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Facilitated_diffusion

:not to be confused with diffusion. facilitated diffusion is not a type of diffusion (thermal motion) but a type of transport process. facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated transport) is the process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins. being passive, facilitated transport does not directly require chemical energy from atp hydrolysis in the transport step itself; rather, molecules and ions move down their concentration gradient reflecting its diffusive nature. facilitated diffusion is different from free diffusion in several ways. first, the transport relies on molecular binding between the cargo and the membrane-embedded channel or carrier protein. second, the rate of facilitated diffusion is saturable with respect to the concentration difference between the two phases; unlike free diffusion which is linear in the concentration difference. third, the temperature dependence of facilitated transport is substantially different due to the presence of an activated binding event, as compared to free diffusion where the dependence on temperature is mild. thumb|350px|3d rendering of facilitated diffusion polar molecules and large ions dissolved in water cannot diffuse freely across the plasma membrane due to the hydrophobic nature of the fatty acid tails of the phospholipids that make up the lipid bilayer. only small, non-polar molecules, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, can diffuse easily across the membrane. hence, all polar molecules are transported by proteins in the form of transmembrane channels. these channels are gated, meaning that they open and close, and thus regulate the flow of ions or small polar molecules across membranes, sometimes against the osmotic gradient. larger molecules are transported by transmembrane carrier proteins, such as permeases, that change their conformation as the molecules are carried across (e.g. glucose or amino acids). non-polar molecules, such as retinol or lipids, are poorly soluble in water. they are transported through aqueous compartments of cells or through extracellular space by water-soluble carr

Freddy_Heineken

alfred henry "freddy" heineken (4 november 1923 – 3 january 2002) was a dutch businessman for heineken international the brewing company bought in 1864 by his grandfather gerard adriaan heineken in amsterdam. he served as chairman of the board of directors and ceo from 1971 until 1989. after his retirement as chairman and ceo, heineken continued to sit on the board of directors until his death and served as chairman of the supervisory board from 1989 till 1995. at the time of his death, heineken was one of the richest people in the netherlands with a net worth of 9.5 billion guilders. freddy heineken, stadsarchief amsterdam, 10 december 2005 ==biography== ===early life=== alfred henry heineken was born on 4 november 1923 in amsterdam in the netherlands. he was the grandson of gerard adriaan heineken, who was the founder of the brewery heineken. he entered the service of the heineken company – which by then was no longer owned by the family â

List_of_freshwater_aquarium_fish_species

a vast number of species of fish have been successfully kept in the home freshwater aquarium. this list gives some examples of the most commonly kept species. ==bichirs and reedfish== {|class="sortable collapsible" cellpadding="4" width="100%" border="1" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" ! align="left" style="background:#f2f3f4" width="150px" | common name ! align="left" style="background:#f2f3f4" width="170px" | taxonomy ! style="background:#f2f3f4" width="110px" class="unsortable" | image ! style="background:#f2f3f4" width="140px" | size ! align="left" style="background:#f2f3f4" width="100px" | tank type ! align="left" style="background:#f2f3f4" width="100px" | care level ! align="left" style="background:#f2f3f4" width="630px" class="unsortable" | remarks ! align="left" style="background:#f2f3f4" width="80px" | temperature range ! align="left" style="background:#f2f3f4" width="80px" | ph range |- |gray bichir, senegal bichir, or dinosaur bichir || polypterus senegalus || align="center" | 110px ||align="center" | in the wild, 9 in is more typical in home aquaria || species || easy|| a large aquarium is preferred for this species because it is predatory. || 25-29 Â°c (77-84 Â°f) ||7.0-8.2 |- | ornate bichir || polypterus ornatipinnis || align="center" | 110px ||align="center" | || species || easy to intermediate ||   || 26–28 Â°c (77–83 Â°f) || 6.0–8.0 |- |reedfish || erpetoichthys calabaricus || align="center" | 110px || align="center" | || semi-aggressive community || easy to intermediate || nocturnal, can slither around out of water as long as they stay wet. || 22–28 Â°c (72–83 Â°f) || 6.5–7.5 |} ==catfish== {| cellspacing="4" width="100%" style="border:1px solid #c0c0c0; background:silver" | height="25px" style="font-size:120%; text-align:left; background:silver" |armored catfish including aspidoras, brochis, callichthys, and corydoras |} {|class="sortable collapsible" cellpadding="4" width="100%" border="1" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" ! align="left" sty

McDonnell_FH_Phantom

{| |} the mcdonnell fh phantom was a twin-engined jet fighter aircraft designed and first flown during world war ii for the united states navy. the phantom was the first purely jet-powered aircraft to land on an american aircraft carrier and the first jet deployed by the united states marine corps. although its frontline service was relatively brief, it helped prove the viability of carrier-based jet fighters. furthermore, it was mcdonnell's first successful fighter, leading to the development of the follow-on f2h banshee, one of the two most important naval jet fighters of the korean war. only 62 fh-1's were built before production switched to the more powerful f2h banshee. the fh phantom was originally designated the fd phantom, but the designation was changed as the aircraft entered production. ==design and development== in early 1943, aviation officials at the united states navy were impressed with mcdonnell's audacious xp-67 bat project. mcdonnell was invited by the navy to cooperate in the development of a shipboard jet fighter, using an engine from the turbojets under development by westinghouse electric corporation. three prototypes were ordered on 30 august 1943 and the designation xfd-1 was assigned. under the 1922 united states navy aircraft designation system, the letter "d" before the dash designated the aircraft's manufacturer. the douglas aircraft company had previously been assigned this letter, but the usn elected to reassign it to mcdonnell because douglas had not provided any fighters for navy service in years.mesko 2002, p. 7. mcdonnell engineers e

Flynn_effect

the flynn effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world from roughly 1930 to the present day. when intelligence quotient (iq) tests are initially standardized using a sample of test-takers, by convention the average of the test results is set to 100 and their standard deviation is set to 15 or 16 iq points. when iq tests are revised, they are again standardized using a new sample of test-takers, usually born more recently than the first. again, the average result is set to 100. however, when the new test subjects take the older tests, in almost every case their average scores are significantly above 100. test score increases have been continuous and approximately linear from the earliest years of testing to the present. for the raven's progressive matrices test, subjects born over a 100-year period were compared in des moines, iowa, and separately in dumfries, scotland. improvements were remarkably consistent across the whole period, in both countries.raven, john (2000). the raven's progressive matrices: change and stability over culture and time. cognitive psychology 41, 1–48 (2000) . john raven, 30 great king street, edinburgh eh3 6qh, scotland. http://eyeonsociety.co.uk/resources/rpmchangeandstability.pdf this effect of an apparent increase in iq has also been observed in various other parts of the world, though the rates of increase vary. there are numerous proposed explanations of the flynn effect, as well as some skepticism about its implications. similar improvements have been reported for other cognitions such as semantic and episodic memory. recent research suggests that the flynn effect may have ended in at least a few developed nations, possibly allowing national differences in iq scoresrichard lynn and tatu vanhanen (2006). iq and global inequality. washington summit publishers: augusta, ga. isbn 1-59368-025-2 to diminish if the flynn effect continues in nations with lower average national iqs.{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.intell.2007.01.007 |author=teasdale tw, owen dr |title

Fur_seal

fur seals are any of nine species of pinnipeds in the otariidae family. one species, the northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) inhabits the north pacific, while seven species in the arctocephalus genus are found primarily in the southern hemisphere. they are much more closely related to sea lions than true seals, and share with them external ears (pinnae), relatively long and muscular foreflippers, and the ability to walk on all fours. they are marked by their dense underfur, which made them a long-time object of commercial hunting. ==taxonomy== fur seal ranges|left|thumb until recently, fur seals were all grouped under a single subfamily of pinnipedia, called arctocephalinae, to contrast them with otariinae – the sea lions – based on the most prominent common feature, namely the coat of dense underfur intermixed with guard hairs. recent genetic evidence, however, suggests callorhinus is more closely related to some sea lion species, and the fur seal/sea lion subfamily distinction has been eliminated from many taxonomies. nonetheless, all fur seals have certain features in common: the fur, generally smaller sizes, farther and longer foraging trips, smaller and more abundant prey items and greater sexual dimorphism. for these reasons, the distinction remains useful. ==physical appearance== fur seals share with other otariids the ability to turn their rear limbs forward and move on all fours. fur seals are generally smaller than sea lions. at under , the galápagos fur seal is the smallest of all pinnipeds. however, their flippers tend to be proportionately longer, their pelage tends to be darker, and their vibrissae are more prominent. males are often more than five times heavier than the females, making them among the most sexually dimorphic of all mammal groups. ==behavior and ecology== thumb|right|a fur seal rookery with thousands of seals typically, fur seals gather during the summer in large assemblages at specific beaches or rocky outcrops to give birth and breed. all species are polygynous, meaning dominant males reproduce with more than one female. for most species, total gestation lasts about 11.5 months, including a several-month period of delayed implantation of the embryo. while northern fur seal males aggressively select and defen

Franz_Mesmer

franz anton mesmer (;"mesmer". random house webster's unabridged dictionary. ; may 23, 1734 – march 5, 1815) was a german physician with an interest in astronomy, who theorised that there was a natural energetic transference that occurred between all animated and inanimate objects that he called animal magnetism, sometimes later referred to as mesmerism. the theory attracted a wide following between about 1780 and 1850, and continued to have some influence until the end of the century.crabtree, introduction in 1843 the scottish physician james braid proposed the term hypnosis for a technique derived from animal magnetism; today this is the usual meaning of mesmerism. ==early life== mesmer was born in the village of iznang, on the shore of lake constance in swabia, germany a son of master forester anton mesmer (1701—after 1747) and his wife maria/ursula (1701—1770), née michel.prinz after studying at the jesuit universities of dillingen and ingolstadt, he took up the study of medicine at the university of vienna in 1759. in 1766 he published a doctoral dissertation with the latin title de planetarum influxu in corpus humanum (on the influence of the planets on the human body), which discussed the influence of the moon and the planets on the human body and on disease. this was not medical astrology. building largely on newton's theory of the tides, mesmer expounded on certain tides in the human body that might be accounted for by the movements of the sun and moon.bloch, xiii evidence assembled by frank a. pattie suggests that mesmer plagiarizedpattie, 13ff. his dissertation from a workde imperio solis ac lunae in corpora humana et morbis inde oriundis (on the influence of the sun and moon upon human bodies and the diseases arising therefrom.(1704). see pattie, 16. by richard mead, an eminent english physician and newton's friend. that said, in mesmer's day doctoral theses were not expected to be original.

Ford_GT40

the ford gt40 is a high performance american-british endurance racing car, built and designed in england (mk i, mk ii, and mk iii) and in the united states (mk iv), and powered by a series of american-built engines, which won the 24 hours of le mans four consecutive times, from 1966 to 1969 (1966 being the mk ii, 1967 the mk iv, and 1968-1969 the oldest chassis design, the mk i). in 1966, with henry ford ii himself in attendance at le mans, the mk ii gt40 provided ford with the first overall le mans victory for an american manufacturer {{cite web|url=http://

George_Lucas

george walton lucas, jr. (born may 14, 1944) is an american film director, screenwriter, producer, and entrepreneur. he founded lucasfilm and led the company as chairman and chief executive before selling it to the walt disney company on october 30, 2012.breaking news: disney acquires lucasfilm for $4.05 billion – star wars: episode 7 in 2015! he is best known as the creator of the space opera franchise star wars and the archaeologist adventurer character indiana jones. lucas is one of the american film industry's most financially successful filmmakers and has been nominated for four academy awards for directing and writing american graffiti (1973) and star wars (1977). ==early life and education== george lucas was born in modesto, california, the son of dorothy ellinore lucas (née bomberger; 1913–1989) and george walton lucas, sr. (1913–1991), who owned a stationery store.george lucas biography (1944–)no. 83 royal descents, notable kin, and printed sources: a third set of ten hollywood figures (or groups thereof), with a coda on two directors lucas grew up in the central valley town of modesto, and his early passion for cars and motor racing would eventually serve as inspiration for his usc student film 1:42.08, as well as his oscar-nominated low-budget phenomenon, [[ameri

Gradualism

gradualism, from latin gradus (“step”), is a hypothesis, a theory or a tenet assuming that change comes about gradually or that variation is gradual in nature.brian mcgowran. (2008). biostratigraphy: microfossils and geological time. cambridge university press. p. 384. isbn 978-0521048170 similar concepts are: uniformitarianism, incrementalism and reformism. ==geology and biology== in the natural sciences, gradualism is the theory which holds that profound change is the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes, often contrasted with catastrophism. the theory was proposed in 1795 by james hutton, a scottish physician and gentleman farmer, and was later incorporated into charles lyell's theory of uniformitarianism. tenets from both theories were applied to biology and formed the basis of early evolutionary theory. charles darwin was influenced by lyell's principles of geology, which explained both uniformitarian methodology and theory. using uniformitarianism, which states that one cannot make an appeal to any force or phenomenon which cannot presently be observed (see catastrophism), darwin theorized that the evolutionary process must occur gradually, not in saltations, since saltations are not presently observed, and extreme deviations from the usual phenotypic variation would be more likely to be selected against. gradualism is often confused with the concept of phyletic gradualism. it is a term coined by stephen jay gould and niles eldredge to contrast with their model of punctuated equilibrium, which is gradualist itself, but argues that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability (called stasis), which is punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution.eldredge, niles, and s. j. gould (1972). "punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism." in t.j.m. schopf, ed., models in paleobiology. san francisco: freeman, cooper and company, pp. 82-115. == phyletic gradualism == phyletic gradualism is a model of evolution which theorizes that most speciation is slow, uniform and gradual.eldredge, n. and s. j. gould (1972). "punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism" in t.j.m. schopf, ed., models in paleobiology. san francisco: freeman cooper. p. 84. when evolution occurs in this mode, it is usually by the steady transformation of a whole species into a new one (through a process called anagenesis). in this view no clear line of demarcation exists between an ancestral species and a descendant species, unless splitting occurs. == punctuated gradualism == punctuated gradualism is a [[mic

Game_theory

game theory is a study of strategic decision making. specifically, it is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers".roger b. myerson (1991). game theory: analysis of conflict, harvard university press, p. 1. chapter-preview links, pp. vii–xi. an alternative term suggested "as a more descriptive name for the discipline" is interactive decision theory.r. j. aumann ([1987] 2008). "game theory," introduction, the new palgrave dictionary of economics, 2nd edition. abstract. game theory is mainly used in economics, political science, and psychology, as well as logic, computer science, and biology. the subject first addressed zero-sum games, such that one person's gains exactly equal net losses of the other participant or participants. today, however, game theory applies to a wide range of behavioral relations, and has developed into an umbrella term for the logical side of decision science, including both humans and non-humans (e.g. computers, insects/animals). modern game theory began with the idea regarding the existence of mixed-strategy equilibria in two-person zero-sum games and its proof by john von neumann. von neumann's original proof used brouwer fixed-point theorem on continuous mappings into compact convex sets, which became a standard method in game theory and mathematical economics. his paper was followed by the 1944 book theory of games and economic behavior, co-written with oskar morgenstern, which considered cooperative games of several players. the second edition of this book provided an axiomatic theory of expected utility, which allowed mathematical statisticians and economists to treat decision-making under uncertainty. this theory was developed extensively in the 1950s by many scholars. game theory was later explicitly applied to biology in the 1970s, although similar developments go back at least as far as the 1930s. game theory has been widely recognized as an important tool in many fields. with the nobel memorial prize in economic sciences going to game theorist jean tirole in 2014, eleven game-theorists have now won the economics nobel prize. john maynard smith was awarded the crafoord prize for his application of game theory to biology. ==representation of games== the games studied in game theory are well-defined mathematical objects. to

George_H._W._Bush

{{infobox officeholder |birth_name=george herbert walker bush |name = george h. w. bush |image = george h. w. bush, president of the united states, 1989 official portrait.jpgborder |office = 41st president of the united states |vicepresident = dan quayle |term_start = january 20, 1989 |term_end = january 20, 1993 |predecessor = ronald reagan |successor = bill clinton |office1 = 43rd vice president of the united states |president1 = ronald reagan |term_start1 = january 20, 1981 |term_end1 = january 20, 1989 |predecessor1 = walter mondale |successor1 = dan quayle |office2 = 11th director of central intelligence |president2 = gerald ford |deputy2 = vernon a. walters e. henry knoche |term_start2 = january 30, 1976 |term_end2 = january 20, 1977 |predecessor2 = william colby |successor2 = stansfield turner |office3 = chief of the u.s. liaison office to the people's republic of china |president3 = gerald ford |term_start3 = september 26, 1974 |term_end3 = december 7, 1975 |predecessor3 = david k. e. bruce |successor3 = thomas s. gates, jr. |office4 = 48th chairman of the republican national committee |term_start4 = january 19, 1973 |term_end4 = september 16, 1974 |predecessor4 = bob dole |successor4 = mary smith |office5 = united states ambassador to the united nations |president5 = richard nixon |term_start5 = march 1, 1971 |term_end5 = january 18, 1973 |predecessor5 = charles woodruff yost |successor5 = john a. scali |office6 = member of the u.s. house of representatives from texas's 7th district |term_start6 = january 3, 1967 |term_end6 = january 3, 1971 |predecessor6 = john dowdy |successor6 = william archer |birth_date = |birth_place = milton, massachusetts, u.s. |death_date = |death_place = |party = republican party |spouse = barbara bush |children = george w. bushrobin bushjeb bushneil bushmarvin p. bushdorothy bush koch |alma_mater = yale university |residence = houston, texas |religion = episcopal |website = presidential library |signature = george hw bush signature.svg |signature_alt = cursive signature in ink |allegiance = {{nowrap|

Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States

thumb|night time astronaut image of the northern gulf coast. the gulf coast of the united states, sometimes referred to as the south coast , or the third coast , comprises the coasts of american states that are situated on the gulf of mexico. they are texas, louisiana, mississippi, alabama, and florida, known collectively as the gulf states. all the gulf states are located in the southern region of the united states. the economy of the gulf coast area is dominated by industries related to fishing, aerospace, agriculture, and tourism. the large cities of the region are (from west to east) brownsville, corpus christi, houston, galveston, baton rouge, new orleans, biloxi, mobile, pensacola, tampa, and increasingly, sarasota; all are the centers of their respective metropolitan areas and contain large ports. (baton rouge is relatively far from the gulf of mexico; its port is on the mississippi river, as is the port of new orleans.) ==geography== the gulf coast is made of many inlets, bays, and lagoons. the coast is also intersected by numerous rivers, the largest of which is the mississippi river. much of the land along the gulf coast is, or was, marshland. ringing the gulf coast is the gulf coastal plain which reaches from southern texas to the western florida panhandle.while the western portions of the gulf coast are made up of many barrier islands and peninsulas, including the padre island and galveston island located in the u.s. state of texas. these landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. the central part of the gulf coast, from eastern texas through louisiana, consists primarily of marshland. the eastern part of the gulf coast, predominantly florida, is dotted with many bays and inlets. ===climate=== the gulf coast area is vulnerable to hurricanes as well as floods and severe thunderstorms. tornadoes are infrequent at the coast but do occur, however the frequency at which they occur in inland portions of gulf coast states is much greater. earthquakes are extremely rare to the area, but a surprising 6.0 earthquake in the gulf of mexico on september 10, 2006, could be felt from the cities of new orleans to tampa. ==economic activities== [[image:gulf coast pl

Godzilla

{| class="infobox" style="width: 21em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | godzilla film series character |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; background:#001; color:#ffa;"| godzilla |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 320pxgodzilla featured in the original film. |- ! alias | king of the monstersgodzilla, king of the monsters! 1956 tohogodzilla vs. megaguirus 2000 tohogodzilla: final wars 2004 tohogigantisgodzilla raids again (us release) 1959 tohomonster zero-oneinvasion of astro-monster 1965 tohogod of destructiongodzila, mothra, and king ghidorah 2001 tohoalpha predatorgodzilla, 2014, legendary pictures |- ! first appearance: | godzilla (1954) |- ! latest appearance: | godzilla (2014) |- ! created by: | tomoyuki tanakaishiro hondaeiji tsubaraya |- ! designed by: | akira watanabeteizô toshimitsu classic media godzilla 2006 dvd - special features: making of the godzilla suit - ed godziszewski |- ! portrayed by: | shōwa series:haruo nakajimakatsumi tezukayū sekidaryosaku takasugiseiji onakashinji takagiisao zushitoru kawaiheisei series:kenpachiro satsumamillennium series:tsutomu kitagawamizuho yoshidalegendary series:matt crossmo-cap performance - godzilla (2014) - end credits - legendary pictureslee ross |} ({{ipac-en|ɡ|ɒ|d|ˈ|

Godzilla_vs._Mothra

is a 1992 japanese science fiction kaiju film produced by toho co., ltd.. directed by takao okawara with special effects by koichi kawakita, the film stars tetsuya bessho, satomi kobayashi and akiji kobayashi. the 19th installment in the godzilla series, unadjusted for inflation the film remains the highest grossing film of the entire godzilla series. after the success of the previous year's godzilla vs king ghidorah, toho decided to bring back mothra, their second most famous creation. composer akira ifukube won a japanese academy award for his score. the film was the second highest grossing film in japan in 1993, second only to jurassic park. the film was released direct to video in the united states in 1998 by columbia tristar home video as godzilla and mothra: the battle for earth. ==plot== a large meteor hurtles towards earth, lands in the ocean and awakens godzilla. one particularly large typhoon is monitored over the pacific ocean. the next day, a young man named takuya fujita is detained after stealing an ancient artifact. later, a representative of the japanese prime minister arrives with takuya's ex-wife, masako tezuka, and offers him to explore an island with masako and marutomo company secretary, kenji ando, and become a free man. takuya initially turns down the offer, on the basis that he is to be released in another week. but after his ex-wife informs him that his sentence has been reconsidered, he accepts. after the trio arrives at the island, they find a cave behind a waterfall. inside, they discover ancient paintings, including a picture of two giant insects fighting one another. while studying them, the sun shines through a hole in the wall, and the light points to a small opening in the cave, where they come upon a giant egg. the three hear a pair of voices, which belong to the cosmos. they keep the earth's natural order in balance, and informs them the egg belongs to mothra. the cosmos tell of an ancient, advanced civilization that tried to control the earth

Gratis

gratis or is the quality of an action where the action is willingly provided without any requirement by the provider for compensation or monetary remuneration. it is often referred to in english as free of charge (foc), complimentary, or on the house. companies, producers, and service providers often provide certain things free of charge as part of a larger business model, pricing strategy, or as a donation. ==etymology== the english term gratis has its origins in late middle english; from latin. a contraction of gratiis, meaning 'as a kindness' or 'a show of goodwill', which in turn stems from the root gratia meaning 'grace' or 'kindness'.http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0347760#m_en_gb0347760 it is widely used in the afrikaans, slovakia, czech, hungarian, croatian, serbian, polish, french, dutch, spanish, italian, portuguese, romanian, indonesian, swedish, norwegian, danish, german and some of the other germanic languages, with the same meaning. ==marketing== in a standard business model where goods and services are exchanged for a monetary compensation, pricing of the goods is a fundamental element of the marketing process. while it would defeat the business model if companies provide all of their goods and services free of charge, it is common for them to provide limited amount of free goods in their promotional mix. many companies often provide free samples to the press in order to generate media coverage for their products. depending on the product, companies may provide free samples to prospective buyers. in addition, many companies would often provide complementary goods and services free of charge (i.e., on a complimentary basis). for example, coffeehouses often provide internet access free of charge to attract more customers. hotels often provide free shuttle services. restaurants often provide valet parking service free of charge. companies may also distribute branded stationery, refrigerator magnets, or similar items free to promote their brand instead of any specific line of products. ===casinos=== casinos often provide complimentary goods and services, such as alcohol, food and hotel rooms, collectively known as "comps", to high-rolling gamblers in order to encourage them to gamble longer, therefore increasing the house advantage. ==mass media== in certain industries, such as the mass media where major part of the revenue comes from advertisers, it is often in the compan

Politics_of_Gabon

politics of gabon takes place in a framework of a republic whereby the president of gabon is head of state and in effect, also the head of government, since he appoints the prime minister and his cabinet. the government is divided into three branches: the executive (headed by the prime minister (although previously grabbed by the president), the legislative that is formed by the two chambers of parliament. the judicial branch, like other two branches, is technically independent and equal to other three branches, although in practice, since its judges are appointed by the president, it is beholden to the same president. since independence the party system is dominated by the conservative gabonese democratic party. in march 1991 a new constitution was adopted. among its provisions are a western-style bill of rights, the creation of the national council of democracy that also oversees the guarantee of those rights and a governmental advisory board which deals with economic and social issues. multi-party legislative elections were held in 1990-91 even though opposition parties had not been declared formally legal. ==political developments== under the 1961 constitution (revised in 1975 and rewritten in 1991), gabon became a republic with a presidential form of government. the national assembly of gabon has 120 deputies elected for a five-year term. the president is elected by universal suffrage for a seven-year term. the president appoints the prime minister, the cabinet, and judges of the independent supreme court. the government in 1990 made major changes in the political system. a transitional constitution was drafted in may as an outgrowth of a national political conference in march–april and later revised by a constitutional committee. among its provisions were a western-style bill of rights; creation of a national council of democracy, which oversees the guarantee of those rights; a governmental advisory board on economic and social issues; and an independent judiciary. after approval by the national assembly, the pdg central committee, and the president, the assembly unanimously adopted the constitution in march 1991. multi-party legislative elections were held in 1990-91 although opposition parties had not been declared formally legal. after a peaceful transition, the elections produced the first representative, multi-party, national assembly. in january 1991, the assembly passed by unanimous vote a law governing the legalization of opposition parties. the president was re-elected in a disputed election in 1993 with 51% of votes cast. social and political disturbances led to the 1994 [[paris co

Gaza_Strip

thumb|gaza strip, with israeli-controlled borders and limited fishing zone thumb|downtown gaza, 2012 thumb|kite-flying event on gaza beach the gaza strip (;the new oxford dictionary of english (1998) isbn 0-19-861263-x - p.761 "gaza strip /'gɑːzə/ a strip of territory under the control of the palestinian national authority and hamas, on the se mediterranean coast including the town of gaza...". ), or simply gaza, is an pene-exclave region of palestine on the eastern coast of the mediterranean sea that borders egypt on the southwest for and israel on the east and north along a border. gaza makes up part of the palestinian territories which includes the west bank, and in 2012 the united nations general assembly "accorded palestine non-member observer state status in the united nations".{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/news/press/docs/2012/ga11317.doc.htm |title=general assembly votes overwhelmingly to accord palestine ‘non-member observer stateâ

Foreign_relations_of_Georgia

georgia's location, nestled between the black sea, russia, and turkey, renders it strategically important. it is developing as the gateway from the black sea to the caucasus and the larger caspian region, but also serves as a buffer between russia and turkey. georgia has a long and tumultuous relationship with russia, but it is reaching out to its other neighbours and looking to the west in search of alternatives and opportunities. it signed a partnership and cooperation agreement with the european union, participates in the partnership for peace, and encourages foreign investment. france, germany, the united kingdom, and the united states all have embassies in tbilisi. georgia is a member of the united nations, the council of europe, and the osce. because of its strategic location, georgia is in both the russian and american spheres of influence, however georgia's relationship with russia is at its lowest point since 1921 due to controversies regarding espionage and the 2008 south ossetia war. as a result, georgia broke off diplomatic relations with russia and has left the commonwealth of independent states. ==relations by country== ===neighboring countries=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !width="15%"| country !width="12%"| formal relations began !notes |--valign="top" ||| |see armenia–georgia relations * there are nearly 250,000 armenians in georgia, among them 115,000 living in javakheti and 83,000 in tbilisi.2002 georgia census. the georgian minority in armenia is less sizable. * armenia and georgia have a long history of cultural and political relations. the interaction peaked in the middle ages when both nations engaged in prolific cultural dialogue and allied themselves against the neighboring muslim empires. there were frequent intermarriages between armenian an

Foreign_relations_of_Ghana

foreign relations of ghana is controlled by the ministry of foreign affairs of ghana. ghana is active in the united nations and many of its specialised agencies, the world trade organization, the non-aligned movement, the organisation of african unity (oau), the african union (au) and the economic community of west african states. generally, it follows the consensus of the non-aligned movement and the oau on economic and political issues not directly affecting its own interests. ghana has been extremely active in international peacekeeping activities under un auspices in lebanon, afghanistan, rwanda, and the balkans, in addition to an eight-year sub-regional initiative with its ecowas partners to develop and then enforce a cease-fire in liberia. ghana is also a member of the international criminal court. ==guiding principles and objectives== ghana's foreign policy since independence has been characterised by a commitment to the principles and ideals of non-alignment and pan-africanism as first enunciated by kwame nkrumah in the early 1960s. for nkrumah, non-alignment meant complete independence from the policies and alliances of both east and west and support for a worldwide union of so-called non-aligned nations as a counter to both east and west power blocs. pan-africanism, by contrast, was a specifically african policy that envisioned the liberation of african peoples from western colonialism and the eventual economic and political unity of the african continent.owusu, maxwell. "guiding principles and objectives". a country study: ghana (la verle berry, editor). library of congress federal research division (november 1994). this article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. the pndc, like most of its predecessors, made serious and consistent attempts at the practical application of these ideals and principles, and its successor, the ndc government, promises to follow in the pndc's footsteps. under the ndc, ghana remains committed to the principle of non-alignment in world politics. ghana is also opposed to interference in the internal affairs of both small and large countries. this is a departure from nkrumah's foreign policy approach; nkrumah was frequently accused of subverting african regimes, such as togo and ivory coast, which he considered ideologically conservative. the ndc government, like the pndc before it, believes in the principle of self-determination, including the right to political independence and the right of people to pursue their economic and social development free from external interference. another feature of ndc rule carried over from the pndc era is faithfulness to what

Communications_in_Gibraltar

communications in gibraltar comprise a wide range of telephony systems (both fixed-line and mobile), internet access, broadcasting (radio and television) and satellite control. there is also printed and online media. regulation of telecommunications and broadcasting are the responsibility of the gibraltar regulatory authority (gra), established by means of the gibraltar regulatory authority act in 2000. ==telecommunications== ===history=== thumb|site of the first telephone exchange in city mill lane. the first submarine telegraph cable started its operation in gibraltar in 1870. gibraltar was a landing point of the long-range submarine cable that from porthcurno, in the united kingdom ran to lisbon, gibraltar, malta, alexandria, suez, aden, bombay, over land to the east coast of india, then on to penang, malacca, singapore, batavia (current jakarta), to finally reach darwin, australia. it was the first direct link between australia and great britain. the company that laid the first part of the cable took the name of falmouth, gibraltar and malta telegraph company and had been founded in 1869. this company later operated as the eastern telegraph company from mount pleasant in gibraltar and eventually became cable & wireless. the first telephones were introduced to gibraltar in 1886 by a private company which was later taken over by the colonial authorities. the first wireless message was transmitted to gibraltar in 1903. since 1926, the telephone service was operated by the city council. an automatic exchange was installed in the last floor of the city hall. on 4 april 1927, following an agreement signed between the compañía telefónica nacional de españa, the spanish incumbent telecommunications operator, and the gibraltar city council, direct communications between spain and gibraltar were established. upon the approval of the [[gibralt

Graviton

in physics, the graviton is a hypothetical elementary particle that mediates the force of gravitation in the framework of quantum field theory. if it exists, the graviton is expected to be massless (because the gravitational force appears to have unlimited range) and must be a spin-2 boson. the spin follows from the fact that the source of gravitation is the stress–energy tensor, a second-rank tensor (compared to electromagnetism's spin-1 photon, the source of which is the four-current, a first-rank tensor). additionally, it can be shown that any massless spin-2 field would give rise to a force indistinguishable from gravitation, because a massless spin-2 field must couple to (interact with) the stress–energy tensor in the same way that the gravitational field does. this result suggests that, if a massless spin-2 particle is discovered, it must be the graviton, so that the only experimental verification needed for the graviton may simply be the discovery of a massless spin-2 particle.for a comparison of the geometric derivation and the (non-geometric) spin-2 field derivation of general relativity, refer to box 18.1 (and also 17.2.5) of ==theory== the three other known forces of nature are mediated by elementary pa

Greece

{{infobox country |other_name = republic of greece |conventional_long_name = hellenic republic |native_name = |common_name = greece |image_flag = flag of greece.svg |image_coat = coat of arms of greece.svg |image_map = eu-greece.svg |map_caption = | national_motto = , "freedom or death" |national_anthem = file:greece national anthem.ogg |official_languages = greek |religion = eastern orthodoxy |demonym = greek |capital = athens |latd=37 |latm=58 |latns=n |longd=23 |longm=43 |longew=e |largest_city = capital |government_type = |leader_title1 = president |leader_name1 = karolos papoulias |leader_title2 = prime minister |leader_name2 = antonis samaras |leader_title3 = speaker |leader_name3 = vangelis meimarakis |legislature = parliament |sovereignty_type = formation |established_event1 = independence declared |established_date1 = 1 january 1822 |established_event2 = recognized |established_date2 = 3 february 1830 |established_event3 = |established_date3 = 11 june 1975 |area_rank = 97th |area_magnitude = 1 e11 |area_km2 = 131,957 |area_footnote = |area_sq_mi = 50,949 |percent_water = 0.8669 |population_census = 10,816,286{{cite web|title=announcement of the demographic and social characteristics of the revised resident population of greece according to the 2012 population – housing census.|url=http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/e

