Datasets:

bigbio

/

medal

like 0

Follow

BigScience Biomedical Datasets 111

[ { "id": "3901", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "fortyeight primiparous and pregnant holstein cows at days in milk and average daily milk production dmp of kg at the beginning of the trial were used to study the possibility of identifying animals that are more responsive to recombinant bST rbst animals were housed in freestall barns milked three times a day and fed a total mixed ration animals were injected with one dose mg each of rbst every days during a day total period five doses in all daily milk production was recorded to measure average apparent response aar and peak of apparent response par average apparent response was defined as the average increase in milk production expressed as kilogram per cow per day for days T3 dosing as compared to the average production calculated for days and T3 dosing peak of apparent response was calculated as the increase in milk production for each day from to days T3 dosing as compared to the average production for days and there was a positive linear rho r p between aar for the first days and aar for the total day period aatr a correlation coefficient was calculated between each individual par value and aatr the highest correlation coefficient r p was observed for days and and therefore these days were considered the best estimates for calculating aar when dmp records are not available also high somatic cells count had a negative impact on milk yield response to treatment p" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1389 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3902", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "bST" ], "offsets": [ [ 238, 241 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "bovine somatotropin" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3904", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "naloxone per se causes no pain in normal man indicating that opioidergic antinociceptive systems are not tonically active but this might not be the case in CP conditions the present investigation tested the hypothesis that pain in chronic headache is the result of insufficiently attenuated nociceptive impulses fortyseven patients suffering from CTH entered the present doubleblind crossover trial of naloxone mg iv versus saline adverse effects were negligible patients scored HA pain on a mm visual analog scale and change in headache on a point verbal rating scale after and min mean arterial blood pressure decreased mm hg p less than T3 naloxone compared to saline but naloxone had no effect on HA p a bimodal distribution of acute pain patients into placebo responders and nonresponders has been reported butes of these phenomena it was found necessary to develop a innovative method of measurement to analyse the patterns of movement and AS to which the knee injuries were attributed by combining and synchronizing movement analysis measurement of pressure distribution and measurement of force it became possible to perform a detailed analysis of the forwardbackward movement in the ski boot in the laboratory and also on the course by telemetry part the first two studies were devoted to the forward lean in the ski boot part basing on movement analysis and simultaneous determination of pressure distribution along the lower leg the influence of different ski boot models on the vorlage or forward lean movement of beginners and very experienced skiers was studied an important result of the laboratory experiment was that whereas a ski boot can be moved without difficulty into a strong forward lean position of the skier by an experienced sportsman a beginner can only assume a forward lean with less inclination this being a significant difference in other words the range of the freedom of movement in such a boot is markedly limited the assumption that in ski amateurs such a ski boot would promote skiing in backward lean position was confirmed by studies on the course part the pupils became definitely less adept at learning if they were required to wear a stiff ski boot analysis of movement showed that the forward lean angles were clearly smaller and that the skiers adopted a skiing style in backward lean position that exercised an undue CS on the knees the other two studies therefore focussed mainly on the backward movement in the ski boot specifically the fixed rear spoilers of the modern ski boots are accused of contributing to the rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament if the skier lands on the tail ends of the skis T3 a jump or fall in backward lean position big bump flat landing syndromeabstract truncated at words" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2754 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3905", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "CTH" ], "offsets": [ [ 347, 350 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "chronic tension headache" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3907", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "both turner syndrome and schizophrenia are relatively infrequent conditions consequently individuals having both illnesses are rare previous reviews of SCA in schizophrenia have focused primarily on the presence of supernumerary xchromosomes T3 identifying two female patients with schizophrenia and turner syndrome we reevaluated the available literature that survey female schizophrenics for the presence of chromosomal abnormalities eleven patients with turner syndrome were identified among females with schizophrenia in noncasereport studies these survey results indicate that turner syndrome occurs approximately threefold more frequently in schizophrenic females than in the general female population p including other case reports and our cases a total of females with both schizophrenia and turner syndrome were reported interestingly whereas most turner syndrome patients have the x karyotype the majority of women with both illnesses have a mosaic karyotype p given the potential role of genes on the xchromosome in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia the study of unique populations with abnormalities in this chromosome such as women with turner syndrome may offer clues into this illness" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1199 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3908", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "SCA" ], "offsets": [ [ 152, 155 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "sex chromosome abnormalities" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3910", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "DRS is performed frequently in infants and children renal cortical scintigraphy using mtc DMS is predominantly performed to assess the renal sequelae of urinary tract infection it is most commonly performed for the DUE of chronic renal scars although it is also undertaken in the assessment of APN diuresis renography using mtc mercaptoacetyltriglycine is of great use in the evaluation of renal tract obstruction which may occur at a variety of C2 but most commonly occurs at the ureteropelvic junction consensus statements have been formulated in an attempt to standardize methods of performing these investigations however several Az of controversy exist in the performance of these studies and these are outlined radionuclide cystography and renal function estimation using clearance calculations are not covered in this article" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 832 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3911", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "DMS" ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 93 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "dimercaptosuccinic acid" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3913", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the preoperative use of intravitreal bevacizumab in stage or retinopathy of prematurity rop can reduce VE growth factor load and one risk however it can induce traction and exacerbate a TRD concurrent placement of a scleral buckle may reduce these risks and obviate future vitrectomy" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 283 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3914", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "TRD" ], "offsets": [ [ 186, 189 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "tractional retinal detachment" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3916", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "detailed analysis of the evolution characteristics of landscape ecological risk is crucial for coastal sustainable management and for understanding the potential environmental impacts of a manmade landform landscapes mmll as a typical open coastal wetland largescale human activities eg tidal reclamation fishery activities wind farm construction and port construction have substantially affected the evolution of the coastal ecological environment previous landscape ecological risk assessment studies have documented the effectiveness of assessing the quality of ecological environment processes however these studies have either focused on the noncoastal zone or they have not considered the evolution of the spatial characteristics and ecological risk evolution of the landscape at an optimal scale here we present a landscape ecological risk pattern lerp evolution model based on two successive steps first we constructed an optimal scale method with an AGA extent and grain using multi⁻temporal landsat tmoli images acquired in the years and and then we calculated landscape ecological risk indices based on this model the entire process of the spatiotemporal evolution of ecological risk patterns of the open coastal wetlands in jiangsu china was determined the principal findings are as follows the main landscape types in the study area are tidal flats and farmland and the main features of the landscape evolution are a significant increase in aquafarming and a substantial decrease in the tidal flat area while the landscape heterogeneity increased in the past years the areas of low and relatively low ecological risk in the study region were greatly reduced while the Az of medium relatively high and high ecological risk greatly increased the Az of highgrade ecological risk Az are mainly around dongtai and dafeng the area of ecological risk from lowgrade to highgrade occupied of the study area during ⁻ during the previous periods ⁻ and ⁻ the Az of lowgrade ecological risk were transformed to Az of middlegrade ecological RA while during the later periods ⁻ and ⁻ there was a substantial increase in the proportion of Az of highgrade ecological risk our results complement the official DB of coastal landscape planning and provide important information for assessing the potential effects of mmll processes on coastal environments" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2360 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3917", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "RA" ], "offsets": [ [ 2048, 2050 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "risk area" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3919", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "we describe a protocol for the preparation of glycopolymers derived from the ROP of a norbornene carboxylic acid derivative polymerization is followed by attachment of a linker and subsequent glycoconjugation via a triazoleforming azidealkyne click reaction the use of a protected amineterminating agent allows for the attachment of a probe molecule such as a fluorescein dye the syntheses of a neutral galactopolymer as well a polyanionic polyosulfogalactopolymer are described" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 478 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3920", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "ROP" ], "offsets": [ [ 77, 80 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "ringopening polymerization" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3922", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the objective of this research was to determine the effect of stocking density and inclusion of subtherapeutic CTC in the diet on salmonella fecal prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in growing swine a x factorial design was employed on a privately owned commercial swine farm four finisher rooms were included in the T0 two of the rooms received gtonnes of chlortetracycline in the ration two rooms received no antimicrobials in the feed in each room alternate pens were assigned to either high stocking density mpig or low stocking density mpig pigs were placed in the finisher rooms at weeks of age and followed for weeks individual fecal samples were collected from the floors of each pen and cultured once weekly antimicrobial resistance phenotypes were determined data were analyzed using multilevel multivariable LR pigs fed CTC were at increased odds or ci to shed salmonellae no other associations between treatments ctc and stocking density and salmonella prevalence or reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials were identified variance in the odds of a fecal sample to be positive was distributed mostly at the lowest level the individual fecal sample the increased risk of shedding associated with inclusion of subtherapeutic chlortetracycline in swine diets is discordant with previous results by our group suggesting farm or CS TPS AF may impact this association understanding this risk may provide a potential MI for controlling salmonella preharvest" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1468 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3923", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "CTC" ], "offsets": [ [ 111, 114 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "chlortetracycline" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3925", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "induction of glutathione stransferase gst enzymes can increase detoxification of carcinogens and reduce carcinogeninduced mutagenesis and tumorigenesis to determine if the anticarcinogen EA induces cellular enzymes which detoxify carcinogens we examined the effect of EA on the expression of glutathione stransferaseya rats fed EA demonstrated significant increases in total hepatic gst activity hepatic gstya activity and hepatic gstya mrna to determine if the observed increase in gstya mrna was due to EA inducing transcription of the gstya gene transfection studies were performed with plasmid constructs containing various portions of the regulatory region of the rat gstya gene the transfection studies demonstrated that ellagic acid increased gstya mrna by inducing transcription of the gstya gene and demonstrated that this induction is mediated through the ARE of the gstya gene" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 887 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3926", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "EA" ], "offsets": [ [ 268, 270 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "ellagic acid" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3928", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "ACV acv like many antiviral drugs is a nucleoside analog in vitro acv triphosphate inhibits HHV-8 dna polymerase by means of binding incorporation into primertemplate and deadend complex formation in the presence of the next deoxynucleoside triphosphate however it is not known whether this mechanism operates in vivo to address this and other questions we analyzed eight mutant polymerases encoded by drugresistant viruses each altered in a region conserved among alphalike dna polymerases we measured km and kcat values for dgtp and acv triphosphate incorporation and ki values of acv triphosphate for dgtp incorporation for each mutant certain mutants showed increased km values for acv triphosphate incorporation suggesting a defect in inhibitor binding other mutants showed reduced kcat values for acv triphosphate incorporation suggesting a defect in incorporation of inhibitor into dna while the rest of the mutants exhibited both altered km and kcat values in most cases the fold increase in ki of acv triphosphate for dgtp incorporation relative to wildtype polymerase was similar to fold resistance conferred by the mutation in vivo however one mutation conferred a much greater increase in resistance than in ki the effects of mutations on enzyme kinetics could be explained by using a model of an alphalike dna polymerase AS site bound to primertemplate and inhibitor the results have implications for mechanisms of action and resistance of antiviral nucleoside analogs in vivo in particular for the importance of incorporation into dna and for the functional roles of CRs of polymerases" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1599 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3929", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "ACV" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 3 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "acyclovir" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3931", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the microstructure of aggregates formed by sodium dodecyl sulfate sds and pentanol in mixtures of water and a polar aprotic solvent PC pc was investigated by means of pulsed PGSE nmr dynamic light scattering viscosity and conductivity measurements pc partitions itself between micelles and aqueous bulk the fraction of micellized PC remains constant along pcdilution and the phase separation takes place when the composition of continuous phase attains the pcwater miscibility gap the micellized pc is present mainly in the micelles palisade and strongly increases the total interfacial area thus acting as a cosurfactant at high pc content the system is composed by very small aggregates around a in radius made by few sds molecules and pc and pentanol the resulting system can be described as a nanostructured fluid with a huge interfacial area and a small dispersed phase" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 874 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3932", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "PGSE" ], "offsets": [ [ 174, 178 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "gradient spinecho" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3934", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "spectrin a heterodimer of alpha and betasubunits is the major protein component of the red blood cell membrane skeleton the mouse mutation sph causes an alphaspectrindeficient HS with the severe phenotype typical of recessive HS in humans the sph mutation maps to the erythroid alphaspectrin locus spna on chromosome" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 316 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3935", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "HS" ], "offsets": [ [ 226, 228 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "hereditary spherocytosis" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3937", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "history a yearold woman with no pertinent medical history was brought to the emergency department after being found unconscious on