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In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS : Metoprolol reduced maximum heart rate 31 % , summed stress scores 29 % , and summed difference scores 43 % versus control .
### Output Text: | MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS : <span class="chemical">Metoprolol</span> reduced maximum heart rate 31 % , summed stress scores 29 % , and summed difference scores 43 % versus control . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Metoprolol plus glucagon also reduced the maximum heart rate 29 % versus control .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Metoprolol</span> plus glucagon also reduced the maximum heart rate 29 % versus control . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Summed stress and summed difference scores were not significantly reduced , although they were 18 % and 30 % lower , respectively , than control .
### Output Text: | Summed stress and summed difference scores were not significantly reduced , although they were 18 % and 30 % lower , respectively , than control . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: No significant differences were found in any parameter between metoprolol and metoprolol - glucagon .
### Output Text: | No significant differences were found in any parameter between <span class="chemical">metoprolol</span> and <span class="chemical">metoprolol</span> - glucagon . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: CONCLUSION : During dobutamine stress testing , metoprolol attenuates or eliminates evidence of myocardial ischemia .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : During <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> stress testing , <span class="chemical">metoprolol</span> attenuates or eliminates evidence of myocardial ischemia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Glucagon 1 mg , although somewhat effective , does not correct this effect to the extent that it can be administered clinically .
### Output Text: | Glucagon 1 mg , although somewhat effective , does not correct this effect to the extent that it can be administered clinically . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Evidence of functional somatotopy in GPi from results of pallidotomy .
### Output Text: | Evidence of functional somatotopy in GPi from results of pallidotomy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The objective of this study was to explore the functional anatomy of the globus pallidus internus ( GPi ) by studying the effects of unilateral pallidotomy on parkinsonian ' off ' signs and levodopa - induced dyskinesias ( LID ) .
### Output Text: | The objective of this study was to explore the functional anatomy of the globus pallidus internus ( GPi ) by studying the effects of unilateral pallidotomy on parkinsonian ' off ' signs and <span class="chemical">levodopa</span> - induced dyskinesias ( LID ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: We found significant positive correlations between the preoperative levodopa responsiveness of motor signs and the levodopa responsiveness of scores in timed tests ( Core Assessment Program for Intracerebral Transplantations ) in the contralateral limbs and the improvement in these scores after surgery , whereas there was no correlation with the improvement in LID .
### Output Text: | We found significant positive correlations between the preoperative <span class="chemical">levodopa</span> responsiveness of motor signs and the <span class="chemical">levodopa</span> responsiveness of scores in timed tests ( Core Assessment Program for Intracerebral Transplantations ) in the contralateral limbs and the improvement in these scores after surgery , whereas there was no correlation with the improvement in LID . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We also found a highly significant correlation ( P : < 0 . 0001 , r = 0 . 8 ) between the volume of the ventral lesion in the GPi and the improvement in LID in the contralateral limbs , whereas there was no correlation between the ventral volume and the improvement in parkinsonian ' off ' signs .
### Output Text: | We also found a highly significant correlation ( P : < 0 . 0001 , r = 0 . 8 ) between the volume of the ventral lesion in the GPi and the improvement in LID in the contralateral limbs , whereas there was no correlation between the ventral volume and the improvement in parkinsonian ' off ' signs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The volumes of the total lesion cylinder and the dorsal lesion did not correlate with the outcome of either dyskinesias or parkinsonian ' off ' signs .
### Output Text: | The volumes of the total lesion cylinder and the dorsal lesion did not correlate with the outcome of either dyskinesias or parkinsonian ' off ' signs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The differential predictive value of levodopa responsiveness for the outcome of parkinsonian ' off ' signs and LID and the different correlations of ventral lesion volume with dyskinesias and parkinsonian ' off ' signs indicate that different anatomical or pathophysiological substrates may be responsible for the generation of parkinsonian ' off ' signs and dyskinesias .
### Output Text: | The differential predictive value of <span class="chemical">levodopa</span> responsiveness for the outcome of parkinsonian ' off ' signs and LID and the different correlations of ventral lesion volume with dyskinesias and parkinsonian ' off ' signs indicate that different anatomical or pathophysiological substrates may be responsible for the generation of parkinsonian ' off ' signs and dyskinesias . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Whereas cells in a wider area of the GPi may be implicated in parkinsonism , the ventral GPi seems to be crucial for the manifestation of LID .