Transport_in_Greece

transport in greece has undergone significant changes in the past two decades, vastly modernizing the country's infrastructure. although ferry transport between islands remains the prominent method of transport between the nation's islands, improvements to the road infrastructure, rail, urban transport, and airports have all led to a vast improvement in transportation. these upgrades have played a key role in supporting greece's economy, which in the past decade has come to rely heavily on the construction industry. ==rail transport== ===railways=== *total: 2,571 km (764 km are (or will be) electrified) *standard gauge: 1,565 km 1.435-m gauge *narrow gauge: 961 km 1.000-m gauge; 22 km 0.750-m gauge *dual gauge: 23 km combined 1.435 m and 1.000-m gauges (three rail system) (2004) the state owned company that owns and maintains greece's railway network is called ose, while trainose is the company responsible for operating all passenger and freight trains. ===metro=== cities with a rapid transit railway network: *athens - athens metro (3 lines) *thessaloniki - thessaloniki metro (1 & 2 lines) (under construction) ===commuter rail=== cities with a commuter rail network (proastiakos): *athens (3 lines - officially 2 lines, since athens-chalkida line is not currently considered as a proastiakos commuter rail line.) *thessaloniki (2 lines) *patras (1 line) ===tram=== *athens tram *list of town tramway systems in greece ==road transport== ===highways=== thumb|moreas motorway. *as of 2010, greece has 1600 km of motorways, while by 2015 it is estimated it will have a total of 2800 km. roads: *total: 117,000 km *paved: 107,406 km *unpaved: 9,594 km (1996 est.) *over 2500 underground tunnels (est.) ===bus transport=== ====urban bus transport==== [[file:20090412-piraeus-fiat-704.jpg|thumb|preserved vintage trolleybus of [[ilpap]

Telecommunications_in_Greenland

telecommunications in greenland include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the internet. greenland has, by law, only one service provider for telecommunications and the internet, tele greenland, which is fully owned by the greenlandic home rule government.tele-post: kalaallit nunaat nunarsuup qeqqani tele greenland provides switched telephone and data, land mobile communications, and vhf and mf shore-to-ship communication."tele greenland a/s", telecommunication development bureau, international telecommunication union (itu), 17 december 1997. retrieved 8 november 2009. this type of monopoly is not uncommon in greenland. ==radio and television== thumb|knr headquarters in nuuk the state broadcaster is kalaallit nunaata radioa (knr, greenlandic broadcasting corporation), which provides one television and one radio service nationwide.kalaallit nunaata radioa (knr): greenlandic broadcasting corporation. both broadcast in greenlandic and danish. administered as an independent public corporation by the greenlandic government, knr has a seven-person board and management committee. they employ 100 people and are funded publicly and by advertising."about knr", kalaallit nunaata radioa (knr): greenlandic broadcasting corporation, 2008. retrieved 8 november 2009. a few private local tv and radio stations are also available as are danish public radio rebroadcasts. an umbrella organization in greenland, known as the sttk, operates local radio and tv stations throughout the country. there are also american forces network stations, operated by the united states air force. greenlanders owned an estimated 30,000 radios and 30,000 television sets, as of 2002.jenny b. david, "greenland press, media, tv, and newspapers", press reference, 2002. retrieved 8 november 2009. ==telephones== * calling code: +299"communications: greenland", world factbook, u.s. central intelligence agency, 3 december 2013. retrieved 8 january 2014. * international call prefix: 00dialing procedures (international prefix, national (trunk) prefix and national (significant) number) (in accordance with ity-t recommendation e.164 (11/2010)), annex to itu operational bulletin no. 994-15.xii.2011, international t

Foreign_relations_of_Grenada

the united states, venezuela, cuba, and the people's republic of china have embassies in grenada. grenada has been recognized by most members of the united nations and maintains diplomatic missions in the united kingdom, the united states, venezuela, and canada. grenada is a member of the caribbean development bank, caricom, the organization of eastern caribbean states (oecs), and the commonwealth of nations. it joined the united nations in 1974, and the world bank, the international monetary fund, and the organization of american states in 1975. grenada also is a member of the eastern caribbean's regional security system (rss). ==bilateral relations== ===canada=== grenada has a consulate general in toronto, canada.consulate general of grenada in toronto, canada ===china=== grenada announced the resumption of diplomatic ties with the people's republic of china on january 20, 2005. ===cuba=== ===haiti=== as a member of caricom grenada strongly backed efforts by the united states to implement united nations security council resolution 940, designed to facilitate the departure of haiti's de facto authorities from power. grenada subsequently contributed personnel to the multinational force which restored the democratically elected government of haiti in october 1994. ===pakistan=== ===palestine=== grenada officially recognised the independence of the state of palestine on 25 september 2011 and established diplomatic relations on 27 september 2013.haiti, grenada establish diplomatic ties with palestine, wafa news agency, 2013-09-28 ===soviet union=== during the new jewel movement, the soviet union tried to make the island of grenada to function as a soviet base, and also by getting supplies from cuba. on october 1983, during the u.s. invasion of grenada, u.s. president ronald reagan maintained that us marines arrived on the island of grenada, which was considered a soviet-cuban ally that would export communist revolution throughout the caribbean. in november, at a joint hearing of congressional subcommittee, it was told that grenada could be used as a staging area for subversion of the nearby countries, for intersection of shipping lanes, and for the transit of troops and supplies from cuba to africa, and from eastern europe and libya to central america. in december, the state department published a preliminary report on grenada, in which was claimed as an "island of soviet internationalism". when the us marines landed on the island, they discovered a large amount of documents, which included a

Politics_of_Guatemala

politics of guatemala takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the president of guatemala is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. executive power is exercised by the government. legislative power is vested in both the government and the congress of the republic. the judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. guatemala's 1985 constitution provides for a separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. the 1993 constitutional reforms included an increase in the number of supreme court justices from 9 to 13. the terms of office for president, vice president, and congressional deputies were reduced from five years to four years; for supreme court justices from six years to five years, and increased the terms of mayors and city councils from 30 months to four years. ==executive branch== the president and vice president are directly elected through universal suffrage and limited to one term. a vice president can run for president after four years out of office. in the latest elections, which took place in 2011, retired general otto pérez molina of the patriotic party won the presidential election in a runoff against populist manuel baldizón of the lider party. |president |otto pérez molina |patriotic party |14 january 2012 |} ==legislative branch== the congress of the republic (congreso de la república) has 158 members, elected for a four-year term, partially in departmental constituencies and partially by nationwide proportional representation. ==political parties and elections== political parties in guatemala are generally numerous and unstable. no party has won the presidency more than once and in every election period the majority of the parties are small and newly formed. even the longer-lived parties, such as the christian democrats (dcg) or the urng, tend to last less than a decade as significant forces in guatemalan politics. ==judicial branch== the constitutional court (corte de constitucionalidad) is guatemala's consti

Guinea

{{infobox country | conventional_long_name = republic of guinea | native_name = république de guinée | common_name = guinea | image_flag = flag of guinea.svg | image_coat =coat_of_arms_of_guinea.svg | image_map = location guinea au africa.svg | map_caption = | image_map2 = guinea - location map (2013) - gin - unocha.svg | national_motto = | national_anthem = file:national anthem of guinea by us navy band.ogg | official_languages = french | languages_type = vernacularlanguages | languages = | demonym = guinean | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | capital = conakry | latd=9 |latm=31 |latns=n |longd=13 |longm=42 |longew=w | largest_city = capital | government_type = presidential republic | leader_title1 = president | leader_name1 = alpha condé (rpg) | leader_title2 = prime minister | leader_name2 = mohamed said fofana (rpg) | legislature = national assembly | area_rank = 78th | area_magnitude = 1 e11 | area_km2 = 245,836 | area_sq_mi = 94,926 | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = 10,057,975 | population_estimate_rank = 81st | population_estimate_year = july

Foreign_relations_of_Guinea

the foreign relations of guinea, including those with its west african neighbors, have improved steadily since 1985.background note: guinea, us department of state, february 2009 == diplomatic history == guinea re-established relations with france and west germany in 1975, and with neighboring côte d'ivoire and senegal in 1978. guinea has been active in efforts toward regional integration and cooperation, especially regarding the organisation of african unity and the economic community of west african states (ecowas). guinea participates actively in the deliberations and decisions of a variety of international organizations. guinea has participated in both diplomatic and military efforts to resolve conflicts in liberia, sierra leone, and guinea-bissau, and contributed contingents of troops to peacekeeping operations in all three countries as part of ecomog, the military observer group of ecowas.ecomog: peacekeeper or participant?, bbc news online, february 11, 1998 guinea has offered asylum to over 700,000 liberian, sierra leonean, and bissauan refugees since 1990, despite the economic and environmental costs involved. guinea is also a member of the international criminal court with a bilateral immunity agreement of protection for the united states military (as covered under article 98).status of us bilateral immunity agreements (bias). coalition of the international criminal court === 2009 ambassador recall === on 5 may 2009, president moussa dadis camara, who seized power in a bloodless coup which followed the 22 december 2008 death of president lansana conté, announced the recall of 30 of guinea's ambassadors to other countries. the order was made by a presidential decree on state television and is the first major diplomatic move made by the new leader. the decision affects ambassadors to the united states, the people's republic of china, france, the united kingdom, russia, egypt, south africa, italy, japan, brazil, cuba, switzerland, serbia, malaysia, iran, the united arab emirates, senegal, nigeria, libya, ghana, algeria, morocco, gabon, liberia, sierra leone and guinea-bissau, comprising almost all of guinea's

Military_of_Guinea-Bissau

the armed forces of guinea-bissau consist of an army, navy, air force and paramilitary forces. a 2008 united nations development programme census estimated that there were around 4,000 personnel in the armed forces.http://www.un.org/peace/peacebuilding/country-specific%20configurations/guinea-bissau/background%20paper%20on%20ssr%2018.06.2008.pdf an earlier cia world fact book figure was 9,250. the world fact book also estimated military expenditure as $9.46 million, and military spending as a percentage of gdp as 3.1%. the world fact book also reports that the military service age and obligation is 18–25 years of age for selective compulsory military service; 16 years of age or younger with parental consent, for voluntary service (2009). == internal culture == ===2010 guinea-bissau military unrest=== major general batista tagme na waie was chief of staff of the guinea-bissau armed forces until his assassination in 2009. military unrest occurred in guinea-bissau on 1 april 2010. prime minister carlos gomes junior was placed under house arrest by soldiers, who also detained army chief of staff zamora induta. supporters of gomes and his party, paigc, reacted to the move by demonstrating in the capital, bissau; antonio indjai, the deputy chief of staff, then warned that he would have gomes killed if the protests continued.assimo balde, "soldiers put guinea-bissau pm under house arrest", associated press, 1 april 2010. the eu ended its mission to reform the country's security forces, eu ssr guinea-bissau, on 4 august 2010, a risk that may further embolden powerful generals and drug traffickers in the army and elsewhere. the eu mission's spokesman in guinea-bissau said the eu had to suspend its pro

Great_Pyramid_of_Giza

the great pyramid of giza (also known as the pyramid of khufu or the pyramid of cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the giza necropolis bordering what is now el giza, egypt. it is the oldest of the seven wonders of the ancient world, and the only one to remain largely intact. based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to fourth dynasty egyptian pharaoh khufu, egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 to 20-year period concluding around 2560 bc. initially at , the great pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years. originally, the great pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface; what is seen today is the underlying core structure. some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base. there have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the great pyramid's construction techniques. most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place. there are three known chambers inside the great pyramid. the lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished. the so-calledjohn romer, in his the great pyramid: ancient egypt revisited notes "by themselves, of course, none of these modern labels define the ancient purposes of the architecture they describe." p. 8 queen's chamber and king's chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure. the great pyramid of giza is the only pyramid in egypt known to contain both ascending and descending passages. the main part of the giza complex is a setting of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honour of khufu (one close to the pyramid and one near the nile),

Göktürks

the türks or the kök türks (old turkic: 10px10px10px10px 10px10px10px ), also known as ashina/açina turks and sometimes as its anatolian turkish version göktürks (celestial/blue turks), were a nomadic confederation of turkic peoples in medieval inner asia. the kök türks, under the leadership of bumin qaghan (d. 552) and his sons, succeeded the rouran as the main power in the region and established the turkic khaganate, one of several nomadic dynasties which would shape the future geolocation, culture, and dominant beliefs of turkic peoples. ==etymology== thumb|200px|left|kül tigin the old turkic name was 10px10px10px10px türük,kultegin's memorial complex, türik bitig khöshöö tsaidam monuments bilge kagan's memorial complex, türik bitig khöshöö tsaidam monuments 10px10px10px10px 10px10px10px kök türük, or 10px10px10px10px türk.tonyukuk's memorial complex, türik bitig bain tsokto monument they were known in chinese historical sources as tujue (tu-chueh; ; middle chinese: dʰuət-kĭwɐt). according to chinese sources, the meaning of the word tujue was "combat helmet" (), reportedly because the shape of the altai mountains, where they lived, was similar to a combat helmet.linghu defen et al., book of zhou, vol. 50. wei zheng et a

Gheorghe_Zamfir

gheorghe zamfir (; born april 6, 1941) is a romanian pan flute musician. zamfir is known for playing an expanded version of the traditional romanian-style pan flute (nai) of 20 pipes to 22, 25, 28 and 30 pipes to increase its range, and obtaining as many as eight overtones (additionally to the fundamental tone) from each pipe by changing the embouchure. he is arguably known as "the master of the pan flute" (see criticism).king of the classicscontemporary musicians | zamfir, gheorghe ==career== zamfir came to the public eye when he was approached by swiss ethnomusicologist marcel cellier, who extensively researched romanian folk music in the 1960s. the composer vladimir cosma brought zamfir with his pan flute to western european countries for the first time in 1972 as the soloist in cosma's original music for the movie le grand blond avec une chaussure noire. this was very successful, and since then, he has been used as soloist in movie soundtracks by composers francis lai, ennio morricone and many others. largely through television commercials where he was billed as "zamfir, master of the pan flute", he introduced the folk instrument to a modern audience and revived it from obscurity. in 1966, zamfir was appointed conductor of the "ciocîrlia orchestra", one of the most prestigious state ensembles of romania, destined for concert tours abroad. this created the opportunity for composition and arranging. in 1969, he left ciocîrlia and started his own small band (taraf) and in 1970 he had his first longer term contract in paris. zamfir discovered the much greater freedom for artistic adventure. his taraf consisted of: ion drăgoi (violin), ion lăceanu (flutes), dumitru fărcaș (tarogato), petre vidrean (double bass) and tony iordache (cymbalum) all number 1 soloists in ther country. this taraf made some excellent recordings (cd zam

Goitre

a goitre or goiter (see spelling differences; from the latin gutteria, struma) is a swelling of the neck or larynx resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland (thyromegaly), associated with a thyroid gland that is not functioning properly. worldwide, over 90.54% cases of goitre are caused by iodine deficiency.r. hörmann: schilddrüsenkrankheiten. abw-wissenschaftsverlag, 4. auflage 2005, seite 15–37. isbn 3-936072-27-2 == signs and symptoms == goitre which is associated with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism may be present with symptoms of the underlying disorder. for hyperthyroidism, the most common symptoms are associated with adrenergic stimulation: tachycardia, palpitations, nervousness, tremor, increased blood pressure and heat intolerance. clinical manifestations are often related to hypermetabolism, including increased metabolism, excessive thyroid hormone, an increase in oxygen consumption, metabolic changes in protein metabolism, immunologic stimulation of diffuse goiter, and ocular changes (exophthalmos).porth, c. m., gaspard, k. j., & noble, k. a. (2011). essentials of pathophysiology: concepts of altered health states (3rd ed.). philadelphia, pa: wolters kluwer/lippincott williams & wilkins. hypothyroid individuals have weight gain despite poor appetite, cold intolerance, constipation and lethargy. however, these symptoms are often nonspecific and hard to diagnose. ==morphology== regarding morphology, goitres may be classified either as the growth pattern or as the size of the growth: ;growth pattern: *uninodular (struma uninodosa): can be either inactive or a toxic nodule *multinodular (struma nodosa): can likewise be inactive or toxic, the latter called toxic multinodular goitre *diffuse (struma diffuse): the whole thyroid appearing to be enlarged. ;size: * class i (palpation struma): in normal posture of the head, it cannot be seen; it is only found by palpation. * class ii: the struma is palpative and can be easily seen. * class iii: the struma is very large and is retrosternal; pressure results in compression marks. file:struma 001.jpg|struma nodosa (class ii) file:struma 004.jpg|struma with autonomous adenoma file:kone med stor struma.jpg|struma class iii == causes == worldwide, the most common cause for goitre is iodine deficiency, usually seen in countries that do not use iodized salt. selenium deficiency is also considered a contributing factor. in countries

Graphical_user_interface

in computing, a graphical user interface (gui, sometimes pronounced "gooey" (or "gee-you-eye"))martinez, w. l. (2011), graphical user interfaces. wires comp stat, 3: 119–133. doi: 10.1002/wics.150 is a type of interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators such as secondary notation, as opposed to text-based interfaces, typed command labels or text navigation. guis were introduced in reaction to the perceived steep learning curve of command-line interfaces (clis),computerhope.comtechnet.comtechnet.com which require commands to be typed on the keyboard. the actions in a gui are usually performed through direct manipulation of the graphical elements. in addition to computers, guis can be found in hand-held devices such as mp3 players, portable media players, gaming devices and smaller household, office and industry equipment. the term "gui" tends not to be applied to other low-resolution types of interfaces with display resolutions, such as video games (where hud is preferred), or not restricted to flat screens, like volumetric displays because the term is restricted to the scope of two-dimensional display screens able to describe generic information, in the tradition of the computer science research at the parc (palo alto research center). == user interface and interaction design == [[file:linux kernel input ouput evdev gem usb framebuffer.svg|thumb|350px|the graphical user interface is presented (displayed)

Gregory_Chaitin

gregory john chaitin ( ; born 15th. november, 1947 in argentina) is an argentine-american mathematician and computer scientist. beginning in the late 1960s, chaitin made contributions to algorithmic information theory and metamathematics, in particular a computer-theoretic result equivalent to gödel's incompleteness theorem. he is considered to be one of the founders of what is today known as kolmogorov (or kolmogorov-chaitin) complexity together with andrei kolmogorov and ray solomonoff. today, algorithmic information theory is a common subject in any computer science curricula. ==mathematics and computer science== he attended the bronx high school of science and city college of new york, where he (still in his teens) developed the theory that led to his independent discovery of kolmogorov complexity. chaitin has defined chaitin's constant Ω, a real number whose digits are equidistributed and which is sometimes informally described as an expression of the probability that a random program will halt. Ω has the mathematical property that it is [[definable number

Gilbert_Cesbron

gilbert cesbron (13 january 1913, in paris Р13 august 1979, in paris) was a french novelist. born in paris, cesbron attended what is now known as lyc̩e condorcet. in 1944, he published his first novel, les innocents de paris ("the innocent of paris"), in switzerland. he first came into wide public acclaim with the release of notre prison est un royaume ("our prison is a kingdom") in 1948, and il est minuit, docteur schweitzer ("it is midnight, doctor schweitzer") in 1950. in his works, cesbron tended to illustrate and describe relevant social topics such as: juvenile delinquency in chiens perdus sans collier ("lost dogs without collars"), violence in entre chiens et loups ("between dogs and wolves"), euthanasia in il est plus tard que tu ne penses ("it is later than you think"), and working priests in les saints vont en enfer ("saints go to hell"). in 1955, cesbron's book chiens perdus sans collier, the story of an orphan boy and a benevolent judge, was made into a movie starring jean gabin and robert dalban.