her bathroom floor by her roommate in the preceding weeks she had reported intractable nausea and vomiting for which she had been taking OND no other medications had been prescribed the day prior to presentation she had contacted her mother and described increasing confusion GCS on arrival in the emergency department was intravenous naloxone was po without immediate response initial blood gl level was mgdl mmoll normal range mgdl mmoll and other routine laboratory test results were normal urine toxicology results were negative CSF fluid DUE revealed levels were within normal limits neurologic examination revealed dilated pupils which showed a sluggish response to CS and left lower extremity rigidity with intermittent tremors initial unenhanced cranial computed tomographic ct findings were negative magnetic resonance mr imaging of the brain was performed the patients condition deteriorated with increasing CBF edema over the next week and she was declared BB dead her liver was transplanted into an adult recipient who subsequently developed cerebral edema and elevated plasma ammonia C2 resulting in death in the immediate postoperative period" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1287 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3938", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "GCS" ], "offsets": [ [ 407, 410 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "glasgow coma scale score" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3940", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the presence of epidermal growth factor receptor egfr gene was determined in patients with squamous cell carcinoma scc of the oropharyngeal regiona highly prevalent chewingtobacco associated malignancy in india using southern hybridisation analysis of dna extracted from primary RT tissues we observed a to fold amplification of egfr gene in of the sccs of the oral cavity and about fold egfr amplification in hypopharyngeal cancers dot blot analysis of total rna from several tumour tissues revealed overexpression of the egfr gene in the examined patients with the egfr gene amplified patients with single copy egfr gene did not exhibit overexpression of the gene within our sample set no rho was evident between egfr gene amplification and clinicopathological parameters of the malignancy the amplification and overexpression of the egfr gene observed in the PT tissues of of the human OP cancers indicate possible involvement of the gene in the pathogenesis of these cancers" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 978 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3941", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "OP" ], "offsets": [ [ 889, 891 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "oropharyngeal" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3943", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "state estimation is the most critical capability for mav microaerial VH localization autonomous obstacle avoidance robust flight control and d environmental mapping there are three main challenges for mav state estimation it can deal with aggressive dof degree of freedom motion it should be robust to intermittent gps GPS even gpsdenied situations it should work well both for low and highaltitude flight in this paper we present a state estimation technique by fusing longrange stereo visual odometry gps barometric and imu inertial measurement unit measurements the new estimation system has two main parts a stochastic cloning ekf D2 kalman filter estimator that loosely fuses both absolute state measurements gps barometer and the relative state measurements imu visual odometry and is derived and discussed in detail a longrange stereo visual odometry is proposed for highaltitude mav odometry calculation by using both multiview stereo triangulation and a multiview stereo inverse depth filter the odometry takes the ekf information imu integral for robust camera pose tracking and image feature matching and the stereo odometry SO serves as the relative measurements for the update of the state estimation experimental results on a benchmark dataset and our real flight dataset show the effectiveness of the proposed state estimation system especially for the aggressive intermittent gps and highaltitude mav flight" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1423 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3944", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "GPS" ], "offsets": [ [ 319, 322 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "global positioning system" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3946", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "DUE of RT disease is a challenge for several reasons no serum PSA or hematologic tests that localize injury to the respiratory system are available imaging techniques do not usually lead to etiologic diagnoses and excisional biopsies are often very difficult to obtain from respiratory lesions for these reasons specific diagnosis of RTD often resides in cytologic evaluation this article reviews the various cytologic collection techniques that yield highquality specimens from the upper and lower respiratory tract cytologic features of the normal respiratory tract as well as common respiratory disorders are described and illustrated" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 637 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3947", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "RTD" ], "offsets": [ [ 334, 337 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "respiratory tract disease" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3949", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "this report is a retrospective review of consecutive patients treated with a combined transfer of the latissimus dorsi and PM tendons for massive RC deficiency each patients chief complaint was diminished shoulder function and motion with little or no accompanying pain the primary operative objective was to increase AS shoulder motion all patients were followed up for at least years range to months the mean active elevation improved from degrees preoperatively to degrees postoperatively the mean AS external rotation improved from degrees to degrees on the basis of the MRC scale the mean abduction strength improved from to and the mean external rotation strength improved from to overall patients made no improvement improved slightly and improved significantly we conclude that a combined transfer of the latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major is a reasonable and safe procedure that may restore AS elevation and ER in some patients shoulders with a massive rotator cuff deficiency that have not responded favorably to traditional nonoperative and operative techniques however it is difficult to conclude based on our experience for which patients this surgery can be predictably successful" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1197 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3950", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "MRC" ], "offsets": [ [ 575, 578 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "medical research council" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3952", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "in this study i examined sleep memory and learning in offpump PD bypass opcab patients sixtysix men and women aged or years wore actigraphs to record sleep and completed sleep diaries for two hour periods following opcab surgery prior to discharge from the hospital participants completed the pittsburgh sleep QI psqi and rey AEP verbal learning test no significant correlations were found between habitual sleep sleep time efficiency number and duration of awakenings daytime napping or memory and learning nighttime sleep was short with frequent disturbances and daytime sleep accounted for half the daily sleep time participants scored low in learning and delayed recall these findings suggest the need to assess sleep and cognition in patients recovering from opcab surgery" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 777 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3953", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "QI" ], "offsets": [ [ 310, 312 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "quality index" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3955", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the purpose of this T0 is to evaluate the intimamedia thickness imt and arterial elasticity of the common i.c. cca in patients with CBF SVD svd by applying RF rf ultrasound technology" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 183 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3956", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "SVD" ], "offsets": [ [ 136, 139 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "small vessel disease" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3958", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "a resumé of two studies and retrospective survey of patients in an intensive ECU receiving infusions of etomidate has demonstrated that the technique can be used effectively and safely to provide sedation in patients requiring AV and those breathing spontaneously in both studies all measured respiratory and cardiovascular indices remained within normal limits there was a low incidence of muscle movements in all groups and there was no nausea vomiting or allergic reactions additionally the technique was readily accepted by the patients" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 541 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3959", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "AV" ], "offsets": [ [ 228, 230 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "artificial ventilation" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3961", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "assessment of stability for paraffin and soybean systems of emulsions have been carried out with the use of selected emulsifiers the influence of microelements upon the stability of the investigated emulsions has also been considered the soybean and paraffin emulsions stability research has been carried out with the use of oscillatory and centrifugal tests on analysis of the results it has been found that it is necessary to select a proper emulsifier for the oil used the paraffin emulsionsexcluding those containing MC mc HEC hec span and lecithinbroke after month of storage there was an immediate demulsification observed in case of soybean emulsions matched with these emulsifiers mc hec span and lecithin an average globule size has approximately doubled adding microelements to the examined emulsions caused a loss of stability the oscillatory test is useful for a quick assessment of emulsive system stability" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 920 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3962", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "MC" ], "offsets": [ [ 521, 523 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "methyl cellulose" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3964", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "geneticallyengineered cells offer a solution to the cell availability problem in TE a pancreatic substitute for the treatment of IDD these cells can be nonbeta cells such as HCs or myoblasts retrieved as a biopsy from the same patient and genetically engineered to secrete recombinant insulin constitutively or under transcriptional regulation however the continuous or slowly responsive insulin secretion dynamics from these cells cannot provide physiologic gl regulation in patients our objective consists of using such cells as an insulin source and of regulating insulin release by incorporating a glucoseresponsive material which acts as a control barrier for insulin in a cellmaterial hybrid device experiments were performed with insulinoma betatc cells hepg hepatomas and cc myoblasts the latter two geneticallymodified to constitutively secrete insulin the control barrier consisted of concanavalin a con abased glucoseresponsive material which forms a gel at low and a sol at HG concentrations results demonstrated that the device released insulin at a higher rate in response to glucose challenges in contrast a device containing an inert hydrogel instead of glucoseresponsive material released insulin at an essentially constant rate irrespective of the surrounding glucose concentration necessary material improvements include increased sensitivity to gl so that the material responds to physiologically relevant gl concentrations and increased stability the prospects of developing a properly PET implantable substitute based on engineered nonbeta cells and glucoseresponsive material and the material and device improvements that need to be made prior to in vivo experiments are discussed" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1703 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3965", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "HG" ], "offsets": [ [ 986, 988 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "high glucose" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3967", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "recent therapeutic approaches of RA arthritis ra address the use of small molecules such as IMT kinase inhibitors tkis however the tkis developed to date have important side effects andor scarce tau in inflammatory diseases such as ra since intracellular ERP tkis must enter the cell to reach their intracellular targets here we investigated the interaction of the tki saracatinib a dual inhibitor of csrc and cabl signaling with transporters for OCs as well as the role of these transporters for the biological effect of saracatinib in human rasynovial fibroblasts hrasf saracatinib significantly reduced proliferation of hrasf the cellular saracatinib uptake was mainly dependent on the human novel organic cation transporter hoctn which showed the highest EC50 for saracatinib among all other transporters for organic cations analyzed here in hrasf saracatinib biologic function was dependent on hoctn further analysis showed that disease TPS AF ph inflammatory cytokines such as tnfα regulated saracatinib uptake in hrasf the knowledge of which transporters mediate the TPS uptake of tkis in target cells and of how the expression and CF of such transporters are regulated in ra is of highest priority to develop effective drugs for successful therapy with minimal sideeffects" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1281 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3968", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "OCs" ], "offsets": [ [ 447, 450 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "organic cations" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3970", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "tumor cells may alter the expression of numerous components involved in antigenprocessing machinery to decrease HLA-DR hla class i expression allowing the RT cells to escape immune surveillance the purpose of the present study was to investigate the involvement of these components in the downregulation of hla class i expression in HepG2 cell L1 bel" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 350 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3971", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "HLA-DR" ], "offsets": [ [ 112, 118 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "human leukocyte antigen" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3973", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "perioperative management of patients with SVCO presents an anesthetic challenge because of severe CP compromise this is particularly important in the parturient because of increased upper airway edema and IVC compression we describe the management of a parturient who presented at wk of gestation with signs and PS of SVC obstruction from MBC the patient was scheduled for a cesarean delivery followed by chemotherapy as other therapies were deemed excessively risky because of the anatomic characteristics of the large mediastinal mass this report describes the successful use of RA in this setting and discusses the relevant anesthetic and perioperative management considerations for this complex scenario" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 707 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3974", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "IVC" ], "offsets": [ [ 205, 208 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "inferior vena caval" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3976", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "muscle fatigue is associated with reduced SP SO and MWC of the skeletal muscle fatigueinduced impairments in muscle function are believed to be a potential cause of increased injury rates during the latter stages of athletic competition and often occur during unexpected perturbations however the effect of fatigue on functionally relevant full body destabilizing perturbations has not been investigated this study examines the effect of muscle fatigue on the activation of the quadriceps and hamstrings to fast full body perturbations evoked by a moveable platform surface electromyographic emg signals were recorded from the knee extensor vastus medialis rectus femoris and vastus lateralis and flexor muscles BF and semitendinosus of the RA leg in nine healthy men during full body perturbations performed at baseline and immediately following high intensity exercise performed on a bicycle ergometer in each condition participants stood on a moveable platform during which randomized postural perturbations eight repetitions of two perturbation types cm forward slides cm backward slides with varying interperturbation time intervals were performed over a period of min maximal voluntary knee extension force was measured before and after the high intensity exercise protocol to confirm the presence of fatigue immediately after exercise the maximal force decreased by and for knee extensors and flexors respectively p during thea AA to BL and fluid resuscitation within the operating room decisions to transfuse blood are based largely on intermediate biological markers hemoglobin arterial oxygen saturation blood pressure heart rate which may not accurately reflect inadequacy of tissue oxygen delivery based on exp studies we hypothesized that anemiainduced tissue hypoxia activates adaptive mechanisms which promote local vascular nitric oxide no production to improve tissue perfusion and survival during acute anemia hemoglobin hb oxidation to methemoglobin methb may be a byproduct of such local no production therefore we tested the hypothesis that methb is a biomarker of hypoxicanemic stress during acute hemodilution associated with cardiopulmonary bypass" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2171 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3977", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "BF" ], "offsets": [ [ 712, 714 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "biceps femoris" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3979", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "our objective was to