### Output Text: | Whereas cells in a wider area of the GPi may be implicated in parkinsonism , the ventral GPi seems to be crucial for the manifestation of LID . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We suggest that our observations are additional proof of the functional somatotopy of the systems within the GPi that mediate parkinsonism and dyskinesias , especially along the dorsoventral trajectory used in pallidotomy .
### Output Text: | We suggest that our observations are additional proof of the functional somatotopy of the systems within the GPi that mediate parkinsonism and dyskinesias , especially along the dorsoventral trajectory used in pallidotomy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The outcome of pallidotomy in which the lesion involves the ventral and dorsal GPi could be the net effect of alteration in the activity of pathways which mediate different symptoms , and hence could be variable .
### Output Text: | The outcome of pallidotomy in which the lesion involves the ventral and dorsal GPi could be the net effect of alteration in the activity of pathways which mediate different symptoms , and hence could be variable . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Screening for stimulant use in adult emergency department seizure patients .
### Output Text: | Screening for stimulant use in adult emergency department seizure patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBJECTIVE : The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of positive plasma drug screening for cocaine or amphetamine in adult emergency department seizure patients .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVE : The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of positive plasma drug screening for <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> or <span class="chemical">amphetamine</span> in adult emergency department seizure patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : This prospective study evaluated consecutive eligible seizure patients who had a plasma sample collected as part of their clinical evaluation .
### Output Text: | METHODS : This prospective study evaluated consecutive eligible seizure patients who had a plasma sample collected as part of their clinical evaluation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Plasma was tested for amphetamine and the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine using enzyme - mediated immunoassay methodology .
### Output Text: | Plasma was tested for <span class="chemical">amphetamine</span> and the <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> metabolite <span class="chemical">benzoylecgonine</span> using enzyme - mediated immunoassay methodology . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Plasma samples with benzoylecgonine greater than 150 ng / mL or an amphetamine greater than 500 ng / mL were defined as positive .
### Output Text: | Plasma samples with <span class="chemical">benzoylecgonine</span> greater than 150 ng / mL or an <span class="chemical">amphetamine</span> greater than 500 ng / mL were defined as positive . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Patient demographics , history of underlying drug or alcohol - related seizure disorder , estimated time from seizure to sample collection , history or suspicion of cocaine or amphetamine abuse , results of clinical urine testing for drugs of abuse , and assay results were recorded without patient identifiers .
### Output Text: | Patient demographics , history of underlying drug or <span class="chemical">alcohol</span> - related seizure disorder , estimated time from seizure to sample collection , history or suspicion of cocaine or amphetamine abuse , results of clinical urine testing for drugs of abuse , and assay results were recorded without patient identifiers . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Fourteen of 248 ( 5 . 6 % , 95 % CI 2 . 7 % - 8 . 5 % ) plasma samples were positive by immunoassay testing for benzoylecgonine and no samples ( 0 % , 95 % CI 0 - 1 . 2 % ) were positive for amphetamine .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Fourteen of 248 ( 5 . 6 % , 95 % CI 2 . 7 % - 8 . 5 % ) plasma samples were positive by immunoassay testing for <span class="chemical">benzoylecgonine</span> and no samples ( 0 % , 95 % CI 0 - 1 . 2 % ) were positive for <span class="chemical">amphetamine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Positive test results were more common in patient visits where there was a history or suspicion of cocaine or amphetamine abuse ( p < 0 . 0005 ) .
### Output Text: | Positive test results were more common in patient visits where there was a history or suspicion of cocaine or amphetamine abuse ( p < 0 . 0005 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : During this study period , routine plasma screening for cocaine and amphetamines in adult seizure patients had a low yield .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : During this study period , routine plasma screening for <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> and <span class="chemical">amphetamines</span> in adult seizure patients had a low yield . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: As a result , routine plasma screening would yield few cases of stimulant drug in which there was neither a history nor suspicion of drug abuse in this population .
