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Jean-Baptiste-Siméon_Chardin | jean-baptiste-siméon chardin (; 2 november 1699 â 6 december 1779) was an 18th-century french painter. he is considered a master of still life,excerpt from robert hughes, nothing if not critical and is also noted for his genre paintings which depict kitchen maids, children, and domestic activities. carefully balanced composition, soft diffusion of light, and granular impasto characterize his work. ==life== chardin was born in paris, the son of a cabinetmaker, and rarely left the city. he lived on the left bank near saint-sulpice until 1757, when louis xv granted him a studio and living quarters in the louvre.chardin at the metropolitan museum of art retrieved on 2007-7-14. chardin entered into a marriage contract with marguerite saintard in 1723, whom he did not marry until 1731.rosenberg p. 179. he served apprenticeships with the history painters pierre-jacques cazes and noël-nicolas coypel, and in 1724 became a master in the académie de saint-luc. according to one nineteenth-century writer, at a time when it was hard for unknown painters to come to the attention of the royal academy, he first found notice by displaying a painting at the "small corpus christi" (held eight days after the regular one) on the place dauphine (by the pont neuf). van loo, passing by in 1720, bought it and later assisted the young painter.Ãdouard fournier (1862), histoire du pont-neuf, 1862, i, p. 300 upon presentation of the ray in 1728, he was admitted to the académie royale de peinture et de sculpture. the following year he ceded his position in the académie de saint-luc. he made a modest living by "produc[ing] paintings in the various genres at whatever price his customers chose to pay him",rosenberg and bruyant, p. 56. and by such work as the restoration of the frescoes at the galerie françois i at fontainebleau in 1731.rosenberg and bruyant, p. 20. in november 1731 his son jean-pierre was baptized, and a daughter, marguerite-agnès, was baptized in 1733. in 1735 his wife marguerite died, and within two years marguerite-agnès had died as well. beginning in 1737 chardin exhibited regularly at the [[salon (par | [
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Caitlin_Clarke | caitlin clarke (may 3, 1952 â september 9, 2004) was an american theater and film actress best known for her role as valerian in the 1981 fantasy film dragonslayer and for her role as charlotte cardoza in the 1998â1999 broadway musical titanic. ==biography== clarke was born katherine anne clarke in pittsburgh, the oldest of five sisters, the youngest of whom is victoria clarke. her family moved to sewickley when she was ten. clarke received her b.a. in theater arts from mount holyoke college in 1974 and her m.f.a. from the yale school of drama in 1978. during her final year at yale clarke performed with the yale repertory theater in such plays as tales from the vienna woods. the first few years of clarke's professional career were largely theatrical, apart from her role in dragonslayer. after appearing in three broadway plays in 1985, clarke moved to los angeles for several years as a film and television actress. she returned to theater in the early 1990s, and to broadway as charlotte cardoza in titanic. clarke was diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2000. she returned to pittsburgh to teach theater at the university of pittsburgh and at the pittsburgh musical theater's rauh conservatory as well as to perform in pittsburgh theatre until her death on september 9, 2004. ==stage== ===broadway=== *1983 - teaneck tanzi: the venus flytrap *1985 - the marriage of figaro *1985 - arms and the man *1985 - strange interlude *1998 - titanic: a new musical ===off-broadway=== *1979 - othello *1981 - no end of blame *1983 - summer *1984 - total eclipse *1984 - quartermaine's terms *1984 - thin ice *1994 - three birds alighting on a field *1994 - unexpected tenderness ===regional=== *1978 - tales from the vienna woods (new haven) *1979 - the winter's tale (washington) *1980 - bal (chicago) *1981 - plenty (chicago) *1982 - summer vacation madness (minneapolis) *1984 - as you like it (san diego) *1984 - not quite jerusalem (new haven) *1989 - our country's good (los angeles) *1991 - the queen and the rebels (baltimore) *1996 - mrs. warren's profession (new haven) *1997 - indiscretions (dallas) *1997 - the glass menagerie ( | [
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Chemical_formula | a chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, using a single line of chemical element symbols, numbers, and sometimes also other symbols, such as parentheses, dashes, brackets, and plus (+) and minus (â) signs. these are limited to a single typographic line of symbols, which may include subscripts and superscripts. a chemical formula is not a chemical name, and it contains no words. although a chemical formula may imply certain simple chemical structures, it is not the same as a full chemical structural formula. chemical formulas can fully specify the structure of only the simplest of molecules and chemical substances, and are generally more limited in power than are chemical names and structural formulas,. the simplest types of chemical formulas are called empirical formulas, which use only letters and numbers indicating atomic proportional ratios (the numerical proportions of atoms of one type to those of other types). molecular formulas indicate the simple numbers of each type of atom in a molecule of a molecular substance, and are thus sometimes the same as empirical formulas (for molecules that only have one atom of a particular type), and at other times require larger numbers than do empirical formulas. an example of the difference is the empirical formula for glucose, which is ch2o, while its molecular formula requires all numbers to be increased by a factor of six, giving c6h12o6. sometimes a chemical formula is complicated by being written as a condensed formula (or condensed molecular formula, occasionally called a "semi-structural formula"), which conveys additional information about the particular ways in which the atoms are chemically bonded together, either in covalent bonds, ionic bonds, or various combinations of these types. this is possible if the relevant bonding is easy to show in one dimension. an example is the condensed molecular/chemical formula for ethanol, which is ch3-ch2-oh or ch3ch2oh. however, even a condensed chemical formula is necessarily limited in its ability to show complex bo | [