determine the mean production of entomopathogenic nematodes epns infective juveniles ijs from alphitobius diaperinus and galleria mellonella larvae and the possible morphometric changes of emergent ijs heterorhabditis riobravus and steinernema carpocapsae nematodes were placed on larvae of each host individually located in petri dishes which were maintained in an environmental control c this system was found to produce superoxide as well as hydroxyl radicals the abilities of various vitamins to prevent damage to plasmid dna were evaluated pyridoxalphosphate showed maximum protection while pyridoxamine showed no protection the protective abilities could be directly correlated to inhibition of production of hydroxyl and superoxide radicals pyridoxalphosphate exhibited low radical scavenging ability as evaluated by its teac but showed maximum protection probably by interfering in free radical production PM did not inhibit free radical production B1 and B1 pyrophosphate both showed protective effects albeit to different extents THF showed better antioxidant activity than folic acid but was found to damage dna by itself probably by superoxide generation" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1187 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3980", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "THF" ], "offsets": [ [ 1061, 1064 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "tetrahydrofolic acid" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3982", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "background bilateral reduction mammoplasty is a common plastic surgery procedure that can be complicated by unfavorable scar formation along incision CS surgical adhesives can be utilized as an alternative or as an adjunct to conventional suture closures to help achieve good wound tension and provide an adequate barrier with excellent cosmesis the recently introduced dermabond prineo skin closure system skin closure system combines the skin adhesive octyl cyanoacrylate with a selfadhering polyesterbased mesh proposed benefits of wound closure with dermabond prineo skin closure system used with or without sutures include its watertight seal easy removal microbial barrier even distribution of tension and reduction in wound CT although allergic reactions to octyl cyanoacrylate have been reported few allergic reactions to dermabond prineo skin VCS have been noted in the literature this case series describes three patients who experienced an allergic reaction to dermabond prineo skin VCS after undergoing elective bilateral reduction mammoplasties at our institution to further explore this topic methods retrospective chart review of BL reduction mammoplasty patients who received dermabond prineo skin VCS dressing at our institution was performed results three patients were identified as having a rash in reaction to dermabond prineo skin VCS T3 BL reduction mammoplasty all three patients required systemic steroid treatment to resolve the rash one patient was identified as having a prior adhesive reaction conclusions dermabond prineo skin VCS has demonstrated its tau in optimizing scar healing and appearance however as we demonstrate these three allergic reactions to dermabond prineo skin closure system caution must be utilized in its usage namely in patients with a prior adhesive allergy and in CS where moisture or friction may be apparent" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1864 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3983", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "CT" ], "offsets": [ [ 731, 733 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "closure time" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3985", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "in vivo MD was used to investigate whether nitric oxide no modulates striatal neurotransmitter PR in the rat through inducing cyclic gmp formation via soluble guanylate cyclase or formation of peroxynitrite onoo when no donors snitrosonacetyldlpenicillamine snap mm or zaminoethylnammonioethylaminodiazen ium diolate noc mm were retrodialysed for min acetylcholine ach serotonin ht glutamate glu GABA acid gaba and taurine levels were significantly increased whereas those of dopamine da dihydroxyphenylacetic acid dopac and 5-HIAA acid hiaa were decreased only effects on ach ht and gaba showed calcium dependency inhibition of sGC by hoxadiazoloalphaquinoxalinone odq and microm dosedependently reduced no donorevoked increases in ach ht glu and gaba C2 coperfusion of snap or noc with an onoo scavenger lcysteine mm resulted in enhanced concentrations of glu and gaba on the other hand da concentrations increased rather than decreased and no reductions in dopac and hiaa occurred this increase in da and the potentiation of glu and gaba were calciumdependent and prevented by odq similar to no infusions of onoo or microm decreased da dopac and hiaa overall these results demonstrate that no increases ach ht glu and gaba levels primarily through a cyclic gmpdependent mechanism for da dopac and hiaa effects are determined by C2 of onoo stimulated by no donors when these are high they effectively reduce extracellular concentrations through oxidation when they are low da concentrations are increased in a cyclic gmpdependent manner and may act to facilitate glu and gaba release further thus changes in brain levels of antioxidants and the altered ability of no to stimulate cyclic gmp formation during ageing or neurodegenerative pathologies may particularly impact on the PET consequences of no on striatal dopaminergic and glutamatergic function" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1855 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3986", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "sGC" ], "offsets": [ [ 629, 632 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "soluble guanylate cyclase" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3988", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "SE to temperatures over a certain limit leads to massive protein aggregation in the cell disaggregation of such aggregates is largely dependent on the hsp and hsp chaperones the exact role of the hsp chaperone machine composed of dnak dnaj and grpe in the hspdependent process remains unknown in this T0 we focused on the hsp role at the initial step of the disaggregation process two different aggregated MM substrates green fluorescent protein gfp and firefly luciferase were incubated with the hsp machine resulting in efficient fragmentation of C1 aggregates into smaller ones our data suggest that the observed fragmentation is achieved first by extraction of polypeptides from aggregates in hsp chaperone machinedependent manner and not by direct fragmentation of LA in the absence of hsp clpb these extracted polypeptides were not able to fold properly and promptly reassociated into new aggregates the extracted gfp molecules were efficiently recognized and sequestered by a molecular trap the mutant groel dk which binds stably to unfolded but not to native polypeptides the IB of extracted gfp molecules to the groel trap prevented their reaggregation we propose that the hsp machine disentangles polypeptides from protein aggregates prior to hsp action" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1263 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3989", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "LA" ], "offsets": [ [ 770, 772 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "large aggregates" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3991", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "abnormal coronary blood flow cbf in longstanding left VVI lv pressureoverload hypertrophy has been associated with ischemia and lv dysfunction thus goals of therapy in pressure overload are not only the relief of the overload itself but also regression in hypertrophy and subsequent improvement in cbf however little is known about cbf in humans or in C1 mammals after the relief of pressure overload when the hypertrophy has regressed this T0 was performed to test the hypothesis that even months T3 the relief of pressure overload in the dog cbf would still be abnormal three CG of dogs were studied normal control dogs nl group dogs with lv pressureoverload hypertrophy lvh group and dogs that had developed lv pressureoverload hypertrophy but in whom the pressure overload was relieved months before the final T0 lvh reg group cbf was studied in conscious dogs by use of the radiolabeled microsphere technique at rest during rapid atrial pacing and during maximum coronary vasodilation produced by adenosine infusion the ratio of lv weight g to body weight kg lvbw was in the nl group in the lvh group and in the lvh reg group before pressureoverload relief p ns lvh versus lvh reg six months T3 removal of the pressure overload the lvbw in the lvh reg group had fallen to p but this lvbw was still greater than that in the nl group p during rapid atrial pacing Endo and Epi cbf rose significantly in nl dogs however during rapid atrial pacing Endo cbf fell from to mlmin per gram in the lvh group p and did not rise in the lvh reg group during adenosine infusion Endo blood flow increased in nl dogs from to mlmin per gram and increased to a similar level in the lvh reg group although cbf increased during adenosine infusion in the lvh group the increase was less than that in the nl or lvh reg group p minimum CVR was similar in nl dogs units and lvh reg dogs units p ns but was significantly elevated units in lvh dogs p abstract truncated at words" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1956 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3992", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "CVR" ], "offsets": [ [ 1817, 1820 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "coronary vascular resistance" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3994", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "αmno is a promising material for liion batteries and has unique tunneled structure that facilitates the diffusion of li the overall electrochemical performance of αmno is determined by the tunneled structure stability during its interaction with li the mechanism of which is however poorly understood in this paper a novel tetragonalorthorhombictetragonal symmetric transition during lithiation of kstabilized αmno is observed using in situ transmission electron microscopy atomic resolution imaging indicated that × and × tunnels exist along c direction of the nanowire the morphology of a partially lithiated nanowire observed in the ⟨⟩ projection is largely dependent on crystallographic orientation or indicating the existence of asynchronous expansion of αmnos tetragonal unit cell along a and b lattice directions which results in a tetragonalorthorhombictetragonal tot symmetric transition upon lithiation such a tot transition is confirmed by diffraction analysis and mn valence quantification DFT dft confirms that wyckoff h sites inside × tunnels are the preferred CS for li occupancy the sequential li filling at h sites leads to asynchronous expansion and symmetry Kd of the host lattice as well as tunnel instability upon lithiation these findings provide fundamental understanding for appearance of stepwise potential R2 during the discharge of liαmno batteries as well as the origin forng the xpehh statistic using resequencing data derived from pigs we were able to unravel the signatures of selection of body size we found that both selections at the level of organism and at the cellular level have occurred selection at the higher levels include feed NI regulation of body weight and increase in mass while selection at the molecular level includes cell cycle and cell proliferation positively selected genes probed by xpehh may provide insight into the docile character and innate immunity as well as body size of yucatan miniature pig" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1967 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3995", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "DFT" ], "offsets": [ [ 1012, 1015 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "density functional theory" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "3997", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the effect of two repeated forms of stress manual restraint and tailpinch on noradrenaline na PR in the hypothalamic PVH nucleus of the rat was examined by IC microdialysis manual restraint significantly increased na release but the stimulatory effect gradually declined when the stress was repeated at intervals of min HK induced a great increase in na PR even when manual restraint produced no significant effect on na release in contrast tailpinch significantly increased na PR to a greater extent than manual restraint and the increase in na PR did not NC when the stress was repeated three times at intervals of min these results suggest that desensitization of na neurons ending in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus occurs in response to painless stress such as manual restraint whereas no attenuation of na PR is caused by repeated stress accompanied by pain such as tailpinch" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 890 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "3998", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "IC" ], "offsets": [ [ 156, 158 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "intracerebral" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4000", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "to investigate incidence and number of abnormal CBF hyperintensities acfs in magnet resonance imaging mri and its relation to a patent FO pfo in divers with no PH of decompression illness" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 187 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4001", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "FO" ], "offsets": [ [ 135, 137 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "foramen ovale" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4003", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "rnase p is a highly conserved ribonucleoprotein enzyme that represents a MM complex for understanding macromolecular RNP interactions archaeal rnase p consists of one rna and up to five proteins pop rpp rpp rpp and rpplae four of these proteins CF in pairs poprpp and rpprpp we have used nuclear magnetic resonance nmr spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry itc to characterize the interaction between pop and rpp from the hyperthermophilic archaeon pyrococcus furiosus pfu nmr backbone resonance assignments of free rpp kda indicate that the protein is well structured in solution with a AA structure matching that observed in a closely related crystal structure chemical shift perturbations upon the addition of pop kda reveal its binding surface on rpp itc experiments confirm a net stoichiometry for this tight PPI and exhibit complex isotherms indicative of higherorder IB indeed light scattering and size exclusion chromatography data reveal the complex to exist as a kda heterotetramer with two copies each of pop and rpp these results will inform future efforts to elucidate the PET role of the poprpp complex in rnase p assembly and catalysis" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1162 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4004", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "PPI" ], "offsets": [ [ 826, 829 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "proteinprotein interaction" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4006", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the rate of alphadehydroxylation of primary bile acids was quantitatively measured radiochromatographically in anaerobically washed whole cell suspensions of clostridium leptum the ph optimum for the alphadehydroxylation of both CA and chenodeoxycholic acid was substrate saturation curves were observed for the alphadehydroxylation of CA and chenodeoxycholic acid however CA acid whole cell k micron and v mumol hrmg protein values differed significantly from chenodeoxycholic acid whole cell k micron and v mumol hr mg protein alphadehydroxylation activity was ND using glycine and taurineconjugated primary bile acids ursodeoxycholic acid cholic acid methyl ester or hyocholic acid as substrates substrate competition experiments showed that cholic acid alphadehydroxylation was reduced by increasing concentrations of chendeoxycholic acid however chenodeoxycholic acid alphadehydroxylation activity was unaffected by increasing concentrations of cholic acid a fold increase in CA and alphadehydroxylation activity occurred during the transition from logarithmic to stationary phase growth whether cells were cultured in the presence or absence of sodium cholate in the same culture a similar increase in chenodeoxycholic acid alphadehydroxylation was detected only in cells cultured in the presence of sodium cholate these results indicate the possible existence of two independent systems for alphadehydroxylation in c leptum" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1430 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4007", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "CA" ], "offsets": [ [ 229, 231 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "cholic" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4009", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "we have previously identified activation of ras protooncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes including p pinka and pinkb in dideoxycytidine ddc andor butadiene bdinduced lymphomas derived from bcf cblxchhe mice indicating that alterations of ras signaling pathway p and prb growth control pathways are important in the OD of these chemically induced lymphomas however there is still a subset of PT that displayed no changes in these genes thus we investigated whether the raf mdm cmyc cdca and cdcb protooncogenes which are implicated in the ras or p or prb pathways are alternative oncogenic target genes analyses of gross genomic alterations by southern blots failed to reveal rearrangement or amplification in any of the tumors examined frequent point mutations on the ATP IB domain of the raf gene has been reported in ethylnitrosourea enuinduced mu lymphomas and lung PT along with a conspicuous lack of ras mutations u naumann i eisenmanntappe ur rapp the role of raf kinases in development and growth of tumors recent results cancer res to investigate whether raf mutation is involved in our set of RT especially those without ras mutations the pcrbased singlestrand conformation analyses ssca and direct dna sequencing were employed no mutations but four genetic polymorphisms between B6 and chhe were found with two of them reported as point mutations previously op cit the polymorphisms were utilized for allelic loss study of raf locus losses of heterozygosity were found in six of bdinduced lymphomas these results indicate that genetic alterations of cmyc cdc raf and mdm protooncogenes may not be involved in the development of ddc and bdinduced lymphomas and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes located close to raf gene might be important in the development of a subset of bdinduced lymphomas" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1828 