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In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Rate of body weight gain was depressed in the P100 , FR , and P10 groups compared with the S group .
### Output Text: | Rate of body weight gain was depressed in the P100 , FR , and P10 groups compared with the S group . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Tibialis muscle mass was smaller in the P100 group than in the P10 or S groups .
### Output Text: | Tibialis muscle mass was smaller in the P100 group than in the P10 or S groups . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The evoked peak twitch and tetanic tensions were less in the P100 group than in the P10 or S groups , however , tension per milligram of muscle mass was greater in the P100 group than in the S group .
### Output Text: | The evoked peak twitch and tetanic tensions were less in the P100 group than in the P10 or S groups , however , tension per milligram of muscle mass was greater in the P100 group than in the S group . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The 50 % effective dose of d - tubocurarine ( microg / kg ) in the tibialis muscle was smaller in the P10 ( 33 . 6 + / - 5 . 4 ) than in the S ( 61 . 9 + / - 5 . 0 ) or the P100 ( 71 . 3 + / - 9 . 6 ) groups .
### Output Text: | The 50 % effective dose of <span class="chemical">d - tubocurarine</span> ( microg / kg ) in the tibialis muscle was smaller in the P10 ( 33 . 6 + / - 5 . 4 ) than in the S ( 61 . 9 + / - 5 . 0 ) or the P100 ( 71 . 3 + / - 9 . 6 ) groups . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: AChR expression was less in the P10 group than in the S group .
### Output Text: | AChR expression was less in the P10 group than in the S group . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The evoked tensions correlated with muscle mass ( r ( 2 ) = 0 . 32 , P < 0 . 001 ) , however , not with expression of AChR .
### Output Text: | The evoked tensions correlated with muscle mass ( r ( 2 ) = 0 . 32 , P < 0 . 001 ) , however , not with expression of AChR . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The 50 % effective dose of d - tubocurarine did not correlate with muscle mass or AChR expression .
### Output Text: | The 50 % effective dose of <span class="chemical">d - tubocurarine</span> did not correlate with muscle mass or AChR expression . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Our results suggest that the neuromuscular dysfunction after prednisolone is dose - dependent , and derives primarily from muscle atrophy and derives less so from changes in AChR expression .
### Output Text: | Our results suggest that the neuromuscular dysfunction after <span class="chemical">prednisolone</span> is dose - dependent , and derives primarily from muscle atrophy and derives less so from changes in AChR expression . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: IMPLICATIONS : The mechanisms by which chronic glucocorticoid therapy alters neuromuscular physiology and pharmacology are unclear .
### Output Text: | IMPLICATIONS : The mechanisms by which chronic glucocorticoid therapy alters neuromuscular physiology and pharmacology are unclear . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: We suggest that the observed effects are dose - dependent and derive primarily from muscle atrophy and derive less from changes in acetylcholine receptor expression .
### Output Text: | We suggest that the observed effects are dose - dependent and derive primarily from muscle atrophy and derive less from changes in <span class="chemical">acetylcholine</span> receptor expression . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Apomorphine : an underutilized therapy for Parkinson ' s disease .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Apomorphine</span> : an underutilized therapy for Parkinson ' s disease . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Apomorphine was the first dopaminergic drug ever used to treat symptoms of Parkinson ' s disease .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Apomorphine</span> was the first dopaminergic drug ever used to treat symptoms of Parkinson ' s disease . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: While powerful antiparkinsonian effects had been observed as early as 1951 , the potential of treating fluctuating Parkinson ' s disease by subcutaneous administration of apomorphine has only recently become the subject of systematic study .
### Output Text: | While powerful antiparkinsonian effects had been observed as early as 1951 , the potential of treating fluctuating Parkinson ' s disease by subcutaneous administration of <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> has only recently become the subject of systematic study . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: A number of small scale clinical trials have unequivocally shown that intermittent subcutaneous apomorphine injections produce antiparkinsonian benefit close if not identical to that seen with levodopa and that apomorphine rescue injections can reliably revert off - periods even in patients with complex on - off motor swings .