### Output Text: | As a result , routine plasma screening would yield few cases of stimulant drug in which there was neither a history nor suspicion of drug abuse in this population . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Contribution of sodium valproate to the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone .
### Output Text: | Contribution of <span class="chemical">sodium valproate</span> to the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We report the case of a 62 - year - old man who was administered sodium valproate ( VPA ) and who subsequently developed the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone ( SIADH ) .
### Output Text: | We report the case of a 62 - year - old man who was administered <span class="chemical">sodium valproate</span> ( <span class="chemical">VPA</span> ) and who subsequently developed the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone ( SIADH ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: He had been taking VPA for treatment of idiopathic generalized tonic - clonic convulsions since he was 56 years old .
### Output Text: | He had been taking <span class="chemical">VPA</span> for treatment of idiopathic generalized tonic - clonic convulsions since he was 56 years old . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After substituting VPA with zonisamide , the serum sodium level returned to normal .
### Output Text: | After substituting <span class="chemical">VPA</span> with <span class="chemical">zonisamide</span> , the serum <span class="chemical">sodium</span> level returned to normal . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We consider this episode of SIADH to be the result of a combination of factors including a weakness of the central nervous system and the long - term administration of VPA .
### Output Text: | We consider this episode of SIADH to be the result of a combination of factors including a weakness of the central nervous system and the long - term administration of <span class="chemical">VPA</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Association of nitric oxide production and apoptosis in a model of experimental nephropathy .
### Output Text: | Association of <span class="chemical">nitric oxide</span> production and apoptosis in a model of experimental nephropathy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : In recent studies increased amounts of nitric oxide ( NO ) and apoptosis have been implicated in various pathological conditions in the kidney .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : In recent studies increased amounts of <span class="chemical">nitric oxide</span> ( <span class="chemical">NO</span> ) and apoptosis have been implicated in various pathological conditions in the kidney . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We have studied the role of NO and its association with apoptosis in an experimental model of nephrotic syndrome induced by a single injection of adriamycin ( ADR ) .
### Output Text: | We have studied the role of <span class="chemical">NO</span> and its association with apoptosis in an experimental model of nephrotic syndrome induced by a single injection of <span class="chemical">adriamycin</span> ( <span class="chemical">ADR</span> ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : The alteration in the NO pathway was assessed by measuring nitrite levels in serum / urine and by evaluating the changes in vascular reactivity of the isolated perfused rat kidney ( IPRK ) system .
### Output Text: | METHODS : The alteration in the <span class="chemical">NO</span> pathway was assessed by measuring <span class="chemical">nitrite</span> levels in serum / urine and by evaluating the changes in vascular reactivity of the isolated perfused rat kidney ( IPRK ) system . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Rats were stratified into control groups and ADR - induced nephropathy groups .
### Output Text: | Rats were stratified into control groups and <span class="chemical">ADR</span> - induced nephropathy groups . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These two groups were then divided into : group 1 , animals receiving saline ; and group 2 , animals receiving aminoguanidine ( AG ) which is a specific inhibitor of inducible - NO synthase .
### Output Text: | These two groups were then divided into : group 1 , animals receiving saline ; and group 2 , animals receiving <span class="chemical">aminoguanidine</span> ( <span class="chemical">AG</span> ) which is a specific inhibitor of inducible - <span class="chemical">NO</span> synthase . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: On day 21 , rats were sacrificed after obtaining material for biochemical analysis .
### Output Text: | On day 21 , rats were sacrificed after obtaining material for biochemical analysis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: RESULTS : Histopathological examination of the kidneys of rats treated with ADR revealed focal areas of mesangial proliferation and mild tubulointerstitial inflammation .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Histopathological examination of the kidneys of rats treated with <span class="chemical">ADR</span> revealed focal areas of mesangial proliferation and mild tubulointerstitial inflammation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: They also had significantly higher levels of proteinuria compared with control and treatment groups ( P < 0 . 05 ) .
### Output Text: | They also had significantly higher levels of proteinuria compared with control and treatment groups ( P < 0 . 05 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Urine nitrite levels were significantly increased in the ADR - nephropathy group ( P < 0 . 05 ) .