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Catapult | a catapult is a ballistic device used to launch a projectile a great distance without the aid of explosive devicesâparticularly various types of ancient and medieval siege engines. although the catapult has been used since ancient times, it has proven to be one of the most effective mechanisms during warfare. the word 'catapult' comes from the latin 'catapulta', which in turn comes from the greek καÏαÏÎλÏÎ·Ï (katapeltÄs), itself from (kata), "downwards". + ÏÎ¬Î»Î»Ï (pallÅ), "to toss, to hurl"... catapults were invented by the ancient greeks.. == greek and roman catapults == the catapult and crossbow in greece are closely intertwined. primitive catapults were essentially âthe product of relatively straightforward attempts to increase the range and penetrating power of missiles by strengthening the bow which propelled themâ. the historian diodorus siculus (fl. 1st century bc), described the invention of a mechanical arrow-firing catapul | [
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Computer_file | a computer file is a resource for storing information, which is available to a computer program and is usually based on some kind of durable storage. a file is "durable" in the sense that it remains available for other programs to use after the program that created it has finished executing. computer files can be considered as the modern counterpart of paper documents which traditionally are kept in office and library files, and this is the source of the term. ==etymology== the word "file" was used publicly in the context of computer storage as early as february, 1950. in an rca (radio corporation of america) advertisement in popular science magazine describing a new "memory" vacuum tube it had developed, rca stated: :"...the results of countless computations can be kept "on file" and taken out again. such a "file" now exists in a "memory" tube developed at rca laboratories. electronically it retains figures fed into calculating machines, holds them in storage while it memorizes new ones - speeds intelligent solutions through mazes of mathematics." in 1952, "file" was used in referring to information stored on punched cards.robert s. casey, et al. punched cards: their applications to science and industry, 1952. in early usage, people regarded the underlying hardware (rather than the contents) as the file. for example, the ibm 350 disk drives were called "disk files".martin h. weik. ballistic research laboratories report #1115. march 1961. pp. 314-331. in about 1961 the burroughs mcp and the mit compatible time-sharing system introduced the concept of a "file system", which managed several virtual "files" on one storage device, giving the term its present-day meaning. although the current term "register file" shows the early concept of files, it has largely disappeared. ==file contents== on most modern operating systems, files are organized into one-dimensional arrays of bytes. the format of a file is defined by its content since a file is solely a container for data, although, on some platforms the format is usually indicated by its filename extension, specifying the rules | [
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Cordwainer_Smith | cordwainer smith (pronounced cordwainer)elms, alan c., cordwainer smith pronunciation guide, ulmus.net. retrieved august 20, 2006. was the pseudonym used by american author paul myron anthony linebarger (july 11, 1913 â august 6, 1966) for his science fiction works. linebarger was a noted east asia scholar and expert in psychological warfare. ("cordwainer" is an archaic word for "a worker in cordwain or cordovan leather; a shoemaker",oxford english dictionary and a "smith" is "one who works in iron or other metals; esp. a blacksmith or farrier": two kinds of skilled workers with traditional materials.) linebarger also employed the literary pseudonyms "carmichael smith" (for his political thriller atomsk), "anthony bearden" (for his poetry) and "felix c. forrest" (for the novels ria and carola). he died of a heart attack in 1966 at johns hopkins university medical center in baltimore, maryland, at age 53. ==early life and education== linebarger was born in milwaukee, wisconsin. his father was paul m. w. linebarger, a lawyer and political activist with close ties to the leaders of the chinese revolution of 1911. as a result of those connections, linebarger's godfather was sun yat-sen, considered the father of chinese nationalism. as a child, linebarger was blinded in his right eye; the vision in his remaining eye was impaired by infection. his father moved his family to france and then germany while sun yat-sen was struggling against contentious warlords in china. as a result, linebarger was familiar with six languages by adulthood. at the age of 23, he received a phd in political science from johns hopkins university. ==career== from 1937 | [
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Center_(group_theory) | in abstract algebra, the center of a group g, denoted z(g),the notation z is from german zentrum, meaning "center". is the set of elements that commute with every element of g. in set-builder notation, :z(g) = \{z \in g \mid \forall g\in g, zg = gz \}. the center is a subgroup of g, which by definition is abelian (that is, commutative). as a subgroup, it is always normal, and indeed characteristic, but it need not be fully characteristic. the quotient group g / z(g) is isomorphic to the group of inner automorphisms of g. a group g is abelian if and only if z(g) = g. at the other extreme, a group is said to be centerless if z(g) is trivial, i.e. consists only of the identity element. the elements of the center are sometimes called central. ==as a subgroup== the center of g is always a subgroup of g. in particular: #z(g) contains e, the identity element of g, because eg = g = ge for all g â g by definition of e, so by definition of z(g), e â z(g); #if x and y are in z(g), then (xy)g = x(yg) = x(gy) = (xg)y = (gx)y = g(xy) for each g â g, and so xy is in z(g) as well (i.e., z(g) exhibits closure); #if x is in z(g), then gx = xg, and multiplying twice, once on the left and once on the right, by xâ1, gives xâ1g = gxâ1 â so xâ1 â z(g). furthermore the center of g is always a normal subgroup of g, as it is closed under conjugation. ==conjugacy classes and centralisers== by definition, the center is the set of elements for which the conjugacy class of each element is the element itself, i.e. ccl(g) = {g}. the center is also the intersection of all the centralizers of each element of g. as centralizers are subgroups, this again shows that the center is a subgroup. ==conjugation== consider the map f: g â aut(g) from g to the automorphism group of g defined by f(g) = Ïg, where Ïg is the automorphism of g defined by :\phi_g(h) = ghg^{-1} \,. the function f is a group homomorphism, and its [[kernel (algeb | [