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4010", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "B6" ], "offsets": [ [ 1306, 1308 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "cbl" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4012", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "ephrin eph signaling via eph receptors affects neuronal structure and CF we report here that exogenous ephrinas ephas induce outgrowth of filopodial processes from astrocytes within minutes in rat hippocampal slice cultures MZ effects were induced by release of endogenous ephrinas by cleavage of their glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor reverse transcriptionpcr and immunocytochemistry revealed the expression of multiple epha receptors ephars in astrocytes exogenous and endogenous ephrins did not induce process outgrowth from astrocytes transfected with a KD ephar construct indicating that the critical ephars were located on glia concomitant with these morphological changes ephrina reduced the frequency of sdihydroxyphenylglycineevoked nmda receptormediated inward currents in ca pyramidal cells elicited by PR of glutamate from glial cells the sensitivity of ca cell synaptic or extrasynaptic nmda receptors was unaffected by ephrina indicating that this effect was mediated by inhibition of glutamate release from glial cells finally ephrina application decreased the frequency and increased the duration of spontaneous oscillations of the intracellular ca in astrocytes we conclude that ephrinaepha signaling is a pluripotent regulator of neuronastrocyte interactions mediating rapid structural and PET plasticity" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1325 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4013", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "KD" ], "offsets": [ [ 561, 563 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "kinasedead" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4015", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the histological and ultrastructural aspect of normal human hair follicles maintained ex vivo for days was evaluated anagen hair follicles dissected free of contaminating connective tissue were maintained for up to days in a SFM macroscopic observations revealed continued viability for days at which time some follicles involuted in a manner morphologically similar to catagen increased growth of maintained follicles was measured from the abrupt ending of the connective tissue sheath cts as no increase in this component was observed from initiation of SC in GA follicles maintained up to days exhibited little divergence from normal in vivo morphologies including the persistence of PET hair bulb melanocytesa marker of anagen after this time melanin LG were present in dermal papilla cells as occurs during impending involution in vivo heterotypic cell contact occurred in the middle to upper F2 between outer root sheath ors KCs and disorganized cts herniation of some ors cells away from the follicle and the occurrence of loose desmosomal junctions between ors KCs reflected loss of normal follicular cell interactions in upper follicles maintained T3 days continued follicle growth correlated with the presence of MI matrix keratinocytes even at days T3 days in culture most follicles involuted displaying apoptoticlike keratinocytes and hair bulb MC and the presence of highly keratinized hair club structures while most follicles exhibited this orderly sequence of events a few follicles involuted after h with synchronous degeneration of all cells two follicles exhibited upregulated cortical cell differentiation at the level of the DP dpabstract truncated at words" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1678 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4016", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "DP" ], "offsets": [ [ 1646, 1648 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "dermal papilla" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4018", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "osseointegrated implants lack a periodontal ligament nevertheless masticatory CF in subjects with implantsupported restorations appears similar to CF in those with NK dentition it is not clear how the neurophysiologic mechanisms that modulate jaw movement are associated with osseointegrated implants this T0 examined the SO from the IAN during implant loading" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 360 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4019", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "IAN" ], "offsets": [ [ 334, 337 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "inferior alveolar nerve" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4021", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "adoptive transfer of donorderived human cytomegalovirus hcmvspecific tcell clones can restore protective immunity after SC transplantation ex vivo induction of hcmvspecific TA using hcmvinfected fibroblasts as stimulator cells confines this approach to hcmvseropositive donors and requires the presence of infectious virus during the stimulation procedure in this study we describe a potential alternative strategy to generate hcmvspecific t cells ex vivo for AIT generation of hcmvspecific Tc lymphocytes ctls ex vivo was investigated using peptidepulsed dendritic cells as antigenpresenting cells hcmvspecific TA were generated and sufficiently expanded for adoptive immunotherapy in out of hcmvseropositive and out of hcmvseronegative donors the ctls recognized hcmvinfected autologous fibroblasts no lysis was observed with either noninfected autologous or hlamismatched infected fibroblasts IF with tetrameric hlapeptide complexes revealed significant enrichment for peptidespecific TA of up to and of cd TA T3 three and five specific stimulations respectively in addition the expansion rates indicated that ex vivo generation of x hcmvspecific t cells was possible T3 weeks when cultures were initiated with x responder cells thus the RPA with peptidepulsed dcs to generate hcmvspecific ctls is feasible for clinical application after allo-SCT" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1349 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4022", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "TA" ], "offsets": [ [ 612, 614 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "t cells" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4024", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis is a severe and potentially fatal disease characterized by recurrent episodes of AH hemoptysis and anemia his association with celiac disease described as lane hamilton syndrome could be due to the fact that both entities share a common pathogenic immune pathway we report two patients of years who consulted for hemoptysis and severe anemia that had not responded to immunosuppressive treatment with pulses of MP oral meprednisone and hydroxychloroquine although both children highlight the absence of gastrointestinal PS at the time of consultation the dosage of antiendomysial and antitransglutaminase antibodies was positive and biopsy confirmed the presence of intestinal enteropathy it is emphasized that in patients with diffuse AH even in the absence of gastrointestinal PS the concomitant presence of celiac disease should be evaluated if celiac disease is present the incorporation of a glutenfree diet helps to control the symptoms allows reducing the immunosuppressive treatment and improves the clinical course of both entities" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1075 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4025", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "AH" ], "offsets": [ [ 771, 773 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "alveolar hemorrhage" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4027", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether transthoracic doppler echocardiography ttde can reliably measure CF velocity cfv and coronary flow velocity reserve cfvr in the LAD i.a. lad in the clinical setting" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 214 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4028", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "LAD" ], "offsets": [ [ 178, 181 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "left anterior descending coronary" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4030", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "since the first description of leishmania viannia shawi few studies were performed with this parasite in the present work the in vivo and ex vivo behavior of l viannia shawi infection was studied using mu model peritoneal macrophages from balbc and B6 mice were INF with promastigotes in the stationary phase of growth after h the infection index and nitric oxide no levels in the supernatant of the cultures were analyzed balbc and B6 mice were infected into the hind FP and at each weeks mice were sacrificed and the histological changes of the skin inoculation site parasitism and humoral immune responses were evaluated during weeks ex vivo experiments showed that macrophages of balbc presented higher infection index and lesser no levels than macrophages of B6 in vivo experiments showed that balbc presented higher lesion size than cbl mice similarly the histopathological changes and the parasitism in skin were more exacerbate in balbc mice in draining CL nodes the main NC was increase of germinative centers and parasites were detected from weeks pi onwards in both mice strain igg was detected in balbc mice from weeks while in B6 from weeks pi onwards taken together these results indicate that balbc showed a CP SMB of susceptibility when compared to cbl mice" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1273 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4031", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "FP" ], "offsets": [ [ 469, 471 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "footpad" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4033", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "it has long been known that many commonly used antineoplastic agents are carcinogenic yet most HCPs take few precautions if any when handling these drugs recent findings suggest a possible hazard to personnel as evidenced by increased mutagenicity of urine of nurses exposed to anticancer drugs during preparation and administration of doses although more T0 is needed to determine the significance of these data it would seem prudent to take measures to prevent any unnecessary exposure to these drugs by those preparing and administering them the policies and procedures at the memorial sloankettering CA center require that chemotherapeutic drugs be prepared in a vertical laminar flow containment hood by personnel wearing sterile disposable gloves chemotherapeutic agents are specially labeled to ensure segregated disposal of waste which is subsequently incinerated" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 871 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4034", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "HCPs" ], "offsets": [ [ 95, 99 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "health care professionals" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4036", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the monitoring of inflammatory activity in the lungs of patients with chronic OAD may be accomplished by the measurement of TPS markers of inflammatory cell activity such as the eosinophil cationic protein and the neutrophilderived myeloperoxidase however no TPS marker which reflects the activity of the alveolar macrophage is available eosinophil and NCA may be detected in BAF as a sign of macrophage activity we report preliminary data which indicate that both chemotactic activities are elevated in patients with CB the predominant activities elute at a molecular weight of about kda but also at a position T3 the total volume of the column we conclude that sec products from inflammatory cells may be measured in BAF from patients with chronic bronchitis whether such measurements will prove useful in relation to therapeutic trials in these patients is not known but is most likely" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 888 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4037", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "BAF" ], "offsets": [ [ 719, 722 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "bronchoalveolar fluid" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4039", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "evidence for excitatory amino acid afferents to nucleus raphe dorsalis nrd has been found with retrograde tracing techniques for neuroanatomical definition of afferent sources to nrd rats received stereotaxic injections of wheat germ agglutininhorseradish peroxidase wgahrp or implantations of crystal wgahrp in glass micropipettes retrogradely transported wgahrp was visualized with the tetramethylbenzidine method and afferents to nrd were identified from different brain regions large numbers of labeled cells appeared in the lateral hypothalamus lateral habenular nucleus VTA area periaqueductal gray PB nuclei and nucleus RM important inputs were also noted from dorsomedial hypothalamus and the area surrounding the perihypoglossal nucleus smaller numbers of wgahrp labeled cells appeared in bed nucleus of stria terminalis diagonal band of broca cuneiform nucleus superior vestibular nucleus pontine PVG and some Thy and Rt areas another group of rats received microinjections of dhaspartate dhasp and ARG consistently revealed retrograde labeling of cell HB in of the regions indicated by the wgahrp experiments as afferents to nrd the most prominent aggregation of dhasplabeled cells was found in the lateral habenular nucleus indicating that this input operates with an excitatory amino acid as transmitter significant numbers of dhasplabeled cells were also found in substantia nigra periaqueductal and pontine PVG T3 C1 dhasp injections involving nrd as well as surrounding areas labeled cells were observed in several additional areas some of these Az were considered as afferents to surrounding periaqueductal gray or dorsal tegmental nuclei while others may represent nrd afferents with relatively lower affinity for dhasp several afferents to nrd failed to label with dhasp including diagonal band of broca hypothalamic Az VTA PBN locus coeruleus and Rt areas" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1875 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4040", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "PVG" ], "offsets": [ [ 907, 910 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "periventricular gray" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4042", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "integral membrane proteins containing at least one TM tm alphahelix are believed to account for between and of most genomes there are several algorithms that accurately predict the number and position of tm helices within a membrane protein CS however these methods tend to disagree over the beginning and end residues of tm helices posing problems for subsequent modeling and simulation studies molecular dynamics md simulations in an explicit lipid and water environment are used to help define the tm helix of the emm from influenza a virus based on a comparison of the results of five different AA structure prediction algorithms three different helix lengths an mer a mer and a mer were simulated each simulation system contained popc molecules plus approximately waters giving a total of approximately atoms two simulations each of ns duration were run for the mer and mer and five separate simulations were run for the mer using different starting models generated by restrained in vacuo md simulations the total simulation time amounted to ns analysis of the timedependent AA structure of the tm segments was used to define the regions that adopted a stable alphahelical conformation throughout the simulation this analysis indicates a core tm region of approximately residues from residue to residue that remained in an alphahelical conformation analysis of atomic density profiles suggested that the mer helix revealed a local perturbation of the lipid bilayer polar side chains on either side of this region form relatively longlived hbonds to lipid headgroups and water molecules" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1591 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4043", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "TM" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 53 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "transmembrane" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4045", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the biocreative vi track iv mining protein interactions and mutations for precision medicine challenge was organized in with the goal of applying biomedical text mining methods to support advancements in precision medicine approaches as part of the challenge a new dataset was introduced for the purpose of building a supervised relation SE MM capable of taking a test article and returning a list of HIP pairs identified by their entrez gene ids specifically such pairs represent proteins participating in a binary PPI relation where the interaction is additionally affected by a genetic mutationreferred to as a ppim relation in this T0 we explore an EE RPA for ppim relation SE by deploying a threecomponent pipeline involving deep learningbased namedentity recognition and relation classification models along with a knowledgebased approach for gene normalization we propose several recallfocused improvements to our original challenge entry that placed second when matching on entrez gene id exact matching and on homologene id on exact matching the improved system achieved new competitive test results of microf with a precision of and recall of that corresponds to an improvement from the prior best system by approximately three microf points when matching on homologene ids we report similarly competitive test results at microf with a precision and recall of and respectively corresponding to an improvement of more than eight microf points over the prior best result the code for our deep learning system is made publicly available at httpsgithubcombionlprocbiocppiextraction" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1587 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4046", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "HIP" ], "offsets": [ [ 401, 404 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "interacting protein" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4048", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "phospholipid transfer protein pltp plays an important role in atherogenesis and lipoprotein metabolism pltp exerts its functions intracellularly and extracellularly both pltp and MTP mtp have been shown to regulate the secretion of apolipoprotein b apob in hepatocytes we have previously reported the characterization of inhibitors that selectively inhibit pltp activity and reduce apob secretion in hepatocytes in the present T0 we identified more EDC that inhibit both