### Output Text: | Urine <span class="chemical">nitrite</span> levels were significantly increased in the <span class="chemical">ADR</span> - nephropathy group ( P < 0 . 05 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: In the IPRK phenylephrine and acetylcholine related responses were significantly impaired in the ADR - nephropathy group .
### Output Text: | In the IPRK <span class="chemical">phenylephrine</span> and <span class="chemical">acetylcholine</span> related responses were significantly impaired in the <span class="chemical">ADR</span> - nephropathy group . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Apoptosis was not detected in controls .
### Output Text: | Apoptosis was not detected in controls . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , in the ADR - nephropathy group , numerous apoptotic cells were identified in the tubulointerstitial areas .
### Output Text: | However , in the <span class="chemical">ADR</span> - nephropathy group , numerous apoptotic cells were identified in the tubulointerstitial areas . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Double staining revealed numerous interstitial apoptotic cells to stain for ED1 , a marker for monocytes / macrophages .
### Output Text: | Double staining revealed numerous interstitial apoptotic cells to stain for ED1 , a marker for monocytes / macrophages . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Treatment with AG prevented the impairment of renal vascular bed responses and reduced both urine nitrite levels and apoptosis to control levels .
### Output Text: | Treatment with <span class="chemical">AG</span> prevented the impairment of renal vascular bed responses and reduced both urine <span class="chemical">nitrite</span> levels and apoptosis to control levels . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: CONCLUSION : We suggest that interactions between NO and apoptosis are important in the pathogenesis of the ADR - induced nephrosis .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : We suggest that interactions between <span class="chemical">NO</span> and apoptosis are important in the pathogenesis of the <span class="chemical">ADR</span> - induced nephrosis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Dual effects of melatonin on barbiturate - induced narcosis in rats .
### Output Text: | Dual effects of <span class="chemical">melatonin</span> on <span class="chemical">barbiturate</span> - induced narcosis in rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Melatonin affects the circadian sleep / wake cycle , but it is not clear whether it may influence drug - induced narcosis .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Melatonin</span> affects the circadian sleep / wake cycle , but it is not clear whether it may influence drug - induced narcosis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Sodium thiopenthal was administered intraperitoneally into male rats pre - treated with melatonin ( 0 . 05 , 0 . 5 , 5 and 50 mg / kg ) .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Sodium thiopenthal</span> was administered intraperitoneally into male rats pre - treated with <span class="chemical">melatonin</span> ( 0 . 05 , 0 . 5 , 5 and 50 mg / kg ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Melatonin pre - treatment affected in a dual manner barbiturate narcosis , however , no dose - effect correlation was found .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Melatonin</span> pre - treatment affected in a dual manner <span class="chemical">barbiturate</span> narcosis , however , no dose - effect correlation was found . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In particular , low doses reduced the latency to and prolonged the duration of barbiturate narcosis .
### Output Text: | In particular , low doses reduced the latency to and prolonged the duration of <span class="chemical">barbiturate</span> narcosis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In contrast , the highest dose of melatonin ( 50 mg / kg ) caused a paradoxical increase in the latency and produced a sustained reduction of the duration of narcosis , and a reduction in mortality rate .
### Output Text: | In contrast , the highest dose of <span class="chemical">melatonin</span> ( 50 mg / kg ) caused a paradoxical increase in the latency and produced a sustained reduction of the duration of narcosis , and a reduction in mortality rate . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Melatonin 0 . 5 and 5 mg / kg influenced the duration but not the latency of ketamine - or diazepam - induced narcosis .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Melatonin</span> 0 . 5 and 5 mg / kg influenced the duration but not the latency of <span class="chemical">ketamine</span> - or <span class="chemical">diazepam</span> - induced narcosis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Thus , the dual action of melatonin on pharmacological narcosis seems to be specific for the barbiturate mechanism of action .
### Output Text: | Thus , the dual action of <span class="chemical">melatonin</span> on pharmacological narcosis seems to be specific for the <span class="chemical">barbiturate</span> mechanism of action . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Reduced cardiotoxicity and preserved antitumor efficacy of liposome - encapsulated doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide compared with conventional doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide in a randomized , multicenter trial of metastatic breast cancer .