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Canadian_whisky | canadian whisky is a type of whisky produced in canada. most canadian whiskies are blended multi-grain liquors containing a large percentage of corn spirits, and are typically lighter and smoother than other whisky styles.what is canadian whisky?, whiskey.com. (access date december 15, 2010.) several hundred years ago, when canadian distillers began adding small amounts of highly-flavourful rye grain to their mashes people began demanding this new rye-flavoured whisky, referring to it simply as "rye." today, as for the past two centuries the terms "rye whisky" and "canadian whisky" are used interchangeably in canada and refer to exactly the same product. ==characteristics== while the lighter and smoother canadian whiskies are the most widely familiar, the range of products is actually broad and includes some robust whiskies as well. historically, in canada, whisky that had some rye grain added to the mash bill to give it more flavour came to be called âryeâ. although some canadian whiskies are still labelled as âryeâ, canadian âryeâ whisky usually contains high-proof grain whisky blended with lower-proof rye-grain whisky and canadian-made "bourbon-style" corn whisky as flavouring. occasionally barley whisky is also used for flavouring. flavour may also be derived in other ways, such as flavour development from the aging process. it is a common misconception that canadian whiskies are primarily made using just rye grain. the use of rye grain is not dictated by law, and the primary grain used to make most canadian whisky is corn. ==regulations== thumb|right|250px|various canadian whiskies canada's food and drugs act require that whisky labeled as "canadian whisky" be mashed, distilled and | [
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Catenary | thumb|180px|right|a hanging chain with short links forms a catenary. thumb|180px|right|freely-hanging electric power cables (especially those used on electrified railways) can also form a catenary. thumb|180px|right|the silk on a spider's web forming multiple elastic catenaries. in physics and geometry, a catenary[p] is the curve that an idealized hanging chain or cable assumes under its own weight when supported only at its ends. the curve has a u-like shape, superficially similar in appearance to a parabola, but it is not a parabola: it is a (scaled, rotated) graph of the hyperbolic cosine. the curve appears in the design of certain types of arches and as a cross section of the catenoidâthe shape assumed by a soap film bounded by two parallel circular rings. the catenary is also called the "alysoid", "chainette",mathworld or, particularly in the material sciences, "funicular".e.g.: mathematically, the catenary curve is the graph of the hyperbolic cosine function. the surface of revolution of the catenary curve, the catenoid, is a minimal surface, specifically a minimal surface of revolution. the mathematical properties of the catenary curve were first studied by robert hooke in the 1670s, and its equation was derived by leibniz, huygens and johann bernoulli in 1691. catenaries and related curves are used in architecture and engineering, in the design of bridges and arches, so that forces do not result in bending moments. note also the wider meaning of the word 'catenary' used since mid-1990s in the offshore oil and gas industry of steel catenary riser. ==history== the word catenary is derived from the latin word catena, which means "chain". the english word catenary is usually attributed to thomas jefferson, who wrote in a letter to thomas paine on the construction of an arch for a bridge: {{quote|i have lately received from italy a treatise on the [[mechanical equilibrium|equil | [
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London_Borough_of_Croydon | the london borough of croydon () is a london borough in south london, england and is part of outer london. it covers an area of and is the largest london borough by population. it is the southernmost borough of london. at its centre is the historic town of croydon from which the borough takes its name. croydon is mentioned in the domesday book, and from a small market town has expanded into one of the most populous areas on the fringe of london. croydon is the civic centre of the borough. the borough is now one of london's leading business, financial and cultural centres, and its influence in entertainment and the arts contribute to its status as a major metropolitan centre. formed in 1965 from the coulsdon and purley urban district and the county borough of croydon, the local authority croydon london borough council, is now part of the local government association for greater london, london councils. the borough has a long history which is based mainly around the economy of the area. the economic strength of croydon dates back mainly to croydon airport which was a major factor in the development of croydon as a business centre. once london's main airport for all international flights to and from the capital, it was closed on 30 september 1959 due to the lack of expansion space needed for an airport to serve the growing city. it is now a grade ii listed building and tourist attraction.{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/gateway/results_single.aspx?uid=201 | [
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Class_action | a class action, class suit, or representative action is where a group (a class) sues another party. it is pleonastic to refer to a class action as a "class action suit". collective lawsuits originated in the united states and are still predominantly a u.s. phenomenon. but in several european countries with civil law, contrary to anglo-american common law, changes have been made in recent years to allow consumer organizations to bring claims on behalf of consumers. ==u.s. federal class actions== in the united states federal courts, class actions are governed by federal rules of civil procedure rule 23 and 28 u.s.c.a. § 1332(d). class actions may be brought in federal court if the claim arises under federal law or if the claim falls under 28 usca § 1332(d). under § 1332(d) (2) the federal district courts have original jurisdiction over any civil action where the amount in controversy exceeds $5,000,000 and * any member of a class of plaintiffs is a citizen of a state different from any defendant; or * any member of a class of plaintiffs is a foreign state or a citizen or subject of a foreign state and any defendant is a citizen of a state; or * any member of a class of plaintiffs is a citizen of a state and any defendant is a foreign state or a citizen or subject of a foreign state.28 u.s.c. § 1332(d)(2) nationwide plaintiff classes are possible, but such suits must have a commonality of issues across state lines. this may be difficult if the civil law in the various states lack significant commonalities. large class actions brought in federal court frequently are consolidated for pre-trial purposes through the device of multidistrict litigation (mdl).john g. heyburn ii, a view from the panel: part of the solution, 82 tulane law review 2225, 2331 (n. 34) it is also possible to bring class actions under state law, and in some cases the court may extend its jurisdiction to all the members of the class, including out of state (or even internationally) as the key element is the jurisdiction that the court has over the defendant. typically, federal courts are thought to be more favorable for defendants, and state courts more favorable for plaintiffs. many class actions are filed initially in state court. the defendant will frequently try to remove the case to federal court. the class action fairness act of 2005{{cite web|url=http://f | [
