
Using your Custom Event
Now that are custom event is created and the input variable has been setup, we can now create a “Print String” node to display the value of “My New Input” on the screen.
This is the easiest way to test if the custom event is working correctly.
Once the “Print String” node is created, connect the “My New Input” variable from your custom event to the In String pin on the Print String node.
To run your custom event simply create a “Event BeginPlay” node, drag from the execution pin and type the name of your new custom event. In our case this is “My Custom Event”.
As your custom event is connected to an execution pin, it is now being called by the other event.
Now that your custom event is being called by the BeginPlay event you can see the input variable.
This input variable pin can be connected to any variable with the same type.
We can now write any text into the My New Input variable.
Testing the Custom Event
Running the game will now show the text that we wrote in the custom event.
Now you have the knowledge to create and use custom events in Unreal Engine 4!
Custom events are an essential component of Unreal Engine and are especially important for multiplayer game creation using blueprints.
Below are a few links for the full custom event documentation and a guide for using custom events and other Unreal Engine 4 features to make a multiplayer damage and health system.
Click here to read the official documentation on Custom Events in Unreal Engine 4
Click here to see our guide on making a multiplayer ready damage and health system with custom events. | <urn:uuid:02372ba4-5154-44e6-8bd5-13a7bdaf1eae> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://couchlearn.com/how-to-use-custom-events-in-unreal-engine-4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.884321 | 686 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The Great Bear Rainforest is one of the most unique ecosystems on the planet. And thanks to the skills, knowledge, and leadership of local First Nations, and new policy, it is poised to stay that way for generations to come.
“First Nations have been resourceful, responsible managers of our forests for thousands of years.”Dallas Smith, Tlowitsis Nation leader and president of the Nanwakolas
A new policy will put in place stronger protections for Indigenous cultural heritage sites, Kermode (Spirit) bears and black bears, salmon watersheds, and millions of hectares of old-growth forests while strengthening the First Nations’ role in co-management.
“First Nations have been resourceful, responsible managers of our forests for thousands of years,” said Tlowitsis Nation leader and president of the Nanwakolas Council Dallas Smith, in a Canadian Forest Industries story. “It is gratifying to work with a government that recognizes that and is working with us to return our forests to those Indigenous-led, sustainable management systems.”
The Great Bear Rainforest is a 6.4 million hectare temperate rainforest along BC’s north and central coast. Canadian Forest Industries describes it as “one of the world’s most treasured and diverse coastal temperate forest ecosystems.” But its landscape has been threatened by logging and other industrial activities for many years.
The latest protections are part of a pre-existing agreement between the BC government and 11 of the 26 Nations with territory in the Great Bear Rainforest, represented within the Coastal First Nations and Nanwakolas Council.
Wildlife & Cultural Protection
Protections are getting stronger in several ways. An estimated 1.5 million hectares of designated areas have enhanced protections, with a new 1.6 million hectares covered for conservation.
Measures have been taken to defend key watersheds essential for Pacific salmon populations that are increasingly under threat. Wetlands, rivers, lakes, and streams are all to be safeguarded from logging activities to ensure fish and wildlife survival.
Forestry companies must now protect and participate in mapping grizzly, black, and Kermode bear habitats within the Great Bear Rainforest.
Cultural protection is essential to the new policy, with Indigenous heritage sites and rights to ceremonial old-growth trees being enshrined for their communities.
“Now it’s hardwired [in the land use order] for First Nations to determine the protections of dens or cultural cedar trees,” Dallas Smith told the National Observer.
Having a Say in the Logging Industry
Part of this agreement ensures logging can continue but with specific mandates for more First Nations input and more sustainable practices.
These logging stipulations are part of the BC government’s new regional forest landscape planning for “co-developing new local plans with First Nations to better care for BC’s forests.” This includes a new program fund of $25 million for consultations with 50 Indigenous communities on developing old-growth forests.
“We have built plans from communities outward; we have not been distracted. Our accountability is to each other.”Dallas Smith, Tlowitsis Nation leader and president of the Nanwakolas
This new announcement comes on the heels of an unprecedented agreement between First Nations and the BC and federal governments to establish a network of marine protected areas in the Great Bear Sea.
“Protection of our resources is very important,” he told us. “Our coastlines are very important. But sustainable development and the economy are just as important. And then you add the importance of our cultural identity and human well-being.”
He believes community-driven processes benefit everyone in the long run. “We have built plans from communities outward; we have not been distracted. Our accountability is to each other,” Smith said. | <urn:uuid:07551888-136c-4094-bae4-19ee5109757b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://cpcontacts.westcoastnow.ca/2023/08/08/great-bear-rainforest-protection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.931395 | 802 | 2.9375 | 3 |
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Chatbots and user experience (UX) design are closely intertwined, as chatbots are a user interface that interacts with users through natural language conversations. Effective UX design is essential to ensure that chatbots are user-friendly, provide value, and meet the needs of their intended audience.
Considerations for integrating chatbots into UX design:
- Understand User Needs and Goals: Start by thoroughly understanding the goals and needs of your users. Conduct user research, create personas, and define user journeys to determine how the chatbot can assist and add value.
- Conversational Design: Design the conversation flow to be as natural and intuitive as possible. Use clear and concise language, maintain a consistent tone, and structure conversations logically. Ensure that the chatbot can handle a wide range of user inputs and intents.
- Contextual Awareness: Make sure the chatbot can understand and remember the context of the conversation. Contextual awareness is critical for providing relevant responses and maintaining a coherent dialogue.
- Personalization: Incorporate personalization where appropriate. Tailor responses and recommendations based on the user’s preferences, history, and behavior. Personalization enhances the user’s experience by making interactions more relevant.
- Visual Design: If the chatbot has a graphical interface, pay attention to visual design principles. The chatbot’s appearance, layout, and typography should be consistent with the overall brand and offer a visually pleasing experience.
- Feedback and Error Handling: Implement clear feedback mechanisms for user actions and system responses. When errors occur, provide helpful guidance to users on how to correct them. Effective error handling can prevent user frustration.
- User Education: If the chatbot has unique features or requires users to follow specific instructions, provide user education within the conversation to help users understand how to interact with the chatbot effectively.
- Multimodal Design: Consider designing for both voice and text interactions. If your chatbot is voice-activated, ensure it understands different accents and pronunciations. For text-based chatbots, allow for emoji and multimedia content when appropriate.
- Accessibility: Ensure that the chatbot is accessible to all users, including those with disabilities. Design with accessibility standards in mind to make the chatbot usable by a broad audience.
- Testing and Iteration: Continuously test the chatbot with real users and gather feedback to identify pain points and areas for improvement. Iteratively refine the design based on user input and evolving user needs.
- Integration with Other Systems: If the chatbot is part of a larger ecosystem, ensure that it integrates seamlessly with other systems and services, such as databases, websites, or mobile apps. Users should experience a unified and consistent interaction across channels.
- Data Privacy and Security: Uphold data privacy and security standards. Clearly communicate how user data is handled and ensure that sensitive information is protected.
- Performance Optimization: Optimize the chatbot’s performance to reduce latency and ensure quick responses. Users expect near-instant replies in chatbot interactions.
- Define the Purpose and Objectives:
- Determine the main purpose of the chatbot.
- Set clear objectives for what the chatbot should achieve (e.g., answering questions, providing recommendations, automating tasks).
- Understand Your Audience:
- Conduct user research to understand your target audience’s needs, preferences, and pain points.
- Create user personas to represent different user segments.
- Select the Right Platform and Technology:
- Choose the platform (website, mobile app, messaging app) where the chatbot will be deployed.
- Select the appropriate technology stack for building and deploying the chatbot (e.g., using platforms like Dialogflow, Microsoft Bot Framework, or custom development).
- Conversational Design:
- Design a conversational flow that aligns with user needs and objectives.
- Plan out the dialogue structure, including greetings, user prompts, responses, and error handling.
- Contextual Awareness:
- Ensure the chatbot can understand and remember the context of the conversation, which is essential for providing relevant responses.
- Content Strategy:
- Develop a content strategy for the chatbot, including text, multimedia content, and possible responses to user queries.
- Visual Design (if applicable):
- If the chatbot has a graphical user interface, design the layout, typography, and visual elements in line with your brand’s guidelines.
- Prototype and Test:
- Create a prototype of the chatbot and conduct usability testing with a small group of users to identify issues and gather feedback.
- Iterate and Refine:
- Based on the feedback from testing, make necessary improvements to the chatbot’s design and functionality.
- Develop the Chatbot:
- Develop the chatbot using the chosen technology stack, and ensure it aligns with the design and conversational flow.
- User Education:
- Implement user education within the conversation to help users understand how to interact effectively with the chatbot.
- Feedback and Error Handling:
- Implement clear feedback mechanisms for user actions and system responses.
- Design error messages that guide users on how to resolve issues.
- Ensure the chatbot is designed with accessibility standards in mind to make it usable by a broad audience, including individuals with disabilities.
- Data Privacy and Security:
- Prioritize data privacy and security by clearly communicating how user data is handled and protecting sensitive information.
- Performance Optimization:
- Optimize the chatbot’s performance to provide quick responses and minimize latency.
- Integration with Other Systems:
- Ensure that the chatbot integrates seamlessly with other systems and services as needed, providing a unified and consistent user experience.
- Training and AI Implementation:
- If your chatbot uses AI or machine learning, train and fine-tune the AI models to improve response accuracy and understanding of user intent.
- Quality Assurance and Testing:
- Conduct thorough testing to identify and rectify any technical or functional issues in the chatbot.
- Deployment and Monitoring:
- Deploy the chatbot to your chosen platform.
- Continuously monitor its performance and user interactions to identify areas for improvement.
- User Feedback and Iteration:
- Collect user feedback and analytics data post-launch to refine the chatbot further and adapt to changing user needs.
Improved User Engagement: A well-designed chatbot can engage users in natural conversations, making interactions more enjoyable and interactive.
24/7 Availability: Can provide support and information around the clock, enhancing user accessibility and availability.
Efficiency and Automation: Automate routine tasks, freeing up users’ time and providing quick answers to common questions.
Scalability: Handle multiple conversations simultaneously, scaling to accommodate a large number of users without a proportional increase in cost or resources.
Consistency: Provide consistent responses, ensuring that users receive uniform information and support, regardless of the time or day.
Personalization: By collecting and analyzing user data, chatbots can offer personalized recommendations and responses, enhancing the user experience.
Reduction in Human Error: Reduce the chances of human errors in data entry and routine tasks, leading to more accurate results.
Cost Savings: Automating tasks with chatbots can lead to cost savings by reducing the need for human customer support agents or operators.
Rapid Response Time: Povide quick responses, improving user satisfaction by reducing wait times.
Data Collection and Analysis: Can collect valuable user data, allowing organizations to gain insights into user behavior and preferences.
Lead Generation: Assist in lead generation by engaging with potential customers and guiding them through the sales funnel.
Multichannel Integration: Integrated into various channels, including websites, messaging apps, and social media, providing a consistent user experience across platforms.
User Assistance: Can guide users through processes, answer questions, and provide assistance, helping users achieve their goals.
Enhanced User Onboarding: Assist new users in understanding and using a product or service effectively.
Reduced Cognitive Load: Simplify complex processes and information, making it easier for users to understand and navigate.
Accessibility: Designed with accessibility features, making them inclusive and available to users with disabilities.
User Feedback and Improvement: Gather user feedback and analytics data, which can be used to improve their performance and the overall user experience.
Brand Consistency: Deliver information and support in a consistent brand voice and style, reinforcing brand identity.
Time Efficiency: Users can quickly find information or complete tasks through chatbots, reducing the time needed for various interactions.
Competitive Advantage: Organizations with user-friendly chatbots can gain a competitive advantage by offering a more convenient and efficient customer experience.
Limited Understanding: May struggle to understand complex or nuanced user queries, leading to frustration when users don’t receive the desired responses.
Lack of Human Touch: Some users prefer human interactions, especially for emotionally charged or complex issues, which chatbots cannot provide.
Impersonal Responses: Users may find chatbot responses impersonal, leading to a perception of poor customer service.
Dependency on Technology: Dependent on technology, which can result in downtime, technical glitches, and interruptions in service.
Inaccurate Responses: May provide incorrect or outdated information, damaging the user’s trust in the system.
Privacy Concerns: Users may be concerned about the collection and use of their personal data, leading to privacy issues.
Security Risks: Poorly designed chatbots can become targets for malicious activities, such as phishing or exploiting vulnerabilities in the system.
Learning Curve: Users may find it challenging to adapt to conversational interfaces, leading to a learning curve, especially for older or less tech-savvy individuals.
Loss of Human Jobs: The automation of certain tasks through chatbots can result in job losses for human customer service agents.
Initial Development Costs: Building and implementing a chatbot can involve significant upfront costs, including design, development, and integration with existing systems.
Maintenance Costs: Ongoing maintenance and updates are required to keep the chatbot relevant and responsive to user needs.
Content Accuracy: Keeping the chatbot’s content up to date and accurate can be time-consuming and costly.
Cultural and Language Limitations: Language and cultural differences can pose challenges for chatbots in delivering appropriate responses in diverse contexts.
User Resistance: Some users may be resistant to using chatbots and prefer traditional methods of interaction.
Loss of Human Touch: May lack the empathy, emotional understanding, and creativity of human customer service agents, which can be essential in certain situations.
Complex Queries: Handling complex or multifaceted queries can be beyond the capabilities of many chatbots, leading to user frustration.
Over-Reliance on Chatbots: Over-reliance on chatbots can limit users’ ability to think critically or problem-solve, as they become accustomed to automated responses.
Scalability Challenges: As the user base grows, chatbots may face scalability challenges, leading to performance issues.
Legal and Ethical Concerns: Compliance with laws and ethical considerations, such as data privacy regulations, is crucial and can be complex.
Communication Gaps: In some cases, chatbots may not effectively bridge communication gaps between users and organizations.
Examples of Chatbots and UX design
- Sephora Virtual Artist:
- Sephora’s chatbot allows users to try on different makeup products virtually. The chatbot provides a user-friendly and engaging interface for trying out cosmetics, making the shopping experience more interactive and enjoyable.
- Spotify Chatbot:
- Spotify’s chatbot lets users search for and play music within messaging apps. It offers a simple and intuitive conversational interface that makes it easy for users to discover and listen to music without leaving their chat app.
- HealthTap’s chatbot is designed to provide medical advice and information. The chatbot’s UX design focuses on creating a user-friendly and trustworthy experience, ensuring users receive accurate health-related information.
- Duolingo Bots:
- Duolingo’s language learning chatbots engage users in conversations to help them practice a new language. The chatbots are designed to make language learning more interactive, and they adapt to users’ proficiency levels for a personalized experience.
- H&M’s Chatbot on Kik:
- H&M’s chatbot on Kik helps users discover fashion items and outfits. The chatbot incorporates conversational design and visual elements to create an engaging and personalized shopping experience.
- Poncho Weather Chatbot:
- Poncho is a weather chatbot that provides users with weather forecasts and recommendations. Its UX design includes humor and a friendly persona, making it more enjoyable and engaging to check the weather.
- Bank of America’s Erica:
- Erica, Bank of America’s virtual assistant, helps users manage their finances. The UX design focuses on simplifying financial tasks and making it easy for users to check balances, pay bills, and set savings goals.
- The Wall Street Journal Chatbot:
- The Wall Street Journal’s chatbot delivers news and personalized content to users. The chatbot’s design focuses on delivering relevant news articles, personalized recommendations, and a smooth conversational experience.
- Whole Foods’ Facebook Messenger Chatbot:
- Whole Foods’ chatbot on Facebook Messenger offers recipe suggestions, meal planning, and shopping assistance. The UX design emphasizes visual content and user-friendly recipe recommendations.
- Domino’s Pizza Chatbot:
- Domino’s Pizza chatbot allows users to order pizzas using natural language. The UX design streamlines the ordering process, making it easy for users to customize their pizzas and track deliveries.
- You must be logged in to reply to this topic. | <urn:uuid:b3aa2e42-4a5b-4c10-83df-baaeb4aef62c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://designboyo.com/topic/chatbots-and-ux-design/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.872837 | 2,883 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Researchers from Boston University and UNSW Sydney have developed a machine learning tool called CRANK-MS, which can predict the onset of Parkinson’s disease before symptoms appear. The tool achieved up to 96% accuracy in forecasting disease onset in patients up to 15 years in advance by analyzing metabolomic data using neural networks. Early signs of Parkinson’s disease have been identified as unique metabolite combinations. The study emphasizes the possibility of early detection and the identification of key biomarkers. More validation and exploration are needed.
Researchers from Boston University and the University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) in Australia have developed a machine learning (ML) tool capable of predicting the onset of Parkinson’s disease years before the appearance of symptoms. The tool, known as CRANK-MS (Classification and Ranking Analysis using Neural Networks to Generate Knowledge from Mass Spectrometry), utilizes neural networks to analyze metabolomic data, which consists of metabolites found in human tissues and bodily fluids like blood. These metabolites can serve as biomarkers for certain diseases and conditions.
Currently, there are no blood or laboratory tests available to diagnose non-genetic Parkinson’s disease. However, by leveraging mass spectrometry (MS) to analyze metabolite profiles, researchers have discovered differences in metabolite levels in individuals who later developed Parkinson’s, even up to 15 years before clinical diagnosis. This implies that the disease could be detected much earlier than current clinical practice allows.
The research team utilized this knowledge to build their prediction model, which takes a unique approach by analyzing the entire metabolomics data. Unlike conventional statistical approaches that focus on correlations between molecules, the ML capabilities of CRANK-MS enable the researchers to explore numerous associations among the metabolites themselves. This process requires substantial computational power but allows for a comprehensive analysis of the data.
Moreover, CRANK-MS also enables researchers to analyze unedited data lists without reducing the number of chemical features beforehand. By doing so, the model provides predictions and identifies the key metabolites driving those predictions in one step. This approach allows for the potential identification of metabolites that may have been missed using traditional methods.
The researchers tested CRANK-MS on metabolomics data from 39 patients who developed Parkinson’s up to 15 years later, comparing them with a matched control group. They discovered unique combinations of metabolites that could serve as early indicators of Parkinson’s. When these combinations were used as predictors, the ML tool achieved an impressive accuracy of up to 96% in forecasting disease onset.
Dr. W. Alexander Donald, an associate professor in the School of Chemistry at UNSW Sydney, emphasized the significance of the study’s findings. He explained that the high accuracy in predicting Parkinson’s disease before a clinical diagnosis is noteworthy. Additionally, the machine learning approach allowed the researchers to identify chemical markers that play a crucial role in accurately predicting future Parkinson’s development. Some of these markers had previously been implicated in Parkinson’s disease through cell-based assays but not in human studies.
The analysis also highlighted the presence of polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in individuals who later developed Parkinson’s. Interestingly, these same individuals exhibited lower concentrations of triterpenoids, which are neuroprotective compounds that regulate oxidative stress.
The researchers concluded that further investigations are necessary to validate CRANK-MS using larger and more diverse patient cohorts. Additionally, they emphasized the need for an in-depth exploration of the relationships between Parkinson’s disease and chemicals like PFAS and triterpenoids. Once the model is validated on larger datasets, the research team believes that CRANK-MS could be applied to other diseases to help identify new biomarkers. | <urn:uuid:f88f107f-708a-45a8-bcd3-b6bb02d01378> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://distilinfo.com/pophealth/2023/05/16/boston-university-and-unsw-sydney-researchers-develop-advanced-predictive-tool/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.930741 | 759 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Course: Introduction / Procedural Law
A petition for a writ of certiorari is a formal request made by a party to a lower court decision asking the Supreme Court to review the case.
If the Supreme Court decides to hear the case, the Writ of Certiorari is issued.
A petition for a writ of certiorari is a legal document filed with the U.S. Supreme Court (or a state appellate court) that seeks a review of a lower court decision. This request is made by a party who is dissatisfied with the outcome of their case in the lower court and believes that there are significant legal or constitutional issues that require clarification or resolution. The writ of certiorari is not automatically granted, and the Supreme Court has complete discretion to decide which cases it will hear.
In order to file a petition for a writ of certiorari, the party must follow strict procedural rules and requirements, including filing within a specified time frame after the lower court’s decision is rendered. The petition must also include a statement of the facts and legal issues involved in the case, as well as a legal argument outlining why the Supreme Court should grant the writ and review the case. The petition must be supported by a written brief, which provides a detailed analysis of the legal issues and authorities involved and may also include supporting evidence and arguments from amicus curiae, or “friends of the court.”
The process of seeking a writ of certiorari is complex and requires significant legal expertise and resources. Many petitions are denied, as the Supreme Court receives thousands of petitions each year and only grants a small percentage of them. In order to be considered for review, a case must generally involve important legal issues, have significant national or constitutional implications, or involve conflicting decisions from lower courts.
If the Supreme Court grants a writ of certiorari, it will schedule the case for oral argument and issue a decision on the merits of the case. The decision will be binding on all lower courts and will establish a precedent for future cases involving similar legal issues. The writ of certiorari is an important mechanism for ensuring that the U.S. legal system operates fairly and consistently and that important legal questions are resolved in a timely and appropriate manner.
On Other Sites
- Brenner, S. (2000). Granting certiorari by the united states supreme court: An overview of the social science studies. Law Libr. J., 92, 193.
[ Glossary ]
Last Modified: 07/25/2023 | <urn:uuid:22fc2b3d-b039-4f83-89da-86a93c24064c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://docmckee.com/cj/docs-criminal-justice-glossary/petition-for-a-writ-of-certiorari-definition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.935426 | 516 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Evidence for a Global Warming at the Termination I Boundary and Its Possible Cosmic Dust Cause
Paul A. LaViolette The Starburst Foundation 6706 N. Chestnut Ave., #102 Fresno, CA 93710 USA
Abstract A comparison of northern and southern hemispheric paleotemperature profiles suggests that the Bölling-Alleröd Interstadial, Younger Dryas stadial, and subsequent Preboreal warming which occurred at the end of the last ice age were characterized by temperatures that changed synchronously in various parts of the world, implying that these climatic oscillations were produced by significant changes in the Earth's energy balance. These globally coordinated oscillations are not easily explained by ocean current mechanisms such as bistable flipping of ocean deep-water production or regional temperature changes involving the NW/SE migration of the North Atlantic polar front. They also are not accounted for by Earth orbital changes in seasonality or by increases in atmospheric CO2 or CH4. On the other hand, evidence of an elevated cosmic ray flux and of a major interstellar dust incursion around 15,800 years B.P. suggest that a cosmic ray wind driven incursion of interstellar dust and gas may have played a key role through its activation of the Sun and alteration of light transmission through the interplanetary medium.
1. Introduction Climatic profiles from various parts of the world have been found to register synchronous climatic changes. Mörner (1973) has described evidence of correlated climatic fluctuations occurring during the past 35,000 years in Northern hemisphere climatic profiles and has concluded that they must have been global in extent. LaViolette (1983, 1987, 1990) later conducted an inter- hemispheric study which compared profiles from the British Isles (Atkinson et al., 1987), North Atlantic (Ruddiman et al., 1977), Gulf of Mexico (Leventer et al., 1983), and Southern Chile (Heusser and Streeter, 1980) and concluded that the Bölling-Alleröd/Younger Dryas (B/AL/YD) climatic oscillation occurred synchronously in both northern and southern hemispheres with the Bölling-Alleröd marking a period of global warming. Dansgaard, White, and Johnsen (1989) have
1 compared oxygen isotope (δ18O) dated profiles from the Greenland Dye 3 ice core and a sediment core from Lake Gerzen, Switzerland and have shown that climatic oscillations during the B/AL/YD closely track one another in both cores. Also, Kudrass et al. (1992) have shown evidence of the B/AL/YD climatic oscillation in radiocarbon dated sediment cores from the Sulu Sea of Southeast Asia and note that it occurred contemporaneously with the B/AL/YD oscillation detected in a North Atlantic core. They note that the Younger Dryas cold period is recorded in radiocarbon dated cores from many parts of the world (e.g., Gulf of Mexico, North Pacific Ocean, Argentina, equatorial Atlantic, Bengal Fan) and conclude that it must be regarded as a global phenomenon. To further evaluate the possibility that climate has varied in a globally synchronous manner over relatively short intervals of time, this paper compares dated climatic profiles from various parts of the world that span the Termination I boundary at the close of the last ice age. This boundary was chosen as the focus for this study because of the greater availability of well-dated, high-sample- density climatic profiles spanning this period. When considered together, these data indicate that climate at distant parts of the globe varied in a synchronous manner and imply that the Earth's thermal energy balance underwent major changes at the end of the ice age, and possibly on earlier occasions as well. Various mechanisms are examined to see whether any can account for such abrupt geographically coherent climatic changes.
2. Hemispheric Synchrony of the Terminal Pleistocene Climatic Oscillation
Land and Sea Climatic Profiles Climate at the end of the last glaciation did not proceed irreversibly toward interglacial warmth, but rather was characterized by a sequence of interstadial-stadial oscillations (see Table I). The B/AL/YD climatic oscillation is apparent in radiocarbon dated climatic profiles from both Northern
Table I Scandinavian Climatic Zone Dates Calendar Date C-14 Date Climatic Zone Acronym (Years B.P.) (Years B.P.) Preboreal warming PB 11,550 - 11,300 10,000 - 9,700 Younger Dryas Stadial YD 12,700 - 11,550 11,000 - 10,000 Alleröd Interstadial AL 13,800 - 12,700 12,100 - 11,000 Older Dryas Stadial OD 13,870 - 13,800 12,150 - 12,100 Bölling Interstadial BO 14,500 - 13,870 13,000 - 12,150 Lista Stadial LI 14,850 - 14,500 13,300 - 13,000 Pre-Bölling Interstadial P-BÖ 15,750 - 14,850 4,200 - 13,300
Calendar dates for these zones are based on dates assigned to corresponding climatic boundaries evident in the GRIP Greenland Summit ice core.
2 Figure 1. A comparison of radiocarbon dated paleotemperature profiles from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The British Isles Coleopteran profile shown in (a) (after Atkinson et al., 1987) is compared to pollen profiles from: (b) the El Abra Corridor, Colombia (after Schreve-Brinkman, 1978), c) central Brazil (after Ledru, 1993), and d) Alerce, Chile (after Heusser & Streeter, 1980).
3 and Southern Hemispheres (see Figure 1). The British Isles Coleopteran beetle profile (52° N, 2° W), shown in Figure 1-a, is time-calibrated with 49 radiocarbon dates (after Attkinson et al., 1987) and correlates well with the annual-layer-dated GISP 2 Greenland Summit ice core profile. The pollen diagrams from Colombia (5° S, 74° W), Central Brazil (19° S, 46.8° W), and Alerce, Chile (41.4° S, 72.9° W), Figures 1-b, -c, and -d (after Schreve-Brinkman, 1978; Ledru, 1993; Heusser and Streeter, 1980), are controlled by 20, 10, and 13 radiocarbon dates respectively. A comparison of these profiles indicates that this climatic oscillation was contemporaneous in these diverse locales. Climate in both hemispheres became unusually warm between 14.5 k to 12.7 k calendar years (cal yrs) B.P, equivalent to 13 k and 11 k 14C yrs B.P.; see Table II for 14C date conversions. During this period temperatures reached levels typical of the present interglacial, but cooled again to
Table II Conversions from Radiocarbon to Calendar Dates Calendar C-14 Correction Years B.P. Years B.P Years 11,050 9,500 1550 11,550 10,000 1550 12,100 10,500 1600 12,700 11,000 1700 13,300 11,500 1700 13,700 12,000 1700 14,200 12,500 1700 14,500 13,000 1500 15,100 13,500 1600 15,600 14,000 1600 16,000 14,500 1500 16,700 15,000 1700 17,300 15,500 1800 17,900 16,000 1900 19,000 17,000 2000 20,000 18,000 2000 21,000 19,000 2000 22,000 20,000 2000 27,000 25,000 2000 32,000 30,000 2000 ______The conversions of radiocarbon dates to calendar dates given in Table II were arrived at by correlating climatic horizons in radiocarbon dated land profiles with similar horizons evident in the GRIP and GISP2 ice core records which are dated with an absolute annual layer chronology (Johnsen et al., 1992; Taylor et al., 1993). The conversions for dates earlier than 15,000 14C yrs B.P., are based on a smoothed version of the 14C dated uranium/thorium chronology of Bard et al.(1990a). 4 glacial levels during the Younger Dryas 12.7 k to 11.55 k cal yrs B.P. (11 k to 10 k 14C yrs B.P.). This cold period was then ended by the abrupt onset of the Preboreal warming which commenced the Holocene. Understandably, the ages for the climatic zone boundaries at a given site have some degree of error due to the uncertainty of up to several hundred years in any given radiocarbon date. Nevertheless, this uncertainty is small when compared with the relatively long duration of the B/AL warming (1950 cal. yrs) and YD cooling (1150 cal. yrs). This same warming, cooling, and final rewarming is registered in ocean cores from different parts of the world. It is registered in the north in sediment core Troll 3.1 (60.8° N, 3.7° E) which plots foraminifera abundance in the Norwegian Sea as an indicator of sea-surface temperature; see Figure 2-a (after Lehman and Keigwin, 1992). It is also seen in Figure 2-b in a foraminifera profile from the Gulf of Mexico (21.0° N, 94.1° W) which charts the ratio of the warm water species Globorotalia menardii to the cold water species Globorotalia Inflata (after Beard, 1973). Again this oscillation is evident in Figure 2-c in the 14C dated foraminifera temperature profile SU 81-18 from the southeast coast of Portugal (37.8° N, 10.2° W) (after Bard et al., 1989) as well as in foraminifera δ18O profiles from cores penetrated in the India-Indochina equatorial region. These include a core from the Arabian Sea (15.5° N, 72.6° E), Figure 2-d (after Van Campo, 1986), a core from the Sulu Sea (8.2° N, 121.6° E), Figure 2-e (after Kudrass et al. 1991), and a core from the Bay of Bengal (11.8° N, 94.2° E), Figure 2-f (after Duplessy et al., 1981). A comparison of the radiocarbon dated profiles shown in Figures 2-a, -c, & -e indicates that, as in the land profiles, this Termination I boundary climatic oscillation was communicated to these widely separated regions with a minimal time lag.1 During the Bölling-Alleröd sea-surface temperature off the Portuguese coast rose by 11°C to Holocene values (Figure 2-c). An increase to Holocene temperatures is apparent also in the Norwegian Sea and Gulf of Mexico profiles. The change in δ18O evident in the Sulu Sea core indicates that sea-surface temperatures changed by about 2 to 3°C, comparable to the glacial-interglacial temperature difference for this region (Kudrass et al., 1991). In addition, the Younger Dryas cooling event has been detected outside of the Europe/North Atlantic region in a number of other studies: in the Gulf of Mexico (Flower and Kennett, 1990), in
1 Ocean core 14C dates are typically revised by -440 years to bring them into conformance with land 14C dates, thereby correcting for the time lag involved in the entry of atmospheric 14C-laden CO2 into the oceans. The standard correction was applied to 14C dates obtained for the profiles from Portugal and the Sulu Sea (Figure 2-b & -c). However, in the case of the Norwegian Sea core (Figure 2-a), a correction of -840 years must be applied in order to bring the 14C dates for its climatic horizons into conformance with dates for similar horizons observed in the British Isles Coleopteron profile located less than 1000 km away. The reason why radiocarbon dates at this northerly ocean location would require 400 years additional correction is unclear, but may be due to the influx of old atmospheric CO2 from gases disolved in the incoming glacial meltwater and a lower rate of influx of young atmospheric CO2 due to the presence of sea ice and a lid of low salinity water. 5 Figure 2. A comparison of ocean paleotemperature profile from various parts of the world: a) foraminifera abundance in Norwegian Sea core Troll 3.1 (Lehman and Keigwin, 1992), b) foraminifera ratio in Gulf of Mexico core 64-A-9-42 (Beard, 1973), c) foraminifera temperature profile SU 81-18 from the southeast coast of Portugal (Bard et al., 1989), d) δ18O profile from Arabian Sea core MD 76-131 (Van Campo, 1986), e) δ18O profile from Sulu Sea core SO49-82KL (Kudrass et al. 1991), and f) δ18O profile from Bay of Bengal core MD 13-36 (Duplessy et al., 1981).
6 South America (Burrows, 1979; Harvey, 1980; Heusser and Rabassa, 1987; Heusser, 1984; Moore, 1981; Van der Hammen et al., 1981; Wright, 1984), Africa (Coetzee, 1967; Scott, 1982), in East Asia (Fuji, 1982), and in New Zealand (Burrows, 1979; Denton and Handy, 1994; Ivy-Ochs et al., 1999). Together, this evidence suggests that the Younger Dryas, and the Bölling-Alleröd interstadial that immediately preceded it, was of global extent. The rapid onset and intensity of the Bölling-Alleröd global warming are not easily explained by terrestrial theories of climatic change. With the onset of the Bölling-Alleröd, winter temperatures in the British Isles increased by ~25°C and summer temperatures by 7 - 8°C to levels typically found in that local today (Figure 1-a). In southern Chile, summer temperatures warmed by 12°C, apparently reaching a level 7°C higher than the Holocene summer temperature mean. These warmings occurred at a time when the extensive continental ice sheet coverage kept the surface albedo of the glaciated regions about 50% higher than its present value (Budyko, 1974, pp. 279, 304). So, considering the relatively unfavorable solar energy balance conditions which then prevailed, a spontaneous amelioration of the Earth's climate comes as somewhat of a surprise. Whatever caused this global warming would have had to overcome this energy-balance handicap. Evidence for the Bölling-Alleröd warming is also seen in the rapid melting of the ice sheets. The Scandinavian ice sheet began to recede rapidly northward at the onset of this interstadial, its recession rate reaching a maximum around 14,200 cal yrs B.P. and continuing at a somewhat lower rate through the Alleröd (Figure 3, lower profile). Ice sheet recession rate dropped dramatically with the onset of the Younger Dryas stadial, but surged upward again when this cold period was ended by the Preboreal warming. Meltwater discharge from the North American ice sheet also reached a high level during the Bölling-Alleröd interstadial, as indicated by the high rate of freshwater discharge into the Gulf of Mexico (Kennett and Shackleton, 1975; Emiliani et al., 1978; Leventer et al., 1982, 1983). For example, the upper profile in Figure 3 plots δ18O values for core EN32-PC4 penetrated in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico Orca Basin (26.9°N, 91.4°W) (Broecker et al., 1989). The shaded region, characterized by excessively negative δ18O values, indicates a time when the Mississippi River was rapidly discharging isotopically light glacial meltwater into the Gulf. The magnitude of the isotopic excess reflects the rate of meltwater discharge, which in turn depends upon the temperature environment in the vicinity of the North American ice sheet and the fluvial routing of the meltwater. The Orca profile indicates that meltwater discharge into the Gulf ceased during the Younger Dryas, but resumed once again with the onset of the Preboreal warming. Ice sheet recession rate in Scandinavia underwent a similar decrease and resurgence about this same time. This correlated behavior suggests that glacial melting responded in a similar way on both sides of the Atlantic and as a response to the prevailing change in air and ocean temperature which was warm during the Bölling-Alleröd, cold during the Younger Dryas, and warm again during the Preboreal. A decrease
7 Figure 3. Upper profile: δ18O profile for Gulf of Mexico Orca Basin core EN32- PC4 (after Broecker et al., 1989). Shaded portion charts the rate of meltwater discharge into the Gulf of Mexico. Lower profile: ice sheet recession rate in southern Sweden based on data taken from Björck and Möller (1987) and Tauber (1970). Climatic zones: Younger Dryas (YD), Alleröd (AL), and Bölling (BO).
8 in North American ice sheet meltwater output during the period 12,700 to 11,550 cal yrs B.P. (11 k - 10 k 14C yrs B.P.) is consistent with the global onset of the Younger Dryas cold interval. Evidence that this cold period occurred in the Gulf regions is seen in Figure 2-e (Beard, 1973) and in the more accurately dated core EN32-PC4 (Flower and Kennett, 1990). It also is consistent with similar changes in temperature and ice accumulation rate evident in Greenland ice cores (Dansgaard et al., 1982; Johnsen et al., 1992, Taylor et al., 1993, Alley et al., 1993). One theory attributes the cessation of meltwater input into the Gulf during the Younger Dryas primarily to a diversion of the meltwater routing away from the Mississippi River and into the St. Lawrence as the retreating ice sheet removed the glacial blockage of the eastern outlet of Lake Agassiz (Broecker et al., 1989). This theory further suggests that discharge down the Mississippi again recommenced for a short period during the Preboreal when this eastern outlet was again blocked by the Marquette glacial advance. However, the finding that discharge into the Gulf ceased at a time when regional climate abruptly cooled and glacial melting halted and then recommenced at a time when regional climate abruptly warmed up again and glacial melting had begun again suggests an obvious cause-effect relation. While meltwater diversion must have played some role during this period, for the most part the Gulf record appears to be charting the melting rate response of the North American ice sheet to global changes in climate. Times of maximal rate of sea level rise should be expected to correlate with periods of global warming. In fact, as seen in the Barbados coral reef record (Figure 4), the rate of sea level rise peaks during both the Bölling-Alleröd (meltwater pulse IA) and during the Preboreal (meltwater pulse IB). This suggests the ice sheets were collectively discharging meltwater at a maximal rate during these times and hence that these climatic ameliorations were not geographically localized. The Barbados record also indicates that meltwater discharge rate was low during the Younger Dryas, thereby supporting the point made earlier that the Gulf of Mexico cessation event was largely due to a global cooling and not to a regional redirection of the Laurentide meltwater outflow to the St. Lawrence River. Times when sea level was rising at a maximum rate (Figure 4, IA and IB) match up quite well with times of high ice sheet recession rate evident in Scandinavia during the Bölling and Preboreal warm phases (Figure 3, upper profile). Peak IA of the global meltwater discharge rate profile, which began its rise at around 14,400 cal yrs B.P. and peaked around 14,000 cal yrs B.P., lagged by about 200 years compared to peak IA of the Scandinavian ice recession rate record. This lag suggests that the early stage of deglaciation was dominated by melting of the marine-based parts of the ice sheet, which contributed little to sea-level rise (see Veum et al., 1992). A closer correlation is apparent with Meltwater pulse IB which began its rise at the beginning of the Preboreal around 11,600 cal yrs B.P. and declined around 11,000 cal yrs B.P. Climate profiles from the British Isles and southern Chile both record a minor warming event, prior to the Bölling, spanning the period 15,750 to 14,850 cal yrs B.P. (14.2 to 13.3 k 14C yrs 9 Figure 4. Upper profile: the rate of global glacial meltwater discharge into the oceans calculated from the Barbados sea level change curve (Fairbanks, 1989), revised according to the U-Th 14C calibrations of Bard et al. (1990a, 1990b). Lower profile: ice sheet recession rate in southern Sweden. Climatic zones: Younger Dryas (YD), Alleröd (AL), and Bölling (BO).