### Output Text: | A number of small scale clinical trials have unequivocally shown that intermittent subcutaneous <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> injections produce antiparkinsonian benefit close if not identical to that seen with <span class="chemical">levodopa</span> and that <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> rescue injections can reliably revert off - periods even in patients with complex on - off motor swings . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusions can reduce daily off - time by more than 50 % in this group of patients , which appears to be a stronger effect than that generally seen with add - on therapy with oral dopamine agonists or COMT inhibitors .
### Output Text: | Continuous subcutaneous <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> infusions can reduce daily off - time by more than 50 % in this group of patients , which appears to be a stronger effect than that generally seen with add - on therapy with oral <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> agonists or COMT inhibitors . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Extended follow - up studies of up to 8 years have demonstrated long - term persistence of apomorphine efficacy .
### Output Text: | Extended follow - up studies of up to 8 years have demonstrated long - term persistence of <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> efficacy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: In addition , there is convincing clinical evidence that monotherapy with continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusions is associated with marked reductions of preexisting levodopa - induced dyskinesias .
### Output Text: | In addition , there is convincing clinical evidence that monotherapy with continuous subcutaneous <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> infusions is associated with marked reductions of preexisting <span class="chemical">levodopa</span> - induced dyskinesias . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The main side effects of subcutaneous apomorphine treatment are related to cutaneous tolerability problems , whereas sedation and psychiatric complications play a lesser role .
### Output Text: | The main side effects of subcutaneous <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> treatment are related to cutaneous tolerability problems , whereas sedation and psychiatric complications play a lesser role . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Given the marked degree of efficacy of subcutaneous apomorphine treatment in fluctuating Parkinson ' s disease , this approach seems to deserve more widespread clinical use .
### Output Text: | Given the marked degree of efficacy of subcutaneous <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> treatment in fluctuating Parkinson ' s disease , this approach seems to deserve more widespread clinical use . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Probing peripheral and central cholinergic system responses .
### Output Text: | Probing peripheral and central cholinergic system responses . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: OBJECTIVE : The pharmacological response to drugs that act on the cholinergic system of the iris has been used to predict deficits in central cholinergic functioning due to diseases such as Alzheimer ' s disease , yet correlations between central and peripheral responses have not been properly studied .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVE : The pharmacological response to drugs that act on the cholinergic system of the iris has been used to predict deficits in central cholinergic functioning due to diseases such as Alzheimer ' s disease , yet correlations between central and peripheral responses have not been properly studied . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: This study assessed the effect of normal aging on ( 1 ) the tropicamide - induced increase in pupil diameter , and ( 2 ) the reversal of this effect with pilocarpine .
### Output Text: | This study assessed the effect of normal aging on ( 1 ) the <span class="chemical">tropicamide</span> - induced increase in pupil diameter , and ( 2 ) the reversal of this effect with <span class="chemical">pilocarpine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Scopolamine was used as a positive control to detect age - dependent changes in central cholinergic functioning in the elderly .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Scopolamine</span> was used as a positive control to detect age - dependent changes in central cholinergic functioning in the elderly . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: DESIGN : Randomized double - blind controlled trial .
### Output Text: | DESIGN : Randomized double - blind controlled trial . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: PARTICIPANTS : Ten healthy elderly ( mean age 70 ) and 9 young ( mean age 33 ) volunteers .
### Output Text: | PARTICIPANTS : Ten healthy elderly ( mean age 70 ) and 9 young ( mean age 33 ) volunteers . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: INTERVENTIONS : Pupil diameter was monitored using a computerized infrared pupillometer over 4 hours .
### Output Text: | INTERVENTIONS : Pupil diameter was monitored using a computerized infrared pupillometer over 4 hours . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The study involved 4 sessions .
