Datasets:

bigbio

/

biomrc

like 2

2097300

2097301

2097302

[Profile of Activation of XXXX Kinases and MAP Kinases in Therapy of Maffucci Syndrome].

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity6446 is a rare @entity66 characterized by multiple @entity2695 and @entity83 , which may progress into @entity5 . The causal therapy does not exist, and therapy is aimed at complications. The determination of appropriate therapy is complicated, and a multidisciplinary approach is often essential. CASE: Authors are presenting the case of a 20yearold @entity1 with @entity6446 . During her life, @entity6446 and progressing @entity2695 have been revealed and they have caused many complications, such as limited movement, @entity851 , @entity158 , fluidothorax and ascites. A profile of phosphorylation of selected @entity4149 kinases and MAP kinases from progressing @entity2695 was performed and with consideration of the result, it led to change of treatment strategy with encouraging clinical response lasting for six months.Key words: @entity6446 - receptor protein- @entity4149 kinases - MAP kinases signaling system - individualized medicine - Maffucci syndromeThis study was supported by the European Regional Development Fund and the State Budget of the Czech Republic - RECAMO, CZ.1.05./2.1.00/03.0101, by the project CEB, OP VK CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0183 and by the project MUNI/A/1552/2014.The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study.The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE "uniform requirements" for biomedical papers.Submitted: 18. 4. 2015Accepted: 26. 6. 2015.

2097303

2097304

2097305

Randomized, controlled trial of XXXX in neonatal @entity1030 : 13- to 17-year follow-up study: II. Respiratory status, growth, and blood pressure.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: To study the growth, health status, and respiratory outcomes at 13 to 17 years of @entity1 enrolled in a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of @entity619 for the treatment of neonatal @entity1030 . @entity1 : A total of 287 @entity1 who were chronically dependent on supplementary @entity26 between 2 and 12 weeks of age were recruited from 31 centers in 6 countries to a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of @entity619 base (0.5 mg/kg per day for 1 week) or placebo, and survivors were evaluated at 3 years. @entity1 from the 25 British and Irish centers were traced for reassessment at 13 to 17 years of age. OUTCOME MEASURES: Respiratory symptoms, lung-function testing, height, weight, head circumference, blood pressure, health resource usage, and school absences. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in respiratory outcomes between the @entity619 and placebo groups. Lung function was impaired but with no difference between the 2 groups. Growth was also impaired in both groups, with height z score of -0.7, weight z score of -0.4, and head circumference z score of -1.1. Systolic blood pressure was >95th percentile for age and height for 15% of @entity1 , but with no difference between the 2 groups. There was no difference in the numbers of hospital admissions for respiratory causes or other causes. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a shorter duration of neonatal assisted ventilation, there is no evidence that @entity619 use is associated with long-term improvement in lung function. Impaired growth and poor health status are long-term consequences of neonatal @entity1030 , irrespective of exposure to neonatal @entity619 .

2097306

2097307

2097308

Randomized, controlled trial of @entity619 in neonatal XXXX : 13- to 17-year follow-up study: II. Respiratory status, growth, and blood pressure.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: To study the growth, health status, and respiratory outcomes at 13 to 17 years of @entity1 enrolled in a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of @entity619 for the treatment of neonatal @entity1030 . @entity1 : A total of 287 @entity1 who were chronically dependent on supplementary @entity26 between 2 and 12 weeks of age were recruited from 31 centers in 6 countries to a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of @entity619 base (0.5 mg/kg per day for 1 week) or placebo, and survivors were evaluated at 3 years. @entity1 from the 25 British and Irish centers were traced for reassessment at 13 to 17 years of age. OUTCOME MEASURES: Respiratory symptoms, lung-function testing, height, weight, head circumference, blood pressure, health resource usage, and school absences. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in respiratory outcomes between the @entity619 and placebo groups. Lung function was impaired but with no difference between the 2 groups. Growth was also impaired in both groups, with height z score of -0.7, weight z score of -0.4, and head circumference z score of -1.1. Systolic blood pressure was >95th percentile for age and height for 15% of @entity1 , but with no difference between the 2 groups. There was no difference in the numbers of hospital admissions for respiratory causes or other causes. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a shorter duration of neonatal assisted ventilation, there is no evidence that @entity619 use is associated with long-term improvement in lung function. Impaired growth and poor health status are long-term consequences of neonatal @entity1030 , irrespective of exposure to neonatal @entity619 .

2097309

2097310

2097311

Laparoscopic Lavage vs Primary Resection for Acute XXXX : The SCANDIV Randomized Clinical Trial.

multiple_choice

IMPORTANCE: Perforated @entity12127 usually requires surgical resection, which is associated with significant morbidity. Cohort studies have suggested that laparoscopic lavage may treat @entity4436 with less morbidity than resection procedures. OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcomes from laparoscopic lavage with those for colon resection for @entity4436 . DESIGN, SETTING, AND @entity1 : Multicenter, randomized clinical superiority trial recruiting @entity1 from 21 centers in Sweden and Norway from February 2010 to June 2014. The last @entity1 follow-up was in December 2014 and final review and verification of the medical records was assessed in March 2015. @entity1 with suspected @entity4436 , a clinical indication for emergency surgery, and free air on an abdominal computed tomography scan were eligible. Of 509 @entity1 screened, 415 were eligible and 199 were enrolled. INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were assigned to undergo laparoscopic peritoneal lavage (n = 101) or colon resection (n = 98) based on a computer-generated, center-stratified block randomization. All @entity1 with @entity298 (15 @entity1 in the laparoscopic peritoneal lavage group vs 13 in the colon resection group) underwent colon resection. @entity1 with a pathology requiring treatment beyond that necessary for @entity4436 (12 in the laparoscopic lavage group vs 13 in the colon resection group) were also excluded from the protocol operations and treated as required for the pathology encountered. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was severe @entity260 (Clavien-Dindo score >IIIa) within 90 days. Secondary outcomes included other @entity260 , reoperations, length of operating time, length of postoperative hospital stay, and quality of life. RESULTS: The primary outcome was observed in 31 of 101 @entity1 (30.7%) in the laparoscopic lavage group and 25 of 96 @entity1 (26.0%) in the colon resection group (difference, 4.7% [95% CI, -7.9% to 17.0%]; P = .53). Mortality at 90 days did not significantly differ between the laparoscopic lavage group (14 @entity1 [13.9%]) and the colon resection group (11 @entity1 [11.5%]; difference, 2.4% [95% CI, -7.2% to 11.9%]; P = .67). The reoperation rate was significantly higher in the laparoscopic lavage group (15 of 74 @entity1 [20.3%]) than in the colon resection group (4 of 70 @entity1 [5.7%]; difference, 14.6% [95% CI, 3.5% to 25.6%]; P = .01) for @entity1 who did not have @entity298 . The length of operating time was significantly shorter in the laparoscopic lavage group; whereas, length of postoperative hospital stay and quality of life did not differ significantly between groups. Four sigmoid @entity189 were missed with laparoscopic lavage. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among @entity1 with likely @entity4436 and undergoing emergency surgery, the use of laparoscopic lavage vs primary resection did not reduce severe @entity260 and led to worse outcomes in secondary end points. These findings do not support laparoscopic lavage for treatment of @entity4436 . TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01047462.

2097312

2097313

2097314

Aseptic Raman spectroscopy can detect changes associated with the culture of XXXX dental pulp stromal cells in osteoinductive culture.

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: There is an unmet need for the non-invasive characterisation of stem cells to facilitate the translation of cell-based therapies. Raman spectroscopy has proven utility in stem cell characterisation but as yet no method has been reported capable of taking repeated Raman measurements of living cells aseptically over time. The aim of this study was to determine if Raman spectroscopy could be used to monitor changes in a well characterised cell population ( @entity1 dental pulp stromal cells (DPSCs)) by taking repeated Raman measurements from the same cell populations in osteoinductive culture over time and under aseptic conditions. DPSCs were isolated from extracted premolar teeth from 3 consenting donors. Following in vitro expansion, DPSCs were maintained for 28 days in osteo-inductive medium. Raman spectra were acquired from the cells at days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14 and 28. Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out to assess if there was any temporal spectral variation. At day 28, osteoinduction was confirmed using @entity622 staining and qRT-PCR for alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. @entity622 staining was positive in all samples at day 28 and significant increases in alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.001) and osteocalcin (p < 0.05) gene expression were also observed compared with day 0. PCA of the Raman data demonstrated trends in @entity13704 from days 0-10, influenced by protein associated features and @entity25900 from days 10-28, influenced by DNA/RNA associated features. We conclude that spectroscopy can be used to monitor changes in Raman signature with time associated with the osteoinduction of DPSCs using repeated measurements via an aseptic methodology.

2097315

2097316

2097317

@entity235 adipose-derived stromal cell viability following exposure to synovial fluid from XXXX .

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: Stem cell therapy used in clinical application of @entity571 in veterinary medicine typically involves intra-articular injection of the cells, however the effect of an osteoarthritic environment on the fate of the cells has not been investigated. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Assess the viability of adipose derived stromal cells following exposure to osteoarthritic joint fluid. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adipose derived stromal cells (ASCs) were derived from falciform adipose tissue of five adult @entity235 , and osteoarthritic synovial fluid (SF) was obtained from ten @entity1 undergoing surgical intervention on orthopedic diseases with @entity571 . Normal synovial fluid was obtained from seven adult @entity235 from an unrelated study. ASCs were exposed to the following treatment conditions: culture medium, normal SF, @entity12897 , or serial dilutions of 1:1 to 1:10 of @entity12897 with media. Cells were then harvested and assessed for viability using @entity3460 dye exclusion. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the viability of cells in culture medium or normal SF. Significant differences were found between cells exposed to any concentration of @entity12897 and normal SF and between cells exposed to undiluted @entity12897 and all serial dilutions. Subsequent dilutions reduced @entity137 . CONCLUSIONS: Osteoarthritic synovial fluid in this ex vivo experiment is cytotoxic to ASCs, when compared with normal synovial fluid. Current practice of direct injection of ASCs into @entity2720 should be re-evaluated to determine if alternative means of administration may be more effective.

2097318

2097319

2097320

XXXX adipose-derived stromal cell viability following exposure to synovial fluid from @entity2720 .

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: Stem cell therapy used in clinical application of @entity571 in veterinary medicine typically involves intra-articular injection of the cells, however the effect of an osteoarthritic environment on the fate of the cells has not been investigated. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Assess the viability of adipose derived stromal cells following exposure to osteoarthritic joint fluid. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adipose derived stromal cells (ASCs) were derived from falciform adipose tissue of five adult @entity235 , and osteoarthritic synovial fluid (SF) was obtained from ten @entity1 undergoing surgical intervention on orthopedic diseases with @entity571 . Normal synovial fluid was obtained from seven adult @entity235 from an unrelated study. ASCs were exposed to the following treatment conditions: culture medium, normal SF, @entity12897 , or serial dilutions of 1:1 to 1:10 of @entity12897 with media. Cells were then harvested and assessed for viability using @entity3460 dye exclusion. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the viability of cells in culture medium or normal SF. Significant differences were found between cells exposed to any concentration of @entity12897 and normal SF and between cells exposed to undiluted @entity12897 and all serial dilutions. Subsequent dilutions reduced @entity137 . CONCLUSIONS: Osteoarthritic synovial fluid in this ex vivo experiment is cytotoxic to ASCs, when compared with normal synovial fluid. Current practice of direct injection of ASCs into @entity2720 should be re-evaluated to determine if alternative means of administration may be more effective.

2097321

2097322

2097323

Individual and neighborhood-level factors in predicting XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To identify the neighborhood socioeconomic and housing factors at the census-block level and the sociodemographic factors at the individual level that are associated with the risk of @entity565 . DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of @entity1 aged between 5 and 18 years seen in a network of urban primary care clinics. SETTING: A network of urban primary care clinics (Indiana University Medical Group) in Marion County, Indiana, in the calendar year 2000. @entity1 : A total of 2544 subjects with 1541 black @entity1 (947 @entity1 , 594 @entity1 ) and 1003 white @entity1 (568 @entity1 , 435 @entity1 ). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Whether a subject ever had @entity565 . RESULTS: The prevalence rate of ever having @entity565 was 21% with the lowest (14.6%) in white @entity1 and the highest (27.4%) in black @entity1 . None of the census-block characteristics were significant in predicting ever having @entity565 . The significant predictors for childhood @entity565 were age, race, sex, and body mass index. @entity1 who were overweight had 3.1 times higher odds and @entity1 who were overweight had 1.8 times higher odds of having @entity565 than @entity1 who were normal weight. There was a stronger association between @entity565 and being overweight in female subjects than in male subjects. Black @entity1 had 1.3-fold higher odds of ever having @entity565 than white @entity1 . The highest likelihood of having @entity565 is among @entity1 who were young, black, and overweight and the lowest among @entity1 who were older, white, and normal weight. CONCLUSION: Increased efforts at prevention, screening, and treatment may need to be directed at certain subpopulations such as @entity1 living in socially and physically at-risk families and neighborhoods.

2097324

2097325

2097326

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided XXXX using a novel self-expandable metal stent with antimigration system: A case series.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Development of symptomatic @entity9007 after @entity656 is a common occurrence. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided transmural drainage has become the treatment of choice for symptomatic @entity9007 . Following this procedure, stent migration can occur. A recently developed fully covered biliary metal stent with antimigration system has shown promise as an alternative endoprosthetic option for cystogastrostomy. The aim of this study is to describe the success and complications of using covered metal stents with antimigration system to drain @entity9007 at a single tertiary care center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The @entity1 undergoing cystogastrostomy using the biliary metal stent with antimigration system over the course of a 10-month period (January-November, 2014) were retrospectively reviewed and all the pertinent information including length of the follow-up, age and sex of the @entity1 , pseudocyst size, pseudocyst size at follow-up, and symptom improvement were recorded. RESULTS: Five @entity1 underwent endoscopic cystogastrostomy using a biliary metal stent with antimigration system. The average age of the @entity1 was 57 years, with all the @entity1 being males. The average size of the largest dimension of pseudocyst was 9 cm. The average follow-up time to repeat imaging was 30 days. All the @entity1 had a significant improvement in their pseudocyst size, with two @entity1 having complete resolution, one @entity1 with a residual 2 cm cyst, and another with a residual 5 cm pseudocyst at follow-up. The average size at follow-up was 2 cm. No complications occurred during the follow-up period. No episodes of stent migration occurred. All the @entity1 had symptom improvement at follow-up. CONCLUSION: Using a novel biliary covered self-expandable metal stent with antimigration system with EUS guidance to drain @entity9007 appears to be a safe and effective procedure in certain settings. Our experience shows rapid cyst resolution with no complications and no stent migration. This stent gives the providers another option when performing cystogastrostomy.

2097327

2097328

2097329

Post-Exercise Skeletal Muscle Glycogen Related to Plasma Cytokines and Muscle XXXX Protein Content, but not Muscle Cytokine mRNA Expression.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to correlate post-exercise muscle glycogen levels with changes in plasma cytokine, and muscle mRNA cytokine expression and protein content. METHODS: Twenty-four male runners (age 36.5 1.8 years, VO2max 60.0 1.5 mL kg(-1) min(-1)) ran twice (separated by 4 weeks) on treadmills to exhaustion at 70% VO2max (average time and distance of 2.24 0.09 h and 24.9 1.1 km). Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis and blood samples were collected before and after each run, with @entity650 , @entity687 , and @entity2842 measured in muscle (mRNA and protein) and plasma. Data from the two runs were averaged. RESULTS: @entity1 experienced a 35.3 4.2% decrease (P < 0.001) in skeletal muscle glycogen content (67.5 2.8 to 44.3 3.7 mmol kg(-1) wet weight). Muscle mRNA expression for @entity650 , @entity687 , and @entity2842 increased 7.34 0.90-, 13.9 2.3-, and 4.10 0.60-fold, respectively (all, P < 0.001). Skeletal muscle @entity650 , @entity687 , and @entity2842 protein content increased 35.8 10.6, 80.6 12.1, and 105 17.9%, respectively (all, P <= 0.005). Plasma @entity650 , @entity687 , and @entity2842 increased 47.1 10.0-, 2.6 0.3-, and 1.6 0.1-fold, respectively (all, P < 0.001). Post-exercise muscle glycogen concentrations were negatively correlated with run time to exhaustion (r = -0.70, P < 0.001), and changes in muscle @entity650 protein content (r = -0.44, P = 0.049), plasma @entity650 (r = -0.72, P < 0.001), @entity687 (r = -0.60, P = 0.002), and @entity2842 (r = -0.589, P = 0.002), but not with changes in muscle @entity687 and @entity2842 protein content, or muscle mRNA expression for @entity650 , @entity687 , and @entity2842 . CONCLUSION: Prolonged and intensive running increased muscle mRNA expression, muscle protein content, and plasma levels for @entity650 , @entity687 , and @entity2842 , and post-run muscle glycogen levels were most strongly related to plasma cytokine levels.

2097330

2097331

2097332

A 7-Years Retrospective Study of XXXX Incidence in the Western Iran.

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: In Iran, @entity5 is the third reason of the @entity204 and every year 500,000 new cases were detected, and 14% of all @entity204 is related to @entity5 . The most common system that is affected by @entity5 (after the skin) is gastrointestinal (GI) system. The purpose of the study is evaluation of the 7 years incidence (2002-2008) of the @entity1820 in Ilam province in the west of Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, total 307 record health related to the @entity1 affected by the @entity5 were evaluated after referring to the pathologic centers of the Ilam province and neighboring provinces. @entity1 's data were recorded from their file based on the standard questionnaire. RESULT: The mean age standard deviation of @entity1 was 63.8+1.5. More than half of @entity1 study was @entity1 (58.3%). The prevalence of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and @entity14 was significantly higher in the @entity1 than the @entity1 (unlike @entity96 ) (p<0.001). The most common site of @entity1820 were esophagus (38.1%) and stomach (34.2%) but small intestine was allocated the least prevalence (1%) to itself. The most common pathology type of @entity5 was @entity344 (68.1%). CONCLUSION: According to the high prevalence of the @entity1820 and also the ascending incidence of the @entity1 with disease in the Ilam province, special measures should be considered for the reduction of the life and property load resulted from this disease. @entity1 by introduction of the warning signs of the @entity1820 should be screened for @entity1820 .

2097333

2097334

2097335

Radiology on Board the PLA(N) Peace @entity14029 Hospital XXXX During a Humanitarian Medical Relief Mission to the Philippines.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: From November 24 to December 10, 2013, the Chinese @entity1 's Liberation Army Navy [PLA(N)] hospital @entity2708 Peace @entity14029 was deployed to the Leyte Gulf in the Philippines to provide humanitarian medical relief in Tacloban after Typhoon Haiyan. The purpose of this study was to assess the radiological services aboard the @entity2708 to provide guidance for future missions. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on a cohort of 109 @entity1 who underwent digital radiography (DR) and 59 @entity1 who underwent computed tomography (CT) scans during a 16-day period during a humanitarian medical relief mission to the Philippines. @entity1 demographics, DR findings, and CT findings were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of the 109 DR @entity1 was 39.7 years for the 64 males and 43.7 years for the 45 females. A total of 148 DR examinations were performed of the chest (n=109), extremities (n=35), and spine (n=4). The mean age of the 59 CT @entity1 was 43.8 years for the 32 males and 49.1 years for the 27 females. A total of 72 CT scans were performed of the head and neck (n=36), thorax (n=24), abdomen (n=5), spine (n=4), and extremities (n=3). The imaging findings mainly included disaster-related and non-disaster-related @entity174 , @entity1907 , @entity358 , acute @entity4798 , @entity2075 , and occupying lesions. CONCLUSION: Analysis of radiological services during a humanitarian medical relief mission to the Philippines provided meaningful information for future humanitarian medical relief missions. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;0:1-4).