10 B.P.); compare Figures 1-a and 1-d. This correlates in the East Baltic area with the Msta and Raunis interstadials (ending ~13.25 k 14C yrs B.P.), with the Susaca interstadial of Columbia (Dreimanis, 1966), and in the Great Lakes Region with the Mackinaw (or Cary-Port Huron) interstadial (13.3 ± 0.4 k 14C yrs B.P.) and with the earlier warm period that preceded the deposition of the Wentworth till. Although given different names in different regions, this "Pre- Bölling" interstadial appears to have been of global scope, although not nearly as intense as the Bölling-Alleröd. The several hundred year long cool interval that separated this warm period from the Bölling, evident in the British Isles and Chilean records, correlates with the Lista and Holland Coast stadials in Southern Norway and Sweden (13.5 - 13.0 k 14C yrs B.P.) (Berglund, 1979) and with the Luga stadial in the Baltic area (13.2 - 13.0 k 14C yrs B.P.) (Raukas and Serebryanny, 1972; Berglund, 1979). In the Great lakes area, this cooling matches up with the Port Huron stadial, which dates at 13,000 ± 500 14C yrs B.P. and divides the Mackinaw from the Two Creekan interstadial (Karrow, 1984; Dreimanis and Goldthwait, 1973). Thus climatic oscillations occurring between 15,750 and 14,500 years ago (14.2 - 13.0 k 14C yrs B.P.) also show evidence of transatlantic and interhemispheric correlation.
Ice Core Climatic Profiles The Earth's polar ice record also contains evidence of globally correlated climatic changes. The B/AL/YD oscillation, for example, is synchronously registered in both the GISP2 Summit, Greenland and Taylor Dome, Antarctica ice core climate profiles; see upper two profiles in Figure 5. Steig et al. (1998) measured atmospheric methane concentration from air bubbles trapped in the ice and used the observed rapid concentration changes as markers for correlating the two deuterium isotope climatic records. This matching showed that the climatic transition boundaries correlate closely in time amongst the two cores. Climate at the Taylor Dome site began to gradually warm around 15,500 years BP and experience a more rapid warming around 14,600 years B.P., synchronous with the beginning of the Bölling warming registered in the Summit, Greenland ice core profile. A cold spike at around 13 kyrs BP at Taylor Dome is correlative with the Intra- Alleröd Cold Peak at Summit, Greenland. The subsequent Younger Dryas cool period is not as distinctive at Taylor Dome as it is at Summit. However, the sudden warming at around 11.7 kyrs BP registered in the Taylor Dome core is correlative with the abrupt warming registered at Summit at the beginning of the Holocene. Climatic synchrony is also evident between the Summit, Greenland and Byrd Station, Antarctica ice core isotope records; see Figure 5. The isotope profile for the Byrd core (Johnsen et al., 1972) is dated according to the chronology of Beer et al. (1992) which they obtained by correlating distinctive 10Be concentration peaks found in both the Byrd Station, Antarctic and Camp Century, Greenland isotope records, some peaks dating as early as 12 - 20 kyrs BP. The Camp Century 11 Figure 5. A comparison of Greenland and Antarctic ice core profiles showing climatic synchrony of the Bölling-Alleröd-Younger Dryas oscillation. Upper profiles: Summit, Greenland GISP2 deuterium profile correlated to the Taylor Dome, Antarctic deuterium profile using methane as an indicator (adapted from Steig et al., 1998). Lower profile: Byrd Station, Antarctica d18O profile (Johnsen et al., 1972) correlated to the Greenland ice record by means of Be-10 peaks (Beer et al., 1992). The CO2 data is taken from Neftel et al. (1988). 12 isotope profile, in turn, has been accurately dated through correlation with the annual layer dated Summit, Greenland isotope profile (Johnsen et al., 1992). The Byrd oxygen isotope profile shows a progressive climatic amelioration beginning around 15,800 calendar years BP, correlative with the beginning of the Pre-Bölling Interstadial evident in the Summit, Greenland core, and continuing through the Bölling and Alleröd Interstadials. The cooling evident from 1143 to 1100 meters core depth, termed the Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR), dates between 13,250 to 11,600 calendar years BP and correlates with the Intra-Alleröd Cold Peak and Younger Dryas registered in the Summit record. The Byrd record shows this cooling more clearly than the Taylor Dome record. A terminal warming is evident in the Byrd core around 11.6 kyrs BP correlative with the beginning of the Holocene PreBoreal in the Northern Hemisphere. The 10Be correlations of Beer et al. contradict the conclusions of Blunier, et al. (1998) that the ACR at Byrd Station had occurred 500 years prior to the Younger Dryas. Jouzel et al. (1992) have developed a chronology for the Vostok and Dome C Antarctic ice cores by using a two-dimensional flow model along with a saturation vapor pressure approach that they base on ice core isotope data. Their technique leads to less than a 3% error in dating the 35 kyrs BP Be-10 peak registered in each ice core. Although these chronologies predict differing dates for the beginning of the ACR (11.9 kyrs BP at Vostok and 13.4 kyrs BP at Dome C), they conclude that the apparent 1500 year phase lag they had originally calculated for the Vostok ACR is not real, but due to dating inaccuracy, and they note that the assumption of climatic synchrony has the advantage that the beginning of the "Holocene" dust concentration minimum in each core is made contemporaneous. Jouzel et al. adopt the Dome C date of 13.4 kyrs BP as the correct date for the beginning of the ACR., which corresponds closely with 13.2 kyrs BP date for the beginning of the ACR at Byrd Station and for the beginning of the Intra-Allerod cold peak at Summit, Greenland. This synchrony is corroborated by the findings of Mulvaney et al. (2000). Using Ca concentration to synchronize the Taylor Dome and Dome C ice core isotope profiles, they argue that at least the ACR feature occurred synchronously at both locations, hence that climate in various parts of Antarctica changed in a synchronous manner.
Problems with the Argument for Asynchronous Climatic Change Others have concluded that climatic changes were asynchronous among different parts of Antarctica and also between Antarctica and Greenland. For example, Blunier et al. (1998) have derived a different time scale for the Byrd and Vostok ice cores by pegging their profiles to the annual-layer-dated Summit profile using excursions of atmospheric methane as inter-core markers. From this they conclude that the ACR began around 13.8 kyrs BP at Byrd Station, 600 years prior to the Intra-Alleröd Cold Peak in Summit, Greenland, but that the ACR at Vostok began around 15.0 kyrs BP, 1200 years prior to the Byrd Station ACR. Thus Blunier et al. propose that climate at Vostok cooled and then warmed up again, that 1200 years later climate at Byrd Station (about 13 4000 km away) similarly cooled and then warmed up, and that 600 years later climate at Taylor Dome (about 2700 km from Byrd Station) similarly cooled and then warmed up again. This would require some sort of exotic refrigeration mechanism proceeding at Vostok while the ice age was in the process of ending at Byrd Station, and that later was capable of cooling Byrd Station while the ice age was in the process of ending at Taylor Dome. Even greater age discrepancies are projected for the Bölling deglacial warming, being professed to begin in Vostok and Byrd Station around 17,000 to 18,000 years BP and to begin at Taylor Dome about 3000 years later at 14,500 years BP. In reporting their finding that the Taylor Dome Antarctic core registers the AL/BO/YD oscillation in synchrony with the north, Steig et al. (1998) also adopt the chronology of Blunier et al. (1998) with its implication that the deglacial warming at the Byrd and Vostok sites was asynchronous and that it preceded the climatic warming in Greenland. Steig et al. concluded that the 2000 year time lag between the 13.0 kyrs BP Antarctic Cold Reversal at Taylor Dome and the date projected for the Vostok ACR is real. They suggested that the Byrd and Vostok sites failed to synchronize with the Northern Hemisphere climatic phases because these sites lay further from open water. However, to the contrary, during the last ice age the Taylor Dome, Byrd, and Vostok sites were all approximately equidistant from the outer sea ice boundary. Moreover since these three sites lie within 3000 kilometers of one another, it does not make sense that they were climatically isolated from one another and registered asynchronous changes. Just as the isotope profiles of the Dye 3, Summit, and Camp Century, Greenland sites, which lie within 1500 km of each other, have been shown to register synchronous climatic changes (Johnsen et al., 1992), so too these various Antarctic sites should have been exposed to similar climatic conditions. But the chronology of Blunier et al. implies that the Byrd and Vostok sites had been experiencing near interglacial warmth for more than 1000 years while the Taylor Dome site had been maintaining full glacial conditions. Instead, it is far more likely that these phase lags are artifacts arising from inaccuracies in the ice core chronologies. For example, the technique of using methane concentration for correlating ice cores has the inherent uncertainty that the difference in age between the sampled air bubbles and their surrounding ice matrix (∆age) is not a known measured quantity. The magnitude of this difference depends on the estimated rate of ice accumulation and on the estimated depth at which air became sealed off into bubbles when the firn compacted to form ice. The estimate of this seal-off depth can vary depending on a number of factors. The calculations, which must be done separately for each ice core, are model dependent and highly assumption laden. In view of the land and ocean core evidence reviewed earlier which indicates synchronous globally climatic change at the end of the last ice age, we are inclined to adopt the chronologies of Beer et al. (1992) and Jouzel et al. (1992) over that of Blunier et al. Combined with the findings of Steig et al. (1998) on the synchrony of deglaciation in Summit, Greenland and Taylor Dome, Antarctica, these various chronologies lead to the conclusion that the B/AL/YD climatic oscillation
14 recorded in Greenland ice occurred synchronously with similar climatic changes registered in various parts of Antarctica and tracked climatic changes occurring in other northern and southern hemispheric regions. With the conclusion of climatic synchrony, the dating which Blunier propose for the Vostok, Dome C, and Byrd Station for the period 14.5 -19.5 kyrs BP would be made younger and would require that precipitation over this deglacial warming period was higher than they had supposed. However, this is entirely expected since ice accumulation rate is known to be high at times of warming.
3. The Apparent Inadequacy of Terrestrial Explanations Amplified Fluctuations The ice accumulation rate profile from the GISP2 Summit core indicates that the climatic warming from the Younger Dryas to the Preboreal occurred within a few years time and that the warming from the Older Dryas to the Bölling occurred almost as rapidly (Alley et al. 1993). At present there is no general consensus as to the cause of such abrupt climatic changes. Milankovitch precessional and nutational cycles have periods of the order of 20 to 40 thousand years and hence, by themselves, cannot account for the rapidity of the terminal Pleistocene climatic oscillations. It has been suggested that slowly varying changes in seasonality might bring the climatic system past a certain critical point where nonlinear positive-feedback processes encourage random fluctuations (e.g., weather noise) to rapidly grow in size and drive ice sheet area and global climate to a new stable equilibrium (North and Crowley, 1985). However, since the climatic system incorporates negative feedback relationships which give it some degree of stability and tend to maintain it in a given climatic state, be it glacial or interglacial, destabilizing perturbations must exceed a certain critical size if they are to effect any large-scale change. Those that are too small in magnitude or duration will fail to change the system's prevailing climatic state. Weather noise probably belongs to this subcritical category. Another point to consider is the global nature of the Bölling- Alleröd warming. Theories proposing that this was seeded from indigenous climatic fluctuation arising in a specific locale (e.g., in the North Atlantic) presuppose that it subsequently was rapidly communicated to other parts of the globe. For this to occur, positive-feedback processes would have to amplify the original perturbation sufficiently fast that the entropy-increasing tendency of geographic dispersal would be counteracted. But it is not clear what positive-feedback process could have operated on indigenous thermal fluctuations to warm climate around the world to the extent of increasing the rate of glacial melting by six fold within a matter of just a few hundred years, as occurred during the Bölling. Moreover it is also not clear why this process would suddenly shut off and allow global climate to temporarily relapse back to a glacial mode, as had occurred with the onset of the Younger Dryas. Instead, the circumstances call for a geographically diffuse mechanism capable of simultaneously
15 affecting the energy balance of the entire planet.
CO2 Greenhouse Warming Seasonality changes produced by gradual Milankovitch orbital cycle variations may affect the Northern Hemisphere to some extent, but have little effect on the Southern Hemisphere. Hence they are unable to account for the hemispheric synchronism of glacial terminations (Manabe and Broccoli, 1985). It has been suggested that global synchrony might have been achieved through some kind of interhemispheric linking, such as changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration (Corlis, 1982; Manabe and Broccoli, 1985; Johnson and Andrews, 1986). However, by itself, CO2 produces a relatively small greenhouse warming effect. For example, the Vostok ice core measurements of Barnola et al. (1987) show that at the end of the ice age CO2 concentration rose by 25% from 195 ppm to 260 ppm. The increased IR opacity resulting from this rise would have produced a warming of only 0.4° C, contributing only 5% of the total 9° C temperature increase (Genthon et al., 1987). Moreover the Byrd ice core data indicates that CO2 concentration continued to increase through the Younger Dryas, just the opposite of what would be expected if CO2 played a critical role in modulating climate (see Figure 5). In summary, there is little evidence to suggest that the rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration was the cause of the Termination I global warmings. Rather, the rise in atmospheric CO2 was more likely a response to global warming, as the warming oceans released their dissolved gas to the atmosphere. Compared with carbon dioxide, methane underwent a much larger percentage increase at the end of the ice age, doubling from about 360 ppb to 725 ppb, as determined from measurements of the Summit, Greenland ice core (Chappellaz et al, 1993). However, since its absolute concentration is 1000 fold less than that of CO2, it is not a major contributor to greenhouse warming. Rather, its increase also is most likely a response to climatic change rather than an instigator, the rise in CH4 concentration being attributed to the increased abundance of vegetation which is a major producer of this gas.
Deep-Ocean Circulation Broecker et al. (1985, 1988a, 1989, 1990) have proposed that the abrupt warming registered in the North Atlantic around 14,650 cal yrs B.P. (13.0 k 14C yrs B.P.) was produced by a change in the rate of North Atlantic deep-water (NADW) production. This theory suggests that during the last ice age cool surface waters prevailing in the North Atlantic reduced the rate of evaporative loss there and thereby lowered the production rate of salty deep-water. This, in turn, would have caused the ocean-current "conveyor belt," which transports cold salty deep waters to the North Pacific and warm equatorial surface waters to the North Atlantic, to operate at a very minimal level. This would have cut off the supply of ocean heat feeding the Northern Atlantic atmosphere and, in so doing,
16 would have helped to stabilize the prevailing glacial conditions. The theory goes on to suggest that the maximum seasonality (hot summers and cold winters) prevailing in northern latitudes toward the end of the last ice age increased evaporative loss and deep water production sufficiently to cause NADW production to rapidly flip to its high-flux interglacial mode. The warm equatorial water said to have been brought into the North Atlantic is theorized to have ameliorated climate in this region sufficiently to have induced the Bölling temperature rise. Furthermore, with the opening of the St. Lawrence River drainage system, an increasing influx of low-salinity meltwater is theorized to have temporarily returned NADW production to its glacial mode and thereupon induced the Younger Dryas cooling. However, studies of benthic foraminifera in the Atlantic suggest that NADW production did not flip to its interglacial high-flux mode until around 12,500 14C yrs B.P., or about 500 14C years after the onset of the Bölling (Jansen and Veum, 1990; Veum et al., 1992; Charles and Fairbanks, 1992). So, the onset of NADW production cannot be the agent that caused the rapid warming at the beginning of the Bölling. Moreover, the finding that tropical surface waters warmed during the Bölling-Alleröd interstadial is problematic for the deep-water circulation theory given that the proposed renewal of NADW circulation would have removed a substantial amount of heat from the equatorial region. For example, it is estimated that ocean currents presently transport northward about 1.4 X 1015 watts of heat annually, which amounts to about 1% of the annual solar irradiance (Stommel, 1980; Berger, 1990). All other things being equal, this heat removal should have decreased the tempera- ture of equatorial surface waters, but, instead, an increase is seen (Figure 2). To adequately explain the Bölling-Alleröd and Preboreal global warmings what is needed is a mechanism that can rapidly increase the heat budget of the entire planet, as opposed to just redistributing the existing heat. Moreover changes in NADW production also fail to explain the occurrence of the Younger Dryas. The Barbados sea-level profile indicates that the global rate of meltwater discharge was reduced during the Younger Dryas (Figure 4). Presumably, the meltwater flow into the North Atlantic also was lower during this time despite the possible opening of the St. Lawrence discharge route (Fairbanks, 1989). Thus NADW production is less likely to have shut down during that period. In fact, benthic evidence from the Norwegian Sea suggests that modern-type ocean circulation operated during the Younger Dryas (Veum et al., 1992). Also, 13C data from the North Atlantic indicates that NADW production fluctuated greatly during both the Bölling-Alleröd and Younger Dryas deglaciation phases with no evidence of an additional prolonged slowdown occurring during the Younger Dryas (Berger, 1990). So the evidence rules against seeking a cause for the Younger Dryas in a thermohaline convection mechanism. Moreover the carbon isotope record indicates a shut down of deep-water production during the Preboreal warming, a time when the rate of meltwater discharge to the oceans had reached a maximum (Berger, 1990; Boyle and Keigwin, 1987). This is consistent with the theory that large 17 influxes of low-salinity meltwater reduce NADW production. However, since less heat would have been advected to the North Atlantic, this shut down should have opposed the Preboreal warming, rather than promoted it. While NADW production attractors could very well play a role in stabilizing the Earth's climate in the glacial or interglacial mode, ocean circulation changes are unable to account for the abrupt onset of Termination I warmings and coolings which occurred in coordinated fashion in diverse parts of the globe.
Polar Front Migration The climatic evidence presented earlier also does not support theories that attribute the Termination-I warming to geographically localized effects such as the NW-SE migration of the North Atlantic polar front discussed by various authors (Ruddiman et al., 1977; Ruddiman and McIntyre, 1981; Mercer and Palacios, 1977). Such a regional mechanism would not account for the seemingly correlated oscillations in temperature and glacial wastage that occurred in various locations around the world, including the Indian/Indochinese tropics. Moreover the theory encounters difficulties in the North Atlantic as well. As Atkinson et al. (1987) point out, Great Britain's climate began to cool as early as 12,200 ± 200 14C yrs B.P., long before the cold waters of the polar front began to return to their southerly position.
4. A Possible Galactic Explanation Galactic Cosmic Ray Volleys. The dramatic climatic shifts that took place during the Pleistocene may have had an extraterrestrial cause. One indication comes from the occurrence in ice age polar ice of high concentrations of 10Be, a 1.5 Myr half-life isotope generated when cosmic ray protons impact nitrogen and oxygen nuclei in the atmosphere (Raisbeck et al., 1981, 1987; Beer et al., 1984a, 1985, 1988, 1992). When adjusted for changes in ice accumulation rate, 10Be profiles can provide useful information that can help us determine if cosmic ray intensity has varied in the past. For example, the profiles shown in Figures 6 and 7 suggest that the cosmic ray background intensity was quite high on several past occasions. As explained in Appendix A, these profiles were calculated by multiplying the 10Be concentration found in polar ice at a particular depth by the corresponding ice accumulation rate to determine the atmospheric 10Be production rates which is directly correlated with cosmic ray intensity striking the Earth's atmosphere. The values were then normalized relative to Holocene values to produce relative cosmic ray intensity profiles. To get the unmodulated cosmic ray intensities, an additional adjustment must be made for solar magnetic screening which is dependent on the level of solar activity. In an attempt to more conservatively explain these peaks as arising solely from terrestrial causes, some have suggested that they have been produced by variations of the geomagnetic field,
18 suggesting that 10Be production is higher when the geomagnetic field is at a minimum allowing an increased background cosmic ray flux to penetrate to the atmosphere. However, Beer et al. (1984b, 1988) find that the geomagnetic field has little effect on 10Be variations. They report that 10Be concentration in Camp Century, Greenland ice remained relatively constant between 0 and 4000 BC, despite a 40 percent decrease in geomagnetic dipole intensity. This is not surprising since the high energy cosmic rays responsible for 10Be production are not easily screened by the Earth's magnetic field, especially in the polar regions. For example at 0° latitude about 20% of the energy flux of cosmic rays in the 3 to 10 Gev energy range would be screened. At 30° latitude, screening would drop to 10%, and at 77° latitude, where Camp Century is located, screening would be negligible. So if 10Be deposited in polar ice originates in the local atmosphere, 10Be variations found in polar ice records should be immune from variations in geomagnetic field intensity. Raisbeck et al. (1987) have suggested that some peaks in the 10Be record could be local enhancements that resulted from changes in atmospheric flow patterns which may have locally concentrated the isotope. However, their proposal is countered by the work of Beer et al. (1992) who have found that at least two major peaks in the 10Be record appear both in both the Greenland and Antarctic ice records and therefore reflect actual enhancements in the rate of atmospheric 10Be production. For example, they find that the 35,000 year old 10Be peak in the Vostok Antarctic ice core (at (600 m) also appears in the Dome C and Byrd Station Antarctic records (at 830 m and 1750 m) and in addition appears in the Camp Century, Greenland ice core (at ~1218 m log book depth). Also they have located a 23,000 year old 10Be peak in the Byrd core (at ~1500 m) which correlates with a similar peak located in the Camp Century core (at ~1190 m). Interstellar cosmic rays more easily penetrate the heliopause magnetic sheath during times in the sunspot cycle when solar flare activity is at a minimum and thereby expose the Earth to elevated cosmic ray intensities. For example, during recent solar flare minima 10Be production increased by up to 60% above its mean level (Beer et al., 1985). However, solar modulation of this magnitude does not account for Pleistocene 10Be peaks that often rise several times higher than this. For example, the cosmic ray intensity profile presented in Figure 6, which adjusts 10Be concentration for changes in ice accumulation rate, shows about a dozen peaks that display an increase of over 100% above the Holocene background level. Moreover explaining some of the less prominent 10Be peaks in terms of reduced solar modulation would require periods of solar flare dormancy lasting several thousand years, over an order of magnitude longer than the Maunder Minimum. Although it could be argued that the Sun endured such long periods of inactivity during the ice age, several sets of data instead suggest that solar flare activity at the end of the ice age was instead much higher than it is at present (see next subsection). If so, the magnitude of the Bölling-Alleröd 10Be production rate peak may be underestimated as a result of excessive solar modulation. So through a process of elimination, it may be concluded that the higher 10Be peaks evident in the polar ice record register times when the background cosmic ray flux was particularly enhanced. 19 Figure 6. Lower profile: Cosmic ray intensity impacting the solar system (0 – 145 kyrs B.P.) normalized to present levels (based on the Vostok, Antarctica ice core 10Be concentration data of Raisbeck et al. [The Last Deglaciation, p. 130], adjusted for changes in ice accumulation rate and solar wind screening and normalized to the Holocene average; see Appendix A, Part A). Upper profile: Ambient air temperature, as indicated by the ice core's deuterium content (from Jouzel, Nature, p. 403).
20 Figure 7. Lower profile: Cosmic ray intensity impacting the solar system (0 – 40 kyrs B.P.) normalized to present levels. (Based on the Byrd Station ice core 10Be concentration data of Beer et al. (1987, p. 204; 1992, p. 145) adjusted for changes in ice accumulation rate and solar wind screening; see Appendix A, Part B.) Upper profile: The ice core's oxygen isotope ratio, and indicator of ambient temperature and glacial ice sheet size (courtesy of W. Dansgaard).
21 A variety of evidence indicates that the core of our Galaxy (Sgr A*), which lies 23,000 light years away, releases intense volleys of relativistic electrons about every 104 years or so, and that these fronts, or galactic superwaves, travel radially outward through the Galaxy with such minimal dispersion that at the time of their passage they are able to elevate the cosmic ray background ener- gy density in the solar neighborhood as much as 102 to 103 fold above current levels. During such a superwave passage, Galactic cosmic ray electrons would become trapped in spiral orbits behind the bow shock front that surrounds the heliopause and would develop energy densities 105 fold higher than in interstellar space, reaching as high as 10-4 ergs/cm3 and producing temperatures high enough to vaporize frozen cometary debris that currently orbits the solar system. Galactic superwaves are sufficiently intense and prolonged that they would propel the resulting interstellar/nebular dust and gas into the solar system which would have had a substantial effect on the Earth-Sun climate system. This theory and Galactic evidence that one such cosmic ray volley passed our solar system near the end of the last ice age is given in detail in other publications (LaViolette, 1983a, 1987, 2003). Intense cosmic ray pulses from less massive stellar sources in the Galaxy such as Cygnus X-3 and Hercules X-1 are also known to maintain nondispersed configurations over distances of thousands of light years. For example, cosmic rays showering the Earth from Hercules X-1, which lies about 16,000 light years away, are known to cause a slight variation in the cosmic ray background intensity at 1.2357 second intervals in phase with the synchrotron radiation pulses from that source (Schwarzschild, 1988; Dingus et al., 1988; Lamb et al., 1988; Resvanis et al., 1988). However, the cosmic ray showers arriving from these stellar sources are relatively minor when compared with the intensities that periodically radiate from the Galactic center. The recurrent 10Be peaks found in polar ice may record times when fronts of Galactic cosmic ray electrons were passing through the solar vicinity. Currently, 10Be is produced in the Earth's atmosphere almost entirely by cosmic ray protons, cosmic ray electrons currently making up only one percent of the total cosmic ray background. Moreover cosmic ray electrons are rather inefficient producers of 10Be, their main means of production being mainly via high energy gamma ray secondaries generated during their passage through the atmosphere which would in turn have a comparatively small cross section for 10Be production. So peaks that show a doubling or tripling of 10Be above background levels could very well reflect a hundred fold rise of Galactic cosmic ray electron intensities above the proton background level. A cosmic ray-climate connection of this sort could explain why 10Be peaks occur at many of the major Pleistocene climatic boundaries, such as the particularly large peak that coincides with the Termination II boundary (Stage 5e/6) or the peaks that coincide with the transition from the Eemian interglacial to the semiglaciated Sangamon (Stage 5d/5e). A moderately high 10Be peak is also apparent in the Vostok profile at the Termination I boundary at around 13.7 kyrs B.P., confirming the prediction made earlier by LaViolette that a relatively intense cosmic ray volley passed through 22 the solar system about 16 to 12 thousand years ago (1983a, 1987). This terminal 10Be event is better resolved in the Byrd Station 10Be production rate profile (Figure 7). 10Be peaks are notably absent from the present interglacial, a period that appears to be unique for its long period of uniform climate. On the other hand, compared with this interglacial mean, the numerous peaks occurring during the last ice age (2 - 4), raised the 10Be production rate mean 50 percent higher and the peaks appearing during the semiglaciated Sangamon (5a - 5d) raised the 10Be mean 40 percent higher. So there appears to be a long-term correlation between climate and 10Be production rate (i.e., 10Be adjusted for changes in accumulation rate). The previous interglacial (Stage 5e) also seems to have been free of 10Be peaks. Supernova explosions cannot reasonably account for the recurrent 10Be peaks evident in the polar ice record since sufficiently close supernovae occur very rarely, only about once every 108 years in the solar neighborhood. Nevertheless, Konstantinov, et al. (1990) and Sonett (1991) have proposed that 10Be peaks dating at around 35 and 60 kyrs B.P. may have been produced by cosmic ray blast waves arriving from s nearby supernova explosion. Konstantinov et al. suggest that it was located about 180 ± 20 light years away. Sonett associates it with the explosion that formed the North Polar Spur and cites an explosion date of 75 kyrs B.P. (Davelaar et al., 1980) which presumes that the remnant achieved its rather large size (~370 light years) as a result of an unusually energetic explosion occurring in a very rarefied interstellar medium. However, others believe that this remnant is of a much older age, about 106 yrs (Heiles, 1980). Its slow rate of expansion, presently 3 km/sec, and other evidence, suggest that the it is instead a very old reheated remnant that arose from a supernova explosion of average energy release occurring in a region of normal interstellar gas density (Borken and Iwan, 1977). If this older age is valid, the North Polar Spur cosmic ray blast wave would have passed Earth hundreds of thousands of years earlier and hence its 10Be signature would not be registered in the polar ice record.
Interstellar Dust Incursion There is plenty of frozen material both in and around the solar system which could be vaporized and propelled into the inner solar system by a Galactic superwave. Observations of infrared excesses in nearby stars suggest that the solar system, like these other star systems, is surrounded by a light-absorbing dust shell, and may contain about 103 times more dust than had been previously supposed on the basis of IRAS observations of the zodiacal dust cloud (Aumann, 1988). Other observations indicate that the Sun is presently passing through an interstellar cloud that appears to be a component of the outer shell of the North Polar Spur supernova remnant, the closest supernova remnant to the Sun (Frisch, 1981; Frisch and York, 1983). So it is quite likely that the solar system has acquired this dust relatively recently, e.g., within the past several million years. This ongoing encounter may be responsible for the long-period comets that periodically enter the solar system from directions within 5° - 10° of the solar apex, the direction of the Sun's motion
23 through the interstellar medium. Since the solar apex changes its orientation by about 1.5° per Myrs due to the Sun's motion around the Galactic center, it may be surmised that the Sun acquired these comets sometime within the past 3 to 6 million years (Clube and Napier, 1984). This is comparable to the time span of the present glacial cycle sequence. This proximal remnant may also be the source of the billion or more cometary masses estimated to be present in the Edgeworth-Kuiper belt that begins just beyond the orbit of Neptune and extends outward a hundred AU or more (Horgan, 1995). In addition, Ulysses spacecraft observations have shown that an ecliptic ring of dust is present whose inner edge begins just outside the orbit of Saturn and which contains dust at a density 104 times higher than in the vicinity of the Earth (Landgraf, 2002). Furthermore this dusty environment may explain why interstellar dust grains are currently entering the solar system and dominating the dust particle population outside the asteroid belt (Grün et al., 1993). This influx of interstellar dust would explain the alignment of the zodiacal dust cloud's ecliptic nodes. In 1984, the IRAS (InfraRed Astronomy Satellite) team noted that their observations confirmed earlier reports that zodiacal cloud is tilted about 3 degrees relative to the ecliptic with a descending ecliptic node at ecliptic longitude λ = 267± 4° (Hauser et al., 1984). LaViolette (1987) concluded that the proximity of this nodal alignment to the Galactic center direction could be explained if dust forming the outer zodiacal cloud was of interstellar origin and had recently entered the solar system from the Galactic center direction. He noted that this confirmed his earlier prediction that interstellar dust should have recently entered the solar system driven by a cosmic ray wind emanating from the Galactic center direction (LaViolette, 1983a). In 1998, the Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) team more accurately located the position of the zodiacal cloud's descending ecliptic node to lie at λ = 257.7 ± 0.6° (Kelsall, et al., 1998). In galactic coordinates this is positioned at (l = 0.5± 0.6°, b = +10 ± 0.6°) and coincides with the Galaxy's zero longitude meridian; see point A in Figure 8. The 1993 Ulysses data which showed that a flux of interstellar dust was currently entering the solar system from the Galactic center direction confirmed the earlier prediction of LaViolette (1993) of recent interstellar dust entry based on the zodiacal ecliptic node position. In fact, (Witte, et al., 1993) reported that this dust influx was entering from the same direction as the 26 km sec-1 interstellar helium wind which they observed coming from the galactic direction (l = -0.2 ± 0.5°, b = +16.3 ± 0.5°). Not only does this direction lie within a few degrees of the ecliptic, it also coincides with the Galaxy's zero longitude meridian as does the zodiacal dust cloud node; see point B in Figure 8. These interstellar gas and dust winds may be relics of more intense influxes driven by past cosmic ray superwaves emanating from the Galactic center (LaViolette, 1983a, 1987). The incident cosmic rays would magnetically couple a portion of their kinetic energy to electrically charged dust particles and gas ions driving this material forward. This same residual Galactic
24 Figure 8. Sky map of the Scorpius region. GC marks the location of the Galactic center. Point A indicates the ascending node that marks the intersection of the zodiacal dust cloud orbital plane with the ecliptic plane. Point B indicates the direction from which the interstellar helium wind and interstellar dust particle wind are entering the solar system.
+ cosmic ray wind could explain why H3 ions have been detected in nearby diffuse interstellar clouds at concentrations much higher than expected (McCall, 2003). According to Ulysses measurements, the interstellar dust particles presently entering the solar system span the mass range 10-15 - 5 X 10-12 g, or a size range 0.1 - 1.5 mm, assuming a particle mass density of r ~ 3 g cm-3. Unlike dust in the Earth's immediate vicinity, whose size distribution peaks at 200 to 400 mm (Hughes, 1975), particles in this size range very effectively scatter and absorb solar radiation. So the possibility that large quantities of such interstellar dust may have entered the solar system in Earth's recent past should be a matter of concern from a climatological standpoint.
25 Evidence of Extraterrestrial Dust in the Polar Ice Record. The unusually high concentrations of HF and HCl acids found in Byrd Station, Antarctic ice dating about 15,800 year B.P., may be residues from one such interstellar dust incursion. Hammer, et al. (1997) note that it is difficult to explain these eight peaks as having a volcanic origin because the combined acid output which spans a period of about a century exceeds by 18 fold the largest volcanic signal observed in the Byrd ice core record and also because the recurrence of the events is unusually regular, a behavior that is not seen in volcanic eruptions. It has been shown that the peaks recur with an average period of 11.5 ± 2.4 years which matches the solar cycle period indicating that the deposited acids and their associated dust may be of interstellar origin (LaViolette (2005). That is, the influx of interstellar dust would similarly vary in intensity according to the solar cycle period since its entry is modulated by the regularly changing orientation of the Sun's magnetic field. The entry of this material may have been associated with a Galactic superwave since, as seen in Figures 6 and 7, this 15,800 year acidity event coincided with a rise in the cosmic ray background intensity, an increased that persisted with some variation until the end of the ice age. It is significant that this so called "Main Event" falls at the beginning of the Pleistocene deglaciation. The deposition of this acid bearing dust was initially punctuated by an abrupt climatic cooling which is registered in both the Greenland and Byrd Station, Antarctic ice records, and was followed by the 900 year long Pre-Bölling interstadial warming. After a brief stadial this was followed by the Allerod-Bölling interstadial sequence. So, the discovery of a possible extraterres- trial origin of the Main Event leads suggests that the global warming which followed may have been extraterrestrially induced. It is estimated that the deposition rate of this dust, of 1.4 X 10-9 g/m2/s, would project dust concentrations in the vicinity of the Earth of 5 X 10-20 g/cm3 which could have presented an optical depth of up to 0.2 between the Earth and the Sun (LaViolette, 2005). The present concentration of interplanetary dust in the vicinity of the Earth is estimated to be about 2 X 10-22 g cm-3, of which only about 0.02 percent consists of particles in the 0.2 mm size range having a maximal cross– section for absorbing or scattering sunlight. If the invading interstellar dust particles were of submicron size similar to those observed by Ulysses, the influx would have increased the concentration of optically interactive particles in the solar system by over a million fold. The initial climatic cooling effect at the time of the event could have been brought about by the prolonged presence of light scattering interstellar dust particles in the Earth's stratosphere. The subsequent deglacial warming could have been due to a combination of factors: a) destruction of the ozone layer due to the presence of interstellar halides allowing UV penetration, b) increase of the solar constant due to light backscattered from the zodiacal dust cloud, c) shift of the incident solar spectrum to the infrared resulting in greater absorption of the solar beam (reduced scattering from high albedo surfaces), and d) a major increase in the Sun's luminosity and activation of its photosphere and corona due to the dust's effect on the Sun (LaViolette, 1983a, 2005). There is 26 evidence that solar flare activity was one to two orders of magnitude higher during this deglacial period (Zook, et al., 1977; Zook, 1980). Future work should establish the possible extraterrestrial origin of the Main Event by searching this ice core horizon for the presence of cosmic dust indicators. However, a previous study has found elevated levels of cosmic dust in Camp Century, Greenland polar ice. Samples ranging from 34 to 70 thousand years old were found to contain high concentrations of iridium and nickel in proportions similar to those found in extraterrestrial material; see Figure 9, lower profile (LaViolette, 1983a, 1983b, 1985).2 Some of these ice age samples had Ir deposition rates 103 times greater than those reported by Takahashi et al. (1978) for recent Camp Century snows, implying that at certain times during the Wisconsin cosmic dust deposition rates were substantially higher than at present. Assuming that the Ir in the Wisconsin stage ice came from an interstellar dust source having an Ir composition similar to that found in carbonaceous chondrites, these measurements project an interstellar dust influx rate of up to 3 X 10-6 g cm-2 yr-1, implying that the near-Earth interplanetary dust concentration may have reached as high as 3 X 10-20 g cm-3, 150 fold higher than its present value. Including the unaccounted for fraction present as water would bring the concentration to a level comparable with what is projected for the Main Event dust incursion. Figure 9 compares the Camp Century Ir deposition rate data to the 10Be concentration profile of Beer et al. (1992). Due to gaps in the 10Be data, it is possible to correlate only the youngest of the eight cosmic dust values (1215.1 m, ~34 k yrs B.P.) with a 10Be data point. This sample, which had the second highest Ir concentration of the eight samples, coincides with the latter part of a major 10Be peak dated at the 35 kyr B.P. Although this correspondence is consistent with the proposed cosmic-ray/cosmic-dust causal link, additional measurements of both Ir and 10Be in ice age polar ice are needed in order to decide whether there is a clear connection.
5. Conclusion Taken as a whole, the available paleoclimatological data suggest that, during the Termination I deglaciation, temperatures in many locations around the world underwent coordinated changes, with major warmings occurring during the Bölling-Allerod (14.5 k - 12.7 k cal yrs B.P.) and Preboreal (11.55 k - 11.3 k cal yrs B.P.) and with a more minor interstadial centered around 15.3 k cal yrs B.P. Available data suggests that these warmings were initiated neither by changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration nor by a major alteration in the rate of North Atlantic deep-water production. Moreover it is not clear whether these mechanisms are capable of producing warmings and coolings of the kind of magnitude, geographical extent, and abruptness observed at the Termination I
2 These ice core sample ages given here are older than reported in the original publications. The new ages reflect a subsequent revision of the Camp Century ice core chronology after it had become keyed to the Summit, Greenland chronology. 27 Figure 9. Upper curve: Camp Century ice core oxygen isotope climatic profile (Dansgaard, personal communication, 1982). Middle curve: cosmogenic beryllium concentration (after Beer et al., 1992). Lower curve: iridium deposition rate for the Holocene (Takahashi, 1978) and the Wisconsin (LaViolette, 1983a, 1985), assuming ice accumulation rates of 38 and 15 cm yr-1 respectively. boundary. Polar ocean front migrations and weather fluctuations also do not offer an adequate explanation. Evidence that the solar system resides in a dust congested environs, of a current influx of interstellar dust, of acid residues in 15,800 year old polar ice bearing a solar cycle signature, of episodes of accelerated deposition of cosmogenic beryllium, Ir, and Ni during the Pleistocene, and of intense solar flare activity at the end of the ice age together suggest that the Termination I
28 deglaciation, and other climatic transitions before it, may have been extraterrestrially induced. Astronomical evidence suggests that intense volleys of Galactic cosmic rays periodically pass through the solar vicinity from the direction of the Galactic center, the most recent volley passing through toward the end of the last ice age. These prolonged cosmic ray assaults would have propelled interstellar dust and gas into the solar system at rates much higher than currently observed rates. This material could have activated the Sun, altered the intensity and spectrum of its radiation, and changed the Earth's stratospheric albedo. Depending on the relative weightings of these effects, this could have led either to rapid surface cooling and ice sheet advance or to rapid surface warming and ice sheet recession. Such extraterrestrial disturbances could account for the abruptness and global coherence of climatic transitions observed in the terrestrial record. Moreover such short-period stochastic forcings could account for a large percentage of the variance in the Earth's ice volume record which is not explained by orbital cycle forcing. The intensity of these external perturbations and the prevailing terrestrial boundary conditions (e.g., ice sheet size, orbital parameter phase, atmospheric CO2 concentration, and deep-water production rate) would together determine whether climate became either temporarily perturbed or flipped into a long-term glacial or interglacial mode. In particular, these terrestrial factors in combination could explain why the climatic system became stabilized in an interglacial mode following the Termination-I warming events. Future ice core measurements charting the temporal variation of cosmic dust concentrations and their correlation with 10Be and stable isotope variations should help to elucidate the connection between Galactic cosmic ray intensity, cosmic dust influx rate, solar activity, and climate.