### Output Text: | Reduced cardiotoxicity and preserved antitumor efficacy of liposome - encapsulated <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> and <span class="chemical">cyclophosphamide</span> compared with conventional <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> and <span class="chemical">cyclophosphamide</span> in a randomized , multicenter trial of metastatic breast cancer . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: PURPOSE : To determine whether Myocet ( liposome - encapsulated doxorubicin ; The Liposome Company , Elan Corporation , Princeton , NJ ) in combination with cyclophosphamide significantly reduces doxorubicin cardiotoxicity while providing comparable antitumor efficacy in first - line treatment of metastatic breast cancer ( MBC ) .
### Output Text: | PURPOSE : To determine whether <span class="chemical">Myocet</span> ( liposome - encapsulated <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> ; The Liposome Company , Elan Corporation , Princeton , NJ ) in combination with <span class="chemical">cyclophosphamide</span> significantly reduces <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> cardiotoxicity while providing comparable antitumor efficacy in first - line treatment of metastatic breast cancer ( MBC ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: PATIENTS AND METHODS : Two hundred ninety - seven patients with MBC and no prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease were randomized to receive either 60 mg / m ( 2 ) of Myocet ( M ) or conventional doxorubicin ( A ) , in combination with 600 mg / m ( 2 ) of cyclophosphamide ( C ) , every 3 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity .
### Output Text: | PATIENTS AND METHODS : Two hundred ninety - seven patients with MBC and no prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease were randomized to receive either 60 mg / m ( 2 ) of <span class="chemical">Myocet</span> ( M ) or conventional <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> ( A ) , in combination with 600 mg / m ( 2 ) of <span class="chemical">cyclophosphamide</span> ( C ) , every 3 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Cardiotoxicity was defined by reductions in left - ventricular ejection fraction , assessed by serial multigated radionuclide angiography scans , or congestive heart failure ( CHF ) .
### Output Text: | Cardiotoxicity was defined by reductions in left - ventricular ejection fraction , assessed by serial multigated radionuclide angiography scans , or congestive heart failure ( CHF ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Antitumor efficacy was assessed by objective tumor response rates ( World Health Organization criteria ) , time to progression , and survival .
### Output Text: | Antitumor efficacy was assessed by objective tumor response rates ( World Health Organization criteria ) , time to progression , and survival . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Six percent of MC patients versus 21 % ( including five cases of CHF ) of AC patients developed cardiotoxicity ( P = . 0002 ) .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Six percent of MC patients versus 21 % ( including five cases of CHF ) of AC patients developed cardiotoxicity ( P = . 0002 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Median cumulative doxorubicin dose at onset was more than 2 , 220 mg / m ( 2 ) for MC versus 480 mg / m ( 2 ) for AC ( P = . 0001 , hazard ratio , 5 . 04 ) .
### Output Text: | Median cumulative <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> dose at onset was more than 2 , 220 mg / m ( 2 ) for MC versus 480 mg / m ( 2 ) for AC ( P = . 0001 , hazard ratio , 5 . 04 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: MC patients also experienced less grade 4 neutropenia .
### Output Text: | MC patients also experienced less grade 4 neutropenia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Antitumor efficacy of MC versus AC was comparable : objective response rates , 43 % versus 43 % ; median time to progression , 5 . 1 % versus 5 . 5 months ; median time to treatment failure , 4 . 6 versus 4 . 4 months ; and median survival , 19 versus 16 months .
### Output Text: | Antitumor efficacy of MC versus AC was comparable : objective response rates , 43 % versus 43 % ; median time to progression , 5 . 1 % versus 5 . 5 months ; median time to treatment failure , 4 . 6 versus 4 . 4 months ; and median survival , 19 versus 16 months . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSION : Myocet improves the therapeutic index of doxorubicin by significantly reducing cardiotoxicity and grade 4 neutropenia and provides comparable antitumor efficacy , when used in combination with cyclophosphamide as first - line therapy for MBC .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : <span class="chemical">Myocet</span> improves the therapeutic index of <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> by significantly reducing cardiotoxicity and grade 4 neutropenia and provides comparable antitumor efficacy , when used in combination with <span class="chemical">cyclophosphamide</span> as first - line therapy for MBC . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The role of nitrergic system in lidocaine - induced convulsion in the mouse .