### Output Text: | The study involved 4 sessions . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: In 1 session , tropicamide ( 20 microL , 0 . 01 % ) was administered to one eye and placebo to the other .
### Output Text: | In 1 session , <span class="chemical">tropicamide</span> ( 20 microL , 0 . 01 % ) was administered to one eye and placebo to the other . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: In another session , tropicamide ( 20 microL , 0 . 01 % ) was administered to both eyes , followed 23 minutes later by the application of pilocarpine ( 20 microL , 0 . 1 % ) to one eye and placebo to the other .
### Output Text: | In another session , <span class="chemical">tropicamide</span> ( 20 microL , 0 . 01 % ) was administered to both eyes , followed 23 minutes later by the application of <span class="chemical">pilocarpine</span> ( 20 microL , 0 . 1 % ) to one eye and placebo to the other . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: All eye drops were given in a randomized order .
### Output Text: | All eye drops were given in a randomized order . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: In 2 separate sessions , a single dose of scopolamine ( 0 . 5 mg , intravenously ) or placebo was administered , and the effects on word recall were measured using the Buschke Selective Reminding Test over 2 hours .
### Output Text: | In 2 separate sessions , a single dose of <span class="chemical">scopolamine</span> ( 0 . 5 mg , intravenously ) or placebo was administered , and the effects on word recall were measured using the Buschke Selective Reminding Test over 2 hours . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: OUTCOME MEASURES : Pupil size at time points after administration of tropicamide and pilocarpine ; scopolamine - induced impairment in word recall .
### Output Text: | OUTCOME MEASURES : Pupil size at time points after administration of <span class="chemical">tropicamide</span> and <span class="chemical">pilocarpine</span> ; <span class="chemical">scopolamine</span> - induced impairment in word recall . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : There was no significant difference between elderly and young volunteers in pupillary response to tropicamide at any time point ( p > 0 . 05 ) .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : There was no significant difference between elderly and young volunteers in pupillary response to <span class="chemical">tropicamide</span> at any time point ( p > 0 . 05 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The elderly group had a significantly greater pilocarpine - induced net decrease in pupil size 85 , 125 , 165 and 215 minutes after administration , compared with the young group ( p < 0 . 05 ) .
### Output Text: | The elderly group had a significantly greater <span class="chemical">pilocarpine</span> - induced net decrease in pupil size 85 , 125 , 165 and 215 minutes after administration , compared with the young group ( p < 0 . 05 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Compared with the young group , the elderly group had greater scopolamine - induced impairment in word recall 60 , 90 and 120 minutes after administration ( p < 0 . 05 ) .
### Output Text: | Compared with the young group , the elderly group had greater <span class="chemical">scopolamine</span> - induced impairment in word recall 60 , 90 and 120 minutes after administration ( p < 0 . 05 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: CONCLUSION : There is an age - related pupillary response to pilocarpine that is not found with tropicamide .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : There is an age - related pupillary response to <span class="chemical">pilocarpine</span> that is not found with <span class="chemical">tropicamide</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Thus , pilocarpine may be useful to assess variations in central cholinergic function in elderly patients .
### Output Text: | Thus , <span class="chemical">pilocarpine</span> may be useful to assess variations in central cholinergic function in elderly patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Pain responses in methadone - maintained opioid abusers .
### Output Text: | Pain responses in <span class="chemical">methadone</span> - maintained opioid abusers . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Providing pain management for known opioid abusers is a challenging clinical task , in part because little is known about their pain experience and analgesic requirements .
### Output Text: | Providing pain management for known opioid abusers is a challenging clinical task , in part because little is known about their pain experience and analgesic requirements . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: This study was designed to describe pain tolerance and analgesic response in a sample of opioid addicts stabilized in methadone - maintenance ( MM ) treatment ( n = 60 ) in comparison to matched nondependent control subjects ( n = 60 ) .