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Creed | a creed (also confession, symbol, or statement of faith) is a statement of the shared beliefs of a religious community in the form of a fixed formula summarizing core tenets. one of the most widely used creeds in christianity is the nicene creed, first formulated in ad 325 at the first council of nicaea. it was based on christian understanding of the canonical gospels, the letters of the new testament and to a lesser extent the old testament. affirmation of this creed, which describes the trinity, is generally taken as a fundamental test of orthodoxy for most christian denominations.johnson, phillip r. "the nicene creed." accessed 17 may 2009 the apostles' creed is also broadly accepted. some christian denominations and other groups have rejected the authority of those creeds. muslims declare the shahada, or testimony: "i bear witness that there is no god but (the one) god (allah), and i bear witness that muhammad is god's messenger.""proclaiming the shahada is the first step into islam." islamic learning materials. accessed: 17 may 2009. see also "the shahada, or shahÄda / kalimatu-sh-shahÄdah / kelime-i Åehadet." a. ismail mohr. accessed: 28 may 2012 whether judaism is creedal has been a point of some controversy. although some say judaism is noncreedal in nature, others say it recognizes a single creed, the shema yisrael, which begins: "hear, o israel: the lord our god, the lord is one." ==terminology== the word creed is particularly used for a concise statement which is recited as part of liturgy. term is anglicized from latin credo "i believe", the incipit of the latin texts of the apostles' creed and the nicene creed. a creed is sometimes referred to as a symbol in a specialized meaning of that word (which was first introduced to late middle english in this sense), after latin symbolum "creed" (as in symbolum apostolorum = "apostles' creed"), after greek symbolon "token, watchword"justo l. gonzalez, the story of christianity, 2nd ed., vol. 1, p. 77. some longer statements of faith in the protestant tradition are instead called "confessions of faith", or simply "confession" (as in e.g. helvetic confession). within evangelicalism, the terms "doctri | [
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Comet_HaleâBopp | comet haleâbopp (formally designated c/1995 o1) was perhaps the most widely observed comet of the 20th century and one of the brightest seen for many decades. it was visible to the naked eye for a record 18 months, twice as long as the previous record holder, the great comet of 1811. haleâbopp was discovered on july 23, 1995, at a great distance from the sun, raising expectations that the comet would brighten considerably by the time it passed close to earth. although predicting the brightness of comets with any degree of accuracy is very difficult, haleâbopp met or exceeded most predictions when it passed perihelion on april 1, 1997. the comet was dubbed the great comet of 1997. == discovery == the comet was discovered independently on july 23, 1995 by two observers, alan hale and thomas bopp, both in the united states.{{cite journal |title = the comets of 1995 | last = shanklin |first = jonathan d. | journal | [
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Common_Language_Infrastructure | the common language infrastructure (cli) is an open specification developed by microsoft and standardized by isoiso/iec 23271:2012 - information technology -- common language infrastructure (cli) and ecmastandard ecma-335 - 6th edition (june 2012) that describes the executable code and runtime environment. the specification defines an environment that allows multiple high-level languages to be used on different computer platforms without being rewritten for specific architectures. the .net framework and the free and open source mono and portable.net are implementations of the cli. ==overview== thumb|280px|visual overview of the common language infrastructure (cli) among other things, the cli specification describes the following four aspects: ;the common type system (cts) :a set of data types and operations that are shared by all cts-compliant programming languages. ;the metadata :information about program structure is language-agnostic, so that it can be referenced between languages and tools, making it easy to work with code written in a language one's not using. ;the common language specification (cls) :a set of base rules to which any language targeting the cli should conform in order to interoperate with other cls-compliant languages. the cls rules define a subset of the common type system. ;the virtual execution system (ves) :the ves loads and executes cli-compatible programs, using the metadata to combine separately generated pieces of code at runtime. all compatible languages compile to common intermediate language (cil), which is an intermediate language that is abstracted from the platform hardware. when the code is executed, the platform-specific ves will compile the cil to the machine language according to the specific hardware and operating system. ==standardization and licensing== in august 2000, microsoft, hewlett-packard, intel, and others worked to standardize cli. by december 2001, it was ratified by the ecma, with iso standardization following in april 2003. microsoft and its partners hold patents for cli. ecma and iso require that all patents essential to implementation be made available under "reasonable and non-discriminatory (rand) terms." it is common for rand licensing to require some royalty payment, which could be a cause for concern with mono. as of january 2013, neither microsoft nor | [