Acknowledgments I would like to thank Fred LaViolette, George Lendaris, and others for helpful comments on this manuscript. I would also like to thank J. Jouzel, S. Johnsen, J. Kennett, J. Beer, and M. P. Ledru for sharing their deuterium, δ18O, 10Be, and pollen count data which proved to be of great help.
29 APPENDIX A
A. Adjustment of the Vostok 10Be Data. 1. Ice Accumulation Rate Adjustment The relative cosmic ray intensity profile shown in Figure 6 was obtained by converting the 10Be concentration values (C atoms/g) of Raisbeck et al. (1987) into normalized 10Be production rates (Φ atoms/cm2/yr) according to the formula: Φ = (C • a • ρ)/k, (A-1) where a is the variable ice accumulation rate at Vostok given in Column 6 of Table A-I, ρ = 0.917 g/cm3 is the density of ice, and k = 1.75 X 105 atoms/cm2/yr is the Holocene 10Be production rate average used to normalize the product. For values spanning the period 15,500 to 10,900 years B.P. the values are boosted by the values given in column 4 of Table A-II to adjust for the increased solar screening due to the increased solar activity prevailing during that time (see No. 2 of this section below). Ice accumulation rates for Vostok (Table A-I, Column 6) have been estimated throughout the core by the formula a = λ • τ, where λ is the estimated annual layer thickness of the ice (Column 5) calculated using calendar dates assigned to various core depths (Columns 1 & 3) and where τ is the correction for plastic deformation of the ice sheet (Column 4). The correction for plastic deformation is calculated according to the linear relation τ = 0.96 • 3700/(3700 - d), where 3700 is the present meter thickness of the ice sheet, d is the sample depth in meters, and 0.96 is an adjustment factor reflecting the assumption that the ice sheet was thicker during the last ice age. For the Holocene (0 - 280 m depth), 15 meters have been subtracted to figure the average accumulation rate (i.e., 269m/11,580 years). After correcting for deformation, this yields a = 2.4 cm/yr, which agrees with the present ice accumulation rate at Vostok. Calendar dates listed in Column 1 were assigned to the Vostok ice core by correlating specific climatic features in the Vostok deuterium profile with similar features in dated climatic profiles. The climatic boundaries between depths 354 m to 284 m are dated based on correlations to the GRIP ice core chronology; see Table I for dates. The 29, 50, 64, and 68 kyrs B.P. 14C dates are cited from Woillard and Mook (1982) and Grootes (1978). Calendar dates prior to 30 kyrs B.P. are consistent with the accepted U/Th dates for the respective climatic boundaries.
2. The Solar Modulation Adjustment Solar flare activity has an inverse effect on terrestrial cosmic ray intensity, decreasing cosmic ray intensities at times of high solar activity by increasing the effect of solar wind screening. To determine cosmic ray intensities outside the solar system, we must adjust for solar wind screening at times when there is reason to believe that the Sun was particularly active. 10Be production rate,
30 Table A-I Chronology, Accumulation Rate Adjustments, and Climatic Zone Correlations for the Vostok Ice Core
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) YEARS B.P. DEPTH Deform Ann. Accum. CLIMATIC PHASE CLIMATIC absol. C-14 (m) Correc. cm yr-1 Rate Europe N. America BOUNDARIES 0 0 1.04 2.33 2.42 11.55 10.0 284 Y. Dryas ends H / LW 1.042 1.39 1.45 12.7 11.0 300 Y. Dryas begins 1/2 1.048 1.64 1.71 13.25 12.0 309 IntraAllerod cold peak begins 1.052 2.08 2.19 14.5 13.0 335 Bölling begins Cary/Port Huron Inter. begins 1.056 1.43 1.51 14.85 13.3 340 Pre-Bölling Inter. begins 1.058 1.56 1.65 15.75 14.2 354 Pre-Bölling Inter. begins 1.096 1.32 1.45 32.0 29.0 570 Denekamp Inter. Plum Point Inter. 2/3, LW / MW 1.15 1.42 1.63 38.0 655 Port Talbot–2 Inter. 1.21 1.22 1.48 54.0 50.0 850 Moershoofd Inter. Port Talbot–1 Inter. 1.26 1.26 1.59 920 3/4, MW / EW 1.30 1.26 1.64 67.5 64.0 1020 Börup Inter. St. Pierre Inter. 1.33 1.2 1.60 Nicolet Stad. 4/5, EW / S 70.0 68.0 1050 Amersfoort Inter. 1.50 1.43 2.15 110 1620 5e/d 1.78 1.44 2.57 122.5 1800 1.91 1.45 2.77 128 1880 5/6, S / I 1.99 1.30 2.58 133 1945 2.08 0.83 1.73 148 2070
which is inferred from polar ice core data, is an indicator of the terrestrial cosmic ray flux. Conse- quently, during periods of high solar activity, the 10Be production rates must be proportionately inflated to indicate cosmic ray levels prior to solar screening effects. Available data indicates that the Sun was unusually active during the global warming period at the end of the last ice age from about 16,000 to 11,000 years BP. It is likely that the Sun was also particularly active at earlier times, particularly during interstadial periods (e.g., 36 - 31 kyrs BP) and during the termination of the previous ice age (136 - 128 kyrs BP). However since data is lacking on the degree of solar activity during these periods, the data has been adjusted only for the period ending the last ice age. 31 The adjustments were made as follows. Hughen et al. (1998) have measured radiocarbon anomalies for the period from 14,200 to 9,000 calendar years B.P. Based on their data, Column 3 of Table A-II gives the percent change in the atmospheric radiocarbon concentration. Here we adopt a baseline that is normalized to their Holocene data and which is 1.5% lower than the zero reference point given by Hughen et al. To show how the adjustment is carried out, let us take as an example the data point around 12,600 years BP when atmospheric radiocarbon reached a maximum level of 9.5% above normal. Beer et al. (1985) note that the variation in 14C concentration induced by the 11-year solar cycle is attenuated by a factor of 100 because of the rapid transfer of 14C from the atmosphere to the geosphere. Since solar cycle variations typically produce a 0.3% change in atmospheric 14C concentration, a 9.5 percent peak increase in atmospheric14C would translate into a 30 fold increase in solar cosmic ray activity (9.5/0.3) if it had occurred over a comparable 11 year time period. Since the anomaly was sustained over centuries rather than over a decade, we will assume that solar flare cosmic ray flux underwent only a 2.43 fold peak increase, calculated by inflating the percent rise in atmospheric carbon by a factor of 15; i.e., (0.095 X 15) + 1 = 2.43. Column 4 of Table A-II charts this inferred change in solar flare cosmic ray intensity based on this 14C data listed in Column 3. Note that the inferred increase in solar cosmic ray intensity is much less than the increase implied by the moon rock data of Zook et al. (1977, 1980) (see Column 2 of Table A-II). So, this rough estimate appears to be on the conservative side. Since the Galactic and extragalactic cosmic ray intensity incident on the solar system is screened by an amount that is proportionate to the level of solar cosmic ray intensity, a 2.43 fold increase in solar cosmic ray intensity would cause a proportionate decrease in background flux reaching the Earth. So to correct for this decrease we must boost the calculated 10Be production rate data by 2.43 fold. to compensate for the increased solar wind screening.
Table A-II Determining the Galactic Cosmic Ray Intensity Adjustment Factor 1234 Normalized Normalized solar cosmic ray ∆ C-14 solar cosmic Years BP intensity (Zook) (percent) ray intensity 10.0 - 10.9 8 0 1.00 10.9 - 11.1 1 0 4.0 1.60 11.1 - 11.8 1 1 1.0 1.15 11.8 - 12.5 1 4 4.0 1.60 12.5 - 12.7 1 5 9.5 2.43 12.7 - 12.9 1 6 6.5 1.98 12.9 - 13.1 1 7 6.0 1.90 13.1 - 13.7 2 0 2.5 1.38 13.7 -13.9 21 5.0 1.75 13.9 - 14.7 2 5 2.5 1.38 14.7 - 15.1 2 7 1.5 1.23 15.1 - 15.5 3 5 1.0 1.15 15.5 - 16.0 5 0 0.5 1.08 32 B. Ice Accumulation Rate Adjustment of the Byrd Station, Antarctica 10Be Data. The 10Be profile shown in Figure 7 was obtained by converting the 10Be concentration values (C atoms/g) of Beer et al. (1992) into normalized 10Be production rates (Φ atoms/cm2/yr) according to formula (1), where a is the variable ice accumulation rate at Byrd Station given in Column 7 of Table A-III, and k = 1.59 X 105 atoms/cm2/yr is the Holocene 10Be production rate average used to normalize the product. For the period 15,500 to 10,900 years B.P., the projected relative cosmic ray intensity values have been boosted by the amounts given in Column 4 of Table A-II to adjust for the increased solar screening due to the increased solar activity prevailing during that time; see No. 2 of Section A above. Ice accumulation rates for Byrd Station (Table A-III, Column 7) have been estimated throughout the core in the same fashion as for Vostok by the formula a = λ • τ, where λ (Column 5) is the estimated annual layer thickness of the ice (cm/year) calculated from the calendar dates
Table A-III Chronology, Accumulation Rate Adjustments, and Climatic Zone Correlations for the Byrd Station Ice Core
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) GRIP BYRD Deform Accum. YEARS B.P. Depth Depth λ Correc. Rate absol. C-14 (m) (m) (cm yr-1) τ (cm yr-1) Climatic boundary 0 0 9.26 1.34 12.4 11.55 10.0 1623 1100 Younger Dryas Stad. ends 3.74 1.99 7.4 12.7 11.0 1663 1143 Younger Dryas Stad. begins 4.87 2.09 10.2 13.87 12.0 1718 1200 Older Dryas / Allerod begins 4.60 2.17 9.9 14.5 13.0 1754 1229 Bölling Inter. begins 3.14 2.21 6.9 14.85 13.3 1766 1240 Lista Stad. begins 4.40 2.27 10.0 15.75 14.2 1795 1280 Pre-Bölling Inter. begins 2.67 2.66 7.1 24.0 1500 2.25 3.47 7.8 32.0 30.0 2177 1680 Denekamp Inter. 2.33 4.23 9.9 35.0 1750 Beryllium-10 marker peak 1.32 4.99 6.6 1840 Port Talbot-2 Inter. 1.32 7.25 9.6 54.0 50.0 2000 Moershoofd / Port Talbot-1 Inter. 0.59 11.1 6.6 67.5 64.0 2080 Börup / St. Pierre Inter.
33 (column 1) that have been assigned to various core depths (column 4) and where τ is the correction for plastic deformation of the ice sheet (column 6). The deformation correction is calculated according to the linear relation τ = 2250/(2250 - d), where 2250 is the height of the ice sheet on the assumption that during the last ice age the ice sheet was 4 per cent thicker than it is at present, and d is the sample depth. For the Holocene (0 - 1100 m depth), this method gives an annual accumulation rate of 12.4 cm/yr, which agrees with the present ice accumulation rate at this location.
C. Ice Core Chronology and the Assumption of Synchronous Climatic Change The above ice core chronologies are derived by correlating climatic boundaries seen in the Byrd and Vostok ice core oxygen isotope profiles with those seen in the well-dated GRIP ice core from Summit, Greenland (Johnsen, et al., 1992). In correlating the ice core isotope profiles, we have assumed that major changes in climate occur contemporaneously in both the northern and southern hemispheres and hence that distinct climatic change boundaries evident in the GRIP ice core may be matched up with similar boundaries in the Byrd Station and Vostok ice cores. The assumption that the Earth's climate warmed and cooled in a globally synchronous manner at the end of the last ice age is supported by evidence from dated land, sea, and ice climate profiles which show that the Bölling/Alleröd/Younger Dryas oscillation occurred synchronously in both northern and southern latitudes. This evidence has been reviewed above in Section 2. The chronology adopted here for the Byrd core is consistent with that of Beer et al. (1992) which was obtained by correlating distinctive 10Be concentration peaks found in both the Byrd Station, Antarctica and Camp Century, Greenland isotope records, some peaks dating as early as 12 – 20 kyrs BP. The Camp Century isotope profile, in turn, has been accurately dated through correlation with the annual layer dated Summit, Greenland isotope profile.
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39 Woillard, G.M., and Mook, W.G., 1982. Carbon-14 dates at Grande Pile: Correlation of land and sea chronologies. Science, 215: 159-161. Wright, H.E., 1984. Late glacial and late Holocene moraines in the Cerros Cuchpanga, Central Peru. Quat. Res. 21: 275-285. Zook, H.A., Hartung, J.B. and Storzer, D., 1977. Solar flare activity: evidence for large-scale changes in the past. Icarus, 32: 106-126. Zook, H. A., 1980. On lunar evidence for a possible large increase in solar flare activity ~2 X 104 years ago. In R. Peppin, J. Eddy, and R. Merrill (eds.) Proceedings Conference on the Ancient Sun. | <urn:uuid:7c377e0c-5b56-4297-ad39-f6b376aa0db5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://docslib.org/doc/11604718/evidence-for-a-global-warming-at-the-termination-i-boundary-and-its-possible-cosmic-dust-cause | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.886218 | 23,483 | 2.703125 | 3 |
In order for a company to achieve its objectives, it must make decisions about its day-to-day operations, as well as its long-term goals and business aspirations. So, you may ask, how does one practically give effect to this? And between the shareholders and the board of directors (“the Board”), who is responsible for what? As a broad construct, one can use “the tree and the fruits” metaphor, in that any decision pertaining to the tree (or the income earning structure of the company), typically falls within the realm of the shareholders, and any decision pertaining to the fruits (or the income earning operations) of the company, typically falls within the realm of the Board. In this article, for the sake of simplicity, we will explain the purpose and importance of shareholders’ meetings by deconstructing them under three basic questions: “Why, When and How?”. The topic of Board meetings will be covered in a future article.
The purpose of shareholders’ meetings is to provide the shareholders of a company with an opportunity to debate and vote on matters affecting that company. The Companies Act, 71 of 2008 (“Act”) gives shareholders certain substantive powers which include, among others, the power to amend the Memorandum of Incorporation of the company (“MOI”), the power to elect and remove directors, and the power to approve the disposal of all or the greater part of the company’s assets.
The Act draws a distinction between a general shareholders’ meeting and an annual general meeting (“AGM”). An AGM is a shareholders’ meeting which is held once in every calendar year (but no more than 15 months after the date of the previous AGM), and at which very specific business must be transacted. Under the old Companies Act, 61 of 1973 (“Old Act”) both public and private companies were required to convene an AGM. However, under the new Act, it is no longer mandatory for a private company to convene an AGM, unless its MOI provides otherwise.
The Board may call a shareholders’ meeting at any time – it must, however, hold a shareholders’ meeting:
- when the Board is required by the Act or the company’s MOI to refer a matter to the shareholders for decision;
- whenever required in terms of section 70(3) of the Act to fill a vacancy on the Board;
- when one or more written and signed demands for a shareholders’ meeting are delivered to the company by the shareholders;
- when an AGM of the shareholders is required to be convened; and
- whenever otherwise required by the company’s MOI.
Notice: Typically, a shareholders’ meeting may only be convened once the notice requirements have been complied with. A company must deliver a notice of each shareholders’ meeting in the manner and form prescribed by the Act to all shareholders of the Company. In the case of a private company the notice period is at least 10 business days before the meeting is to begin. The notice requirements contained in the Act serve only as a guideline and a company’s MOI may provide for different minimum notice periods. A shareholders’ meeting may also be called on shorter notice than the period prescribed, provided that every shareholder who is entitled to vote is present at the meeting and votes to waive the minimum notice period.
Proxies: A shareholder entitled to attend and vote at a shareholders’ meeting is entitled to appoint a proxy (who need not also be a shareholder) to attend, participate in and vote at the meeting in the place of such shareholder.
Quorum: A quorum is the minimum number of persons whose presence at a meeting is required before any business may validly be transacted. A shareholders’ meeting may not commence until sufficient persons are present to exercise, in aggregate, at least 25% of the voting rights in respect of at least one matter to be decided. Furthermore, a matter to be decided on may not begin to be considered unless sufficient persons are present at the meeting to exercise, in aggregate, at least 25% of all the voting rights entitled to be exercised on that particular matter. The Act allows the MOI to specify a different quorum threshold. It is worth noting that once the quorum requirements for a meeting to commence or for a matter to be considered have been satisfied, the meeting may continue as long as at least one shareholder with voting rights is still present at the meeting, unless the company’s MOI provides otherwise.
Voting: Matters that are set for determination at a shareholders’ meeting are framed as resolutions and are put to a vote by the shareholders. A shareholders’ resolution is either an ordinary resolution (needs to be supported by more than 50% of the voting rights exercised on the resolution) or a special resolution (needs to be supported by at least 75% of the voting rights exercised on the resolution). The MOI of the company may permit a higher percentage of voting rights to approve an ordinary resolution and/or a different percentage of voting rights to approve a special resolution, provided that there must at all times be a margin of at least 10% between the two types of resolutions’ voting thresholds.
Voting may take place either by a show of hands or by a poll. On a show of hands, a shareholder entitled to exercise voting rights present at the meeting (or his / her proxy) only has one vote, regardless of the number of voting rights linked to the securities the relevant shareholder holds and would otherwise be entitled to exercise. Voting in this manner is well suited to taking uncontroversial decisions quickly. Voting by a poll, on the other hand, is determined in accordance with the voting rights associated with the number of securities held by that shareholder, for example, if the shareholder holds 50 out of 200 shares in issue, the shareholder would be entitled to exercise 25% of the total voting rights.
Electronic communication and written resolutions (round robin resolutions)
A company may make provision for its shareholders’ meetings to be conducted by way of electronic communication, subject to the condition that the electronic communication allows all meeting participants to participate reasonably effectively in the meeting and to communicate concurrently with each other without an intermediary.
Instead of calling and holding a formal shareholders’ meeting, the Act also provides that shareholders may consent in writing to certain decisions that would otherwise be voted on at a meeting. Such resolutions must be submitted to the shareholders entitled to vote in relation thereto, and be voted on by such shareholders, in writing, within 20 business days after the resolutions were submitted to them. A written resolution will have been adopted if its supported by persons entitled to exercise sufficient voting rights for it to have been adopted as an ordinary or special resolution, as a the case may be. Such decisions have the same effect as if they had been approved by voting at a formal shareholders’ meeting.
This flexibility is very welcome since it encourages shareholders to play a more active role in the company’s affairs and provides the company with a quick and efficient means of holding meetings and passing resolutions. | <urn:uuid:ca4fe3ed-3965-4036-91af-41f255010ab7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://dommisseattorneys.co.za/blog/companies-act-71-of-2008-series-part-3-shareholders-meetings-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.961183 | 1,470 | 2.625 | 3 |
Thanks to the backbone technology, healthy homes can be built quickly and inexpensively, which are more durable and less expensive to maintain than traditional buildings.
The most important building material that makes up a frame house is C24 certified construction timber. The raw material for the beams is chamber-dried, milled and planed four times. The material prepared in this way is resistant to biological corrosion and weather conditions. Most often, pine or spruce wood is used, from which the elements forming the frame-and-column structure are made. The external facade does not have to be made of wood. Covering of external walls can be made of, for example, plaster on a mesh, clinker tiles or facade boards.
A frame house will be solid if the right, certified materials were used for its construction, and the construction process was correct and careful, according to the principles of construction art in this technology. The house built by Arthauss is an ideal proposition for people who want to live comfortably and ecologically without paying a fortune.
- Our houses keep the heat at a low cost in winter and pleasantly cool in summer.
- The frame house looks nice both in the countryside and in the city, it suits every plot.
- The fire resistance of frame houses is identical to that of traditional brick houses.
- The acoustic parameters are more favorable than in traditional construction, the interior of the frame house is quiet.
szkieletowego jest ciche.
- The frame technology enables the foundation of the house on a base that would not support a heavy traditional house or a log building.
- A frame house can be rebuilt without costly demolition work. | <urn:uuid:6c690ff2-2e0d-4123-8d83-991f17715e70> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://dommodulowy.eu/en/2021/05/26/technology-of-frame-houses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.936187 | 343 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The internet has become an inexpendable part of our lives, as it plays a significant role in all the life’s aspects, from interpersonal communication to economy and politics. While it might often seem that the Internet has been around forever, and people often forget what the life had been like before, its omnipresence started a relatively short time ago, in the 1990s. Here the evolution of the Internet, from its inception in the 1960 till its rapid growth in the 1990s and 2000s will be overviewed.
The roots of the Internet go back to the Cold War period. After the Soviet Union has launched its Sputnik in 1957, the US has created ARPA (the Advanced Research Projects Agency) whose mission was to lead the country’s technological progress. This very institution has a direct relevance to the inception of the idea of a “Galactic Network”, a global communication network that would serve a number of purposes — public defense was one of them. In 1968, ARPA signed a contract with BBN, a high-tech company in the USA that conducts technology-related research and provides development services. The latter has started working on building the first network.
The birth of the proto-Internet (the first switched network) occurred in 1969, when BBN connected four nodes located in universities (Stanford, University of Utah, University of California at Santa Barbara, and UCLA). That network was comprised of the 50 Kbps circuits. A year later, BBN has created the first public switched network run by its subsidiary company Telenet. Two more years later, in 1972, the first email program was developed by Ray Tomlinson who chose the @ symbol to mean the username and a certain address. That same year, the first network protocol (NCP) was introduced to enable communications between computers within the same network. A year later, a new protocol, TCP/IP was created to allow the communication between computers that ran on different networks. After ten more years, in 1983, TCP/IP became the main protocol which entirely replaced NCP.
The term “Internet” emerged in 1974. It belongs to Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf, researchers who previously published the TCP protocol. Two years after, Dr Robert M Metcalfe, then a Harvard student, developed Ethernet. The 1970s set the foundation of the Internet’s technological component with its main principles solidified. Thus, in 1976, the world saw the SATNET (Atlantic packet Satellite network) which allowed to link the US and Europe. What is most important, the satellites used belonged to no country in particular, which made the network truly decentralized. In 1983, it became possible to use domain addresses with IP addresses assigned automatically. This relieved the early Internet adopters of the necessity to remember numerical IP addresses.
As for the user part of the Internet, it was rapidly evolving in the 1990s. Thus, in 1990, the first search engine (Archie) was introduced by McGill University, and the hypertext system was created at CERN. In 1993, the first Mosaic web browser was released (later it became the Netscape browser), and in 1995 — the first Internet Explorer by Microsoft. In 2002-2003, IE was the most used web browser responsible for 95% searches. Its popularity has declined significantly only after the Firefox release in 2004 and Google Chrome in 2008. The introduction of browsers had allowed ordinary users to access the web and perform searches, and, since 1994, make first Internet orders (pioneered by Pizza Hut) and create bank accounts (First Virtual in California).
The further evolution of the Internet is associated mostly with mobile devices and wireless technologies. Thus, with the introduction and standardization of Wi-Fi (802.11b) in 1999, the rapid growth of Internet-connected mobile devices was observed. By 2014, users who had accessed the Internet via mobile outnumbered the ones with desktop access. Now, in 2016, there are over 3.3 billion Internet users in the world, and this number continues to grow progressively, especially among the mobile users due to higher accessibility of such devices.
- Briggs A, Burke P. A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet. Polity, 2009.
- Howe W. “A Brief History Of The Internet”. com. 2016. Web.
- Lyon M, Hafner K. Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet. Simon and Schuster, 1999.
- Naughton J. A Brief History of the Future. Hachette UK, 2015.
- Ryan J. A History of the Internet and the Digital Future. Reaktion Books, 2010.
- Smibert A. 12 Great Moments That Changed Internet History. Riverstream Pub, 2015.
- Winston B. Media,Technology and Society: A History: From the Telegraph to the Internet. Routledge, 2002.
- Woodrow MJ. Cyber Security 2.0 & the History of the Internet. com, 2014. | <urn:uuid:82f45190-949b-4040-b816-f04e42f16f56> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://domynetwork.com/blog/essay-on-history-internet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.93928 | 1,032 | 3.421875 | 3 |
As the weather turns cooler, the idea of cozying up around a fire seems more appealing. But did you know that fire is the result of a chemical reaction that releases light and heat?
For this reaction to occur, it requires oxygen, heat, and a fuel source, like wood, oil, or coal. The oxygen combusts, or burns up, the fuel source creating water, carbon dioxide, heat, and light. This reaction is known as an exothermic reaction because it releases heat.
A fire will continue to burn as long as it has the three necessary ingredients. We can put out a fire by removing the oxygen, exhausting the fuel source, or by cooling it off. Fire extinguishers smother the fire, effectively cutting off the oxygen and cooling the fuel source to slow down or stop the reaction.
Although fire is dangerous to humans and wildlife, it is an important part of the ecological process. It clears the way for new growth and even causes certain plants, like the lodgepole pine, to release their seeds. The fire also leaves behind a carbon-rich soil that promotes new plant growth.
Fun Fact – The ancient Greeks used concentrated sunlight to start a fire, which is why a parabolic mirror is still used to ignite the Olympic torch.
More Homeschool Science Helps
- This time last year, we shared about Lichens.
- We shared about the amazing Christmas Science deals to help Toys for Tots as a Cyber Monday sale!
- Fire Walk – Take a walk in a forest and look for evidence of a fire, such as charred tree trunks and diminished undergrowth. | <urn:uuid:9b0597b4-d8b5-4c1e-a69f-39525c3def59> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://elementalblogging.com/fire-instascience/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.950782 | 331 | 4.09375 | 4 |
One of the first computer mapping software programs was created in 1964 at Northwestern University. However, in recent years it’s come into its own and is used by an increasing number of businesses to gain helpful insights, increase sales, and improve operations.
Mapping software is a computer system that allows users to map, model, analyze, and share copious amounts of data using a single database. Location data is turned into interactive maps that allow you to visualize data in a more user-friendly way.
This invaluable geospatial data is used by a wide range of businesses and allows them to operate more efficiently, lower costs, and improve market strategies.
Let’s look at some businesses that are making the most of this technology today.
In the wholesale sector, distribution companies use geospatial mapping to help manage sales territories and improve customer satisfaction.
Distributors can use this type of tool to visualize where customers are located and better analyze the market.
Mapping software can be used to highlight the hottest markets as well as the areas that are underserved or oversaturated. With this information, wholesalers can work out how much of an item to supply, thereby reducing losses.
Mapping software is also beneficial for the customer because wholesalers can make their deliveries more efficiently. The software provides information on the fastest routes to take during delivery hours.
HVAC companies benefit from using mapping data and technology in several ways. It helps them identify areas where there are potential clients, both commercial and residential.
In addition, it provides access to specific location data for identifying areas most likely to experience service disruptions due to power outages.
If an area has been identified as having a high level of such outages, HVAC companies can manage their resources better to service high-priority clients. For example, rather than having service personnel in one central location, they can spread the personnel around where they’re needed most.
Mapping software can be an immensely powerful tool for insurance companies because it allows them to better analyze their clients and the locations that they serve.
Insurance agencies can use mapping data together with demographic data to pinpoint the more densely populated areas where there are clients who are more likely to file claims. The software can also be used to determine which areas carry an elevated risk and which should carry higher premiums.
In addition to the above functions, mapping software also identifies neighborhoods or areas with an unusually high level of claim anomalies, including questionable and false claims.
All this available data allows insurance companies to check for factors that may have a causal link to fraud, such as income and education. From there, they can make more informed decisions when making risk assessments.
Using features such as map symbolizations such as area color-shading and heat mapping, HVAC companies can see which areas use the most heat and air conditioning. In addition, they can identify locations with the highest energy bills and the most HVAC maintenance issues during a particular season.
With this information, the companies can determine the most lucrative areas concerning service calls.
Emergency Medical Services
Medical businesses are better able to serve their communities thanks to mapping software. For example, emergency medical technicians (EMTs) can plan routes by analyzing traffic flow and disruption.
With the help of mapping data overlays, EMTs can make decisions based on information about the shortest and fastest routes, levels of congestion, and the availability of alternative routes.
Legal offices are another type of business that’s making the most of mapping software. It allows them to fine-tune their marketing and analyze based on geo-mapping data. It also allows law enforcement agencies to alter their coverage accordingly.
To help attorneys decide which areas have people who need their services, the software gives them access to ZIP code profiles.
Using data mapping, lawyers can pinpoint areas with high rates of crime, and categorize areas according to crime figures. Such information is invaluable for criminal lawyers as it means they can target their marketing to the right demographic.
Along the same kind of lines, lawyers can analyze available geo-mapping data according to their specialties. For example, a lawyer specializing in bankruptcy could use business type of financial history information to identify potential clients.
Law enforcement agencies, on the other hand, benefit from data mapping because it allows them to create maps of areas with the highest crime rates. Historical data could overlay the maps with information about the time-of-day crimes that are more likely to occur. With the help of such data, police departments can ensure staff are available in areas where more coverage is needed.
As you can see, data mapping and associated software come with many benefits and an increasing number of industries are using it to their advantage. | <urn:uuid:b5ed6cbc-d73f-4bd0-9527-a3185ce6a10b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://eleven-magazine.com/businesses-that-are-making-the-most-of-mapping-software/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.952341 | 966 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The underbite surgery, or mandibular prognathism, is a “bad bite” and occurs when a person’s lower jaw (mandible) protrudes or extends forward, and in front of the upper jaw (maxilla), giving the chin and lower teeth prominence.
Traditionally, the majority of underbite, and even overbite, cases could not be corrected by non-surgical bite correction methods, such as braces or headgear. In its severe form, the underbite can distort the shape and appearance of a person’s face, and even dramatically affect their speech.
The wide gap between the lower jaw and upper jaw can cause concerning issues. This is when to consider getting an underbite surgery:
There are three basic classes of occlusion:
Class 1 occlusion is considered the most ideal. However, patients can still experience TMJ problems with a Class I bite.
Class 2 malocclusion is where the lower jaw is too far behind the upper jaw, and most of these patients have overbites and small looking chins.
Class 3 malocclusion is where the lower jaw is too far in front of the upper jaw, and these patients have underbites and large chins.
Treatment of under –bite surgery
Correcting an underbite can be achieved in any number of ways, but it mostly depends on severity, age, and overall medical condition.
Treatment of underbite in children by braces
Children will typically have an easier time with fixing an underbite as their bones are not fully developed until the age of 18-21. This will make the process easier as the teeth and bones are more easily manipulated with the use of braces and other underbite teeth treatment, and once set, the results will be permanent.
Underbite Correction Surgery
Correcting an underbite in adults tends to be a bit more complicated due to maturation of bones and teeth; it will usually require surgery, followed up by the use of braces. At this point, it will become necessary to alter the jaw bones to properly align the teeth due to underbite. Based on your particular set of circumstances, your orthodontist may follow up with braces or a retainer at this point to ensure a permanent fix.
An underbite can be corrected at any age, but will need to be approached in different ways, depending on your situation.
Results may vary depending on the general health condition of the patient. In some cases, jaw surgery saves lives and surgeons are viewed as true modern superheroes. Most patients are really pleased with the end results and consider this surgery a great solution to, otherwise insolvable conditions.
A small lower jaw and chin aren’t merely a cosmetic issue, but are likely to be a sign of snoring and disturbed chewing function.
BSSO is the classical surgical technique for increasing lower jaw length. There are limits to the advancement that can be achieved with a BSSO
BSSO Lower Jaw Surgery procedure:
During the consultation you discuss all your wishes and expectations with the surgeon. The doctor will inform you whether the procedure can meet your expectations.
All the information regarding your Underbite Surgery is also provided during the consultation: the method that will provide you with the best result, the possible risks involved in your treatment and the aftercare.
Call us on 09 6868 1111 to arrange your appointment immediately. | <urn:uuid:33e2fcb2-2316-49ac-8721-cf174dc54bba> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://eng.thammyhanquoc.vn/facial-contouring/underbite-surgery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.936909 | 698 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Our creeks and wetlands form a complex and interconnected web, and their health is critical to fish and wildlife as well as the communities and properties they run through. Many of California’s lowland creeks were originally lined by riparian corridors and wetlands that acted as sponges, filtering and retaining water from the winter rains and slowly releasing it to the creeks over the summer where it supported fish and other species.
Farming and urbanization over the last 150 years have drained and dried up the majority of California’s wetlands, shrinking the filtration and storage benefits, and resulting in more erosive flows and flooding during the winter, while drying out stretches of creek during the summer. These processes have cumulatively contributed to declines in salmon and other aquatic species, as well as bank erosion and flooding to property – a situation that is imperative to address.
The good news is that through thorough planning, coordination, and implementation, restoration is possible, and we can see health restored over time. While the process may seem daunting, it’s helpful to think of the waterway in question as a patient. A holistic approach to diagnosis and treatment to address the underlying causes of the waterway’s health issues may take more time, but it will be infinitely more beneficial than “just putting band aids on symptoms.”
Case Study: Upper Sonoma Creek’s “Restoration Vision” for Success
Upper Sonoma Creek comprises 10 miles of creek between the towns of Kenwood and Glen Ellen in Northern California’s Sonoma County—a historically vibrant river corridor that once saw significant runs of salmonid. Unfortunately, erosion and excessive fine sediment have degraded the various fish and wildlife habitats over time, resulting in very small salmonid runs today.
In 2018, ESA partnered with Sonoma Ecology Center (SEC) to execute the planning phase of what will be a multi-year project to protect and restore spawning and rearing habitat for salmonids along Upper Sonoma Creek.
As much of the creek runs through private property, we needed to articulate our findings in a way that responded to the landowners’ concerns and hopes for the creek, and that resonated with them and potential grant funders. ESA project manager Jason White was especially well placed to understand these issues, as his own house overlooks the creek—the study area is literally the backyard in which his children have grown up playing. ESA hydrologists Alicia Juang and Isaac Swanson took the lead in turning engineering design plans into a compelling, and highly readable takeaway.
Our work with SEC to diagnose the “patient” resulted in this Restoration Vision displaying our research, study results, and initial design concepts for a series of restoration projects. This holistic approach will aid the project in achieving its primary goal: improving spawning conditions for adult steelhead. While this goal might seem narrow, steelhead are an “umbrella” species and restoring their habitat will in turn restore the habitats of interrelated species, getting to the root of the problem to return the creek to health.
Time and scope are not the only challenges that should be accounted for when embarking on a waterway restoration project. Even during the planning phase, it can be difficult to address the needs and concerns of all stakeholders involved. Upper Sonoma Creek’s Restoration Vision has already proven successful in engagement with landowners along the creek, providing a clear picture of the danger the creek could be in as well as how we can turn this around with the proposed actions.
Moving forward, the Restoration Vision identifies 13 potential restoration projects along the creek and mocks them up through conceptual design. This step not only was instrumental in showing landowners what the projects will look like but will also serve as a basis for estimating costs for implementation grants. Even further, 1 demonstration project was chosen among the 13 and has been taken through to 65 percent design, which meets the threshold for permitting applications.
Read the full Restoration Vision report, prepared for the Sonoma Ecology Center.
When all is said and done, it will likely be many winding years between the planning stages of a waterway restoration project and when shovels actually hit the ground to begin construction. It is well worth it to spend time upfront to create a thoroughly researched and visually striking plan that can be presented to landowners, funding agencies, permitting bodies, and more to set this project up for success.
If you would like to learn more about our river restoration services, please contact Andy Collison. | <urn:uuid:5fc4f24e-3b51-4e79-906e-519064a28006> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://esassoc.com/news-and-ideas/2020/12/a-holistic-approach-to-healthier-rivers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.959692 | 918 | 3.03125 | 3 |
How do descriptive research questions differ from questions of relationship?
Tully (2014) outlined the types of research questions which include descriptive, relational, and causal (comparative). After reading their paper, write a three-page paper that addresses the following: How do descriptive research questions differ from questions of relationship? From questions of comparison? How should a researcher determine if prior research exists on the intended research topic? What factors should be used to gauge the quality of previous research? Why are these important in making this assessment? Should formulation of a research question precede or follow consultation with the scholarly literature? Please explain.
Get FAST homework help. Place a similar order and get a 15% Discount for your first three orders. We have a team of professional tutors to help you with any assignment regardless of the deadline. Contact us for immediate Homework Help. | <urn:uuid:21ea8b57-268c-442d-8565-f313787b9f8e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://essayclue.com/how-do-descriptive-research-questions-differ-from-questions-of-relationship/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.927986 | 174 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Black Women Who Dared is a beautifully written and illustrated picture book that tells the stories of 10 incredible women and groups of women who stood up to discrimination, racism and sexism and organized for the rights of immigrants and LGBTQ communities. The stories date from 1793 to the present day.
The women and women’s collectives in this book are exemplary role models. Many of the issues they dealt with still exist today. For instance, Jackie Shane left Nashville Tennessee in 1940 because being a Black transgender woman was extremely dangerous. Jackie immigrated to Canada and ended up having a song in the top 10 on Toronto’s CHUM radio station for 20 weeks. Jackie’s groundbreaking story is inspirational and supports the LGBTQ community while dealing with questions of racism and sexism at the same time.
There are many ways to use Black Women Who Dared across the curriculum. In grade seven history, it could be used as a resource for expectation B1.2, “analyze some of the challenges facing individuals, groups, and/or communities, in Canada between 1800 and 1850 and ways in which people responded to those challenges,” and in grade eight history for expectation A3.7, “identify a variety of significant individuals and groups in Canada during this period (1890–1914) and explain their contributions to heritage and/or identities in Canada.” Students could create media, such as posters or slideshows, or use dramatic techniques to create “Heritage Minutes” or portray interviews with the women in Black Women Who Dared.
February is Black History Month and Black Women Who Dared would be a good read aloud for the junior grades, but it could also be used any time of the year to ensure that you are teaching a diverse and inclusive history. Students could write short synopses of the lives and accomplishments of the women and groups in this book and read them on morning announcements.
Naomi M. Moyer has written and illustrated a powerful piece of literature that celebrates the accomplishments of courageous Black women and women’s groups in Canadian history. Black Women Who Dared would be a welcome addition to any elementary school library in Ontario.
Paula Marengeur is a member of the Simcoe County Teacher Local. | <urn:uuid:24e57caf-b09a-4e6d-8ca1-6f2c2453a565> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://etfovoice.ca/node/1763 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.953173 | 462 | 4.25 | 4 |
Although the COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected many industries, it has also spurred several innovative tech solutions. Services like remote clinical services have rapidly gained popularity. Likewise, online retailers and e-commerce sites may acquire about 18% more sales soon.
This innovation is mainly due to the lockdown measures that have forced more people to rely on delivery services. Consequently, this has skyrocketed B2C parcel volume at companies like UPS and FedEx as well. The barriers to tech in many industries are slowly crumbling, with international trade being no exception. Although most international trade operations are paper-based, the current digital revolution has increased global GDP by 10.1% over the last decade. Thanks to the emerging “trade tech”’, there has also been a reduction in trade costs between 1996 to 2014, and it will continue to cause further decline in trade costs worldwide.
Overall, technology in the trade industry, specifically in exports and international trade, can help make business more efficient, equitable, safer, and inclusive. Here are some of the ways trade tech like drones are assisting exporters in improving their operations.
The Impact of Drones
The collective effects of emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Machine Learning have supported the developments in unmanned aircraft like drones. These have had a tremendous impact on logistics and transport and helped exporters meet the growing demand for goods.