### Output Text: | This study was designed to describe pain tolerance and analgesic response in a sample of opioid addicts stabilized in <span class="chemical">methadone</span> - maintenance ( MM ) treatment ( n = 60 ) in comparison to matched nondependent control subjects ( n = 60 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: By using a placebo - controlled , two - way factorial design , tolerance to cold - pressor ( CP ) pain was examined , both before and after oral administration of therapeutic doses of common opioid ( hydromorphone 2 mg ) and nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory ( ketorolac 10 mg ) analgesic agents .
### Output Text: | By using a placebo - controlled , two - way factorial design , tolerance to cold - pressor ( CP ) pain was examined , both before and after oral administration of therapeutic doses of common opioid ( <span class="chemical">hydromorphone</span> 2 mg ) and nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory ( <span class="chemical">ketorolac</span> 10 mg ) analgesic agents . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Results showed that MM individuals were significantly less tolerant of CP pain than control subjects , replicating previous work .
### Output Text: | Results showed that MM individuals were significantly less tolerant of CP pain than control subjects , replicating previous work . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Analgesic effects were significant neither for medication nor group .
### Output Text: | Analgesic effects were significant neither for medication nor group . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: These data indicate that MM opioid abusers represent a pain - intolerant subset of clinical patients .
### Output Text: | These data indicate that MM opioid abusers represent a pain - intolerant subset of clinical patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Their complaints of pain should be evaluated seriously and managed aggressively .
### Output Text: | Their complaints of pain should be evaluated seriously and managed aggressively . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: High - dose methylprednisolone may do more harm for spinal cord injury .
### Output Text: | High - dose <span class="chemical">methylprednisolone</span> may do more harm for spinal cord injury . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Because of the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Studies ( NASCIS ) , high - dose methylprednisolone became the standard of care for the acute spinal cord injury .
### Output Text: | Because of the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Studies ( NASCIS ) , high - dose <span class="chemical">methylprednisolone</span> became the standard of care for the acute spinal cord injury . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In the NASCIS , there was no mention regarding the possibility of acute corticosteroid myopathy that high - dose methylprednisolone may cause .
### Output Text: | In the NASCIS , there was no mention regarding the possibility of acute <span class="chemical">corticosteroid</span> myopathy that high - dose <span class="chemical">methylprednisolone</span> may cause . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The dosage of methylprednisolone recommended by the NASCIS 3 is the highest dose of steroids ever being used during a 2 - day period for any clinical condition .
### Output Text: | The dosage of <span class="chemical">methylprednisolone</span> recommended by the NASCIS 3 is the highest dose of <span class="chemical">steroids</span> ever being used during a 2 - day period for any clinical condition . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: We hypothesize that it may cause some damage to the muscle of spinal cord injury patients .
### Output Text: | We hypothesize that it may cause some damage to the muscle of spinal cord injury patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Further , steroid myopathy recovers naturally and the neurological improvement shown in the NASCIS may be just a recording of this natural motor recovery from the steroid myopathy , instead of any protection that methylprednisolone offers to the spinal cord injury .
### Output Text: | Further , <span class="chemical">steroid</span> myopathy recovers naturally and the neurological improvement shown in the NASCIS may be just a recording of this natural motor recovery from the <span class="chemical">steroid</span> myopathy , instead of any protection that <span class="chemical">methylprednisolone</span> offers to the spinal cord injury . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: To our knowledge , this is the first discussion considering the possibility that the methylprednisolone recommended by NASCIS may cause acute corticosteroid myopathy .
### Output Text: | To our knowledge , this is the first discussion considering the possibility that the <span class="chemical">methylprednisolone</span> recommended by NASCIS may cause acute <span class="chemical">corticosteroid</span> myopathy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Conversion to rapamycin immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients : report of an initial experience .