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Corrado_Gini | corrado gini (may 23, 1884 â march 13, 1965) was an italian statistician, demographer and sociologist who developed the gini coefficient, a measure of the income inequality in a society. gini was also a leading fascist theorist and ideologue who wrote the scientific basis of fascism in 1927. gini was a proponent of organicism and applied it to nations.aaron gillette. racial theories in fascist italy. london, england, uk; new york, new york, usa. pp. 40. ==career== gini was born on may 23, 1884, in motta di livenza, near treviso, into an old landed family. he entered the faculty of law at the university of bologna, where in addition to law he studied mathematics, economics, and biology. gini's scientific work ran in two directions: towards the social sciences and towards statistics. his interests ranged well beyond the formal aspects of statisticsâto the laws that govern biological and social phenomena. his first published work was, il sesso dal punto di vista statistico (1908). this work is a thorough review of the natal sex ratio, looking at past theories and at how new hypothesis fit the statistical data. in particular, it presents evidence that the tendency to produce one or the other sex of child is, to some extent, heritable. in 1910, he acceded to the chair of statistics in the university of cagliari and then at padua in 1913. he founded the statistical journal metron in 1920, directing it until his death; it only accepted articles with practical applications. he became a professor at the sapienza university of rome in 1925. at the university, he founded a lecture course on sociology, maintaining it until his retirement. he also set up the school of statistics in 1928, and, in 1936, the faculty of statistical, demographic and actuarial sciences. in 1929, gini founded the italian committee for the study of population problems (comitato italiano per lo studio dei problemi della popolazione) which, two years later, organised the first population congress in rome. in 1926, he was appointed president of the central institute of statistics in rome. this he organised as a single centre for italian statistical services. he resigned in 1932 in protest at interference in his work by the fascist state. milestones during the rest of his career include: * in 1933 â vice president of the international sociological institute. * in 1934 â president of the italian genetics and eugenics society. * in 1935 â president of the international federation of eugenics societies in latin-language countries. * in 1937 â president of the italian sociological society. * in 1941 â president of the italian statistical society. * in 1957 â gold medal for outstanding service t | [
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Rhyming_slang | rhyming slang is a form of phrase construction in the english language and is especially prevalent in dialectal english from the east end of london; hence the alternative name, cockney rhyming slang. the construction involves replacing a common word with a rhyming phrase of two or three words and then, in almost all cases, omitting the secondary rhyming word (which is thereafter implied), in a process called hemiteleia, making the origin and meaning of the phrase elusive to listeners not in the know. one example is replacing the word "stairs" with the rhyming phrase "apples and pears". following the pattern of omission, "and pears" is dropped, thus the spoken phrase "i'm going up the apples" means "i'm going up the stairs". in similar fashion, "telephone" is replaced by "dog" (= 'dog-and-bone'); "wife" by "trouble" (= 'trouble-and-strife'); "eyes" by "mincers" (= 'mince pies'); "wig" by "syrup" (= 'syrup of figs') and "feet" by "plates" (= 'plates of meat'). thus a construction of the following type could conceivably arise: "it nearly knocked me off me platesâhe was wearing a syrup! so i ran up the apples, got straight on the dog to me trouble and said i couldn't believe me mincers." in some examples the meaning is further obscured by adding a second iteration of rhyme and truncation to the original rhymed phrase. for example, the word "aris" is often used to indicate the buttocks. this is the result of a double rhyme, starting with the original rough synonym "arse", which is rhymed with "bottle and glass", leading to "bottle". "bottle" was then rhymed with "aristotle" and truncated to "aris". the use of rhyming slang has spread beyond the purely dialectal and some examples are to be found in the mainstream british english lexicon and internationally, although many users may be unaware of the origin of those words. one example is "berk", a mild pejorative widely used across the uk and not usually considered particularly offensive, although the origin lies in a contraction of "berkeley hunt", as the rhyme for the significantly more offensive "cunt". another example is to "have a butcher's" for to have a look, from "butcher's hook". most of the words changed by this process are nouns. a few are adjectival e.g. 'bales' (of cotton = rotten), or the adjectival phrase 'on one's | [
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Chapter_11,_Title_11,_United_States_Code | chapter 11 is a chapter of title 11 of the united states bankruptcy code, which permits reorganization under the bankruptcy laws of the united states. chapter 11 bankruptcy is available to every business, whether organized as a corporation, partnership or sole proprietorship, and to individuals, although it is most prominently used by corporate entities.http://www.uscourts.gov/federalcourts/bankruptcy/bankruptcybasics/chapter11.aspx in contrast, chapter 7 governs the process of a liquidation bankruptcy (although liquidation can go under this chapter), while chapter 13 provides a reorganization process for the majority of private individuals. ==chapter 11 in general== when a business is unable to service its debt or pay its creditors, the business or its creditors can file with a federal bankruptcy court for protection under either chapter 7 or chapter 11. in chapter 7, the business ceases operations, a trustee sells all of its assets, and then distributes the proceeds to its creditors. any residual amount is returned to the owners of the company. in chapter 11, in most instances the debtor remains in control of its business operations as a debtor in possession, and is subject to the oversight and jurisdiction of the court.joseph swanson and peter marshall, houlihan lokey and lyndon norley, kirkland & ellis international llp (2008). a practitioner's guide to corporate restructuring. city & financial publishing, 1st edition isbn 978-1-905121-31-1 ==features of chapter 11 reorganization== chapter 11 retains many of the features present in all, or most, bankruptcy proceedings in the u.s. it provides additional tools for debtors as well. most importantly, empowers the trustee to operate the debtor's business. in chapter 11, unless a separate trustee is appointed for cause, the debtor, as debtor in possession, acts as trustee of the business. chapter 11 affords the debtor in possession a number of mechanisms to restructure its business. a debtor in possession can acquire financing and loans on favorable terms by giving new lenders first priority on the business's earnings. the court may also permit the debtor in possession to reject and cancel contracts. debtors are also protected from other litigation against the business through the imposition of an automatic stay. while the automatic stay is in place, creditors are stayed from any collection attempts or activities against the debtor in possession, and most litigation against the debtor is stayed,http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/11/362 or put on hold, until it can be resolved in bankruptcy court, or resumed in its original venue. an example of proceedings that are not necessarily s | [