Gladiator

a gladiator (, "swordsman", from , "sword") was an armed combatant who entertained audiences in the roman republic and roman empire in violent confrontations with other gladiators, wild animals, and condemned criminals. some gladiators were volunteers who risked their legal and social standing and their lives by appearing in the arena. most were despised as slaves, schooled under harsh conditions, socially marginalized, and segregated even in death. irrespective of their origin, gladiators offered spectators an example of rome's martial ethics and, in fighting or dying well, they could inspire admiration and popular acclaim. they were celebrated in high and low art, and their value as entertainers was commemorated in precious and commonplace objects throughout the roman world. the origin of gladiatorial combat is open to debate. there is evidence of it in funeral rites during the punic wars of the 3rd century bce, and thereafter it rapidly became an essential feature of politics and social life in the roman world. its popularity led to its use in ever more lavish and costly games. the games reached their peak between the 1st century bc and the 2nd century ad, and they finally declined during the early 5th century after the adoption of christianity as state church of the roman empire in 380, although beast hunts (venationes) continued into the 6th century. ==history of gladiatorial games== ===origins=== early literary sources seldom agree on the origins of gladiators and the gladiator games.; . in the late 1st century bc, nicolaus of damascus believed they were etruscan.. nicolaus cites posidonius's support for a celtic origin and hermippus' for a mantinean (therefore greek) origin. a generation later, livy wrote that they were first held in 310 bc by the campanians in celebration of their victory over the samnites.. futrell is citing livy, 9.40.17. long after the games had ceased, the 7th century ad writer isidore of seville derived latin lanista (manager of gladiators) from the etruscan word for "executioner," and the title of charon (an official who accompanied the dead from the roman gladiatorial arena) from charun, psychopomp of the etruscan underworld

Glagolitic_alphabet

the glagolitic alphabet , also known as glagolitsa, is the oldest known slavic alphabet, from the 9th century. ==name== the name was not coined until many centuries after its creation, and comes from the old church slavonic glagolъ "utterance" (also the origin of the slavic name for the letter g). the verb glagoliti means "to speak". it has been conjectured that the name glagolitsa developed in croatia around the 14th century and was derived from the word glagolity, applied to adherents of the liturgy in slavonic.bernard comrie and greville g. corbett, the slavonic languages, taylor & francis, 2002, p. 29. in old church slavonic the name is 100px|alt=ⰍⰫⰓⰊⰎⰎⰑⰂⰋⰜⰀ, . the words that denote glagolitic alphabet in the main slavic languages are as follows: bulgarian, russian, macedonian , belarusian , croatian , serbian , czech , polish , slovene , slovak hlaholika, and ukrainian . ==origins of the glagolitic characters== the creation of the characters is popularly attributed to saints cyril and methodius, who may have created them in order to facilitate the introduction of christianity.alan timberlake, a reference grammar of russian, cambridge university press, 2004, p. 14: "in order to write in slavic they devised a new alphabet which is now called glagolitic."florin curta & paul stephenson, southeastern europe in the middle ages, 500–1250, cambridge university press, 2006, p. 214: "at the emperor’s request, constantine and his brother started the translation of religious texts into old church slavonic, a literary language most likely based on the bulgarian dialect allegedly used in the hinterland of their home-town, thessalonica. consta

Gettysburg_Address

the gettysburg address is a speech by u.s. president abraham lincoln, one of the best-known in american history.historian james mcpherson has called it "the most eloquent expression of the new birth of freedom brought forth by reform liberalism.", in mcpherson, james m. drawn with the sword: reflections on the american civil war oxford: oxford university press, 1996. p. 185. google book search. retrieved on november 27, 2007. it was delivered by lincoln during the american civil war, on the afternoon of thursday, november 19, 1863, at the dedication of the soldiers' national cemetery in gettysburg, pennsylvania, four and a half months after the union armies defeated those of the confederacy at the battle of gettysburg. abraham lincoln's carefully crafted address, secondary to other presentations that day, came to be regarded as one of the greatest speeches in american history. in just over two minutes, lincoln reiterated the principles of human equality espoused by the declaration of independence and proclaimed the civil war as a struggle for the preservation of the union sundered by the secession crisis,{{cite web |url=http://history1800s.about.com/od/1800sglossary/g/emancipation-proclamation.htm |title=emancipation proclamation |accessdate=march 7, 2012|work=www.about.com 19th century history|author=robert j. mcnamara

Greenhouse_effect

thumb|another diagram of the greenhouse effect the greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface and the lower atmosphere, it results in an elevation of the average surface temperature above what it would be in the absence of the gases. solar radiation at the frequencies of visible light largely passes through the atmosphere to warm the planetary surface, which then emits this energy at the lower frequencies of infrared thermal radiation. infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases, which in turn re-radiate much of the energy to the surface and lower atmosphere. the mechanism is named after the effect of solar radiation passing through glass and warming a greenhouse, but the way it retains heat is fundamentally different as a greenhouse works by reducing airflow, isolating the warm air inside the structure so that heat is not lost by convection. if an ideal thermally conductive blackbody were the same distance from the sun as the earth is, it would have a temperature of about 5.3 °c. however, since the earth reflects about 30% of the incoming sunlight, this idealized planet's effective temperature (the temperature of a blackbody that would emit the same amount of radiation) would be about −18 °c.intergovernmental panel on climate change fourth assessment report. chapter 1: historical overview of climate change science page 97 the surface temperature of this hypothetical planet is 33 °c below earth's actual surface temperature of approximately 14 °c.the elusive "absolute surface air temperature," see giss discussion the mechanism that produces this difference bet

Gibberish

gibberish or gobbledygook refer to speech or other use of language that is nonsense, or that appears to be nonsense. it may include speech sounds that are not actual words, or forms such as language games or highly specialized jargon that seems non-sensical to outsiders. gibberish should not be confused with literary nonsense such as that used in the poem "jabberwocky" by lewis carroll. the word gibberish is more commonly applied to speech, while gobbledygook (sometimes gobbledegook, gobbledigook or gobbledegoo) is more often applied to writing. "officialese", "legalese", or "bureaucratese" are forms of gobbledygook. the related word jibber-jabber refers to rapid talk that is difficult to understand. ==etymology== the term gibberish was first seen in english in the early 16th century. its etymology is not certain, but it is generally thought to be onomatopoeia imitative of speech, similar to the related words jabber (to talk rapidly) and gibber (to speak inarticulately). less widely accepted theories assert that it is derived from the irish word gob or gab (mouth){{cite book|last=mackay|first=charles|title=a glossary of obscure words and phrases in the writings of shakspeare and his contemporaries traced etymologically to the ancient language of the british people as spoken before the irruption of the danes and saxo

Groucho_Marx

julius henry "groucho" marx (october 2, 1890 – august 19, 1977) was an american comedian and film and television star. he was known as a master of quick wit and widely considered one of the best comedians of the modern era.billboard magazine may 4, 1974 pg 35: "groucho marx was the best comedian this country ever produced – woody allen" his rapid-fire, often impromptu delivery of innuendo-laden patter earned him many admirers and imitators. he made 13 feature films with his siblings the marx brothers, of whom he was the third-born. he also had a successful solo career, most notably as the host of the radio and television game show you bet your life. his distinctive appearance, carried over from his days in vaudeville, included quirks such as an exaggerated stooped posture, glasses, cigar, and a thick greasepaint mustache and eyebrows. these exaggerated features resulted in the creation of one of the world's most ubiquitous and recognizable novelty disguises, known as "groucho glasses": a one-piece mask consisting of horn-rimmed glasses, large plastic nose, bushy eyebrows and mustache. "the most enduring masks of the 20th century—likely to take their place alongside comedy and tragedy or pulcinella and pierrot" == early life == he was born on october 2, 1890 in new york city, new york.the wwi draft registration as julius henry marx, chicago, illinois uses october 2, 1890. the 1900 census has him born in october of 1890. marx stated that he was born in a room above a butcher's shop on 78th street in new york city.1950 radio episode of you bet your life the marx children grew up on east 93rd street off lexington avenue in a neighborhood now known as [[carnegie

Guanine

guanine (g, gua) is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids dna and rna, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in rna). in dna, guanine is paired with cytosine. with the formula c5h5n5o, guanine is a derivative of purine, consisting of a fused pyrimidine-imidazole ring system with conjugated double bonds. being unsaturated, the bicyclic molecule is planar. the guanine nucleoside is called guanosine. ==basic principles== guanine, along with adenine and cytosine, is present in both dna and rna, where as thymine is usually seen only in dna, and uracil only in rna. guanine has two tautomeric forms, the major keto form (see figures) and rare enol form. it binds to cytosine through three hydrogen bonds. in cytosine, the amino group acts as the hydrogen bond donor and the c-2 carbonyl and the n-3 amine as the hydrogen-bond acceptors. guanine has the c-6 carbonyl group that acts as the hydrogen bond acceptor, while a group at n-1 and the amino group at c-2

Gödel\'s_completeness_theorem

gödel's completeness theorem is a fundamental theorem in mathematical logic that establishes a correspondence between semantic truth and syntactic provability in first-order logic. it makes a close link between model theory that deals with what is true in different models, and proof theory that studies what can be formally proven in particular formal systems. it was first proved by kurt gödel in 1929. it was then simplified in 1947, when leon henkin observed in his ph.d. thesis that the hard part of the proof can be presented as the model existence theorem (published in 1949). henkin's proof was simplified by gisbert hasenjaeger in 1953. ==statement of the theorem== ===preliminaries=== there are numerous deductive systems for first-order logic, including systems of natural deduction and hilbert-style systems. common to all deductive systems is the notion of a formal deduction. this is a sequence (or, in some cases, a finite tree) of formulas with a specially-designated conclusion. the definition of a deduction is such that it is finite and that it is possible to verify algorithmically (by a computer, for example, or by hand) that a given sequence (or tree) of formulas is indeed a deduction. a first-order formula is called logically valid if it is true in every structure for the language of the formula (i.e. for any assignment of values to the variables of the formula). to formally state, and then prove, the completeness theorem, it is necessary to also define a deductive system. a deductive system is called complete if every logically valid formula is the conclusion of some formal deduction, and the completeness theorem for a particular deductive system is the theorem that it is complete in this sense. thus, in a sense, there is a different completeness theorem for each deductive system. a converse to completeness is soundness, the fact that only logically valid formulas are provable in the deductive system. if some specific deductive system of first-order logic is sound and complete, then it is "perfect" (a formula is provable if and only if it is a semantic consequence of the axioms), thus equivalent to any other deductive system with the same quality (any proof in one system can be converted into the other). ===gödel's original formulation=== the completeness theorem says that if a formula is logically valid then there is a finite deduction (a formal proof) of the formula. gödel's completeness theorem says that a deductive system of first-order predicate calculus is "complete" in the sense that no additional inference rules are required to prove all the logically valid formulas. a converse to completeness is soundness, the fact that only log

Gradient

thumb|300px|in the above two images, the values of the function are represented in black and white, black representing higher values, and its corresponding gradient is represented by blue arrows. in mathematics, the gradient is a generalization of the usual concept of derivative of a function in one dimension to a function in several dimensions. if is a differentiable, scalar-valued function of standard cartesian coordinates in euclidean space, its gradient is the vector whose components are the n partial derivatives of f. it is thus a vector-valued function. similarly to the usual derivative, the gradient represents the slope of the tangent of the graph of the function. more precisely, the gradient points in the direction of the greatest rate of increase of the function and its magnitude is the slope of the graph in that direction. the components of the gradient in coordinates are the coefficients of the variables in the equation of the tangent space to the graph. this characterizing property of the gradient allows it to be defined independently of a choice of coordinate system, as a vector field whose components in a coordinate system will transform when going from one coordinate system to another. the jacobian is the generalization of the gradient for vector-valued functions of several variables and differentiable maps between euclidean spaces or, more generally, manifolds. a further generalization for a function between banach spaces is the fréchet derivative. == motivation == thumb|350px|gradient of the 2-d function is plotted as blue arrows over the pseudocolor plot of the function. consider a room in which the temperature is given by a scalar field, , so at each point the temperature is . (we will assume that the temperature does not change over time.) at each point in the room, the gradient of t at that point will show the direction the temperature rises most quickly. the magnitude of the gradient will determine how fast the temperature rises in that direction. consider a surface whose height above sea level at a point (x, y) is h(x, y). the gradient of h at a point is a vector pointing in the direction of the steepest slope or grade at that point. the steepness of the slope at that point is given by the magnitude of the gradient vect

Germanicus

germanicus julius caesar (24 may 15 bc – 10 october ad 19), commonly known as germanicus, was a member of the julio-claudian dynasty and a prominent general of the early roman empire. he was born in rome, italia, and was named either nero claudius drusus after his father or tiberius claudius nero after his uncle. he was the grandson-in-law and great-nephew of the emperor augustus, nephew and adoptive son of the emperor tiberius, father of the emperor caligula, brother of the emperor claudius, and the maternal grandfather of the emperor nero. he received the agnomen germanicus in 9 bc, when it was posthumously awarded to his father in honour of his victories in germania. his own campaigns in germania made him famous after avenging the defeat at the battle of the teutoburg forest and retrieving the legion's eagles lost during the battle. beloved by the people, he was widely considered to be the perfect roman long after his death.suetonius, "life of caligula" 3.1 "it is the general opinion that germanicus possessed all the highest qualities of body and mind, to a degree never equalled by anyone" http://www.johndclare.net/ancienthistory/agrippina_sources1.html the roman people for centuries would consider him as rome's alexander the great due to the nature of his death at his young age, his virtuous character, and his military renown.tacitus, "annals" 2.73 "if he had become emperor,... he would have surpassed alexander in military success as easily as he did in mercy, moderation and all the other worthwhile qualities." http://www.johndclare.net/ancienthistory/agrippina_sources1.html ==family and early life== germanicus was born in rome in 15 bc. his parents were the general nero claudius drusus (son of empress livia drusilla, third wife of emperor augustus) and antonia minor (the younger daughter of the triumvir mark antony and octavia minor, sister of augustus). livilla was his younger sister and the future emperor [[claudius]

Giulio_Alenio

thumb|a life of jesus by giulio alenio, 1637. giulio alenio (often spelled giulio aleni; ; 1582 – june 10, 1649) was an italian jesuit missionary and scholar. he was born at brescia, in italy, and died at yanping, china. he became a member of the society of jesus in 1600, and was distinguished for his knowledge of mathematics and theology.john witek, s.j. "aleni, giulio, in gerald anderson, ed., biographical dictionary of christian missions (erdmans, ) pp. 9-10 ==life and works== in 1610, he was sent as a missionary to china. while waiting at macau for a favorable opportunity to enter the country he taught mathematics to local scholars and published his "observation sur l'éclipse de lune du 8 novembre 1612, faite a macao" (mémoires de l'acad. des sciences, vii, 706.) he adopted the dress and manners of the country, was the first christian missionary in jiangxi, and built several churches in fujian. one of his converts, a scholar name li jiubiao, recorded aleni's responses to the questions and speculations of his parishioners and compiled them into a journal. he published works in chinese on a variety of topics. his cosmography, wanwu zhenyuan (the true origin of the ten-thousand things), was translated into manchu during the reign of kang-he as wylie: tumen chakai unengki segiyen, möllendorff: tumen jakai unengki segiyen. a copy was sent from beijing to paris in 1789. among the most important are a controversial treatise on the catholic faith, in which are refuted what he saw as the principal errors of the chinese; and the life of god, the saviour, from the four gospels (peking, 1635–1637, 8 vols.; often reprinted, e.g. in 1887 in 3 vols) and used even by protestant missionaries. ==return of public interest in alenio== the life and works of giulio alenio are the subject of several conventions which have taken place in 1994 and 2010. two of his books, life of matteo ricci, xitai of the west and holy images of the he