### Output Text: | Conversion to <span class="chemical">rapamycin</span> immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients : report of an initial experience . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of RAPA conversion in patients undergoing cyclosporine ( CsA ) or tacrolimus ( Tac ) toxicity .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of <span class="chemical">RAPA</span> conversion in patients undergoing <span class="chemical">cyclosporine</span> ( <span class="chemical">CsA</span> ) or <span class="chemical">tacrolimus</span> ( <span class="chemical">Tac</span> ) toxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : Twenty renal transplant recipients were switched to fixed dose rapamycin ( RAPA ) ( 5 mg / day ) 0 to 204 months posttransplant .
### Output Text: | METHODS : Twenty renal transplant recipients were switched to fixed dose <span class="chemical">rapamycin</span> ( <span class="chemical">RAPA</span> ) ( 5 mg / day ) 0 to 204 months posttransplant . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Drug monitoring was not initially used to adjust doses .
### Output Text: | Drug monitoring was not initially used to adjust doses . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The indications for switch were chronic CsA or Tac nephrotoxicity ( 12 ) , acute CsA or Tac toxicity ( 3 ) , severe facial dysmorphism ( 2 ) , posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder ( PTLD ) in remission ( 2 ) , and hepatotoxicity in 1 .
### Output Text: | The indications for switch were chronic <span class="chemical">CsA</span> or <span class="chemical">Tac</span> nephrotoxicity ( 12 ) , acute <span class="chemical">CsA</span> or <span class="chemical">Tac</span> toxicity ( 3 ) , severe facial dysmorphism ( 2 ) , posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder ( PTLD ) in remission ( 2 ) , and hepatotoxicity in 1 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Follow - up is 7 to 24 months .
### Output Text: | Follow - up is 7 to 24 months . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : In the 12 patients switched because of chronic nephrotoxicity there was a significant decrease in serum creatinine [ 233 + / - 34 to 210 + / - 56 micromol / liter ( P < 0 . 05 ) at 6 months ] .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : In the 12 patients switched because of chronic nephrotoxicity there was a significant decrease in serum <span class="chemical">creatinine</span> [ 233 + / - 34 to 210 + / - 56 micromol / liter ( P < 0 . 05 ) at 6 months ] . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Facial dysmorphism improved in two patients .
### Output Text: | Facial dysmorphism improved in two patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: No relapse of PTLD was observed .
### Output Text: | No relapse of PTLD was observed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Five patients developed pneumonia ( two Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia , one infectious mononucleosis with polyclonal PTLD lung infiltrate ) and two had bronchiolitis obliterans .
### Output Text: | Five patients developed pneumonia ( two Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia , one infectious mononucleosis with polyclonal PTLD lung infiltrate ) and two had bronchiolitis obliterans . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: There were no deaths .
### Output Text: | There were no deaths . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RAPA was discontinued in four patients , because of pneumonia in two , PTLD in one , and oral aphtous ulcers in one .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">RAPA</span> was discontinued in four patients , because of pneumonia in two , PTLD in one , and oral aphtous ulcers in one . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RAPA levels were high ( > 15 ng / ml ) in 7 of 13 ( 54 % ) patients .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">RAPA</span> levels were high ( > 15 ng / ml ) in 7 of 13 ( 54 % ) patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : RAPA conversion provides adequate immunosuppression to enable CsA withdrawal .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : <span class="chemical">RAPA</span> conversion provides adequate immunosuppression to enable <span class="chemical">CsA</span> withdrawal . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , when converting patients to RAPA drug levels should be monitored to avoid over - immunosuppression and adequate antiviral and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis should be given .
### Output Text: | However , when converting patients to <span class="chemical">RAPA</span> drug levels should be monitored to avoid over - immunosuppression and adequate antiviral and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis should be given . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Electro - oculography , electroretinography , visual evoked potentials , and multifocal electroretinography in patients with vigabatrin - attributed visual field constriction .
### Output Text: | Electro - oculography , electroretinography , visual evoked potentials , and multifocal electroretinography in patients with <span class="chemical">vigabatrin</span> - attributed visual field constriction . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: PURPOSE : Symptomatic visual field constriction thought to be associated with vigabatrin has been reported .