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Casablanca | casablanca (; moroccan arabic pronunciation: , also ' | [
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Conventional_warfare | conventional warfare is a form of warfare conducted by using conventional weapons and battlefield tactics between two or more states in open confrontation. the forces on each side are well-defined, and fight using weapons that primarily target the opponent's military. it is normally fought using conventional weapons, and not with chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons. the general purpose of conventional warfare is to weaken or destroy the opponent's military, thereby negating its ability to engage in conventional warfare. in forcing capitulation, however, one or both sides may eventually resort to unconventional warfare tactics. ==formation of the state== the state was first advocated by plato, then found more acceptance in the consolidation of power under the roman catholic church. european monarchs then gained power as the catholic church was stripped of temporal power and was replaced by the divine right of kings. in 1648, the powers of europe signed the treaty of westphalia which ended the religious violence for purely political governance and outlook, signifying the birth of the modern 'state'. within this statist paradigm, only the state and its appointed representatives were allowed to bear arms and enter into war. in fact, war was only understood as a conflict between sovereign states. kings strengthened this idea and gave it the force of law. whereas previously any noble could start a war, the monarchs of europe of necessity consolidated military power in response to the napoleonic war. ==the clausewitzian paradigm== prussia was one country attempting to amass military power. carl von clausewitz, one of prussia's officers, wrote on war, a work rooted solely in the world of the state. all other forms of intrastate conflict, such as rebellion, are not accounted for because in theoretical terms, clausewitz could not account for warfare before the state. however, near the end of his life, clausewitz grew increasingly aware of the importance of non-state military actors. this is revealed in his conceptions of "the people in arms" which he noted arose from the same social and political sources as traditional inter-state warfare.smith, m.l.r. "guerrillas in the mist: reassessing strategy and low intensity warfare". review of international studies. vol. 29, 19â37. 2003 practices such as raiding or blood feuds were then labeled criminal activities and stripped of legitimacy. this war paradigm reflected the view of most of the modernized world at the beginning of the 21st century, as verified by examination of the conventional armies of the time: large, high maintenance, technological | [
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Copernican_principle | in physical cosmology, the copernican principle, named after nicolaus copernicus, is a working assumption that arises from a modified cosmological extension of copernicus' sun centered heliocentric universe. the copernican principle assumes that neither the sun nor the earth are in a central, specially favored position in the universe. more recently, the principle has been generalized to the relativistic concept that humans are not privileged observers of the universe. in this sense, it is equivalent to the mediocrity principle, with important implications for the philosophy of science. since the 1990s the term has been used (interchangeably with "the copernicus method") for j. richard gott's bayesian-inference-based prediction of duration of ongoing events, a generalized version of the doomsday argument. == origin and implications == michael rowan-robinson emphasizes the copernican principle as the threshold test for modern thought, asserting that: "it is evident that in the post-copernican era of human history, no well-informed and rational person can imagine that earth occupies a unique position in the universe.". hermann bondi named the principle after copernicus in the mid-20th century, although the principle itself dates back to the 16th-17th century paradigm shift away from the ptolemaic system, which placed earth at the center of the universe. copernicus proposed that the motion of the planets can be explained by reference to an assumption that the sun and not earth is centrally located and stationary. he argued that the apparent retrograde motion of the planets is an illusion caused by earth's movement around the sun, which the copernican model placed at the centre of the universe. copernicus himself was mainly motivated by technical dissatisfaction with the earlier system and not by support for any mediocrity principle. in fact, although the copernican heliocentric model is often described as "demoting" earth from its central role it had in the ptolemaic geocentric model, neither copernicus nor other 15th- and | [
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Cowboy_Bebop | is a 1998 japanese anime series developed by sunrise featuring a production team led by director shinichirÅ watanabe, screenwriter keiko nobumoto, character designer toshihiro kawamoto, mechanical designer kimitoshi yamane, and composer yoko kanno. the twenty-six episodes ("sessions") of the series are set in the year 2071, and follow the adventures of a bounty hunter crew traveling on the bebop (their spaceship). cowboy bebop explores philosophical concepts including [[existentialism | [
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Complaint | in legal terminology, a complaint is any formal legal document that sets out the facts and legal reasons (see: cause of action) that the filing party or parties (the plaintiff(s)) believes are sufficient to support a claim against the party or parties against whom the claim is brought (the defendant(s)) that entitles the plaintiff(s) to a remedy (either money damages or injunctive relief). for example, the federal rules of civil procedure (frcp) that govern civil litigation in united states courts provide that a civil action is commenced with the filing or service of a pleading called a complaint. civil court rules in states that have incorporated the federal rules of civil procedure use the same term for the same pleading. in some jurisdictions, specific types of criminal cases may also be commenced by the filing of a complaint, also sometimes called a criminal complaint or felony complaint. all criminal cases are prosecuted in the name of the governmental authority that promulgates criminal statutes and enforces the police power of the state with the goal of seeking criminal sanctions, such as the state (also sometimes called the people) or crown (in commonwealth realms). in the united states, the complaint is often associated with misdemeanor criminal charges presented by the prosecutor without the grand jury process. in most u.s. jurisdictions, the charging instrument presented to and authorized by a grand jury is referred to as an indictment. ==united states== virtually every u.s. state has some forms available on the web for most common complaints for lawyers and self-representing litigants; if a petitioner cannot find an appropriate form in their state, they often can modify a form from another state to fit his or her request. several united states federal courts publish general guidelines for the petitioners and civil rights complaint forms. a complaint generally has the following structural elements: * caption and heading - lists name, address and telephone number of the filing attorney or self-representing litigant at the top of the complaint. the case caption usually also indicates the court in which the case originates, names of the parties and a bri | [