2097336

2097337

2097338

Radiology on Board the PLA(N) Peace XXXX Hospital @entity2708 During a Humanitarian Medical Relief Mission to the Philippines.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: From November 24 to December 10, 2013, the Chinese @entity1 's Liberation Army Navy [PLA(N)] hospital @entity2708 Peace @entity14029 was deployed to the Leyte Gulf in the Philippines to provide humanitarian medical relief in Tacloban after Typhoon Haiyan. The purpose of this study was to assess the radiological services aboard the @entity2708 to provide guidance for future missions. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on a cohort of 109 @entity1 who underwent digital radiography (DR) and 59 @entity1 who underwent computed tomography (CT) scans during a 16-day period during a humanitarian medical relief mission to the Philippines. @entity1 demographics, DR findings, and CT findings were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of the 109 DR @entity1 was 39.7 years for the 64 males and 43.7 years for the 45 females. A total of 148 DR examinations were performed of the chest (n=109), extremities (n=35), and spine (n=4). The mean age of the 59 CT @entity1 was 43.8 years for the 32 males and 49.1 years for the 27 females. A total of 72 CT scans were performed of the head and neck (n=36), thorax (n=24), abdomen (n=5), spine (n=4), and extremities (n=3). The imaging findings mainly included disaster-related and non-disaster-related @entity174 , @entity1907 , @entity358 , acute @entity4798 , @entity2075 , and occupying lesions. CONCLUSION: Analysis of radiological services during a humanitarian medical relief mission to the Philippines provided meaningful information for future humanitarian medical relief missions. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;0:1-4).

2097339

2097340

2097341

Prognostic significance of XXXX in @entity1 undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in the era of drug-eluting stents.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Endothelial function is a prognostic predictor in @entity1 undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, in an era with widespread use of drug-eluting stents, the clinical relevance of @entity409 on restenosis in @entity1 undergoing PCI has not been fully evaluated. METHODS: This study included 80 @entity1 with stable @entity951 . @entity384 ( @entity384 ) of the brachial artery was examined 1 week after PCI. @entity1 were retrospectively followed-up for an average of 21 months after PCI. The primary endpoints included @entity204 , nonfatal @entity583 , @entity64 , coronary revascularization, and @entity63 . RESULTS: A drug-eluting stent was used in 58 @entity1 and a cardiovascular event was recorded in 34 @entity1 during follow-up. The incidence of all @entity65 was significantly greater in the low @entity384 (median @entity384 <4.2 %) than the high @entity384 (median @entity384 >= 4.2 %) group (60 % vs. 25 %, p <0.01). Furthermore, the incidence of coronary revascularization was significantly higher in the low than the high @entity384 group (p = 0.02), while the incidence of in-stent restenosis did not differ between the two groups. Cox regression analysis showed that low @entity384 was an independent predictor of cardiovascular events (hazard ratio: 2.77, 95 % confidence interval: 1.23 to 6.19, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Impaired brachial artery @entity384 independently predicts long-term cardiovascular events after PCI in the era of drug-eluting stents.

2097342

2097343

2097344

Prognostic significance of @entity409 in XXXX undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in the era of drug-eluting stents.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Endothelial function is a prognostic predictor in @entity1 undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, in an era with widespread use of drug-eluting stents, the clinical relevance of @entity409 on restenosis in @entity1 undergoing PCI has not been fully evaluated. METHODS: This study included 80 @entity1 with stable @entity951 . @entity384 ( @entity384 ) of the brachial artery was examined 1 week after PCI. @entity1 were retrospectively followed-up for an average of 21 months after PCI. The primary endpoints included @entity204 , nonfatal @entity583 , @entity64 , coronary revascularization, and @entity63 . RESULTS: A drug-eluting stent was used in 58 @entity1 and a cardiovascular event was recorded in 34 @entity1 during follow-up. The incidence of all @entity65 was significantly greater in the low @entity384 (median @entity384 <4.2 %) than the high @entity384 (median @entity384 >= 4.2 %) group (60 % vs. 25 %, p <0.01). Furthermore, the incidence of coronary revascularization was significantly higher in the low than the high @entity384 group (p = 0.02), while the incidence of in-stent restenosis did not differ between the two groups. Cox regression analysis showed that low @entity384 was an independent predictor of cardiovascular events (hazard ratio: 2.77, 95 % confidence interval: 1.23 to 6.19, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Impaired brachial artery @entity384 independently predicts long-term cardiovascular events after PCI in the era of drug-eluting stents.

2097345

2097346

2097347

Non-invasive Measurement of Skin Autofluorescence as a Beneficial Surrogate Marker for @entity731 in @entity1 with XXXX 2 @entity6 .

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of @entity532 . Skin autofluorescence (AF) was recently reported to represent tissue AGEs accumulation with a non-invasive method. The aim of the present study was to evaluate association between AF value and @entity532 , such as @entity989 , @entity8 and cervical @entity731 using the carotid @entity121 ( @entity121 ), an established marker of @entity65 in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . A total of 68 @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 were enrolled in a cross-sectional manner. AGEs accumulation was measured with AF reader. Clinical parameters were collected at the time of AF and @entity121 measurement. Max- @entity121 was correlated with age and AF (r=0.407, p=0.001), but not with HbA1c, GA, and @entity23032 . Also, AF was not correlated with HbA1c, GA and @entity23032 , but was correlated with age (r=0.560, p<0.001), duration of @entity6 (r=0.256, p<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that AF, but not age, was an independent determinant of max- @entity121 . In conclusion, AF might be a beneficial surrogate marker for evaluating @entity2998 in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 non-invasively. J. Med. Invest. 62: 126-129, August, 2015.

2097348

2097349

2097350

Non-invasive Measurement of Skin Autofluorescence as a Beneficial Surrogate Marker for @entity731 in @entity1 with @entity164 2 XXXX .

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of @entity532 . Skin autofluorescence (AF) was recently reported to represent tissue AGEs accumulation with a non-invasive method. The aim of the present study was to evaluate association between AF value and @entity532 , such as @entity989 , @entity8 and cervical @entity731 using the carotid @entity121 ( @entity121 ), an established marker of @entity65 in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . A total of 68 @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 were enrolled in a cross-sectional manner. AGEs accumulation was measured with AF reader. Clinical parameters were collected at the time of AF and @entity121 measurement. Max- @entity121 was correlated with age and AF (r=0.407, p=0.001), but not with HbA1c, GA, and @entity23032 . Also, AF was not correlated with HbA1c, GA and @entity23032 , but was correlated with age (r=0.560, p<0.001), duration of @entity6 (r=0.256, p<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that AF, but not age, was an independent determinant of max- @entity121 . In conclusion, AF might be a beneficial surrogate marker for evaluating @entity2998 in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 non-invasively. J. Med. Invest. 62: 126-129, August, 2015.

2097351

2097352

2097353

Non-invasive Measurement of Skin Autofluorescence as a Beneficial Surrogate Marker for XXXX in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 .

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of @entity532 . Skin autofluorescence (AF) was recently reported to represent tissue AGEs accumulation with a non-invasive method. The aim of the present study was to evaluate association between AF value and @entity532 , such as @entity989 , @entity8 and cervical @entity731 using the carotid @entity121 ( @entity121 ), an established marker of @entity65 in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . A total of 68 @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 were enrolled in a cross-sectional manner. AGEs accumulation was measured with AF reader. Clinical parameters were collected at the time of AF and @entity121 measurement. Max- @entity121 was correlated with age and AF (r=0.407, p=0.001), but not with HbA1c, GA, and @entity23032 . Also, AF was not correlated with HbA1c, GA and @entity23032 , but was correlated with age (r=0.560, p<0.001), duration of @entity6 (r=0.256, p<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that AF, but not age, was an independent determinant of max- @entity121 . In conclusion, AF might be a beneficial surrogate marker for evaluating @entity2998 in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 non-invasively. J. Med. Invest. 62: 126-129, August, 2015.

2097354

2097355

2097356

Non-invasive Measurement of Skin Autofluorescence as a Beneficial Surrogate Marker for @entity731 in XXXX with @entity164 2 @entity6 .

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of @entity532 . Skin autofluorescence (AF) was recently reported to represent tissue AGEs accumulation with a non-invasive method. The aim of the present study was to evaluate association between AF value and @entity532 , such as @entity989 , @entity8 and cervical @entity731 using the carotid @entity121 ( @entity121 ), an established marker of @entity65 in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . A total of 68 @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 were enrolled in a cross-sectional manner. AGEs accumulation was measured with AF reader. Clinical parameters were collected at the time of AF and @entity121 measurement. Max- @entity121 was correlated with age and AF (r=0.407, p=0.001), but not with HbA1c, GA, and @entity23032 . Also, AF was not correlated with HbA1c, GA and @entity23032 , but was correlated with age (r=0.560, p<0.001), duration of @entity6 (r=0.256, p<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that AF, but not age, was an independent determinant of max- @entity121 . In conclusion, AF might be a beneficial surrogate marker for evaluating @entity2998 in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 non-invasively. J. Med. Invest. 62: 126-129, August, 2015.

2097357

2097358

2097359

Influence of the dimer interface on XXXX transferase structure and dynamics revealed by amide H/D exchange mass spectrometry.

multiple_choice

@entity1 @entity2041 ( @entity2197 ) transferases are dimeric proteins, many of which share a common hydrophobic interaction motif that is important for dimer stability. In the @entity52054 enzyme this motif involves the side chain of @entity742 , located on the 56 loop of the N-terminal domain, which is intercalated between the alpha4- and alpha5-helices of the C-terminal domain of the opposing subnuit. Disruption of the complementary interactions in this motif by mutation of @entity742 to @entity563 , @entity369 , or @entity2227 is known to have deleterious effects on catalytic efficiency but remarkably different effects on the stability of the dimer [Hornby et al. (2002) Biochemistry 41, 14238-14247]. The structural basis for the behavior of the mutants by amide H/D exchange mass spectrometry is described. A substantial decrease in H/D exchange is observed in the @entity2197 binding domain and in parts of the dimer interface upon substrate binding. The @entity52055 and @entity68002 mutants exhibit enhanced H/D exchange kinetics in the @entity2197 binding domain and at the dimer interface. In contrast, the F56E mutant shows a decrease in the rate and extent of amide H/D exchange at the dimer interface and enhanced exchange kinetics in the @entity2197 binding domain. The results suggest that the F56E mutant has a restructured dimer interface with decreased solvent accessibility and dynamics. Although all of the @entity742 mutations disrupt the @entity2197 binding site, the effects of the mutations on the structure of the subunit interface and dimer stability are quite distinct.

2097360

2097361

2097362

Metabolic engineering of XXXX to improve recombinant protein production.

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: @entity526 is one of the most widely used strains for recombinant protein production. However, obstacles also exist in both @entity4207 researches and industrial applications, such as the metabolic burden, the @entity505 source waste, and the cells' physiological deterioration. This article reviews recent approaches for improving recombinant protein production in metabolic engineering, including workhorse selection, stress factor application, and @entity505 flux regulation. Selecting a suitable host is the first key point for recombinant protein production. In general, it all depends on characteristics of the strains and the target proteins. It will be triggered cells physiological deterioration when the medium is significantly different from the cell's natural environment. Coexpression of stress factors can help proteins to fold into their native conformation. @entity505 flux regulation is a direct approach for redirecting more @entity505 flux toward the desirable pathways and products. However, some undesirable consequences are usually found in metabolic engineering, such as @entity413 transport inhibition, cell @entity851 , and useless metabolite accumulation. More efficient regulators and platform cell factories should be explored to meet a variety of production demands.

2097363

2097364

2097365

Clinical Research Abstracts of the British XXXX Veterinary Association Congress 2015.

multiple_choice

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: @entity1143 ( @entity1143 ) is reported to occur most commonly secondary to @entity2028 , with neoplastic effusions contributing the minority of cases. The majority of these reports originate from America and Australia, where long distance transport of @entity1641 , a recognised risk factor, appears to occur more frequently. Anecdotally, neoplastic @entity1143 is more commonly diagnosed in the UK. OBJECTIVES: To describe the causes of @entity1143 in @entity1641 resident in the UK, and to identify potential markers that can help differentiate between infectious and neoplastic causes of @entity1143 . STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study. METHODS: Medical records from 4 referral hospitals in southern England were searched for @entity1641 diagnosed with @entity1143 . Information gathered from medical records included signalment, diagnosis (infectious vs. neoplastic), admission physical examination and biochemical findings, and characteristics of the effusion (volume, cell count, total protein [TP] concentration). Statistical comparisons were made between the neoplastic and infectious group using appropriate testing. RESULTS: Seventy @entity1641 were identified, of which 28 (40%) were neoplastic and 42 were infectious. @entity1641 with infectious effusions were significantly younger (median 7 vs. 13 years; P = 0.002) and had significantly smaller volumes of pleural fluid drained at admission (9.8 vs. 32.3 l; P<0.001). @entity1641 with infectious @entity1143 had a significantly higher rectal temperature (38.6 vs. 38.2 C; P = 0.03), fibrinogen concentration (7.8 vs. 5.7 g/l; P = 0.02) and serum amyloid A concentration (223 vs. 104 mg/l; P = 0.02). Pleural fluid characteristics identified a significantly greater cell count and TP concentration in @entity1641 with infectious @entity1143 (47 x 10(9)/l vs. 3.4 x 10(9)/l; P<0.001; 54 vs. 31 g/l; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that in the UK neoplastic effusions account for a greater proportion of @entity1143 than previously reported. A large volume of @entity1143 in an older @entity1641 with a low cell count and TP concentration should increase the index of suspicion of @entity5 . Ethical animal research: This was a retrospective study of clinical cases. Explicit owner informed consent for inclusion of animals in this study was not stated. SOURCE OF FUNDING: None. Competing interests: None declared.

2097366

2097367

2097368

The risk of definitive stoma formation at ten years after low and ultra-low anterior resection for XXXX .

multiple_choice

AIM: The long-term risk of definitive stoma after sphincter saving resection (SSR) for @entity5 is underestimated and has never been reported for ultralow conservative surgery. We report the 10-year risk of definitive stoma after SSR for @entity5 . METHOD: From 1994 to 2008, @entity1 with @entity5 and suitable for sphincter saving resection were analysed retrospectively. @entity1 were divided into four groups including low @entity14 ( @entity254 ), partial intersphincteric resection (pISR) and total intersphincteric resection (tISR). The end point was the risk of a definitive stoma according to the type of @entity254 . RESULTS: During the study period, 297 @entity1 had an SSR for @entity5 . The incidence of definitive stoma increased from 11% at one year to 22% at 10 years. The reasons were no closure of the loop ileostomy (4.7%), anastomotic morbidity (6.5%), anal @entity322 (8%) and local recurrence (5.2%). The risk of definitive stoma was not influenced by type of surgery: 26% vs. 18% vs. 18% vs. 19% (p=0.578) for LCRA, @entity254 , pISR and tISR. Independent risk factors of definitive stoma were age above 65 years and surgical morbidity. CONCLUSION: The risk of a definitive stoma after SSR increased twofold between one and ten years after surgery from 11% to 22%. Ultra-low conservative surgery (pISR and tISR) did not increase the risk of definitive stoma compared with conventional @entity254 or LCRA. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

2097369

2097370

2097371

Prevalence of XXXX and Overweight in an Indigenous Population in Central Brazil: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of @entity28 and overweight and associated factors in indigenous @entity1 of the Jaguapiru village in Central Brazil. METHODS: We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study between January 2009 and July 2011 in the adult native population of the Jaguapiru village, Central Brazil. Sociodemographic and lifestyle data were obtained; anthropometric measures, arterial blood pressure, and blood @entity413 were measured. The independent variables were tested by Poisson regression, and the interactions between them were analyzed. RESULTS: 1,608 indigenous @entity1 (982 females, mean age 37.7 15.1 years) were included. The prevalence of @entity28 was 23.2% (95% CI 20.9-25.1%). @entity28 was more prevalent among 40- to 49-year-old and overweight among 50- to 59-year-old @entity1 . @entity28 was positively associated with female sex, higher income, and @entity101 . Among indigenous @entity1 , interactions were found with @entity101 and sedentary lifestyle - @entity101 in males and sedentary lifestyle in females. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of @entity28 and overweight in indigenous @entity1 of the Jaguapiru village is high. Males as well as @entity101 and higher family income individuals have higher rates. Sedentary lifestyle and @entity101 leverage the rates of @entity28 . Prevention and adequate public health policies can be critical for the control of excess weight and its comorbidities among Brazilian indigenous @entity1 .

2097372

2097373

2097374

Mental Health Screening in North Sulawesi, Indonesia: Kessler 6 pilot data and needs assessment results from the XXXX .

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: Communities around the world are increasing their focus on mental health and substance use disorders. However, the struggle to identify and treat @entity1 remains great. The sequelae of these disorders, including severe @entity717 and suicide, are significant, and its impact is felt most in lower and middle-income countries. In the rural and underserved region of North Sulawesi, Indonesia, there are limited data published regarding the prevalence of @entity308 , @entity148 , and other symptoms of @entity458 . METHODS: In order to characterize and quantify some specific areas of @entity458 , the @entity1613 completed a retroactive review of Kessler 6 data from 697 @entity1 in rural communities of North Sulawesi. RESULTS: Our results demonstrate a rate of near 10% for @entity458 , particularly with @entity148 and @entity308 . We also found that the village of Sapa scored higher on most of the subcomponents of the screen compared with the other villages in the study. DISCUSSION: While the Kessler 6 screening tool is not diagnostic, our results suggest significant mental health issues in need of further exploration and research. We found that these results exist in an environment with high stigma, limited education regarding @entity1032 , and limited outpatient services. The results from this analysis will hopefully guide future mental health education in the region and will ultimately assist in the development of the clinical infrastructure needed to effectively identify, treat, and manage mental health conditions.

2097375

2097376

2097377

Sacral neuromodulation for persistent XXXX after laparoscopic ventral rectopexy for high-grade internal @entity3577 .

multiple_choice

AIM: Internal @entity3577 is recognized as an aetiological factor of @entity322 . @entity1 found to have a high grade internal @entity3577 on routine proctography are offered a laparoscopic ventral rectopexy after failed maximum medical therapy. Despite adequate anatomical repair, @entity322 persists in a number of @entity1 . The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of sacral neuromodulation in this group of @entity1 . METHOD: Between August 2009 and January 2012, 52 @entity1 who underwent a laparoscopic ventral rectopexy for @entity322 associated with high grade internal @entity3577 had persistent symptoms of @entity322 and were offered sacral neuromodulation. Symptoms were evaluated before and after using the Fecal Incontinence Severity Index (FISI) and the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI). RESULTS: Temporary test stimulation was successful in 47 (94%) of the @entity1 who then underwent implantation of a permanent pulse generator. The median FISI score 1 year after sacral neuromodulation was lower than the median score before (34 (28-59) vs 19 (0-49) (p < 0.01)), indicating a significant improvement in faecal continence. Quality of life (GIQLI) was significantly better after starting sacral neuromodulation (78 (31-107) vs 96 (55-129); P<0.01). CONCLUSION: @entity1 may benefit from sacral neuromodulation for persisting @entity322 after laparoscopic ventral rectopexy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

2097378

2097379

2097380

Sacral neuromodulation for persistent @entity322 after laparoscopic ventral rectopexy for high-grade internal XXXX .

multiple_choice

AIM: Internal @entity3577 is recognized as an aetiological factor of @entity322 . @entity1 found to have a high grade internal @entity3577 on routine proctography are offered a laparoscopic ventral rectopexy after failed maximum medical therapy. Despite adequate anatomical repair, @entity322 persists in a number of @entity1 . The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of sacral neuromodulation in this group of @entity1 . METHOD: Between August 2009 and January 2012, 52 @entity1 who underwent a laparoscopic ventral rectopexy for @entity322 associated with high grade internal @entity3577 had persistent symptoms of @entity322 and were offered sacral neuromodulation. Symptoms were evaluated before and after using the Fecal Incontinence Severity Index (FISI) and the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI). RESULTS: Temporary test stimulation was successful in 47 (94%) of the @entity1 who then underwent implantation of a permanent pulse generator. The median FISI score 1 year after sacral neuromodulation was lower than the median score before (34 (28-59) vs 19 (0-49) (p < 0.01)), indicating a significant improvement in faecal continence. Quality of life (GIQLI) was significantly better after starting sacral neuromodulation (78 (31-107) vs 96 (55-129); P<0.01). CONCLUSION: @entity1 may benefit from sacral neuromodulation for persisting @entity322 after laparoscopic ventral rectopexy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

2097381

2097382

2097383

Prognostic value of @entity817 and @entity984 mutation status in stage II and III microsatellite instable XXXX .