### Output Text: | The role of nitrergic system in <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> - induced convulsion in the mouse . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The effects of N - nitro - L - arginine - methyl ester ( L - NAME ) a nitric oxide ( NO ) synthase inhibitor and L - arginine , a NO precursor , were investigated on lidocaine - induced convulsions .
### Output Text: | The effects of <span class="chemical">N - nitro - L - arginine - methyl ester</span> ( <span class="chemical">L - NAME</span> ) a <span class="chemical">nitric oxide</span> ( <span class="chemical">NO</span> ) synthase inhibitor and <span class="chemical">L - arginine</span> , a <span class="chemical">NO</span> precursor , were investigated on <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> - induced convulsions . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In the first experiment , four groups of mice received physiological saline ( 0 . 9 % ) , L - arginine ( 300 mg / kg , i . p . ) , L - NAME ( 100 mg / kg , i . p . ) and diazepam ( 2 mg / kg ) , respectively .
### Output Text: | In the first experiment , four groups of mice received physiological saline ( 0 . 9 % ) , <span class="chemical">L - arginine</span> ( 300 mg / kg , i . p . ) , <span class="chemical">L - NAME</span> ( 100 mg / kg , i . p . ) and <span class="chemical">diazepam</span> ( 2 mg / kg ) , respectively . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Thirty minutes after these injections , all mice received lidocaine ( 50 mg / kg , i . p . ) .
### Output Text: | Thirty minutes after these injections , all mice received <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> ( 50 mg / kg , i . p . ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In the second experiment , four groups of mice received similar treatment in the first experiment , and 30 min after these injections , all mice received a higher dose of lidocaine ( 80 mg / kg ) .
### Output Text: | In the second experiment , four groups of mice received similar treatment in the first experiment , and 30 min after these injections , all mice received a higher dose of <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> ( 80 mg / kg ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: L - NAME ( 100 mg / kg , i . p . ) and diazepam ( 2 mg / kg ) significantly decreased the incidence of lidocaine ( 50 mg / kg ) - induced convulsions .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">L - NAME</span> ( 100 mg / kg , i . p . ) and <span class="chemical">diazepam</span> ( 2 mg / kg ) significantly decreased the incidence of <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> ( 50 mg / kg ) - induced convulsions . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In contrast , the L - arginine treatment increased the incidence of lidocaine ( 80 mg / kg , i . p . ) - induced convulsions significantly .
### Output Text: | In contrast , the <span class="chemical">L - arginine</span> treatment increased the incidence of <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> ( 80 mg / kg , i . p . ) - induced convulsions significantly . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These results may suggest that NO is a proconvulsant mediator in lidocaine - induced convulsions .
### Output Text: | These results may suggest that <span class="chemical">NO</span> is a proconvulsant mediator in <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> - induced convulsions . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Erythropoietin restores the anemia - induced reduction in cyclophosphamide cytotoxicity in rat tumors .
### Output Text: | Erythropoietin restores the anemia - induced reduction in <span class="chemical">cyclophosphamide</span> cytotoxicity in rat tumors . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The aim of this study was to examine the impact of anemia prevention by recombinant human erythropoietin ( rHuEPO ) treatment on the cytotoxicity of cyclophosphamide in solid experimental tumors .
### Output Text: | The aim of this study was to examine the impact of anemia prevention by recombinant human erythropoietin ( rHuEPO ) treatment on the cytotoxicity of <span class="chemical">cyclophosphamide</span> in solid experimental tumors . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Anemia was induced using a single dose of carboplatin ( 50 mg / kg i . v . ) resulting in a long - lasting reduction ( 30 % ) of the hemoglobin concentration .
### Output Text: | Anemia was induced using a single dose of <span class="chemical">carboplatin</span> ( 50 mg / kg i . v . ) resulting in a long - lasting reduction ( 30 % ) of the hemoglobin concentration . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In a second group , the development of anemia was prevented by rHuEPO ( 1000 IU / kg ) administered s . c . three times / week starting 7 days before carboplatin application .