Grover_Cleveland

stephen grover cleveland (march 18, 1837june 24, 1908) was the 22nd and 24th president of the united states; and, therefore was the only us president to serve two nonconsecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897) and to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents. he was the winner of the popular vote for president three times—in 1884, 1888, and 1892—and was one of the two democrats (alongside woodrow wilson) elected to the presidency in the era of [[history of the repu

Cis–trans_isomerism

thumb|cis-but-2-ene thumb|trans-but-2-ene in organic chemistry, cis/trans isomerism (also known as geometric isomerism) is a form of stereoisomerism describing the relative orientation of functional groups within a molecule. it is not to be confused with e/z isomerism, which is the related absolute stereochemical description, only to be used with alkenes. in general, such isomers contain double bonds, which cannot rotate, but they can also arise from ring structures, wherein the rotation of bonds is greatly restricted. cis and trans isomers occur both in organic molecules and in inorganic coordination complexes. cis and trans descriptors are not used for cases of conformational isomerism where the two geometric forms easily interconvert, such as most open-chain single-bonded structures; instead, the terms syn and anti would be used. the terms cis and trans are from latin, in which cis means "on this side"charlton t. lewis, charles short, a latin dictionary (clarendon press, 1879) entry for cis and trans means "on the other side" or "across". the term "geometric isomerism" is considered an obsolete synonym of "cis/trans isomerism" by iupac. == organic chemistry == when the substituent groups are oriented in the same direction, the diastereomer is referred to as cis, whereas, when the substituents are oriented in opposing directions, the diastereomer is referred to as trans. an example of a small hydrocarbon displaying cis/trans isomerism is but-2-ene. alicyclic compounds can also display cis/trans isomerism. as an example of a geometric isomer due to a ring structure, consider 1,2-dichlorocyclohexane: {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" |100px 150px || 100px 150px |- style="text-align:center;" | trans-1,2-dichlorocyclohexane || cis-1,2-dichlorocyclohexane |} === comparison of physical properties === cis and trans isomers often have different physical properties. differences between isomers, in general, arise from the differences in the shape of the molecule or the overall dipole moment. {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |

Genitive_case

in grammar, genitive (abbreviated ; also called the possessive case or second case) is the grammatical case that marks a noun as modifying another noun. it often marks a noun as being the possessor of another noun;dictionary.com, genitive however, it can also indicate various other relationships than possession: certain verbs may take arguments in the genitive case, and it may have adverbial uses (see adverbial genitive). placing the modifying noun in the genitive case is one way to indicate that two nouns are related in a genitive construction. modern english typically does not morphologically mark nouns for a genitive case in order to indicate a genitive construction; instead, it uses either the clitic or a preposition (usually of). however, the personal pronouns do have distinct possessive forms. there are various other ways to indicate a genitive construction, as well. for example, many afroasiatic languages place the head noun (rather than the modifying noun) in the construct state. depending on the language, specific varieties of genitive-noun–main-noun relationships may include: * possession (see possessive case, possessed case): ** inalienable possession ("janet’s height", "janet’s existence", "janet’s long fingers") ** alienable possession ("janet’s jacket", "janet’s drink") ** relationship indicated by the noun being modified ("janet’s husband") * composition (see partitive): ** substance ("a wheel of cheese") ** elements ("a group of men") ** source ("a portion of the food") * participation in an action: ** as an agent ("she benefited from her father's love") â€“ this is called the subjective genitive (compare "her father loved her", where her father is the subject.) ** as a patient ("the love of music")  â€“ this is called the objective genitive (compare "she loves music", where music is the object.) * origin ("men of rome") * reference ("the capital of the republic" or "the republic's capital") * description ("man of honour", "day of reckoning") * compounds ("doomsday" ("doom's day"), scottish gaelic "ball coise" = "football", where "coise" = gen. of "cas", "foot") * apposition (japanese ふじの山 (fuji no yama), &quo

Gorilla

gorillas constitute the eponymous genus gorilla, the largest extant genus of primates by physical size. they are ground-dwelling, predominantly herbivorous apes that inhabit the forests of central africa. the genus is divided into two species: the eastern gorillas and the western gorillas, and either four or five subspecies. the dna of gorillas is highly similar to that of a human, from 95–99% depending on what is counted, and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after the chimpanzees (including bonobos). gorillas' natural habitats cover tropical or subtropical forests in africa. although their range covers a small percentage of africa, gorillas cover a wide range of elevations. the mountain gorilla inhabits the albertine rift montane cloud forests of the virunga volcanoes, ranging in altitude from . lowland gorillas live in dense forests and lowland swamps and marshes as low as sea level, with western lowland gorillas living in central west african countries and eastern lowland gorillas living in the democratic republic of the congo near its border with rwanda. == etymology == the american physician and missionary thomas staughton savage and naturalist jeffries wyman first described the western gorilla (they called it troglodytes gorilla) in 1847 from specimens obtained in liberia.conniff r. discovering gorilla. evolutionary anthropology, 18: 55–61. the name was derived {{ety|gre|Γόριλλαι (gorillai)|tribe o

Glorantha

glorantha is a fantasy world created by greg stafford. it was first introduced in the board game white bear and red moon (1975) by chaosium, and thereafter in a number of other board, roleplaying and computer games. these include runequest (1st ed. 1978), hero wars (1st ed. 2000) and heroquest (1st ed. 2003, 2nd ed. 2009), as well as several works of fiction and the computer strategy game king of dragon pass. the gloranthan world is characterised by its complex use of mythology, heavily influenced by the universalist approaches of joseph campbell and mircea eliade, its howardian ethos, its long and distinctive history as a setting for role-playing games, its community development and expansion, and (unusual among early american fantasy role-playing games) its relative lack of tolkienesque influence. stafford began imagining glorantha in 1966 as a way to deepen his own understanding of mythology. he founded the company chaosium to publish the board wargame white bear and red moon in 1974 (other sources say 1975), which was set in glorantha. chaosium later published other games in the setting, including the critically acclaimed runequest. various later editions of runequest, the narrative role-playing game heroquest (the first edition of which was published as hero wars), and the video game king of dragon pass were also set in glorantha, as were several prominent fan efforts. stafford has also explored the gloranthan setting in the fantasy novel king of sartarstafford greg, king of sartar, berkley publishing group, february 1993, isbn 0-933635-99-0 and a number of unfinished works published under the collective name of "the stafford library". in glorantha, magic operates from the everyday level of prayers and charms to the creation and maintenance of the world. heroes make their way in the world, and may also venture into metaphysical realms to gain knowledge and power, at the risk of body and soul. in the more recent material competing magical outlooks, such as theism, shamanism and mysticism, exist to explain the world. within each metaphysical system, adherents may also compete - such as when theistic worshipers of rival gods battle each other. the world is flat, with a dome-like sky, and it has been shaped in large and small ways by the mythic actions of the gods. the 'historical' world of glorantha is in a more or less fallen state, having recovered only partially from a uni

George_Mason_University

george mason university (also mason)mason spirit, published by the office of university development and alumni affairs in conjunction with the office of university relations. kearney rich, colleen. "from the archives: what’s in a name?" original: mason spirit. winter. 2006. web: http://spirit.gmu.edu/2012/04/from-the-archives-whats-in-a-name/ is the largest research university in virginia and is based in unincorporated fairfax county, virginia, united states, south of and adjacent to the city of fairfax."city map." city of fairfax. accessed october 20, 2008. additional campuses are located nearby in arlington county, prince william county, and loudoun county. the university's motto is freedom and learning. the university was founded as a branch of the university of virginia in 1957 and became an independent institution in 1972.{{cite web|url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/grad/rankings

Galba

galba (; ;in classical latin, galba's name would be inscribed as servivs svlpicivs galba avgvstvs. 24 december 3 bc – 15 january 69), was roman emperor for seven months from 68 to 69. galba was the governor of hispania tarraconensis, and made a bid for the throne during the rebellion of julius vindex. he was the first emperor of the year of the four emperors. ==origins and family life== he was born as servius sulpicius galba near terracina, "on the left as you go towards fundi" in the words of suetonius.[ suetonius tranquillus, the lives of the caesars] through his paternal grandfather ("more eminent for his learning than for his rank — for he did not advance beyond the grade of praetor" and who "published a voluminous and painstaking history", according to suetonius), who predicted his rise to power,suetonius, 4 he was descended from servius sulpicius galba. galba's father attained the consulship, and although he was short, hunchbacked and only an indifferent speaker, was an industrious pleader at the bar. his mother was mummia achaica, the granddaughter of lutatius catulus (cos. 78) and great-granddaughter of lucius mummius achaicus. they only had one other child, an elder son called gaius who left rome after squandering the greater part of his esta

Gross_domestic_product

gross domestic product (gdp) is defined by oecd as "an aggregate measure of production equal to the sum of the gross values added of all resident institutional units engaged in production (plus any taxes, and minus any subsidies, on products not included in the value of their outputs)." gdp estimates are commonly used to measure the economic performance of a whole country or region, but can also measure the relative contribution of an industry sector. this is possible because gdp is a measure of 'value added' rather than sales; it adds each firm's value added (the value of its output minus the value of goods that are used up in producing it). for example, a firm buys steel and adds value to it by producing a car; double counting would occur if gdp added together the value of the steel and the value of the car. because it is based on value added, gdp also increases when an enterprise reduces its use of materials or other resources ('intermediate consumption') to produce the same output. the more familiar use of gdp estimates is to calculate the growth of the economy from year to year (and recently from quarter to quarter). the pattern of gdp growth is held to indicate the success or failure of economic policy and to determine whether an economy is 'in recession'. ==history== the concept of gdp was first developed by simon kuznets for a us congress report in 1934.congress commissioned kuznets to create a system that would measure the nation's productivity in order to better understand how to tackle the great depression.simon kuznets, 1934. "national income, 1929–1932". 73rd us congress, 2d session, senate document no. 124, page 5-7 simon kuznets, 1934. "national income, 1929–1932". 73rd us congress, 2d session, senate document no. 124, page 5-7 simon kuznets, 1934. "national income, 1929–1932". 73rd us congress, 2d session, senate document no. 124, page 5-7. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/scribd/?title_id=971&filepath=/docs/publications/natincome_1934/19340104_nationalinc.pdf in this report, kuznets warned against its use as a meas

Grand_Unified_Theory

a grand unified theory (gut) is a model in particle physics in which at high energy, the three gauge interactions of the standard model which define the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions or forces, are merged into one single force. this unified interaction is characterized by one larger gauge symmetry and thus several force carriers, but one unified coupling constant. if grand unification is realized in nature, there is the possibility of a grand unification epoch in the early universe in which the fundamental forces are not yet distinct. models that do not unify all interactions using one simple lie group as the gauge symmetry, but do so using semisimple groups, can exhibit similar properties and are sometimes referred to as grand unified theories as well. unifying gravity with the other three interactions would provide a theory of everything (toe), rather than a gut. nevertheless, guts are often seen as an intermediate step towards a toe. because their masses are predicted to be just a few orders of magnitude below the planck scale, at the gut scale, well beyond the reach of foreseen particle colliders experiments, novel particles predicted by gut models cannot be observed directly. instead, effects of grand unification might be detected through indirect observations such as proton decay, electric dipole moments of elementary particles, or the properties of neutrinos. some grand unified theories predict the existence of magnetic monopoles. , all gut models which aim to be completely realistic are quite complicated, even compared to the standard model, because they need to introduce additional fields and interactions, or even additional dimensions of space. the main reason for this complexity lies in the difficulty of reproducing the observed fermion masses and mixing angles. due to this difficulty, and due to the lack of any observed effect of grand unification so far, there is no generally accepted gut model. ==history== historically, the first true gut which was based on the simple lie group , was proposed by howard georgi and sheldon glashow in 1974.{{cite journal |last=georgi |first=h. |last2=glashow |first2=s.l. |year=1974 |title=unity of all elementary particle forces |journal=physical review letters |volume=32 |pages=438–4

GIMP

gimp (; gnu image manipulation program) is a free and open-source raster graphics editor used for image retouching and editing, free-form drawing, resizing, cropping, photo-montages, converting between different image formats, and more specialized tasks. gimp is released under lgplv3 and gplv3+ licenses and is available for linux, os x, and windows. ==history== gimp was originally released as the general image manipulation program, by creators spencer kimball and peter mattis. development of gimp began in 1995 as a semester-long project at the university of california, berkeley; the first public release of gimp (0.54) was made in january 1996.{{cite web|u

Gerrit_Rietveld

gerrit thomas rietveld (; 24 june 1888–25 june 1964) was a dutch furniture designer and architect. one of the principal members of the dutch artistic movement called de stijl, rietveld is famous for his red and blue chair and for the rietveld schröder house, which is a unesco world heritage site. ==biography== rietveld was born in utrecht in 1888 as the son of a joiner. he left school at 11 to be apprenticed to his father and enrolled at night schoolalice rawthorn (october 17, 2010), design’s odd man out gets moment in the sun new york times. before working as a draughtsman for c. j. begeer, a jeweller in utrecht, from 1906 to 1911.gerrit rietveld museum of modern art, new york. by the time he opened his own furniture workshop in 1917, rietveld had taught himself drawing, painting and model-making. he afterwards set up in business as a cabinet-maker.fleming, john, et al. (1972) the penguin dictionary of architecture; 2nd ed. harmondsworth: penguin; pp. 237-38 rietveld designed his famous yelloiw and pink chair in 1917. hoping that much of his furniture would eventually be mass-produced rather than handcrafted, rietveld aimed for simplicity in construction.red blue chair (1923) museum of modern art, new york. in 1918, he started his own furniture factory, and changed the chair's colours after becoming influenced by the 'de stijl' movement, of which he became a member in 1919, the same year in which he became an architect. the contacts that he made at de stijl gave him the opportunity to exhibit abroad as well. in 1923, walter gropius invited rietveld to exhibit at the bauhaus.rita reif (october 13, 1988), [http://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/13/garden/rietveld-

Gluon

gluons are elementary particles that act as the exchange particles (or gauge bosons) for the strong force between quarks, analogous to the exchange of photons in the electromagnetic force between two charged particles. in techn

Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation

gun laws and policy vary considerably around the world. some countries like south korea, china, united kingdom and germany have strict gun regulations. other countries like yemen, switzerland, czech republic, and united states, allow for comparatively greater access. ==national gun laws by country== ===argentina=== firearms in argentina are regulated and enforced by the federal government. gun ownership is allowed to the population, subject to renar, the branch of the ministry of justice that regulates firearm laws in the country. all prospective owners must first obtain a permit in person at a renar facility, which allows purchase and possession. the minimum age to apply is 18. applicants must have a signed certificate from a medical professional that they are of sound mind and body, and provide detailed instructions of where the firearms will be kept and proof that a gun safe is owned (usually a store receipt will suffice). applicants must also complete a renar approved firearm safety course and be subjected to an extensive background check that considers mental health and criminal factors. lastly applicants must give a reason why they want the license. all the following are acceptable reasons: collecting, target shooting, hunting, business, and self-defense in the home. if the applicant meets all the criteria, the applicant is fingerprinted and the license is issued. all firearms purchased must be through a licensed dealer and registered with renar. if a firearm is inherited a re-registering form must be filed. there is no limit on the amount of guns that may be owned so long as they are properly stored. the sale of ammunition is required to be recorded by the seller, though there is no restriction on the amount or the type that may be owned. carry permits for licensed handgun owners are available, but are extremely difficult to obtain. one must file a request to a board to examine the applicants case of why they would need such a permit. generally most ordinary citizens are denied the request. if the request is approved, they must appear before a renar board and make their case in person. then the final decision will be made to accept or deny the request. if the request is accepted, the permit must be renewed yearly to re-examine their "clear and present" danger. if the danger is removed or dissipates at any time, the permit is usually revoked immediately. those dealing in money or valuables, or work in private security may be issued a highly restricted business carry permit.{{cite web|title=renar permits|url=http://www.renar.gov.ar/index_s