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Hanukkah | hanukkah ( ; , tiberian: , usually spelled , pronounced in modern hebrew; a transliteration also romanized as chanukah or chanukkah), also known as the festival of lights, feast of dedication, is an eight-day jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the holy temple (the second temple) in jerusalem at the time of the maccabean revolt against the seleucid empire of the 2nd century bc. hanukkah is observed for eight nights and days, starting on the 25th day of kislev according to the hebrew calendar, which may occur at any time from late november to late december in the gregorian calendar. the festival is observed by the kindling of the lights of a unique candelabrum, the nine-branched menorah or hanukiah, one additional light on each night of the holiday, progressing to eight on the final night. the typical menorah consists of eight branches with an additional visually distinct branch. the extra light is called a shamash (, "attendant")gateway to the holy land: "hanukkah." retrieved on september 03, 2010 and is given a distinct location, usually above or below the rest. the purpose of the shamash is to have a light available for practical use, as using the hanukkah lights themselves for purposes other than publicizing and meditating upon hanukkah is | [
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Chris_Cunningham | chris cunningham is a british video artist. he was born in reading, berkshire in 1970 and grew up in lakenheath, suffolk. cunningham has primarily directed music videos for ambient music and electronica acts such as autechre and aphex twin. he has also created art installations and directed short movies. he was approached to direct a movie version of the cyberpunk novel neuromancer, but nothing came of early discussions. in the 2000s, cunningham began doing music production work. he has also designed album artwork for a variety of musicians. the video collection the work of director chris cunningham was released in november 2004 as part of the directors label set. this dvd includes selected highlights from 1995â2000. ==early work== after seeing cunningham's work on the 1995 film version of judge dredd, stanley kubrick head-hunted cunningham to design and supervise animatronic tests of the central robot child character in his version of the film a.i. artificial intelligence. cunningham worked for over a year on the film before leaving to pursue a career as a director. earlier work in film included model-making, prosthetic make-up and concept illustrations for hardware and dust devil for director richard stanley; work on nightbreed for clive barker; and on alien3 for david fincher. between 1990 and 1992, he contributed the occasional cover painting and strip to judge dredd megazine, working under the pseudonym "chris halls"; halls is his stepfather's surname. ==music videos== cunningham has had close ties to warp records since his first production for autechre. videos for aphex twin's "come to daddy" and "windowlicker" are perhaps his best known. his video for björk's "all is full of love" won multiple awards, including an mtv music video award for breakthrough video and was nomin | [
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Electromagnetic_coil | thumb|upright=0.7|the magnetic field lines (red) of a current-carrying loop of wire pass through the center of the loop, concentrating the field there an electromagnetic coil is an electrical conductor such as a wire in the shape of a coil, spiral or helix. electromagnetic coils are used in electrical engineering, in applications where electric currents interact with magnetic fields, in devices such as inductors, electromagnets, transformers, and sensor coils. either an electric current is passed through the wire of the coil to generate a magnetic field, or conversely an external time-varying magnetic field through the interior of the coil generates an emf (voltage) in the conductor. a current through any conductor creates a circular magnetic field around the conductor due to ampere's law. the advantage of using a coil shape is that it increases the strength of magnetic field produced by a given current. the magnetic fields generated by the separate turns of wire all pass through the center of the coil and add (superpose) to produce a strong field there. the more turns of wire, the stronger the field produced. conversely, a changing external magnetic flux induces a voltage in a conductor such as a wire, due to faraday's law of induction.newnes 2002, p. 129 the induced voltage can be increased by winding the wire into a coil, because the field lines intersect the circuit multiple times. the direction of the magnetic field produced by a coil can be determined by the right hand grip rule. if the fingers of the right hand are wrapped around the magnetic core of a coil in the direction of conventional current through the wire, the thumb will point in the direction the magnetic field lines pass through the coil. the end of a magnetic | [