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: @entity124 ( @entity124 ) has been associated with favourable survival in early stage @entity14 ( @entity14 ) compared to @entity124 ( @entity124 ) @entity14 . The @entity817 @entity8554 mutation has been associated with worse survival in @entity124 @entity14 . This mutation occurs in 40% of @entity14 and it is unclear whether it confers worse survival in this setting. The prognostic value of @entity984 mutations in both @entity124 and @entity14 remains unclear. We examined the effect of @entity817 and @entity984 mutations on survival in stage II and III @entity124 @entity694 @entity1 . @entity817 exon 15 and @entity984 exon 2-3 mutation status was assessed in 143 stage II (n = 85) and III (n = 58) @entity694 by high resolution melting analysis and sequencing. The relation between mutation status and @entity5 -specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS) was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis. @entity817 @entity8554 mutations were observed in 51% (n = 73) and @entity984 mutations in 16% of cases (n = 23). @entity1 with @entity5 ( @entity5 ; i.e., @entity817 and @entity984 wild-type) had a highly favourable survival with 5-year CSS of 93% (95% CI 84-100%), while @entity1 with @entity5 harbouring mutations in either @entity817 or @entity984 , had 5-year CSS of 76% (95% CI 67-85%). In the subgroup of stage II @entity1 with @entity5 @entity5 no @entity5 were observed. On multivariate analysis, mutation in either @entity817 or @entity984 vs. @entity5 remained significantly prognostic. Mutations in @entity817 as well as @entity984 should be analyzed when considering these genes as prognostic markers in @entity694 .

2097384

2097385

2097386

Prognostic value of @entity817 and XXXX mutation status in stage II and III microsatellite instable @entity694 .

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: @entity124 ( @entity124 ) has been associated with favourable survival in early stage @entity14 ( @entity14 ) compared to @entity124 ( @entity124 ) @entity14 . The @entity817 @entity8554 mutation has been associated with worse survival in @entity124 @entity14 . This mutation occurs in 40% of @entity14 and it is unclear whether it confers worse survival in this setting. The prognostic value of @entity984 mutations in both @entity124 and @entity14 remains unclear. We examined the effect of @entity817 and @entity984 mutations on survival in stage II and III @entity124 @entity694 @entity1 . @entity817 exon 15 and @entity984 exon 2-3 mutation status was assessed in 143 stage II (n = 85) and III (n = 58) @entity694 by high resolution melting analysis and sequencing. The relation between mutation status and @entity5 -specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS) was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis. @entity817 @entity8554 mutations were observed in 51% (n = 73) and @entity984 mutations in 16% of cases (n = 23). @entity1 with @entity5 ( @entity5 ; i.e., @entity817 and @entity984 wild-type) had a highly favourable survival with 5-year CSS of 93% (95% CI 84-100%), while @entity1 with @entity5 harbouring mutations in either @entity817 or @entity984 , had 5-year CSS of 76% (95% CI 67-85%). In the subgroup of stage II @entity1 with @entity5 @entity5 no @entity5 were observed. On multivariate analysis, mutation in either @entity817 or @entity984 vs. @entity5 remained significantly prognostic. Mutations in @entity817 as well as @entity984 should be analyzed when considering these genes as prognostic markers in @entity694 .

2097387

2097388

2097389

Prognostic value of XXXX and @entity984 mutation status in stage II and III microsatellite instable @entity694 .

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: @entity124 ( @entity124 ) has been associated with favourable survival in early stage @entity14 ( @entity14 ) compared to @entity124 ( @entity124 ) @entity14 . The @entity817 @entity8554 mutation has been associated with worse survival in @entity124 @entity14 . This mutation occurs in 40% of @entity14 and it is unclear whether it confers worse survival in this setting. The prognostic value of @entity984 mutations in both @entity124 and @entity14 remains unclear. We examined the effect of @entity817 and @entity984 mutations on survival in stage II and III @entity124 @entity694 @entity1 . @entity817 exon 15 and @entity984 exon 2-3 mutation status was assessed in 143 stage II (n = 85) and III (n = 58) @entity694 by high resolution melting analysis and sequencing. The relation between mutation status and @entity5 -specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS) was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis. @entity817 @entity8554 mutations were observed in 51% (n = 73) and @entity984 mutations in 16% of cases (n = 23). @entity1 with @entity5 ( @entity5 ; i.e., @entity817 and @entity984 wild-type) had a highly favourable survival with 5-year CSS of 93% (95% CI 84-100%), while @entity1 with @entity5 harbouring mutations in either @entity817 or @entity984 , had 5-year CSS of 76% (95% CI 67-85%). In the subgroup of stage II @entity1 with @entity5 @entity5 no @entity5 were observed. On multivariate analysis, mutation in either @entity817 or @entity984 vs. @entity5 remained significantly prognostic. Mutations in @entity817 as well as @entity984 should be analyzed when considering these genes as prognostic markers in @entity694 .

2097390

2097391

2097392

Molecular and functional expression of voltage-operated XXXX channels during osteogenic differentiation of @entity1 mesenchymal stem cells.

multiple_choice

We used the patch-clamp technique and RT-PCR to study the molecular and functional expression of VOCCs in undifferentiated hMSCs and in cells undergoing osteogenic differentiation. L-type @entity141 channel blocker @entity594 did not influence alkaline phosphatase activity, @entity460 , and @entity1391 accumulation of hMSCs during osteogenic differentiation. This study suggests that osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs does not require L-type @entity141 channel function. INTRODUCTION: During osteogenic differentiation, mesenchymal stem cells from @entity1 bone marrow (hMSCs) must adopt the @entity460 handling of terminally differentiated osteoblasts. There is evidence that voltage-operated @entity460 channels (VOCCs), including L-type @entity460 channels, are involved in regulation of osteoblast function. We therefore studied whether VOCCs play a critical role during osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Osteogenic differentiation was induced in hMSCs cultured in maintenance medium (MM) by addition of @entity9050 , @entity621 , and @entity619 (ODM) and was assessed by measuring alkaline phosphatase activity, expression of @entity1096 , @entity2159 , @entity5298 , and mineralization. Expression of @entity141 channel @entity6927 subunits was shown by semiquantitative or single cell RT-PCR. Voltage-activated @entity460 currents of hMSCs were measured with the whole cell voltage-clamp technique. RESULTS: mRNA for the pore-forming alpha1C and alpha1G subunits of the L-type and T-type @entity141 channels, respectively, was found in comparable amounts in cells cultured in MM or ODM. The limitation of L-type @entity141 currents to a subpopulation of hMSCs was confirmed by single cell RT-PCR, where mRNA for the alpha1C subunits was detectable in only 50% of the cells cultured in MM. @entity7236 -sensitive L-type @entity141 currents were found in 13% of cells cultured in MM and in 12% of the cells cultured in ODM. Under MM and ODM culture conditions, the cells positive for L-type @entity141 currents were significantly larger than cells without @entity141 currents as deduced from membrane capacitance; thus, current densities were comparable. Addition of the L-type @entity141 channel blocker @entity594 to the culture media did not influence alkaline phosphatase activity and the extent of mineralization. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that, in the majority of hMSCs, @entity141 entry through the plasma membrane is mediated by some channels other than VOCCs, and blockade of the L-type @entity141 channels does not affect early osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs.

2097393

2097394

2097395

Molecular and functional expression of voltage-operated @entity460 channels during osteogenic differentiation of XXXX mesenchymal stem cells.

multiple_choice

We used the patch-clamp technique and RT-PCR to study the molecular and functional expression of VOCCs in undifferentiated hMSCs and in cells undergoing osteogenic differentiation. L-type @entity141 channel blocker @entity594 did not influence alkaline phosphatase activity, @entity460 , and @entity1391 accumulation of hMSCs during osteogenic differentiation. This study suggests that osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs does not require L-type @entity141 channel function. INTRODUCTION: During osteogenic differentiation, mesenchymal stem cells from @entity1 bone marrow (hMSCs) must adopt the @entity460 handling of terminally differentiated osteoblasts. There is evidence that voltage-operated @entity460 channels (VOCCs), including L-type @entity460 channels, are involved in regulation of osteoblast function. We therefore studied whether VOCCs play a critical role during osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Osteogenic differentiation was induced in hMSCs cultured in maintenance medium (MM) by addition of @entity9050 , @entity621 , and @entity619 (ODM) and was assessed by measuring alkaline phosphatase activity, expression of @entity1096 , @entity2159 , @entity5298 , and mineralization. Expression of @entity141 channel @entity6927 subunits was shown by semiquantitative or single cell RT-PCR. Voltage-activated @entity460 currents of hMSCs were measured with the whole cell voltage-clamp technique. RESULTS: mRNA for the pore-forming alpha1C and alpha1G subunits of the L-type and T-type @entity141 channels, respectively, was found in comparable amounts in cells cultured in MM or ODM. The limitation of L-type @entity141 currents to a subpopulation of hMSCs was confirmed by single cell RT-PCR, where mRNA for the alpha1C subunits was detectable in only 50% of the cells cultured in MM. @entity7236 -sensitive L-type @entity141 currents were found in 13% of cells cultured in MM and in 12% of the cells cultured in ODM. Under MM and ODM culture conditions, the cells positive for L-type @entity141 currents were significantly larger than cells without @entity141 currents as deduced from membrane capacitance; thus, current densities were comparable. Addition of the L-type @entity141 channel blocker @entity594 to the culture media did not influence alkaline phosphatase activity and the extent of mineralization. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that, in the majority of hMSCs, @entity141 entry through the plasma membrane is mediated by some channels other than VOCCs, and blockade of the L-type @entity141 channels does not affect early osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs.

2097396

2097397

2097398

Graft loss due to percutaneous sclerotherapy of a lymphocele using XXXX after renal transplantation.

multiple_choice

Development of lymphoceles after renal transplantation is a well-described complication that occurs in up to 40% of recipients. The gold standard approach for the treatment of symptomatic cases is not well defined yet. Management options include simple aspiration, marsupialization by a laparotomy or laparoscopy, and percutaneous sclerotherapy using different chemical agents. Those approaches can be associated, and they depend on type, dimension, and localization of the lymphocele. Percutaneous sclerotherapy is considered to be less invasive than the surgical approach; it can be used safely and effectively, with low morbidity, in huge, rapidly accumulating lymphoceles. Moreover, this approach is highly successful, and the complication rate is acceptable; the major drawback is a recurrence rate close to 20%. We herewith report a renal transplant case in which the @entity1 developed a symptomatic lymphocele that was initially treated by ultrasound-guided percutaneous sclerotherapy with @entity1068 and thereafter using @entity1543 for early recurrence. A few hours after injection of @entity1543 in the lymphatic cavity, the @entity1 started to complain of @entity12761 localized to the renal graft and fever. An ultrasound of the abdomen revealed @entity715 . The @entity1 was immediately taken to the operating room, where the diagnosis of vascular @entity715 was confirmed and the graft was urgently explanted. In conclusion, we strongly suggest avoiding the use of @entity1543 as a slerosating agent for the percutaneous treatment of post-renal transplant lymphocele because, based on our experience, it could be complicated by vascular @entity715 of the kidney, ending in graft loss.

2097399

2097400

2097401

Interpretation of XXXX patterns using areal bone mineral density in the proximal femur.

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: Bone mineral density scans are currently interpreted based on an average score of the entire proximal femur. Improvements in technology now allow us to measure bone density in specific regions of the proximal femur. The study attempts to explain the pathophysiology of neck of femur (NOF) and intertrochanteric/basi-cervical (IT) @entity174 by correlating areal BMD (aBMD) scores with fracture patterns, and explore possible predictors for these fracture patterns. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a single institution retrospective study on all @entity1 who underwent hip surgeries from June 2010 to August 2012. A total of 106 @entity1 (44 IT/basi-cervical, 62 NOF @entity174 ) were studied. The data retrieved include @entity1 characteristics and aBMD scores measured at different regions of the contralateral hip within 1 month of the injury. Demographic and clinical characteristic differences between IT and NOF @entity174 were analyzed using Fisher's Exact test and two-sample t test. Relationship between aBMD scores and fracture patterns was assessed using multivariable regression modeling. RESULTS: After adjusted multivariable analysis, T-Troc and T-inter scores were significantly lower in intertrochanteric/basi-cervical @entity174 compared to neck of femur @entity174 (P = 0.022 and P = 0.026, respectively). Both intertrochanteric/basi-cervical @entity174 (mean T.Tot -1.99) and neck of femur @entity174 (mean T.Tot -1.64) were not found to be associated with a mean T.tot less than -2.5. However, the mean aBMD scores were consistently less than -2.5 for both intertrochanteric/basi-cervical @entity174 . Gender and @entity460 intake at the time of injury were associated with specific @entity173 patterns (P = 0.002 and P = 0.011, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: @entity173 patterns following low energy @entity130 may be influenced by the pattern of reduced bone density in different areas of the hip. Intertrochanteric/basi-cervical @entity174 were associated with significantly lower T-Troc and T-Inter scores compared to neck of femur @entity174 , suggesting that the fracture traversed through the areas with the lowest bone density in the proximal femur. In the absence of reduced T.Troc and T.Inter, neck of femur @entity174 occurred more commonly. T-Total scores may underestimate the severity of @entity170 / @entity2331 and measuring T-score at the neck of femur may better reflect the severity of @entity170 and likelihood of a @entity174 .

2097402

2097403

2097404

XXXX of biliary and cryptogenic origin. An eight-year analysis in a University Hospital.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to delineate the clinical features of @entity10577 of biliary and cryptogenic origin, and to compare the differences in outcome of @entity1 between the two groups. METHODS: We studied 86 @entity1 , aged 19 years or older, with @entity10577 admitted to Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, between January 1996 and December 2003. The demographic data and medical information of the @entity1 were reviewed and recorded. Of the 86 @entity1 , 34 were classified into the biliary group and 52 were classified into the cryptogenic group. RESULTS: @entity1 with @entity10577 of biliary origin had a higher frequency of underlying @entity5 and Murphy's sign compared to those with @entity10577 of cryptogenic origin. With respect to specific pathogens, @entity526 were more prevalent in the biliary group while @entity3274 were more prevalent in the cryptogenic group. Anaerobic isolates were less frequently cultured in the cryptogenic group than in the biliary group. After adjustment for age, sex, and the duration of symptoms before admission, there was no difference in mortality between both groups (biliary vs cryptogenic: 15% vs 8%; adjusted OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 0.24-8.25; p = 0.899). After adjustment for confounders, @entity1 in the biliary group had higher frequencies of time to defervesce >1 week after admission (68% vs 40%; adjusted OR, 3.05; 95% CI, 1.09-9.04, p = 0.030) and hospital stay >3 weeks (47% vs 15%; adjusted OR, 4.34; 95% CI, 1.45-13.91; p = 0.007) than those in the cryptogenic group. CONCLUSIONS: This report highlights that @entity10577 of cryptogenic origin had a benign clinical response, which was associated with shorter duration of hospitalisation and time to defervesce after admission, compared to those of biliary origin.

2097405

2097406

2097407

CAC score as a possible criterion for administration of XXXX converting enzyme inhibitors and/or @entity7774 receptor blockers: the MultiEthnic Study of @entity731 .

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: Several trials have demonstrated that @entity7774 converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) decrease cardiovascular (CV) mortality rates in @entity1 with @entity712 ; however, the Prevention of Events with @entity7774 -Converting Enzyme Inhibition (PEACE) and European Trial on Reduction of @entity299 with @entity4687 in Stable @entity453 (EUROPA) trials failed to show significant similar preventive effects in normal ejection fraction @entity1 . We evaluated the baseline coronary artery @entity460 (CAC) score as a predictor of the effects of ACEIs/ @entity7774 receptor blockers (ARBs) on outcomes among normal ejection fraction @entity1 . METHODOLOGY: Of 6814 MultiEthnic Study for @entity731 population @entity1 (after exclusion of the @entity1 temporarily using ACEIs and/or ARBs during follow-up), we evaluated 2906 @entity1 who never used ACEIs/ARBs and 368 (8.7%) @entity1 who constantly used them during all baseline and follow-up examinations. In the population studied, 53.9% were @entity1 , aged 60.8 10.0 years, who had no apparent clinical CV disease. We compared CV event rates and multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios after stratifying by ACEI/ARB use and stratifying CAC scores by category (0, 1-399, and >= 400). RESULTS: The event rates varied from 1.8 to 41.2/1000 @entity1 years among the CAC groups. Among the @entity1 with a 1-399 CAC score, ACEI/ARB users had significantly lower event rates than nonusers (4.9 vs. 8.2, respectively). Hazard ratio in the adjusted model was 3.1 (95% confidence interval 1.14-8.78, P<0.05). There was no significant event rate difference between ACEI/ARB users and nonusers among other CAC groups. CONCLUSION: The use of ACEIs/ARBs was associated with significantly fewer CV events in asymptomatic @entity1 with low to intermediate CAC scores. Thus, better risk stratification in asymptomatic individuals (such as using CAC scores) may assist in proper selection of @entity1 for further CV risk reduction strategies.

2097408

2097409

2097410

CAC score as a possible criterion for administration of @entity7774 converting enzyme inhibitors and/or XXXX receptor blockers: the MultiEthnic Study of @entity731 .

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: Several trials have demonstrated that @entity7774 converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) decrease cardiovascular (CV) mortality rates in @entity1 with @entity712 ; however, the Prevention of Events with @entity7774 -Converting Enzyme Inhibition (PEACE) and European Trial on Reduction of @entity299 with @entity4687 in Stable @entity453 (EUROPA) trials failed to show significant similar preventive effects in normal ejection fraction @entity1 . We evaluated the baseline coronary artery @entity460 (CAC) score as a predictor of the effects of ACEIs/ @entity7774 receptor blockers (ARBs) on outcomes among normal ejection fraction @entity1 . METHODOLOGY: Of 6814 MultiEthnic Study for @entity731 population @entity1 (after exclusion of the @entity1 temporarily using ACEIs and/or ARBs during follow-up), we evaluated 2906 @entity1 who never used ACEIs/ARBs and 368 (8.7%) @entity1 who constantly used them during all baseline and follow-up examinations. In the population studied, 53.9% were @entity1 , aged 60.8 10.0 years, who had no apparent clinical CV disease. We compared CV event rates and multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios after stratifying by ACEI/ARB use and stratifying CAC scores by category (0, 1-399, and >= 400). RESULTS: The event rates varied from 1.8 to 41.2/1000 @entity1 years among the CAC groups. Among the @entity1 with a 1-399 CAC score, ACEI/ARB users had significantly lower event rates than nonusers (4.9 vs. 8.2, respectively). Hazard ratio in the adjusted model was 3.1 (95% confidence interval 1.14-8.78, P<0.05). There was no significant event rate difference between ACEI/ARB users and nonusers among other CAC groups. CONCLUSION: The use of ACEIs/ARBs was associated with significantly fewer CV events in asymptomatic @entity1 with low to intermediate CAC scores. Thus, better risk stratification in asymptomatic individuals (such as using CAC scores) may assist in proper selection of @entity1 for further CV risk reduction strategies.

2097411

2097412

2097413

CAC score as a possible criterion for administration of @entity7774 converting enzyme inhibitors and/or @entity7774 receptor blockers: the MultiEthnic Study of XXXX .

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: Several trials have demonstrated that @entity7774 converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) decrease cardiovascular (CV) mortality rates in @entity1 with @entity712 ; however, the Prevention of Events with @entity7774 -Converting Enzyme Inhibition (PEACE) and European Trial on Reduction of @entity299 with @entity4687 in Stable @entity453 (EUROPA) trials failed to show significant similar preventive effects in normal ejection fraction @entity1 . We evaluated the baseline coronary artery @entity460 (CAC) score as a predictor of the effects of ACEIs/ @entity7774 receptor blockers (ARBs) on outcomes among normal ejection fraction @entity1 . METHODOLOGY: Of 6814 MultiEthnic Study for @entity731 population @entity1 (after exclusion of the @entity1 temporarily using ACEIs and/or ARBs during follow-up), we evaluated 2906 @entity1 who never used ACEIs/ARBs and 368 (8.7%) @entity1 who constantly used them during all baseline and follow-up examinations. In the population studied, 53.9% were @entity1 , aged 60.8 10.0 years, who had no apparent clinical CV disease. We compared CV event rates and multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios after stratifying by ACEI/ARB use and stratifying CAC scores by category (0, 1-399, and >= 400). RESULTS: The event rates varied from 1.8 to 41.2/1000 @entity1 years among the CAC groups. Among the @entity1 with a 1-399 CAC score, ACEI/ARB users had significantly lower event rates than nonusers (4.9 vs. 8.2, respectively). Hazard ratio in the adjusted model was 3.1 (95% confidence interval 1.14-8.78, P<0.05). There was no significant event rate difference between ACEI/ARB users and nonusers among other CAC groups. CONCLUSION: The use of ACEIs/ARBs was associated with significantly fewer CV events in asymptomatic @entity1 with low to intermediate CAC scores. Thus, better risk stratification in asymptomatic individuals (such as using CAC scores) may assist in proper selection of @entity1 for further CV risk reduction strategies.