The primary goal of these technologies is to promote contactless trade and slow the spread of the COVID-19 virus. However, aerial drones, warehouse drones, and emerging warehouse stock counting technologies are only beginning to change the trajectory of effective logistics, transport, and delivery service.
Challenges to Trade Tech Adoption
In fact, drones are only part of the first chapter in the trade tech success story. There are still several other trade-enabling technologies like automation, robotics, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and 5G connectivity. However, the barriers to their adoption in the exporting sector still prevent many businesses from fully benefiting from these innovations. Issues of regulations, policymaking, taxation, and management are still coming along. Therefore, it might be a while before exporters can make full use of these complementary technologies.
Undoubtedly, the increased adoption of emerging technologies in exports will affect other aspects of the industry, such as labor and customer satisfaction, in the near future. Individuals and stakeholders in the world’s exporting sectors will have to upskill or retrain their employees to make the most out of these technologies.
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“You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to an attorney. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you.”
It is impossible to watch an American crime drama without hearing police use this phrase (usually as they handcuff a suspect). But why must police say these words? When are they required to say them? And—most importantly—how does one invoke their rights?
These words (known as the “Miranda Rights”) come from the Supreme Court case “Miranda v. Arizona.” In Miranda, officers subjected 24-year-old Ernesto Miranda to a grueling two-hour interrogation at the police station. During his questioning, Miranda was never told about his right to remain silent, his right to a lawyer, or the consequences of giving a statement. Miranda eventually confessed during his questioning, and his confession was used at trial to convict him.
Miranda appealed his conviction and the case eventually made its way to The Supreme Court. His lawyers argued Miranda’s presence in the interrogation room for two hours of questioning—coupled with his ignorance of his constitutional rights—amounted to a forced confession under threat of detention.
In a 5-4 decision, The Supreme Court agreed that Miranda’s confession was illegally obtained. The court held that, because Miranda was not aware of his rights, he could not voluntarily waive them. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote the opinion for this case and designed the framework for police to follow in order to obtain lawful confessions. This opinion is the foundation of the Miranda rights.
Miranda in Practice
The Miranda decision safeguards an accused person’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel and Fifth Amendment right to not be compelled to serve as a witness against one’s self. The safeguard works by requiring police to inform a suspect of their Miranda rights prior to Custodial Interrogation.
Custodial interrogation is a two-part analysis. The first part is determining whether a person is in custody. Chief Justice Warren wrote that a suspect is in custody (for Miranda purposes) if “a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any way.” In other words, it isn’t necessary for police to have a suspect in handcuffs before they are required to read them their rights. While an ordinary traffic stop does not amount to this form of custody, courts will look at the particular circumstances to determine whether a person’s activities are so restricted as to be considered “in custody” for Miranda purposes.
The second part of the analysis is whether the suspect is being interrogated. While an interrogation may be as simple as police questioning someone about a crime, it is not always that straight forward. The Supreme Court held that even indirect methods (such as police discussing the consequences of a crime in front of a suspect to coerce a confession) can be considered interrogation when police officers are likely to elicit an incriminating response through their words or actions.
Invoking your Rights
The two rights in the Miranda an accused person should be most familiar with are: 1) the right to remain silent; and 2) the right to an attorney.
The right to remain silent is not automatic. In other words, staying silent will not stop police from asking questions. To invoke this right, a suspect must unambiguously state they are asserting their right to remain silent (“I choose to remain silent” or something to that effect). Following this statement, police should end their questioning.
The right to a criminal attorney is invoked in a similar way. A suspect must unambiguously ask for an attorney in order to exercise this right. Once an attorney has been requested, police must end questioning of the suspect until an attorney is present.
These are the basic principles of Miranda for a lay-person. However, when push comes to shove, having an experienced attorney can make all the difference, as the Law Offices of Thomas R. Cox III can explain.. If you, or someone you love, is accused of a crime, contact a lawyer for a consultation. | <urn:uuid:0d4b70ac-6832-4a21-b2ed-b27506fcb627> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://farkas-crowley.com/miranda-rights-a-brief-history-and-explanation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.972359 | 861 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Pellet stoves are solid fuel burning home heating appliances and although they typically use distribution blowers or hydro circuits to transfer the heat to a room, the body of a pellet stove can still get very hot because a real fire is contained inside.
Pellet stoves are commonly found in freestanding form and will typically be placed on the floor of a home, which could be made from combustible materials such as wood and carpet.
Pellet stoves must be placed on a floor that is made of non-combustible materials to be in line with local building codes and regulations and manufacturer guidelines. If a pellet stove is to be installed on a combustible floor then a floor protector such as a hearth pad will be required.
The manufacturer of our own pellet stove required us to have our pellet stove installed on a non-combustible floor.
Building regulations for our area of residence also influenced the requirement for a suitably sized hearth to be used along with the pellet stove installation.
We’ve explained in more detail below what the options are in terms of suitable hearths when looking to install a pellet stove in your home, including:
- Whether pellet stoves need a hearth.
- What to put under a pellet stove.
- Pellet stove hearth requirements.
Do Pellet Stoves Need A Hearth?
All pellet stoves need to be placed on a suitable hearth to ensure that the floor of a building is protected from the heat of a real fire inside the stove. Pellet stove hearths need to be constructed on non-combustible materials to protect any combustable materials on the floor of a home.
Pellet stoves are solid fuel burning home heating appliances and use a real fire to burn fuel in the form of pellets to generate heat.
The fire in a pellet stove is located within the combustion chamber, which is typically located within the middle front area of the stove and the flames are commonly visible through a glass front.
Although the fire in a pellet stove is contained within a sealed combustion chamber and the stoves favour distributing heat through convection of air rather than simply radiating heat through the body, a pellet stove can still get hot and the front area of the stove can become very hot to the touch.
Much like required with other forms of wood stove, certain installation requirements need to be met to ensure that a pellet stove remains a safe appliance.
Installation requirements can include meeting clearance distances from a pellet stove to nearby walls or combustible objects, but also to ensure that the base of a pellet stove is kept off any combustible materials.
Pellet stoves are typically tall appliances and may not be able to fit inside the opening of an existing masonry fireplace (as was the case with our own stove).
Existing open fireplaces could provide a suitable hearth for a pellet stove but in many cases the stoves are too big.
As many pellet stoves come in freestanding form and not able to fit inside an existing fireplace they’re often placed on the floor of a room in a corner or up against an external wall.
Unlike many models of wood burning stoves, pellet stoves don’t typically have any form of legs on which to stand on. Instead, pellet stove usually opt for a flat base.
This base of a pellet stove can still get hot during operation and so a suitable platform (known as the hearth) on which to place the stove on the floor of a home will be required if that floor is made from combustible materials such as wood or carpet.
For example, we wanted to install our pellet stove in our living room but the floor is constructed from wood laminate.
Installing a pellet stove in a room with a combustible floor such as wood or carpet will be common with many other households.
Protection of a floor in the form of a hearth is therefore required when installing a pellet stove.
We therefore needed to look into getting a suitable form of hearth before having our stove properly installed.
What To Put Under A Pellet Stove
Pellet stoves must be placed on a suitable non-combustible platform. If a pellet isn’t to be placed on an existing hearth, a hearth pad can be put under a pellet stove to provide protection to the floor below.
As many installations of pellet stoves are on combustible floors, the best option for protecting the floor of a home is to use a hearth pad.
Hearth pads are essentially a moveable slab of non-combustible material that can be bought and placed under a pellet stove (or any other form of freestanding solid fuel burning appliance).
Hearth pads can come in a range of materials to suit your preference, including:
Hearth pads can also come in range of shapes and sizes, such as:
Pellet stove hearth pads can also come in a range of patterns and designs to suit your preference.
As our living room floor is made from a combustible material we needed to purchase a suitable hearth pad before it could be installed.
Hearth pads for stoves such as pellet or wood burning shouldn’t be confused with fireplace hearths, which also do the same job but are designed to work with an open fireplace rather than a freestanding appliance (you can read our complete guide on fireplace hearths for more information).
It may also be possible to install a pellet stove on an existing hearth associated within an open fireplace, but whether a pellet stove is placed on an existing hearth or a hearth pad, the hearth will still need to meet the requirements of local buildings codes and regulations for your particular area of residence.
Pellet Stove Hearth Requirements
Hearths for use with freestanding solid fuel burning appliances such as pellet stoves should be sized in accordance with local building codes and regulations for size and thickness, including minimum cover areas and minimum extensions from the front, back and sides of the appliance.
The individual requirements for hearths for pellet stoves can come down to what is set out by the manufacturer in the instruction manual and any building codes or regulations that need to be met.
Heath pad requirements for pellet stoves often cover:
- The thickness of the hearth.
- The requirement for the hearth to extend a certain distance out the front, back and sides of the stove.
For our own pellet stove, the manufacturer explains:
To ensure good operation, the pellet stove should be levelled. The floor on which the pellet stove is placed must be of non-combustible materials (concrete, marble etc.).Victoria-05
The manual doesn’t provide any further information or requirements in regards to protecting the floor below the below stove but we also had to take into account local building codes/regulations for our particular area of residence.
In the US, pellet stove hearths will need to be in line with the requirements of local fire and building codes such as the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Code 211 Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents and Solid Fuel-Burning Appliances.
Pellet stove hearth pad regulations can include the requirement for a pellet stove to sit on a non-combustible platform that extends at least 6 inches beyond the front and back of the stove and to be at least half an inch thick.
In the UK, pellet stove hearths will need to meet the requirements outlined within the Building Regulations Approved Document J: Combustion Appliances and Fuel Storage Systems.
Such regulations can include the requirement for a hearth pad to extended at least 300mm to the front and 150mm to the sides, be at least 12mm thick, be made from a non-combustible material and cover a certain minimum area.
When looking to understand the requirements of a hearth for a pellet stove always check the buildings codes and regulations applicable to you.
If you’re unsure about the hearth pad requirements for pellet stoves in your particular area of residence be sure to speak to the manufacturer of the stove and speak to a certified professional who will be able to advise on the code requirements. | <urn:uuid:964abf60-131c-4cdc-a8b0-709d6a7d84d3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://fireplaceuniverse.com/pellet-stove-hearth-requirements/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.921026 | 1,733 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Climate scientist James Hansen and team looked at summer temperatures over several decades. The New York Times charted the increases.
To create the bell curves, Dr. Hansen and two colleagues compared actual summer temperatures for each decade since the 1980s to a fixed baseline average. During the base period, 1951 to 1980, about a third of local summer temperatures across the Northern Hemisphere were in what they called a “near average” or normal range. A third were considered cold; a third were hot.
Since then, summer temperatures have shifted drastically, the researchers found. Between 2005 and 2015, two-thirds of values were in the hot category, and nearly 15 percent were in a new category: extremely hot. | <urn:uuid:9d7a4284-2052-4476-97ed-ee3aaae3f8f6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://flowingdata.com/2017/07/31/hotter-and-hotter-summers-extremely-hot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.961394 | 143 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Statistics for Engineers and Scientists stands out for its clear presentation of applied statistics. The book takes a practical approach to methods of statistical modeling and data analysis that are most often used in scientific work. This edition features a unique approach highlighted by an engaging writing style that explains difficult concepts clearly, along with the use of contemporary real world data sets, to help motivate students and show direct connections to industry and research. While focusing on practical applications of statistics, the text makes extensive use of examples to motivate fundamental concepts and to develop intuition.
The new edition of Statistics for Engineers and Scientists is also available in McGraw Hill Connect, featuring SmartBook 2.0, Adaptive Learning Assignments, and more! | <urn:uuid:52699439-4adf-46c5-b4b5-58da9b23490d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://foxgreat.com/statistics-for-engineers-and-scientists-6th-edition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.918151 | 140 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Skip to comments.Archaeologist finds map of Knox from Civil War
Posted on 02/26/2009 11:32:16 AM PST by SmithL
Put a fedora hat and worn leather jacket on Joan Markel, place her in the dusty rows of Frank H. McClung Museum's skulls, bones, books and spooky artifacts, and you have the makings of a George Lucas-like blockbuster movie sequel.
Call the first one "Tennessee Markel and the Treasure of the Lost Map."
Well, maybe that's a little over the top. But you get the notion. Markel is a librarian and an archaeologist with a furious heart for finding the Civil War history of Knoxville.
She has uncovered a doozie.
Capt. Orlando Poe, architect of Union fortifications in Knoxville during the fall 1863 siege, constructed a reconnaissance map that played a major role in the federal victory that slammed the door on Confederate hopes in East Tennessee.
Poe produced his reconnaissance map in November 1863. Until now, the recon map was unknown, never seen.
Markel, University of Tennessee museum outreach director for the McClung Museum, found it during frenzied Internet research on Poe while working on the museum's permanent Battle of Fort Sanders exhibit.
The exhibit, which went up in 2007, features Poe's other masterpiece of cartography, the widely known defenses of Knoxville map. That map was created in March 1864 and places Fort Sanders, rifle trenches and fortifications. The reconnaissance map outlines homes, rivers, gristmills and other structures.
The detail-rich recon map shows homes and roads leading into and out of Knoxville, as well as the Holston, French Broad and Clinch rivers and other smaller waterways. The Knoxville city grid also is plainly visible, as are mountains and creeks.
Markel discovered a copy of the map on a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Web site while looking up information on the document's creator, Poe.
(Excerpt) Read more at knoxnews.com ...
Err...gloves and tender care with that map, Ma’am.
I would suggest also removing the books off the map.
Read the caption. It’s a copy.
Does not matter.
What do you suggest she use to keep it flat?
How does one “discover” a “never before SEEN” map on the INTERNET? Did that map magic itself into digital form or what?
She found it on the web.
How odd is that?
Shades of Indiana Jones!
I think the idea is that the box of knowledge allows people to put 2+2 together, where before, if would have taken a lifetime of crawling around the stacks in the graduate libraries to find such things.
Which, in and of itself, is the bigger story.
Text beneath the picture indicate that it’s a copy.
“Until now, the recon map was unknown, never seen.... found it during frenzied Internet research...Markel discovered a copy of the map on a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Web site while looking up information on the document’s creator, Poe.”
Either I am confused, and/or the reporter is. She found this map on the internet?? Seems that SOMEBODY had laid eyes on it then. And if so - spill your coffee? Print it out again.
Or - was she doing research on Poe, came across the “well known defenses of Knoxville map” that then led her to discover ANOTHER actual map (not a webpage!) somewhere?
Regardless - I love old maps. I have a large book about the Revolutionary War with copies of the battle sketch maps, old letters, etc. Neat stuff.
“...produced his reconnaissance map in November 1863. Until now, the recon map was unknown, never seen.
“features Poe’s other masterpiece of cartography, the widely known defenses of Knoxville map. That map was created in March 1864”
Okay. The recon map she found was made in 1863, so different than the 1864 map! And as someone else alluded to - its not JUST the information, it is putting 2+2 together and realizing WHAT the information is (and how important it is).
Poe created the map, Barnard photographed map, and when NOAA posted the archives on the web years later, Barnard's photo was included.
Interesting find no doubt, not sure I would claim she "discovered it" though
Albore put it there when he invented the innernet. Had to have SOME sort of content.
ping knoxville civil war
Just adding to the catalog, not sending a general distribution.
· Discover · Nat Geographic · Texas AM Anthro News · Yahoo Anthro & Archaeo · Google ·
· The Archaeology Channel · Excerpt, or Link only? · cgk's list of ping lists ·
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works. | <urn:uuid:b843a723-4e01-4958-bea9-71242b2af5b2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/2194754/posts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.930416 | 1,088 | 2.71875 | 3 |
By Afsaneh Moradian, author of Jamie and Bubbie: A Book About People’s Pronouns
Respecting the fact that many people use they/them/their as their personal pronouns does not mean that everyone is accustomed to or in the habit of using the singular they. The following activities are meant to help create environments where everyone’s pronouns are respected and where a culture is developed around using the singular they as a default pronoun.
Facilitating activities that encourage children to share their names and pronouns is key to creating safe, respectful spaces. It is easier to share important information about ourselves when everyone else is doing so too.
- When doing group introductions, go around in a circle and take turns saying, “Hi, my name is ________. My pronouns are ____/____.” The next person says, “It’s nice to meet you, _____,” and shares their name and pronouns. This continues until everyone has had a chance. If you are in a virtual setting, you can assign each student a number so they know the order ahead of time.
- Make desk plates with names and pronouns. By folding a piece of paper in thirds, children can create their own desk plates. In addition to writing their names and pronouns on the desk plates, children can decorate them in a way that expresses who they are and what they like. As an icebreaker activity, let children present their work to the class. You can do this virtually as well. Most platforms have a username at the bottom of each person’s image. Ask everyone to write the name they would like to be called followed by their pronouns in parentheses.
There are many stories we tell children that include characters with unspecified genders. These can be a useful gateway to using and discussing the singular they.
- Choose a story such as Goldilocks and the Three Bears. Read the story using the singular they for the baby bear. This enables children to hear how normal it is to use the singular they with characters and people when we are unsure of their gender. Ask questions related to the story such as, “How do you think Baby Bear felt when they saw that their porridge was eaten?” This type of question not only guides young children in using the singular they in their answer, but also fosters empathy.
- One fun activity for adults to do by themselves or with children is to see how many popular children’s stories have at least one character that can be referred with the singular they—such as The Ugly Duckling for example.
- Have children create their own stories (oral or written) that include the singular they. For older children, the stories can be written down, illustrated, or written as short plays and performed.
I hope these activities will inspire you to create many more activities, games, and learning assignments that value and celebrate students of all gender identities. When the singular they is used as the default pronoun, we can create spaces where all children and adults feel respected, valued, and loved for who they are, not who we assume they are or who we are tell them to be.
Afsaneh Moradian has loved writing stories, poetry, and plays since childhood. After receiving her master’s in education, she took her love of writing into the classroom where she began teaching children how to channel their creativity. Her passion for teaching has lasted for over fifteen years. Afsaneh now guides students and teachers (and her young daughter) in the art of writing. She lives in New York City.
We welcome your comments and suggestions. Share your comments, stories, and ideas below, or contact us. All comments will be approved before posting, and are subject to our comment and privacy policies. | <urn:uuid:ac2a8a9f-538a-4663-bc21-a9bad9098f0f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://freespiritpublishingblog.com/2020/11/05/they-them-how-to-create-an-environment-where-personal-pronouns-are-shared-and-respected/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.970236 | 778 | 4.125 | 4 |
Unlike official residences, the castle was purchased for personal use by Prince Albert. This means that income from the property does not go to the treasury.
The estate is actually used for the production of wood, with almost 3,000 acres (1,200 hectares) dedicated for the forestry that needs. This activity yields nearly 10,000 tonnes of wood per year.
Prince Albert and Queen Victoria arrived here for their first visit on 8 September 1848. The sale of the Balmoral estate was completed in June 1852. The price was £32,000
The British royal family began to visit Aberdeenshire regularly from 1852. Queen Elizabeth II loved the Balmoral estate. During her late life, she spent three months in Balmoral every year, coming here in August
Ballochbuie Forest, one of the largest remaining areas of old Caledonian pine growth in Scotland, is a part of the Balmoral estate
The inhabitants of the castle wake up to the sounds of the legendary Scottish bagpipes. At this time, folk songs are heard, and an impromptu stage is an area under the windows of the queen’s room.
The gardens and dance hall are open to the public from April to the end of July. In the hall, for example, exhibitions of paintings, royal clothes, silverware, and porcelain are displayed. | <urn:uuid:e6a29956-1b16-4b61-a551-c1e6ea76fca5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://gadgetmasterji.com/web-stories/interesting-facts-about-balmoral-castle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.967921 | 278 | 2.515625 | 3 |
American Samoa (USA), Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas (USA), Cook Islands, Fiji, Federated States of Micronesia, French Polynesia (France), Main and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (USA), Kingdom of Tonga, Republic of Kiribati, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia (France), Niue, Republic of Palau, Pitcairn (UK), Pacific Remote Island Area (USA), Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau (NZ), Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and Wallis & Futuna (France).
CRIOBE – USR 3278 CNRS – EPHE – UPVD, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Adviser
Secretariat of the Pacific Environmental Programme
Pacific islands and archipelagos include sovereign states as well as associated states or territories of continental countries.
The Pacific region is by far the largest of the GCRMN regions in terms of surface area and is unique in that the coral reefs occur mainly around oceanic islands. It includes more than 25,000 islands and supports almost 27% (about 69,424 km2) of the total global area of coral reefs. Spread across such a large area, these reefs vary considerably in terms of proximity to continents, reef structure, and biodiversity, as well as the frequency and intensity of natural disturbances. Coral reefs are an integral part of Pacific culture and provide a significant amount of dietary protein (25-100%).
For the Pacific region, the data integration process is ensured by Jérémy Wicquart. During the production of a report, the analyses and drafts produced by the editors are submitted to a review by the data owners supervised by the node manager (Serge Planes).
(i) Marine Ecoregions of the World (MEOW) is a biogeographic classification of the world’s coasts and shelves (Spalding et al., 2007). | <urn:uuid:43e9abca-6399-47fe-baaf-b29bd16a8a84> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://gcrmn.net/pacific/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.880924 | 407 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Why is risk assessment important for gene drive? As gene drive technologies move closer to potential field evaluations, it is important that they be responsibly assessed to make sure they can be used safely and efficiently. The purpose of the risk assessment process is to identify potential pathways to harm that could lead to adverse health or environment impacts, and thus implement suitable measures that can eliminate or mitigate risks.
In collaboration with the Outreach Network for Gene Drive Research, the ISAAA SEAsia Center published a new policy brief entitled Risk Assessment for Gene Drive Organisms. The policy brief was developed following the Key Considerations for Risk Assessment of Gene Drive Technologies webinar, the second in the 2022 Gene Drive Webinar Series led by the Outreach Network for Gene Drive Research and the ISAAA SEAsia Center. It provides an overview of the appropriateness of current guidelines, best practices, and gaps in the processes through which gene drive technologies are being developed and assessed.
One of the key recommendations emerging from this document is for risk assessment processes to be science-based and consistent with the principle of case-by-case assessment, as there are many different types of gene drive constructs, for many different uses and contexts. A risk assessment should therefore be considered a living document that is likely to change as new evidence from testing or the scientific literature comes to light. Another point highlighted is that risk assessments should be inclusive, to ensure that a broad range of stakeholders are allowed to voice their concerns and contribute to the process.
The policy brief also provides a set of recommendations related to the regulation of gene drive research, which ultimately takes place at the national level. It suggests that national authorities turn to existing international risk assessment guidelines for LMOs to create and review national regulatory frameworks. Examples of international guidelines available include documents such as the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the WHO’s Guidance Framework for Testing of Genetically Modified Mosquitoes, amongst others. Although many countries already have strong regulatory frameworks, the brief highlights the need for investment in building biosafety expertise to increase other countries’ ability to take part in and benefit from innovative research.
Interested in learning more? Read the full policy brief here. | <urn:uuid:e3501f81-65ca-4f36-97de-0c5b4677bd91> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://genedrivenetwork.org/blog/252-new-policy-brief-on-risk-assessment-for-gene-drive-organisms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.943724 | 451 | 2.953125 | 3 |
By Liverpool YPAG,
At the first GenerationR Alliance meeting held in April 2018 one of the first joint projects the Alliance agreed to work on was to create a Glossary of research terms that young people can understand, similar to the one created called GETIT which stands for the Glossary of Evaluation Terms for Informed Treatment choices. The aim of this glossary is to facilitate informed choices about treatments by promoting consistent use of plain language and providing plain language explanations of terms that people might need to understand if they wish to assess claims about treatments.
The glossary is specifically intended to be useful to people without a research background, particularly those wanting to make an informed choice about a treatment, communicating research evidence to the general public, or teaching others about how to assess claims made about treatments.
The idea presented to the Alliance was to develop a GETIT glossary for young people developed by YPAG members.
The group thought this was a fantastic opportunity and all were happy to be involved in taking this work forward. The first phase of the project is for each YPAG to generate a list of terms and to check whether a definition in GETIT already exists and whether young people understand it? Here are some slides to explain this a little further. The next phase will be to share terms out between YPAGs to be developed into definitions written by young people. One group (Voice Up, from Manchester) have already undertaken the first phase and presented findings to the team, including a list of research terms they used to generate discussion.
Watch this space for further information about this project. | <urn:uuid:0dcc8148-3773-4149-9c71-8f5ceabb7839> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://generationr.org.uk/creating-a-research-glossary-with-young-people-for-young-people/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.957626 | 321 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Answer keys of exercises of prepositions of place
Fill in the blanks below, using prepositions of place – along, through, beside/by, near, opposite, between, among, beyond, behind
- They are taking a walk along the bank of the river.
- The museum is not far away. It’s near here.
- We can find a pharmacy between a book store and a café.
- He has a secret safe behind a painting.
- Go through the doors, and the restroom is on your left.
- The restaurant is across from the school. The restaurant is opposite the school.
- I like living by a lake, so I can go swimming and fishing whenever I want.
- My grandpa’s house is over there, just beyond the hill.
- All of them are wearing a mask, so I can’t find my friend among them.
- When I saw the thief, he was hiding behind the door. After being seen, he ran through the door, along the path between the park and the river.
Các bạn có thể truy cập website trung tâm gia sư vina để tìm hoặc đăng ký làm gia sư, cũng như xem các bài học và download tài liệu | <urn:uuid:2b28d675-8dfb-47db-9a9d-17e1340d0852> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://giasuvina.com.vn/dap-bai-tap-prepositions-place-along-besideby-near-opposite-among-beyond-behind/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.940549 | 325 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Background Fever makes up about 70% of most consultations with pediatricians and family physicians. of situations of FUO are because of infection; in a lot more than 30% of situations, the cause can be never determined. Bottom line Areas of central importance are the repeated physical study of the individual, and parent guidance and education of medical and nursing personnel regarding the indicators for SBI. Analysis is necessary in the regions of diagnostic tests and the advancement of brand-new vaccines. Many consultations with pediatricians and family members doctors are about fever. In a single study, NAV2 it had been discovered 84687-42-3 IC50 that 70% of most appointments with a family group physician worried uncharacteristic fever (1). Fever in a kid can be a way to obtain deep concern not merely for parents, but frequently also for the 84687-42-3 IC50 dealing with doctor (2, e1, e2). Description Fever can be thought as a rectal temperatures above 38C. Fever occurs when the hypothalamic arranged point for body’s temperature is usually regulated upwards, in a way like the workings 84687-42-3 IC50 of the thermostat. Fever is usually thought as a rectal heat above 38C. Fever occurs when the hypothalamic arranged point for body’s temperature 84687-42-3 IC50 is usually regulated upwards, in a way like the workings of the thermostat (Physique 1). The pyrogenic chemicals that provide this upward rules about could be either exogenous or endogenous. Latest research offers shed very much light around the structure and molecular acknowledgement of pyrogens. The macrophages and cells from the reticuloendothelial program can be triggered by bacterial parts or molecular patterns of bacterial parts on the top of bacteria, therefore known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP), e.g., lipopolysaccharide, aswell as by damaged cells and their mobile elements or crystals produced from them (damage-associated molecular patterns [Wet]). This activation qualified prospects towards the secretion of interleukin-1 (IL-1), which really is a key cytokine from the inflammatory cascade. Performing such as a hormone, IL-1 stimulates the creation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by hypothalamic endothelial cells. PGE2, subsequently, induces upward legislation from the hypothalamic established point from the standard worth of (state) 37C to 40C, for instance. The body creates additional temperature, and actively boosts its core temperature, by several mechanisms concurrently including activation from the sympathetic anxious program (cutaneous vasoconstriction and inhibition of sweating to avoid loss of temperature), activation of fat burning capacity (e.g., in dark brown fat tissues), and shivering (3, 4). Merely to raise the body’s temperature by 2 to 3C and keep maintaining it at the brand new level, your body must boost its energy intake by 20% (5). Open up in another window Shape 1 The doctor can intervene at multiple factors. Treatment could be targeted to the reason for the fever, e.g., contamination could be combated with anti-infective medications or an irritation could be treated with anti-inflammatory medications so that simply no pyrogens (such as for example gout crystals) could be shaped. In autoinflammatory illnesses, a hereditary abnormality leads towards the creation of an excessive amount of interleukin-1; right here, cytokine antagonists against interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 could be utilized. These medications are not befitting dealing with fever and their make use of is bound to rare illnesses (e.g. fever syndromes). The best experience to time has been prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors such as for example paracetamol and ibuprefen, which inhibit cyclooxygenase peripherally and centrally to stop prostaglandin (PGE2) synthesis and thus hinder the upward legislation from the thalamic established point for body’s temperature. Wet, damage-associated molecular design; IFN, interferon-; IL1, interleukin-1; IL6, interleukin-6; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular design; PGE2, Prostaglandin E2; PRR, design reputation receptor; RES, reticulo-endothelial program; TNF, tumor necrosis aspect Fever can be both extremely conserved throughout advancement and closely governed with the central anxious program (CNS). Both of these facts claim that fever might confer an edge on the average person with regards to survival. Conceivably, raised temperature ranges might inhibit bacterial and viral replication and fortify the immune system response to pathogens. There is really as yet insufficient proof to aid these hypotheses (6). In regular human physiology, your body temperatures can be lowest early each day and highest early at night, with a suggest amplitude of variant of 0.5C (7). Furthermore, normal body’s temperature adjustments with age group (newborns are about 0.5C warmer than teenagers and adults), with the amount of exercise, and with the menstrual period in girls (3). A physical response conserved across advancement Fever isn’t a disease, but instead a physical response to internal or external stimuli which has. | <urn:uuid:b9ea0fbf-215e-4404-90d6-aa926d2b758f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://healthcarecoremeasures.com/2018/10/26/background-fever-makes-up-about-70-of-most-consultations-with-pediatricians/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.926053 | 1,098 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Looking for an exciting and unique way to stay active and explore the world around you? Look no further than air sports as a hobby!
From skydiving and paragliding to hot air ballooning and hang gliding, there are endless ways to experience the thrill of flight and push your limits.
Whether you’re a seasoned pro or a beginner just looking to try something new, air sports are a great way to stay fit, challenge yourself, and have fun.
So strap on your helmet, take to the skies, and get ready to experience the ride of a lifetime with air sports as a hobby!
|See Also: What Are Some Sports Hobbies?|
What are Air Sports?
Air sports are a type of sport that involves using aircraft or other flying devices to perform various activities.
In this section, we will explore the definition and history of air sports.
The Definition of Air Sports
According to the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), air sports are “sports in which aircraft are used to perform various activities, including competition, recreation, and transportation.”
The FAI is the governing body for air sports and oversees the regulation and organization of various air sports events.
Air sports can include a wide range of activities, such as aviation, parachuting, gliding, ballooning, and air racing. These sports can be performed individually or in teams and can range from leisurely pursuits to extreme sports.
The History of Air Sports
Air sports have a long and fascinating history that dates back to the early days of aviation.
In the early 1900s, aviation pioneers like the Wright Brothers and Louis Blériot were pushing the boundaries of what was possible with aircraft, and soon after, people began using aircraft for recreational purposes.
One of the earliest air sports was gliding, which began in the early 1920s.
Gliding involves using unpowered aircraft to fly through the air, relying on the natural currents of the wind to stay aloft.
Over time, gliding evolved into other forms of air sports, such as hang gliding and paragliding.
Another early air sport was ballooning, which began in the late 1700s.
Ballooning involves using a large, gas-filled balloon to lift an aircraft into the air.
Today, balloonists participate in events like hopper ballooning, where they try to fly as far as possible using only a small balloon.
In recent years, air sports have become more extreme, with sports like wingsuit flying and skysurfing gaining popularity. These sports involve jumping from aircraft and using specialized equipment to fly through the air, often at high speeds.
Overall, air sports offer a unique and thrilling way to experience the joy of flight. Whether you are interested in leisurely pursuits like hot air ballooning or extreme sports like banzai skydiving, there is an air sport for everyone.
Types of Air Sports
Air sports are a thrilling and exciting way to experience the skies. There are many different types of air sports that you can participate in, each with its unique set of challenges and thrills.
In this section, we will explore some of the most popular air sports and what makes them so exciting.
Parachuting and Skydiving
Parachuting and skydiving are two of the most popular air sports. Both involve jumping out of an airplane and free-falling through the air before deploying a parachute to slow your descent.
Parachuting is often done as a military training exercise, while skydiving is a popular recreational activity.
Gliding and Hang Gliding
Gliding involves flying a motorless aircraft called a glider.
Gliders are designed to be lightweight and aerodynamic, allowing them to stay aloft for extended periods.
Hang gliding is similar to gliding but involves flying a lightweight, unpowered aircraft called a hang glider. Hang gliders are launched from a hill or cliff and rely on wind currents to stay aloft.
Paragliding and Base Jumping
Paragliding is a form of air sports that involves flying a lightweight, foot-launched glider.
Paragliders are designed to be portable and easy to set up, making them a popular choice for adventure seekers.
Base jumping is another form of air sports that involves jumping off a fixed object like a bridge or building and deploying a parachute to slow your descent.
Ballooning and Cluster Ballooning
Ballooning is a fun and exciting way to experience the skies. Balloons are designed to be lightweight and aerodynamic, allowing them to stay aloft for extended periods.
Cluster ballooning is a form of ballooning that involves attaching multiple balloons to a single basket to increase lift and altitude.
Drone Racing and Piloting
Drone racing is a new and exciting air sport that has gained popularity in recent years.
Drone pilots race their drones through a course, often using first-person view goggles to see what the drone sees. Drone piloting is also a popular hobby, with many enthusiasts building and flying their drones.
Aerobatics and Air Racing
Aerobatics is a type of air sports that involves performing stunts and tricks in an airplane.
Air racing is another type of air sports that involves racing airplanes around a course. Both of these sports require skill and precision, making them a thrilling and exciting way to experience the skies.
|Parachuting||Jumping out of an airplane and free-falling through the air before deploying a parachute to slow your descent.|
|Skydiving||A popular recreational activity that involves jumping out of an airplane and free-falling through the air before deploying a parachute to slow your descent.|
|Gliding||Flying a motorless aircraft called a glider.|
|Hang Gliding||Flying a lightweight, unpowered aircraft called a hang glider.|
|Paragliding||Flying a lightweight, foot-launched glider.|
|Base Jumping||Jumping off a fixed object and deploying a parachute to slow your descent.|
|Ballooning||Flying in a lightweight, aerodynamic balloon.|
|Cluster Ballooning||Attaching multiple balloons to a single basket to increase lift and altitude.|
|Drone Racing||Racing drones through a course.|
|Drone Piloting||Building and flying drones.|
|Aerobatics||Performing stunts and tricks in an airplane.|
|Air Racing||Racing airplanes around a course.|
The Benefits of Air Sports
Air sports are a great way to enjoy the outdoors, get your heart pumping, and experience the thrill of flying.
They offer both physical and mental benefits that can improve your overall well-being.
In this section, we will discuss the physical and mental benefits of air sports, as well as their transportation and recreational activity aspects.
Physical and Mental Benefits
Air sports require a certain level of physical capacity, which can help improve your overall fitness and health.
Activities such as skydiving, paragliding, and hang gliding require strength, endurance, and flexibility. These activities can help you build muscle, increase your cardiovascular endurance, and improve your coordination.
In addition to the physical benefits, air sports can also provide mental benefits. They can help reduce stress, improve your mood, and increase your self-confidence.
Air sports require focus and concentration, which can help clear your mind and improve your memory. They can also provide a sense of accomplishment and a feeling of freedom.
Air sports can also be used as a mode of transportation. For example, paragliding and hang gliding can be used to travel short distances, while skydiving can be used to reach remote locations. These activities offer an exciting and unique way to get from one place to another.
Air sports are primarily a recreational activity. They offer a fun and exciting way to spend your free time.
Whether you are looking for a new hobby or a way to challenge yourself, air sports can provide a unique experience.
They offer a variety of activities, from obstacle courses to aerial acrobatics, that can keep you entertained and engaged.
When participating in air sports, it is important to follow safety procedures and use the proper supplies and equipment.
Maintenance of equipment is also important to ensure that it is in good working condition. With proper precautions in place, air sports can provide a safe and exhilarating experience.
The Risks of Air Sports
Air sports are a thrilling and exhilarating hobby that can provide you with an unforgettable experience. However, it is important to be aware of the risks involved in this activity. In this section, we will discuss the risks associated with air sports and the importance of discipline, skill, and safety procedures.
Air Sports and Adrenaline
Air sports such as skydiving, paragliding, and hang gliding can provide an incredible adrenaline rush.
The feeling of soaring through the air can be both exhilarating and addictive. However, it is important to recognize that this rush comes with inherent risks.
The Importance of Discipline and Skill
Discipline and skill are essential components of air sports. Proper training and practice are necessary to ensure that you are prepared for the risks involved.
It is important to follow all safety procedures and guidelines to minimize the risks associated with air sports.
The Importance of Safety Procedures
Safety procedures are critical in air sports. It is important to always wear appropriate safety gear such as helmets, harnesses, and parachutes.
Additionally, it is important to follow all safety guidelines and procedures provided by your instructor or guide.
Here is a table that illustrates some of the risks associated with air sports:
|Injury||Air sports can result in serious injuries such as broken bones, head trauma, and spinal injuries.|
|Equipment Malfunction||Malfunctioning equipment such as parachutes, gliders, or harnesses can cause accidents and injuries.|
|Weather Conditions||Weather conditions such as high winds, turbulence, and storms can be dangerous and increase the risk of accidents.|
|Human Error||Mistakes made by pilots or instructors can lead to accidents or injuries.|
In conclusion, air sports can provide a thrilling and rewarding hobby for those who are willing to take on the challenge.
Whether you prefer the rush of freefalling from an airplane or the peaceful serenity of drifting through the sky in a balloon, there is an air sport out there for you.
So why not take to the skies and experience the thrill of air sports for yourself? | <urn:uuid:756684cc-1f2a-4113-88dc-84496f1a6121> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://hobbyfaqs.com/air-sports-hobby/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.942737 | 2,202 | 2.828125 | 3 |
If you want to learn how to add Freon to your A/C unit, then you’re in the right place!
“Freon” is a term used when talking about the refrigerant used in an air conditioner.
What some people may not realize is that Freon is actually the brand name given to one refrigerant in particular: HCFC-22 or R-22.
The EPA stopped production of Freon in January 2020 (and new AC units stopped in 2010) because it depletes the ozone layer and has a global warming potential of 1815. To put that into perspective, carbon dioxide (CO2) has a global warming potential of 1.
What does this mean?
Although production has been banned for almost 3 years, some recycled Freon and old stock is still available. There are also alternative refrigerants that can be used in place of it.
New refrigerants can’t be mixed with the old, but your system can be evacuated and alternatives can be used to keep your system running. At the end of the day, you have to look at your options and decide what’s best for you and your system.
Keep reading to learn how to put freon in an AC unit in 11 steps!
What You Need To Know Freon For AC Units?
One of the first things to know is that in most cases an EPA certification is required to purchase and handle refrigerants.
The environmental issues as well as the potential hazards in handling refrigerants is why a certification is required. Freon is a high pressure gas that boils at around -40F at atmospheric pressure.
If improperly handled, serious injury can occur.
Why Does Your A/C Need More Freon?
As a licensed HVAC contractor, this is a question I get all the time.
Your A/C is a closed loop between the indoor evaporator coil and the outdoor condenser. Because it’s closed, there should never be a need to add any additional refrigerant.
If a technician tells you your system is low, or needs to be charged, it has to be a leak. If the leak is not found and fixed, your unit will continue to leak and more Freon will have to be added in the future.