pltp and mtp activity to various extents these dual inhibitors are structurally different from the pltpselective inhibitors in human hepatoma cell lines dual inhibitors seem to be more ERP in reducing apob secretion than selective pltp or mtp inhibitors furthermore the dual inhibitors markedly reduced triglyceride secretion from HCs in the absence of pltp the dual inhibitors can further reduce apob secretion whereas selective pltp inhibitors had no effect we conclude that mtp and pltp may work coordinately in the process of hepatic apob assembly and secretion to avoid liver toxicity mediated by mtp inhibition selective pltp inhibitors should be pursued" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1131 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4049", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "MTP" ], "offsets": [ [ 179, 182 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "microsomal triglyceride transfer protein" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4051", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "analysts often estimate the cost of hospital services by applying costcharge cc ratios from federal or state data sources to the charges provided on hospital discharge records recently a number of sources of discharge data are not permitting the PR of hospital identities this study compares several sources of cc data for use in the restricted environment accounting data from four state systems and from files of the federal CMS formerly hcfa are employed in one analysis hospitals are grouped by selected characteristics cc varies by state and characteristics some hcfa and state measures track each other closely a wider analysis of hospitalspecific data for states offers a separate test and extension of the initial results the T0 supports a practical policy option of releasing grouped cc ratios attached to discharge records when identity must be masked key words hospital cost cost to charge ratios privacy protections" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 927 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4052", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "CMS" ], "offsets": [ [ 427, 430 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "centers for medicare and medicaid services" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4054", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "we present a case of multilevel lumbar transverse process fracture in a professional association football player incurred T3 a fall from height during competitive play traditionally associated with high impact trauma in the GP this injury is relatively rare in the context of professional football where it is more likely to be associated with lower impact trauma we outline our experience of MOI treatment options and recovery time serving as a guide for fellow clinicians when treating this condition in practice in this particular case the return to play time was days" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 571 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4055", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "MOI" ], "offsets": [ [ 393, 396 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "mechanism of injury" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4057", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "there is growing interest in whether PE especially isoflavones affect cognitive function and have beneficial effects on neurodegenerative diseases previous work from our laboratory showed that puerarin pur a major component of the pueraria lobata isoflavones displayed protective effects on learning and SM in ovariectomized ovx female mice in the present study we investigated the effects of pur on the synaptic structural modifications of the hippocampus in ovx female mice one week OVX or sham operation female mice were given a week treatment of pur or mgkg i g or estradiol benzoate eb microgkg s c the results from synaptic structural measurement and analysis did not show any differences in the HPC volumes the synaptic numeric density and the curvature of synaptic interface among sham ovx and ovx plus eb or pur replacement female mice however pur replacement effectively normalized some structural changes induced by ovx reducing the width of the synaptic cleft enlarging the thickness of postsynaptic density psd and lengthening the synaptic AS zone of the preexisting synapses in the hippocampus ca area p or p furthermore through WB we found that the immunocontent of the NMDAR1 nr was not altered by pur and of ovx however the content of postsynaptic protein psd and of ovx and phosphorylation of NMDAR1 nrb and of ovx strongly increased in ovx mice following treatment with pur or mgkg for weeks these results suggest that pur possesses phytoestrogen activity with fold lower activity than eb and the beneficial effects of pur on improving memory behavior of ovx female mice are associated with the changes of synaptic structural modifications in the hippocampus" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1677 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4058", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "NMDAR1" ], "offsets": [ [ 1185, 1191 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "nmda receptor subunit" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4060", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "righthanded subjects indicated whether two novel nonlinguistic stimuli were physically MZ or not in experiment blurring these stimuli impaired performance when stimuli were projected to the RA visual field but not when stimuli were projected to the LVF this lateralized effect of blurring is similar to earlier findings in lettermatching experiments and indicates that such effects do not depend on hemispheric differences in verbal mediation experiment examined the lateralized effects of CS- size using the same task as experiment the DP of results from this experiment suggests that both visual spatial frequency and stimulus perceptibility contribute to interactions of CS- clarity and VF and that neither factor by itself may be the sole determinant of the lateralized effects of input variables" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 800 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4061", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "LVF" ], "offsets": [ [ 249, 252 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "left visual field" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4063", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "in the progeny of a hybrid between monotelosomic line b of CS wheat and CS aegilops longissima ditelosomic addition line g a cytologically SD CS was selected consisting of wheat chromosome pairs one pair of telosomic chromosome bl and one pair of telosomic longissima chromosome g inoculating chinese spring aegilops longissima addition and substitution lines with ten different powdery mildew isolates partial resistance was observed the infection grade as well as the number of sporescm leaf area were significantly reduced" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 525 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4064", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "CS" ], "offsets": [ [ 72, 74 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "chinese spring" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4066", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the management of chronic arterial HP and PP requires first to estimate the risk of the pregnancy linked with the severity of hypertension with cardiac and renal involvement with its cause as well as with the background obesity diabetes possible PH of placental V1 pathology on a very practical approach antihypertensive drug has to be started or increased if systolic pressure reaches or exceeds mmhg or if Pd reaches or exceeds mmhg below this level there are no evidencebased medicine data but it seems reasonable to treat if pressure increases over mmhg mmhg in case of ambulatory monitoring excessive pressure figures control must be avoided as much as insufficient ones in practice it is necessary to decrease the treatment dose if figures are below mmhg three antihypertensive drugs are consensually recommended today alphametyldopa calciumchannel blockers and labetalol monotherapy is most often sufficient if needed two of these drugs can easily be associated and even three if necessary CE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor ii antagonists should not be prescribed to Pr women betablockers and diuretics are not recommended whatever is the antihypertensive drug used it is necessary to detect the signs of bad placenta blood circulation with uterine doppler ultrasound and regular controls of fetal growth and to check for appearance of PU defining then overimposed preeclampsia needing immediate admission to the maternity T3 delivery lacatation suppresion with bromocriptin should not be prescribed" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1511 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4067", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "HP" ], "offsets": [ [ 35, 37 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "hypertension during pregnancy" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4069", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "diabetes patients are complex due to considerations of polypharmacy multimorbidities medication adherence dietary habits health literacy SES and cultural factors meanwhile insulin and OHAs are highalert medications therefore it is necessary to require a multidisciplinary teams integrated endeavors to enhance safe medication management and use of antidiabetic drugs" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 366 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4070", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "OHAs" ], "offsets": [ [ 184, 188 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "oral hypoglycemic agents" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4072", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the drone retina is composed essentially of only two types of cells a population of identical photoreceptor cells occupying of the volume is embedded in a syncytium of glia called outer pigment cells nearly all the mitochondria are in the photoreceptors a retinal slice consumes microliter o ml tissue min in the dark for up to h even without exogenous substrate in h this would require the equivalent of mm glucose in the photoreceptors or mg glycogen ml tissue freshly dissected retinas contain about mg glycogen ml tissue but this appears from electron micrographs and from the pas reaction to be exclusively in the glia T3 superfusion with substratefree ringer solution for min slices of retina contained less than microm glucose it therefore appears that to sustain QO2 carbohydrate ATP must be transferred from the glia to the photoreceptors even after h superfusion with substratefree ringer solution o consumption qo was not increased by exogenous glucose Pyr trehalose or lactate nor decreased by deoxydglucose qo was increased fold by either light stimulation or for at least min by microm dinitrophenol qo was only slightly reduced when nadependent GT was inhibited either by reduction of extracellular na or the presence of phlorizin it is suggested that drone retinal function does not require the uptake of glucose by the photoreceptors but that the glia do take up gl" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1382 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4073", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "Pyr" ], "offsets": [ [ 964, 967 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "pyruvate" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4075", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the effects of dglucosamine aminodeoxydglucose an endogenous glucose analogue and deoxydglucosamine on feeding SMB were clarified test solutions mumol were infused into the third cerebroventricle of the rat glucosamine induced a feeding episode within min after infusion and then prolonged the ensuing PP IMI for the first h of the dark period while gl suppressed FF by decreasing MS VVI injection of deoxyglucosamine potently suppressed FF in a doserelated manner by affecting all meal parameters and oral administration of mumol also induced anorexia changes in activity of GS neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and glucoreceptor SN in the ventromedial hypothalamus after electrophoretic application of glucosamine and deoxyglucosamine were compatible with SMB changes the results indicate that replacement of a hydroxyl group by an amino group at c of the glucose molecule affects feeding SMB and deoxidation of c potently induces anorexia" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 943 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4076", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "GS" ], "offsets": [ [ 576, 578 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "glucosesensitive" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4078", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the association of esophageal hiatal hernias with gastroesophageal reflux disease was recognized long ago however its origins are still disputed the anatomy of the diaphragm and esophagogastric junction appears to be crucial to HH OD the aim of this paper was to perform a literature review to present the current state of knowledge regarding the anatomy and pathology of esophageal sliding hiatal hernias an electronic journal search was undertaken to identify all relevant studies published in english regarding esophageal hiatal hernias this search included the medline and embase databases from to the following keywords were used in various combinations HH hiatal GE reflux disease etiology anatomy and esophageal the nature of a hiatal hernia is complicated by the multifactorial etiology of the disease which involves the interplay of genetic and environmental AF its anatomy is still a matter of dispute the exact point at which hernia development begins has yet to be understood" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 987 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4079", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "HH" ], "offsets": [ [ 228, 230 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "hiatal hernia" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4081", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the selfassembly of nearly rigid proteins into ordered aggregates is well suited for modeling by the patchy particle approach patchy particles are traditionally simulated using monte carlo methods to study the phase diagram while brownian dynamics simulations would reveal insights into the assembly dynamics however BD of rotating anisotropic particles gives rise to a number of complications not encountered in translational brownian dynamics we thoroughly test the rotational BD scheme proposed by naess and elsgaeter macromol theory simul naess and elsgaeter macromol theory simul confirming its validity we then apply the algorithm to simulate a patchy particle model of clathrin a threelegged protein involved in vesicle production from lipid CM during endocytosis using this algorithm we recover time scales for cage assembly comparable to those from experiments we also briefly discuss the undulatory dynamics of the polyhedral cage" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 940 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4082", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "BD" ], "offsets": [ [ 317, 319 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "brownian dynamics" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4084", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the effect of calcium ca infusions on SS prolactin prl was studied in normal controls and children with disorders of ca metabolism three patients with AA hyperparathyroidism vitamin d deficiency rickets children with IHP epileptic patients with anticonvulsant drug induced inhibition of calcitonin ct secretion and patient with vitamin d resistant rickets with normal cp and low pth secretion ca induced a significant decline of serum prl in most subjects which could not be explained by the associated increase of ct or decrease of ipth the important role of ca for the in vitro secretion of dopamine has been established for a long time it is speculated that the inhibitory effect of ca infusion or SS prl may be due to dopamine PR from nerve tracts in the hypothalamus" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 771 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4085", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "IHP" ], "offsets": [ [ 217, 220 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "idiopathic hypoparathyroidism" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4087", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "CAD cad is an enzyme involved in lignin biosynthesis we have previously isolated pure cad enzyme from norway spruce picea abies l CC here we report on partial protein sequences of the kda cad polypeptide a cdna encoding cad was isolated from the spruce CC the open reading frame of a fulllength cdna coded for a amino acid polypeptidalpha beta or beta using wholecell voltageclamp techniques we show that the increase in alphasubunit mrna correlates with increases in ach current densities which double over the same period to investigate the role of innervation we cut the preganglionic nerve at birth and measured subunit mrna levels and ach current densities in denervated SN weeks later our results indicate that the preganglionic nerve differentially affects the mrna level for the five nachr transcripts yet it has little influence on the developmental increase in ach current densities" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 892 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4088", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "CAD" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 3 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4090", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "in this T0 the stability of cocaine opioid and benzodiazepine analytes in spiked meconium was investigated at three storage temperatures °c RT rt and °c body temperature the drugsmetabolites included were hydrocodone HM codeine morphine acetylmorphine am oxycodone oxymorphone cocaine cocaethylene benzoylecgonine mhydroxybenzoylecgonine diazepam oxazepam temazepam ND chlordiazepoxide lorazepam alprazolam alphahydroxyalprazolam clonazepam aminoclonazepam midazolam alphahydroxymidazolam and zolpidem drug testing was performed using mass spectrometry methods that were validated for clinical use after weeks of storage a substantial loss was observed in the concentrations of aminoclonazepam at °c and at rt and chlordiazepoxide at rt a slight decrease was observed in the concentrations of alprazolam at °c clonazepam at °c chlordiazepoxide at °c midazolam at °c ND at rt and alphahydroxyalprazolam at °c at °c the concentrations of chlordiazepoxide aminoclonazepam lorazepam oxazepam nordiazepam and temazepam decreased by and respectively T3 weeks am was observed to be unstable