### Output Text: | PURPOSE : Symptomatic visual field constriction thought to be associated with <span class="chemical">vigabatrin</span> has been reported . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The current study investigated the visual fields and visual electrophysiology of eight patients with known vigabatrin - attributed visual field loss , three of whom were reported previously .
### Output Text: | The current study investigated the visual fields and visual electrophysiology of eight patients with known <span class="chemical">vigabatrin</span> - attributed visual field loss , three of whom were reported previously . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Six of the patients were no longer receiving vigabatrin .
### Output Text: | Six of the patients were no longer receiving <span class="chemical">vigabatrin</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : The central and peripheral fields were examined with the Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer .
### Output Text: | METHODS : The central and peripheral fields were examined with the Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Full visual electrophysiology , including flash electroretinography ( ERG ) , pattern electroretinography , multifocal ERG using the VERIS system , electro - oculography , and flash and pattern visual evoked potentials , was undertaken .
### Output Text: | Full visual electrophysiology , including flash electroretinography ( ERG ) , pattern electroretinography , multifocal ERG using the VERIS system , electro - oculography , and flash and pattern visual evoked potentials , was undertaken . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Seven patients showed marked visual field constriction with some sparing of the temporal visual field .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Seven patients showed marked visual field constriction with some sparing of the temporal visual field . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The eighth exhibited concentric constriction .
### Output Text: | The eighth exhibited concentric constriction . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Most electrophysiological responses were usually just within normal limits ; two patients had subnormal Arden electro - oculography indices ; and one patient showed an abnormally delayed photopic b wave .
### Output Text: | Most electrophysiological responses were usually just within normal limits ; two patients had subnormal Arden electro - oculography indices ; and one patient showed an abnormally delayed photopic b wave . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , five patients showed delayed 30 - Hz flicker b waves , and seven patients showed delayed oscillatory potentials .
### Output Text: | However , five patients showed delayed 30 - Hz flicker b waves , and seven patients showed delayed oscillatory potentials . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Multifocal ERG showed abnormalities that sometimes correlated with the visual field appearance and confirmed that the deficit occurs at the retinal level .
### Output Text: | Multifocal ERG showed abnormalities that sometimes correlated with the visual field appearance and confirmed that the deficit occurs at the retinal level . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSION : Marked visual field constriction appears to be associated with vigabatrin therapy .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : Marked visual field constriction appears to be associated with <span class="chemical">vigabatrin</span> therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The field defects and some electrophysiological abnormalities persist when vigabatrin therapy is withdrawn .
### Output Text: | The field defects and some electrophysiological abnormalities persist when <span class="chemical">vigabatrin</span> therapy is withdrawn . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Myocardial ischemia due to coronary artery spasm during dobutamine stress echocardiography .
### Output Text: | Myocardial ischemia due to coronary artery spasm during <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> stress echocardiography . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Dobutamine stress echocardiography ( DSE ) is a useful and safe provocation test for myocardial ischemia .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Dobutamine</span> stress echocardiography ( DSE ) is a useful and safe provocation test for myocardial ischemia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Until now , the test has been focused only on the organic lesion in the coronary artery , and positive DSE has indicated the presence of significant fixed coronary artery stenosis .
### Output Text: | Until now , the test has been focused only on the organic lesion in the coronary artery , and positive DSE has indicated the presence of significant fixed coronary artery stenosis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The aim of the present study is to examine whether myocardial ischemia due to coronary spasm is induced by dobutamine .
### Output Text: | The aim of the present study is to examine whether myocardial ischemia due to coronary spasm is induced by <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We performed DSE on 51 patients with coronary spastic angina but without significant fixed coronary artery stenosis .
### Output Text: | We performed DSE on 51 patients with coronary spastic angina but without significant fixed coronary artery stenosis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: All patients had anginal attacks at rest with ST elevation on the electrocardiogram ( variant angina ) .