In most cases, its best to find the leak before recharging your system to prevent additional issues down the road as recommended by the EPA.
Read Also >> How To Defrost An A/C Unit Quickly?
Supplies & Tools For Replacing Freon In AC Unit
- Proper Safety Equipment – Gloves, Safety Glasses, Long Sleeve Shirt
- Refrigerant Gauges – Used to measure refrigerant pressures while the system is running
- Refrigerant Scale – Used to keep track of how much Freon is being added to your unit
- Tank of Refrigerant – Make sure you have the correct refrigerant for your specific unit
- Temperature clamp – Used to measure suction line and liquid line temperature
It is necessary to keep track of the liquid and suction line temps when putting in Freon.
How To Add Freon To AC Unit (11 Steps)?
Step 1 – Determine If Your HVAC System Is Blowing Air
Before adding additional Freon, always make sure your indoor blower is moving air through your duct.
Check your air filter and make sure there’s no ice or frost on the evaporator coil. The evaporator coil is the section of the A/C inside with the air handler or furnace. If there’s ice or frost, it has to thaw before you can accurately add the proper amount of refrigerant.
Set the fan to “on” and turn the A/C “off” to help thaw the evaporator coil if necessary.
Step 2- Select And Purchase The Proper Refrigerant
Check the rating plate on the outdoor unit to make sure you are using the correct refrigerant.
These refrigerants have different pressures and temperatures and cannot be mixed. If the wrong refrigerant is added it can be a costly mistake. The system would have to be evacuated and flushed by a professional and it may even have to be replaced if too much damage is done.
The most commonly used refrigerants are:
- R22 (Freon)
- R410A (Puron)
If you aren’t sure what your unit uses, call a technician or contractor and have them check for you.
As I stated above, a certification is usually required to purchase refrigerants. Depending on your area, a vendor may ask you to see your certification and you may have to go through a licensed contractor.
Read Also >> What Are The Signs That Your AC Thermostat is Bad?
Step 3 – Wait For The Right Temperature
Outdoor temperatures need to be 60 degrees Fahrenheit or higher to accurately check system pressures.
Low outdoor temps will cause pressures to read on the low side and you can accidentally overcharge your unit.
Step 4 – Use Proper Safety Equipment
Make sure you use the proper safety equipment to handle Freon.
It can be dangerous to inhale and will burn your skin if you’re exposed to it. I’ve been burned by it before, it can happen quickly and without warning.
Always wear gloves and safety glasses to prevent accidental injury. Long sleeves would be a good idea as well.
Step 5 – Make Sure You’re Comfortable Proceeding!
Make sure you’re 100% confident in moving forward.
Freon is dangerous and can even be deadly. There are trained professionals that do this every day and would have no issue taking care of this for you.
Following these steps and using some common sense will definitely help keep you safe, but accidents do happen and you should only continue if you’re certain you can handle it.
Step 6 – Turn Off Power
Turn power off to the outdoor unit by shutting off the breaker or pulling the service disconnect.
The disconnect is usually a gray metal box with conduit running to it from the unit. Once the power is off, you can proceed to hooking up the gauges.
Step 7 – Connect The Refrigerant Gauge
The refrigerant gauge should have three hoses.
Typically the left side is blue, the middle is yellow, and the right side is red. The left side is called the suction side and should be hooked up to the port on the larger of the two copper lines at the outdoor unit.
The right side is called the liquid side and should be hooked up to the port on the smaller of the two copper lines. The middle hose should be connected to the refrigerant tank.
Professional digital temperature gauges. Homeowners for DIY use would likely use analog temperature gauges.
Step 8 – Connect The Temperature Clamps
Place the temperature clamps on both copper lines to read suction line and liquid line temperature.
These temperatures are used to measure superheat and subcooling values, which are necessary to know when the system is charged properly.
Step 9 – Turn Power Back On & Monitor
Restore power to the outdoor unit and allow it to run for about 10 minutes. Place the tank on the refrigerant scale to keep track of how much you’re putting into the unit.
Step 10 – Open Left Side Valve
Open the left side valve on the gauges to allow refrigerant to enter the suction line intermittently and watch the pressures and temperatures.
Continue doing so until the measurements match the manufacturers specifications, which are typically listed on the rating plate or door of the unit.
Step 11 – Store The Remaining Refrigerant For AC Unit
Follow the instructions that come with your Freon tank for proper storage. Again, these refrigerants can be dangerous and must be handled properly.
Read Also >> How Do I Keep My Air Conditioner From Freezing Up?
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I Add Freon To My A/C Myself?
Yes, as long as you take the necessary safety precautions, have the right equipment to take proper measurements, and can legally procure the correct refrigerant for your unit.
How Much Does Freon For Air Conditioners Cost?
The cost of R-22 refrigerant varies widely. Because it’s out of production, some places can list it for extremely high amounts. If you’re buying it yourself, you’ll have to buy the entire tank, which can cost upwards of $1000. If a contractor has refrigerant left and is willing to charge your system, its typically $100-$150 per lb.
How Do I Know If My Freon AC Is Low?
Most of the time, you’ll know because it isn’t cooling. There’s usually ice on the evaporator coil and you may even hear a hissing sound. If the indoor and outdoor units are both running, and the system isn’t keeping up, it’s probably low.
Is Freon Banned?
The production of Freon for AC units production was banned in January of 2020. The refrigerant is hard to come by, but in some areas it is still available. Alternatives are also available and a technician should be able to steer you in the right direction for what could be used in its place if this refrigerant isn’t available to you.
Final Thoughts On Freon For HVAC Systems
If your system needs more Freon, there’s most likely an underlying problem, like a leak.
Make sure you fix all other problems before recharging your system, so that you don’t have to keep adding more and more. Always check your systems rating plate to make sure you’re using the proper refrigerant and use the proper safety equipment to prevent accidental injury.
As stated by Energy.gov, any undercharging or overcharging of your HVAC system can damage it.
And, if Freon isn’t available, ask about alternatives. Most of the time it’s less expensive than replacing the entire system.
Thanks for taking the time to read this article! | <urn:uuid:b9020205-d5cd-4886-b910-613cbe775567> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://homeinspectorsecrets.com/hvac/put-freon-in-ac-unit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.916612 | 2,108 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Johns Hopkins is at the forefront of a new push to make computer programs hack-proof.
The university and four other schools have won a $5 million grant from the National Science Foundation to establish the Center for Encrypted Functionalities, through which researchers will devise encryption methods to mask from outside observers the inner workings of computer programs. The technique is called obfuscation.
The five-year project that starts immediately is a collaboration between Johns Hopkins, UCLA, Stanford University, University of Texas at Austin, and Columbia University.
"We're doing a lot of the basic research on trying to understand how obfuscation works," says Susan Hohenberger, an associate research professor in the Whiting School's Department of Computer Science, who is leading the Johns Hopkins team. "We're scrambling the code in a mathematical way so that you can run it, but you can't do anything but run it."
This sort of "next level" encryption method will foil most hacks, Hohenberger says, leading to more-secure software for the government, businesses, and individuals.
Johns Hopkins researchers will be involved in all aspects of the project, researching obfuscation techniques and developing free online courses that will allow programmers and students worldwide to learn about cryptography.
The project is one of the bigger components of the National Science Foundation's new $74.5 million Secure and Trustworthy Cyberspace initiative that's footing the bill for more than 225 cybersecurity research and education projects in 39 states.
"The cybersecurity research and education efforts we support enable our nation to continue as a world leader in innovating secure technologies and solutions," Farnam Jahanian, head of NSF's Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering, said in a statement. "These awards will enable novel approaches to cybersecurity, with potential benefits to all sectors of our economy." | <urn:uuid:37bd1afc-a23e-4457-b06e-4cf90db2e320> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://hub.jhu.edu/gazette/2014/september-october/currents-hackproof-computers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.937926 | 371 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Discover the fascinating growth of Indian nationalism and delve into the rich tapestry of India’s patriotic spirit. From its historical roots to its modern manifestations, this article explores the diverse facets of Indian nationalism, highlighting its significance in shaping the country’s identity and aspirations. Join us on this enlightening journey through India’s patriotic heritage.
India, a vibrant nation known for its diverse culture and rich heritage, has witnessed a remarkable growth in nationalism over the years. This article delves into the multifaceted facets of Indian nationalism, tracing its historical roots and exploring its modern manifestations. From the freedom struggle against colonial rule to the present-day surge in patriotic fervor, Indian nationalism has played a pivotal role in shaping the country’s identity and aspirations. Join us on this enlightening journey as we unravel the intricate tapestry of India’s patriotic spirit.
The Birth of Indian Nationalism: Seeds of Resistance
1.1 The British Raj: A Catalyst for Change
The era of British colonization marked a turning point in India’s history, igniting the flames of Indian nationalism. With the arrival of the British East India Company in the early 17th century, India underwent a transformative period that spurred the awakening of national consciousness. The exploitative policies and cultural subjugation implemented by the British Raj fueled a growing discontent among Indians, laying the foundation for the birth of Indian nationalism.
1.2 The Impact of Socio-Religious Movements
Simultaneously, various socio-religious movements emerged across the Indian subcontinent, each contributing to the burgeoning sentiment of nationalism. Leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda, and Dayananda Saraswati advocated for social reforms, emphasizing the importance of unity and self-reliance. These movements played a crucial role in fostering a sense of national identity among Indians, transcending regional and religious boundaries.
From Revolt to Revolution: The Freedom Struggle Unleashed
2.1 The Indian National Congress: A Platform for Change
Furthermore, as the 19th century progressed, the Indian National Congress emerged as a prominent platform for nationalists to voice their concerns and rally for freedom. Founded in 1885, the Indian National Congress became the epicenter of the freedom struggle, providing a united front against colonial rule.
2.2 Civil Disobedience and Nonviolent Resistance
Moreover, Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolent resistance, known as Satyagraha, became a guiding principle in the fight for independence. From the iconic Salt March to the Quit India Movement, acts of civil disobedience shook the very foundations of British rule.
India’s Independence: A Triumph of Nationalism
3.1 August 15, 1947: Dawn of a New Era
After decades of relentless struggle, India finally achieved independence on August 15, 1947. The euphoria that swept across the nation on that historic day was a testament to the indomitable spirit of Indian nationalism. The sacrifices made by countless freedom fighters and the unwavering belief in a free and sovereign India culminated in this momentous achievement.
3.2 The Formation of Modern India
Furthermore, with independence came the arduous task of nation-building. Moreover, India’s leaders faced the challenge of uniting a diverse population under the principles of democracy, secularism, and social justice. Led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the framers of the Indian Constitution crafted a visionary document that guaranteed fundamental rights and laid the foundation for a vibrant democracy.
Contemporary Indian Nationalism: A Continuum of Pride
4.1 The Vibrant Tapestry of Cultural Nationalism
India’s rich cultural heritage continues to be a source of pride and inspiration for its citizens. Cultural nationalism, which celebrates India’s diversity and traditions, has become a powerful force in shaping the country’s identity.
4.2 Economic Progress and Nationalistic Zeal
Additionally, in recent years, India’s rapid economic growth has fueled a surge in nationalistic sentiment. The Make in India initiative, aimed at promoting domestic manufacturing and entrepreneurship, has garnered widespread support.
Frequently Asked Questions about Growth of Indian Nationalism
Indian nationalism represents the collective aspirations and identity of the Indian people. It serves as a unifying force, transcending regional, linguistic, and religious barriers.
Indian nationalism galvanized the masses and provided a platform for collective action against British colonial rule. Through nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience, Indians relentlessly fought for their freedom, eventually leading to independence in 1947. | <urn:uuid:2c9d3604-d10d-40ea-abf9-73f3d82f157f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://iasnext.com/growth-of-indian-nationalism-unveiling-the-rich-tapestry-of-indias-patriotic-spirit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.893389 | 929 | 3.8125 | 4 |
You have generally seen on TV news or paper the news of "Green Environment" of Bangladesh, which is now in threat. The green environment of our country is being blamed many different ways which is affected on Greenhouse Effect in the world. The most important role behind this disadvantage is the brick Kilns. Because these turbines combine with the black smoke environment, the amount of carbon- dioxide in the air is increasing, which is extremely harmful for us and our future generations. You will be surprised to know that, According to the estimate of the brick-maker Owner's Association every year about 2.5 billion pieces of bricks made in Bangladesh, for which 3800 hectares of agricultural land are cut. Not only this, for the burning of these soils, 50 lakh tons of coal and 30 lakh tons of wood are used. As a result, a lot of natural resources are being wasted and it’s increasing day by day. To protect the environment and agriculture land, the government of Bangladesh plans to stop the production of burning Brick in Bangladesh between years 2020. That is why the business man who are connected with brick kilns, government are suggesting them to use alternative of clay bricks. In this case, the Bangladesh HBRI (House Building Research Institute) researches that concrete bricks can be used as an alternative clay brick, which strong, durable, brighter, light weight and cost is saving. The topic is about the alternative system. We are importing "Auto Concrete Brick/Block Making Machine". This machine can make very easily and quickly concrete bricks. Not only this, it also can make different types of Hollow blocks, Curb stone, Paver etc. For that there doesn’t need any soil, coal not even wood. All we need the raw materials are cement, sand and gravel stones, which are easily available in Bangladesh. That’s mean it is fully Eco-Friendly. When looking at advanced countries, we will get to know that they have been using this technology for many years.
We feel proud because, we (IMEXCO International Ltd.) are presenting & introducing a machine that will play an important role to protect our green environment.
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- সিলেট এ সর্বপ্রথম কনক্রিট ব্লক ফ্যাক্টরিতে ইমেক্সকো ইন্টারন্যাশনাল লিমিটেড মেশিনারি | <urn:uuid:7beb6a3a-94c8-4586-b6cb-89981cc25d24> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://imexco-int.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.744668 | 1,064 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Updated March 29, 2023
Closing the Gender Gap: Why Women Belong in Software Engineering
The gender gap in Software Engineering, Technology and more broadly STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) is a persistent issue that has been evident for many years. Women make up only 28% of the STEM workforce in the United States1. A report by the National Science Board states that women represent only 29% of the science and engineering workforce worldwide.
Kulwarang Preeprem (AKA First), a Software Support Engineer at Iron Software, is one woman who decided to pursue a career in technology despite the gender disparity. She initially wanted to be a rocket scientist and traveled from Thailand to the United States to study aerospace. However, after completing her studies, she ultimately decided to transfer to software engineering and joined Iron Software. Her journey highlights the importance of pursuing one's passions and being open to pivoting when necessary.
First recalls being one of only a few women in a lecture hall full of men when she decided to study aerospace at university. This gender disparity is reflective of the current statistics. Women are underrepresented, with just 18% of computer science bachelor's degrees awarded to women in 2019. Additionally, only 22% of physics bachelor's degrees were awarded to women in the same year.
The gender gap in STEM is a multifaceted issue, with several factors contributing to the underrepresentation of women in the field. One major factor is the lack of female role models. Without visible female software engineers, scientists and mathematicians, it can be difficult for young girls to envision themselves pursuing a career in technology. Additionally, stereotypes and biases about gender roles in science and math can discourage young girls from pursuing careers in jobs like software engineering.
Another factor contributing to the gender gap in technology is the lack of access to education and training. Girls and women in many parts of the world do not have the same opportunities for education in STEM fields as their male counterparts. This can result in fewer women entering STEM careers and contributing to the underrepresentation of women in the field.
To close the gender gap, it is essential to address these underlying factors. This can be done through initiatives and programs aimed at increasing access to education and training for girls and women. Additionally, increasing the visibility of female scientists, engineers, and mathematicians can help to inspire and encourage the next generation of women to pursue careers in aerospace and engineering.
It is also crucial to recognize and address the biases and stereotypes that discourage women from pursuing STEM, and Iron Software is taking steps to build a diverse workforce.
The gender gap is a complex issue that requires a multi-faceted approach to resolve. By addressing the underlying factors that contribute to the underrepresentation of women in the field and promoting gender equality, we can work towards closing the gender gap and creating a more diverse and inclusive workforce. As First notes, there are countless opportunities for women, and by pursuing their passions and interests, they can make a meaningful impact on the world around them.
Find out how Iron Software is embracing diversity with more equality
: Source - According to the website, Women in STEM Pros and Cons | <urn:uuid:12f4cc46-9b48-4fcb-b0f4-09431422708c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ironsoftware.com/news/company-news/why-women-belong-in-software-engineering/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.952502 | 642 | 3.5 | 4 |
Three guiding principles of isopublic
1. Greatest equal freedom–making isopublic a state without government, i.e. a self-governing society.
2. Democratic integrity of state–to keep the Authority free of corruption and accountable to the People.
3. The Compact as a literal social contract–making isopublic a voluntary state.
Isopublic is the “rule yourself and no one else” society where all possess the equal right to pursue their greatest well-being as long as they do no harm to others. Isopublic is not about “equal opportunity” or “equal outcome,” but equality of being under equal selfdom, i.e. equal self-dominion. In isopublic, you are what you are and what you strive to become so long as you don’t do harm to others in the process.
Isopublic is a new model of state based on the political doctrine of the Trilibrium which is expressed as, “equal freedom, equal rule, and equal justice maintained in steady-state equilibrium.”
The principle of equal freedom was first posited by 17th century English philosopher, John Locke, the father of political individualism and what today is called “classical liberalism.”
In his Two Treatises of Government , Locke argued that the Bible grants no divine authority to kings, contributing to the demise of divine right of kings, and that the only morally legitimate purpose of government is to secure individual freedom and personal property.
Then by 19th century English evolutionary philosopher and classical liberal, Herbert Spencer, who argued equal freedom produces the social conditions for optimal human progress in his treatise, Social Statics . It’s Spencer’s vision of equal freedom upon which isopublic is based.
Equal freedom meaning greatest equal freedom in the context of natural scarcity. Meaning that absolute equal freedom is the target, the unattainable ideal, while greatest equal freedom recognizes the need to constrain individual freedom, but only so far as is necessary to have a viable society.
For example, we can’t occupy the same physical space at the same time, thus, there must be a governing principle who has the rightful claim to occupy the space both might want, e.g. the non-aggression principle or non-interference principle. These natural conflicts are to be resolved with moral and legal precepts such that greatest equal freedom is achieved.
What’s on this site
The moral philosophy of evolutionary utilitarianism or fittest society principle
The moral philosophy of isopublic is evolutionary utilitarianism meaning–the greatest equal freedom of each to exercise their personal evolutionary advantages of tool-use, cognition (i.e. thought, reason, space-time awareness, dreaming, etc.), and speech resulting in the greatest well-being of the greatest number.
By fittest society, this refers to greatest equal freedom producing the greatest evolutionary fitness for Homo sapiens in nature, as in survival of the fittest properly understood.
Evolutionary utilitarianism is the moral foundation for the Eudemic Code (see below) which is the system of morality for isopublican civil society, i.e. the Eudemic Society.
Where is isopublic on the political compass?
From Wikipedia, “A political spectrum is a system to characterize and classify different political positions in relation to one another. These positions sit upon one or more geometric axes that represent independent political dimensions. The expressions political compass and political map are used to refer to the political spectrum as well, especially to popular two-dimensional models of it.” Read the source
The political compass (left) uses state-sponsored aggression (social and economic) as the axes. As the graphic illustrates, the political system of isopublic in principle affords the People the theoretical maximum protection against state violence, all things considered over time.
Great minds agree on the moral imperative of equal freedom
(even if for different reasons)
John Locke proposed equal freedom as a logical conclusion of natural law, i.e. God’s law, and the Christian belief that all are equal in the eyes of God. Not only did Locke denounce divine right of kings as unchristian, but it seems voting as unchristian too (right in bold). Thus, the concept known as “consent of the governed” (written by Thomas Jefferson, a deist, in the Declaration) is unchristian because being governed means to be ruled.
~ Christian morality ~
“[Since God has not ordained that anyone have power over others] then man has a natural freedom, … since all that share in the same common nature, faculties and powers, are in nature equal, and ought to partake in the same common rights and privileges, till the manifest appointment of God, who is Lord over all, blessed for ever, can be produced to shew any particular person’s supremacy; or a man’s own consent subjects him to a superiour.“
Herbert Spencer proposed equal freedom as the means to producing the greatest happiness–what he rather offhandedly called “rational utilitarianism.”
Note that Spencer’s “rational utilitarianism” is the same as “evolutionary utilitarianism” of isopublic and the eudemic society just more appropriately renamed.
~ Evolutionary utilitarianism ~
“If we start with an à priori inquiry into the conditions under which alone the Divine Idea—greatest happiness—can be realized, we find that conformity to the law of equal freedom is the first of them (Chap. III.). If, turning to man’s constitution, we consider the means provided for achieving greatest happiness, we quickly reason our way back to this same condition; seeing that these means cannot work out their end, unless the law of equal freedom is submitted to (Chap. IV.). If, pursuing the analysis a step further, we examine how subordination to the law of equal freedom is secured, we discover certain faculties by which that law is responded to (Chap. V.). If, again, we contemplate the phenomena of civilization, we perceive that the process of adaptation under which they may be generalized, can never cease until men have become instinctively obedient to this same law of equal freedom (Chap. II.). To all which positive proofs may also be added the negative one, that to deny this law of equal freedom is to assert divers absurdities (Chap. VI.).“
The Tricuria and the self-governing society
The essential relationship between the state and the People is to promote social well-being via the evolutionary process of spontaneous order. Though Spencer uses the word “government” below, the political authority of isopublic does not govern society thus the isopublic is a state without government. Instead of using the word “government,” the political authority of isopublic is called the Tricuria, the institutions of the isopublican state that secure and administer the Trilibrium doctrine.
To that end, the Tricuria consists of courts, police, jails, and administers the national defense, and national monetary system. The Tricuria does not govern the People of the isopublic per se. Rather the Tricuria makes manifest and secures civil society with the “greatest equal freedom for the greatest well-being of the greatest number” via cultural use-inheritance.
Societal prisoner’s dilemma and preventing the “race to the bottom”
The prisoner’s dilemma is a classic problem of game theory demonstrating logically that cooperation provides the best overall outcome in social exchanges, i.e. a positive-sum outcome with all participants being better off (see graphic below left). Yet, if individuals act purely in their own self-interest, they can maximize their gain by cheating. By cheating the other person, they get the maximum benefit by gaining actual value without giving up any themselves.
The cheating strategy, however, only works if the other party doesn’t cheat, i.e. the classic con. The prisoner’s dilemma shows that if both parties cheat, they’re both worse off than if they’d cooperated and exchanged in good-faith.
On a societal level (see graphic below right), if people can cheat with impunity and most people act in good-faith, the cheaters are highly incentivized to cheat. But if they do, others will too because the cheaters will be the most successful. Game theory suggests that cheating eventually results in an overall worse outcome for everyone including the cheaters, i.e. a societal negative-sum ultimate outcome.
If participants can cheat with impunity, thus maximizing their gain at the expense of others, they’re motivated to do so and, with success, motivate others to cheat too. Thus, when cheating is a successful strategy in society, either by absent or ineffective countermeasures, i.e. a corrupt system of justice, all are forced to either cheat or exit and society overall suffers and the race to the bottom manifests.
In the societal prisoner’s dilemma, the different transactions indicate a win-win outcome (top-left), win-lose (top-right and bottom-left), and the lose-lose (bottom-right). With the win-win (i.e. positive-sum) outcome, both parties get what they want, i.e. each get what the other considers equal value. With the win-lose outcome, the winner gains without giving up equal value and the loser loses what they had and what they expected to get. With the lose-lose outcome, not only do both get nothing but, if unchecked, leads to retribution, e.g. gang wars, mob hits, i.e. tit-for-tat violence.
The only way to solve the societal prisoner’s dilemma is to enact proper laws and enforce them with an effective system of justice. The laws must punish cheaters and the state effectively and consistently prosecute those laws. In plutocracy (as is the United States and every other “democracy” so-called of the West), the rich and their paid-for politicians are cheaters. They cheat the People with impunity causing harm to everyone else, i.e. a societal zero-sum outcome.
Under isopublic, cheaters are more effectively prosecuted and punished, and no one gets special treatment.
Isopublic provides maximum freedom for the People by…
- Employment in the isopublic is to be arranged through private employment contracts between employer and employee. There is to be no state regulation of employment.
- Except science necessary to national security and defense, science research, including basic research, is funded via the private sector.
- There is to be no Authority interference in the sexual affairs between consenting adults (i.e. legally independent persons). Children and other mentally immature or unfit individuals (i.e. legally dependent persons) are to be prohibited by law from engaging in sexual activity.
- In isopublic, there are no marriage licenses. Consenting adults are free to enter any kind of living arrangement they choose typically by voluntary marriage contract honored by the courts.
- The Authority is not to interfere in the family except as a matter of remedying harm done to children (e.g. child abuse, child sexual exploitation, etc.). There is to be no state regulation of the family.
- Education in the isopublic is market-based with parents deciding how their children are to be educated.
- Under isopublic, there is to be no regulation of medicine or healthcare. The Authority via the courts is to remedy harm done in cases of medical malpractice, adverse drug effects, etc. Remedies could be civil damages or punitive (i.e. jail sentence plus civil damages).
- The Authority is not to engage in social engineering or propagandizing for or against lifestyle choices. The state acts only to remedy harm done as a matter of criminal or civil justice.
- The Authority is not to engage in propagandizing the People via entertainment (e.g. movies, TV, news, etc.).
eudemic /judemɪk/ – relating or belonging to the fit society, i.e. greatest social well-being, based on the fittest society principle and evolutionary utilitarianism.
eu- from Greek eu “good, fit, happiness, well-being; sense of greatness, abundance, prosperity” + -dem- dēmos “society or people” + -ic ikos “in the manner of; pertaining to.”
The Eudemic Code
The Eudemic Code serves as a system of secular morality for the isopublican civil society, i.e. the eudemic society.
Note: The Code isn’t intended to be law itself but the standard for judging the morality of civil law and personal choices. The Code is the measure by which all laws of the Tricuria that act or are proposed to act (via nomothesion) on the People are judged.
1ST IMPERATIVE. The People shall possess the unalienable equal Rights of Selfdom, Freedom and Property.
2ND IMPERATIVE. The People shall not act to cause a nontrivial, nonconsensual, objective 1ST IMPERATIVE violation of another except in rightful defense of oneself and or others.
3RD IMPERATIVE. The Authority shall not act on the People except to dutifully and justly; (1) remedy not prevent a 2ND IMPERATIVE violation, or (2) to fulfill ALLOWANCES OF VITAL NECESSITY.
ALLOWANCES OF VITAL NECESSITY. Only by the Citizens’ Will shall be granted or denied to the Authority express allowances to infringe, no more than justifiably necessary, upon the People’s 1ST IMPERATIVE Rights to perform only those functions vital to the viability of the State.
THE GOLDEN MAXIM. Be egoistic foremost, altruistic as able, and always virtuous.
Click on the link below to download the Code as a pdf.
Eudemic Virtue and the Golden Maxim
Eudemic Virtue means living by the Golden Maxim which expresses the values of acting in one’s self-interest first, helping others as one can, and always striving to be virtuous in either case.
Virtuous meaning a synthesis of the do no harm principle and Aristotle’s virtue ethics repurposed for the equal freedom society, i.e. the Eudemic Society.
It’s important to distinguish Eudemic Virtue from other moralities such as Christian ethics. Thus for example, Christian morality treats adultery as an unqualified sin which would condemn the adulterer to eternal damnation. Eudemic Virtue is concerned with promoting maximum personal well-being in the material world, not in an afterlife. Under Eudemic Virtue, adultery isn’t itself immoral per se. To be immoral in the Eudemic sense, one must act to cause ill-being to oneself and or others. So for instance, adultery isn’t Eudemic vice in-and-of-itself (e.g. an “open marriage” isn’t itself a vice per se), but becomes eudemically wicked when the activity involves breach of contract (e.g. violating a marriage contract), deception, or endangering spousal health (e.g. exposing to an STD) without their informed consent.
The three conditions of Eudemic Virtue:
- Do no harm to yourself.
- Do no harm to another.
- Do not act such that a virtue becomes a vice (either by single egregious instance or habituated).
There are three conditions of Eudemic Virtue–don’t do harm to yourself, don’t do harm to others, and don’t behave such that a virtue becomes a vice (i.e. a virtue in deficiency or excess of Aristotle’s “middle state,” i.e. the Golden Mean). This, because a vice increases the risk of violating the first two conditions, i.e. of doing harm to yourself or another.
There are 50 Eudemic Virtues each, if exercised appropriately at all times over a lifetime, is intended to maximize one’s well-being, all things considered. Click on the thumbnail (below) to see a table of Eudemic Virtues and corresponding vices.
Egoism before altruism, but altruism is a moral obligation.
Why “Golden Maxim”? Isn’t that confusing with the Golden Rule? Maybe, but almost every English speaker uses the term “Golden Rule” and almost none say, “Golden Maxim.” Though the two can be synonymous, maxim and rule are different words–with “rule” being more general in usage, and “maxim” meaning a fundamental principle. And the fact is, the Golden Maxim is more “golden” since it’s superior to the Golden Rule.
Just war theory in practice
Just war theory is, as interpreted here, the doctrine that a nation goes to war only when attacked or under a direct and credible threat of attack. In this way, the nation is non-interventionist and doesn’t aggress against other nations.
National defense of isopublic is a citizen-militia modeled after the Swiss military. By signing the Compact (i.e. the citizen contract) thus becoming a citizen, the individual (male and female) also becomes a member of the militia. Thus unlike Swiss military conscription, serving in the isopublican national militia would be consensual.
A citizen-militia is effective for defensive war and ineffective for offensive war. Thus, isopublic would be unable to engage in empire-building or colonialism, i.e. unjust war. The isopublican military maintains a small cadre of careerists.
The militia is vital to maintaining a free society, not only as an alternative to a dangerous standing army, but serves as a manner of secular “civic religion” that brings the isopublic citizenry together under an umbrella of shared vital national interest. Doing so is necessary in a free society to overcome tribalism and “us and them” mentality that comes with freedom of association and disassociation.
The militia improves the character of the People by developing personal skills in areas such as survival, first aid, gun safety, self-reliance, self-discipline, teamwork, community cohesion, and more, i.e. the militia builds national character. Service in the militia should fun, but serious fun–like the Boy and Girl Scouts but for adults with guns.
Finally, the militia instills the sentiments of patriotism and national pride.
“Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely.” – Lord Acton
But Acton got it wrong. All humans are born corrupt by our primal nature–it’s in our genes. Civilization is less than 10,000 years old but Homo sapiens is 100s of thousands of years old with little change in human physiology. Thus, our primal genes still have considerable influence on our behavior.
And possessing political power allows primal human tendencies we call “corruption” to manifest (e.g. cheating, lying, stealing, killing), i.e. politics is something akin to Lord of the Flies in suits and ties. The more power possessed, the more the primal human is unmoored from our more recently evolved moral sentiments. As for elections, they attract the most primal humans like moths to a flame—the dark triads who through their control of the state prey upon us.
Even if there are a few angels who walk the Earth, because we can’t know who is until it’s too late, we must take extraordinary precautions against corruption of power. In isopublic everyone selected to posses political power is to be subjected to democratic methods of accountability and transparency, thus maintaining the integrity of state.
Ending political corruption with democratic integrity of state
Whatever criticisms are leveled at Athenian democracy, political corruption isn’t one. The political authority of isopublic, the Tricuria, is arranged to minimize political corruption through the adoption of numerous conventions of ancient Athenian democracy. These include:
Note: True democracy (i.e. Athenian democracy) means selecting public officials by lottery from the entire body of citizens, thus in the isopublic, all citizens possess an equal chance to hold high office. Electing office holders is oligarchy.
Ending political anacyclosis
Anacyclosis is a classical Greek political theory held by philosophers such as Aristotle and Polybius. The theory proposes that governments are forced to change by first becoming corrupted then by revolution sequentially from monarchy (kingship) to tyranny to aristocracy to oligarchy to democracy then finally ochlacracy (mob rule)–then the cycle repeats.
Anacyclosis doesn’t happen in such explicit terms as the cycle formulation indicates, but we do see a general historical pattern of less corrupt government (i.e. kingship, aristocracy and democracy) change to a truly corrupt form of government (i.e. tyranny, oligarchy and mob rule) then back to less corrupt government usually by violent revolution. Anacyclosis, the cycle of corrupt government and revolution, is very destructive to human well-being–that isopublic could end for good.
As one of the two fundamental operating principles of isopublic, democratic integrity offers the potential of ending the spiraling descent into political corruption combined with the other principle of equal freedom. In combination, these two principles could be the best political pathway to sustained progress and increasing well-being for all.
Isopublic will be the most Christian-friendly state—
even more than a Christian theocratic state, even more than a state with no Christians
Christ taught that all humans are God’s children equally, and that only by individual choice and action can one sincerely demonstrate their Christian virtue.
The inescapable conclusion of Locke’s 1st Treatise of Government is that Christians mustn’t accept or consent to being ruled over by anyone but God. This means that to be ruled over by anyone else, the Christian is unable to truly act by exercising their free will. And if unable to act freely, one is inhibited from acting in accordance with God’s will thereby usurping God and interfering with one’s relationship with God.
It would seem vitally important to a Christian’s salvation that one possess the maximum freedom to act in accordance with his or her conscience to show, through their voluntary choices, that they do sincerely live according to Christ’s teachings and in honor of their Lord. Thus, by voting to be ruled, i.e. consenting to be governed, is acting contrary to the will of God by forsaking personal responsibility.
Thus, the Christian is morally bound to choose to live, as much as possible, under political equal freedom—even if by doing so, the Christian is surrounded by sinners and heretics.
And if Christians must be free of being ruled over (either by force or consent), Christians mustn’t rule over others. Thus, for Christians not to sin against God, they mustn’t accept any political office that involves ruling over others (Christians or unbelievers alike). Thus, running for political office is sinful if that office means acting on the People more than to secure their equal freedom.
Even a theocratic Christian nation would be an affront to God since by forcing others to “act” Christian without sincere belief subverts God’s will, i.e. to be a true Christian, one must be so in one’s heart. Even to demand the display of the 10 Commandments in public school classrooms, the words “In God we trust” on the dollar bill, a prayer at political functions, “under God” sworn in political oaths, are to act most unchristian and sinful. It can be asserted, and is consistent with Locke, that for Christians to be Christian, the only political stance available to them is maximum equal freedom.
What should be important to Christians isn’t for the state to be Christian but for it to minimally interfere with Christians being Christian. To understand that the state being truly neutral toward Christianity, i.e. neither for or against, i.e. atheistic, is the best political arrangement for Christians.
Only by embracing equal freedom and selection of political leadership by sortition (i.e. by lottery thus leaving selection of political leaders to God) is the Christian able to live in greatest accord with God’s will. Only isopublic offers the Christian that political arrangement.
Isopublic could offer Christians the best of both worlds–the greatest well-being in the material world; and the greatest opportunity for eternal salvation by possessing the greatest freedom to live according to Christ’s teachings with the least interference from the state.
The Christian case for isopublic
- Humans possess free will (Genesis 3:6).
- Humans possess the faculty of reason (Genesis 3:7).
- To please God, one must act in accordance with Christ’s teachings (Matthew 7:24).
- One must voluntarily and sincerely choose to act in accordance with Christ’s teachings to be saved (Hebrews 4:12).
- All humans are equal in the eyes of God (Romans 2:11).
- Christians must of necessity possess equal freedom to have the maximum freedom to choose to act in accordance with God’s will (Romans 2:5-7).
- Only under law that enacts equal freedom can equal freedom be made manifest.
- Isopublic via the Trilibrium Doctrine and the Eudemic Code’s 1st Imperative produce the greatest equal freedom to be enacted under Compact Law.
Thus, does isopublic become the most Christian choice of state.
The above conditions to be a good Christian are reasonably what Locke was striving to elucidate. That equal freedom to Locke entailed equal rights of life, liberty and estate (i.e. property). And given that elections are oligarchic, voting is inherently unchristian. Thus by voting, the Christian consents to political conditions that diminish equal freedom and move them further from God, i.e. by voting for a ruler, Christians consent to put the state between themselves and God. Thus, though being ruled without consent is an unchristian condition, so too is a Christian voting to be ruled, i.e. “consent of the governed” must be considered sinful.
Even though prostitution and adultery are sinful to Christians, it’s a sin for Christians to interfere or prohibit those activities by law using the power of the state. This, because people must voluntarily act in accordance with Christ’s teaching. By forcing abstinence, Christians interfere with people choosing not to be sinful, and thus, with God’s judgment.
Other features of isopublic compatible with Christian values are—the Eudemic Code including the Golden Maxim and the do no harm principle, practice of just war with a citizen-militia only used in defending the nation, a virtuous and laissez-faire Tricuria that doesn’t interfere with Christian practices as long as Christians don’t interfere with non-Christians.
The isopublic permits the People to engage in almost all activities freely so long as they don’t harm others in the doing. Christians should agree since doing harm to others also infringes on their equal freedom to choose to act with Christian virtue.
Isopublic is the most Christian-friendly model of state because it produces the greatest freedom for individuals to be Christian. The ideal political arrangement for Christians is under the Eudemic Code and isopublic whereby each person has the maximum freedom to choose to live in accordance with Christ with the least interference from the state. Even a theocratic Christian state would itself be unchristian if it means imposing Christian values and not allowing individuals to come to Jesus voluntarily. Even if there’re no Christians in the state, isopublic is still the more Christian state because it affords the greatest opportunity for individuals to be Christian, i.e. its not the number of Christians but the operating principles of the state that makes it the more Christian.
Destroying the “One Ring”
We can bring an end to most social conflict and systemic evildoing throughout by bringing an end to the metaphorical “One Ring,” i.e. ending government, i.e. ending the idea of governing society in favor of the self-governing society. What’s even the relevance of “leftwing” and “rightwing,” “liberal” and “conservative” when there’s no government to use to rule over the People? What’s even the meaning of “politics” when there’re no rulers but the People themselves?
Isopublic, a true land of the free and home of the brave
Being free means being courageous and not expecting “Mommy and Daddy” government to solve all one’s problems or make one safe from all that offends. Liberty means taking responsibility for one’s own actions and living in peaceful cooperation with others–even with those one’s challenged to tolerate. And in the isopublic, there’s jail for those who would force others to submit to their will (i.e. intimidate, harass, bully and crybully, or otherwise interfere with the peaceful activities of others), i.e. unable to live by the laissez-faire ethos demanded by isopublic. As long as no one is being harmed, live and leave alone.
To be free, one must have courage. This, because freedom makes one responsible for one’s choices. Personal responsibility means acting with greater care and dutifully, making one more useful to everyone else. Isopublic encourages personal responsibility and by multiplying this value across society and down through subsequent generations, society becomes far more fit in nature.
In addition to courage and responsibility, another important virtue of isopublic is laissez-faire, i.e. “let people do as they will,” meaning we must be willing to accept that not everyone will do as we will. That on an individual basis (i.e. not by group or demographic), if a person does harm to another, the isopublican state is obligated to remedy. That it’s not up to individuals (i.e. not “social justice warriors”) to remedy what they consider to be social wrongs. A sickness today is too many who want everyone else to bend to their will. This mentality leads to constant social conflict and its own brand of societal “race to the bottom.”
What’s absent from isopublic (a partial list)
Isopublican metric / decimal calendar and time
day of week and date:
short date: (IEy-Mon-d) or (IEy/m/d) or (IEy.m.d)
long date: (IEy Month d)
- IE is Isopublican Era to avoid confusing Gregorian dates.
- The isopublican decimal calendar has a zeroth year.