2097414

2097415

2097416

Weaning Off Prognosis Factors of Home Parenteral Nutrition for @entity1 with Primary XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: To describe the indications for @entity3147 ( @entity3147 ) in @entity1 with @entity21149 ( @entity21149 ) and to identify factors associated with weaning off. METHODS: All @entity1 initially discharged on @entity3147 between 1/1/2000 and 31/12/2009 for chronic intestinal failure (IF) were included. The associations between clinical factors and weaning off of @entity3147 were assessed using a multivariable Cox regression model. RESULTS: Among the 151 @entity1 ( @entity1 =58%) included in this study, 98 (65%) presented with @entity5277 ( @entity5277 ), 17 (11%) with @entity4094 , 14 (9%) with @entity3137 , 13 (9%) with @entity29 ( @entity29 ) and 9 (6%) with other @entity21149 . The probability of survival was approximately 100%. At the end of the follow-up, the probability for weaning off of @entity3147 was 0.73 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.54-0.84] but varied according to the underlying cause of IF (for example, @entity5277 and @entity29 had a better prognosis). The median time until weaning off was 21 months [95% CI: 18-38 months]. Unfavourable prognostic factors for weaning off of @entity3147 included a bowel remnant of <40cm, the presence of <50% of the colon, and daily lipid intakes >1.5(g/kg d). Underlying disease was also associated with weaning off. CONCLUSION: @entity3147 is a safe therapeutic option for @entity1 with chronic IF requiring long-term nutritional management. Prognostic factors for weaning off of @entity3147 were identified and highlight the relevance of @entity5277 anatomy and @entity6841 caloric intake. The outcome of @entity1 on @entity3147 was primarily dependent on the underlying disease.

2097417

2097418

2097419

Weaning Off Prognosis Factors of Home Parenteral Nutrition for XXXX with Primary @entity21149 .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: To describe the indications for @entity3147 ( @entity3147 ) in @entity1 with @entity21149 ( @entity21149 ) and to identify factors associated with weaning off. METHODS: All @entity1 initially discharged on @entity3147 between 1/1/2000 and 31/12/2009 for chronic intestinal failure (IF) were included. The associations between clinical factors and weaning off of @entity3147 were assessed using a multivariable Cox regression model. RESULTS: Among the 151 @entity1 ( @entity1 =58%) included in this study, 98 (65%) presented with @entity5277 ( @entity5277 ), 17 (11%) with @entity4094 , 14 (9%) with @entity3137 , 13 (9%) with @entity29 ( @entity29 ) and 9 (6%) with other @entity21149 . The probability of survival was approximately 100%. At the end of the follow-up, the probability for weaning off of @entity3147 was 0.73 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.54-0.84] but varied according to the underlying cause of IF (for example, @entity5277 and @entity29 had a better prognosis). The median time until weaning off was 21 months [95% CI: 18-38 months]. Unfavourable prognostic factors for weaning off of @entity3147 included a bowel remnant of <40cm, the presence of <50% of the colon, and daily lipid intakes >1.5(g/kg d). Underlying disease was also associated with weaning off. CONCLUSION: @entity3147 is a safe therapeutic option for @entity1 with chronic IF requiring long-term nutritional management. Prognostic factors for weaning off of @entity3147 were identified and highlight the relevance of @entity5277 anatomy and @entity6841 caloric intake. The outcome of @entity1 on @entity3147 was primarily dependent on the underlying disease.

2097420

2097421

2097422

Polymerase Activity Is Linked to Replication Timing in XXXX : Evidence from Mutational Signatures.

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: Replication timing is an important determinant of germline mutation patterns, with a higher rate of point mutations in late replicating regions. Mechanisms underlying this association remain elusive. One of the suggested explanations is the activity of error-prone DNA polymerases in late-replicating regions. Polymerase zeta (pol ), an @entity2246 biased toward transversions, also has a tendency to produce dinucleotide mutations (DNMs), complex mutational events that simultaneously affect two adjacent @entity2036 . Experimental studies have shown that pol is strongly biased toward GC > AA/TT DNMs. Using primate divergence data, we show that the GC > AA/TT pol mutational signature is the most frequent among DNMs, and its rate exceeds the mean rate of other DNM types by a factor of approximately 10. Unlike the overall rate of DNMs, the pol signature drastically increases with the replication time in the @entity1 genome. Finally, the pol signature is enriched in transcribed regions, and there is a strong prevalence of GC > TT over GC > AA DNMs on the nontemplate strand, indicating association with transcription. A recurrently occurring GC > TT DNM in @entity8498 and @entity1367 genes causes the @entity25937 and @entity746 correspondently; we observe an approximately 1 kb long mutation hotspot enriched by transversions near these DNMs in both cases, suggesting a link between these diseases and pol activity. This study uncovers the genomic preferences of pol , shedding light on a novel cause of mutational heterogeneity along the genome.

2097423

2097424

2097425

Motor imagery reinforces brain compensation of reach-to-grasp movement after cervical XXXX .

multiple_choice

Individuals with cervical @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ) that causes @entity1688 are challenged with dramatic sensorimotor deficits. However, certain rehabilitation techniques may significantly enhance their autonomy by restoring reach-to-grasp movements. Among others, evidence of @entity1957 ( @entity1957 ) benefits for neurological rehabilitation of upper limb movements is growing. This literature review addresses @entity1957 effectiveness during reach-to-grasp rehabilitation after @entity1688 . Among articles from MEDLINE published between 1966 and 2015, we selected ten studies including 34 @entity1 with C4 to C7 @entity1688 and 22 healthy controls published during the last 15 years. We found that @entity1957 of possible non-paralyzed movements improved reach-to-grasp performance by: (i) increasing both tenodesis grasp capabilities and muscle strength; (ii) decreasing movement time (MT), and trajectory variability; and (iii) reducing the abnormally increased brain activity. @entity1957 can also strengthen motor commands by potentiating recruitment and synchronization of motoneurons, which leads to improved recovery. These improvements reflect brain adaptations induced by @entity1957 . Furthermore, @entity1957 can be used to control brain-computer interfaces (BCI) that successfully restore grasp capabilities. These results highlight the growing interest for @entity1957 and its potential to recover functional grasping in individuals with @entity1688 , and motivate the need for further studies to substantiate it.

2097426

2097427

2097428

What happened? Sexual consequences of XXXX and its treatment.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To describe the @entity263 and its treatments (prostatectomy, external beam radiation, brachytherapy, @entity342 deprivation therapy) and to suggest treatments for sexual side effects of these therapies. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: Most studies of the @entity263 treatments and studies of therapy for these side effects provide level II evidence. MAIN MESSAGE: Diagnosis of @entity263 in itself can cause @entity250 . All forms of treatment for this @entity5 cause serious sexual problems for @entity1 . Treatments for the @entity323 that results have varying success rates. Prostatectomy has been shown to cause @entity323 in 30% to 98% of @entity1 , depending on whether both, one, or neither nerve bundles was spared. Radiation therapy results in @entity323 in more than 70% of those treated; brachytherapy produces the least amount of @entity458 . Hormone ablation therapy has serious consequences: more than 80% of @entity1 report loss of erections at 1 year after therapy in addition to profound loss of libido. CONCLUSION: Family physicians are ideally placed to provide anticipatory guidance to @entity1 with @entity263 on the sexual consequences of both the @entity5 and its treatments. Family physicians can also assist @entity1 and their partners in managing these sexual side effects.

2097429

2097430

2097431

The effect of gaze-contingent XXXX on preference judgments.

multiple_choice

This study examined how @entity29082 ( @entity29082 ) in a preference judgment task affects observers' choices. Previous research suggests that biasing gaze toward one alternative can increase preference for it; this preference reciprocally promotes gaze bias. Shimojo et al. (2003) called this phenomenon the Gaze Cascade Effect. They showed that the likelihood that an observer's gaze was directed toward their chosen alternative increased steadily until the moment of choosing. Therefore, we tested whether observers would prefer an alternative at which they had been gazing last if both alternatives were removed prior to the start of this rising gaze likelihood. To test this, we used a preference judgment task and controlled stimulus presentation based on gaze using an eye-tracking system. A pair of non-sensical figures was presented on the computer screen and both stimuli were eliminated while @entity1 were still making their preference decision. The timing of the elimination differed between two experiments. In Experiment 1, after gazing at both stimuli one or more times, stimuli were removed when the @entity1 's gaze fell on one alternative, pre-selected as the target stimulus. There was no significant difference in the preference of the two alternatives. In Experiment 2, we did not predefine any target stimulus. After the @entity1 gazed at both stimuli one or more times, both stimuli were eliminated when the @entity1 next fixated on either. The likelihood of choosing the stimulus that was gazed at last (at the moment of elimination) was greater than chance. Results showed that controlling @entity1 ' choices using gaze-contingent @entity29082 was impossible, but the different results between these two experiments suggest that @entity1 decided which stimulus to choose during their first period of gazing at each alternative. Thus, we could predict @entity1 ' choices by analyzing eye movement patterns at the moment of @entity29082 .

2097432

2097433

2097434

A Right Middle Cerebral Artery Infarct After Frontal Eosinophilic Granuloma Resection in an 8-Year-Old @entity1 with XXXX .

multiple_choice

@entity64 in @entity1 is relatively uncommon. We describe an 8-year-old @entity1 diagnosed with primary @entity1712 ( @entity1712 ) of the frontal bone. After excision of the @entity1712 , the postoperative course was eventful. The @entity1 had an acute @entity2500 and had been comatose with a diminished Glasgow @entity772 Scale (GCS) score of 5. Urgent decompressive hemicraniectomy with duraplasty was performed. The postoperative course after the second operation was uneventful. Hematological tests revealed a diagnosis of @entity5337 . The @entity1 was discharged with @entity1269 and GCS of 15. To the best of our knowledge, no such clinical picture of @entity2500 after @entity1712 excision has been described before. Neurosurgeons should be aware of inherited @entity49 , such as @entity5337 , if the postoperative clinical course worsens because of @entity5892 . Also, decompressive hemicraniectomy could be life saving and should be performed urgently without any hesitation.

2097435

2097436

2097437

A Right Middle Cerebral Artery Infarct After Frontal Eosinophilic Granuloma Resection in an 8-Year-Old XXXX with @entity5337 .

multiple_choice

@entity64 in @entity1 is relatively uncommon. We describe an 8-year-old @entity1 diagnosed with primary @entity1712 ( @entity1712 ) of the frontal bone. After excision of the @entity1712 , the postoperative course was eventful. The @entity1 had an acute @entity2500 and had been comatose with a diminished Glasgow @entity772 Scale (GCS) score of 5. Urgent decompressive hemicraniectomy with duraplasty was performed. The postoperative course after the second operation was uneventful. Hematological tests revealed a diagnosis of @entity5337 . The @entity1 was discharged with @entity1269 and GCS of 15. To the best of our knowledge, no such clinical picture of @entity2500 after @entity1712 excision has been described before. Neurosurgeons should be aware of inherited @entity49 , such as @entity5337 , if the postoperative clinical course worsens because of @entity5892 . Also, decompressive hemicraniectomy could be life saving and should be performed urgently without any hesitation.

2097438

2097439

2097440

Serial Casting for XXXX : Radiographic Outcomes and Factors Associated With Response to Treatment.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Serial casting for early-onset @entity1635 has been shown to improve @entity85 . Our goal was to define clinical and radiographic features that determine response to treatment. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed @entity1 with @entity16391 with a minimum of 2-year follow-up. Inclusion criteria were: progressive @entity16391 and initial casting before 6 years of age. Two groups were analyzed and compared: group 1 (>= 10-degree improvement in Cobb angle from baseline) and group 2 (no improvement). RESULTS: Twenty-one @entity1 with an average Cobb angle of 48 degrees (range, 24 to 72 degrees) underwent initial casting at an average age of 2.1 years (range, 0.7 to 5.4 y). Average follow-up was 3.5 years (range, 2 to 6.9 y). Sex, age at initial casting, magnitude of @entity85 , and curve flexibility (defined as change in Cobb angle from pretreatment to first in-cast radiograph) were not significantly different between groups (P>0.05). Group 1 had a significantly higher body mass index (BMI) than group 2 at the onset of treatment (17.6 vs. 14.8, P<0.05). Univariate analysis of demographic, radiographic, and treatment factors revealed that only BMI was predictive of Cobb improvement (P=0.04; odds ratio=2.38). Group 1 (n=15) had a significantly lower Cobb angle (21 vs. 56 degrees) and rib vertebral angle difference (13 vs. 25 degrees) compared with group 2 at latest follow-up (P<0.05). A significantly larger proportion of @entity1 who were casted at less than 1.8 years of age had a Cobb angle <20 degrees at latest follow-up (P=0.03). Group 2 maintained stable clinical and radiograph parameters from pretreatment to most recent follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: To maintain a homogeneous cohort, we excluded @entity1 with @entity245 . We believe that analyzing a homogeneous group provides more meaningful results than if we studied a heterogeneous sample. BMI was significantly associated with outcome such that for each unit increase in BMI, there is a 2.38* increase in the chance of improvement. Curve flexibility was similar between groups, which suggest that the amount of correction obtained at initial casting does not confirm treatment success. Key aspects of treatment that may determine success include age of less than 1.8 years at initiation of casting and derotation of the spine to correct rib vertebral angle difference of <20 degrees. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-Therapeutic.

2097441

2097442

2097443

Ghrelin and XXXX Have a Complex Relationship with Risk of Barrett's Esophagus.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity1144 is a risk factor for @entity355 independent of @entity354 symptoms, but little is understood about the biological mechanisms between @entity28 and the carcinogenic pathway of @entity420 . AIMS: To evaluate whether ghrelin and @entity1243 may partially explain the association between @entity28 and @entity355 . METHODS: We conducted a case-control study using @entity1 with a new diagnosis of @entity355 (cases) and two control groups frequency matched to cases for age, gender, and geographic region: (1) @entity1 with @entity354 ( @entity354 ) and (2) a sample of the general population. We generated odds ratios using logistic regressions to evaluate quartiles of serum ghrelin or serum @entity1243 , adjusting for known risk factors for @entity355 . We evaluated potential interaction variables using cross products and ran stratified analyses to generate stratum-specific odds ratios. RESULTS: A total of 886 @entity1 were included in the analysis. Higher ghrelin concentrations were associated with an increased risk of @entity355 , when compared to the population controls, but not the @entity354 controls. Ghrelin concentrations were not associated with the frequency of @entity354 symptoms, but ghrelin's relationship with @entity355 varied significantly with the frequency of @entity354 symptoms. @entity1243 concentrations were positively associated with at least weekly @entity354 symptoms among the population controls and were inversely associated with @entity355 only among the @entity354 controls. Adjusting for waist circumference did not change the main associations. CONCLUSION: Higher levels of ghrelin were associated with an increased risk of @entity355 among the general population. In contrast, @entity1243 was positively associated with frequent @entity354 symptoms, but inversely associated with the risk of @entity355 among the @entity354 controls.

2097444

2097445

2097446

Long-term treatment with rituximab in severe @entity4932 -associated XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To evaluate retrospectively the long-term efficacy of rituximab in @entity1 with severe @entity4932 ( @entity4932 )-associated @entity1596 . METHODS: Eight @entity1 (15 eyes) with severe and longstanding @entity4932 @entity1596 , who had an inadequate response in controlling @entity1596 to one or more biologic agents including @entity5 factor blockers and abatacept, received @entity2408 therapy. Rituximab was given at a dose of 1000 mg per infusion on days 1 and 15 and then every 6 months. Clinical responses to treatment, including decrease in @entity1596 activity, visual acuity changes, reduction of concomitant local and systemic @entity228 and/or immunosuppressants, and occurrence of adverse events, were assessed. RESULTS: Eight @entity1 with a mean SD age of 22.8 5.5 years were treated. The mean ocular disease duration was 17.7 years; the mean SD follow-up time on rituximab was 44.75 4.9 months; and the mean number of rituximab infusions received was 8.75 (range 6-12). All @entity1 achieved complete control of @entity1596 , but in two @entity1 rituximab was discontinued due to inefficacy in treating @entity625 . The decrease in @entity1596 activity was evident 4-5 months after the first infusion. Systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressants used in association with rituximab were discontinued in five @entity1 at the end of follow-up. None of the @entity1 experienced visual worsening during the follow-up. No @entity532 were encountered. CONCLUSIONS: Rituximab may be a promising effective treatment option for refractory @entity1596 associated with @entity4932 leading to long-term quiescence of @entity1596 , particularly for @entity1 who have not previously responded to other biologic therapies.

2097447

2097448

2097449

Long-term treatment with rituximab in severe XXXX -associated @entity1596 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To evaluate retrospectively the long-term efficacy of rituximab in @entity1 with severe @entity4932 ( @entity4932 )-associated @entity1596 . METHODS: Eight @entity1 (15 eyes) with severe and longstanding @entity4932 @entity1596 , who had an inadequate response in controlling @entity1596 to one or more biologic agents including @entity5 factor blockers and abatacept, received @entity2408 therapy. Rituximab was given at a dose of 1000 mg per infusion on days 1 and 15 and then every 6 months. Clinical responses to treatment, including decrease in @entity1596 activity, visual acuity changes, reduction of concomitant local and systemic @entity228 and/or immunosuppressants, and occurrence of adverse events, were assessed. RESULTS: Eight @entity1 with a mean SD age of 22.8 5.5 years were treated. The mean ocular disease duration was 17.7 years; the mean SD follow-up time on rituximab was 44.75 4.9 months; and the mean number of rituximab infusions received was 8.75 (range 6-12). All @entity1 achieved complete control of @entity1596 , but in two @entity1 rituximab was discontinued due to inefficacy in treating @entity625 . The decrease in @entity1596 activity was evident 4-5 months after the first infusion. Systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressants used in association with rituximab were discontinued in five @entity1 at the end of follow-up. None of the @entity1 experienced visual worsening during the follow-up. No @entity532 were encountered. CONCLUSIONS: Rituximab may be a promising effective treatment option for refractory @entity1596 associated with @entity4932 leading to long-term quiescence of @entity1596 , particularly for @entity1 who have not previously responded to other biologic therapies.

2097450

2097451

2097452

Characterisation and imaging of cortical impedance changes during interictal and ictal activity in the anaesthetised XXXX .

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: Epilepsy affects approximately 50 million @entity1 worldwide, and 20-30% of these cases are refractory to antiepileptic drugs. Many @entity1 with @entity302 can benefit from surgical resection of the tissue generating the @entity410 ; however, difficulty in precisely localising @entity410 foci has limited the number of @entity1 undergoing surgery as well as potentially lowered its effectiveness. Here we demonstrate a novel imaging method for monitoring rapid changes in cerebral tissue impedance occurring during interictal and ictal activity, and show that it can reveal the propagation of pathological activity in the cortex. Cortical impedance was recorded simultaneously to ECoG using a 30-contact electrode mat placed on the exposed cortex of anaesthetised @entity35 , in which interictal spikes (IISs) and @entity410 were induced by cortical injection of @entity973 ( @entity974 ), @entity5094 or @entity114 . We characterised the tissue impedance responses during IISs and @entity410 , and imaged these responses in the cortex using Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT). We found a fast, transient drop in impedance occurring as early as 12ms prior to the IISs, followed by a steep rise in impedance within ~120ms of the IIS. EIT images of these impedance changes showed that they were co-localised and centred at a depth of 1mm in the cortex, and that they closely followed the activity propagation observed in the surface ECoG signals. The fast, pre-IIS impedance drop most likely reflects synchronised depolarisation in a localised network of neurons, and the post-IIS impedance increase reflects the subsequent shrinkage of extracellular space caused by the intense activity. EIT could also be used to picture a steady rise in tissue impedance during @entity410 activity, which has been previously described. Thus, our results demonstrate that EIT can detect and localise different physiological changes during interictal and ictal activity and, in conjunction with ECoG, may in future improve the localisation of @entity410 foci in the clinical setting.