### Output Text: | In a second group , the development of anemia was prevented by rHuEPO ( 1000 IU / kg ) administered s . c . three times / week starting 7 days before <span class="chemical">carboplatin</span> application . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Four days after carboplatin treatment , tumors ( DS - sarcoma of the rat ) were implanted s . c . onto the hind food dorsum .
### Output Text: | Four days after <span class="chemical">carboplatin</span> treatment , tumors ( DS - sarcoma of the rat ) were implanted s . c . onto the hind food dorsum . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Neither carboplatin nor rHuEPO treatment influenced tumor growth rate per se .
### Output Text: | Neither <span class="chemical">carboplatin</span> nor rHuEPO treatment influenced tumor growth rate per se . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: When tumors were treated with a single dose of cyclophosphamide ( 60 mg / kg i . p . ) 5 days after implantation , a growth delay with a subsequent regrowth of the tumors was observed .
### Output Text: | When tumors were treated with a single dose of <span class="chemical">cyclophosphamide</span> ( 60 mg / kg i . p . ) 5 days after implantation , a growth delay with a subsequent regrowth of the tumors was observed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In the anemia group , the growth delay was significantly shorter compared with nonanemic controls ( 13 . 3 days versus 8 . 6 days ) .
### Output Text: | In the anemia group , the growth delay was significantly shorter compared with nonanemic controls ( 13 . 3 days versus 8 . 6 days ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In the group where anemia was prevented by rHuEPO treatment , growth delay was comparable with that of nonanemic controls ( 13 . 3 days ) .
### Output Text: | In the group where anemia was prevented by rHuEPO treatment , growth delay was comparable with that of nonanemic controls ( 13 . 3 days ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These results suggest that chemotherapy - induced anemia reduces cytotoxicity of cyclophosphamide in tumors , whereas correction of anemia by rHuEPO treatment ( epoetin alpha ) increases the sensitivity , probably as a result of an improved oxygen supply to tumor tissue .
### Output Text: | These results suggest that chemotherapy - induced anemia reduces cytotoxicity of <span class="chemical">cyclophosphamide</span> in tumors , whereas correction of anemia by rHuEPO treatment ( epoetin alpha ) increases the sensitivity , probably as a result of an improved <span class="chemical">oxygen</span> supply to tumor tissue . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Fatal haemorrhagic myocarditis secondary to cyclophosphamide therapy .
### Output Text: | Fatal haemorrhagic myocarditis secondary to <span class="chemical">cyclophosphamide</span> therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Haemorrhagic myocarditis is a rare but important complication of cyclophosphamide therapy .
### Output Text: | Haemorrhagic myocarditis is a rare but important complication of <span class="chemical">cyclophosphamide</span> therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Echocardiographic identification of the disorder can be made .
### Output Text: | Echocardiographic identification of the disorder can be made . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We believe that the ultrasound features of this disorder have not been previously reported .
### Output Text: | We believe that the ultrasound features of this disorder have not been previously reported . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Effects of verapamil on atrial fibrillation and its electrophysiological determinants in dogs .
### Output Text: | Effects of <span class="chemical">verapamil</span> on atrial fibrillation and its electrophysiological determinants in dogs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Atrial tachycardia - induced remodeling promotes the occurrence and maintenance of atrial fibrillation ( AF ) and decreases L - type Ca ( 2 + ) current .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : Atrial tachycardia - induced remodeling promotes the occurrence and maintenance of atrial fibrillation ( AF ) and decreases L - type <span class="chemical">Ca</span> ( 2 + ) current . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: There is also a clinical suggestion that acute L - type Ca ( 2 ) channel blockade can promote AF , consistent with an AF promoting effect of Ca ( 2 + ) channel inhibition .
### Output Text: | There is also a clinical suggestion that acute L - type <span class="chemical">Ca</span> ( 2 ) channel blockade can promote AF , consistent with an AF promoting effect of <span class="chemical">Ca</span> ( 2 + ) channel inhibition . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : To evaluate the potential mechanisms of AF promotion by Ca ( 2 + ) channel blockers , we administered verapamil to morphine - chloralose anesthetized dogs .