regardless of storage temperatures for morphine a increase at °c and a increase at rt were observed T3 weeks respectively possibly due to am degradation while no changes ≥ were observed at °c all other analytes were stable up to weeks at all three storage temperatures concentration changes the stability of select drug analytes in authentic clinical meconium specimens was consistent with that observed in spiked meconium in conclusion some drugs in meconium may not be SD for long periods of time sample storage conditions are an important consideration in the context of PCD windows and interpreting drugtesting results in meconium to the best of our knowledge this is the first stability T0 of cocaine opioids and benzodiazepines in meconium concerning the effects of storage temperatures" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1889 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4091", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "ND" ], "offsets": [ [ 368, 370 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "nordiazepam" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4093", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "optical molecular clocks promise unparalleled sensitivity to the temporal variation of the electrontoproton mass ratio and insight into possible new physics beyond the SM we propose to realize a molecular clock with bosonic yb molecules where the forbidden s→p clock transition would be induced magnetically the use of a bosonic species avoids possible complications due to the hyperfine structure present in fermionic species while direct clock line photoassociation would be challenging weakly bound ground state molecules could be produced by stimulated raman adiabatic passage and used instead the recent scattering measurements l franchi et al new j phys njopfmaafb enable us to determine the positions of target sp vibrational C2 and calculate the franckcondon AF for clock transitions between ground and excited molecular states the resulting magnetically induced rabi frequencies are similar to those for atoms hinting that an exp realization is feasible a successful observation could pave the way towards hzlevel molecular spectroscopy" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1047 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4094", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "SM" ], "offsets": [ [ 168, 170 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "standard model" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4096", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "it has been postulated that increased cardiac surface pressure with CPAP cpap results in decreased leftventricular lv transmural pressure we tested th in all racesex CG there is a need to increase hypertension awareness among hypertensive blacks who are not overweight" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 268 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4097", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "CPAP" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 72 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "continuous positive airway pressure" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4099", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the endocrine body rhythms including the HPT axis seem to be regulated by the CTS and daily rhythmicity of circulating thyroidstimulating hormone tsh is well established the circadian rhythms are generated by endogenous clocks in the central BB FEO located in the Thy suprachiasmatic nucleus scn as well as multiple IP clocks but information on the existence and function of a thyroid clock is limited the molecular machinery in all clock cells is composed of a number of clock genes and their gene products are connected by autoregulatory feedback loops here we provide evidence for a thyroid clock in the rat by demonstrating h antiphase oscillations for the mrna of the canonical clock genes" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 694 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4100", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "CTS" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 81 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "circadian timing system" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4102", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the use of arterial line monitoring in critically ill children provides an indispensable foundation of critical care the information provided by their use ensures accurate monitoring and BGA and subsequent modifications to prescribed treatment the invasive nature of intraarterial catheters may lead to complications of haemorrhage thrombosis and infection the value of arterial cannulation in relation to alternative less invasive methods of monitoring is discussed the literature reveals that in many Az nurses are failing to unite theory and practice this has implications for the safety of children and the accountability of nurses caring for them" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 651 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4103", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "BGA" ], "offsets": [ [ 187, 190 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "blood gas analysis" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4105", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "acute occlusion of the left circumflex PD in the »blind spot« of the ecg acute CAO should be treated with urgent revascularization ecg is important in the triage of patients with acute coronary syndrome st deviation depends on the relation between the location of the transmural ischemia and the positive poles of the ecg leads in acute occlusion of the left circumflex i.a. st elevation in two contiguous leads is not always present instead isolated st depression in leads vv may be present and represents a »stemiequivalent« pattern PCD of acute occlusion of the left circumflex i.a. may be improved either by including inverted leads or by recording from electrodes on the posterior thorax" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 696 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4106", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "PD" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 41 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "coronary artery" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4108", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "a hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the debrominated hydroxylated and methoxylated metabolism of PBDEs pbdes bde and in maize a total of six debrominated metabolites depbdes seven hydroxylated pbdes ohpbdes including two unidentified ohdipbdes and one unidentified ohtripbde and four methoxylated pbdes meopbdes were determined in the exposed plants the metabolic products were detected in maize only after h of exposure to the pbdes however the concentration of each type of the metabolites depbdes ohpbdes or meopbdes decreased at the later SE time possibly due to further metabolism the removal of a bromine atom or the introduction of a hydroxylmethoxy group was easier at the orthopositions on the BP structure than at the parapositions concentration ratios of the total debrominated hydroxylated or methoxylated metabolites to the parent congener bde or generally followed the order of leavesstemsroots and meopbdesdepbdesohpbdes these results suggest that metabolism occurred preferentially in leaves and stems than in roots less transformation and shorter elimination halflife of ohpbdes would contribute to the lower concentrations of ohpbdes than of depbdes or meopbdes in maize" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1205 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4109", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "BP" ], "offsets": [ [ 720, 722 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "biphenyl" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4111", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "fragile x syndrome is the most common form of inherited mental retardation caused by loss of the FMRP fmrp the detailed molecular pathways underlying the pathogenesis of this disorder remain incompletely understood here we show that mira a nervoussystemspecific mirna is associated with the drosophila homolog of fmrp dfmr in vivo ectopic expression of wildtype but not mutant mira precursors decreased dendritic branching of dendritic arborization sensory neurons which was partially rescued by the loss of dfmr activity suggesting that the biogenesis andor function of mira are partially dependent on dfmr indeed in contrast with the CR loss of mature mira in dicer mutants steadystate C2 of endogenous or ectopically expressed mature mira were partially reduced in dfmr mutants whereas the level of premira increased this effect could be explained in part by the reduced abundance of the dicerago complex in the absence of dfmr these findings suggest a modulatory role for dfmr to maintain proper C2 of mirnas during neuronal OD" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1031 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4112", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "FMRP" ], "offsets": [ [ 97, 101 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "fragile x mental retardation protein" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4114", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "patients with SVR lupus erythematosus are at increased risk for premature atherosclerosis we examined one possible etiologic factor DLP both before and T3 corticosteroid therapy we identified distinct patterns of dyslipoproteinemia one is attributable to active disease the other is attributable in part to corticosteroid therapy the DLP of active disease consists of depressed high density lipoprotein cholesterol and apoprotein ai with elevated very LD lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride while the dyslipoproteinemia T3 corticosteroid therapy consists of increased total cholesterol very LD VLDL and triglyceride the possible pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for these patterns as well as the possible roles in premature atherosclerosis seen in SLE erythematosus patients are discussed" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 800 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4115", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "DLP" ], "offsets": [ [ 132, 135 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "dyslipoproteinemia" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4117", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the purpose of this study was to examine whether SE of rat pups to alcohol postnatally over a period of BB OD similar to that of the human rd trimester results in a permanent loss of cells in the IO nucleus it was hypothesized that a deficit of neurons in the VPI olive the sole source of climbing SF may contribute to the cerebellar dysfunction observed following exposure to alcohol during OD spraguedawley rat pups were AR and administered alcohol over PN days one artificially reared group received a daily alcohol dose of gkg po as a solution in of daily feedings group this pattern of alcohol administration resulted in high peak BACs with near total clearance the other artificially reared group was fed a diet made isocaloric to the alcoholcontaining diet gastrostomy control group pups were allowed to grow to adulthood and killed on PN day the total number of neurons in the inferior olivary nucleus was estimated using unbiased stereological methods exposure to alcohol resulted in a significant deficit in the number of SN in the IO at days of age the total number of neurons in the alcoholexposed group was x compared with x in the artificially reared controls these results indicate that there is a permanent deficit of neurons in the IO after PN SE to alcoholabstract truncated at words" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1301 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4118", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "BACs" ], "offsets": [ [ 636, 640 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "blood alcohol concentrations" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4120", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "antihistamines are often used to treat pruritus associated with atopic dermatitis ad despite lack of evidence for their efficacy the AAD does not recommend the general use of antihistamines in the management of ad although the value of shortterm sedating antihistamine use for insomnia AA to itch is recognized" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 310 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4121", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "AAD" ], "offsets": [ [ 133, 136 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "american academy of dermatology" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4123", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "CBF hyperperfusion syndrome is a rare serious complication of carotid revascularization either after CE or carotid stent placement impaired CA and postrevascularization changes in CBF hemodynamics are the main mechanisms involved in the development of the syndrome hyperperfusion syndrome may be fatal once an intracranial hemorrhage occurs this article reviews the literature intending to make a synthesis of all new data concerning the clinical manifestations of hyperperfusion syndrome the pathophysiologic pathways involved in its OD the prediction and the AGA management also a review of the most recent series of hyperperfusion syndrome following carotid revascularization both with classic open endarterectomy and CAS has been performed" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 743 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4124", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "CAS" ], "offsets": [ [ 721, 724 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "carotid artery stenting" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4126", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "here we introduce the computational recognition of AA structure cross method to calculate the structural profile of an rna sequence single or doublestranded state at singlenucleotide resolution and without CS length restrictions we trained cross using data from highthroughput experiments such as selective ΄hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension shape mouse and hiv transcriptomes and parallel analysis of rna structure pars human and yeast transcriptomes as well as highquality nmrxray structures pdb DB the algorithm uses primary structure information alone to predict exp structural profiles with accuracy showing high performances on C1 rnas such as xist nucleotides area under the roc curve auc of on DMS dms experiments we integrated cross in thermodynamicsbased methods to predict secondary structure and observed an increase in their predictive power by up to" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 878 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4127", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "DMS" ], "offsets": [ [ 717, 720 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "dimethyl sulfate" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4129", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "ultrafine and nanoparticulate materials resulting from mixtures of coal and noncoal fuels combustion for SP generation PR to the air components with toxic potential we evaluated toxicological and inflammatory effects at cellular level that could be induced by ultrafinenanoparticlescontaining ashes from burning mixtures of coal and tires from an american power plant coal fly ashes cfa samples from the combustion of highs coal and tirederived fuel the latter about of the total fuel feed in a mw cyclone utility boiler were suspended in the cell SC medium of raw macrophages cell viability assessed by mtt reduction srb incorporation and contrastphase microscopy analysis demonstrated that cfa did not induce LD50 however cfa at mgml induced an increase of approximately in intracellular tnfα while PR of this proinflammatory cytokine was increased by fold the expression of the inflammatory mediator CR2 was enhanced by fold the RAGE rage had a fold increase and the AS response protein hsp was increased nearly fold by cfa at mgml although cfa did not induce cell death parameters of oxidative AS and reactive sic ph kdμm or slightly ALP ph kdμm the phdependent absorption spectra demonstrate that the heme microenvironment of vhb is sensitive to the changes of ph value the maximum absorption band of heme group of vhb shifts from nm to nm when ph changes from to in addition the fluorescence emission spectra of vhb taken at excitation wavelength of nm suggest that the single trp fluorescence quantum yields in vhb are decreased due to the formation of the homodimeric species however the circular dichroism spectra data display that the secondary structures of vhb are little affected by ph EMT the phdependent peroxidase activity of vhb was also investigated in this study the optimum ph for vhb using azinobisethylbenzothiazolinesulfonic acid as substrate is which implies that the monomer state of vhb would exhibit better peroxidase activity than the homodimeric species of vhb at ph and" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2002 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4130", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "CR2" ], "offsets": [ [ 904, 907 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "cd receptor" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4132", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "herein we present the fabrication and characterization of a flexible gas sensor based on carbon nanofibers the sensing device is composed of interdigitated silver electrodes deposited by inkjet printing on kapton substrates subsequently coated with carbon nanofibers as sensing element gas sensing response to co nh and humidity has been characterized in detail thermal mechanical and EMR effects have also been studied and discussed from the point of view of the crosssensitivity the obtained results open the door for a new generation of flexible sensors with multifunctional sensing features which are producible with scalable techniques based on low cost nanomaterials" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 672 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4133", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "EMR" ], "offsets": [ [ 385, 388 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "electromagnetic radiation" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4135", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "we present the case of a yearold female drug addict with severe accidental HT CBT degrees c and CRA T3 successful CP resuscitation the patient was actively internally rewarmed without the use of extracorporal circulation although at the first clinical presentation the patient appeared to be dead an excellent neurological outcome was achieved this case report reviews the epidemiology pathophysiology prognostic markers and the therapeutic