2097453

2097454

2097455

High prevalence of differentiated XXXX in @entity2012 .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: @entity2012 is a @entity102 caused by increased GH secretion and associated with a greater risk of developing both benign and @entity5 . In the present study we evaluated the prevalence of @entity1374 and @entity1374 in a series of acromegalic subjects. DESIGN AND @entity1 : We studied, retrospectively, a continuous series of 125 acromegalic @entity1 referred to the Endocrinology Centres at the University Hospitals of @entity21880 and Ferrara, Italy, over a 22-year period. MEASUREMENTS: Diagnosis and management of @entity2012 were based on standardized criteria. In all @entity1 thyroid function and morphology were evaluated by serum free T4, free T3, TSH measurements and ultrasound scanning, respectively. @entity400 ( @entity400 ) was performed in all solid-mixed thyroid nodules of diameter greater than 1 cm. @entity442 expression was assessed by semiquantitative immunohistochemical analysis in some @entity1 with @entity259 . RESULTS: @entity1374 was found in eight cases (6%). A @entity4383 was present in 102 cases (82%). Thyroidectomy was performed in 17 @entity1 . Histological examination revealed a @entity259 in seven of the @entity1 . No significant association of @entity259 with GH or @entity442 levels was found. Semiquantitative assessment of @entity442 expression by immunohistochemistry revealed a more intense staining in @entity259 from acromegalic subjects than in @entity3557 from nonacromegalic subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of @entity1374 in our series of acromegalic subjects was similar to that previously observed in these @entity1 . However, the prevalence of @entity259 was not only strikingly elevated (5.6%) in comparison to the estimated prevalence in the general population (0.093%), but it was even higher than that reported for acromegalic subjects. Sustained exposure to high serum @entity442 levels is likely to play a role in the development of @entity259 in this disease. An additive role for the autocrine/paracrine action of locally produced @entity442 is also possible. Our results suggest that thyroid function and morphology should be carefully monitored in all acromegalic @entity1 .

2097456

2097457

2097458

High prevalence of differentiated @entity259 in XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: @entity2012 is a @entity102 caused by increased GH secretion and associated with a greater risk of developing both benign and @entity5 . In the present study we evaluated the prevalence of @entity1374 and @entity1374 in a series of acromegalic subjects. DESIGN AND @entity1 : We studied, retrospectively, a continuous series of 125 acromegalic @entity1 referred to the Endocrinology Centres at the University Hospitals of @entity21880 and Ferrara, Italy, over a 22-year period. MEASUREMENTS: Diagnosis and management of @entity2012 were based on standardized criteria. In all @entity1 thyroid function and morphology were evaluated by serum free T4, free T3, TSH measurements and ultrasound scanning, respectively. @entity400 ( @entity400 ) was performed in all solid-mixed thyroid nodules of diameter greater than 1 cm. @entity442 expression was assessed by semiquantitative immunohistochemical analysis in some @entity1 with @entity259 . RESULTS: @entity1374 was found in eight cases (6%). A @entity4383 was present in 102 cases (82%). Thyroidectomy was performed in 17 @entity1 . Histological examination revealed a @entity259 in seven of the @entity1 . No significant association of @entity259 with GH or @entity442 levels was found. Semiquantitative assessment of @entity442 expression by immunohistochemistry revealed a more intense staining in @entity259 from acromegalic subjects than in @entity3557 from nonacromegalic subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of @entity1374 in our series of acromegalic subjects was similar to that previously observed in these @entity1 . However, the prevalence of @entity259 was not only strikingly elevated (5.6%) in comparison to the estimated prevalence in the general population (0.093%), but it was even higher than that reported for acromegalic subjects. Sustained exposure to high serum @entity442 levels is likely to play a role in the development of @entity259 in this disease. An additive role for the autocrine/paracrine action of locally produced @entity442 is also possible. Our results suggest that thyroid function and morphology should be carefully monitored in all acromegalic @entity1 .

2097459

2097460

2097461

Hyperorality in XXXX : periictal incomplete Kl ver-Bucy syndrome.

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: To analyze systematically hyperorality associated with @entity302 and its relation to the localization of @entity302 activity. METHODS: To identify @entity1 with periictal hyperorality, we reviewed video-recordings of 269 @entity1 (aged 6-59 years) who had consecutively undergone presurgical evaluations including ictal video-EEG recordings and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and had had @entity302 surgery because of intractable frontal ( @entity4940 ) or @entity1315 ( @entity1315 ). Periictal hyperorality was defined if @entity1 put or unambiguously intended to put nonfood items into their mouths during or after at least one of the reviewed @entity410 . For the further analysis, we included only @entity1 with periictal hyperorality. We reviewed their medical records and reexamined their ictal video-EEG recordings. RESULTS: We identified eight @entity1 (six @entity1 ) aged 8-59 years who had hyperorality during or after @entity410 . Seven @entity1 had @entity1315 , and one @entity1 had @entity4940 ( @entity4940 ). Three of these @entity1 underwent right-sided surgery, whereas five @entity1 had surgery on the left. Three @entity1 exhibited ictal and five showed postictal hyperorality. Interictal EEG suggested bilateral @entity302 ( @entity302 ) in three @entity1 ; in two other @entity1 , no @entity302 were detected. Ictal EEG suggested bilateral involvement in six cases. @entity1 with @entity302 had left @entity1315 . CONCLUSIONS: Periictal hyperorality is a rare phenomenon occurring in 3% of the investigated @entity302 population. We suggest that periictal hyperorality is an @entity146 , an incomplete Kl ver-Bucy syndrome. In most @entity1 , bilateral @entity410 activity plays an important role in the pathomechanism, but it would appear that left-sided @entity302 activity without contralateral involvement also can cause periictal hyperorality.

2097462

2097463

2097464

A molecular analysis by gene expression profiling reveals @entity24272 / @entity24272 overexpression in sporadic XXXX samples of Mexican females.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity0 is one of the most frequent causes of @entity204 in Mexican @entity1 over 35 years of age. At molecular level, changes in many @entity74 have been reported as associated with this @entity5 . To analyze these changes, we determined gene expression profiles of @entity5 from Mexican @entity1 with @entity0 at different stages and compared these with those of normal breast tissue samples. METHODS: 32P-radiolabeled cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription of mRNA from fresh sporadic @entity0 biopsies, as well as normal breast tissue. cDNA probes were hybridized to microarrays and expression levels registered using a phosphorimager. Expression levels of some genes were validated by real time RT-PCR and immunohistochemical assays. RESULTS: We identified two subgroups of @entity5 according to their expression profiles, probably related with @entity5 progression. Ten genes, unexpressed in normal tissue, were turned on in some @entity5 . We found consistent high expression of @entity24272 gene in 14/15 @entity5 with predominant cytoplasmic distribution. CONCLUSION: Recently, the product of the @entity24272 gene has been associated with tumoral reversion in different neoplasic cell lines, and was proposed as therapy to induce apoptosis in @entity5 , including @entity0 . Even though a relationship among genes, for example those from a particular pathway, can be observed through microarrays, this relationship might not be sufficient to assign a definitive role to @entity24272 in development and progression of the @entity5 . The findings herein reported deserve further investigation.

2097465

2097466

2097467

A molecular analysis by gene expression profiling reveals XXXX / @entity24272 overexpression in sporadic @entity0 samples of Mexican females.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity0 is one of the most frequent causes of @entity204 in Mexican @entity1 over 35 years of age. At molecular level, changes in many @entity74 have been reported as associated with this @entity5 . To analyze these changes, we determined gene expression profiles of @entity5 from Mexican @entity1 with @entity0 at different stages and compared these with those of normal breast tissue samples. METHODS: 32P-radiolabeled cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription of mRNA from fresh sporadic @entity0 biopsies, as well as normal breast tissue. cDNA probes were hybridized to microarrays and expression levels registered using a phosphorimager. Expression levels of some genes were validated by real time RT-PCR and immunohistochemical assays. RESULTS: We identified two subgroups of @entity5 according to their expression profiles, probably related with @entity5 progression. Ten genes, unexpressed in normal tissue, were turned on in some @entity5 . We found consistent high expression of @entity24272 gene in 14/15 @entity5 with predominant cytoplasmic distribution. CONCLUSION: Recently, the product of the @entity24272 gene has been associated with tumoral reversion in different neoplasic cell lines, and was proposed as therapy to induce apoptosis in @entity5 , including @entity0 . Even though a relationship among genes, for example those from a particular pathway, can be observed through microarrays, this relationship might not be sufficient to assign a definitive role to @entity24272 in development and progression of the @entity5 . The findings herein reported deserve further investigation.

2097468

2097469

2097470

A molecular analysis by gene expression profiling reveals @entity24272 / XXXX overexpression in sporadic @entity0 samples of Mexican females.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity0 is one of the most frequent causes of @entity204 in Mexican @entity1 over 35 years of age. At molecular level, changes in many @entity74 have been reported as associated with this @entity5 . To analyze these changes, we determined gene expression profiles of @entity5 from Mexican @entity1 with @entity0 at different stages and compared these with those of normal breast tissue samples. METHODS: 32P-radiolabeled cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription of mRNA from fresh sporadic @entity0 biopsies, as well as normal breast tissue. cDNA probes were hybridized to microarrays and expression levels registered using a phosphorimager. Expression levels of some genes were validated by real time RT-PCR and immunohistochemical assays. RESULTS: We identified two subgroups of @entity5 according to their expression profiles, probably related with @entity5 progression. Ten genes, unexpressed in normal tissue, were turned on in some @entity5 . We found consistent high expression of @entity24272 gene in 14/15 @entity5 with predominant cytoplasmic distribution. CONCLUSION: Recently, the product of the @entity24272 gene has been associated with tumoral reversion in different neoplasic cell lines, and was proposed as therapy to induce apoptosis in @entity5 , including @entity0 . Even though a relationship among genes, for example those from a particular pathway, can be observed through microarrays, this relationship might not be sufficient to assign a definitive role to @entity24272 in development and progression of the @entity5 . The findings herein reported deserve further investigation.

2097471

2097472

2097473

Application of iodinated starch powder using an atomizer spray gun - a new and effective tool to evaluate XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity3797 is defined as diminished sweating in response to an appropriate thermal or sympathetic stimulus. When encountered in a clinical setting, it necessitates an accurate documentation of its pattern and extent to prognosticate the risk of associated heat-related illnesses. This can be achieved by thermoregulatory sweat testing which includes a starch- @entity1496 sweat test that can be administered via various methods. OBJECTIVE: To describe and evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a novel method of using an atomizer spray gun in administering the starch- @entity1496 test. METHODS: We describe the administration of the starch- @entity1496 test via an atomizer spray gun (Series 700 Lab Model; Mitsuba Systems, Mumbai, India). The method was utilized for the evaluation of 30 individuals who presented with symptoms of @entity3797 . RESULTS: Application of iodinated starch powder prepared in-house with the atomizer spray gun achieved a lightweight and homogeneous coat on our @entity1 ' skin which allowed for clear visualization of the sweating pattern in areas of @entity3797 . The sharp demarcation of the pathological regions enabled the precise calculation of the affected body surface area of impaired sweating. Unlike the starch- @entity1496 tests using the Minor and Wada methods, neither staining of the skin nor irritation was detected in this method. CONCLUSION: We report a novel method of using an atomizer spray gun to perform the starch- @entity1496 test in a rapid, reproducible, effective, and safe manner suitable for use in the clinical evaluation of @entity3797 .

2097474

2097475

2097476

Extracranial, peritoneal seeding of primary malignant brain tumors through ventriculo-peritoneal shunts in XXXX : Case report and review of the literature.

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: @entity5033 ( @entity5033 ) have been implicated as a source of the extraneural spread of a wide variety of @entity1221 . The purpose is to review the literature on peritoneal seeding of @entity1221 from @entity5033 in the context of a case report. METHODS: Medline was searched using the phrase 'peritoneal seeding ventriculoperitoneal shunt'. Inclusion criteria included @entity1 (<18 years) with evidence of peritoneal seeding from @entity5033 . RESULTS: Search of the literature revealed a final total of 22 articles and a total of 28 @entity1 . CASE REPORT: A 7-year-old @entity1 presented with intermittent @entity391 , @entity10 , @entity3917 ; a 4.4 cm left thalamic mass ( @entity463 multiforme) was found. Occipital @entity5033 catheters were placed for increasing @entity1276 and the @entity1 developed @entity1661 and @entity158 . Computed tomography revealed @entity843 and the @entity1 was diagnosed clinically with peritoneal metastases. DISCUSSION: Our case report and literature review revealed 28 cases of @entity1221 demonstrating evidence of extraneural spread associated with @entity5033 in @entity1 in a wide variety of @entity5 . Larger studies are required to evaluate @entity5033 as potential risk factors for peritoneal seeding and familiarity with potential @entity5033 -related peritoneal seeding is important for diagnostic consideration.

2097477

2097478

2097479

XXXX Presenting With Bilateral Vocal Cord Immobility: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To present a case of bilateral vocal cord immobility (BVCI) in a @entity1 with @entity2012 and review the current literature describing this presentation. DESIGN: Case report and literature review. SETTING: Academic tertiary care center. METHODS: English language literature search of online journal databases. RESULTS: A 56-year-old @entity1 presented with 3 months of progressive stridor and @entity1353 . Transnasal flexible endoscopy revealed BVCI. A tracheostomy was performed to secure his airway. Further history was suggestive of @entity2012 and imaging demonstrated a @entity4611 . The diagnosis of @entity2012 was made. The @entity1 was treated with @entity2390 followed by an endoscopic trans sphenoidal resection of the @entity977 . Sixteen months after his initial presentation, a right laser arytenoidectomy was performed and the @entity1 was subsequently decannulated. In the literature to date, 11 cases of BVCI in @entity2012 have been reported. These @entity1 often present with stridor and require a tracheostomy. With treatment of their @entity2012 , these @entity1 may regain @entity3746 and may be decannulated. CONCLUSION: @entity2012 with BVCI is a rare presentation. Acute management of the airway of @entity1 with @entity2012 presenting with BVCI typically requires a tracheostomy. A period of 15 months should be allowed for restoration of @entity3746 before airway opening procedures are considered.

2097480

2097481

2097482

Mutant XXXX reveal the molecular and cellular basis for specific sensory connections to inner ear epithelia and primary nuclei of the brain.

multiple_choice

We review the in vivo evidence for afferent fiber guidance to the @entity389 and the central nuclei of termination. Specifically, we highlight our current molecular understanding for the role of hair cells and sensory epithelia in guiding afferents, how disruption of certain signals can alter fiber pathways, even in the presence of normal hair cells, and what role neurotrophins play in fiber guidance of sensory neurons to hair cells. The data suggest that the neurotrophin @entity9140 is the most important molecule known for inner ear afferent fiber guidance to hair cells in vivo. This suggestion is based on experiments on @entity68003 @entity19 expressing @entity9140 under @entity68003 promoter that show deviations of fiber growth in the ear to areas that express @entity9140 but have no hair cells. However, fiber growth can occur in the absence of @entity9140 as demonstrated by double mutants for @entity9140 and @entity1380 . We directly tested the significance of hair cells or sensory epithelia for fiber guidance in mutants that lose hair cells ( @entity16161 ) or do not form a posterior crista ( @entity25934 ). While these data emphasize the role played by @entity9140 , normally released from hair cells, there is some limited capacity for directed growth even in the absence of hair cells, @entity9140 , or sensory epithelia. This directed growth may rely on semaphorins or other matrix proteins because targeted ablation of the sema3 docking site on the sema receptor @entity68004 results in targeting errors of fibers even in the presence of hair cells and @entity9140 . Overall, our data support the notion that targeting of the afferent processes in the ear is molecularly distinct from targeting processes in the central nuclei. This conclusion is derived from data that show no recognizable central projection deviation, even if fibers are massively rerouted in the periphery, as in @entity68003 (tgBDNF) @entity19 in which vestibular fibers project to the cochlea.

2097483

2097484

2097485

XXXX associated with discontinuation of @entity1229 therapy for @entity955 .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the association between @entity1229 discontinuation and @entity64 among @entity1 with @entity955 ( @entity955 ). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational study of adult @entity955 @entity1 (>= 18 years) who were on @entity1229 in the Truven MarketScan commercial claims and encounters and Medicare supplemental and coordination of benefits databases (1 January 2008 to 30 June 2012). @entity1229 discontinuation was defined as a gap of >= 45 days in @entity1229 prescription within 1 year after initiation. @entity1 who did and did not discontinue @entity1229 were matched at a 1:1 ratio using a propensity score method. Matched @entity1 were followed for up to 1 year to determine risks of @entity385 , @entity63 ( @entity63 ), and @entity64 . A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to further adjust for the effects of potential confounders. RESULTS: A total of 27,000 @entity1 were included. @entity1 who discontinued @entity1229 had higher rates of @entity385 compared to persistent @entity1 (1.0 vs. 0.5 per 100 @entity1 years, P < 0.01), but similar rates of @entity63 (1.2 vs. 0.9 per 100 @entity1 years, respectively; P = 0.07) and @entity64 (0.3 vs. 0.2 per 100 @entity1 years, P = 0.31). After adjustment for potential confounders, @entity1229 discontinuation was significantly associated with increased risk of @entity385 (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.47-2.84), @entity63 (HR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.04-1.78), and @entity385 or @entity63 (HR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.20-1.87). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1229 discontinuation is associated with increased risk of @entity385 and @entity63 . Health care providers may need to take a more active role in the management of @entity1229 discontinuation and clinical outcomes, e.g., by considering newer anticoagulants with favorable risk-benefit profiles. Key limitations of the study include unavailability of important clinical factors and measures in claims data.

2097486

2097487

2097488

@entity64 associated with discontinuation of @entity1229 therapy for XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the association between @entity1229 discontinuation and @entity64 among @entity1 with @entity955 ( @entity955 ). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational study of adult @entity955 @entity1 (>= 18 years) who were on @entity1229 in the Truven MarketScan commercial claims and encounters and Medicare supplemental and coordination of benefits databases (1 January 2008 to 30 June 2012). @entity1229 discontinuation was defined as a gap of >= 45 days in @entity1229 prescription within 1 year after initiation. @entity1 who did and did not discontinue @entity1229 were matched at a 1:1 ratio using a propensity score method. Matched @entity1 were followed for up to 1 year to determine risks of @entity385 , @entity63 ( @entity63 ), and @entity64 . A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to further adjust for the effects of potential confounders. RESULTS: A total of 27,000 @entity1 were included. @entity1 who discontinued @entity1229 had higher rates of @entity385 compared to persistent @entity1 (1.0 vs. 0.5 per 100 @entity1 years, P < 0.01), but similar rates of @entity63 (1.2 vs. 0.9 per 100 @entity1 years, respectively; P = 0.07) and @entity64 (0.3 vs. 0.2 per 100 @entity1 years, P = 0.31). After adjustment for potential confounders, @entity1229 discontinuation was significantly associated with increased risk of @entity385 (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.47-2.84), @entity63 (HR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.04-1.78), and @entity385 or @entity63 (HR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.20-1.87). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1229 discontinuation is associated with increased risk of @entity385 and @entity63 . Health care providers may need to take a more active role in the management of @entity1229 discontinuation and clinical outcomes, e.g., by considering newer anticoagulants with favorable risk-benefit profiles. Key limitations of the study include unavailability of important clinical factors and measures in claims data.