### Output Text: | METHODS : To evaluate the potential mechanisms of AF promotion by <span class="chemical">Ca</span> ( 2 + ) channel blockers , we administered <span class="chemical">verapamil</span> to <span class="chemical">morphine</span> - <span class="chemical">chloralose</span> anesthetized dogs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Diltiazem was used as a comparison drug and autonomic blockade with atropine and nadolol was applied in some experiments .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Diltiazem</span> was used as a comparison drug and autonomic blockade with <span class="chemical">atropine</span> and <span class="chemical">nadolol</span> was applied in some experiments . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Epicardial mapping with 240 epicardial electrodes was used to evaluate activation during AF .
### Output Text: | Epicardial mapping with 240 epicardial electrodes was used to evaluate activation during AF . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Verapamil caused AF promotion in six dogs , increasing mean duration of AF induced by burst pacing , from 8 + / - 4 s ( mean + / - S . E . ) to 95 + / - 39 s ( P < 0 . 01 vs . control ) at a loading dose of 0 . 1 mg / kg and 228 + / - 101 s ( P < 0 . 0005 vs . control ) at a dose of 0 . 2 mg / kg .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : <span class="chemical">Verapamil</span> caused AF promotion in six dogs , increasing mean duration of AF induced by burst pacing , from 8 + / - 4 s ( mean + / - S . E . ) to 95 + / - 39 s ( P < 0 . 01 vs . control ) at a loading dose of 0 . 1 mg / kg and 228 + / - 101 s ( P < 0 . 0005 vs . control ) at a dose of 0 . 2 mg / kg . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Underlying electrophysiological mechanisms were studied in detail in five additional dogs under control conditions and in the presence of the higher dose of verapamil .
### Output Text: | Underlying electrophysiological mechanisms were studied in detail in five additional dogs under control conditions and in the presence of the higher dose of <span class="chemical">verapamil</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In these experiments , verapamil shortened mean effective refractory period ( ERP ) from 122 + / - 5 to 114 + / - 4 ms ( P < 0 . 02 ) at a cycle length of 300 ms , decreased ERP heterogeneity ( from 15 + / - 1 to 10 + / - 1 % , P < 0 . 05 ) , heterogeneously accelerated atrial conduction and decreased the cycle length of AF ( 94 + / - 4 to 84 + / - 3 ms , P < 0 . 005 ) .
### Output Text: | In these experiments , <span class="chemical">verapamil</span> shortened mean effective refractory period ( ERP ) from 122 + / - 5 to 114 + / - 4 ms ( P < 0 . 02 ) at a cycle length of 300 ms , decreased ERP heterogeneity ( from 15 + / - 1 to 10 + / - 1 % , P < 0 . 05 ) , heterogeneously accelerated atrial conduction and decreased the cycle length of AF ( 94 + / - 4 to 84 + / - 3 ms , P < 0 . 005 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Diltiazem did not affect ERP , AF cycle length or AF duration , but produced conduction acceleration similar to that caused by verapamil ( n = 5 ) .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Diltiazem</span> did not affect ERP , AF cycle length or AF duration , but produced conduction acceleration similar to that caused by <span class="chemical">verapamil</span> ( n = 5 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In the presence of autonomic blockade , verapamil failed to promote AF and increased , rather than decreasing , refractoriness .
### Output Text: | In the presence of autonomic blockade , <span class="chemical">verapamil</span> failed to promote AF and increased , rather than decreasing , refractoriness . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Neither verapamil nor diltiazem affected atrial conduction in the presence of autonomic blockade .
### Output Text: | Neither <span class="chemical">verapamil</span> nor <span class="chemical">diltiazem</span> affected atrial conduction in the presence of autonomic blockade . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Epicardial mapping suggested that verapamil promoted AF by increasing the number of simultaneous wavefronts reflected by separate zones of reactivation in each cycle .
### Output Text: | Epicardial mapping suggested that <span class="chemical">verapamil</span> promoted AF by increasing the number of simultaneous wavefronts reflected by separate zones of reactivation in each cycle . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Verapamil promotes AF in normal dogs by promoting multiple circuit reentry , an effect dependent on intact autonomic tone and not shared by diltiazem .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : <span class="chemical">Verapamil</span> promotes AF in normal dogs by promoting multiple circuit reentry , an effect dependent on intact autonomic tone and not shared by <span class="chemical">diltiazem</span> . |