### Output Text: | All patients had anginal attacks at rest with ST elevation on the electrocardiogram ( variant angina ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Coronary spasm was induced by intracoronary injection of acetylcholine , and no fixed coronary artery stenosis was documented on angiograms in all patients .
### Output Text: | Coronary spasm was induced by intracoronary injection of <span class="chemical">acetylcholine</span> , and no fixed coronary artery stenosis was documented on angiograms in all patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: DSE was performed with intravenous dobutamine infusion with an incremental doses of 5 , 10 , 20 , 30 , and 40 microg / kg / min every 5 minutes .
### Output Text: | DSE was performed with intravenous <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> infusion with an incremental doses of 5 , 10 , 20 , 30 , and 40 microg / kg / min every 5 minutes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Of the 51 patients , 7 patients showed asynergy with ST elevation .
### Output Text: | Of the 51 patients , 7 patients showed asynergy with ST elevation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: All 7 patients ( 13 . 7 % ) had chest pain during asynergy , and both chest pain and electrocardiographic changes were preceded by asynergy .
### Output Text: | All 7 patients ( 13 . 7 % ) had chest pain during asynergy , and both chest pain and electrocardiographic changes were preceded by asynergy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: These findings indicate that dobutamine can provoke coronary spasm in some patients with coronary spastic angina .
### Output Text: | These findings indicate that <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> can provoke coronary spasm in some patients with coronary spastic angina . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: When DSE is performed to evaluate coronary artery disease , not only fixed coronary stenosis , but also coronary spasm should be considered as a genesis of asynergy .
### Output Text: | When DSE is performed to evaluate coronary artery disease , not only fixed coronary stenosis , but also coronary spasm should be considered as a genesis of asynergy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Effect of intravenous metoprolol or intravenous metoprolol plus glucagon on dobutamine - induced myocardial ischemia .
### Output Text: | Effect of intravenous <span class="chemical">metoprolol</span> or intravenous <span class="chemical">metoprolol</span> plus glucagon on <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> - induced myocardial ischemia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: STUDY OBJECTIVE : To determine the effect of metoprolol on dobutamine stress testing with technetium - 99m sestamibi single - photon emission computed tomography imaging and ST - segment monitoring , and to assess the impact of intravenous glucagon on metoprolol ' s effects .
### Output Text: | STUDY OBJECTIVE : To determine the effect of <span class="chemical">metoprolol</span> on <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> stress testing with <span class="chemical">technetium - 99m sestamibi</span> single - photon emission computed tomography imaging and ST - segment monitoring , and to assess the impact of intravenous glucagon on <span class="chemical">metoprolol</span> ' s effects . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: DESIGN : Randomized , double - blind , placebo - controlled trial .
### Output Text: | DESIGN : Randomized , double - blind , placebo - controlled trial . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: SETTING : Community hospital .
### Output Text: | SETTING : Community hospital . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: PATIENTS : Twenty - two patients with known reversible perfusion defects .
### Output Text: | PATIENTS : Twenty - two patients with known reversible perfusion defects . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: INTERVENTION : Patients underwent dobutamine stress tests per standard protocol .
### Output Text: | INTERVENTION : Patients underwent <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> stress tests per standard protocol . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Before dobutamine was begun , no therapy was given during the first visit , and patients were randomized on subsequent visits to receive metoprolol or metoprolol plus glucagon 1 mg .
### Output Text: | Before <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> was begun , no therapy was given during the first visit , and patients were randomized on subsequent visits to receive <span class="chemical">metoprolol</span> or <span class="chemical">metoprolol</span> plus glucagon 1 mg . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Metoprolol was dosed to achieve a resting predobutamine heart rate below 65 beats / minute or a total intravenous dose of 20 mg .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Metoprolol</span> was dosed to achieve a resting <span class="chemical">predobutamine</span> heart rate below 65 beats / minute or a total intravenous dose of 20 mg . |