2097489

2097490

2097491

@entity64 associated with discontinuation of XXXX therapy for @entity955 .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the association between @entity1229 discontinuation and @entity64 among @entity1 with @entity955 ( @entity955 ). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational study of adult @entity955 @entity1 (>= 18 years) who were on @entity1229 in the Truven MarketScan commercial claims and encounters and Medicare supplemental and coordination of benefits databases (1 January 2008 to 30 June 2012). @entity1229 discontinuation was defined as a gap of >= 45 days in @entity1229 prescription within 1 year after initiation. @entity1 who did and did not discontinue @entity1229 were matched at a 1:1 ratio using a propensity score method. Matched @entity1 were followed for up to 1 year to determine risks of @entity385 , @entity63 ( @entity63 ), and @entity64 . A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to further adjust for the effects of potential confounders. RESULTS: A total of 27,000 @entity1 were included. @entity1 who discontinued @entity1229 had higher rates of @entity385 compared to persistent @entity1 (1.0 vs. 0.5 per 100 @entity1 years, P < 0.01), but similar rates of @entity63 (1.2 vs. 0.9 per 100 @entity1 years, respectively; P = 0.07) and @entity64 (0.3 vs. 0.2 per 100 @entity1 years, P = 0.31). After adjustment for potential confounders, @entity1229 discontinuation was significantly associated with increased risk of @entity385 (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.47-2.84), @entity63 (HR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.04-1.78), and @entity385 or @entity63 (HR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.20-1.87). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1229 discontinuation is associated with increased risk of @entity385 and @entity63 . Health care providers may need to take a more active role in the management of @entity1229 discontinuation and clinical outcomes, e.g., by considering newer anticoagulants with favorable risk-benefit profiles. Key limitations of the study include unavailability of important clinical factors and measures in claims data.

2097492

2097493

2097494

XXXX Inhibits y-Secretase Proteolytic Activity in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity1068 ( @entity167 ) inhibits Notch-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, an event that is key in vessel remodeling and @entity731 . The object of this study was to determine whether @entity167 inhibits Notch signaling in SMC at the level of y-secretase, a protease that in concert with a-secretase catalyzes the release of the intracellular domain of the Notch receptor necessary for signaling. METHODS: @entity1 coronary artery SMCs (HCASMCs) were treated with a recombinant soluble Notch ligand, @entity22491 ( @entity22491 ) (2 g/ml), or transfected with a constitutively active Notch 1 intracellular domain (N1ICD), in the absence or presence of @entity167 . @entity167 (25 mM) treatment inhibited @entity22491 -stimulated @entity4853 / @entity4853 -dependent promoter activity (determined by luciferase assay) and downstream target gene @entity12447 mRNA levels. In contrast, @entity167 had no effect on N1ICD-driven @entity4853 / @entity4853 -dependent promoter activity or @entity12447 expression. RESULTS: These data suggest that @entity167 inhibits Notch signaling at, or prior to, Notch intracellular domain (NICD) generation. y-Secretase activity was determined in solubilized membrane preparations from HCASMC treated with/without @entity167 (25 mM) or the y-secretase inhibitor @entity39629 (20 M) using (i) a fluorometric assay and (ii) Western blot detection of cleavage products using a Flag-tagged Notch-based substrate, N100Flag. @entity167 inhibited basal and @entity22491 -stimulated y-secretase activity, and SMC growth to a similar extent as DAPT, whereas it had no effect on a-secretase ( @entity3375 / @entity3375 ) activity also determined by fluorometric assay. Moreover, @entity167 treatment inhibited the expression of @entity5689 , a lipid raft protein implicated in regulating y-secretase activity, and altered its cellular distribution in HCASMC. CONCLUSIONS: @entity167 inhibits Notch signaling in vascular SMCs at the level of y-secretase activity, possibly by affecting lipid raft function. Such a response might be expected to result in attenuation of pathologic vessel remodeling and thus may contribute to moderate @entity4313 ' cardioprotective effects.

2097495

2097496

2097497

The role of interstitial brachytherapy using template in locally advanced gynecological XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: Brachytherapy plays a major role in the treatment of @entity1 with @entity189 . However, routine intracavitary brachytherapy may not be feasible or adequate to treat locally advanced disease. The purpose of this prospective study was to assess treatment outcome for @entity1 with locally advanced gynecological @entity5 treated with interstitial brachytherapy using Martinez Universal Perineal Interstitial Template (MUPIT) and to study the acute and late sequelae after treatment by this technique. METHODS: Thirty previously untreated @entity1 with histologically confirmed @entity189 (20 @entity1 ), vault (7 @entity1 ), and vagina (3 @entity1 ) were treated by a combination of external beam radiotherapy using megavoltage irradiation to the pelvis to a dose of 4000 to 5000 cGy followed by interstitial brachytherapy using MUPIT between June 2000 to August 2001 at Gujarat @entity5 and Research Institute, Ahmedabad. Only those @entity1 who were found unsuitable for conventional brachytherapy or in whom intracavitary radiotherapy was found to be unlikely to encompass the @entity5 volume were treated with interstitial template brachytherapy using MUPIT applicator and were enrolled for this study. Criteria for inclusion in this study were as follows: Hemoglobin--minimum 10 gm%; Performance Status--70% or more (Karnofsky Scale); Histopathological confirmation; FIGO Stage--IIb-IIIb (excluding frozen pelvis). RESULTS: Among the 30 @entity1 studied, 4 lost to follow-up and they were excluded from the study. With a median follow up of 9 months, local control was achieved in (20/26) 76.92% @entity1 . The local control was better for nonbulky @entity5 compared to bulky @entity5 irrespective of stage of disease. Local control rate was better in @entity1 with good regression of disease after EBRT. The time gap between EBRT and implant also had an impact on the outcome. CONCLUSION: Interstitial template brachytherapy by MUPIT is a good alternative to deliver high-dose radiation in locally advanced gynecological @entity5 where conventional brachytherapy application is either not feasible or unlikely to encompass @entity5 volume adequately. The locoregional control obtained is definitely better than external beam therapy alone and within the accepted range of complications. However, long-term follow-up is needed to comment on late morbidities.

2097498

2097499

2097500

Pattern of cardiac surveillance among @entity1 with @entity706 receiving XXXX -based chemotherapy.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: @entity8253 are potent antineoplastic agents in the treatment of @entity706 , but their therapeutic benefit is limited by @entity1370 . The @entity299 ( @entity299 ) recommends routine surveillance, early diagnosis and treatment of @entity5948 -based chemotherapy (AC) induced @entity296 (AC-CMP). We aimed to assess the prevalence of AC-CMP in @entity1 with @entity706 , surveillance patterns of @entity1002 ( @entity1002 ) in those receiving AC and management of @entity1 with AC-CMP at an academic medical centre prior to the development of a comprehensive cardio-oncology programme. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study examining 218 @entity1 with @entity1892 ( @entity1892 ) who received AC 1992-2012 and had serial follow-up. AC-CMP was defined as @entity1002 decrease >= 10% with final @entity1002 <=50% or @entity1002 reduction >= 15% regardless of final @entity1002 . RESULTS: Of 218 @entity1 treated with AC, 73 (34%) had @entity1002 assessment both prior to and after receiving AC. Of these 73 @entity1 , 24 developed AC-CMP and had higher cumulative all-cause mortality than those without AC-CMP (HR 2.35, p=0.03). @entity453 ( @entity453 ) was an independent predictor of AC-CMP (p=0.048). Mean post-AC @entity1002 was lower in @entity1 with @entity453 compared with those without @entity453 when their baseline @entity1002 was 45% (p=0.0009) or 55% (p=0.001) but was similar at 65% (p=0.33). Less than half of @entity1 with AC-CMP received recommended heart failure medication therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Historically, one-third of @entity1 with @entity1892 treated with AC underwent surveillance according to @entity299 guidelines. There is substantial opportunity for collaboration between oncologists and cardiologists to improve the care of @entity1 with @entity706 receiving AC.

2097501

2097502

2097503

Pattern of cardiac surveillance among @entity1 with XXXX receiving @entity5948 -based chemotherapy.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: @entity8253 are potent antineoplastic agents in the treatment of @entity706 , but their therapeutic benefit is limited by @entity1370 . The @entity299 ( @entity299 ) recommends routine surveillance, early diagnosis and treatment of @entity5948 -based chemotherapy (AC) induced @entity296 (AC-CMP). We aimed to assess the prevalence of AC-CMP in @entity1 with @entity706 , surveillance patterns of @entity1002 ( @entity1002 ) in those receiving AC and management of @entity1 with AC-CMP at an academic medical centre prior to the development of a comprehensive cardio-oncology programme. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study examining 218 @entity1 with @entity1892 ( @entity1892 ) who received AC 1992-2012 and had serial follow-up. AC-CMP was defined as @entity1002 decrease >= 10% with final @entity1002 <=50% or @entity1002 reduction >= 15% regardless of final @entity1002 . RESULTS: Of 218 @entity1 treated with AC, 73 (34%) had @entity1002 assessment both prior to and after receiving AC. Of these 73 @entity1 , 24 developed AC-CMP and had higher cumulative all-cause mortality than those without AC-CMP (HR 2.35, p=0.03). @entity453 ( @entity453 ) was an independent predictor of AC-CMP (p=0.048). Mean post-AC @entity1002 was lower in @entity1 with @entity453 compared with those without @entity453 when their baseline @entity1002 was 45% (p=0.0009) or 55% (p=0.001) but was similar at 65% (p=0.33). Less than half of @entity1 with AC-CMP received recommended heart failure medication therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Historically, one-third of @entity1 with @entity1892 treated with AC underwent surveillance according to @entity299 guidelines. There is substantial opportunity for collaboration between oncologists and cardiologists to improve the care of @entity1 with @entity706 receiving AC.

2097504

2097505

2097506

Pattern of cardiac surveillance among XXXX with @entity706 receiving @entity5948 -based chemotherapy.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: @entity8253 are potent antineoplastic agents in the treatment of @entity706 , but their therapeutic benefit is limited by @entity1370 . The @entity299 ( @entity299 ) recommends routine surveillance, early diagnosis and treatment of @entity5948 -based chemotherapy (AC) induced @entity296 (AC-CMP). We aimed to assess the prevalence of AC-CMP in @entity1 with @entity706 , surveillance patterns of @entity1002 ( @entity1002 ) in those receiving AC and management of @entity1 with AC-CMP at an academic medical centre prior to the development of a comprehensive cardio-oncology programme. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study examining 218 @entity1 with @entity1892 ( @entity1892 ) who received AC 1992-2012 and had serial follow-up. AC-CMP was defined as @entity1002 decrease >= 10% with final @entity1002 <=50% or @entity1002 reduction >= 15% regardless of final @entity1002 . RESULTS: Of 218 @entity1 treated with AC, 73 (34%) had @entity1002 assessment both prior to and after receiving AC. Of these 73 @entity1 , 24 developed AC-CMP and had higher cumulative all-cause mortality than those without AC-CMP (HR 2.35, p=0.03). @entity453 ( @entity453 ) was an independent predictor of AC-CMP (p=0.048). Mean post-AC @entity1002 was lower in @entity1 with @entity453 compared with those without @entity453 when their baseline @entity1002 was 45% (p=0.0009) or 55% (p=0.001) but was similar at 65% (p=0.33). Less than half of @entity1 with AC-CMP received recommended heart failure medication therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Historically, one-third of @entity1 with @entity1892 treated with AC underwent surveillance according to @entity299 guidelines. There is substantial opportunity for collaboration between oncologists and cardiologists to improve the care of @entity1 with @entity706 receiving AC.

2097507

2097508

2097509

Mathematical Modeling of Early Cellular Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to XXXX /Reperfusion Injury and Solid Organ Allotransplantation.

multiple_choice

A mathematical model of the early inflammatory response in transplantation is formulated with ordinary differential equations. We first consider the inflammatory events associated only with the initial surgical procedure and the subsequent @entity63 /reperfusion (I/R) events that cause tissue damage to the host as well as the donor graft. These events release damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), thereby initiating an acute inflammatory response. In simulations of this model, @entity32 depends on the severity of the tissue damage caused by these events and the @entity1 's (co)-morbidities. We augment a portion of a previously published mathematical model of acute @entity32 with the inflammatory effects of T cells in the absence of antigenic allograft mismatch (but with @entity10370 release proportional to the degree of graft damage prior to transplant). Finally, we include the antigenic mismatch of the graft, which leads to the stimulation of potent memory T cell responses, leading to further DAMP release from the graft and concomitant increase in allograft damage. Regulatory mechanisms are also included at the final stage. Our simulations suggest that @entity3816 and I/R-induced graft damage can be well-tolerated by the recipient when each is present alone, but that their combination (along with antigenic mismatch) may lead to acute rejection, as seen clinically in a subset of @entity1 . An emergent phenomenon from our simulations is that low-level DAMP release can tolerize the recipient to a mismatched allograft, whereas different restimulation regimens resulted in an exaggerated rejection response, in agreement with published studies. We suggest that mechanistic mathematical models might serve as an adjunct for @entity1 - or sub-group-specific predictions, simulated clinical studies, and rational design of immunosuppression.

2097510

2097511

2097512

Activation of olfactory-type cyclic XXXX -gated channels is highly cooperative.

multiple_choice

Cyclic @entity377 -gated (CNG) ion channels play a key role in the sensory transduction of vision and olfaction. The channels are opened by the binding of @entity8613 . Native olfactory CNG channels are heterotetramers of @entity8073 , @entity58936 , and @entity35959 subunits. Upon heterologous expression, only @entity8073 subunits can form functional homotetrameric channels. It is presently not known how the binding of the ligands to the four subunits is translated to channel opening. We studied activation of olfactory CNG channels by photolysis-induced jumps of @entity6708 or @entity268 , two cyclic @entity2036 with markedly different apparent affinity. It is shown that at equal degree of activation, the activation time course of homotetrameric channels is similar with @entity6708 and @entity268 and it is also similar in homo- and heterotetrameric channels with the same cyclic @entity377 . Kinetic models were globally fitted to activation time courses of homotetrameric channels. While all models containing equivalent binding sites failed, a model containing three binding sites with a ligand affinity high-low-high described the data adequately. Only the second binding step switches from a very low to a very high open probability. We propose a unique gating mechanism for homotetrameric and heterotetrameric channels that involves only three highly cooperative binding steps.

2097513

2097514

2097515

Characterization and Demonstration of value of a Lethal XXXX Model of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection and Disease.

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: Characterized animal models are needed for studying pathogenesis of and evaluating medical countermeasures for the persisting Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus ( @entity7822 -CoV) @entity281 . Here, we further characterized a lethal transgenic @entity19 model of @entity7822 that globally expresses @entity5735 / @entity33559 . The 50% infectious dose (ID50) and lethal dose (LD50) of virus were estimated to be <1 and 10 TCID50 of @entity7822 -CoV, respectively. Neutralizing antibody developed in surviving @entity19 from the ID50/LD50 determinations and all were fully immune to challenge with 100 LD50 of @entity7822 -CoV. The tissue distribution and histopathology in @entity19 challenged with a potential working dose of 10 LD50 of @entity7822 -CoV was subsequently evaluated. In contrast to the overwhelming @entity281 in @entity19 challenged with 10(5) LD50 of @entity7822 -CoV, we were only able to infrequently recover infectious virus from these @entity19 although qRTPCR tests indicated early and persistent @entity358 and delayed occurrence of @entity75 . Persistent inflammatory infiltrates were seen in the lungs and brain stems at day 2 and day 6 after @entity281 , respectively. While focal infiltrates were also noted in the liver, definite pathology was not seen in other tissues. Finally, using a receptor binding domain protein vaccine and a @entity7822 -CoV fusion inhibitor, we demonstrated the value of this model for evaluating vaccines and antivirals against @entity7822 . As outcomes of @entity7822 -CoV @entity281 in @entity1 differ greatly, ranging from asymptomatic to overwhelming disease and @entity204 , having available both an @entity281 and a lethal model makes this transgenic @entity19 model relevant for advancing @entity7822 research. IMPORTANCE: Fully characterized animal models are essential for studying pathogenesis and for preclinical screening of vaccines and drugs against @entity7822 . When given a high-dose of @entity7822 -CoV, our @entity19 expressing @entity5735 / @entity33559 viral receptor uniformly succumbed to @entity204 within 6 days, making it difficult to evaluate host responses to @entity281 . We further characterized this model by determining both the ID50 and LD50 doses of @entity7822 -CoV in order to establish both an @entity281 and a lethal model for @entity7822 and followed this by investigating antibody responses and immunity of @entity19 survived from @entity7822 -CoV @entity281 . Using the estimated LD50 and ID50 doses, we dissected the kinetics of viral tissue distribution and pathology in @entity19 challenged with 10 LD50 of virus, and utilized the model for preclinical evaluation of a vaccine and drug for @entity7822 -CoV @entity281 . This further characterized transgenic @entity19 model will be useful for advancing @entity7822 research.

2097516

2097517

2097518

[ XXXX : Current data on the prevalence of the zoophilic dermatophyte in central Germany].

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Microsporum ( @entity14476 , whose source of infection is mostly @entity468 , is still considered as the most frequently occurring zoophilic dermatophyte in Germany and Europe. In distinct areas of Germany, the zoophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton (T.) anamorph of @entity14476 (A.) benhamiae also presents a frequent and emerging causative agent of dermatophytoses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over a period of 3 years, from March 2010 to March 2013, skin samples from scalp, face, trunk, and limbs were investigated using mycological cultivation and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for dermatophytes. Materials originated in particular from the German Free States Saxony and Thuringia, and from the Federal State Saxony-Anhalt, but also included samples submitted from around Germany. The cultural detection of dermatophytes was performed on Sabouraud's 4 % @entity413 agar with and without @entity1880 . For dermatophyte DNA detection, a uniplex PCR-ELISA was used. RESULTS: In all, 8464 samples from a total of 7680 @entity1 were investigated. In 114 (1.5 %) of 7680 @entity1 , @entity14476 could be detected both by culture and/or PCR. @entity14476 was detected culturally in 100 samples, in 107 samples by PCR, in 91 samples both culturally and by PCR. For 12 @entity1 , only cultural detection was done (without PCR). Also detected was @entity4013 due to @entity14476 in 59 @entity1 , tinea @entity3100 8, @entity4013 , and @entity4013 @entity1 . Of the @entity1 , 45 % were younger than 20 years, 42 % were 20-49 years old, and 13 % were 50 years or older. In comparison, T. anamorph of A. benhamiae was detectable by culture and/or PCR in 231 of 7680 @entity1 (2.9 %). @entity14476 was the second most common zoophilic dermatophyte. CONCLUSIONS: @entity14476 is still a frequent zoophilic dermatophyte in Germany. Since a few years ago, a @entity281 due to T. anamorph of A. benhamiae has been observed in Germany and other European countries. At least in distinct regions of Germany, this zoophilic dermatophyte, which is transferred from @entity840 to @entity1 beings, currently seems to be more frequent when compared to @entity14476 .

2097519

2097520

2097521

Congenital trichinellosis in experimentally infected XXXX .

multiple_choice

The present study aimed at allocating the time during pregnancy at which transplacental transmission of @entity8416 ( @entity8416 ) larvae took place. Swiss albino @entity19 were infected at different durations of pregnancy; five days before mating, on gestation day zero and five days after mating. Furthermore, to study the effect of immunosuppression on transplacental transmission, half of the experimental @entity19 were immunosuppressed using @entity786 drug (Endoxan). The percentage of infected uteri, embryos and placentas and the mean larval count were calculated on day 8 post @entity281 (PI). Moreover, the percentage of infected offspring and the mean larval count in their muscles were estimated on day 30 PI. The results of the present study revealed that, transplacental transmission of @entity8416 could occur in offspring of @entity19 when their mothers are infected before or after pregnancy. This was documented by the presence of larvae in the muscles of offspring. However, the rate of this transmission increased when the mothers are infected at late pregnancy whether they were immunosuppressed or not. The administration of the immunosuppressive drug whether before or after pregnancy increased the rate of @entity281 and the mean larval count in both uteri of mothers and muscles of their offspring. A higher percentage of abortion was demonstrated in females infected before mating in different studied groups.

2097522

2097523

2097524

Paediatric acute XXXX , then and now: is it more of a problem now?

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Acute @entity2267 is a significant cause of morbidity in the paediatric population. This paper reviews our experience with this condition over the last 10 years and compares it with historical data from Alder Hey @entity1 's Hospital, Liverpool, UK. METHOD: A retrospective case note review of @entity1 who presented between 2003 and 2012 was performed. RESULTS: Forty-six @entity1 with acute @entity2267 were identified. Imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging was carried out in 14 cases (30.4 per cent). @entity1504 were identified in six @entity1 (13.0 per cent), one of whom required neurosurgical intervention. In 27 cases (58.7 per cent), a surgical procedure was performed. Data from 1995 to 2000 revealed similar rates of imaging (30.0 per cent), but significantly lower rates of surgical intervention (23 per cent). A lower rate of intracranial complications (4.8 per cent) in the historical cohort did not prove to be statistically significant (p = 0.419). CONCLUSION: The numbers of paediatric @entity1 presenting with acute @entity2267 appears essentially unchanged. Improvement in imaging technology and aids to interpretation may explain the apparent increase of intracranial complications.