Gardnerian_Wicca

thumbnail|gardner's book of shadows gardnerian wicca, or gardnerian witchcraft, is a <!-- commented out: mystery cult "wicca is essentially a mystery cult" "when gerald gardner first started promoting wicca in the 1950 the religion met all three basic criteria for a mystery cult."]] --> tradition in the neopagan religion of wicca, whose members can trace initiatory descent from gerald gardner. the tradition is itself named after gardner (1884–1964), a british civil servant and scholar of magic. the term "gardnerian" was probably coined by the founder of cochranian witchcraft, robert cochrane in the 1950s or 60s, who himself left that tradition to found his own.the rebirth of witchcraft, doreen valiente, page 122 gardner claimed to have learned the beliefs and practises that would later become known as gardnerian wicca from the new forest coven, who allegedly initiated him into their ranks in 1939. for this reason, gardnerian wicca is usually considered to be the earliest created tradition of wicca, from which most subsequent wiccan traditions are derived. from the supposed new forest coven, gardner formed his own bricket wood coven, and in turn initiated many witches, including a series of high priestesses, founding further covens and continuing the initiation of more wiccans into the tradition. in the uk, europe and most commonwealth countries someone self-defined as wiccan is usually understood to be claiming initiatory descent from gardner, either through gardnerian wicca, or through a derived branch such as alexandrian wicca or algard wicca. elsewhere, these original lineaged traditions are termed "british traditional wicca". ==beliefs and practices== ===covens and initiatory lines=== gardnerian wiccans organise into covens, that traditionally, though not always, are limited to thirteen members. covens are led by a high priestess and the high priest of her choice, and celebrate both a goddess and a god. gardnerian wicca and other forms of british traditional wicca operate as an initiatory mystery cult; membership is gained only through initiation by a wiccan high priestess or high priest. any valid line of initiatory descent can be traced all the way back to gerald gardner, and through him back to the new forest coven. rituals and coven practices are kept secret from non-initiates, and many wiccans main

Giant_panda

the panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca, lit. "black and white cat-foot"; , lit. "big(大 dà) bear(熊 xióng) cat(猫 māo)"), also known as panda bear or the giant panda to distinguish it from the unrelated red panda, is a bear native to south central china. it is easily recognized by the large, distinctive black patches around its eyes, over the ears, and across its round body. though it belongs to the order carnivora, the panda's diet is over 99% bamboo.quote: "bamboo forms 99 percent of a panda's diet", "more than 99 percent of their diet is bamboo": p. 63 of (as seen in the 2002 edition). pandas in the wild will occasionally eat other grasses, wild tubers, or even meat in the form of birds, rodents or carrion. in captivity, they may receive honey, eggs, fish, yams, shrub leaves, oranges, or bananas along with specially prepared food. the giant panda lives in a few mountain ranges in central china, mainly in sichuan province, but also in shaanxi and gansu provinces. as a result of farming, deforestation, and other development, the panda has been driven out of the lowland areas where it once lived. the panda is a conservation reliant endangered species.{{cite web | url = http://panda.org/about_wwf/w

Original_proof_of_Gödel\'s_completeness_theorem

the proof of gödel's completeness theorem given by kurt gödel in his doctoral dissertation of 1929 (and a rewritten version of the dissertation, published as an article in 1930) is not easy to read today; it uses concepts and formalism that are no longer used and terminology that is often obscure. the version given below attempts to represent all the steps in the proof and all the important ideas faithfully, while restating the proof in the modern language of mathematical logic. this outline should not be considered a rigorous proof of the theorem. == definitions and assumptions == we work with first-order predicate calculus. our languages allow constant, function and relation symbols. structures consist of (non-empty) domains and interpretations of the relevant symbols as constant members, functions or relations over that domain. we fix some axiomatization of the predicate calculus: logical axioms and rules of inference. any of the several well-known axiomatisations will do; we assume without proof all the basic well-known results about our formalism (such as the normal form theorem or the soundness theorem) that we need. we axiomatize predicate calculus without equality, i.e. there are no special axioms expressing the properties of equality as a special relation symbol. after the basic form of the theorem is proved, it will be easy to extend it to the case of predicate calculus with equality. ==statement of the theorem and its proof== in the following, we state two equivalent forms of the theorem, and show their equivalence. later, we prove the theorem. this is done in the following steps: # reducing the theorem to sentences (formulas with no free variables) in prenex form, i.e. with all quantifiers ( and ) at the beginning. furthermore, we reduce it to formulas whose first quantifier is . this is possible because for every sentence, there is an equivalent one in prenex form whose first quantifier is . # reducing the theorem to sentences of the form . while we cannot do this by simply rearranging the quantifiers, we show that it is yet enough to prove the theorem for sentences of that form. # finally we prove the theorem for sentences of that form. #* this is done by first noting that a sentence such as is either refutable or has some model in which it holds; this model is simply assigning truth values to the subpropositions from which b is built. the reason for that is the completeness of propositional logic, with the existential quantifiers playing no role. #* we extend this result to more and more complex and lengthy sentences, dn (n=1,2...

Gia_Carangi

gia marie carangi (january 29, 1960 &ndash; november 18, 1986) was an american fashion model during the late 1970s and early 1980s. she was featured on the cover of fashion magazines, including four international editions of vogue and multiple issues of cosmopolitan between 1979 and 1982. during these years, she also appeared in advertising campaigns for fashion houses, including armani, christian dior, versace, and yves saint laurent. carangi is considered to be the first supermodel, although that title has also been applied to others.{{cite news| last = weller| first = krysten| title = no lifeguard on duty: the accidental life of the world's first supermodel| newspaper = the michigan times| date = 2003-05-16| url =http://media.www.themichigantimes.com/media/storage/paper620/news/2003/05/16/artsentertainment/no.lifeguard.on.duty.the.accidental.life.of.the.worlds.first.supermodel-435779.shtml| accessdate =2008-01-17 | pos

Group_velocity

the group velocity of a wave is the velocity with which the overall shape of the waves' amplitudes — known as the modulation or envelope of the wave — propagates through space. for example, if a stone is thrown into the middle of a very still pond, a circular pattern of waves with a quiescent center appears in the water. the expanding ring of waves is the wave group, within which one can discern individual wavelets of differing wavelengths traveling at different speeds. the longer waves travel faster than the group as a whole, but their amplitudes diminish as they approach the leading edge. the shorter waves travel more slowly, and their amplitudes diminish as they emerge from the trailing boundary of the group. == definition and interpretation == === definition === the group velocity vg is defined by the equation: :v_g \ \equiv\

Gopher_(protocol)

the gopher protocol is a tcp/ip application layer protocol designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents over the internet. the gopher protocol was strongly oriented towards a menu-document design and presented an alternative to the world wide web in its early stages, but ultimately http became the dominant protocol. the gopher ecosystem is often regarded as the effective predecessor of the world wide web. the protocol was invented by a team led by mark p. mccahill at the university of minnesota. it offers some features not natively supported by the web and imposes a much stronger hierarchy on information stored on it. its text menu interface is well-suited to computing environments that rely heavily on remote text-oriented computer terminals, which were still common at the time of its creation in 1991, and the simplicity of its protocol facilitated a wide variety of client implementations. more recent gopher revisions and graphical clients added support for multimedia. gopher was preferred by many network administrators for using fewer network resources than web services. gopher's hierarchical structure provided a platform for the first large-scale electronic library connections. gopher has been described by some enthusiasts as "faster and more efficient and so much more organised" than today's web services. the gopher protocol is still in use by enthusiasts, and a small population of actively maintained servers remain although it has been almost entirely supplanted by the web. ==origins== the original gopher system was released in late spring of 1991 by mark mccahill, farhad anklesaria, paul lindner, daniel torrey, and bob alberti of the university of minnesota in america. its central goals were, as stated in rfc 1436: * a file-like hierarchical arrangeme

Grigori_Rasputin

grigori yefimovich rasputin (); baptized on &nbsp;– murdered on kerensky, p. 182.) was a russian peasant, mystical faith healer and private adviser to the romanovs. he became an influential figure in saint petersburg, especially after august 1915 when tsar nicolas ii took command of the army at the front. there is much uncertainty over rasputin's life and the degree of influence he exerted over the tsar and his government. accounts are often based on dubious memoirs, hearsay and legend. while his influence and role may have been exaggerated, historians agree that his presence played a significant part in the increasing unpopularity of the tsar and alexandra feodorovna, his wife, and the downfall of the russian monarchy.<!--c.l. sulzberger, the fall of eagles, pp. 263–278, crown publishers, new york, 1977--> rasputin was killed as he was seen by both the left and right to be the root cause of russia's despair during world war i.nelipa, p. 147. ==early life== [[file:gorskii 04

Gate

a gate or gateway is a point of entry to a space enclosed by walls, or a moderately sized opening in some sort of fence. gates may prevent or control the entry or exit of individuals, or they may be merely decorative. other terms for gate include yett and port. the word derives from the old norse "gata", meaning road or path, and originally referred to the gap in the wall or fence, rather than the barrier which closed it. the moving part or parts of a gateway may be called "doors", but used for the whole point of entry door usually refers to the entry to a building, or an internal opening between different rooms. a gate may have a latch to keep it from swinging and a lock for security. larger gates can be used for a whole building, such as a castle or fortified town, or the actual doors that block entry through the gatehouse. today, many gate doors are opened by an automated gate operator. ==types== types of gates include: * baby gate * city gate * hampshire gate * kissing gate * lych gate * mon (architecture), japanese gates of many varieties including the torii * turnstile * automatic gate * watergate ==gallery== image:gate ajar.jpg|this gate does not prevent entry but clearly suggests a borderline image:garden gate.jpg|a small but elegant gate to a meadow path image:pergamonmuseum babylon ischtar-tor.jpg|ishtar gate is the oldest city gate in existence image:wringin lawang, trowulan.jpg|wringin lawang, a 14th-century majapahit split gate in trowulan image:ubud temple entrance.jpg|richly decorated balinese temple gate image:mahmoud ahmadinejad at columbia 8 by david shankbone.jpg|this gate at columbia university was closed to prevent entry of protesters image:malkingspalacegate.jpg|malaysian king's palace gate, kuala lampur file:ohrid upper gate close-up.jpg|medieval ironclad city gate, from the upper gate in the old town of ohrid file:chinese_type_gate_from_kerala.jpg|chinese traditional type gate (iron gate in front of house) in kerala, india file:muscatroadgate.jpg|gates decorate routes in the entrance of muscat, oman file:kuwaitgate.jpg|kuwait gate, historically surrounded kuwait city, built in 1929 file:royal military college of canada front gates.jpg|royal military college of canada front gates and gatehouse file:ernst rudolph by the entrance.jpg|ernst rudolph by the entrance image:royal_mint_melbourne.jpg|decorative [[em

Galla_Placidia

aelia galla placidia (392 – 27 november 450), daughter of the roman emperor theodosius i, was the regent for emperor valentinian iii from 423 until his majority in 437, and a major force in roman politics for most of her life. she was consort to ataulf, king of the goths from 414 until his death in 415, and empress consort to constantius iii from 417 until his death in 422. ==family== placidia was the daughter of roman emperor theodosius i and his second wife galla, who was herself daughter of emperor valentinian i and his second wife justina. her older brother gratian died young. her mother died in childbirth in 394, giving birth to john, who died with their mother. placidia was a younger, paternal half-sister of emperors arcadius and honorius. her older half-sister pulcheria predeceased her parents as mentioned in the writings of gregory of nyssa, placing the death of pulcheria prior to the death of aelia flaccilla, first wife of theodosius i, in 385.dictionary of greek and roman biography and mythology ==early life== placidia was granted her own household by her father in the early 390s and was thus financially independent while underage. she was summoned to the court of her father in mediolanum during 394. she was present at theodosius' death on january 17, 395. she was granted the title of "nobilissima puella" ("most noble girl") during her childhood.{{citation |url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/galla.htm |first=ralph w. |last=mathisen |chapter=galla placidia |editor-last=wei

George_Bernard_Shaw

george bernard shaw (26 july 18562 november 1950) was an irish playwright and a co-founder of the london school of economics. although his first profitable writing was music and literary criticism, in which capacity he wrote many highly articulate pieces of journalism, his main talent was for drama, and he wrote more than 60 plays. he was also an essayist, novelist and short story writer. nearly all his writings address prevailing social problems with a vein of comedy which makes their stark themes more palatable. issues which engaged shaw's attention included education, marriage, religion, government, health care, and class privilege. he was most angered by what he perceived as the exploitation of the working class. an ardent socialist, shaw wrote many brochures and speeches for the fabian society. he became an accomplished orator in the furtherance of its causes, which included gaining equal rights for men and women, alleviating abuses of the working class, rescinding private ownership of productive land, and promoting healthy lifestyles. for a short time he was active in local politics, serving on the london county council. shaw was noted for expressing his views in uncompromising language, whether on vegetarianism (branding his own pre-vegetarian self a "cannibal"), the development of the human race (his own brand of eugenics was driven by encouragement of miscegenation and marrying across class lines), or on political questions (in spite of his own generally liberal views he was not an uncritical supporter of democracy, and is even recorded as supporting, or at least condoning, the dictators of the 1930s). in 1898, shaw married charlotte payne-townshend, a fellow fabian, whom he survived. they settled in ayot st lawrence in a house now called shaw's corner. shaw died there, aged 94, from chronic problems exacerbated by injuries he incurred by falling from a ladder. he is the only person to have been awarded both a [[nobel prize in lite

George_Vancouver

captain george vancouver' (22 june 1757 – 10 may 1798) was an english officer of the british royal navy, best known for his 1791–95 expedition, which explored and charted north america's northwestern pacific coast regions, including the coasts of contemporary alaska, british columbia, washington and oregon. he also explored the hawaiian islands and the southwest coast of australia. in canada, vancouver island and the city vancouver are named after him, as are vancouver, washington in the united states, mount vancouver on the yukon/alaska border and new zealand's fourth highest mountain. ==early career== in 1771, at the age of 13, george vancouver entered the royal navy as a "young gentleman", a future candidate for midshipman. he was selected to serve as a midshipman aboard , on james cook's second voyage (1772–1775) searching for terra australis. he also accompanied cook's third voyage (1776–1778), this time aboard resolutions sister ship, , and was present during the first european sighting and exploration of the hawaiian islands. upon his return to britain in 1779, vancouver was [[commissioned officer|

Grammatical_case

case is a grammatical category whose value reflects the grammatical function performed by a noun or pronoun in a phrase, clause, or sentence. in some languages, nouns, pronouns and their modifiers take different inflected forms depending on what case they are in. english has largely lost its case system, although case distinctions can still be seen with the personal pronouns: forms such as i, he and we are used in the role of subject ("i kicked the ball"), while forms such as me, him and us are used in the role of object ("john kicked me"). languages such as ancient greek, latin, sanskrit, tamil, russian, polish, croatian, serbian, czech, slovak and finnish have extensive case systems, with nouns, pronouns, adjectives and determiners all inflecting (usually by means of different suffixes) to indicate their case. a language may have a number of different cases (latin and russian each have at least six; polish, czech, croatian and serbian have 7; finnish has 15). commonly encountered cases include nominative, accusative, dative and genitive. a role that one of these languages marks by case will often be marked in english using a preposition. for example, the english prepositional phrase with (his) foot (as in "john kicked the ball with his foot") might be rendered in russian using a single noun in the instrumental case, or in ancient greek as τῷ ποδί tōi podi, meaning "the foot" with both words (the definite article, and the noun πούς pous, "foot") changing to dative form. as a language evolves, cases can merge (for instance in ancient greek genitive and ablative have merged as genitive), a phenomenon formally called syncretism.clackson (2007) p.91 more formally, case has been defined as "a system of marking dependent nouns for the type of relationship they bear to their heads."blake, barry j. case. cambridge university press: 2001. cases should be distinguished from thematic roles such as agent and patient. they are often closely related, and in languages such as latin several thematic roles have an associated case, but cases are a morphological notion, while thematic roles are a semantic one. languages having cases often exhibit free word order, since thematic roles are not required to be marked by position in the sentence. ==etymology== the english word case used in this sense comes from the latin '

Goth_subculture

thumb|photography with aesthetics close to gothic (black and white), showing a girl dressed in that style the goth subculture is a contemporary subculture found in many countries. it began in england during the early 1980s in the gothic rock scene, an offshoot of the post-punk genre. the goth subculture has survived much longer than others of the same era, and has continued to diversify. its imagery and cultural proclivities indicate influences from the 19th century gothic literature along with horror films.césar fuentes rodríguez "mundo gótico", pages 18 & ss./pages 206 & ss.carol siegel "go's dark emhpire", pages 8–13 and ss. the goth subculture has associated tastes in music, aesthetics, and fashion. the music of the goth subculture encompasses a number of different styles, including gothic rock, deathrock, post-punk, darkwave, ethereal wave, and neoclassical. styles of dress within the subculture range from deathrock, punk, and victorian styles, or combinations of the above, most often with dark attire, makeup, and hair. the goth music scene thrives in western europe, with large annual festivals in germany and a goth music festival in whitby, england. in the us, vampirefreaks hosts a wide number of events in the new york city area. there are also a variety of zines, magazines and websites that are aimed at members of the goth scene. another aspect of the goth subculture is its approach to sexuality; since the late 1970s, the uk goth scene has accepted and celebrated "unusual, bizarre or deviant sexual practices".lauren m. e. goodlad, michael bibby. goth: undead subculture. duke university press, 11 april 2007. p. 380 the goth subculture came under media scrutiny after the 1999 columbine high school massacre, to the point that teens who declared a goth identity or wore goth clothing faced consequences at school or attention from the police.carol siegel. goth's dark empire. indiana university press, 4 august 2005 p. 14 while eric harris and dylan klebold had initially been thought to be members of "the trenchcoat mafia"; an informal club within columbine high school, such characterizations were considered incorrect. they were not involv

Gnosis

gnosis is the common greek noun for knowledge (in the nominative case γνῶσις f.). in christian, islamic, or jewish mysticism, mystery religions and gnosticism gnosis generally signifies a spiritual knowledge or "religion of knowledge", in the sense of mystical enlightenment or "insight". gnosis taught a deliverance of man from the constraints of earthly existence through insight into an essential relationship, as soul or spirit, with a supramundane place of freedom.gnosis, kurt rudolph, harper & row, 1987, p.2 ==etymology== gnosis is a feminine greek noun, which means "knowledge".liddell scott entry γνῶσις , εως, ἡ, a. seeking to know, inquiry, investigation, esp. judicial, “τὰς τῶν δικαστηρίων γ.” d.18.224; “τὴν κατὰ τοῦ διαιτητοῦ γ.” id.21.92, cf. 7.9, lycurg.141; “γ. περὶ τῆς δίκης” phib.1.92.13 (iii b. c.). 2. result of investigation, decision, ppetr.3p.118 (iii b. c.). ii. knowing, knowledge, heraclit.56; opp. ἀγνωσίη, hp. vict.1.23 (dub.); opp. ἄγνοια, pl.r.478c; “ἡ αἴσθησις γ. τις” arist.ga731a33: pl., “Θεὸς γνώσεων κύριος” lxx 1 ki.2.3. b. higher, esoteric knowledge, 1 ep.cor.8.7,10, ep.eph.3.19, etc.; “χαρισάμενος ἡμῖν νοῦν, λόγον, γνῶσιν” pmag.par.2.290. 2. acquaintance with a person, πρός τινα test. ap.aeschin.1.50; “τῶν Σεβαστῶν” ipe1.47.6 (olbia). 3. recognizing, th.7.44. 4. means of knowing, [“αἱ αἰσθήσεις] κυριώταται τῶν καθ᾽ ἕκαστα γ.” arist.metaph.981b11. iii. being known, γνῶσιν ἔχει τι, = γνωστόν ἐστι, pl.tht.206b. 2. fame, credit, hdn.7.5.5, luc.herod.3. iv. means of knowing: hence, statement in writing, plond.5.1708, etc. (vi a. d.). v. = γνῶμα, hsch. s. h. v. it is often used for personal knowledge compared with intellectual knowledge (eidein), as with the french connaitre compared with savoir, or the german kennen rather than wissen. ===related adjective gnostikos=== a related term is the adjective gnostikos, "cognitive,"lsj entry γνωστ-ικός , ή, όν, a. of or for knowing, cognitive: ἡ -κή (sc. ἐπιστήμη), theoretical science (opp. πρακτική), pl.plt.258e, etc.; τὸ γ. ib.261b; “ἕξεις γ.” arist.ap0.100a11 (comp.