approaches of severe HT" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 464 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4136", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "CRA" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 99 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "cardiorespiratory arrest" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4138", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "in the present T0 we used immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis to examine changes in the levels and cellular localization of iron heavy chain FER ferritinh and transferrin in the gerbil hippocampal ca region from T2 to days following transient forebrain ischemia relative to sham controls iron reactivity increased significantly in the SP and SO at hours following ischemic insult transiently decreased at days and then increased once again within the ca region at days after ischemia one day T3 ischemia ferritinh immunoreactivity increased significantly in the stratum pyramidale and decreased at days at days T3 ischemia ferritinh immunoreactivity in the glial components in the ca region was significantly increased transferrin immunoreactivity was increased significantly in the stratum pyramidale at hours peaked at day and then decreased significantly at days T3 ischemia seven days after ischemia transferrin immunoreactivity in the glial cells of the stratum oriens and radiatum was significantly increased western blot analyses supported these results demonstrating that compared to sham controls FER h and transferrin protein C2 in hippocampal homogenates significantly increased at day T3 ischemia peaked at days and then decreased these results suggest that iron overloadinduced oxidative AS is most prominent at hours T3 ischemia in the SP suggesting that this time window may be the optimal period for therapeutic MI to protect SN from ischemiainduced death" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1482 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4139", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "SP" ], "offsets": [ [ 1361, 1363 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "stratum pyramidale" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4141", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "male years old tibetan married chief complaint CVI of the left eye for one month no significant abnormalities observed in nasal endoscopy sinus ct the mm× mm cystic LD shadows can be seen in the left ITF which is separated inside and parts of the lesions have invaded into the orbit and skull base" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 298 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4142", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "ITF" ], "offsets": [ [ 201, 204 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "infratemporal fossa" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4144", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the choice of antibacterial drugs for the treatment of bacterial diseases in farmed salmonids changed dramatically during the period in terms of treatment doses oxytetracycline chloride was the most frequently prescribed antibacterial drug during the periods and in prescriptions changed in favour of FZ and trimethoprim sulphadiazine oxolinic acid was introduced for use in farmed fish in norway in and immediately became the drug of choice comprising and of the prescribed treatment doses in and respectively in FLU was temporarily approved for use in farmed salmonids and during the period antibacterial drug therapy in farmed salmonids acquired the character of monotherapy with the quinolones flumequine and oxolinic acid this rapid changeover in the choice of drug may partly be explained by the development of bacterial DR in farmed salmonids both to oxytetracycline and trimethoprimsulphadiazine the prescribing of furazolidone declined to zero during the study period the morbidity caused by bacterial infections was defined as the number of treatment doses of antibacterial drugs per kg biomass of farmed salmonids per year it was estimated that during the period an average of mean value of farmed salmon received in theory an antibacterial cure once each year in comparison the corresponding figure for the period was however in this figure fell to and declined even further in to the practice of onfarm mixing of medicated feed using prescribed raw materials pure drug substances or premix formulations declined significantly during the period this was due to the introduction in of new regulations on the prescribing of drugs to farmed fish" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1654 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4145", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "FZ" ], "offsets": [ [ 301, 303 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "furazolidone" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4147", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the aim of this study was to determine whether the different morphological classes of pyramidal neurons in layers and of rat visual cortex larkman and mason have particular EP properties SN in in vitro slices of rat VC were impaled with glass micropipettes containing horseradish peroxidase hrp and studied using currentclamp techniques prior to pressure injection of hrp into the SN on morphological grounds cells stained in SL were placed into a single class whereas SL cells were divided into classes cells in one of these classes had thick apical dendrites which arborized in SL whereas the apical dendrites of cells in the other class were thinner and did not reach layer larkman and mason despite variation between individual cells of a single class significant differences were found in the time constants currentvoltage relations and SRF behaviors of the classes burst firing responses to f-I pulses were confined to the layer cells with thick apical dendrites these results add to those from other areas of the BB demonstrating that the electrophysiological properties of pyramidal SN are heterogeneous furthermore we have shown that distinctive intrinsic membrane properties of pyramidal SN in visual cortex are correlated with different morphologies" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1260 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4148", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "f-I" ], "offsets": [ [ 897, 900 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "injected current" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4150", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the influence of apolipoprotein apo e polymorphism on the association between body fatness and concentrations of LP variables was studied in a random subsample n of to yearold children from a total community covariates age race and sexadjusted mean values of percent body fat ponderal index wtht and subscapular SFT differed significantly among apo e phenotype CG with the apo e group n carrying e and e phenotypes having significantly p lower values than the apo e group n carrying the e phenotype in the apo e group covariatesadjusted partial rho coefficients showed significant p to p associations between obesity measures and lipoprotein variables studied that are generally seen in populations however these associations with the exception of lowdensity lipoprotein ldl cholesterol and apo b were altered in the other apo e phenotype CG in the apo e group obesity measures correlated significantly with triglycerides p to p but not with verylowdensity lipoprotein vldl cholesterol highdensity lipoprotein hdl cholesterol and apo ai in contrastgiography for the diagnosis of PE is excellent to the level of segmental arteries finally the continuity both anatomically and for the lesions obtained by bsv is such that it is now possible to apply to thoracic pathology techniques of MPR and three dimensional reconstruction if all the information is contained in conventional transversal imaging slice by slice not everything is perceived by the observer because the information is inconveniently presented because the anatomical and lesional picture is deconstructed the reconstruction of the volume inspected in coronal sagittal oblique or threedimensional viewing furnishes supplementary information and announces the arrival of tracheabronchography and noninvasive angiography 3D in parallel to the expected progress in irm angiography threedimensional angioct of the thoracic vessels T3 appropriate DUE is going to be substituted for more invasive techniques which are currently used" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1989 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4151", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "3D" ], "offsets": [ [ 1782, 1784 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "threedimensionally" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4153", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "elastic tubes are devices relatively inexpensive easy to use portable and safe which are claimed to provide advantages with respect to training with free weights or weight machine the aim of this work was to assess NM modification induced by the use of two different muscle contraction modalities elastic versus weight resistances until exhaustion fourteen healthy physically active male students age ± years body mass ±kg height ±cm were recruited they were requested to reach exhaustion with dynamic contraction at of their own one TR maximal rm using in two different days and in random order thera band® tubes or traditional weight plates on an arm machine designed and built for those tasks before and after such contractions a standardized fatiguing ISO test MVCs mvc plus s at mvc was requested to assess differences induced by the exhaustion sessions during fatiguing tests sEMG signals were recorded from BB muscle with linear arrays of eight electrodes silver bars mm apart mm long and mm diameter in single differential configuration initial values and rates of NC of average rectified value arv MPF mnf and MFCV cv were calculated to compare the effects of the two contraction modalities no differences were found between elastic session and weight session pre mvcs ± and ±nm respectively and endurance times ± and ±s respectively the same was observed for post values during the postcontraction isometric fatigue test the only parameters influenced by the contraction modality were the initial cv and the rate of change in cv which were and greater p respectively after contractions performed with elastic resistance compared to free weights these findings confirm others for which contractions done with the use of elastic band seem to require greater muscle activation moreover they highlight a sort of muscle conditioning T3 that TPS contraction modality which requires the use of faster motor units it is thus possible to consider the practical use of such elastic devices to increase the neuromuscular activation for instance in TPS rehabilitation settiene and nanotubes are deposited as single deposition and or deposition films and cyclodextrin is deposited on top the cyclodextrin parentlike ions and two fragments were analyzed a deposition fullerene film enhanced the intensity of cationized cyclodextrin with na by a factor of while the cho fragment corresponding to one glucopyranose unit increased by a factor of although fragmentation on fullerene is not suppressed the intensity is twice as low as the parentlike ion deprotonated cyclodextrin increases by × and its cho fragment by × while the fullerene matrix enhances AA ion emission the nanotubes matrix film generates a basically constant yield graphite gives rise to lower intensity peaks than either fullerene or nanotubes SEM microscopy and atomic force microscopy provide images of the fullerene and nanotubes deposition films revealing flat and web structured surfaces respectively a colliding ball model is presented to provide a plausible physical mechanism of parentlike ion enhancement using the fullerene matrix" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 3113 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4154", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "MPF" ], "offsets": [ [ 1111, 1114 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "mean power frequency" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4156", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "from the lipid fraction of cells of mycobacterium kansasii four phenolic glycolipids k k k and k were isolated in addition to three known phenolic glycolipids ki kii and kiv k was identified as a tetraglycosyl PGL whose sugar moiety was dideoxyomethyllalphaarabinohexopyranosylopro pionylomethyllalphafucopyranosylomethyllalpharhamno pyranosyldiomethyllalpharhamnopyranosyl and PGL k as deacetylki glycolipids k and k were triglycosyl phenolic glycolipids having the sugar moieties of omethyllalphafucopyranosylomethyllalpharhamnopyranos yldiomethylalpharhamnopyranosyl and omethyllalphafucopyranosylomethyllalpharhamnopyranos ylomethyllalpharhamnopyranosyl respectively phenolic glycolipids k and k have been referred to as controlled degradation products of phenolic glycolipid ki previously also isolated was mycolylbetaarabinofuranosylmycolylalphaar abinofurnosylglycerol an analogue of gl ai originally isolated from mycobacterium aviummycobacterium intracellulare complex having mycolic acids of m kansasii" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1012 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4157", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "PGL" ], "offsets": [ [ 378, 381 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "phenolic glycolipid" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4159", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the majority of characterized bacterial dipeptide permeases dpp are membraneassociated complexes of five proteins belonging to the abctransporter family they have been found to be involved in the uptake of essential amino acids haem production chemotaxis and sporulation a kb genomic dna fragment of the serotype m GAS gas strain cs was sequenced and found to contain five putative gas dpp genes dppa to dppe deduced CAA sequences exhibited similarity to corresponding abctransporter sequences the operon organization of the five genes was confirmed by transcriptional analysis and a shorter more abundant dppaonly transcript was detected similar to that found in the gas oligopeptide permease opp system insertional inactivation was used to create serotype m and m strains that did not express the dppd and dppeatpase genes or nearly the entire operon in feeding experiments with di to hexapeptides the wildtype strain grew with each peptide tested the dpp mutants were unable to grow on dipeptides whereas hexapeptides did not sustain the growth of opp mutants expression of the dpp operon was induced approximately fourfold in late exponential growth phase in addition a striking increase in the dppa to dppae ratio from to more than occurred during late exponential growth phase in complex medium growth in chemically defined medium cdm supplemented with various dipeptides specifically induced the expression of dpp and reduced both the dppa to dppae and oppa to oppaf mrna ratios expression of the virulence factor speb L1 cysteine protease was reduced eightfold in dpp mutants whereas dpp expression was decreased about fourfold in a mga virulence regulator mutant taken together these data indicate a rho between levels of intracellular essential amino acids and the regulation of VF expression" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1802 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4160", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "GAS" ], "offsets": [ [ 315, 318 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "group a streptococcal" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4162", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the effect of hr FD on day and again on day of pregnancy on the fecundity of female water voles homozygous aeae or heterozygous aae for an S2 at the agouti a locus non agouti extreme ae was studied aae females mated to aeae males produced fooddeprived and control pregnancies and aeae females mated to aae males produced fooddeprived and control pregnancies regardless of the experimental group pregnant aeae females weighed less than aae females the effect of FD on fecundity depended on the agoutilocus TT of the female in fooddeprived aae females fecundity was diminished due to fewer successful pregnancies p and lower survival of the young p in fooddeprived aeae females reproductive performance was not changed a somewhat reduced rate of successful pregnancies was compensated for by significantly increased p PN survival of the young in progeny weaned from fooddeprived mothers the frequency of aae females was diminished resistance of aeae females to the negative effect of nutritional AS and predominance of aeae young in progeny produced by fooddeprived mothers may favour the maintenance of polymorphism for the agoutilocus in natural populations of the water vole" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1175 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4163", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "S2" ], "offsets": [ [ 139, 141 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "allele" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4165", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "pcos is a unique model of insulin resistance in which one tissue skeletal muscle is resistant to insulin in terms of glucose metabolism whereas another tissue ovarian thecal cells maintains its responsiveness to insulin in terms of testosterone biosynthesis during the past decade a series of in vitro studies conducted in human placental cells swine GCs and most recently human thecal cells have provided compelling evidence that one factor involved in this apparent clinical paradox is the clear demonstration of the utilization of the ipg ST system for insulins effects on steroidogenesis nonetheless many questions remain to be addressed for example it would be instructive to determine simultaneously the effects of insulin on Rd and testosterone biosynthesis in isolated thecal cells in other words is the thecal cell itself resistant to insulin in terms of Rd while remaining sensitive to insulin in terms of testosterone biosynthesis is the ipg content of human thecal cells from women with pcos decreased compared with that in matched healthy women there is substantial evidence to suggest that some ipgs may also be responsible in part for mediating insulins stimulation of Rd see paper by dr joseph larner in this issuethis raises the question as to whether specific forms of ipgs are responsible for glucose metabolism in vivo whereas other ipgs are responsible for mediating insulins effects on steroidogenesis is there a disparity in the ratio of different types of ipgs among various tissues eg muscle liver ovary and does that ratio determine the tissues responsiveness to one or another action of insulin these questions and others leave ipgs and insulin signal transduction a fruitful area for both clinical and laboratory investigations" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1755 