2097525

2097526

2097527

@entity4089 after laparoscopic XXXX : an unknown phenomenon.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The effects of @entity43 on the serum levels of gonadotropins and @entity3800 have been studied previously. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of @entity43 on the serum @entity4090 levels and its relation to ovulation in @entity1 with @entity3610 . METHODS: This is a prospective controlled study. Thirty-six @entity1 with @entity3610 underwent ovarian electrocauterization in university hospitals. Control group consisted of 35 ovulatory @entity1 with @entity249 . Hormonal assessment performed in early follicular phase of spontaneous or induced cycle before operation in the two groups and repeated one week after operation. Hormonal assay was also performed in the early follicular phase of the first post-operative menstruation, folliculometry and @entity1420 assay were also performed in the same cycle. Data were analyzed by "repeated measurement design, discriminant analysis, correlation coefficient, and Fisher exact test". RESULTS: Six to ten weeks after operation the serum mean +/- SD @entity4090 levels increased from 284.41 +/- 114.32 mIU/ml to 354.06 +/- 204.42 mIU/ml (P = 0.011). The same values for the control group were 277.73 +/- 114.65 to 277.4 +/- 111.4 (P = 0.981) respectively. Approximately 45% of subjects in @entity3610 group remained anovulatory in spite of decreased level of LH and @entity251 . @entity4090 level remained elevated in 73.2% of @entity1 who did not ovulate 6-10 weeks after the procedure. CONCLUSION: @entity4089 after ovarian cauterization may be considered as a possible cause of @entity3206 in @entity1 with @entity3610 and improved gonadotropin and @entity342 levels. The cause of @entity4089 is unknown. Hormonal assay particularly PRL in anovulatory @entity1 after ovarian cauterization is recommended.

2097528

2097529

2097530

XXXX after laparoscopic @entity43 : an unknown phenomenon.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The effects of @entity43 on the serum levels of gonadotropins and @entity3800 have been studied previously. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of @entity43 on the serum @entity4090 levels and its relation to ovulation in @entity1 with @entity3610 . METHODS: This is a prospective controlled study. Thirty-six @entity1 with @entity3610 underwent ovarian electrocauterization in university hospitals. Control group consisted of 35 ovulatory @entity1 with @entity249 . Hormonal assessment performed in early follicular phase of spontaneous or induced cycle before operation in the two groups and repeated one week after operation. Hormonal assay was also performed in the early follicular phase of the first post-operative menstruation, folliculometry and @entity1420 assay were also performed in the same cycle. Data were analyzed by "repeated measurement design, discriminant analysis, correlation coefficient, and Fisher exact test". RESULTS: Six to ten weeks after operation the serum mean +/- SD @entity4090 levels increased from 284.41 +/- 114.32 mIU/ml to 354.06 +/- 204.42 mIU/ml (P = 0.011). The same values for the control group were 277.73 +/- 114.65 to 277.4 +/- 111.4 (P = 0.981) respectively. Approximately 45% of subjects in @entity3610 group remained anovulatory in spite of decreased level of LH and @entity251 . @entity4090 level remained elevated in 73.2% of @entity1 who did not ovulate 6-10 weeks after the procedure. CONCLUSION: @entity4089 after ovarian cauterization may be considered as a possible cause of @entity3206 in @entity1 with @entity3610 and improved gonadotropin and @entity342 levels. The cause of @entity4089 is unknown. Hormonal assay particularly PRL in anovulatory @entity1 after ovarian cauterization is recommended.

2097531

2097532

2097533

Penetrating XXXX in Western India.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Though penetrating @entity130 are a rarity in the West, they are still seen frequently among the tribal population of India. This study was performed with the aim of documenting the clinical profile of injuries caused by arrows, the varied modes of clinical presentation and their management at a university hospital. METHODS: A retrospective study of indoor records of 70 @entity1 admitted over a period of 5 years at the Sir Sayajirao General Hospital (SSGH), Baroda, Gujarat, India, was carried out. RESULTS: A majority of @entity1 were males (n=67), the median age being 36 years. The median delay in presentation to the hospital was 11 h. Median TRISS score was 98.2%. There were three mortalities. Major wound @entity281 (n=1), intestinal @entity292 (n=1) and multiple @entity881 (n=2) were the noteworthy complications. CONCLUSION: @entity130 and its astute management is still relevant in this century. Delay in treatment and a poor TRISS score adversely affects survival. Optimal exploration, adequate mobilisation, minimising @entity548 and repair are the building blocks of successful treatment.

2097534

2097535

2097536

XXXX with @entity5 thrombus extending above diaphragm: avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: @entity1358 with a @entity5 thrombus extending into the supradiaphragmatic inferior vena cava (IVC) and right atrium represents a challenge to the surgical team. We describe a technique that can be used to resect these @entity5 safely through a transabdominal approach without recourse to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) or entry into the thoracic cavity. METHODS: Between May 1997 and August 2004, 59 @entity1 (mean age 61 years) underwent surgical resection of a @entity703 extending into the IVC by techniques developed with the intention to avoid sternotomy and CPB. In 7 @entity1 (12%), the @entity5 thrombus extended into the supradiaphragmatic IVC and right atrium. Complete surgical resection was successful through a transabdominal approach without CPB in all 7 of these @entity1 . RESULTS: In the 7 @entity1 who underwent the described technique, the median age was 71 years (range 51 to 80). The mean operative time was 7 hours, 47 minutes. The mean estimated @entity190 was 2514 mL (range 500 to 6000). The mean number of blood units transfused was 4.7 (range 0 to 11). One @entity1 died in the immediate postoperative period of @entity943 . The median follow-up was 11.1 months, and 5 @entity1 were disease free. CONCLUSIONS: In select cases, @entity1358 extending into the supradiaphragmatic IVC and right atrium can be resected without the use of CPB. We describe our technique.

2097537

2097538

2097539

@entity1358 with XXXX thrombus extending above diaphragm: avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: @entity1358 with a @entity5 thrombus extending into the supradiaphragmatic inferior vena cava (IVC) and right atrium represents a challenge to the surgical team. We describe a technique that can be used to resect these @entity5 safely through a transabdominal approach without recourse to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) or entry into the thoracic cavity. METHODS: Between May 1997 and August 2004, 59 @entity1 (mean age 61 years) underwent surgical resection of a @entity703 extending into the IVC by techniques developed with the intention to avoid sternotomy and CPB. In 7 @entity1 (12%), the @entity5 thrombus extended into the supradiaphragmatic IVC and right atrium. Complete surgical resection was successful through a transabdominal approach without CPB in all 7 of these @entity1 . RESULTS: In the 7 @entity1 who underwent the described technique, the median age was 71 years (range 51 to 80). The mean operative time was 7 hours, 47 minutes. The mean estimated @entity190 was 2514 mL (range 500 to 6000). The mean number of blood units transfused was 4.7 (range 0 to 11). One @entity1 died in the immediate postoperative period of @entity943 . The median follow-up was 11.1 months, and 5 @entity1 were disease free. CONCLUSIONS: In select cases, @entity1358 extending into the supradiaphragmatic IVC and right atrium can be resected without the use of CPB. We describe our technique.

2097540

2097541

2097542

The economic effect of a tertiary hospital-based XXXX program.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to determine the economic effect of a tertiary @entity712 ( @entity712 ) program at an academic medical center. BACKGROUND: Most hospitals use cross-sectional financial models to analyze the economic contribution of clinical programs for a budget period. We estimated the incremental value of a tertiary hospital @entity712 program on the basis of the longitudinal utilization of a sample of @entity712 @entity1 . METHODS: The primary data source was a sample of 82 @entity712 @entity1 referred for cardiac transplant evaluation at an academic medical center during calendar years 2000 to 2001. Cumulative recurrent rates of utilization, cost, and reimbursement for hospital services were computed as functions of time using reliability models. The economic contribution of @entity1 transplanted was contrasted with those not transplanted. RESULTS: Mean hospitalizations and outpatient encounters per @entity1 at the end of the first year of follow-up for those transplanted were 2.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6 to 2.7) and 11.9 (95% CI 9.2 to 15.4), compared with 1.1 (95% CI 0.8 to 1.6) and 6.0 (95% CI 4.8 to 7.6), respectively, for those not transplanted. Mean revenue and direct cost per @entity1 were 194,470 dollars (95% CI 136,683 dollars to 276,689 dollars) and 146,623 dollars (95% CI 96,377 dollars to 233,065 dollars), respectively, for transplanted @entity1 and 43,587 dollars (95% CI 28,149 dollars to 67,503 dollars) and 33,424 dollars (95% CI 21,584 dollars to 51,760 dollars), respectively, for non-transplanted @entity1 . The point estimates of first-year contribution margins per @entity1 for transplanted and non-transplanted @entity1 were 47,847 dollars and 10,163 dollars, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Newly evaluated @entity1 for cardiac transplantation at an academic medical center generated substantial incident demands for inpatient and outpatient services over a two-year follow-up period. The estimated contribution margin associated with these services was positive. Hospitals without cardiac transplantation that serve high-acuity @entity712 @entity1 may generate favorable long-term contribution margins, on the basis of the results for the non-transplant group.

2097543

2097544

2097545

A comparison of the properties of the XXXX kinases of the fat body and flight muscle of the adult male desert locust.

multiple_choice

1. The @entity2388 kinases of the desert locust fat body and flight muscle were partially purified by @entity4859 fractionation. 2. The fat-body enzyme is allosterically activated by very low (1mum) concentrations of @entity4567 , whereas the flight-muscle enzyme is unaffected by this metabolite at physiological pH. 3. Flight-muscle @entity2388 kinase is activated by preincubation at 25 degrees for 5min., whereas the fat-body enzyme is unaffected by such treatment. 4. Both enzymes require 1-2mm- @entity857 for maximal activity and are inhibited at higher concentrations. With the fat-body enzyme inhibition by @entity857 is prevented by the presence of @entity4567 . 5. Both enzymes are inhibited by @entity855 , half-maximal inhibition occurring at about 5mm- @entity855 . With the fat-body enzyme @entity855 inhibition can be reversed by @entity4567 . 6. The fat-body enzyme exhibits maximal activity at about pH7.2 and the activity decreases rapidly above this pH. This inactivation at high pH is not observed in the presence of @entity4567 , i.e. maximum stimulating effects of @entity4567 are observed at high pH. The flight-muscle enzyme exhibits two optima, one at about pH7.2 as with the fat-body enzyme and the other at about pH8.5. Stimulation of the enzyme activity by @entity4567 was observed at pH8.5 and above.

2097546

2097547

2097548

Expression of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins during XXXX -induced @entity1575 in @entity35 .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: The liver plays a central role in insulin-like growth factor (IGF) homeostasis providing the majority of circulating @entity2135 and some of its binding proteins (IGFBPs). In @entity1575 the @entity10423 is severely disturbed, and these alterations are associated with reduced @entity2135 , @entity9929 but elevated @entity10681 serum levels. METHODS: By Northern blotting and in situ hybridization (ISH), hepatic expression of @entity2135 and of IGFBP was studied in a @entity35 model of @entity1575 induced by @entity7008 . RESULTS: ISH revealed a homogeneous distribution of @entity10681 , @entity10777 and @entity2135 mRNA over hepatic parenchyma in normal and cirrhotic liver. Fibrous septa of cirrhotic liver were @entity10681 mRNA negative, whereas @entity10777 and @entity2135 transcripts were detected in single cells. In normal liver, @entity9929 mRNA was distributed within nonparenchymal cells of the hepatic lobule and in the wall of the portal vein. In cirrhotic liver, @entity9929 transcripts were abundant in mesenchymal cells of fibrous tissue. @entity9929 mRNA expression was also prominent in cells at the septal-nodular interface most likely representing monocyte infiltration. @entity9929 mRNA expression was reduced in nonparenchymal liver cells located more distantly from the septal-nodular interface in the cirrhotic nodule that correlated with reduced @entity9929 mRNA expression observed in Kupffer cells (KC) and sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC) isolated from macronodular cirrhotic livers. CONCLUSION: @entity82 is accompanied by an altered spatial expression of @entity9929 in liver tissue, which is characterized by decreased levels of @entity9929 mRNA in KC and SEC, but elevated @entity9929 expression in myofibroblast-like cells and inflammatory infiltrate.

2097549

2097550

2097551

Expression of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins during @entity7008 -induced XXXX in @entity35 .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: The liver plays a central role in insulin-like growth factor (IGF) homeostasis providing the majority of circulating @entity2135 and some of its binding proteins (IGFBPs). In @entity1575 the @entity10423 is severely disturbed, and these alterations are associated with reduced @entity2135 , @entity9929 but elevated @entity10681 serum levels. METHODS: By Northern blotting and in situ hybridization (ISH), hepatic expression of @entity2135 and of IGFBP was studied in a @entity35 model of @entity1575 induced by @entity7008 . RESULTS: ISH revealed a homogeneous distribution of @entity10681 , @entity10777 and @entity2135 mRNA over hepatic parenchyma in normal and cirrhotic liver. Fibrous septa of cirrhotic liver were @entity10681 mRNA negative, whereas @entity10777 and @entity2135 transcripts were detected in single cells. In normal liver, @entity9929 mRNA was distributed within nonparenchymal cells of the hepatic lobule and in the wall of the portal vein. In cirrhotic liver, @entity9929 transcripts were abundant in mesenchymal cells of fibrous tissue. @entity9929 mRNA expression was also prominent in cells at the septal-nodular interface most likely representing monocyte infiltration. @entity9929 mRNA expression was reduced in nonparenchymal liver cells located more distantly from the septal-nodular interface in the cirrhotic nodule that correlated with reduced @entity9929 mRNA expression observed in Kupffer cells (KC) and sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC) isolated from macronodular cirrhotic livers. CONCLUSION: @entity82 is accompanied by an altered spatial expression of @entity9929 in liver tissue, which is characterized by decreased levels of @entity9929 mRNA in KC and SEC, but elevated @entity9929 expression in myofibroblast-like cells and inflammatory infiltrate.

2097552

2097553

2097554

Expression of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins during @entity7008 -induced @entity1575 in XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: The liver plays a central role in insulin-like growth factor (IGF) homeostasis providing the majority of circulating @entity2135 and some of its binding proteins (IGFBPs). In @entity1575 the @entity10423 is severely disturbed, and these alterations are associated with reduced @entity2135 , @entity9929 but elevated @entity10681 serum levels. METHODS: By Northern blotting and in situ hybridization (ISH), hepatic expression of @entity2135 and of IGFBP was studied in a @entity35 model of @entity1575 induced by @entity7008 . RESULTS: ISH revealed a homogeneous distribution of @entity10681 , @entity10777 and @entity2135 mRNA over hepatic parenchyma in normal and cirrhotic liver. Fibrous septa of cirrhotic liver were @entity10681 mRNA negative, whereas @entity10777 and @entity2135 transcripts were detected in single cells. In normal liver, @entity9929 mRNA was distributed within nonparenchymal cells of the hepatic lobule and in the wall of the portal vein. In cirrhotic liver, @entity9929 transcripts were abundant in mesenchymal cells of fibrous tissue. @entity9929 mRNA expression was also prominent in cells at the septal-nodular interface most likely representing monocyte infiltration. @entity9929 mRNA expression was reduced in nonparenchymal liver cells located more distantly from the septal-nodular interface in the cirrhotic nodule that correlated with reduced @entity9929 mRNA expression observed in Kupffer cells (KC) and sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC) isolated from macronodular cirrhotic livers. CONCLUSION: @entity82 is accompanied by an altered spatial expression of @entity9929 in liver tissue, which is characterized by decreased levels of @entity9929 mRNA in KC and SEC, but elevated @entity9929 expression in myofibroblast-like cells and inflammatory infiltrate.

2097555

2097556

2097557

Recurrent XXXX after discectomy: outcome of repeat discectomy.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Recurrent disc herniation after discectomy is relatively lacking in specific studies and is usually reviewed along with other causes of failed disc surgery. The purpose of the current study was to address the outcome in the @entity1 who had recurrent disc herniation treated with repeat discectomy and to identify the factors that may influence the outcome. METHODS: Thirty-nine @entity1 who underwent repeat discectomy for recurrent @entity890 were retrospectively analyzed. Of these @entity1 , 27 had recurrent disc herniation at the L4 to L5 level, 11 at the L5 to S1, and 1 at the L3 to L4. They almost had the typical presentation of sciatica. The time from prior discectomy to that of recurrence ranged 6 months to 17 years (average, 5 years and 4 months). The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score averaged 12 (range, -3 to 18). All @entity1 had a follow-up evaluation at 1 and 15 years (average, 7 years and 8 months) after surgery. RESULTS: Their JOA score increased to 12 to 29 (average, 24), with the recovery rate of 29% to 100% (average, 72%). Twenty-nine @entity1 returned to their previous work status or normal daily activity, 7 had significant improvement, and 3 needed analgesic drugs although they had @entity158 relief to different degrees. CONCLUSIONS: The outcomes of repeat discectomy for recurrent disc herniation were satisfactory. No factors such as age, sex, traumatic events, times of prior surgery, level of herniation, side of recurrence, @entity158 -free interval, duration of recurrence symptoms, walking capacity, the preoperative JOA score, associated @entity612 , procedures of revision surgery, and dural tear were found to be of predictive value for a prognosis of revision surgery for recurrent disc herniation (P>.05).

2097558

2097559

2097560

Changes in expression of P2X purinoceptors in XXXX cerebellum during postnatal development.

multiple_choice

Changes in expression of P2X receptors ( @entity16312 -7) during postnatal development of the @entity35 cerebellum are described. At P3, immunoreactivity (ir) to all the P2X receptors, except for @entity22752 receptors, was found in Purkinje cells and deep cerebellar nuclei, @entity22754 -ir being most prominent. Granular and microglial cells were labeled for @entity22754 (weakly) and @entity22753 receptors, respectively. At P7, expression of all the P2X receptors (with the exception of @entity22752 ) was up-regulated, @entity22754 and @entity22755 receptors being most prominent. Scattered P2X receptor-ir in unipolar brush cells in the granular cell layer and @entity16312 - and P2X7-ir of microglial cells was also present. At @entity19241 , the dendritic trees of Purkinje cells were intensely labeled by @entity16312 -7 receptor antibodies, except for @entity22752 , while @entity16312 , @entity22753 and P2X7 receptor immunostaining in microglial cells and @entity22754 receptor immunostaining in granular cells was up-regulated. At @entity7504 , expression of all P2X receptors (except @entity22752 ) was down-regulated in the Purkinje cells and deep cerebellar nuclei; @entity16312 , @entity22753 and P2X7 receptors-ir was present in microglial cells. In contrast, expression of @entity22754 -ir in granular cells was up-regulated. At P60, expression levels of all the P2X receptors (except @entity22752 ) were similar with those at @entity7504 . In double-labeling experiments, almost all the P2X-ir Purkinje cells were immunoreactive for calbindin-D28k, while 60-80% of P2X-ir cells in the granular cell layer were immunoreactive for calretinin. The possible short- and long-term functional significance of the changes in expression of P2X receptors during postnatal development is discussed.

2097561

2097562

2097563

[microRNA-203 INDUCING DIFFERENTIATION OF XXXX EPIDERMAL STEM CELLS INTO SWEAT GLAND CELLS IN VITRO].