- IE0 Gaion 1 equals March 20, 2020.
Not easy to do the below with the Gregorian calendar and 24-hour clock!
With decidates (i.e. combined decimal date and time), a single value contains the following information with no need of calendar or computer–month, day of month, day of week, time of day, and week of year at a glance.
The decidate values are directly useable for math operations with no need for unit conversions. Also there’s no need to reference a calendar to know day of week, month, or day of month throughout the year for any given year.
decimal time of day (decidays)
hour of day
decimal day of year (year day.milliday microday)
percent hour done
percent day done
percent week done
Example spoken decimal times:
- 0.00 dd is "zero-oh-zero decidays"
- 0.01 dd is "zero-oh-one decidays"
- 2.06 dd is "two-oh-six decidays"
- 3.40 dd is "three-forty decidays"
- 4.43 dd is "four-forty-three decidays"
- 5.00 dd is "five-oh-zero decidays"
A deciday is a decimal hour. Omit "decidays" or use "hour" if unconcerned over confusing with 24-hour time.
Example spoken decimal partial decidays:
- 00 md is "zero millidays"
- 23 md is "twenty-three millidays"
- 3.40 dd could be said as "forty millidays after three"
Millidays can be shortened to say, "md's" or "minutes." One milliday is a decimal minute.
Unit equivalents (decimal to 24-hr):
10 hrs/day = 24 hrs/day
1 hour = 2.4 24-hr hours
1 minute = 1.44 24-hr minutes
1 second = 0.864 24-hr seconds
As a matter of policy, the Tricuria is to consider operating on a decimal (or metric) calendar and time.
The isopublican decimal calendar is base-10 with a 10-day week (1 decaday), three weeks per month, and 12 months per year. The remaining 5-6 days are added as a partial week at the end of the year. Five days if not a leap year and six days if a leap year for a 365-day or 366-day year, respectively.
The isopublican decimal calendar differs from the French Republican calendar (1793-1805) improving on the latter in several important ways such as having 4-day weekends, moving New Year's Day to the spring equinox, being Christian-friendly, adding holidays throughout the year, and having sensible month names.
Isopublican decimal time is base-10 using a 10-hour day with 100 minutes per hour and 100 seconds per minute. The main advantage of decimal time is convenient calculation. Unlike 24-hour time which uses awkward base-24 hours and base-60 minutes and seconds, decimal time uses the much simpler base-10 for hours, minutes, and seconds.
With decimal time, arithmetic operations don't require unit conversion as 24-hour time does. This is true for all math operations, i.e. subtraction, division, multiplication, etc.
Unlike Gregorian dates and 24-hour time, decimal date and time are mathematically combined allowing for date and time of day to be represented as a single decimal value. See example bottom left.
Decimal time is also the same for both civilian and military use which is important to isopublic because all isopublican citizens are to be members of the national militia.
Note that the isopublican decimal calendar and time are not to be imposed on civil society, but only as the official calendar and time of the Tricuria. | <urn:uuid:7dd9a6a4-6cac-42a2-ad58-ccd19d8073c8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://isopublic.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.919734 | 7,453 | 3.125 | 3 |
Team Building Exercise: Mad-Libs
According to all the recent data, including Gallup poll, employee disengagement is at an all-time high. Internal and employee surveys are not telling the whole story of what’s going on.
The organizations that spend time creating close connections through sharing activities are seeing significant productivity and performance returns. Creating psychological safety is the foundation on which all great teams are built. Without it, a team will be underperforming according to the research and my observations of more than 70+ teams.
For example, people who have their best friend at work perform 7x higher than the average employee in that organization. Also, people on teams who share more information about themselves perform higher.
Why? People who share more like the people around them more just by being able to open up.
Fill in the blanks exercise based on the kids game, Mad-Libs.
I picked these statements below for a particular reason. The answers people give are areas top managers and leaders wanted to other people to know about them.
Goal: Unlock the collective potential of your team through sharing expertise, strengths, weaknesses, and stories that would otherwise be hidden from yourself or others.
How to do it:
1. Have your team complete the worksheet individually. You can do it together or separately prior to the group activity.
2. Have each person use one word or a sentence for each blank.
3. Get the entire team together. Ask each person to read their Mad-Lib.
4. Discuss as a group. Each person answers two questions. What three things did you learn? How can this help you work together better as a team?
Optional: Put them in a communal area.
Hi! My name is ________________. I grew up in _________________.
The people that work with me (either in the past or currently) would describe me as _________________, but outside of work people would describe me as _______________________.
The position that challenged me outside my comfort zone the most was _______________________. There I learned new things and acquired skills such as _____________________________, and ___________________________
Most people believe I’m fantastic at ________________________________
However, my real expertise on this team could be _______________________________.
One thing I really hope to do more in my current role is ______________________________.
One skill I want to get better at is ______________________________ (and if you ideas on how to do this, please let me know).
To be at my best and work at my best I need ________________________.
My preferred communication style is (email, phone, in-person, etc.) ________________________.
One thing I may do that will possibly get on your nerves is______________________ if I do it, just let me know by doing this ___________________.
One of my biggest pet peeves is ___________________.
The best way to give me constructive feedback is to do _____________________________, and ___________________________.
The thing that always gets me in a good mood is __________________________. And I’ll usually laugh at ___________________________.
If you ever want to get me food, here is my favorite thing to eat _____________________________.
One thing you probably don’t know about me is _____________________________.
In my free time, I enjoy doing _____________________________, and ___________________________
If you want to learn more and make rapid progress to become an extraordinary leader and significantly increase your key metrics, contact me for individual or group coaching, https://jasontreu.com/services You can check out several dozen testimonials how coaching was business- and life-changing for individuals.
You can also download my free team building game, Cards Against Mundanity, that more than 3,000 people have played and more than 75+ organizations. I also perform a team building performance that will increase performance, innovation, problem solving and collaboration in 45 minutes. It’s based on university research and interviewing executives at most of Fortune/Forbes Top 10 Workplaces in 2017/2018. | <urn:uuid:5a684b98-c578-4d34-abc8-9e2bc4e1f60d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://jasontreu.com/2018/06/02/mad-libs-team-building-performance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.933823 | 841 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Chile peppers are all hot to some degree, but how hot a pepper tastes depends on a variety of factors, from growing conditions to the palate of the person eating those peppers. To explain the science behind hot peppers, along with good to know and how to grow information is my guest this week is chile breeding and genetics expert Dr. Paul Bosland to share.
Paul, who is also known as “The Chileman,” is internationally known as one of the foremost experts on Capsicum, the genus that peppers belong to, and has published more than 100 scientific papers. In 2019, he retired after 33 years from New Mexico State University, where he was a Regents professor of horticulture. He ran the university’s chile breeding and genetics research program and co-founded the university’s nonprofit Chile Pepper Institute, the foremost research-based resource center for chile pepper information. He also founded the Capsicum Genetics Cooperative and served as the chairman of the USDA Capsicum Crop Advisory Committee.
Paul got his start at New Mexico State University as a vegetable breeder working with cole crops such as broccoli and cabbage. He then worked with asparagus and spinach before trying his hand at chile breeding. He realized he could spend all of his time on chiles and still not answer all of the questions that need to be answered. “I put all my chiles in one basket and watch that basket carefully,” he often says.
The Chile Pepper Institute got its start because — in the days before the internet — Paul and his students would mail out free chile seeds to whoever asked for them. It was slow and manageable for a while, but then the university was inundated with seed requests, all from the same retirement community. It turned out the university had sent seeds to one resident who spread the word to everyone else. That led Paul and the university to formalize the operation and charge a little bit to cover their costs.
Established in 1992, the Chile Pepper Institute served as a source for rare chile seeds, though with the dawn of the internet many of those seeds became easier to find. Today the institute sells pepper varieties developed at New Mexico State University, each with “NuMex” in the name.
The Chile Pepper Institute was originally called just “The Chile Institute,” but that led to many confused people calling the institute about the country Chile, Paul says.
Annually, the institute hosts a conference for pepper growers in its home city of Las Cruces, New Mexico. Not only does the event educate growers on the newest information about chiles, but it’s also the biggest networking conference for the chile industry, according to Paul.
The Origins of Chile Peppers
Nearly all domesticated peppers are of the species Capsicum annuum. Spicy Capsicums are known as chile peppers, and non-spicy peppers are called bell peppers or sweet peppers.
Peppers are native to the Western hemisphere. Paul says Christopher Columbus, on his first voyage to the New World, tried a fruit with a burning sensation that reminded him of the black pepper that they have in Europe. “So he called it ‘pepper,’ and the name sticks.”
The name “chile” comes from the Indigenous root word chil, plus an “e” tacked on by the Spanish when they added the word to their written language. In South America, the Spanish-language word for pepper is aji.
Paul says “chili” with an “i” refers to the state dish of Texas while “chile” with an “e” refers to the plant and the fruit. “We say one’s a bowl of brown and the others are red and green fruit.”
Chiles are one of the few crops that are a vegetable, a spice, a medical plant and an ornamental, Paul points out.
Chile Pepper Heat Profiles
Paul’s favorite chile peppers are somewhere between hot and mild. “I’m in the middle. I’m a medium guy,” he says.
How much heat people can take comes down to their DNA. “We’re all genetically different, and it turns out it’s based on heat receptors in your mouth,” Paul explains. “The more heat receptors you have, the more sensitive you are to chile peppers, so you like them milder, and the less heat receptors you have, the hotter you can take it.”
Chile heat isn’t just heat, Paul points out. He came up with a “heat profile” that has five characteristics:
How fast does the heat come on when you bite into a chile? Rapidly, delayed, or intermediate?
How long does the heat linger? Does it dissipate quickly or does it last minutes or even hours?
Where do you sense the heat? The tip of the tongue? The lips? Mid-palate? The back of the throat?
What is the sharp or flat effect? Prickly heat like pins? Or heat that feels like it’s been brushed on?
What’s the heat level? Mild, medium or hot, in terms of Scoville heat units?
When talking about chiles and how hot and spicy they are, you’ll often hear about capsaicin, but Paul says that’s just one compound found in nature that makes peppers hot. There are 22 analogs to capsaicin, and each has a different effect in the human mouth, he says. Some produce sharp heat, some produce flat heat. And what’s hot to you may not be hot to me, because our genetics are different.
Some of the hottest peppers commonly give a delayed heat response.
“That’s why they’re perceived even hotter than they are,” Paul says. “Because you take a bite, you don’t think it’s so hot, and you take that second bite. Now that first bite delayed heat comes on. And then the second one. It’s there and you’re over the top. You’re just over the top. It builds and builds and builds.”
Which heat characteristics are the most desirable varies from culture to culture and person to person. For example, Paul recalls that the United States was having trouble exporting peppers to Asia. Importers there said the quality wasn’t that good. However, when U.S. growers learned that Asian cuisine uses sharp heat, they found chili varieties that fit that bill, and now the United States exports millions of pounds of chiles to Asia annually.
Sharp heat is nuanced under Paul’s heat profile. It ranges from “slightly sharp” to “incredibly sharp.” Takanotsume (“the claw of the eagle” in Japanese), santaka and Thai chiles, are a few examples of peppers with sharp heat. Paul says any chile of Asian origin will likely have that sharp heat.
The Story of the Scoville Scale
Though most people have heard of the Scoville Scale, which rates the heat of peppers in “Scoville heat units,” fewer know its origin.
The scale is named for pharmacist Wilbur Scoville, who developed the Scoville Organoleptic Test in 1912. He was working for a pharmaceutical company that wanted to standardize a capsaicin-based pain relief cream named Heet.
Scoville gave samples to five taste testers. He wanted to know how diluted the samples needed to be before the testers could no longer taste any heat. So 10,000 to 1 would equal 10,000 Scoville heat units, or SHUs.
The problem with that test is “taster’s fatigue,” Paul says. “You can only taste so much heat before you say, ‘I’m done.’”
Taster’s fatigue is the body’s way of defending itself.
“When you lose the sensation of heat, it’s not because the compound has decomposed,” Paul explains. “It’s because your body has produced endorphins to block this pain that it’s sensing.”
A scientist at New Mexico Tech performed an experiment in which he fed students jalapenos and asked them to tell him when the heat is gone. After they said the heat was done, he injected them with endorphin blockers, and the heat came back.
Now, pepper researchers use high-performance liquid chromatography, in which a machine sees all the molecules of capsaicin and counts them. The parts per million are multiplied by 16 to put the pepper on the Scoville scale, since pure capsaicin is 16 million SHUs.
The Rise of the Super Hots
Paul admits he never thought that “super hots” would take off. Those are the peppers that are unbelievably hot, like the Carolina Reaper.
Bhut jolokia, known as the ghost pepper in the United States, was originally cultivated in India. It is a hybrid of two different species of pepper, Capsicum chinense and Capsicum frutescens. It was the first pepper to surpass 1 million Scoville heat units, and it was a big hit, to Paul’s astonishment.
Paul’s colleague in Trinadad said that Trinadad had even hotter peppers, so the Chile Pepper Institute tested them in 2012. Trinidad Moruga scorpion (Capsicum chinense) was in fact hotter, at 1.2 million SHUs.
Generally, the smaller the pepper, the hotter the pepper. There is a biological reason for that. In most peppers, the heat is found only in what’s called the cross walls or placenta, where the seeds are attached. (The “ribs” of a pepper.) The walls of the fruit do not have capsaicin production, so a big fruit has diluted capsaicin while a small fruit has concentrated capsaicin. In fact, a big pepper may have more capsaicin in total but taste milder than a small pepper.
To determine visually if a chile is hot, you need to cut it open, Paul says. Inspect the cross walls and look for yellow veins. That yellow color comes from capsaicin.
There is a prank called “the pepper breeders trick,” Paul shares. Pick a jalapeno from the garden, cut off a piece of the fruit’s wall and eat it. Then cut off a piece of wall that includes the yellow veins, and give it to someone else. You won’t taste any heat, but the person who just ate the veins certainly will.
Why Some Peppers Are Hotter Than Others
Genetics is the first reason why one pepper is hotter than another. The other factor is the environment. Paul says any stress that the environment puts on a pepper plant will increase the heat of the fruit: too hot, too cold, too wet, too dry.
A mild chile could get to be medium hot after an extremely hot summer. On the other hand, a hot jalapeno could drop down to a medium heat after a cool summer.
The first fruit on a plant is hotter than the later fruit. That’s because plants use what are called “secondary metabolites” to make capsaicin, Paul says. When the plants start to use up the secondary metabolites, the fruit won’t be as hot. However, he says if you pick off the first fruits, the next fruits will get hotter.
While there can be a range of heat among the fruit on the same plant, Paul says the greatest variability is from plant to plant. This happens when plant breeders don’t achieve uniformity. The genetic diversity within a pepper variety can mean some seeds grow into plants with mild fruit and others grow into plants with hot fruit.
The Many Uses of Capsaicin
Paul says peppers likely evolved to be hot to keep mammals from eating them. Birds, he notes, have a symbiotic relationship with peppers. Birds can’t taste the heat, so they eat peppers happily, and they then help the plants spread their seeds.
Capsaicin has a number of applications. It has antifungal properties, it’s added to paint to stop barnacles from attaching to ships, and it’s put on wooden fence posts to stop horses from nibbling on them.
Capsaicin can also deter mammals from eating crops. Paul’s lab did a study in which some lettuce was dusted with habanero powder and some lettuce was untreated. Rabbits ate all the untreated lettuce first, then finally ate the dusted lettuce once they had no other option left.
Capsaicin-based pain relief products work because they stimulate the body to produce endorphins to numb pain. Peppers with lasting heat are used to make topical pain relief products, while peppers with quickly dissipating heat are preferred by the food side of the chile breeding industry because consumers can eat more chiles that way.
Why Pepper Walls Matter to the Pepper Industry
When you buy a bell pepper in the United States, it will most likely be a four-lobed pepper. But in Hungary, Paul says, consumers prefer three lobes.
In the hot pepper industry in the United States, two-lobed peppers are the most desirable. That’s because when they are processed they go flat and can be packaged easily, Paul explains.
When Daring Folks Try Hot Peppers
When eating a pepper, the feeling of heat on your tongue can dissipate quickly — within seconds — or can last for hours. But not everyone will have the same reaction to the same pepper.
Paul recalls a field day back when habaneros were new and exotic. A man bit into a habanero and turned bright red. Two hours later, after the field day was over, Paul saw the man again, and he was still bright red. The man must have had a lot of heat receptors.
You may know the type of guy who wants to eat the hottest pepper on the table to show off how tough he is. Well, that can backfire on him. Paul remembers one instance when an ESPN reporter came to visit the institute to see the hottest peppers. Before he started filming, he was advised not to take a second bite of a pepper. Well, he took a pepper, bit into it, declared it wasn’t that hot, and then took a second bite. A moment later, he lost it. He told the cameraman to cut, and then he grabbed a gallon of milk, which wasn’t enough to soothe him.
Paul finds it funny that young people and adventurous people want to eat really hot chiles “but nobody says, ‘Let’s go to the garage and hit our thumb with a hammer.’”
Paul has met a few people — just three — who have no heat receptors at all. Like birds, they can eat the hottest peppers and not sense the heat in their mouths.
How to Tame Pepper Heat
If you are searching for relief after eating a hot pepper, drink milk. Casein — the protein that makes milk white — attaches to your mouth’s heat receptors and keeps the brain from getting that pain signal.
Ice cream is an even better option because it contains casein as well as sugar, Paul says. In fact, the Chile Pepper Institute offers vanilla ice cream to guests while they try peppers.
Where Pepper Heat Is Felt
Paul advises eating salsa slowly and observing what happens. You don’t want to get caught off guard by peppers with delayed heat, and by eating slowly you can observe where you feel the pepper heat in your mouth.
The jalapeno pepper is the typical pepper that is sensed on the tip of the tongue and the lips. The heat will be sharp, it will come quickly, and it will dissipate quickly. The New Mexico green chili will be felt midpalate. The heat is flat, comes on rapidly and dissipates rapidly. The habanero is delayed and will be felt at the back of the throat.
Starting Chile Pepper Seeds
I’m a pretty darn good seed starter, but pepper seeds seem to beat to their own drum. They like it hot and they take their time. Some seeds will take five days to germinate while others from the same pack take 25 days.
Paul says that while it’s true pepper seeds take a long time to germinate, they don’t seem to rot the way that tomato seeds can. Be patient, he advises. Habaneros, for example, can take three to four weeks to germinate.
Paul attributes the range of germination time to wild genes that the pepper seeds have retained. In nature, seeds don’t want to germinate all at the same time because it may be some time before it rains again. By staggering their germination time, the seeds have a greater chance that some will live to maturity.
If you are feeling impatient, you can check the soil to make sure the seeds are still there, and then rebury them and wait.
The Future of Pepper Breeding
There are some varieties of tomatoes known as non-ripening tomatoes due to their fruit staying green and hard. There are no non-ripening peppers, but pepper breeders would love to develop some. Jalapenos, green chiles and green bell peppers are a few varieties of peppers that are picked before they can mature, so non-ripening versions would be desirable for growers.
Tomatoes turn red in response to self-produced ethylene gas. While peppers have a different ripening system than tomatoes, they will turn red if exposed to ethylene. In fact, fields of red peppers can be sprayed with ethylene gas to ensure all the peppers redden up at the same time.
Green, yellow and purple are all immature colors of different pepper varieties. The peppers may ripen to yellow, orange or red. Red peppers get to be that color from dominant genes, Paul explains. Orange peppers are missing one of those genes and yellow peppers are missing two of those genes.
There are green peppers that stay green and are called “perm-green,” but when they ripen they become soft.
Breeders are also trying to develop peppers that are more nutritious. One new release from New Mexico State University is NuMex LotaLutein, a yellow serrano pepper with more lutein than any other pepper. Lutein is a compound that is associated with eye health.
The Chile Pepper Institute at New Mexico State University is open to visitors every day from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. The institute’s teaching garden, named for Amy Goldman-Fowler, has more than 150 varieties of chiles. Visit cpi.nmsu.edu for more details.
I hope you enjoyed my conversation with Paul Bosland. If you haven’t listened to our conversation yet, you can do so now by clicking the Play button on the green bar near the top of this post.
What varieties of hot peppers do you grow? Let us know in the comments below.
Links & Resources
Some product links in this guide are affiliate links. See full disclosure below.
joegardener Online Gardening Academy™: Popular courses on gardening fundamentals; managing pests, diseases & weeds; seed starting and more.
joegardener Online Gardening Academy Beginning Gardener Fundamentals: Essential principles to know to create a thriving garden.
joegardener Online Gardening Academy Master Seed Starting: Everything you need to know to start your own plants from seed — indoors and out.
joegardener Online Gardening Academy Growing Epic Tomatoes: Learn how to grow epic tomatoes with Joe Lamp’l and Craig LeHoullier.
joegardener Online Gardening Academy Master Pests, Diseases & Weeds: Learn the proactive steps to take to manage pests, diseases and weeds for a more successful garden with a lot less frustration. Just $47 for lifetime access!
joegardener Online Gardening Academy Perfect Soil Recipe Master Class: Learn how to create the perfect soil environment for thriving plants.
“Peppers: Vegetable and Spice Capsicums” by Paul W. Bosland and Eric J. Votava
“The Complete Chile Pepper Book: A Gardener’s Guide to Choosing, Growing, Preserving, and Cooking” by Dave DeWitt & Paul W. Bosland
Disclosure: Some product links in this guide are affiliate links, which means we get a commission if you purchase. However, none of the prices of these resources have been increased to compensate us, and compensation is not an influencing factor on their inclusion here. The selection of all items featured in this post and podcast were based solely on merit and in no way influenced by any affiliate or financial incentive, or contractual relationship. At the time of this writing, Joe Lamp’l has professional relationships with the following companies who may have products included in this post and podcast: Rain Bird, Corona Tools, Milorganite, Soil3, Exmark, Greenhouse Megastore, High Mowing Organic Seeds, Territorial Seed Company, Wild Alaskan Seafood Box and TerraThrive. These companies are either Brand Partners of joegardener.com and/or advertise on our website. However, we receive no additional compensation from the sales or promotion of their product through this guide. The inclusion of any products mentioned within this post is entirely independent and exclusive of any relationship. | <urn:uuid:f8e0583f-12ae-4b08-8732-4557ecb4f53b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://joegardener.com/podcast/all-about-chile-peppers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.952625 | 4,576 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Welcome to our latest blog post on the “Infection of the Brain Tissues in Rabbits”! If you are a rabbit owner, breeder, or simply an animal lover, then this is an essential read for you. Infections affecting rabbits’ brains can be fatal and often go unnoticed until it’s too late.
They require immediate attention and treatment to prevent long-term damage or death. Therefore, understanding what causes brain tissue infections in rabbits, their symptoms, and how to treat them is crucial for your pet’s overall health and well-being. So let’s dive right into this topic!
Encephalitis Secondary to Parasitic Migration in Rabbits
Encephalitis is a serious inflammation of the brain tissue that can be caused by a variety of different things, including infections, tumors, and injury. In rabbits, encephalitis is most often seen as a secondary condition to another disease or condition. For example, encephalitis may occur secondary to parasitic migration in rabbits.
When parasites enter the body, they often travel to the brain where they can cause serious damage and inflammation. This can lead to seizures, neurological problems, and even death. If you suspect your rabbit has encephalitis, it is important to seek veterinary care immediately as this condition can quickly become life-threatening.
Symptoms and Types
There are a variety of symptoms that can indicate that a rabbit has an infection of the brain tissues. Some common signs include:
-loss of appetite
-reluctance to move or exercise
If you notice any of these signs in your rabbit, it is important to take them to a veterinarian as soon as possible for treatment. Untreated brain infections can be fatal.
There are many potential causes of infection of the brain tissues in rabbits. Some of the more common causes include:
-Viral infections such as rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus or rabbit calicivirus
-Bacterial infections such as Pasteurella or staphylococcus
-Fungal infections such as cryptococcus or Histoplasma
-Protozoal infections such as toxoplasma or encephalitozoon cuniculi
In many cases, the exact cause of the infection cannot be determined. However, any of these infectious agents can lead to serious illness and even death in rabbits. Therefore, it is important to seek veterinary care if your rabbit shows any signs of neurological disease.
Read More: Building a Cool Cage for Your Pet Rat!
There are many different types of brain infections that can occur in rabbits. The most common type is encephalitozoonosis, which is caused by a microscopic parasite called Encephalitozoon cuniculi. This parasite is found in the environment and can be transmitted to rabbits through contaminated food or water. In some cases, it can also be transmitted from an infected mother to her offspring during pregnancy or birth.
Symptoms of encephalitozoonosis include head tilt, circling, seizures, incoordination, and blindness. The disease can be fatal if not treated promptly and aggressively. Treatment typically involves a combination of anti-parasitic medications and supportive care.
Other less common types of brain infections that can occur in rabbits include mycoplasma encephalitis (caused by a bacteria), coccidioidomycosis (caused by a fungus), and listeriosis (caused by a bacteria). These diseases are often more difficult to diagnose because they can cause similar symptoms to other illnesses such as respiratory infections or gastrointestinal disorders. A thorough physical examination and diagnostic testing are usually necessary to make a definitive diagnosis.
There are several ways to treat an infection of the brain tissues in rabbits, depending on the severity of the infection. If the rabbit is in good health and the infection is mild, antibiotics may be all that is needed to clear up the infection.
However, if the rabbit is sick or the infection is more severe, hospitalization and aggressive treatment with intravenous antibiotics may be necessary. In some cases, surgery may be required to remove infected tissue.
The infection of the brain tissues in rabbits is a serious condition that can lead to death. If you suspect your rabbit has this condition, seek veterinary care immediately.
Treatment typically involves antibiotics and supportive care. Prevention is the best medicine, so be sure to keep your rabbit’s environment clean and free of potential sources of infection. | <urn:uuid:9a5e729f-01d1-415c-8532-4c7521a5273b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://johnnyholland.org/2023/03/infection-of-the-brain-tissues-in-rabbits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.94005 | 908 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Rivers are natural streams of fresh water that are continuously flowing. Most rivers start high in the mountains and form when rainwater, springs, ice, and snow accumulate.
The land through which a river passes is called its channel, and the route it takes from the beginning to the end is called its course.
The course of a river is divided into three sections:
The upper course corresponds to the part where the river is born, called headwaters, and the first kilometers. As it is usually in the mountains, it is a very steep area in which the waters go down at great speed and with great force. This causes the river to remove materials from its passage (rocks, sand…).
When the river leaves the top of the mountain behind, the middle course begins. Here the slope is gentler, so the water flows at a slower speed and with less force. In this section, it transports the materials removed in the upper course. These materials are called sediments.
The lower course, the last part of the river, is the flattest area. The waters continue on their way more slowly and with less force, which is why many sediments are deposited at the bottom. The river ends its course in another river or in the sea, and pours its waters there. This end point is called the mouth.
The amount of water a river carries is called its flow. If one has a lot of water, it is said to be a very mighty river.
Also, rivers can be short or very long. The longest in the world is in South America, it is called the Amazon, and it crosses several countries thanks to its 7,000 kilometers in length. The Amazon also holds the record for being the largest river in the world, that is, the one that contains the most water.
Other very long rivers are the Nile, which is in Africa, the Yangtze, which is in Asia, or the Mississippi, located in North America. | <urn:uuid:6d5efbc7-a5df-4ab0-a289-fc36f7246a96> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://kahniyan.com/the-rivers-reading-for-grade-5th-and-grade-6th/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.976781 | 404 | 3.84375 | 4 |
It was a warm community welcome when Life Ed Queensland returned to the Doomadgee Aboriginal Shire recently.
Our educators Sue and Natalie visited Doomadgee State School in the state’s far north-west to deliver the Life Ed program to students from Pre-Prep to Year 6.
The Doomadgee community is predominantly made up of Ganggalida, Garrawa and Waanyi first peoples of Australia.
For our educators, the annual trip to Doomadgee Shire represents a rich two-way learning experience.
“Being welcomed back by the school community and seeing the familiar faces of staff and students was wonderful,” said Senior Educator Sue.
“Every time we visit this community, we are seeing firsthand, how empowering young people with education and knowledge is positively impacting on their physical health and wellbeing,” Sue said.
“The students remembered the importance of healthy eating and how the body works.
“They also asked if we had the x-ray machine like last year to look inside the body, referring to TAM-e, which gives students a 3D look at the body’s organs and shows them how different substances affect the body’s various functions.”
Along with vital health and safety education, helping children thrive and reach their full potential, is also inspiring for our educators.
“For me personally, hearing the older students’ dreams for the future: wanting to play football, be a soldier, work at the shop or become a marine biologist, was just so beautiful, and knowing that we are playing a part in them realising those goals is very rewarding.”
Doomadgee Year 5 classroom teacher Bec Hannam recalled how her students came away from the lesson curious and excited to share their learnings with their families.
Here’s what they had to say:
Ms Hannam said the inclusion of culturally appropriate content in the Life Ed sessions also supported the school’s aim to educate children about traditional language, history and culture along with the core learning curriculum.
“I really liked the addition of the cartoon story from the First Nations Elder. It was super relevant to the kids, and they could relate to the story and to the people,” she said.
Life Ed Queensland CEO Michael Fawsitt says the program has an increasingly significant role to play in remote communities.
“Reducing chronic preventable disease starts with educating our kids to make safe and healthy choices, which is why it’s so important that we continue to have the resources to reach children in regional, remote and low socio-economic communities,” Mr Fawsitt said.
“Taking the program to Indigenous school communities is a highlight in our calendar. It’s inspirational to see how our educators continue to deepen the relationship with the Doomadgee community and work towards achieving positive health outcomes for the region’s young people.”
Until our next Life Ed visit, as the students of Doomadgee would say – Gurrija balmbiya (See you soon). | <urn:uuid:6ca16158-0b26-4ae6-9033-84b6a1c08c86> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://lifeeducationqld.org.au/gayi-hi-from-doomadgee-state-school/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.957156 | 636 | 2.625 | 3 |
It's common that once we perfect a task with practice, we tend to stop trying at it. However, a new study from the University of Colorado Boulder suggests that even after learning a task, whether it's tennis or playing music, continued practice leads to more efficient behavior.
We all know the mantra of "practice makes perfect," but chances are, once you've really nailed a task, you probably start to move onto new ones. For instance, if you get your backhand down in tennis, you'll move onto another skill. The authors of the study suspect that continued practice leads to both more efficient movements and thinking. Lead author Alaa Ahmed suggests the reason is rooted in the brain:
The brain could be modulating subtle features of arm muscle activity, recruiting other muscles or reducing its own activity to make the movements more efficiently.
In short, Ahmed suggests:
The message from this study is that in order to perform with less effort, keep on practicing, even after it seems as if the task has been learned.
The benefits of continued practice might seem a bit obvious, but it's easy to relax and stop working as hard once you think you've perfected any given task. This study suggests that even if you don't notice any improvement, your brain and body continue to learn to be more efficient. Photo by Tom Hart.
To Perform With Less Effort, Practice Beyond Perfection | Science Daily | <urn:uuid:86a8789e-d7a5-4607-bde3-6cc423e9cf08> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://lifehacker.com/keep-practicing-after-perfecting-a-task-to-boost-effici-5883987 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.972956 | 286 | 3.125 | 3 |
It’s late summer, and that means wasp season. In a sense, these stinging friends are a lot like us: they love barbecue and lemonade and hanging out at backyard picnics. But why now?
Hornets and yellowjackets are the wasps you’re probably seeing right now. They are social, and live in nests underground (most hornets) or hanging from houses and trees (most yellowjackets). The entire colony dies off in the winter, and the surviving queen will start a new one next spring.
That means that up until now, the social wasps in your area have been spending most of their time tending to their growing families. Eggs hatch into larvae (similar to caterpillars or maggots) and those larvae molt and mature into adult wasps.
Like us, wasps need carbs (including sugar) for energy and protein to build their bodies. Nectar from flowers provides sugar, although they’re happy to drink from anything sweet or syrupy they find at a picnic. And for protein, wasps often eat other insects, but some enjoy carrion as well. (That rack of ribs you’re about to grill? In the eyes of a wasp, it’s just extra-fresh carrion.)
What you can do about it
First, recognize that August is the most common month for yellowjacket and other insect stings; they’re out there, and if you’re outdoors you are in their territory.
It’s a good idea to keep an eye out for nests in your area. Wasps will often sting anyone who comes near the nest, so warn the kids if there’s a certain area of the yard they should consider off-limits.
If you’re eating outside, keep food and drinks covered as much as possible. Use a cooler with a lid, cover dishes with plastic wrap, and keep drinks in capped bottles or, if you must maintain an open pitcher of margaritas, keep it indoors until the last possible moment. Clean up spills right away.
The CDC also suggests (in their general advice about avoiding insect stings) not wearing perfume or cologne. If a yellowjacket does come by, don’t swat at it; either wait for it to go away, or relocate yourself.
If you do get stung, wash the area with soap and water, and apply ice to reduce swelling. Allergic reactions to insect venom are common, so the CDC suggests making sure somebody stays with the person who has been stung just in case they have a reaction.
Call a doctor if you have extreme redness or swelling that bothers you, but go to the hospital immediately for signs of anaphylaxis. Those may include swelling of the face or lips, hives on body parts that weren’t stung, wheezing, dizziness, and nausea. | <urn:uuid:07fa19e9-0db2-47d1-ac3b-17e2ff497880> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://lifehacker.com/why-wasps-are-all-over-your-food-right-now-1844788688 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.957122 | 611 | 2.796875 | 3 |
say the same thing in fewer words
1. A summary is a shorter version of a longer piece of writing. Summarizing means capturing all the most important parts of the original, and expressing them in a shorter space. The shorter space could be a lot shorter.
2. A summary is sometimes known as a précis, a synopsis, or a paraphrase.
3. In academic writing, summarizing exercises are often set to test your understanding of the original, and your ability to re-state its main purpose.
4. In business writing, you might need to summarize to provide easily-digestible information for customers or clients.
5. Summarizing is also a useful skill when gathering information or doing research.
6. The summary should be expressed – as far as possible – in your own words. It’s not enough to merely copy out parts of the original.
7. The question will usually set a maximum number of words. If not, aim for something like one tenth of the original. [A summary which was half the length of the original would not be a summary.]
8. Read the original, and try to understand its main subject or purpose. Then you might need to read it again to understand it in more detail.
9. Underline or make a marginal note of the main issues. Use a highlighter if this helps.
10. Look up any words or concepts you don’t know, so that you understand the author’s sentences and how they relate to each other.
12. Remember that the purpose [and definition] of a paragraph is that it deals with one issue or topic.
13. Draw up a list of the topics – or make a diagram. [A simple picture of boxes or a spider diagram can often be helpful.]
14. Write a one or two-sentence account of each section you identify. Focus your attention on the main point. Leave out any illustrative examples.
15. Write a sentence which states the central idea of the original text.
16. Use this as the starting point for writing a paragraph which combines all the points you have made.
17. The final summary should concisely and accurately capture the central meaning of the original.
18. Remember that it must be in your own words. By writing in this way, you help to re-create the meaning of the original in a way which makes sense for you.
Summarizing – Example
‘At a typical football match we are likely to see players committing deliberate fouls, often behind the referee’s back. They might try to take a throw-in or a free kick from an incorrect but more advantageous positions in defiance of the clearly stated rules of the game. They sometimes challenge the rulings of the referee or linesmen in an offensive way which often deserves exemplary punishment or even sending off. No wonder spectators fight amongst themselves, damage stadiums, or take the law into their own hands by invading the pitch in the hope of affecting the outcome of the match.’ [100 words]
Unsportsmanklike behaviour by footballers may cause hooliganism among spectators. [9 words]
Some extra tips
Even though notes are only for your own use, they will be more effective if they are recorded clearly and neatly. Good layout will help you to recall and assess material more readily. If in doubt use the following general guidelines.
1. Before you even start, make a note of your source(s). If this is a book, an article, or a journal, write the following information at the head of your notes: Author, title, publisher, publication date, and edition of book.
2. Use loose-leaf A4 paper. This is now the international standard for almost all educational printed matter. Don’t use small notepads. You will find it easier to keep track of your notes if they fit easily alongside your other study materials.
3. Write clearly and leave a space between each note. Don’t try to cram as much as possible onto one page. Keeping the items separate will make them easier to recall. The act of laying out information in this way will cause you to assess the importance of each detail.
4. Use a new page for each set of notes. This will help you to store and identify them later. Keep topics separate, and have them clearly titled and labelled to facilitate easy recall.
5. Write on one side of the page only. Number these pages. Leave the blank sides free for possible future additions, and for any details which may be needed later.
© Roy Johnson 2004 | <urn:uuid:9577d0fe-82d2-4e65-a77b-46afe92a96e0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://mantex.co.uk/how-to-summarize/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.930392 | 956 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Muslims have been honoured by Allah to be the bearers of His noble book, the Quran. The Quran is a book of knowledge and guidance for all of humanity until Qiyamah. It needs to be recited and understood so that it’s message may be implemented.
While Salah is supposed to be a dialogue between a Muslim and his Creator, Allah, many non-Arabic speaking people unfortunately do not understand what they recite in Salah. This short book has been compiled so that people may be able to understand those Surahs which are most commonly recited in Salah. Understanding their meanings and pondering over them will greatly improve concentration during Salah.
No. of pages: 96 | <urn:uuid:cdf506ff-7527-4a1b-8f7c-9cea8a56693a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://matwork.co.za/?product=a-commentary-of-selected-surahs-from-the-quran | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.96372 | 144 | 2.984375 | 3 |
In a verdict that has been anticipated for months, the Supreme Court has ruled that states must not prohibit same-sex couples from getting married and must recognize their partnerships. The vote count was 5-4.
The case’s swing justice, Anthony Kennedy, penned the majority opinion. Justices Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas, and Samuel Alito, together with Chief Justice John Roberts, all penned separate dissenting opinions.
Equal respect under the law is what same-sex couples, represented by Kennedy, are seeking, he said. “They have that right because of the Constitution.”
NPR’s Nina Totenberg likens the verdict to other landmark rulings, saying, “Whether you support or oppose abortion rights, this case, along with Roe v. Wade and today’s Obergefell v. Hodges, is surely historic. This was a pivotal point in history.”
Bans On Homosexual Marriage At The State Level
Same-sex marriage is prohibited in both the statutes and constitutions of many states. Both constitutional and statutory prohibitions can be found in the family laws of certain states.
Professor of political science at the University of Illinois Springfield Jason Pierceson told NBC News that “most of them are still on the books, though they are not enforceable.”
Pierceson argued that the shift to democratic control of legislatures provided an opening for the repeal of some prohibitions. That’s a major distinction between Indiana and Virginia, you could say.
According to Pierceson, there were two distinct eras during which same-sex marriage was outlawed. The first of these began in the 1970s when homosexual couples sought marriage licenses and were granted them by numerous state judges. Because of this, lawmakers have made an effort to prohibit same-sex marriage.
Maryland was the first state to pass such a law, doing so in 1973. Virginia, Arizona, and Oklahoma all passed laws along the same lines in 1975, while Florida, California, Wyoming, and Utah did the same in 1977.
In response, Utah was the first state to adopt a legal ban on same-sex marriage in 1995, and a year later, Congress passed the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which established the traditional definition of marriage as being between a man and a woman. As a result, Pierceson claims, “nearly every state,” with the exception of New Mexico, had a “statutory ban on same-sex marriage” by the year 2000. He pointed out that these “mini-DOMAs” prohibited homosexual marriage inside state law and family codes rather than the federal constitution.