George_Benson

george benson (born march 22, 1943)[ allmusic biography] is a ten-time grammy award-winning american musician and singer-songwriter. he began his professional career at twenty-one, as a jazz guitarist. benson uses a rest-stroke picking technique similar to that of gypsy jazz players such as django reinhardt. a former child prodigy, benson first came to prominence in the 1960s, playing soul jazz with jack mcduff and others. he then launched a successful solo career, alternating between jazz, pop, r&b singing, and scat singing. his album breezin' was certified triple-platinum on the billboard 200 chart in 1976. his concerts were well attended through the 1980s, and he still has a large following. he has received a star on the hollywood walk of fame. == biography == === early career and personal life === benson was born and raised in the hill district in pittsburgh, pennsylvania.{{cite book |title=the da capo jazz and blues lover's guide to the u.s. |last=bird |first=christiane |year=2001 |publisher=da capo press |isbn=0306810344 |page=196 |accessdate=september 8, 2012 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ub99o7hy08qc&pg=pa196&lpg=pa196&dq=hill+d

Giovanni_Boccaccio

giovanni boccaccio (; ; 1313&nbsp;– 21 december 1375)bartlett, kenneth r. (1992). the civilization of the italian renaissance. toronto: d.c. heath and company. isbn 0-669-20900-7 (paperback). page 43–44. was an italian author, poet, correspondent of petrarch, and important renaissance humanist. boccaccio wrote a number of notable works, including the decameron and on famous women. as a poet who wrote in the italian vernacular, boccaccio is particularly noted for his realistic dialogue, which differed from that of his contemporaries, medieval writers who usually followed formulaic models for character and plot. ==biography== the details of boccaccio's birth are uncertain. he was born in florence or in a village near certaldo where his family was from. he was the son of a florentine merchant, boccaccino di chellino, and an unknown woman; he was likely born out of wedlock.bartlett, kenneth r. (1992). the civilization of the italian renaissance. toronto: d.c. heath and company. isbn 0-669-20900-7 (paperback). page 43. boccaccio's stepmother was called margherita de' mardoli.prudence allen. the concept of woman: the early humanist reformation, 1250-1500, part 1, page 277. ===early life=== boccaccio grew up in florence. his father worked for the compagnia dei bardi and in the 1320s married margherita dei mardoli, of well-to-do family. boccaccio may have been tutored by giovanni mazzuoli and received from him an early introduction to the works of dante. in 1326, when his father was appointed head of a bank, boccaccio moved with his family to naples. boccaccio was an apprentice at the bank but disliked the banking profession. he persuaded his father to let him study law at the studium, where for the next six years he studied canon law. he also pursued

Gasparo_Contarini

thumb|240px|gasparo contarini. gasparo contarini (16 october 1483 – 24 august 1542) was an italian diplomat, cardinal and bishop of belluno. he was one of the first proponents of the dialogue with protestants, after the reformation. ==biography== he was born in venice, the eldest son of alvise contarini, of the ancient noble house of contarini, and his wife polissena malpiero.salvador miranda, "cardinals of the holy roman church" after a thorough scientific and philosophical training at the university of padua, he began his career in the service of his native city. from september 1520 to august 25 he was the republic's ambassador to charles v, with whom venice was soon at war, instructed to defend the republic's alliance with francis i of france. though he participated at the diet of worms, april 1521, he never saw or spoke with martin luther. he accompanied charles in the netherlands and spain. he participated at the congress of ferrara in 1526 as the republic's representative; at the congress the league of cognac was formed against the emperor, allying france with venice and several states of italy. later, after the sack of rome (1527), he assisted in reconciling the emperor with clement vii, whose release he had obtained, and with the republic of bologna. upon his return to venice, he was made a senator and a member of the great council. in 1535, paul iii unexpectedly made the secular diplomat a cardinal in order to bind an able man of evangelical disposition to the roman interests. contarini accepted, but in his new position did not exhibit his former independence. at the time he was promoted to cardinal, may 21, 1535,the consistory also promoted to the cardinalate desiderius erasmus, john fisher and jean du bellay he was still a layman. however, already in october 1536 he was appointed bishop of belluno one of the fruits of his diplomatic activity is his de magistratibus et republica venetorum. as cardinal, contarini figured among the most prominent of the spirituali, the leaders of the movement for reform within the roman church. in april 1536 paul iii appointed a commission to devise ways for a reformation, with contarini presiding. paul iii received favorably contarini's consilium de emendanda ecclesia, which was circulated among the cardinalate, but it remained a dead letter. contarini in a letter to his friend cardinal reginald pole (dated 11 november 1538) says that his hopes had been wakened anew by the pope's

Gram_Parsons

cecil ingram connor iii (november 5, 1946 – september 19, 1973), known professionally as gram parsons, was an american singer, songwriter, guitarist, and pianist. parsons is best known for his work within the country music genre; he also popularized what he called "cosmic american music", a hybrid of country, rhythm and blues, soul, folk, and rock. besides recording as a solo artist, he also worked in several notable bands, including the international submarine band, the byrds, and the flying burrito brothers. his relatively short career is described by allmusic as "enormously influential" for both country and rock, "blending the two genres to the point that they became indistinguishable from each other." parsons was born in winter haven, florida and developed an interest in country music while attending harvard university. he founded the international submarine band in 1966, and after several months of delay their debut, safe at home, was released in 1968, by which time the group had disbanded. parsons joined the byrds in early 1968, and played a pivotal role in the making of the seminal sweetheart of the rodeo album. after leaving the group in late 1968, parsons and fellow byrd chris hillman formed the flying burrito brothers in 1969, releasing their debut, the gilded palace of sin,

George_S._Kaufman

george simon kaufman (november 16, 1889 – june 2, 1961) was an american playwright, theatre director and producer, humorist, and drama critic. in addition to comedies and political satire, he wrote several musicals, notably for the marx brothers. one play and one musical that he wrote won the pulitzer prize for drama: you can't take it with you (1937, with moss hart), and of thee i sing (1932, with morrie ryskind and ira gershwin). he also won the tony award as a director, for the musical guys and dolls. ==biography== ===early years=== born to a jewish family in pittsburgh, pennsylvania, he graduated from high school in 1907 and "tried law school for three months" but grew disenchanted and took on a series of odd jobs, including "selling hatbands".wallace, irving, amy wallace, david wallechinsky and sylvia wallace (2008). the intimate sex lives of famous people. feral house, isbn 1-932595-29-5, p. 173. kaufman then began his career as a journalist and drama critic; he was the drama editor for the new york times from 1917 through 1930. kaufman took his editorial responsibilities very seriously. according to legend, on one occasion a press agent asked: "how do i get our leading lady's name in the times?" kaufman: "shoot her." ===career=== worked with moss hart in 1930 on the broadway hit "once in a lifetime." also wrote "you can't take it with you" and "the man who came to dinner" with hart. ====theatre==== kaufman's broadway debut was september 4, 1918 at the [[knickerbocker theatre (broadway)|knickerbo

-gry

the gry puzzle is a popular puzzle that asks for the third english word, other than "angry" and "hungry," that ends with the letters "-gry." aside from words derived from "angry" and "hungry," there is no common stand-alone word ending in "-gry" in current usage. (uncommon such words include aggry and puggry.) both webster's third new international dictionary of the english language, unabridged (merriam-webster, inc., 2002, isbn 0-87779-201-1) and the oxford english dictionary, second edition (oxford university press, 1989, isbn 0-19-861186-2) contain the compound word "aggry bead." to find a third word ending in -gry that is not part of a phrase, you must turn to archaic, obsolete, or uncommon words, or personal or place names.collins english dictionary contains aggry as a standalone word. the only -gry words playable in scrabble are aggry, ahungry, angry, hungry and puggry. this puzzle has no good answer, yet it has become one of the most frequently asked word puzzles. ==puzzle as quest== this topic is a source of lively interest, both to lovers of word puzzles and lovers of words. intriguingly, there are members of the latter group who have little or no interest in the puzzle, per se; the challenge is in the list (of words). for both groups, much of the appeal lies in the quest, either to trace the origin of the puzzle or compile a complete list of words ending in -gry. ==history== merriam-webster, publishers of the leading american dictionaries, first heard of this puzzle in a letter dated march 17, 1975, from patricia lasker of brooklyn, new york. lasker says her plant manager heard the question on a quiz show. since that time merriam-webster has received about four letters each year asking the question. this puzzle firs

Gin_and_tonic

a gin and tonic is a highball cocktail made with gin and tonic water poured over ice. it is usually garnished with a slice or wedge of lime. the amount of gin varies according to taste. suggested ratios of gin-to-tonic are 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 2:3. in some countries, gin and tonic is marketed pre-mixed in single-serving cans. in the united states, most bars "use soda out of a gun that in no way, shape or form resembles quinine water", according to bartender dale degroff. to get a real gin and tonic, degroff recommends specifying bottled tonic. alternatively, one can add tonic syrup to soda water. it is commonly referred to as a "g and t" in the uk, usa, canada and ireland."g and t". oxford dictionaries. april 2010. oxford university press. 6 december 2010. in some parts of the world, it is called a "gin tonic". some brands will replace the word "gin" with their own brand or initial in recipes. for instance, "sapphire and tonic" for bombay sapphire, "hendrick's and tonic" for hendrick's gin (garnished with cucumber to further distinguish it),[http://www.hendricksgin.com/#/us/t

Gnumeric

gnumeric () is a spreadsheet program that is part of the gnome free software desktop project. gnumeric version 1.0 was released on 31 december 2001. gnumeric is distributed as free software under the gnu gpl license; it is intended to replace proprietary and other spreadsheet programs such as microsoft excel. gnumeric was created and developed by miguel de icaza, but he has since moved on to other projects. the current maintainer is jody goldberg. gnumeric has the ability to import and export data in several file formats, including csv, microsoft excel (write support for the more recent .xlsx format is incompletegnumeric v1.10 manual, file formats), microsoft works spreadsheets (*.wks),the file formats which gnumeric can read. projects.gnome.org. retrieved on 2013-12-09. html, latex, lotus 1-2-3, opendocument and quattro pro; its native format is the gnumeric file format (.gnm or .gnumeric), an xml file compressed with gzip. it includes all of the spreadsheet functions of the north american edition of microsoft excel and many functions unique to gnumeric. pivot tables and visual basic for applications macros are not yet supported. gnumeric's accuracy has helped it to establish a niche for statistical analysis and other scientific tasks.{{cite web|url=http://www.csdassn.org/software_reports/gn

Granville_rail_disaster

the granville rail disaster occurred on 18 january 1977 at granville, a suburb in western sydney, australia, when a crowded commuter train derailed, running into the supports of a road bridge that collapsed onto two of the train's passenger carriages. it was the worst rail disaster in australian history: 83 people died, more than 210 were injured, and 1,300 were affected. ==the crash== the crowded 6:09 a.m. from mount victoria, in the blue mountains, sydney-bound eight carriage commuter train was hauled by a new south wales 46 class locomotive, no. 4620. it was approaching granville railway station when it left the rails at approximately 8:10 a.m. and hit a row of supports of the overhead bold street bridge, which were constructed from steel and concrete. the derailed engine and first two carriages passed the bridge. the first carriage broke free from the other carriages. carriage one was torn open when it collided with a severed mast beside the track, killing eight passengers. the remaining carriages ground to a halt, with the second carriage clear of the bridge. the rear half of the third carriage, and forward half of the fourth carriage came to rest under the weakened bridge. within seconds, with all its supports demolished, the bridge and several motor cars on top of it crashed onto the carriages, crushing them and the passengers inside. the weight of the concrete bridge was estimated at .http://danger-ahead.railfan.net/accidents/granvill.htm thumb|left|memorial plaque commemorating the disaster at granville station of the total number of passengers travelling in the third and fourth carriages, half were killed instantly when the bridge collapsed on them, crushing them in their seats. several injured passengers were trapped

Gordon_Brown

{{infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = the right honourable | name = gordon brown | honorific-suffix = mp | image = gordon brown official.jpg | office = prime minister of the united kingdom | monarch = elizabeth ii | term_start = 27 june 2007 | term_end = 11 may 2010 | predecessor = tony blair | successor = david cameron | office1 = leader of the labour party | deputy1 = harriet harman | term_start1 = 24 june 2007 | term_end1 = 11 may 2010 | predecessor1 = tony blair | successor1 = ed miliband | office2 = chancellor of the exchequer | primeminister2 = tony blair | term_start2 = 2 may 1997 | term_end2 = 27 june 2007 | predecessor2 = kenneth clarke | successor2 = alistair darling | office3 = shadow chancellor of the exchequer | leader3 = john smithmargaret becketttony blair | term_start3 = 24 july 1992 | term_end3 = 2 may 1997 | predecessor3 = john smith | successor3 = kenneth clarke | office4 = shadow secretary of state for trade and industry | leader4 = neil kinnock | term_start4 = 2 november 1989 | term_end4 = 24 july 1992 | predecessor4 = bryan gould | successor4 = robin cook | office5 = shadow chief secretary to the treasury | leader5 = neil kinnock | term_start5 = 13 july 1987 | term_end5 = 2 november 1989 | predecessor5 = bryan gould | successor5 = margaret beckett | office6 = member of parliamentfor kirkcaldy and cowdenbeath | term_start6 = 9 june 1983 | term_end6 = | predecessor6 = willie hamilton dick douglas | successor6 = | majority6 = 23,009 (50.2%) | birth_name = james gordon brown | birth_date = | birth_place = giffnock, scotland, united kingdom | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = scottish | citizenship = british | party = labour | spouse = sarah brown | children = jennifer jane john macaulay james fraser | alma_mater = university of edinburgh | occupation = politician | profession = historian | religion = church of scotland{{cite news |newspaper=the guardian |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/23/pope-benedict-to-visit-britain

Granite

thumb|400px|qapf diagram for classification of plutonic rocks right|thumb|mineral assemblage of igneous rocks|400px granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock which is granular and phaneritic in texture. the word "granite" comes from the latin granum, a grain, in reference to the coarse-grained structure of such a holocrystalline rock. the term 'granite' also applies to a group of intrusive igneous rocks with similar textures and slight variations on composition and origin. these rocks mainly consist of feldspar, quartz, mica, and amphibole minerals. these form interlocking somewhat equigranular matrix of feldspar and quartz with scattered darker biotite mica and amphibole (often hornblende) peppering the lighter color minerals. occasionally some individual crystals (phenocrysts) are larger than the groundmass, in which case the texture is known as porphyritic. a granitic rock with a porphyritic texture is known as a granite porphyry. granites can be predominantly white, pink, or gray in color, depending on their mineralogy. by definition, granite is an igneous rock with at least 20% quartz and up to 65% alkali feldspar by volume. granite differs from granodiorite in that at least 35% of the feldspar in granite is alkali feldspar as opposed to plagioclase; it is the potassium feldspar that gives many granites a distinctive pink color. the extrusive igneous rock equivalent of granite is rhyolite. granite is nearly always massive (lacking any internal structures), hard and tough, and therefore it has gained widespread use throughout humanity, and more recently as a construction stone. the average density of granite is between 2.65 and 2.75 g/cm3, its compressive strength usually lies above 200 mpa, and its viscosity near stp is 3–6 • 1019 pa·s.{{cite journal | last = kumagai | first = naoichi |author2=sadao sasajima |author3=hidebumi ito | title = long-term creep of rocks: results with large specimens obtained in about 20 years and those with small specimens in about 3 years | journal = journal of the society of materials science (japan) | volume = 27 | issue = 293 | p