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To observe the possibility and mechanism of @entity20157 inducing the @entity1 epidermal stem cells to differentiate into sweat gland cells. METHODS: Five normal @entity1 foreskin tissues were harvested to prepare a single cell suspension by 0.25% trypsin-EDTA digestion method, then the @entity1 epidermal stem cells were isolated and cultured by type IV collagen differential adherent method. The cell morphology was observed by inverted phase contrast microscope. The monoclonal antibodies of @entity2393 ( @entity2393 ), @entity4166 ( @entity4166 ), @entity19488 , @entity7434 , @entity2873 , and @entity787 ( @entity787 ) were used for identification by immunocytochemical staining. Double stranded mimics of has- @entity20157 were transfected into the @entity1 epidermal stem cells with Lipofectamine 2000 (experimental group) and the @entity1 epidermal stem cells transfected with nonsense miRNA mimics served as control group. The monoclonal antibodies of @entity2393 , @entity4166 , @entity19488 , @entity7434 , @entity2873 , and @entity787 were used for identifying the cells after transfection by immunocytochemical staining; the mRNA relative expressions of @entity20157 , @entity4206 , @entity2393 , @entity4166 , @entity19488 , CK1O, @entity2873 , and @entity787 were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR before transfected and at 72 hours after transfected. The protein relative expressions of @entity4206 , @entity2393 , @entity4166 , @entity19488 , @entity7434 , @entity2873 , and @entity787 were detected by Western blot. The mRNA expression of @entity20157 and the mRNA and protein expressions of @entity4206 were analyzed respectively with Pearson correlation. RESULTS: The @entity4166 and @entity2393 were positively expressed before transfection, but @entity19488 , @entity7434 , @entity2873 , and @entity787 were expressed positively after transfection. The mRNA relative expression of @entity20157 after transfection in experimental group was significantly higher than that before transfection (P < 0.05). The mRNA and protein relative expressions of @entity19488 , @entity7434 , @entity2873 , and @entity787 after transfection in experimental group were significantly higher than those before transfection and control group (P < 0.05), while the mRNA and protein relative expressions of @entity4206 , @entity4166 , and @entity2393 were significantly lower than those before transfection and control group (P < 0.05). These indicators showed no significant difference between the control group and before transfection (P > 0.05). The expression level of @entity20157 was negatively correlated with the mRNA and protein relative expressions of @entity4206 before and after transfection, the correlation coefficients before transfection were -0.91 (t = 3.862, P = 0.042) and -0.96 (t = 5.971, P = 0.009) respectively; the correlation coefficients after transfection were -0.92 (t = 4.283, P = 0.031) and -0.95 (t = 5.842, P = 0.011) respectively. CONCLUSION: @entity20157 can induce epidermal stem cells to differentiate into sweat gland cells by targeting inhibition of @entity4206 probably.

2097564

2097565

2097566

[STRESS REGULATING OSTEOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION OF XXXX INTERVERTEBRAL DISC CARTILAGE ENDPLATE-DERIVED STEM CELLS].

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of cyclic stretch stress on the osteogenic differentiation of @entity1 cartilage endplate-derived stem cells (CESCs). METHODS: CESCs were isolated from the endplate cartilage tissues by the method of agarose suspension culture system. The endplate cartilage tissue was harvested for immunohistochemical staining. Flexercell-4000 Tension Plus system was used to apply cyclic stretch on CESCs at a frequency of 1 Hz and at a stretch rate of 10% for 1, 6, 12, or 24 hours (experimental group). No stretch stress was performed on CESCs in the same culture condition (control group). After mechanical loading, the protein expression of @entity1841 ( @entity1841 ) was measured by Western blot, and gene expressions of @entity8087 ( @entity8087 ), @entity623 ( @entity623 ), and @entity1935 were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining showed @entity1841 protein expression in chondrocytes. The continuous cyclic stretch stress of 10% can increase the expression of @entity1841 protein in CESCs. Significant differences were observed in the expressions of @entity1841 protein (P < 0.05) between 2 groups at the other time points except at 1 hour (P > 0.05), in a time-dependent manner. The real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR indicated that the gene expressions of @entity8087 and @entity623 showed an increasing tendency with time in the experimental group when compared with the control group, but there was down-regulated expression of @entity1935 . Significant difference was found in mRNA expressions of @entity8087 and @entity623 at 12 and 24 hours and in mRNA expressions of @entity1935 at 6, 12, and 24 hours between 2 groups (P < 0.05), in a time-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: Cyclic stretch stress may induce osteogenic differentiation of CESCs by regulating the expressions of some genes related osteogenesis in CESCs.

2097567

2097568

2097569

[Surgical treatment of XXXX of the ureter].

multiple_choice

Ten clinical cases of @entity4094 of the ureter (NMDU) are reported. Eight @entity1 were young (24-38 years), two--of the middle age (41-58 years). NMDU was bilateral in two @entity1 . @entity1901 of the @entity8 occured in one case. One 28-year-old female with @entity8 had @entity2335 . Clinical picture of the disease was characterized primarily with acute @entity2885 , @entity158 and secondary urolithiasis. Surgical treatment consisted in resection of the affected part of the ureter with modeling of the lumen of the latter on the drainage and Boari plastic repair. Bilateral Boari operation was made in 2 @entity1 . In one case of @entity1901 and ureterocele direct ureterocystoanastomosis was created with good result. @entity8 into the intestinal transplant was made in the @entity1 with scar contracture of the detrusor and megaureter. Functional result of the operation was good. Complications were registered in 4 @entity1 , 2 of which were reoperated. In nine @entity1 of ten good and satisfactory functional results were obtained.

2097570

2097571

2097572

The effects of environmental light--dark changes on experimental mild XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of environmental light-dark changes on the outcome of mild @entity131 (MTBI) using an experimental rodent model. The functions of endogenous and exogenous @entity2493 on the outcome of injury were also investigated METHODS: Mild @entity131 was experimentally induced in 56 male @entity35 using a weight-drop device. Animals were divided into four groups of 14 each as follows: (i) sham-operated ( @entity130 only, normal day-night cycle), (ii) treated with @entity2493 ( @entity130 + @entity2493 , normal day-night cycle), (iii) darkness-induced ( @entity130 +48 h constant dark), and (iv) treated with @entity2493 and darkness-induced ( @entity130 +48 h constant dark+ @entity2493 ). @entity2493 (50 mg/kg) was administered, intraperitoneally, immediately after @entity130 . EEG recordings were taken at three time periods (pretrauma, immediately after @entity130 , and 48 h after @entity130 ). Motor functions were tested pretrauma, 24 and 48 h post- @entity130 . Serum @entity2493 levels were determined pretrauma and 48 h post- @entity130 . Tissue samples from right frontal area were taken 48 h after @entity130 for light and electron microscopic examinations. CONCLUSION: Following MTBI light deprivation alone and light deprivation in combination with exogenously administered @entity2493 indicated significant neuroprotective effects. Although there may be other important pathways, darkness-induced elevation in endogenous @entity2493 secretion appears to play an important role in this neuroprotective outcome.

2097573

2097574

2097575

Syngeneic living-donor liver transplantation for hemangioendothelioma: a clinical model for studying XXXX .

multiple_choice

A 22-year-old Caucasian @entity1 underwent living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for @entity99 in a healthy liver. The organ donor was his monozygotic twin brother. Surgery was uneventful in both donor and recipient, who received the same postoperative treatment (i.e. no immunosuppression for the recipient). Although both donor and recipient achieved a full liver function recovery, the volume of the recipient's graft increased much more than the donor's residual liver in the first postoperative month (1.6-fold vs. 1.2-fold). This different growth rate correlated with @entity2124 ( @entity2124 )/insulin growth factor (IGF) axis dynamics: the donor had significantly lower @entity442 ( @entity442 ), @entity5100 ( @entity5100 ) and @entity2301 ( @entity2301 ) values than the recipient on postoperative days (POD) 3-30, although they had similar @entity2124 values. Other potential regenerative factors, e.g. @entity5 @entity39 alpha, @entity650 ( @entity650 ), insulin and C peptide did not correlate with @entity409 rate. The particular endocrine picture of the graft may be explained by a modified @entity2124 -hepatocyte interaction due to cold @entity63 during preservation resulting in a higher IGF production. Whether this is a potential molecular tool by means of which transplanted partial livers promote their regeneration remains to be seen in a larger number of @entity1 .

2097576

2097577

2097578

Effect of a selective @entity1246 (B) receptor agonist XXXX on the mu-opioid receptor agonist-induced antinociceptive, emetic and rewarding effects.

multiple_choice

The management of excessive adverse effects of opioids is a major clinical problem. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of a selective @entity1246 ( @entity1246 )(B) receptor agonist @entity1772 on the mu-opioid receptor agonist-induced antinociceptive, emetic and rewarding effects. Either @entity1286 or @entity3575 produced a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect in both ferrets using Randall-Selitto test and @entity19 using tail-flick test. Under these conditions, pretreatment of @entity1772 produced an additive antinociception induced by @entity1286 or @entity3575 . Furthermore, the augmentation of antinociception induced by systemic administration of @entity1772 with @entity1286 or @entity3575 was completely abolished by either i.c.v. or i.t. pretreatment with the selective @entity1246 (B) receptor antagonist @entity7233 in @entity19 . We next investigated the emetic response induced by mu-opioid receptor agonist in ferrets. @entity1286 at lower doses than that used for antinociceptive assay produced both @entity391 , whereas @entity3575 failed to produce the @entity391 in ferrets. Here we reported for the first time that @entity1772 significantly suppressed the @entity391 induced by @entity1286 , indicating the involvement of @entity1246 (B) receptor in emetic control pathway. Furthermore, @entity1772 also inhibited place preference elicited @entity1286 or @entity3575 in @entity35 . Taken together, these results suggest that co-administration of @entity1772 with mu-opioid receptor agonist produced a potentiation of antinociceptive effect, whereas an untoward effect was completely blocked.

2097579

2097580

2097581

Effect of a selective XXXX (B) receptor agonist @entity1772 on the mu-opioid receptor agonist-induced antinociceptive, emetic and rewarding effects.

multiple_choice

The management of excessive adverse effects of opioids is a major clinical problem. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of a selective @entity1246 ( @entity1246 )(B) receptor agonist @entity1772 on the mu-opioid receptor agonist-induced antinociceptive, emetic and rewarding effects. Either @entity1286 or @entity3575 produced a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect in both ferrets using Randall-Selitto test and @entity19 using tail-flick test. Under these conditions, pretreatment of @entity1772 produced an additive antinociception induced by @entity1286 or @entity3575 . Furthermore, the augmentation of antinociception induced by systemic administration of @entity1772 with @entity1286 or @entity3575 was completely abolished by either i.c.v. or i.t. pretreatment with the selective @entity1246 (B) receptor antagonist @entity7233 in @entity19 . We next investigated the emetic response induced by mu-opioid receptor agonist in ferrets. @entity1286 at lower doses than that used for antinociceptive assay produced both @entity391 , whereas @entity3575 failed to produce the @entity391 in ferrets. Here we reported for the first time that @entity1772 significantly suppressed the @entity391 induced by @entity1286 , indicating the involvement of @entity1246 (B) receptor in emetic control pathway. Furthermore, @entity1772 also inhibited place preference elicited @entity1286 or @entity3575 in @entity35 . Taken together, these results suggest that co-administration of @entity1772 with mu-opioid receptor agonist produced a potentiation of antinociceptive effect, whereas an untoward effect was completely blocked.

2097582

2097583

2097584

A clip-based protocol for breast boost radiotherapy provides clear target visualisation and demonstrates significant XXXX over time.

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: The clinical target volume (CTV) for early stage @entity0 is difficult to clearly identify on planning computed tomography (CT) scans. Surgical clips inserted around the @entity5 bed should help to identify the CTV, particularly if the @entity2080 has been reabsorbed, and enable tracking of CTV changes over time. METHODS: A surgical clip-based CTV delineation protocol was introduced. CTV visibility and its post-operative shrinkage pattern were assessed. The subjects were 27 early stage @entity0 @entity1 receiving post-operative radiotherapy alone and 15 receiving post-operative chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy. The radiotherapy alone ( @entity138 /alone) group received a CT scan at median 25 days post-operatively (CT1rt) and another at 40 Gy, median 68 days (CT2rt). The chemotherapy/ @entity138 group (chemo/ @entity138 ) received a CT scan at median 18 days post-operatively (CT1ch), a planning CT scan at median 126 days (CT2ch), and another at 40 Gy (CT3ch). RESULTS: There was no significant difference (P = 0.08) between the initial mean CTV for each cohort. The @entity138 /alone cohort showed significant CTV @entity353 of 38.4% (P = 0.01) at 40 Gy. The Chemo/ @entity138 cohort had significantly reduced volumes between CT1ch: median 54 cm(3) (4-118) and CT2ch: median 16 cm(3), (2-99), (P = 0.01), but no significant @entity353 thereafter. CONCLUSION: Surgical clips enable localisation of the post-surgical @entity2080 for radiotherapy targeting. @entity2080 shrinkage occurs early, enabling CT treatment planning to take place at 7 weeks, which is within the 9 weeks recommended to limit disease recurrence.

2097585

2097586

2097587

Reduced thrombogenicity of XXXX stents--in vitro evaluation of different surface modifications and coatings.

multiple_choice

The material and the surface patterns of intravascular stents play a pivotal role in activating platelets and triggering adherence of inflammatory cells that consecutively leads to renarrowing caused by neointimal @entity1373 . To improve these features, besides mechanical and chemical modifications, ways of masking the stent by covering have been developed. In addition, polymer-coated stents are used as vehicle for local drug delivery. But as substances used for this application are described to possess an inflammatory potential, this aspect has to be evaluated. In the present study we compared different approaches to surface alterations applied to a @entity5648 stent design. Besides commonly used techniques like passivation and electropolishing, we evaluated coatings with heparin, @entity5715 and a @entity2636 polymer regarding their thrombogenic and inflammatory characteristics. By weaving thin elastomer fibres a graft was generated. The previously described Chandler loop was used to simulate arterial flow conditions ex vivo using rotating PVC tubings filled with @entity1 blood. All stents received 120 min of blood contact. To determine thrombocyte activation and inflammatory reaction, the platelet count and levels of @entity4938 , TAT and @entity11891 were assessed. Scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize the reactions. Mechanical polishing and passivation did not improve the stent surface characteristics while sandblasting, electropolishing and @entity5715 covering decreased activation of the coagulation cascade. In terms of thrombogenicity, the heparin coating had no beneficial effect. The lowest thrombogenic potential was found in the @entity2636 -coated stent group. All stents showed similar levels of polymorph nuclear granulocyte elastase except for the membrane design. While mechanical and chemical modifications are able to reduce thrombogenicity, coating with this particular polyurethane polymer seems to be superior to these approaches regarding the parameters assessed in this experimental setting. The Chandler loop is a valuable tool to test polymeric coatings ex vivo since these modifications may reduce drug performance by inducing inflammatory reaction themselves.

2097588

2097589

2097590

Changes in reducing power profile of gastric juice in @entity1 with active duodenal XXXX .

multiple_choice

Reactive @entity26 species have been postulated to play a role in the pathogenesis of @entity3137 and in @entity10189 ( @entity10189 ). The low molecular weight antioxidants (LMWA) group plays an important role in the defense mechanism of the GI tract against oxidative damage, and is a major component of the reducing capacity of biological tissues and fluids. We hypothesized that altered gastric LMWA anti oxidative status might play a role in the pathogenesis of upper @entity74 such as @entity10189 and could be evaluated by measuring gastric juice reducing power. The aim of the present study was to determine, by cyclic voltammetry, changes in the overall antioxidant activity of the gastric juice in active duodenal @entity1066 (DU) obtained during upper endoscopy from @entity1 as compared with normal subjects. The results show that in 28/37 (76%) of the control subjects, gastric juice demonstrated a reducing power of at least two anodic waves indicating at least two different LMWA groups. Three or more anodic waves were recorded in 12 normal subject (32%). In contrast, 16/25 (64%) of gastric juice samples obtained from active DU @entity1 exhibited only one anodic wave usually at a high potential (>900 mV). These results imply that gastric juice normally possesses a reducing power profile that can be determined by cyclic voltammetry. This profile is significantly changed in untreated DU disease. These changes in active DU may indicate decreased gastric antioxidant activity reflecting reduced mucosal protection that leading to increased susceptibility of the gastro-duodenum to injury.

2097591

2097592

2097593

Changes in reducing power profile of gastric juice in XXXX with active duodenal @entity1066 .

multiple_choice

Reactive @entity26 species have been postulated to play a role in the pathogenesis of @entity3137 and in @entity10189 ( @entity10189 ). The low molecular weight antioxidants (LMWA) group plays an important role in the defense mechanism of the GI tract against oxidative damage, and is a major component of the reducing capacity of biological tissues and fluids. We hypothesized that altered gastric LMWA anti oxidative status might play a role in the pathogenesis of upper @entity74 such as @entity10189 and could be evaluated by measuring gastric juice reducing power. The aim of the present study was to determine, by cyclic voltammetry, changes in the overall antioxidant activity of the gastric juice in active duodenal @entity1066 (DU) obtained during upper endoscopy from @entity1 as compared with normal subjects. The results show that in 28/37 (76%) of the control subjects, gastric juice demonstrated a reducing power of at least two anodic waves indicating at least two different LMWA groups. Three or more anodic waves were recorded in 12 normal subject (32%). In contrast, 16/25 (64%) of gastric juice samples obtained from active DU @entity1 exhibited only one anodic wave usually at a high potential (>900 mV). These results imply that gastric juice normally possesses a reducing power profile that can be determined by cyclic voltammetry. This profile is significantly changed in untreated DU disease. These changes in active DU may indicate decreased gastric antioxidant activity reflecting reduced mucosal protection that leading to increased susceptibility of the gastro-duodenum to injury.

2097594

2097595

2097596

Effect of the Probiotic @entity10263 LB21 on the Cariogenicity of XXXX in a Dual-Species Biofilm Model.

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: Despite promising results using probiotics, evidence of the preventive effect on enamel demineralization is insufficient and the cariogenic potential of probiotics is still controversial. Probiotics could affect biofilm formation and interfere with adherence, growth or coaggregation with @entity6586 in biofilms. However, most of the studies have been conducted using planktonic bacteria. Hence, the aim of the study was to assess the effect of probiotic bacteria on the cariogenicity of @entity6586 using an in vitro biofilm caries model on enamel. Single-species biofilms ( @entity7653 , SM or @entity10263 LB21, LB) or dual-species biofilms simultaneously inoculated (SM + LB) or LB inoculated 8 h after SM (SM x2192; LB) were grown for 96 h. Biofilms were formed on @entity291 enamel saliva-coated slabs of known surface hardness (SH) and immersed in culture media. Biofilms were exposed 8 times per day to 10% @entity969 . Medium pH was monitored twice daily as a biofilm acidogenicity indicator. After 96 h, biofilms were collected to determine biomass and bacteria viability. Slab demineralization was calculated as percentage of SH loss (%SHL). Additionally, the model was tested with different concentrations of the initial inoculum (103, 106, 108 cells/ml) and different adhesion times (2 or 8 h). The dual-species biofilm revealed no LB effects on SM cariogenicity, without changes in acidogenicity or %SHL among groups (p > 0.05, n = 12). Lack of activity of LB on SM cariogenicity persisted even when 105 times higher concentration of the probiotic was tested. Coaggregation was not observed. In conclusion, findings suggest that LB does not reduce cariogenicity of SM in a validated experimental caries model.

2097597

2097598

2097599

Effect of the Probiotic XXXX LB21 on the Cariogenicity of @entity7653 in a Dual-Species Biofilm Model.

multiple_choice

UNASSIGNED: Despite promising results using probiotics, evidence of the preventive effect on enamel demineralization is insufficient and the cariogenic potential of probiotics is still controversial. Probiotics could affect biofilm formation and interfere with adherence, growth or coaggregation with @entity6586 in biofilms. However, most of the studies have been conducted using planktonic bacteria. Hence, the aim of the study was to assess the effect of probiotic bacteria on the cariogenicity of @entity6586 using an in vitro biofilm caries model on enamel. Single-species biofilms ( @entity7653 , SM or @entity10263 LB21, LB) or dual-species biofilms simultaneously inoculated (SM + LB) or LB inoculated 8 h after SM (SM x2192; LB) were grown for 96 h. Biofilms were formed on @entity291 enamel saliva-coated slabs of known surface hardness (SH) and immersed in culture media. Biofilms were exposed 8 times per day to 10% @entity969 . Medium pH was monitored twice daily as a biofilm acidogenicity indicator. After 96 h, biofilms were collected to determine biomass and bacteria viability. Slab demineralization was calculated as percentage of SH loss (%SHL). Additionally, the model was tested with different concentrations of the initial inoculum (103, 106, 108 cells/ml) and different adhesion times (2 or 8 h). The dual-species biofilm revealed no LB effects on SM cariogenicity, without changes in acidogenicity or %SHL among groups (p > 0.05, n = 12). Lack of activity of LB on SM cariogenicity persisted even when 105 times higher concentration of the probiotic was tested. Coaggregation was not observed. In conclusion, findings suggest that LB does not reduce cariogenicity of SM in a validated experimental caries model.