Where Do Most Same-Sex Couples Live?
Four states, including California, Texas, Florida, and New York, are home to more than one-third of the nation’s married same-sex couples.
Marriages between people of the same sex are more common in the states of the Northeast and the West. With 6% of all marriages, the number of same-sex unions is highest in the nation’s capital. The largest percentage of same-sex married households may be found in Delaware and Massachusetts, out of all 50 states.
While data on same-sex weddings at the city level is lacking, there is evidence to suggest that same-sex households as a whole are more likely to be found in urban areas. At least 2% of all paired households were same-sex couples in 2019 across 10 major cities. The San Francisco Bay Area topped the list with 2.8%.
When Was Same-Sex Marriage Legalized In The US?
The Supreme Court’s decision in Obergefell v. Hodges on June 26, 2015, legalized same-sex marriage nationwide.
The Supreme Court heard oral arguments in this case because it was brought there by same-sex couples who filed suit against state agencies in Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, and Tennessee for violating their constitutional right to marry.
The same-sex marriage prohibitions passed in several of these states are part of a larger national movement in reaction to a request for a constitutional amendment to outlaw the practice by former President George W. Bush.
Adoption By People Of The Same Gender
According to the Boston Globe, Massachusetts was the first state to legalize same-sex adoption in 2003, but progress toward nationwide adoption equality has been slow.
A statute in Mississippi that made it illegal for homosexual couples to adopt was struck down in 2016 by a federal district court, as reported by the Washington Post. In reaching its judgment, the court referred to the case of Obergefell v. Hodges.
The Supreme Court struck down a statute in Arkansas in 2017 that would have made it illegal for adoption documents to fail to specify the parents’ gender. Formerly, same-sex couples needed a court order to have both names on a child’s birth certificate, but that has now changed, as reported by AP News.
As Kennedy pointed out, marriage has not been preserved in a vacuum from changes in the law and society. His argument provides a broad outline of the development of marriage concepts alongside the advancement of women’s rights.
Kennedy saw parallels between this change and the way society has come to see homosexuals and lesbians, noting that “a honest revelation by same-sex couples of what was in their hearts had to remain quiet” for many years. | <urn:uuid:7bdfacd7-3b4b-4a6f-98a9-e9cf141d5419> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://melodicnews.com/is-gay-marriage-legal-in-all-50-states/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.96498 | 1,110 | 3.125 | 3 |
Perhaps not so surprisingly, one of my favorite definitions of translation does not come from a translation studies essay, but from a book called Manuale di semiotica (Manual of Semiotics) printed in 2000. Its author, Ugo Volli, writes in Italian that each translation is “a complex semiotic work; it is a textual interpretation that puts not only two languages, but two cultures in communication.” From this standpoint, text analysis, which all of us in this field are so accustomed to, is only one of the facets of translation. Culture is equally important and cannot be ignored in any good translation. So much so that in the author’s view, “translation is a form of interpretation and textual elaboration that creates a new text, rather than a copy.”
Some words are indeed so rooted in a country’s culture that their origin seems to be lost in the wrinkles of time. Others may have ceased to exist in certain domains and only resurface sporadically in a different field or maybe, if their original meaning is lost, their sound echoes in polysemic words with a completely distinct meaning. This is where knowing how and when a word originated and how it is understood and interpreted in its culture of origin comes in handy for translators.
As an example, we can have a look at the Italian word bugiardino, which means little liar if we translate it literally, but whoever has stumbled upon it in a translation assignment from Italian knows how misleading its literal translation is. In reality, the bugiardino is the package insert that comes with the medications we buy and provides both additional information on the drug and instructions on how to use it. The word bugiardino itself is nowadays primarily used in the pharmaceutical universe with a figurative nuance, while the use of any of its potential cognates is limited to the semantic areas of their literal meaning.
So, how did we end up having a little liar help us use our drugs correctly? A quick etymological research can help us clarify this unknown. The Accademia della Crusca, the Italian society for scholars and Italian linguists and philologists, has a few hypotheses and hints on this. One among the others is that the word bugiardo (liar) was used ironically in central Italy for newspaper posters. By reducing the size to fit the medication boxes, they got to bugiardino (the suffix –ino indicates small). Although its meaning may be fairly intuitive and humorous to native speakers of Italian, its translation in other languages may be challenging. A search online for the ITA>ENG combination shows that Google Translate does not propose any equivalent for bugiardino in the singular, but does have leaflets for the plural. In Linguee, the term is skipped in one occasion and translated correctly in the other two occurrences, but with two different target language equivalents. IATE and TermsCafé.com do not find any matching entries, whereas ProZ provides the correct translation in its public glossaries.
Strictly speaking, bugiardino is a generic term that has not gone through a complete terminologization process. It has not become standardized enough in its language of specialty and, as such, it may not be included in every specialized dictionary. For a similar reason, various general Italian-English dictionaries may not mention it, because it is only used with reference to the pharmaceutical information.
Frequency is one of the criteria used for including, skipping or discarding a term from a termbase. In semiautomated term extraction, for instance, it is often possible to sort based on the most frequently used terms. The rationale behind this is that the more often a term occurs, the more it will be useful in the termbase. Personally, I often find myself disagreeing with this approach and bugiardino is a perfect instance of why. Researching the word bugiardino may require a long time and the use of different sources. Then, assuming that there is enough information available about the term, different translators may choose different equivalents to express it in their language. Having it in the termbase will save time and guarantee consistency in present as well as in future documents. For this reason, I am adding bugiardino to the pharmaceutical subject field of our ideal termbase.
As a student, one of my favorite topics was linguistics, a subject that has now evolved into linguistic anthropology. Within linguistics, one of the most fascinating ideas I came across was intertextuality. According to Julia Kristeva, intertextuality is “the process of transformation and re-elaboration through which the words of others are renewed and become our own.” One of the purposes of terminology management is to help companies and customers find their own unique voice through vocabulary. This objective is accomplished by keeping track of terminology, and proposing harmonized usage of terms across texts. The most visible benefit of managing terminology is the elimination of inconsistencies in the final message, but in terms of intertextuality it is much more than that. It is the provision of a context made of history, tradition, culture and vision; it is the harmonization of the input of every single contributor into one consistent style and the creation of a common, powerful voice, often representing an entire community. Bugiardino, in this sense, speaks to both text analysis and culture, and it is only one of the many examples we find daily in our work. | <urn:uuid:01f67b63-1d73-429f-8117-e1731e29f24a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://multilingual.com/articles/terminology-glosses-little-liars-medicine-inserts-and-intertextuality/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.958296 | 1,118 | 2.671875 | 3 |
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Alport syndrome is a hereditary, multisystemic disorder that causes abnormalities of the ear, kidney, and eye. A teenager who was suffering from end-stage renal failure and hearing problems was referred to us suspected of Alport syndrome. He did not have any ocular complaints and wore glasses for myopic astigmatism. His best-corrected visual acuity was 6/7.5 bilaterally. Anterior segment examination was unremarkable. Posterior segment examination showed perimacular dot-andfleck retinopathy with bull’s eye maculopathy. Optical coherence tomography revealed temporal macular thinning. The findings were in keeping with the diagnosis of X-linked Alport syndrome. Ocular findings can help diagnose Alport syndrome. Early detection and treatment can help delay the progression of kidney failure. | <urn:uuid:d46f42fe-b639-49fa-a77a-f757134e8f1f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://myjo.org/index.php/myjo/article/view/218 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.929718 | 182 | 2.65625 | 3 |
There are several benefits and properties associated with yellow tea.
Yellow tea is a specialized type of tea that is made exclusively in China.
It is closely related to green and black tea, in terms of preparation and taste.
The process of preparing these tea leaves is similar to green tea, except that the leaves are oxidized further.
Which can give them a more yellowish appearance and a slightly smoother taste.
The tea leaves are left to dry in the air so that they oxidize.
Then fry them to stop the oxidation process before wrapping them in a unique material for 2-3 days, and then roasting.
The resulting leaves have a yellow-brown color and can be used to make yellow tea.
This type of tea is becoming rarer and more expensive, even though some believe it is healthier than green tea.
It has many of the same active ingredients that are present in green tea, such as caffeine, catechins, and other antioxidants
The benefits are very little known, but much appreciated.
Yellow tea comes from the plant Camellia sinensis, which is the same as which is made black tea, green, and white, among others, being yellow the least known.
Its consumption is increasing, and every day new features are discovered in this infusion.
Which has many properties and therefore provides excellent health benefits.
The fact of being so little fermented makes it is color and aroma soft and delicate.
Related article: What’s yellow tea good for?
Yellow Tea Properties.
Its properties emphasize that it increases the capacity of concentration, so it is perfect for preparing tests and protects against caries because it has a high content of fluorine.
It is also refreshing, diuretic, and antioxidant.
The aroma is sometimes confused with black tea if cured with other herbs, but its flavor remains similar to that of white tea and green.
10 Yellow Tea benefits.
Although it is much less well-known than other varieties of tea, yellow tea offers many benefits to our health.
Studies conclude that yellow tea extract can have metabolism acceleration and fat-burning ability.
The polyphenols and the catechins present in yellow tea give their properties of fat burning.
A Great benefit of Yellow tea!!!
A beneficial digestive tonic.
Besides, fermentation gives it a probiotic action that helps to balance the microbiota or intestinal flora.
In addition to preventing diseases of the digestive tract, it promotes intestinal transit and the absorption of nutrients.
It has antioxidant properties, making it ideal for the skin.
It does help to keep it rejuvenated, reducing the appearance of blemishes, acne, scars, and any other imperfections.
Drinking a cup every day ensures the elimination of harmful free radicals in the body, courtesy of the high antioxidant content.
These antioxidants prevent cell and tissue damage in the body, which makes it healthy and promotes longevity.
Related article: What is Yellow Tea? Types, Benefits, Side Effects.
It helps prevents cancer.
According to many studies, the polyphenolic compounds containing yellow tea are anti-carcinogenic.
Making it ideal for preventing or reducing the risk of cancer.
Like green tea, yellow tea contains epigallocatechin gallate or EGCG, a substance that stimulates the production of insulin hormone indirectly, and counteracts the assimilation of glucose molecules in the bloodstream.
It is estimated that consuming yellow tea could help, such as making the blood more fluid, helping to lower harmful cholesterol levels, and also lowering high blood pressure.
It fights diabetes.
This tea contains catechins and antioxidants; this is ideal for people who have diabetes or to prevent this disease because thanks to these properties help to reduce the levels of glucose and insulin. This is another great benefit of yellow tea.
Strengthen the immune system.
Yellow tea provides minerals, vitamins, and tannins that help strengthen the immune system, bones, and muscles.
By balancing the balanced intestinal flora, also prevents the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria to the gastrointestinal tract, preventing infectious diseases and inflammations.
Anti Aging Properties.
The presence of high levels of nutrients and antioxidants allows the benefits of yellow tea to combat all signs of aging, including wrinkles and imperfections, providing flawless and attractive skin.
How and when should yellow tea be drunk?
Yellow tea is an infusion with a very mild aroma and flavor; therefore the best way to consume it is by doing it alone,
That is, it is not necessary to mix it with other components such as sugar, milk, honey, and lemon, among others since it would take away the particular flavor of this tea.
Also, this tea can take at any time of the day without any inconvenience.
That is why it is recommended to consume 2 to 3 cups daily, to make the most of all its benefits without suffering any adverse effects.
Related article: 5 teas from the same plant as green tea.
People who want to ingest this tea should do so in a reasonable manner, as overuse of it can cause some side effects.
Also, although no study states or denies it, pregnant or breastfeeding women as a precaution should not use it before having consulted their doctor.
As stated before, excessive consumption of yellow tea can cause some side effects, including:
It can cause anxiety and nervousness.
Taking it overnight can cause insomnia.
High blood pressure.
Diarrhea and upset stomach.
The right way to make Yellow tea.
Like other teas, its preparation is in infusion and not in decoction or another form.
It also supports several infusions, without losing any property, the only thing it eliminates is caffeine, which makes it highly recommended for people who are nervous or suffering from insomnia.
Heat filtered water, without boiling, to a temperature of about 85o.
Place in the teapot, previously heated, one tablespoon of dessert per cup.
Pour in the water, cover, and let it sit for 2 to 4 minutes. If you like the softer you better leave it for 2 minutes.
This is a general way, however, it is important to read the tea labels, which will indicate in that particular case, depending on the type of yellow tea, the best way to make it.
Related article: What is jasmine oolong tea?
Despite its multiple benefits, yellow tea can cause certain side effects if consumed excessively.
Therefore, it is extremely important to keep track of your consumption and only consume a recommended dose, in order to obtain all the benefits and not present any inconvenience.
If you experience any of the aforementioned side effects, you should discontinue or limit your consumption of yellow tea. If you continue to experience symptoms, you should consult a doctor for treatment.
It should be noted that this tea can be considered safe for people as long as they take it moderately, as there are no confirmed contraindications.
However, pregnant, lactating women and those who suffer from glaucoma as a precaution should consult their doctor before ingesting.
Related article: How to make turmeric tea. Plus benefits.
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Thanks a million.
Disclaimer: This content, including advice, provides generic information only. It is in no way a substitute for a qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist or your doctor for more information. MYTEASHACK.COM does not claim responsibility for this information. | <urn:uuid:74bcbd6f-ce2f-49e6-b3ce-61c25351942a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://myteashack.com/yellow-tea-benefits-and-properties/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.932745 | 1,578 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The first American Heart Month took place in February 1964. At that time, more than half of the deaths in America were the result of heart disease. Today, heart disease is the leading cause of death in men and women in our country. To put this in perspective, about 2,300 Americans die from heart disease each day. That is about 1 heart disease related death every 38 seconds. Heart disease doesn’t only affect older adults. Americans in their 20s and 30s are at risk as well! In fact, more than half of Americans have at least one risk factor for heart disease. Some risk factors include:
1. A poor diet, which can lead to high blood pressure, nutritional deficiencies, organ dysfunction, and obesity.
2. Smoking tobacco products.
3. Living a sedentary lifestyle.
Our primary mission here at Natural Health Practices in Port Orange, Florida is to help people improve their health naturally through the use of nutrition, chiropractic, massage, and detox. We believe in the body’s miraculous ability to heal and transform into a stronger, healthier, more vibrant being without the use of drugs or surgeries. While many people choose to wear red to bring about heart disease awareness during the month of February, we are taking the seriousness of heart disease a few steps further. By offering free workshops to our community and helping to support our patients with nutrition, we are able to take a proactive step in the fight against heart disease.
Since the heart is one of the most important organs, if not the most important one we have, we pay special attention to improving heart health. In fact, the health of your heart determines the overall health of your entire body. This is why we use a heart rate variability test to monitor the overall health of our patients. Our heart rate variability machine helps us determine the amount of stress on your body as a whole by analyzing the variability of time between each heart beat.
We also use Nutrition Response Testing to determine what nutrients your body may be lacking. Our patients who are in need of nutritional heart support will often test for the following heart support wholefood supplement products:
– Cod Liver Oil
– Tuna Omega 3 Oil
– Pro Omega
To find out if your heart could benefit from these nutritional products or any of the other professional wholefood products we carry, Contact Us to set up an appointment today. You can also learn more about our Nutrition Response Testing new patient exam here.
We hope everyone has a happy and heart healthy February! | <urn:uuid:cb596dac-9577-4b52-939a-1045f7fb873a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://naturalhealthpractices.com/blog/american-heart-month/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.942624 | 509 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The physics behind a chiropractic adjustment is a well studied and discussed topic. Newton’s Laws of Motion specifically, help to explain the powerful results one can experience from a chiropractic adjustment.
Newton’s 1st Law of Motion in Chiropractic
Newton’s First Law of Motion states that an object at rest will remain at rest unless a force acts upon it. This explains the premise and importance of the chiropractic adjustment. If a joint in your neck or your back is not moving and therefore “at rest,” it will require a specific force to get it moving again. In order to prevent certain conditions, such as arthritis, it is important that all the joints in your body move properly.
The most well-known and most widely-used chiropractic adjustment techniques incorporate High-Velocity, Low-Amplitude (HVLA) thrusts to achieve the adjustment. HVLA is often used in Diversified, Thompson Drop, and Gonstead chiropractic techniques.
If you have ever visited a chiropractor for an adjustment and you heard your neck or back “crack” you experienced what is known as an audible cavitation. An audible cavitation is most often a result of a HVLA adjustment.
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion in Chiropractic
In order to understand the HVLA adjustment, we need to take a closer look at Newton’s Second Law of Motion (Force = Mass X Acceleration).
We can use this equation to help understand how to create enough force to perform a chiropractic adjustment. The amount of force required to adjust a joint is equal to the size (Mass) of the contacted area multiplied by the speed needed to do so (Acceleration.) The Force of an adjustment will be greater if it is concentrated over a smaller area of the body.
Another way we can use Newton’s Second Law of motion to understand HVLA adjustments is by looking at the size (Mass) of the chiropractor performing the adjustment. With certain HVLA adjustments, the smaller the chiropractor is, the faster they need to be to create the same amount of Force as a larger chiropractor. In other words, to create a specific amount of Force, a chiropractor who weighs 100 pounds needs to be faster when they perform certain adjustments than a chiropractor who weighs 200 pounds.
What Patients Should Know About the Physics Behind An Adjustment
The internet is flooded with information about how physics applies to the chiropractic adjustment. For a chiropractic patient, the two most important points to keep in mind is:
1. According to Newton’s First Law of Motion, if a joint in your body is not moving properly, it will not start to move properly unless a specific force is acted upon it to get it moving again. In other words, if your joints are not moving properly, receiving a chiropractic adjustment will help to restore the proper movement of those joints.
2. According to Newton’s Second Law of Motion, the physical size of your chiropractor does play a roll in the way they adjust. If you see a chiropractor like Dr. Shelly Seidenberg who weighs just over 100 pounds, each adjustment you receive may feel quicker than if you see a chiropractor who weighs 200 pounds. However, as long as the correct amount of Force is properly applied and the correct technique is used, you will get excellent results from your adjustment.
If you’d like to schedule an appointment with Dr. Shelly Seidenberg, please request an appointment online or call (386) 307-8207. | <urn:uuid:7343dd7d-1b2b-4261-abbd-69d44d5ca23d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://naturalhealthpractices.com/blog/the-physics-behind-the-chiropractic-adjustment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.921996 | 759 | 2.796875 | 3 |
A graphic design is a drawing or layout for the arrangement of an object, concept or system on a paper or other surface, or for its actual implementation in the shape of a machine, model, symptom or implement, or the outcome of that layout or design in the shape of a finished product, machine, process or application. The word “graphic” comes from the Greek word “gimmas” (mutable), “design” (determined by an artist’s skill) or” graphe” (a tool used in shaping). The word “graphic” is therefore related to both drawing and painting. The discipline of graphic design was first recognized as a separate academic field of study in the early twentieth century. The invention of the pen, the roller, the press, and the pencil have contributed to the development of graphic design.
In order to have a good graphic design, there are some important designing principles that you should follow. For example, a user experience designer must know what the users need and want. The user experience designer is in charge of determining what the end users will experience while using the product, and designing products or systems that satisfy these needs. You, as a designer, must also determine what the end users will experience and why they will not experience it. This understanding will guide you to choose the most appropriate design processes and product models for users and clients and will also help you to understand the basic design principles such as perspective, typography, illustration, figure and layout, filmstrip drawing, and shadowing.
Another principle that you should follow is to think like a designer, and use design patterns to develop your ideas. Designers spend their whole careers, learning about different design patterns. And then, when they get a chance to apply their knowledge to a client’s project, they should be able to successfully implement it in a reliable way. In this case, we can say that the user experience designer has to adapt his/her concept of design to the specific needs of the company. Designers also play an important role in making the products user-friendly; however, different designers have different perspectives on how to make products more user-friendly. | <urn:uuid:182ce717-e5dd-458b-b579-892158b36ed1> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://newventuretools.net/principles-of-designing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.953058 | 452 | 3.453125 | 3 |
We all have been shocked a number of times by the beauty and patterns of nature. But trees grown in perfect concentric circles are something you must have not witnessed yet! Nobody had ever thought that a 50-year-old bizarre experiment would yield such mysterious and unique results. In the Miyazaki Prefecture of southern Japan, innumerable of trees rise toward the sky, which leads to such amazing concentric circles. People often get curious to know the reason behind this pattern.
A decision was taken in 1973 by the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries regarding spacing of trees and growth, as per the documents. Back then space was named as “experimental forestry” and during this researchers planted the trees in 10-degree radial increments to form 10 concentric circles.
The kind of visual and natural beauty we get to witness now was actually a bizarre experiment conducted 50-years back. This mysterious forest in Japan grew in a convex shape. The mysterious forest revealed that spacing definitely has unexpected results on growth. Rather than harvesting the trees in five years, officials of Japan wish to conserve this circular forest.
Google View of the concentric forest
Japan is working to conserve this beauty of nature whereas deforestation is at its high in many parts of the world. Encroachment in the rainforest for our own welfare has led to the deterioration in the beauty of nature. We all are living in such a scenario where we have inflicted enough damage to our mother earth and nature. Deforestation, Global warming are some of the threats which can be nicely dealt with by growing more and more trees. So, rather than cutting off a tree plant a new one.
It might be nearly impossible for a layman to create such wonders like this mysterious forest in Japan. But we can definitely contribute to our part and save our planet. | <urn:uuid:98886f4f-824f-4529-b361-9e7a783cf0b5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://noonecares.me/a-50-year-old-bizarre-experiment-lead-to-a-mysterious-forest-in-japan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.961919 | 369 | 3.59375 | 4 |
2014 NAACP Image Award Winner: Outstanding Literary Work – Biography / Auto Biography
2013 Letitia Woods Brown Award from the Association of Black Women Historians
Choice Top 25 Academic Titles for 2013
The definitive political biography of Rosa Parks examines her six decades of activism, challenging perceptions of her as an accidental actor in the civil rights movement
Presenting a corrective to the popular notion of Rosa Parks as the quiet seamstress who, with a single act, birthed the modern civil rights movement, Theoharis provides a revealing window into Parks’s politics and years of activism. She shows readers how this civil rights movement radical sought—for more than a half a century—to expose and eradicate the American racial-caste system in jobs, schools, public services, and criminal justice. | <urn:uuid:d4e5b50d-8309-4835-9757-25599193e546> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://nypl.overdrive.com/media/8D53D4D0-4557-412A-A797-313A3D816F97 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.883697 | 162 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The Washington State Dept of Ecology has allowed the Navy to continue harrassing marine animals as they have for decades. Is it any real wonder why our Orcas are in serious decline? The death of a thousand cuts. Won’t it be a great day when we value our environment more than our military industrial complex? As if we weren’t outspending all other countries. Let’s quickly review before reviewing what the state has allowed:
The U.S. spends more than 144 other countries combined. And the U.S. spends more than the next seven countries combined.
And what does the Navy wants to do in the areas where the dwindling number of Orcas live?
• Torpedo Exercise (non-explosive; Unmanned Underwater Vehicle Training)
• At-Sea Sonar Testing
• Mine Countermeasure and Neutralization Testing
• Propulsion Testing
• Undersea Warfare Testing
• Vessel Signature Evaluation
• Acoustic and Oceanographic Research
• Radar and Other Systems Testing;
• Simulant Testing – Dispertion of chemical warfare simulation.
• Intelligence Surveillance, Reconnaissance/Electronic Warfare Triton Testing
And what does Ecology want them to do to “mitigate the possible ‘taking’ (meaning harrassment or otherwise disturbing) of 51 Orcas’ which is what the Navy themselves says might happen? Here is a partial section of the document.
Any marine mammals exposed to sonar or other acoustic effects outside of the coastal zone are not likely to remain affected if the animal were to return to the coastal zone, because the vast majority of predicted effects are temporary effects to behavior, which would no longer be present when the animal is in the coastal zone.
Active sonar is required for this activity and may result in a wide range of effects from injury to behavioral changes to loss of hearing, and depends on the frequency and duration of the source, the physical characteristics of the environment, and the species (among other complex factors).
Explosives are required for this activity. The use of explosives could result in a disturbance to behavior, or lethal or non-lethal injuries (quantitative analysis done for this activity did not predict any lethal injuries for marine mammals). Most explosives would occur in the water column, minimizing effects to habitat.
Ecology and other Washington State officials and resource agencies are concerned that, without Ecology’s conditions, the Navy’s activities will have significant long-term effects on Washington coastal resources. Given the numerous marine animals and other resources that are likely to suffer the effects from the Navy’s new activities compounded by previously authorized activities,
Ecology is highlighting the effects to the Southern Resident orcas and other large cetaceans. As described in the CD, the Navy’s
mitigation measures are insufficient to provide necessary protections to the vulnerable, declining populations of key marine mammals, particularly Southern Resident orcas, of Washington’s coastal zone and lead to the conclusion that conditions are necessary to alleviate adverse effects.
Ongoing Naval exercises in the air and water around Washington pose a serious threat to Southern Resident orcas, and the impact of new and expanded activities will further threaten this vulnerable
population. Ecology’s conditions will help minimize the threats to these animals. An icon of the Pacific Northwest, Southern Resident orcas have captured the hearts of Washington’s residents, citizens, and
visitors and hold significant cultural value for Washington’s tribes. With the apparent loss of three whales last summer 2019, Southern Resident orcas appear to have a population of just 73 whales—the lowest population level in more than 40 years. Given this declining population, the loss of even one more whale could greatly undermine recovery efforts for decades. The most up-to-date information on the Southern Resident orca population, must be relied on, and assessments of impacts must be based on current data, which projects the existing population of 73 whales. Thus, the potential harm of the Navy’s activities on this vulnerable population
has been underestimated. With such a small and shrinking population, the impact of each take is amplified within the population.
The Navy’s actions could result in a total of 51 annual “takes” a year of Southern Resident orcas in the form of Level B harassment. Given the imperiled nature of this population, this number of takes threatens a significant impact on the population from the Navy’s training and testing activities.
Furthermore, these take numbers do not account for the fact that Southern Resident orcas generally travel in pods and thus likely underestimate the potential adverse impact to this precarious population since activities could impact multiple animals at once. Additionally, three orcas appear to be carrying young, which makes them more vulnerable, as well as their future calves.
The cumulative impact of repeated exposures to the same whales over time needs to be seriously considered, and Ecology’s conditions can address these impacts. The Navy’s testing and training activities have already been authorized twice before, and are likely to continue into the future.
According to the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, “Due to the longevity of Southern Resident orcas and the estimated percentage of take for the population [being] so high (68%), the effects of take will be compounded over time and may have cumulative effects, such as behavioral abandonment of key foraging areas and adverse, long term effects on hearing and echolocation.”
Instances of temporary hearing loss, such as the Temporary Threshold Shifts (TTS) can be cumulative and lead to long-term hearing loss. This could have a significant impact on Southern Resident orcas,
which rely on hearing for communication, feeding, and ship avoidance.
In addition, Level B Harassment can disrupt “migration, surfacing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or sheltering, to a point where such behavioral patterns are abandoned or significantly altered,” all behaviors critical to survival of the Southern Resident orcas. Given the many stresses already faced by
this endangered population, repeated harassment on this scale could be significant and even lead to mortality.
The Navy’s use of mid-frequency sonar can impact wildlife within 2,000 square miles and mine explosives can cause death or injury. Although these activities may affect a wide range of marinemammals, the potential impact of these activities on endangered Southern Resident orcas is of
particular concern, given their dangerously low population size. This is the third consecutiveauthorization period during which the Navy may be approved for such testing and training exercises andthese or similar activities are likely to continue for decades. For long-lived marine species, the effects oftake will be compounded over time and may have cumulative effects, such as behavioral abandonment of key foraging areas and adverse, long-term effects on hearing and echolocation. Again, the Navy finds
these effects of minor significance, a finding with which Ecology disagrees.
Gray whales are currently undergoing an unexplained die-off leading to 352 strandings between January 2019 and July 2020, including 44 strandings along the coast of Washington alone. NOAA is investigating the die-off as an Unusual Mortality Event. While it is not clear what specifically is driving this event, many animals show signs of “poor to thin body condition.”
Because the cause of the Unusual Mortality Event is unknown, the Navy cannot cite an increasing population and then assert that its activities for a
seven-year period are insignificant because the health of the gray whale population could decline.
For several species, including harbor seals, Dall’s porpoise, and harbor porpoise, the Navy’s near constant harassment every year for a seven–year period could significantly damage the population of those species. For example, the Navy’s proposal could lead to a take 30 times the abundance of the Hood Canal population of harbor seals every year, 3,084 percent of population abundance, and similarly authorizes high levels of takes for Southern Puget Sound harbor seals (168 percent of population
abundance). This high level of take could lead to interruptions in foraging that could lead to reproductive loss for female harbor seals. However, there is no analysis regarding how this harassment and loss of reproduction could affect the population as a whole, beyond an assertion that these impacts “would not be expected to adversely affect the stock through effects on annual rates of recruitment or survival.”
The rates of take for populations of Dall’s porpoises (131 percent of population abundance) and the populations of harbor porpoises on the Northern OR/WA Coast (244 percent of population abundance)
and in Washington Inland Waters (265 percent of population abundance) are also exceptionally high.
These porpoises are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of anthropogenic sound. This level of take could also lead to reproductive loss.
The leatherback turtle is classified as endangered under the ESA and has Critical Habitat designated within the Study Area. The western Pacific leatherback sea turtle populations are particularly at risk, and
the SEIS states that (the effort to analyze population structure and distribution by distinct population segment…) is critical to focus efforts to protect the species, because the status of individual stocks varies
widely across the world. Western Pacific leatherbacks have declined more than 80 percent and eastern Pacific leatherbacks have declined by more than 97 percent since the 1980s. Because the threats to these subpopulations have not ceased, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has predicted a decline of 96 percent for the western Pacific subpopulation.” | <urn:uuid:508bd478-dd5b-441c-921e-7c7331c82aa3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://olyopen.com/2020/09/01/wa-dept-of-ecology-approves-expansion-of-navy-war-games-activity-with-conditions/?amp=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.932546 | 1,974 | 2.53125 | 3 |
cheek by jowl = vertraulich beisammen, auf Tuchfühlung; dicht beieinander; Seite an Seite
“Third comes the fact that, after more than a year of Covid-19, we’re just not psychologically used to being CHEEK BY JOWL with other people anymore.”
John Walton - CNN ‘Why this will be the hottest airplane seat in 2021' (15 February 2021)
“Poverty and consumerism stand CHEEK BY JOWL in India’s booming economy, which has also resulted in increasing inequalities.”
Reuters News Service
cheek by jowl
- side by side
- very close together
Merriam-Webster / The Cambridge Dictionary
This term is a very old one, dating back to the 16th century:
“Follow! Nay, I’ll go with thee cheek by jowl”, William Shakespeare 'A Midsummer Night’s Dream'.
“Jowl” refers to the fleshy part of the lower jaw, which is next to the cheek. This idiom derives from the notion of holding someone close or dancing so close together that the cheeks touch.
Another version of the expression can be found in the Irving Berlin song popularised by the 1935 film 'Top Hat', in which Fred Astaire sings:
I’m in heaven
And my heart beats
So that I can hardly speak
And I seem to find
The happiness I seek
When we’re out together
Dancing cheek to cheek"
It’s easy to understand why Irving Berlin decided to write “Dancing cheek to cheek” instead of “Dancing cheek by jowl”.
R.I.P. QUEEN ELIZABETH II
Britain’s longest-reigning monarch has died. During her 70-year reign, Queen Elizabeth II advised 15 British prime ministers, met 12 American presidents, lent her name to over 600 charitable organisations and owned more than 40 Pembrokeshire Welsh Corgi dogs. Along with her consort, Prince Philip—by her side until his death in 2021—she witnessed the evolution of Britain from a declining imperial power to a multicultural country embracing change. The unique circumstances of the queen’s reign mean that it is unlikely to be repeated. The new monarch, King Charles III, is Britain’s longest-serving heir-apparent and is the oldest new monarch in the country’s history.
Zanny Minton Beddoes, Editor-in-chief - The Economist (8 September 2022)
- with or in proximity to another person or people:
abreast, all at once, all together, along, alongside, alongside each other, altogether, arm in arm, as a group, as one, at the same moment, beside each other (one another), by the side of, cheek to cheek, CHEEK BY JOWL, closely, close together, coincidentally, combined, concertedly, concomitantly, concurrently, conjointly, hand and glove, hand in hand, in a body (a group, alignment, alliance, chorus, collaboration, collusion, combination, company with, concert, harmony, one breath, partnership), inseparably, in sync (tandem, unison, unity), jointly, mutually, neck and neck, next to each other, reciprocally, shoulder to shoulder, side-by-side, synchronously, together, unanimously, unitedly, within spitting (sniffing) distance of, with one accord, with one another, with one voice, working together, yardarm to yardarm
SMUGGLE OWAD into an English conversation, say something like:
"Queen Elizabeth II and her beloved husband Philip, CHEEK BY JOWL for 73 years, had an amazing partnership."
HERZLICHEN DANK to all readers helping me keep OWAD alive with single or monthly donations at:
Paul Smith, IBAN: DE75 7316 0000 0002 5477 40
1 year ago
1 year ago
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Copyright © 2000-2023 PSA - All Rights Reserved | <urn:uuid:aadf86ab-44cb-4f28-9538-56baf48e7c4b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://owad.de/word-show/cheek-by-jowl | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.896221 | 886 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Pickleball is a growing sport that has gained immense popularity in recent years. As the sport continues to grow, it is essential to understand the differences between pickleball and tennis, one of which is the net height. This article will provide an in-depth look at the difference between pickleball net height and tennis net height, exploring why each game requires different heights for their respective nets.
Height Differences Between Pickleball and Tennis Nets
The net is an integral component of the game in both tennis and pickleball. While the rules for each sport are slightly different, the net’s height can drastically change strategy and gameplay. The most notable distinction between pickleball and tennis lies in the height of their respective nets: 36 inches at the posts and 34 inches high in the middle for pickleball, while 42 inches high at the posts and 36 middle for tennis.
This variance between courts makes each game more unique as players must adjust their approach based on which court they’re playing. The lower net makes it easier to hit shots over your opponent without increasing your stroke arc, making pickleball an ideal choice for beginners looking to learn how to play tennis.
Width Differences Between Pickleball and Tennis Nets
Tennis and pickleball have a lot of similarities; both are racket sports and involve volleys across a net. However, there is one difference that sets the two apart: the width of the net. For tennis, doubles matches utilize a 42-foot wide net, while singles matches use a 33-foot wide net. On the other hand, pickleball nets are 21 feet 9 inches wide for both singles and doubles games.
The reason behind this discrepancy in width can be attributed to the size of each court. Tennis courts tend to be much longer than those used for pickleball, requiring more space between players on each side of the court during doubles matches. The wider distance encourages faster hitting speeds and more precise ball placement, which is essential for competitive play in tournaments or leagues.
Similarities Between Pickleball and Tennis Net
Pickleball and tennis are two sports that have much in common, including the nets used. Both sports require nets made from a unique mesh material to keep balls from going through. This type of net is designed to be lightweight and durable yet strong enough to withstand the force of multiple impacts throughout a game.
Furthermore, pickleball and tennis nets must be strapped down in the center to maintain regulation height (34 inches for pickleball and 36 inches for tennis). The adjustable straps allow players to adjust the net tension as needed during matches.
Despite their size and shape differences, pickleball and tennis nets share many similarities regarding materials used for construction and installation methods. These similarities help make both sports accessible at all levels of play worldwide.
Can You Use A Tennis Net for Pickleball?
The answer is yes! Using a tennis net for pickleball is perfectly acceptable and offers several benefits. The most obvious benefit of using a pickleball tennis net is cost savings.
Tennis nets are often more affordable than purpose-built pickleball nets, so investing in one could help keep your budget in check. Additionally, since the rules of pickleball and tennis are very similar, it makes sense to have equipment that can be used interchangeably between both sports.
How do you convert a tennis net to pickleball?
Playing pickleball doesn’t have to be complicated. One of the simplest ways to convert a tennis court into an official pickleball court is by simply lowering the net. The standard height for a tennis net is 36″, while in comparison, pickleball uses a lower net with 34″ in the center. Lowering the tennis net can quickly and easily convert any court into an official pickleball court.
To make sure that your conversion meets official standards, you must understand how to properly adjust your tennis net to stand at 34″ tall in the center, with a gradual slope up towards each end post.
This adjustment is relatively easy and only requires essential adjustment tools such as rope, stakes or posts, and clamps or ties. Once you have these items, you can follow specific steps for properly installing the new net height.
Frequently Asked Question
Which Is Harder, Tennis Or Pickleball?
Pickleball is often compared to tennis, two of the most popular racket sports. But, when it comes to deciding which sport is more challenging– Tennis or Pickleball– the answer is more complex. While both games require a good deal of skill and strategy, there are some critical differences between them.
Pickleball is quite different from tennis in terms of intensity and physicality. The court size for pickleball is much smaller than tennis, with shorter volleys and less space for players to cover. Additionally, because pickleball rackets have a larger hitting surface area than tennis rackets, there’s less effort required to keep up with fast-paced rallies. Accuracy and finesse are still important aspects of playing successful pickleball matches.
Is Pickleball Easier On The Knees Than Tennis?
Studies suggest that it can be. Pickleball involves less running than tennis and allows participants to move around more slowly without sacrificing fitness.
Additionally, because of its smaller court size and lighter balls, pickleball players need not swing their racquets with as much force as they do in tennis which puts less stress on the body overall. For those who are looking for low-impact physical activity, pickleball is what you need!
Pickleball Net Height vs. Tennis Net Height Conclusion
We can see that pickleball net height significantly differs from tennis net height. This impacts how each game is played, and it’s essential to know the differences to enjoy and play either game correctly.
Pickleball rules must be followed, as they differ slightly from tennis rules. By understanding the differences between the two sports, you can maximize your enjoyment when participating in either one. | <urn:uuid:6db8ec57-2c24-452d-a338-b08ba6748630> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://pickleballyard.com/pickleball-net-height-vs-tennis-net-height/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.95038 | 1,238 | 3.3125 | 3 |
There are many things in life to look forward to as we age, but a slowing metabolism isn’t typically one of them but it is something that’s inevitable for most people. In fact, a study from 2013 found that we increase by 0.5 to 1kg per year as a result .
But, there are plenty of things we can do to delay this slowing and stabilise our metabolism — and none of them is overly complicated or difficult to incorporate into daily life.
Read on to learn how to increase metabolism after 40.
What is metabolism?
Before we get into it, let’s look into what metabolism actually is. Your metabolism is a chemical process by which your body is turning food into energy — and it's a pretty complex one at that.
Metabolic rate essentially boils down to how easy or hard it is for someone to lose and gain weight. This is why many factors should be considered when we discuss weight loss.
The fact of the matter is, for some people, it’s genetically harder to lose or maintain a certain weight — and this often gets more difficult as we age.
Metabolism can be broken down into a chemical process known as catabolism and anabolism. To put it simply, catabolism refers to the process that breaks down molecules and releases energy, whereas anabolism builds up molecules from smaller ones and requires energy.
There are a few ways that your body burns energy (3 to be exact). These include your basal metabolic rate (BMR), the energy expenditure used for breaking down food (which is known as the thermic effect of food (TEF), and finally the energy you use during regular exercise.
Your basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate at which this happens and how many calories your body needs to perform basic daily functions (we’re talking about breathing, pumping blood around your body, and repairing cells). Think of this as your resting metabolic rate.