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4166", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "Rd" ], "offsets": [ [ 864, 866 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "glucose disposal" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4168", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "we perceive the world around us as stable this is remarkable given that our body parts as well as we ourselves are constantly in motion humans and other primates move their eyes more often than their NF beat such eye movements lead to coherent motion of the images of the outside world across the retina furthermore during everyday life we constantly RPA targets avoid obstacles or otherwise move in space these movements induce motion across different sensory receptor epithels optical flow across the retina tactile flow across the body surface and even auditory flow as detected from the two ears it is generally assumed that motion signals as induced by ones own movement have to be identified and differentiated from the real motion in the outside world in a number of experimental studies we and others have functionally characterized the primate PPC ppc and its role in multisensory encoding of spatial and motion information extracellular recordings in the macaque monkey showed that during steady fixation the visual auditory and tactile spatial representations in the VIP vip are congruent this finding was of major importance given that a functional mri fmri T0 determined the PET equivalent of macaque area vip in humans further recordings in other Az of the dorsal stream of the visual cortical system of the macaque pointed towards the neural basis of perceptual phenomena heading detection during eye movements saccadic suppression mislocalization of visual stimuli during eye movements as determined in psychophysical studies in humans" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1551 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4169", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "VIP" ], "offsets": [ [ 1078, 1081 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "ventral intraparietal area" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4171", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "potentiometric properties of CA and deoxycholic acid derivatives substituted with various ionrecognizing moieties such as dithiocarbamate bipyridyl glycolic and malonic diamides urea and thiourea and trifluoroacetophenons tfap have been studied using solvent polymeric CM the DTC and bipyridyl group containing ionophores exhibit high silver ion selectivity the cholic acid derivatized with glycolic diamides exhibited high calcium selectivity but its complex formulation constant was times smaller than that of eth the reduced calcium IB ability of the glycolic diamidesubstituted ionophore was advantageous for eliminating anionic interference the bi or tripodal malonic diamidesubstituted ionophores exhibited substantially increased magnesium selectivity anionselective ionophores have been designed by substituting urea and TU group containing chains to the hydroxyl linkers of chenodeoxycholic acid frames their selectivity closely followed the sequence of hoffmeister series except the unusually C1 response of the thioureasubstituted ionophore to sulfate the most successful examples of cholic or deoxycholic acid framebased ionophores are those functionalized with two carbonateselective tfap CG bipodal tfap groups behaves like a tweezers for the incoming carbonate and exhibit analytically interference free and quantitative responses to the carbonate in serum and seawater samples" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1392 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4172", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "DTC" ], "offsets": [ [ 276, 279 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "dithiocarbamate" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4174", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "bilateral UAE has recently been employed as an alternative to operational treatment of uterine leiomyomas the pathologic features induced by UAE have not been previously described in detail usually patients experience symptomatic improvement with a reduction in size of the leiomyomas this report describes the pathologic features in a series of uterine leiomyomas where tissue was available for histologic examination following UAE characteristic histologic features within the leiomyomas included massive necrosis sometimes with dystrophic calcification V1 thrombosis and intravascular foreign material that elicited a histiocytic and foreignbody giant cell reaction in some cases intravascular foreign material was present elsewhere in the myometrium the cervix or paraovarian region in occasional cases there were foci of myometrial necrosis and microabscess formation beyond the confines of the leiomyomas foci of extrauterine inflammation were also occasionally identified histopathologists should be aware of these findings because the use of UAE will possibly become more widespread in the future" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1104 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4175", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "UAE" ], "offsets": [ [ 1050, 1053 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "uterine artery embolization" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4177", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the role of CG for conversion of atrial fibrillation to simus rhythm is controversially discussed in a prospective study patients with PAF were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups of patients each GI received oral digoxin three times mg up to twice mg daily group ii oral digoxin twice mg and quinidine hydrogen sulphate mg daily group iii oral digoxin three times mg and flecaimide mg daily during a mean observation period of months digoxin alone was significantly less ERP p in reducing or suppressing paroxyms of atrial fibrillation than digoxin plus quinidine or flecainide the use of digoxin remains a mainstay of treatment for rate control in atrial fibrillation to convert atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm however the addition of a type i or iii antiarrhythmic agent is necessary" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 805 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4178", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "CG" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 14 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "cardiac glycosides" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4180", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the fine structure of NM terminals of the single excitor axon was examined in the limb stretcher muscle of the crayfish procambarus clarkii a morphometric comparison of the NM terminals o the past years has documented alterations in the hypothalamicpituitarythyroid hpt and hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal hpa axes in patients with affective disorders especially depression although plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones t t are generally unaltered in patients with major depression plasma TSAb hormone tsh responses T3 intravenous administration of thyrotropinreleasing hormone trh are blunted in approximately and abnormally elevated in approximately of depressed patients data are presented supporting the hypothesis that tsh blunting may be AA to CNS system cns hypersecretion of trh and that the enhanced tsh response may be AA to subclinical hypothyroidism associated with autoimmune thyroiditis the hpa axis has received considerable scrutiny in depressed patients and there is universal agreement that to of patients with L1 depression exhibit hyperactivity of the hpa axis characterized by hypercortisolemia acth hypersecretion and nonsuppression of plasma cortisol concentrations C2 of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone evidence is presented that hypersecretion of corticotropinreleasing factor crf contributes at least in part to hpa axis hyperactivity and perhaps to certain of the signs and PS of major depression" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1436 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4181", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "TSAb" ], "offsets": [ [ 491, 495 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "thyroid stimulating" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4183", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "TTO tto from the australian native plant melaleuca alternifolia has wide ranging bioactive properties including insecticidal and repellent activity against arthropods furthermore composition of commercially available australian tto is specified under an international organization for standardization standard iso reducing the potential for VL effects often noted with botanical pesticides the effect of tto meeting the iso standard for terpinenol chemotype was tested against sheep lice bovicola ovis schrank in a series of laboratory studies immersion of wool for s in formulations containing concentratevaluated a theoretical MM of the relationships among six aspects of driver personality ie driving anger and the big five personality factors aggressive driving and two outcomes of aggressive driving MVCs and moving violations data from drivers recruited from two vehicle licensing offices were analyzed using structural equation modeling as expected aggressive driving predicted crashes and moving violations based on the zeroorder correlations emotional stability agreeableness and conscientiousness were related to aggressive driving in the expected directions however the picture changed when the joint effects of all variables were examined via structural equation modeling a model in which driver personality predicted aggressive driving which in turn predicted crashes and moving violations was supported drivers who were high on driving anger and low on agreeableness reported driving more aggressively implications for traffic safety professionals and researchers are discussed" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1591 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4184", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "TTO" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 3 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "tea tree oil" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4186", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "respiratory syn virus rsv is a L1 cause of LRT infections in infants and the elderly while the primary infection is the most serious reinfection of the upper airway throughout life is the rule although relatively little is known about either rsv infection of the upper RT or host mucosal immunity to rsv recent literature suggests that rsv is the predominant viral pathogen predisposing to bacterial otitis media om herein we describe mouse and chinchilla models of rsv infection of the nasopharynx and ET both rodent hosts were susceptible to rsv infection of the upper airway following intranasal challenge however the chinchilla proved to be more permissive than the mouse the chinchilla MM will likely be extremely useful to test the role of rsv in bacterial om and the efficacy of rsv vaccine candidates designed to provide mucosal and cytotoxic tlymphocyte immunity ultimately we hope to investigate the relative ability of these candidates to potentially protect against viral predisposal to bacterial om" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1011 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4187", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "ET" ], "offsets": [ [ 503, 505 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "eustachian tube" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4189", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the nmr structures of three singleamino acid SCV of the CTD of the human prion protein hprp are presented in hprpween the radial head and capitellum load applied to the wrist displaced the radius proximally an average of mm until radial head contact occurred at a mean applied wrist force of n PT displacement of the radius generated CS in the CE band of the IOM and created a more ulnar positive wrist which in turn increased distal ulnar loading distal ulnar force averaged and IOM averaged of applied wrist force distal ulnar loading was unaffected by degrees wrist flexionextension or by degrees of radioulnar deviation with degrees ulnar deviation mean distal ulnar forces were and of applied wrist force for valgus and varus elbow alignments respectively mean loadsharing percentages at the wrist and elbow were not significantly different between n and n of applied force for any wrist position and were unaffected by the angle of elbow flexion" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 951 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4190", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "IOM" ], "offsets": [ [ 480, 483 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "interosseous membrane" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4192", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "a yearold japanese man with VA developed AIM ami emergency coronary angiography demonstrated thrombotic occlusion in the PT site of the LADA the occluded region appeared to be coincident with the area in which severe vasospasm had been provoked by intracoronary administration of acetylcholine ynteric plexus enhances Tc transit and facilitates propulsion of the Tc contents by mediating descending relaxation although it has been suggested that Tc transit delays with aging the mechanism of delayed colonic transit in aging remains unclear we hypothesized that T3 age is associated with decreased expression of neuronal no synthase nnos and concomitant reduction in synthesis of no in the rat colon we studied nnos mrna expression nnosimmunohistochemistry nnosimmunoblotting and nos catalytic activity in the midcolon obtained from young age months and aged age months fisher fxbnf rats western blot analysis of pgp a generic neuronal marker of the colonic tissues were employed to study whether the total number of neurons of the myenteric plexus is reduced with aging the number of nnosimmunoreactive cells and nnos synthesis in the Tc myenteric plexus were significantly reduced in aged rats in contrast expression of pgp in Tc tissues was not affected in aged rats RNA blot analysis demonstrated that the expression of neuronal nnos mrna was significantly reduced in the colonic tissues in aged rats basal and veratridineinduced PR of lhcitrulline were significantly decreased in colonic tissues from aged rats compared to young rats it is suggested that T3 age is associated with diminished gene expression of nnos nnos synthesis and catalytic activity of nos this may explain the mechanism of delayed Tc transit observed in advanced age" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1743 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4193", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "VA" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 30 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "variant angina" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4195", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "enzymes still comprise a L1 part of ethanol production costs from lignocellulose raw materials irreversible IB of enzymes to the residual substrate prevents their reuse and no efficient methods for recycling of enzymes have so far been presented cellulases without a CBM cbm have been found to act efficiently at high ATP consistencies and to remain nonbound T3 the hydrolysis" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 376 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4196", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "CBM" ], "offsets": [ [ 267, 270 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "carbohydratebinding module" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "4198", "type": "PubMed abstract", "text": [ "the emergence of chloroquine resistance has been associated with a dramatic increase in malaria mortality in some human populations from endemic regions plasmodium falciparum drug resistant malaria originates from chromosomal mutations analysis using molecular genetic and biochemical approaches has shown that impaired intake of chloroquine by the parasite vacuole is a common characteristic of resistant strains the chloroquineresistance mechanism regulates the access of chloroquine to hematin this phenotype correlates with pfmdr and pfcg gene mutations one to four point mutations of DHF reductase the enzyme target of antifolinics pyrimethamine and proguanil give moderate to high levels of resistance to these drugs but there is a fitness cost to resistance the mechanism of resistance to sulfonamides and sulfones involves mutations of dihydropteroate synthase their enzyme target treatment with sulphadoxinepyrimethamine sp selected for the variants ile arg and asn of dhfr and for the variants ser gly and glu of dhps clones that were resistant to some traditional antimalarial agents acquired resistance to new ones at VHF accelerated resistance to multiple drugsarmd aminoalcohol quinine mefloquine HF mechanisms of resistance are still unclear population genetic studies have confirmed that selfing is more frequent in plasmodium falciparum where the transmission rate is lower in some regions such as papuanew guinea whereas isolates from individuals on the thaiburmese border an area of hypoendemic transmission revealed a higher number of genotypes per INF person it has been suggested that intense intrahost competition between coinfecting clones low numbers of genes required to encode resistance and high drug usage all encourage the emergence of drug resistance on the other hand the greater ERP recombination in high transmission areas may breakdown multiple drug resistance when it is coded for by two unlinked loci epidemiological studies have established that the frequency of chloroquine resistant mutants varies among parasite isolate populations while resistance to antifolinics is highly prevalent in most malarial endemic countries more than of kenyan field isolates have undergone at least one point mutation established and strong drug pressure as well as low antiparasitic immunity probably explains the multidrugresistance encountered in forests of SEA and south america in africa frequent genetic recombinations in plasmodium originate from a high level of malaria transmission and falciparum chloroquineresistant prevalence seems to stabilise at an equal level as chloroquinesensitive malaria clinical studies demonstrated that control of clinical symptoms is better when chloroquine is used with SP sp than when sp is used alone and the cure rate also tends to be higher with the triple combination regimen" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2842 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "4199", "type": "abbreviation", "text": [ "DHF" ], "offsets": [ [ 589, 592 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "medal", "db_id": "dihydrofolate" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[]