George_Dantzig

george bernard dantzig (november 8, 1914 &ndash; may 13, 2005) was an american [[mathematical sciences|mathematical

Gaspard-Gustave_Coriolis

gaspard-gustave de coriolis or gustave coriolis (; 21 may 1792&nbsp;– 19 september 1843) was a french mathematician, mechanical engineer and scientist. he is best known for his work on the supplementary forces that are detected in a rotating frame of reference. see the coriolis effect. coriolis was the first to coin the term "work" for the transfer of energy by a force acting through a distance. ==biography== coriolis was born in paris in 1792. in 1808 he sat the entrance exam and was placed second of all the students entering that year, and in 1816, he became a tutor at the École polytechnique, where he did experiments on friction and hydraulics. in 1829, coriolis published a textbook, calcul de l'effet des machines ("calculation of the effect of machines"), which presented mechanics in a way that could readily be applied by industry. in this period, the correct expression for kinetic energy, &frac12;mv2, and its relation to mechanical work, became established. during the following years, coriolis worked to extend the notion of kinetic energy and work to rotating systems. the first of his papers, sur le principe des forces vives dans les mouvements relatifs des machines (on the principle of kinetic energy in the relative motion in machines), was read to the académie des sciences (coriolis 1832). three years later came the paper that would make his name famous, sur les équ

George,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Ansbach

george of brandenburg-ansbach () (4 march 1484 – 27 december 1543) was a margrave of brandenburg-ansbach from the house of hohenzollern. == biography == === early life === he was born in ansbach, the third of eight sons of margrave frederick the elder and his wife sophia of poland, daughter of casimir iv of poland and elisabeth of habsburg. through his mother, he was related to the royal court in buda. he entered the service of his uncle, king vladislaus ii of bohemia and hungary, living at his court from 1506. the king received him as an adopted son, entrusted him in 1515 with the duchy of oppeln, and in 1516 made him member of the tutelary government instituted for hungary, and tutor of his son louis ii of hungary and bohemia. in 1521 he made an arrangement with petar keglević and pulled back from hungary and croatia; this arrangement, accepted by louis ii in 1526, was not accepted by holy roman emperor ferdinand i until 1559. === territories and influence === at the court of hungary there were two parties arrayed against each other: the magyar party under the leadership of zápolyas and the german party under the leadership of george of brandenburg, whose authority was increased by the acquisition of the duchies of ratibor and oppeln by hereditary treaties with their respective dukes and of the territories of oderberg, beuthen, and tarnowitz as pledges from the king of bohemia, who could not redeem his debts. by the further

Glen_or_Glenda

glen or glenda is a 1953 exploitation film written, directed by, and starring ed wood, and featuring bela lugosi and wood's then-girlfriend dolores fuller. the title was originally i changed my sex! and is often given as glen or glenda? but the question mark is not present in the film itself or on its poster. a new musical score for the film was composed in 2010 by michael penny.michael penny website the film is a docudrama about cross-dressing and transsexuality, and is semi-autobiographical in nature. wood himself was a cross-dresser, and the film is a plea for tolerance. it is widely considered one of the worst films ever. however, it has become a cult film due to its low-budget production values and idiosyncratic style. ==plot== thumb|right|300px|wood as glen, dressed in female clothing. the film begins with a narrator, called the scientist, making cryptic comments about humanity. he first comments that humanity's constant search for the unknown, results in startling things coming to light. but most of these "new" discoveries are actually quite old, to which he refers to as "the signs of the ages". later, the scene turns to the streets of a city, with the narrator commenting that each human has his/her own thoughts, ideas, and personality. he makes further comments on human life, while sounds accompany some comments. the cries of a newborn baby are followed by the sirens of an ambulance. one is a sign that a new life has begun, the other that a life has ended.craig (2009), p. 30-68 this last comments starts the narrative of the film. the life which has ended is that of a transvestite named patrick/patricia, who has committed suicide. a scene opens with his/her corpse in a small

Gelatin_dessert

gelatin desserts are desserts made with sweetened and flavored gelatin. they can be made by combining plain gelatin with other ingredients or by using a premixed blend of gelatin with additives. fully prepared gelatin desserts are sold in a variety of forms, ranging from large decorative shapes to individual serving cups. ==regional names== * in many of the commonwealth nations and in ireland, gelatin desserts are called jelly. * in the united states and canada, gelatin desserts are sometimes colloquially called jello or sometimes as gelatin, whereas 'jelly' is a fruit preserve. ==brands== popular brands of premixed gelatin include: *aeroplane jelly in australia *hartley's in the united kingdom *jell-o from kraft foods in north america ==history== before gelatin became widely available as a commercial product, the most typical gelatin dessert was "calf's foot jelly". as the name indicates, this was made by extracting and purifying gelatin from the foot of a calf. this gelatin was then mixed with fruit juice and sugar. ==preparation== to make a gelatin dessert, gelatin is dissolved in hot liquid with the desired flavors and other additives. these latter ingredients usually include sugar, fruit juice, or sugar substitutes; they may be added and varied during preparation, or pre-mixed with the gelatin in a commercial product which merely requires the addition of hot water. in addition to sweeteners, the prepared commercial blends generally contain flavoring agents and other additives, such as adipic acid, fumaric acid, sodium citrate, and artificial flavorings and food colors. because the collagen is processed extensively, the final product is not categorized as a meat or animal product by the us federal government. prepared commercial blends may be sold as a powder or as a concentrated gelatinous block, divided into small squares. either type is mixed with sufficient hot water to completely dissolve it, and then mixed with enough cold water to make the volume of liquid specified on the packet. the solubility of powdered gelatin can be enhanced by sprinkling it into the liquid several minutes before heating, "blooming" the individual granules.{{cite web|url=http://whatscookingamerica.net/gelatintip.htm | title=unflavored gelatin

HTML

html or hypertext markup language is the standard markup language used to create web pages. html is written in the form of html elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets (like ). html tags most commonly come in pairs like and , although some tags represent empty elements and so are unpaired, for example . the first tag in a pair is the start tag, and the second tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags). a web browser can read html files and compose them into visible or audible web pages. the browser does not display the html tags, but uses them to interpret the content of the page. html describes the structure of a website semantically along with cues for presentation, making it a markup language, rather than a programming language. html elements form the building blocks of all websites. html allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. it provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. it can embed scripts written in languages such as javascript which affect the behavior of html web pages. web browsers can also refer to cascading style sheets (css) to define the look and layout of text and other material. the world wide web consortium (w3c), maintainer of both the html and the css standards, encourages the use of css over explicit presentational html.html 4 — conformance: requirements and recommendations. w3.org. retrieved on 2012-02-16. ==history== 100px||thumb|right|the historic logo made by the w3c ===development=== in 1980, physicist tim berners-lee, who was a contractor at cern, proposed and prototyped enquire, a system for [[cer

GNU_Hurd

gnu hurd (usually referred to as the hurd) is the multiserver microkernel written as part of gnu. it has been under development since 1990 by the gnu project of the free software foundation, designed as a replacement for the unix kernel, and released as free software under the gnu general public license. gnu hurd consists of a set of protocols and server processes (or daemons, in unix terminology) that run on the gnu mach microkernel. the hurd aims to surpass the unix kernel in functionality, security, and stability, while remaining largely compatible with it. the gnu project chose the for the operating system, due to perceived advantages over the traditional unix monolithic kernel architecture. == name and logo == in december 1991 the primary architect of the hurd described the name as a mutually recursive acronym: as both hurd and hird are homophones of the english word herd, the full name gnu hurd is also a play on the words herd of gnus, reflecting how the kernel works. the logo is called the hurd boxes and it also reflects on architecture.

Hexadecimal

in mathematics and computing, hexadecimal (also base , or hex) is a positional numeral system with a radix, or base, of 16. it uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols 0–9 to represent values zero to nine, and a, b, c, d, e, f (or alternatively a–f) to represent values ten to fifteen. hexadecimal numerals are widely used by computer systems designers and programmers. several different notations are used to represent hexadecimal constants in computing languages; the prefix "0x" is widespread due to its use in unix and c (and related operating systems and languages). alternatively, some authors denote hexadecimal values using a suffix or subscript. for example, one could write 0x2af3 or 2af316, depending on the choice of notation. as an example, the hexadecimal number 2af316 can be converted to an equivalent decimal representation. observe that 2af316 is equal to a sum of (200016 + a0016 + f016 + 316), by decomposing the numeral into a series of place value terms. converting each term to decimal, one can further write: ,, or 10995. each hexadecimal digit represents four binary digits (bits), and the primary use of hexadecimal notation is a human-friendly representation of binary-coded values in computing and digital electronics. one hexadecimal digit represents a nibble, which is half of an octet or byte (8&nbsp;bits). for example, byte values can range from 0 to 255 (decimal), but may be more conveniently represented as two hexadecimal digits in the range 00 to ff. hexadecimal is also commonly used to represent computer memory addresses. ==representation== ===written representation=== ====using 0–9 and a–f==== in situations where there is no context, hexadecimal numbers can be ambiguous and confused with numbers expressed in other bases. there are several conventions for expressing values unambiguously. a numerical subscript (itself written in decimal) can give the base explicitly: 15910 is decimal 159; 15916 is hexadecimal 159, which is equal to 34510. some authors prefer a text subscript, such as 159decimal and 159hex, or 159d and 159h. in linear text systems, such as those used in most computer programming environments, a variety of methods have arisen: * in uris (including urls), character codes are written as hexadecimal pairs prefixed with %: http://www.example.com/name%20with%20spaces where %20 is the space (blank) character (code value 20 in hex, 32 in decimal). * in xml and xhtml, charac

Hungary

{{infobox country | conventional_long_name = hungary | native_name = | common_name = hungary | image_flag = flag of hungary.svg | image_coat = coat of arms of hungary.svg | national_motto = cum deo pro patria et libertate! | national_anthem =himnuszfile:erkel ferenc magyar himnusz.ogg | symbol_width = 35px | image_map = eu-hungary.svg | map_caption = | official_languages = hungarian |ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = 2011 | demonym = hungarian | capital = 20px budapest | latd = 47 |latm=26 |latns=n |longd=19 |longm=15 |longew=e | largest_city = capital | government_type = | leader_title1 = president | leader_name1 = jános Áder | leader_title2 = prime minister | leader_name2 = viktor orbán | leader_title3 = speaker of the national&nbsp;assembly | leader_name3 = lászló kövér | legislature = országgyűlés(national assembly) | area_rank = 109th | area_magnitude = 1 e10 | area_km2 = 93,030 | area_sq_mi = 35,919 | percent_water = 0.74% | population_estimate = 9,877,365 | population_estimate_year = 2014 | population_estimate_rank = 84th | population_census = 9,937,628hungarian central statistical office census data 2011. retrieved 28 march 2013. | population_census_year = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 107.2 | population_density_sq_mi = 279.0 | population_density_rank = 94th | gdp_ppp_year = 2014 | gdp_ppp = $202.356 billion{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=36&pr.y=13&sy=2011&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=238%2c128%2c944&s=ngdpd%2cngdpdpc%2cpppgdp%2cppppc&grp=0&a= |title=hungary |publisher=inte

Holland

holland is a region and former province on the western coast of the netherlands. the name holland is also frequently used to informally refer to the whole of the country of the netherlands. this usage is commonly accepted, especially outside of the netherlands, but some individuals, particularly from the other parts of the netherlands, dislike the use of "holland" as a substitute for "the netherlands",<!----> or even find it insulting.page = 248, "amsterdam: guida città", ryan ver berkmoes, edt srl(lonely planet) from the 10th to the 16th century, holland proper was a unified political region within the holy roman empire as a county ruled by the counts of holland. by the 17th century, holland had risen to become a maritime and economic power, dominating the other provinces of the newly independent dutch republic. today, the former county of holland roughly consists of the two dutch provinces of north holland and south holland, which together include the netherlands' three largest cities: the capital city of amsterdam; the seat of government of the hague; and rotterdam, hom

Hoplite

hoplites were citizen-soldiers of ancient greek city-states who were primarily armed with spears and shields. their main tactic was the phalanx formation. the hoplites were primarily free citizens—propertied farmers and artisans—who were able to afford the bronze armor suit and weapons (estimated at a third to a half of its able-bodied adult male population). hoplites generally received basic military training. in 690 bc, the spartan army adopted a military innovation known as the phalanx formation. this new tactic proved successful during the battle of marathon in 490 bc and the battle of plataea in 479 bc, when the greeks defeated the persians. the persian archers and light troops who fought in the battle of marathon failed, in part, because their bows were too weak for their arrows to penetrate the greek shields and armor, and their own armor and shields could not stand up to the longer spears and swords of the greeks. the word hoplite (greek: hoplitēs; pl. hoplitai) derives from hoplon (, plural hopla ), the type of shield used by the soldiers, although, as a word, hopla could also denote the soldiers' weapons or even their full armament.diodorus siculus, 15.44.3 "hoi [men] proteron apo tôn aspidôn hoplitai kaloumenoi tote [de] apo tês peltês peltastai metônomasthêsan" in later usage, the term hoplite is used to denote any armored infantry such as the swiss mercenaries during the burgundian wars (1474–1477). ==history== ===ancient greece=== the exact time when hoplitic warfare was developed is uncertain, the prevalent theory being that it was established sometime during the 8th or 7th century bc, when the "heroic age was abandoned and a far more disciplined system introduced" and the argive shield became popular.peter connoly, greece and rome at war, p.37. peter krentz argues that "the ideology of hoplitic warfare as a ritualized contest developed not in the 7th century [bc], but only after 480, when non-hoplite arms began to be excluded from the phalanx".peter krentz, fighting by the rules – the invention of the hoplite agon. anagnostis agelarakis, based on recen

List_of_historical_anniversaries

condensed list of historical anniversaries. ==external links and resources== * daily content archive * world history database * today in british history * on this day in canada * history channel (us): this day in history * history channel (uk): this day in history * the new york times: on this day * on-this-day.com * the internet movie database: this day in movie history * bbc: on this day * dates in american naval history * today in australian history * today in new zealand history * iranians' history on this day * library of congress american memory's today in history * computer history museum this day in history

Economy_of_Haiti

haiti is the poorest country in the americas. it is a market economyhttp://www.forbes.com/places/haiti/ with low labor costs and tariff-free access to the us for many of its exports. poverty, corruption, and poor access to education for much of the population are among haiti's most serious disadvantages. two-fifths of all haitians depend on the agriculture sector, mainly small-scale subsistence farming, and remain vulnerable to damage from frequent natural disasters, exacerbated by

Demographics_of_Honduras

this article is about the ethnic groups and population of honduras. ==population== according to the 2012 revision of the world population prospects the total population was 7,621,000 in 2010, compared to only 1,487,000 in 1950 (a fivefold increase in 60 years). the proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 36.8%, 58.9% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 4.3% was 65 years or older.population division of the department of economic and social affairs of the united nations secretariat, world population prospects: the 2012 revision according to the cia world factbook, 60% of hondurans live below the poverty line. and more than 30% of the population is divided between the lower middle and upper middle class, less than 10% are wealthy or belong to the higher social class (most live in tegucigalpa and san pedro sula). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;" |- ! ! width="70pt"|total population (x 1000) ! width="70pt"|proportionaged 0–14(%) ! width="70pt"|proportionaged 15–64(%) ! width="70pt"|proportionaged 65+(%) |- | 1950 |1 487||42.2||53.8||4.0 |- | 1955 |1 717||44.3||52.3||3.4 |- | 1960 |2 002||46.1||50.8||3.2 |- | 1965 |2 353||47.1||49.8||3.1 |- | 1970 |2 691||47.7||49.2||3.1 |- | 1975 |3 108||47.5||49.3||3.2 |- | 1980 |3 636||47.0||49.8||3.2 |- | 1985 |4 238||46.2||50.6||3.2 |- | 1990 |4 904||45.5||51.1||3.4 |- | 1995 |5 592||44.3||52.1||3.6 |- | 2000 |6 236||42.4||53.7||3.9 |- | 2005 |6 899||39.8||56.0||4.1 |- | 2010 |7 621||36.8||58.9||4.3 |} ==vital statistics== registration of vital events is in honduras not complete. the population department of the united nations prepared the following estimates. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;" |- ! width="50pt"|period ! width="70pt"|live birthsper year ! width="70pt"|deathsper year ! width="70pt"|natural changeper year ! width="35pt"|cbr* ! width="35pt"|cdr* ! width="35pt"|nc* ! width="35pt