Next is your thermic effect of food (TEF), which refers to the amount of energy the digestive process uses.
Finally, is the energy expenditure from physical exercise (often referred to as spontaneous physical activity), including things like walking, strength training, resistance training, and interval training .
What determines your metabolic rate?
Although we understand the metabolic process, there is still one rather large mystery: why 2 people who eat the same and undertake the same exercise regimens will have varied metabolic rates.
The most notable factors that determine someone's metabolic rate are:
- Your genes
- Percentage of lean muscle
- Fat storage
- Age .
Hormone changes are also said to impact metabolism.
That’s not to say you can’t increase your metabolism, it just means your base levels will be different from those of other people.
This is why it's important to take all aspects of life into account and not compare yourself to other people. We’ll be talking about specifically how to increase metabolism and in turn, lose weight after 40, later on.
Why does metabolism decrease with age?
Our basal metabolic rate decreases with age. This is said to be because the volume of skeletal muscle decreases and the percentage of fat tissue increases, which decreases our basal metabolic rate .
Fat burns fewer calories than muscle, and if muscle is decreasing, then you’re not burning as many calories. And if you’re not burning all of the calories you’re consuming, these can be stored as fat.
Essentially, you burn calories at a lower rate, in turn, making it harder to lose weight — even if you aren’t eating more than normal. This means that weight gain is easier and weight loss harder.
It’s also important to consider the role of testosterone when it comes to metabolism. Testosterone not only helps to build muscle, but it also helps break down fat in the body. It’s possible to increase testosterone, though, which is good news .
Why is it harder to lose weight after 40?
So, why 40? Well, the main reason is lean muscle mass. This lean muscle mass starts to decline around the age of 40 and is a completely normal part of ageing. People with increased muscle have a faster metabolism. As metabolism slows, weight loss can more difficult.
Not to mention that life can be busy and stressful, which can have a knock-on effect on your lifestyle.
This doesn’t mean you’re never going to lose weight again, or increase your metabolism, though. It just might take a different approach.
Is it possible to increase your metabolism after 40?
In short: it’s complicated, but yes. You can’t give yourself an entirely new BMR. But, there are definitely things you can do to keep your metabolic rate ticking along and slightly increase it, which in turn, can have a great impact on your overall health.
The good news is that it’s not particularly difficult to help give your metabolism a boost. Simple and consistent changes can yield huge improvements to increase metabolism.
However, these changes must remain steady as part of a long-term plan to see benefits to your overall health. Rapid weight loss isn't a great approach here, and this won't help a slow metabolism.
What's the best way to approach weight loss?
Weight loss is something that should always be done carefully and thoughtfully; seeking medical help and advice where you need it. One study found that dietary habits, not smoking and steady exercise can help delay the ageing process in some people .
The good news? These changes aren't complicated; it's just about slotting them into your routine in a way that’s sustainable — we’re talking about keeping these habits up for the next few decades to maintain those energy levels as you age.
It can often be more helpful to reframe your thinking from losing weight to changing your daily habits and making different health decisions.
Now, let's dive into how to increase metabolism after 40.
The first thing to look at is your dietary habits. Making sure you’re eating a balanced diet to keep you full between meals will contribute towards weight loss (if that is a goal) and increasing metabolism after 40 .
Prolonged sleep deprivation isn't a recipe for success if you want to increase your metabolism after 40 — but it's a common problem.
But, a study from 2010 found that a staggering 30% of adults are getting less than 6 hours of sleep a night . So, the takeaway here? Make sure you get enough shut-eye. Another positive is that enough quality sleep will help increase your energy to stay active.
Finding an exercise routine you can fit around your schedule and that you enjoy is important to overall weight maintenance and keeping metabolically active.
Endurance exercise and weight training in particular can prevent metabolic disorders and increase muscle mass .
Stress is a word thrown around often, but we rarely stop to consider the impact it's actually having on our bodies. A slow metabolism after 40 induced by stress is commonly due to 2 reasons.
The first is cortisol-related and the second is behaviour-related weight gain .
During periods of stress, the hormone cortisol and adrenaline release glucose into your bloodstream — this is your body's natural response to what it perceives to be a threat (commonly known as the fight or flight response).
Once your body comes down from this stressful situation, your blood sugar drops and you might find yourself craving those sweet treats.
The second is behaviour-related calorie intake. When we are experiencing long periods of stress, we often opt for quicker, convenient foods, which isn't conducive to increasing metabolism.
That's where Pilot’s Weight Reset Shakes can come in handy during those instances you need to replenish quickly with a meal replacement, without the temptation of quick foods that are full of artificial sweeteners.
Plus, our shakes are filled with 20 vitamins and minerals as well as pre and probiotics, so you know you're getting your dietary essentials inside every shake.
The short of it is: less stress can equal a higher metabolic rate.
Alcohol consumption can actually impact your body's ability to metabolise and absorb nutrients .
Swapping your nightly red wine for soda water might not be as fun, but it can help contribute to your weight loss results and increase metabolism. And it helps you stay hydrated with plenty of water.
Seeking help if you need it
One of the most important aspects of any weight loss or lifestyle changes is seeking help if you need it — whether that’s controlling stress, incorporating more exercise, changing your diet as needed and finding ways to get enough sleep at night.
These small changes together can have a big impact on your overall health and there are plenty of ways to achieve them.
Pilot's Metabolic Reset Program is a great place to start if you're confused or overwhelmed, as it helps combines breakthrough modern medicine — which works to decrease your appetite and keep you feeling fuller for longer — with community support from our medical team and health coaches, while also connecting you with a supportive community of like-minded men to help keep you motivated and accountable to your weight loss goals.
Image credit: Getty Images | <urn:uuid:be8dd2e3-483f-4838-b298-7f8b5eea1d9c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://pilot.com.au/co-pilot/how-to-increase-metabolism-after-40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.956448 | 1,907 | 2.828125 | 3 |
What are two examples of products that you think are currently in each of the product life-cycle stages? Consider services as well as physical goods. Justify why you chose that product or service for that life-cycle stage. Your response should be at least 300 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations
https://proessaytutors.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/proessaytutors.png 0 0 Admin https://proessaytutors.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/proessaytutors.png Admin2020-08-19 03:24:042020-08-19 03:24:04the product life-cycle stages
Do you need a similar assignment done for you from scratch? We have qualified writers to help you. We assure you an A+ quality paper that is free from plagiarism. Order now for an Amazing Discount! | <urn:uuid:0f063edc-7256-465e-b40b-ef0de24caa95> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://proessaytutors.com/the-product-life-cycle-stages/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.944899 | 226 | 2.625 | 3 |
In a recent judgement, the Karnataka High Court upheld the disqualification of five independent MLAs from the Assembly. These MLAs, who had previously served as Ministers in the Yeddyurappa government, were disqualified along with 11 others after they withdrew their support to the government. The disqualifications raise some important questions on the working of the anti-defection law. While the law was framed in 1985 with the specific intent of 'combating the evil of political defections', over the years several unanticipated consequences have come to the fore. The primary among these is the erosion of independence of the average legislator. The need for an anti-defection law was first felt in the late 1960s. Of the 16 States that went to polls in 1967, Congress lost majority in eight and failed to form the government in seven. Thus began the era of common minimum programmes and coalition governments. This was accompanied with another development - the phenomenon of large scale political migrations. Within a brief span of 4 years (1967-71), there were 142 defections in Parliament and 1969 defections in State Assemblies across the country. Thirty-two governments collapsed and 212 defectors were rewarded with ministerial positions. Haryana was the first State where a Congress ministry was toppled. The Bhagwat Dayal ministry was defeated in the Assembly when its nominee for speakership lost out to another candidate. Congress dissidents defected to form a new party called the Haryana Congress, entered into an alliance with the opposition and formed a new government under the Chief Ministership of Rao Birender Singh (also a Congress defector). Haryana thus became the first State to reward a defector with Chief Ministership. Another Haryana legislator, Gaya Lal, defected thrice within a fortnight. The now well know terms 'Aya Ram' and 'Gaya Ram' that are often used to describe political turncoats owe inspiration to him. It was to address this issue that the anti-defection law was passed in 1985. This law amended the Constitution and added the Tenth Schedule to the same. The Supreme Court, in Kihota Hollohon vs. Zachilhu (1992), while upholding the validity of the law held that decisions of disqualification shall be open to judicial review. It also made some observations on Section 2(1) (b) of the Tenth schedule. Section 2(1) (b) reads that a member shall be disqualified if he votes or abstains from voting contrary to any direction issued by the political party. The judgement highlighted the need to limit disqualifications to votes crucial to the existence of the government and to matters integral to the electoral programme of the party, so as not to 'unduly impinge' on the freedom of speech of members. This anti-defection law has regulated parliamentary behaviour for over 25 years now. Though it has the advantage of providing stability to governments and ensuring loyalty to party manifestos, it reduces the accountability of the government to Parliament and curbs dissent against party policies. In this context, Manish Tewari's private member bill merits mention: he suggests that anti-defection law be restricted to votes of confidence and money bills. Such a move will retain the objective of maintaining the stability of the government while allowing MPs to vote freely (subject to the discipline of the party whip) on other issues. This brings us to the question - Is the anti-defection law indispensable? Is defection peculiar to India? If not, how do other countries handle similar situations? It is interesting to note that many advanced democracies face similar problems but haven't enacted any such laws to regulate legislators. Prominent cases in UK politics include the defection of Ramsay Macdonald, the first Labour Prime Minister, in 1931. He defected from his party following disagreements on policy responses to the economic crisis. Neither Macdonald nor any of his three cabinet colleagues who defected with him resigned their seats in the House of Commons to seek a fresh mandate. Australian Parliament too has had its share of defections. Legislators have often shifted loyalties and governments have been formed and toppled in quick succession. In the US too, Congressmen often vote against the party programme on important issues without actually defecting from the party. India might have its peculiar circumstances that merit different policies. But, the very fact that some other democracies can function without such a law should get us thinking. Sources/ Notes: PRS Conference note: The Anti-Defection Law – Intent and Impact Column by CV Madhukar (Director, PRS) titled 'Post-independents' in the Indian Express
Discussion on the first no-confidence motion of the 17th Lok Sabha began today. No-confidence motions and confidence motions are trust votes, used to test or demonstrate the support of Lok Sabha for the government in power. Article 75(3) of the Constitution states that the government is collectively responsible to Lok Sabha. This means that the government must always enjoy the support of a majority of the members of Lok Sabha. Trust votes are used to examine this support. The government resigns if a majority of members support a no-confidence motion, or reject a confidence motion.
So far, 28 no-confidence motions (including the one being discussed today) and 11 confidence motions have been discussed. Over the years, the number of such motions has reduced. The mid-1960s and mid-1970s saw more no-confidence motions, whereas the 1990s saw more confidence motions.
Figure 1: Trust votes in Parliament
Note: *Term shorter than 5 years; **6-year term.
Source: Statistical Handbook 2021, Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs; PRS.
The no-confidence motion being discussed today was moved on July 26, 2023. A motion of no-confidence is moved with the support of at least 50 members. The Speaker has the discretion to allot time for discussion of the motion. The Rules of Procedure state that the motion must be discussed within 10 days of being introduced. This year, the no-confidence motion was discussed 13 calendar days after introduction. Since the introduction of the no-confidence motion on July 26, 12 Bills have been introduced and 18 Bills have been passed by Lok Sabha. In the past, on four occasions, the discussion on no-confidence motions began seven days after their introduction. On these occasions, Bills and other important issues were debated before the discussion on the no-confidence motion began.
Figure 2: Members rise in support of the motion of no-confidence in Lok Sabha | <urn:uuid:570af971-c2dd-418c-9de7-c8b75658aa3e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://prsindia.org/theprsblog/politics-of-defection | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.965244 | 1,329 | 2.515625 | 3 |
PSMC5 is one of over 30 genes that together encode for proteins which are built into the 26S proteasome – a group of proteins that cooperate to remove or recycle other proteins in the cell.
Proteins are degraded by the proteasome for many reasons. Some proteins are routinely destroyed to keep cells responsive to changes in its environment or direct cells through its cell cycle. Some proteins are removed as part of quality control process in the cell. Proteasomes degrade incorrectly folded proteins or proteins made in excess of the other proteins. Many scientists consider defects in this quality control a significant cause of many age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases.
The degradation of proteins by proteasomes must be tightly controlled so that cells do not randomly destroy most of its proteins.
One control mechanism is that the actual step of breaking apart proteins occurs inside the proteasome. Parts of the proteasome, known as gates, restrict access to this destruction chamber. For a protein to get inside proteasomes, it must first be recognized by proteasomes as a target, then unfolded to a narrow ribbon of amino acids which can squeeze into the inner chamber of the proteasome once the gates open.
Six proteins cooperate to unfold the proteins and push them further into the proteasome: PSMC1, PSMC2, PSMC3, PSMC4, PSMC6, and PSMC5. These proteins, called ATPases because they consume ATP, the energy currency of the cell. The ATPases use ATP to unwind the protein and push it inside the proteasome. The ATPases also open the proteasome gates.
Although we know the genetic change in PSMC5 shared by these boys, we do not know why one defective copy of the gene is enough to cause problems.
There are two possibilities. In one scenario, the problem is there are not enough “good” proteasomes to carry out the work. In this case, if we make a few more proteasomes with the “good” copy of PSMC5, then cells should work more normally in its process of protein degradation. Alternatively, the “bad” copy might not be doing nothing, but causing proteasomes to jam. Making a few more proteasomes will not fix this problem. If we were to put in just a little bit of the altered version of PSMC5 we could cause protein degradation in normal cells to slow down.
This is a straightforward hypothesis to test. To test this hypothesis, we have collected cells from both boys and their family members. We have also generated cell lines that are normally studied in labs but modified (using CRISPR/Cas9 technology) to only have one functional copy of PSMC5. We can now use modified RNAs (essentially the same technology used by Moderna and Pfizer to make their COVID-19 vaccines) to put a “good” copy of PSMC5 into cells with only one functional copy of PSMC5 or the altered PSMC5 gene into otherwise normal cells. Then we can check to see which of these two scenarios is at work.
One of the striking features of these boys is how active and otherwise healthy they are.
The cells we have collected also rather healthy. So why did this genetic change lead to problems in neurodevelopment? One hypothesis we are testing is based on our observation that cells often have more than enough proteasomes. There are likely a few occasions in life where these “extra” proteasomes are required to handle a sudden burst of damage to proteins or in major developmental changes.
We want to confirm that this PSMC5 mutation sensitizes cells in several cases of protein damage. We will use these findings to better understand responses to protein damage and as a basis of drug screens with Dr. Rubinsztein’s lab to find chemicals that make cells with the PSMC5 mutation more resistant to protein damaging environments.
Meanwhile, we will be purifying proteasomes from cells with this mutation in PSMC5 to better understand how this change prevents proteasomes from functioning normally.
Initial observations suggest that this mutation increases the ATP that is normally consumed by proteasomes.
That is a surprising finding. It might suggest some defect in the cooperation of the ATPases, and decrease in protein unfolding rates, or an impairment in recognizing the appropriate target proteins.
Finally, we are very much interested in testing if we can activate proteasomes with this PSMC5 mutation. Our lab has identified several hormonal signaling pathways or drugs that lead to the addition of phosphate marks onto proteasomes at particular locations. These phosphate marks are short-lived but cause proteasomes to be more active. We will test if we can use these same hormones and drugs to activate proteasomes with a mutation in PSMC5. | <urn:uuid:045a9e0d-843d-4e2c-8919-015521699682> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://psmc5.org/how-does-psmc5-gene-differ-in-ollie-yoni-dr-galen-collins-explains/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.958498 | 1,013 | 3.828125 | 4 |
To determine if launching objects into the air with a slingshot could be a practical substitute for chemically powered rocket launches, NASA and a number of other partners have teamed up with the US-based startup SpinLaunch.
In the desert of New Mexico last week, SpinLaunch carried out its eleventh successful launch using its suborbital accelerator. In their most recent launch, which you can watch here, the start-up sent several payloads into space, including those belonging to NASA, Airbus, Cornell University, and satellite delivery business Outpost.
Their main objective was to test whether the delicate scientific equipment would survive the Suborbital Accelerator’s high G-force environment.
In essence, this technology spins the object in a vertical centrifuge 12 meters (39 feet) tall at an average speed of 8,046 kilometers per hour (5,000 miles per hour). When the object reaches its maximum speed, it is fired out of the chimney of the accelerator and thrown into the air.
A Data Acquisition Unit (DAQ) featuring a variety of sensors, including two accelerometers, a gyroscope, a magnetometer, and pressure, temperature, and humidity sensors, was part of NASA’s payload. The DAQ was recovered after landing, and scientists are now sorting through the information it gathered.
The mission was a success because every piece of equipment survived the commotion of a spinning sling-shot launch.
According to Jonathan Yaney, founder, and CEO of SpinLaunch, “Flight Test 10 is a critical inflection point for SpinLaunch, as we’ve exposed the Suborbital Accelerator system externally for our clients, strategic partners, and research groups.”
Yaney continued, “The data and insights acquired from flight tests will be invaluable for both SpinLaunch and our clients who look to us to provide them with affordable, high-cadence, sustainable access to space as we advance the development of the Orbital Launch system.
Although orbital insertion of a payload is the system’s ultimate objective, it has not yet been accomplished. The business withheld details regarding the height of this most recent test launch, but earlier launches have seen items soar as high as 7,620 meters (25,000 feet).
Using an astronomical slingshot in the desert to send items into orbit might seem like a bit of an absurd goal. However, SpinLaunch’s innovative launch technique has a distinct benefit because it uses less fuel, which lowers the cost of each launch.
If all goes as planned, the startup wants to start providing orbital launches to customers by 2025. | <urn:uuid:62dda37e-01b9-445f-8249-58ff55a7c760> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://qsstudy.com/watch-spinlaunchs-giant-slingshot-fire-a-nasa-payload-into-the-sky/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.940587 | 535 | 3.15625 | 3 |
“I wish you to pay attention to what I am going to say to you. You have been well-bred and well-born; your father has a great name in these parts, and your grandfather won the cup two years at the Newmarket races; your grandmother had the sweetest temper of any horse I ever knew, and I think you have never seen me kick or bite. I hope you will grow up gentle and good, and never learn bad ways, do your work with a good will, lift your feet up well when you trot, and never [bite] or kick even in play.”
“I have never forgotten my mother’s advice.”
—Beauty, from Anna Sewell’s novel,
BLACK BEAUTY: His Grooms and Companions, the Autobiography of a Horse
Black Beauty, by Anna Sewell, is the eponymous memoir of a handsome black horse with a white star on his forehead. He recounts his happy days as a carefree foal raised by a loving mare on a fine English farm owned by a kind and understanding squire. However, after he is four-years-old, Beauty suffers a series of upsets that lead him to a degrading life of hardship. After unfortunate twists and turns, the kindly hand of Fate steps in and Beauty is returned to the country, where he pleasantly lives out his days.
Universally considered the first important novel ever written in which the fictitious narrator’s “voice” is that of an animal, Black Beauty is not a children’s book, as often supposed. The author’s purpose, as Anna herself explained, was “to induce kindness, sympathy, and an understanding treatment of horses.” A deep and intense story of love and loyalty between humans and animals, Black Beauty was more than just a story: it opened the public’s eyes to the widespread mistreatment of horses. Virtually overnight, it set in motion a series of regulations and changes that put into lawful practice the humane treatment of all animals—agricultural, domestic, and wild.
Black Beauty takes place in Anna’s own time, the early Victorian period in England. Before the combustion engine was invented, horses were England’s principle work animal, pulling all manner of wagons, carriages, and plows to cultivate the fields. Suffocating taxes and the expense of stabling left little for the city cab owners to feed a horse, let alone the cabbie and his family. Exhausted and starving, many horses were beaten within an inch of their lives just to get the job done. Maltreatment of horses was not restricted to the working class. “Bearing reins,” part of the tack used on the coach horses of the aristocracy, were used to pull up a horse’s head and unnaturally arch his neck in the fashion of the day. “It is too dreadful,” Beauty’s equine friend, Ginger, moaned, “your neck aching until you don’t know how to bear it…it hurts my tongue and my jaw and the blood from my tongue covered the froth that kept flying from my lips.”
Anna’s novel is the amazing accomplishment of a women who relied and showered her affection on horses from childhood. At the age of 14, she fell and broke both ankles; crippled and unable to stand without crutches or walk for any length of time, she became adept at driving horse-drawn carriages, taking her father to his place of business and her mother to the many meetings she attended. Her life expanded even more when her only sibling, a younger brother, was left a widower with seven young children, and Anna and her parents relocated from Bath to be nearby to assist them. She lived out her days surrounded by those she loved, and who loved her…much the same as Black Beauty,. iIn the final lines, Anna wrote.
“My troubles are all over, and I am at home; and often before I am quite awake, I fancy I am still in the orchard at Bertwick, standing with my old friends under the apple-trees.”
In Black Beauty, Anna gives horses a voice and humans a reason to do better by their equine companions, and each other. | <urn:uuid:2e1e0e88-2f9f-4d71-8726-f7fbea121e4e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://readelysian.com/the-story-behind-black-beauty/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.978791 | 905 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Most people ask, “What exactly is the Fry 100 sight word list for kindergarten and why do we need it?” That’s a great question!
First, sight words are words that we see over and over in everything that we read. These words often do not sound out with phonics rules and it benefits the reader to just memorize them. Second, the Fry 100 sight word list is the list of 100 sight words that are used the most frequently out of all words. These 100 sight words are generally memorized by the end of kindergarten.
Why We Bother to Learn the Fry 100 Sight Word List
We read to learn. If we are having trouble sounding out some words, or reading too slow because we don’t know the words, our comprehension suffers and we don’t learn as much as we could have learned. Sight words help a reader to be a more fluent reader which means they can read faster and remember what they read better.
Good readers learn these sight words rapidly and then become excellent readers. Struggling readers usually have difficulty reading these sight words and this slows down their reading progress and also hurts their comprehension skills. Research has shown that good readers just get better and better and poor readers start to avoid reading and get further and further behind. The best time to notice this struggle is in kindergarten. By the beginning of the second half of kindergarten, a teacher can tell who is having trouble with learning to read. This is the best time to begin teaching the struggling reader by using a different method of instruction. By the end of kindergarten the reader should be able to read the complete list of Fry 100 sight words.
Words in the Fry 100 Sight Word List
These are the 100 sight words in the Fry 100 sight word list:
the, of, and, a, to, in, is, you, that, it, he, was, for, on, are, as, with, his, they, I, at, be, this, have, from, or, one, had, by, word, but, not, what, all, were, we, when, your, can, said, there, use, an, each, which, she, do, how, their, if, will, up, other, about, out, many, then, them, these, so, some, her, would, make, like, him, into, time, has, look, two, more, write, go, see, number, no, way, could, people, my, than, first, water, been, call, who, oil, now, find, long, down, day, did, get, come, made, may, part, over.
A great way to learn these words in a passive learning manner is to put each word on a colored index card. (We use colored cards because the colors activate different areas of the brain which gives the reader another way to file and retrieve the word in his/her brain.) Put each card up on the wall in a classroom or in a bedroom or kitchen in the home. The child will see these words repeatedly throughout the day and will start to recognize them. This gives the reader the option to read them while standing in line or laying down to go to bed. Thirty second games can also be done in these in between times For example, “who can tell me the sight word I am thinking of that begins with the sound /b/?” Then everyone quickly looks over and reads all the words looking for the one that begins with the /b/ sound. Next, are three more games you can play with using the words from the Fry 100 sight word list.
More Games to Practice Learning the Fry 100 Sight Word List
Sight words are learned by seeing them, writing, them and reading them. This does not have to be dull and boring. Learning sight words can be fun if you use a game format. Here are three games for learning and practicing the Fry 100 sight word list. You can make these games yourself or purchase one here.
- This game can be played in small groups of 1-4 students and 1 leader. Make a deck of colored index cards with one sight word on each card. Use only the words from the Fry 100 sight word list that you have already introduced and practiced. The students can play in teams of two if they are struggling to learn the words, or individually if they are more confident. Putting the students in pairs takes some stress off the struggling reader. The game begins by each team practicing reading their sight word cards together for five minutes. Then they all come together and the leader holds up the first card. They have three seconds to read it. The first team to read the word correctly gets to keep the card. If neither team reads the word correctly, the leader gets to keep the card. The winner is the team with the most cards at the end of the game. Any words not read by either team can all be read aloud together at the end of the game. The winning team should be able to pick some sort of prize out of a prize trunk. Prizes make everyone more engaged.
- This game can be played individually or in pairs. Write each word from the Fry 100 sight word list on two different colored index cards. Each word should be written on two cards so that you can match up pairs of the same word. The players can take turns holding up each card, reading it aloud, and then placing it upside down on the table or floor so you can only see the blank back side of the card. When all the cards are placed blank side up, the players roll a die to see who goes first. The higher number goes first. The first player or team chooses two cards and tries to make a matched pair. If the cards do not match, they go back where they were and upside down. If the cards do match, then the player or team gets to keep those cards and pick two more. The winner of the game is the player or team with the most cards. Individual students can also play this game on their own to practice reading the cards. The winner or winners can pick a prize from the prize chest.
- A Bingo game can be played with the Fry 100 sight word list as the words on the Bingo card. Draw 25 boxes on each piece of colored card stock. You can use a smaller number such as 16 or 9 boxes with younger children or struggling readers. Write one of the words from the 100 Fry sight words list in each box. Choose the words in a random order so that each card will have a different combination of sight words. Let each player choose their own card and chips to cover the word as it is called. The players can take a couple of minutes before the game starts to read over their card and ask for help with any word they do not know. They can practice reading their card aloud alone or with a partner. Then the leader chooses a card from the list and reads the word out loud. The players can put a chip on the word if they have it. The winner is the first person who has a straight line of the words across, down, or diagonally. The winner can choose a prize out of the prize chest.
Assessments For Fry 100 Sight Word List
Informal assessments are a great way to check on the progress of learning the words in the Fry 100 sight words list. Here are two ways to check on a reader’s progress:
- Write the words in twenty sets of five words starting with number one and going in order to 100. Have the reader read each word going down the list. If the reader misses a word, note it and ask him/her to continue to the next word. If three words are missed in a row, stop the assessment and go back to the last correctly read word. This will give you a general idea of the reader’s level of reading skill. Any missed words can be put on index cards to practice. The above games can also be played for more practice in learning the words.
- A second way to assess a reader’s skill level with the Fry 100 sight word list is by giving the reader a paper with the words written is sets of five words. Choose one word from each set and say it out loud. The student should be asked to circle the word that you say out loud. If the correct word is circled in each set, the reader most likely knows the words. This is just an easy assessment to do quickly with a large group to get a general idea of who needs a closer look.
Well I hope that this article answers your question of what is the Fry 100 sight word list. Now you know what the words are and why they are so important to learn. You also know a couple of ways to assess a person’s knowledge of the sight words as well as several ways to practice the words and learn them in a fun way instead of boring repetition. The time you take to help kids learn these words is time well spent. This is one very important tool in your arsenal of tools to use to help kids become fluent life long readers. | <urn:uuid:9c19a68c-64a6-4e49-bc8d-e4292be75fcc> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://readingblocks.com/fry-100-sight-word-list-for-kindergarten/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.955195 | 1,878 | 3.5 | 4 |
The knee is the large lower extremity joint connecting the femur and the tibia. The knee supports nearly the entire weight of the body and is vulnerable to both acute injury and the development of osteoarthritis.
The knee is a complex synovial joint that hovers and actually is comprised of two separate joints. The femoral-patellar joint consists of the patella, or "kneecap," which sits within the tendon of the anterior thigh muscle and the patellar groove on the front of the femur through which it slides.
On the other hand, the femoral-tibial joint links the femur, or thigh bone, with the tibia, the main bone of the lower leg. The joint consists of a viscous fluid which is contained inside the "synovial" membrane, or joint capsule. Behind the knee is called the popliteal fossa.
Furthermore, the knee bones are connected to the leg muscles by several tendons that move the joint. Ligaments join the bones and provide stability to the knee.
Click the link below to find out more:
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With our guide, you'll learn: | <urn:uuid:ddf54e78-4cc4-4089-9c5f-2afe9969cb0b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://redcastleservices.com/check-out-our-client-pinnacle-orthopaedics-updated-page-about-knee/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.924967 | 270 | 3.765625 | 4 |
NO, NOT THAT AUSTEN. Katherine Austen ponders the world.
From the notebook of Katherine Austen (1628-1683):
- Angels: were made for the service and assistance of Man.
- Widowhood: Let me consider whether it is not possible to be happy without a second marriage. Apparently it was possible.
- What her son Thomas learned at Oxford: pride and unmannerliness. Sad to say, you now have to send your sons abroad to learn civility and sweetness of deportment.
- Young men: are guided by irregular passions and desires and folly.
- Ignorant men: are worse than beasts. It is the beast’s nature to be ignorant. It is man’s fault if he be so.
- The problem with pleasure: it’s hard to keep it to the height.
- The secret of her grandparents’ longevity: They didn’t go to the gym. They exercised little, went at a subtle pace…and did no violence to nature by overstirring.
(Source: Pamela Hammons ed., Book M: A London Widow’s Life Writings) | <urn:uuid:f29b1d31-7ce7-439c-b10c-ae987dbdd86b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://rummelsincrediblestories.blogspot.com/2014/05/nonot-that-austen.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.914725 | 244 | 2.796875 | 3 |
As an avid runner myself, I can confidently say that jogging is a fantastic way to burn fat and improve overall fitness. Not only is it a simple and accessible exercise option, but it also offers numerous benefits for those looking to shed some pounds and improve their health.
The Science Behind Jogging and Fat Burn
When it comes to burning fat, the most important factor is creating a calorie deficit. This means you need to burn more calories than you consume. Jogging is a highly effective method to achieve this deficit. A study published in the Journal of Sports Sciences found that running at a moderate intensity can burn around 600-800 calories per hour, depending on factors such as body weight and speed.
Additionally, jogging is a form of cardiovascular exercise that elevates your heart rate and boosts your metabolism. This increased metabolism can last even after you finish your jog, allowing your body to continue burning calories throughout the day.
The Benefits of Jogging for Fat Loss
Beyond the calorie burn, jogging provides a wide range of benefits that contribute to fat loss:
- Targeting Stubborn Fat: Jogging helps to target stubborn fat areas, such as belly fat, by engaging the abdominal muscles and promoting overall fat loss. It is a full-body workout that engages your core, legs, and arms.
- Improved Cardiovascular Health: Regular jogging strengthens your heart and lungs, improving their efficiency. This allows you to exercise for longer periods, burn more calories, and ultimately lose more fat.
- Mental Well-being: Jogging is not only physically beneficial, but it also has a positive impact on mental health. It releases endorphins, which are known as “feel-good” hormones, reducing stress and anxiety levels. When you feel good mentally, it becomes easier to stay motivated and focused on your fat loss goals.
Tips for Effective Fat Burning Jogging
To maximize the fat burn during your jogging sessions, consider the following tips:
- Vary Your Intensity: Incorporate interval training into your jogging routine. Alternate between periods of moderate intensity and high intensity. This can help increase the calorie burn and improve your cardiovascular fitness.
- Include Strength Training: Incorporate strength training exercises into your routine to build lean muscle mass. Muscle burns more calories at rest than fat, so increasing your muscle mass can enhance your overall fat-burning potential.
- Monitor Your Nutrition: While jogging can contribute to fat loss, it’s important to also pay attention to your nutrition. Fuel your body with a balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
In conclusion, jogging is indeed a highly effective way to burn fat. It provides a multitude of benefits, including calorie burn, improved cardiovascular health, and mental well-being. By incorporating jogging into your routine and following the tips mentioned, you can optimize your fat-burning potential and achieve your fitness goals. So lace up your running shoes, hit the pavement, and let jogging help you on your journey to a healthier, fitter you! | <urn:uuid:264091c3-e90e-4e46-b099-d4c6b30174ed> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://runningescapades.com/is-jogging-a-good-way-to-burn-fat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.933265 | 628 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Evacuation is the directive given in order to put as much space as possible in between you and the threat. Follow these simple steps so you're prepared in the event of an evacuation emergency.
Leave immediately when the fire alarm sounds. Close all doors behind you, proceed to the fire exit and leave the building.
Do not use elevators. Use the stairs. Elevators will cease operation if power fails, trapping occupants. Elevator shafts will fill with smoke, making it difficult to breathe.
Check doors for excessive heat before opening. If the door is hot, or if smoke is seeping in, do not open it. Feel the door that leads from your room to the corridor for heat with the back of your hand before opening it. If you become trapped in your room and cannot reach the fire exit, keep the door closed and seal off any cracks. Call Temple Police at 215-204-1234 and give your specific location, including the floor and room number.
Stay low if caught in smoke or heat. Take short breaths (through nose) until you reach an area of refuge.
Keep moving for at least 200 feet and proceed to the designated rally point (the assembly point) after leaving the building. Do not re-enter until given permission by Temple Police or the Fire Department.
After evacuating, building occupants should report to the appropriate rally point to receive further instruction. Rally point information can be found at route.temple.edu.
IMPORTANT: Keep all fire exits and corridor doors closed at all times. These doors are fire-rated to keep smoke and heat from entering stairways and adjoining corridors. If at any time you observe these doors propped or tied open, please close them and report the location to the university fire marshals, John Higgins: 215-204-8687 or John Maule: 215-204-7938, or call Temple Police: 215-204-1234.
People with functional and access needs: If your floor has to be evacuated, you should plan to relocate to an area of refuge. Once situated, call Temple Police at 215-204-1234. Identify your location and floor. Be sure to indicate if you require special equipment to descend the stairs. The fire department should arrive in minutes to assist. Plan in advance to have a responsible person assist you in the event of fire.
Fire towers are enclosed stairways that have fire-rated doors and walls that provide a refuge from smoke and heat in a fire emergency. Doors leading into fire towers are inspected periodically to ensure that they open and close properly and should never be tied or propped open. Fire towers cannot be used for storage or as smoking areas. Fire towers are to be clean, well-lit, and free of obstructions at all times. Fire towers are an area of refuge.
Personal preparedness: Plan in advance to have a responsible person assist you in the event of fire. Use a "buddy" system to help you get to a protected area. Anticipate situations where the "buddy" may not be available in an emergency.
Area of refuge: If your floor has to be evacuated, relocate to a protected area, such as oversized landings in fire-safe stairwells or stand-alone, barriered compartments on the floor. | <urn:uuid:cb29a6a9-2bb0-42b7-9020-e6efb5d75fc0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://safety.temple.edu/tuready/emergency-procedures | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.937841 | 678 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The design of a novel apparatus, the Glen Withy torque tester (GWTT), for measuring horizontal shear properties in equine sport surfaces is described. Previous research has considered the effect of vertical loading on equine performance and injury but only limited discussion has concerned the grip or horizontal motion of the hoof. The horizontal support of the hoof by the surface must be sufficient to avoid excess slip without overloading the limb. The GWTT measures the torque necessary to twist an artificial hoof that is being pushed into the surface under a consistently applied vertical load. Its output was validated using a steel surface, then was used to test two sand and fibre surfaces (waxed and non-waxed) through rotations of 40-140°, and vertical loads of 157-1138N. An Orono biomechanical surface tester (OBST) measured longitudinal shear and vertical force, whilst a traction tester measured rotational shear after being dropped onto the surfaces. A weak, but significant, linear relationship was found between rotational shear measured using the GWTT and longitudinal shear quantified using the OBST. However, only the GWTT was able to detect significant differences in shear resistance between the surfaces. Future work should continue to investigate the strain rate and non-linear load response of surfaces used in equestrian sports. Measurements should be closely tied to horse biomechanics and should include information on the maintenance condition and surface composition. Both the GWTT and the OBST are necessary to adequately characterise all the important functional properties of equine sport surfaces.
|Number of pages||12|
|State||Published - Sep 1 2015|
Bibliographical noteFunding Information:
The authors would like to thank the University of Central Lancashire for funding a studentship and providing the engineering resources needed to undertake this project. The authors would like to thank Myerscough College for providing the test facilities used to carry out in situ testing.
© 2015 IAgrE.
- Arena surface
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Food Science
- Agronomy and Crop Science
- Control and Systems Engineering
- Soil Science | <urn:uuid:4ee6d874-8da8-474c-8edb-8718022d58a1> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://scholars.uky.edu/en/publications/comparison-of-equipment-used-to-measure-shear-properties-in-equin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.900356 | 446 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Leisure reading is important for personality development and mental growth of children. Reading habits developed during early childhood are likely to continue rest of the life. The main purpose of this study was to investigate leisure reading habits and preferences of young children in Singapore. A questionnaire was used for data collection and 254 children, aged between 6 to 12 years, participated in this study. It was found that reading was among the top five leisure-time activities of the surveyed children. Mostly mothers, followed by fathers, encouraged children to read books. The major reasons for leisure reading were to learn about new things, improve language skills, and to get better grades in tests and examinations. The majority of the children preferred reading print books and the most popular genres were adventure, mysteries, humour, and animal stories. This paper suggests that a multi-dimensional approach is required to promote leisure reading among young children.
Majid, S. (2018). Leisure Reading Behaviour of Young Children in Singapore. Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts, 57 (2). Retrieved from https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/reading_horizons/vol57/iss2/5 | <urn:uuid:7e03c737-8362-4178-80b6-4943e712677c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/reading_horizons/vol57/iss2/5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.952337 | 237 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Thermal and mechanical properties of the near-surface layers of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
Publication date: 01 August 2015
Authors: Spohn, T., et al.
Thermal and mechanical material properties determine comet evolution and even solar system formation because comets are considered remnant volatile-rich planetesimals. Using data from the Multipurpose Sensors for Surface and Sub-Surface Science (MUPUS) instrument package gathered at the Philae landing site Abydos on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, we found the diurnal temperature to vary between 90 and 130 K. The surface emissivity was 0.97, and the local thermal inertia was 85 ± 35 J m-2 K-1s-1/2. The MUPUS thermal probe did not fully penetrate the near-surface layers, suggesting a local resistance of the ground to penetration of >4 megapascals, equivalent to >2 megapascal uniaxial compressive strength. A sintered near-surface microporous dust-ice layer with a porosity of 30 to 65% is consistent with the data.Link to publication | <urn:uuid:5aff027e-7f29-411d-a38c-9aa2b2d4b46e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://sci.esa.int/web/rosetta/-/56279-spohn-et-al-2015 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.839864 | 250 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The story behind
Knud Wedel Hvidberg was a Danish painter and sculptor
Born in Holstebro in central Jutland, Hvidberg was a self-taught artist. In the early 1960s, he first painted in a Constructivist style inspired by Gunnar Aagaard Andersen and other members of the Linien II artists association. His sculptural creations were mobiles made of roof gutters, plexiglass and iron driven by electric motors with shining lights. One, developed together with William Soya, also had a sound and light component, predating later installations. His 1965 POEX exhibition combined avant-garde developments in art, poetry and drama. Hvidberg sought to give his mobiles associations with the cosmos and with ancient civilisations. While in Rome in the early 1979s, he again became interested in Symbolism which had characterized his early works with crosses and swastikas.
In the 1980s, Hvidberg decorated a number of buildings including the Vordingborg Educational Centre (Vordingborg Uddannelsescenter) in 1985
In 1972, Hvidberg was awarded the Eckersberg Medal. | <urn:uuid:33ff2778-9a53-4879-803c-40b5a3041f36> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://secherfineart.dk/fineart/knud-hvidberg-1927-1986/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.973711 | 239 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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