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Carlo_Collodi | carlo lorenzini, better known by the pen name carlo collodi (; november 24, 1826 – october 26, 1890), was an italian children's writer known for the world-renowned fairy tale novel, the adventures of pinocchio. ==early life== collodi was born in florence. ==career== during the italian wars of independence in 1848 and 1860 collodi served as a volunteer with the tuscan army. his active interest in political matters may be seen in his earliest literary works as well as in the founding of the satirical newspaper il lampione. this newspaper was censored by order of the grand duke of tuscany in 1849 but re-emerged in may 1860. lorenzini had won fame as early as 1856 with his novel in vapore and had also begun intense activity on other political newspapers such as il fanfulla; at the same time he was employed by the censorship commission for the theatre. during this period he composed various satirical sketches and stories (sometimes simply by collating earlier articles), including macchiette (1880), occhi e nasi (1881), storie allegre (1887). in 1875, he entered the domain of children's literature with racconti delle fate, a translation of french fairy tales by perrault. in 1876 lorenzini wrote giannettino (inspired by alessandro luigi parravicini's giannetto), the minuzzolo, and il viaggio per l'italia di giannettino, a series which explored the re-unification of italy through the ironic thoughts and actions of the character giannettino. lorenzini became fascinated by the idea of using an amiable, rascally character as a means of expressing his own convictions through allegory. in 1880 he began writing storia di un burattino ("the story of a marionette"), also called le avventure di pinocchio, which was published weekly in il giornale per i bambini (the first italian newspaper for children). ==death and legacy== lorenzini died in florence in 1890, unaware of the fame and popularity that awaited his work: as in the allegory of the story, pinocchio eventually went on to lead his own independent life, distinct from that of the author. lorenzini is buried at [[basilica di san miniato al monte|s | [
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Context_menu | a context menu (also called contextual, shortcut, and popup or pop-up menu) is a menu in a graphical user interface (gui) that appears upon user interaction, such as a right-click mouse operation. a context menu offers a limited set of choices that are available in the current state, or context, of the operating system or application. usually the available choices are actions related to the selected object. from a technical point of view, such a context menu is a graphical control element. ==history== context menus first appeared in the smalltalk environment on the xerox alto computer, where they were called pop-up menus. the nextstep operating system further developed the idea, incorporating a feature whereby the right or middle mouse button brought the main menu (which was vertical and automatically changed depending on context) to the location of the mouse, thereby eliminating the need to move the mouse pointer all the way across the large (for the time) nextstep screen. ==implementation== context menus are opened via various forms of user interaction that target a region of the gui that supports context menus. the specific form of user interaction and the means by which a region is targeted vary: * on a computer running microsoft windows, mac os x, or unix running the x window system, clicking the secondary mouse button (usually the right button) opens a context menu for the region that is under the mouse pointer. * on systems that support one-button mice, context menus are typically opened by pressing and holding the primary mouse button (this works on the icons in the dock on mac os x) or by pressing a keyboard/mouse button combination (e.g. ctrl-mouse click in mac os). a keyboard alternative for mac os is to enable mouse keys in universal access. then, depending on whether a laptop or compact or extended keyboard type is used, the shortcut is ++5 or +5 (numeric keypad) or ++i (laptop). windows 7 changed the mouse click behavior such that the context menu doesn't open while the mouse button is pressed, but only opens the menu when the button is released, so the user has to click again (this time with the first mouse button) to select a context menu item. this behavior differs from windows xp, mac os x, and most linux distributions. * in microsoft windows, pressing the application key or shift+f10 opens a contex | [
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Catherine_of_Siena | saint catherine of siena, t.o.s.d. (25 march 1347 in siena â 29 april 1380 in rome), was a tertiary of the dominican order and a scholastic philosopher and theologian. she also worked to bring the papacy of gregory xi back to rome from its displacement in france and to establish peace among the italian city-states. since 18 june 1866, she is one of the two patron saints of italy, together with st. francis of assisi. . on 3 october 1970, she was proclaimed a doctor of the church by pope paul vi, and, on 1 october 1999, pope john paul ii named her as a one of the six patron saints of europe, together with benedict of nursia, saints cyril and methodius, bridget of sweden and edith stein.proclamation of the co-patronesses of europe, apostolic letter, 1 october 1999.liturgical feast of st. bridget, homily, 13 november 1999. == life == caterina di giacomo di benincasa was born on 25 march 1347 | [
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Cola | cola is a carbonated beverage that originally contained caffeine from the kola nut and cocaine from coca leaves, and was flavored with vanilla and other ingredients. most colas now use other flavoring (and caffeinating) ingredients with a similar taste and no longer contain cocaine. it became popular worldwide after pharmacist john pemberton invented coca-cola in 1886. his non-alcoholic recipe was inspired by the coca wine of pharmacist angelo mariani, created in 1863. it usually contains caramel color, caffeine and sweeteners such as sugar or high fructose corn syrup. ==flavorings== despite the name, the primary modern flavoring ingredients in a cola drink are sugar, citrus oils (from oranges, limes, or lemon fruit peel), cinnamon, vanilla, and an acidic flavorant. manufacturers of cola drinks add trace ingredients to create distinctively different tastes for each brand. trace flavorings may include nutmeg and a wide variety of ingredients, but the base flavorings that most people identify with a cola taste remain vanilla and cinnamon. acidity is often provided by phosphoric acid, sometimes accompanied by citric or other isolated acids. coca-cola's recipe and several others are maintained as corporate trade secrets. a variety of different sweeteners may be added to cola, often partly dependent on local agricultural policy. high-fructose corn syrup is predominantly used in the united states and canada due to the lower cost of government-subsidized corn. in europe, however, hfcs is subject to production quotas designed to encourage the production of sugar; sugar is thus typically used to sweeten sodas. in addition, [[ste | [
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Concentration | in chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture. several types of mathematical description can be distinguished: mass concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, and volume concentration. the term concentration can be applied to any kind of chemical mixture, but most frequently it refers to solutes and solvents in solutions. the molar (amount) concentration has variants such as normal concentration and osmotic concentration. ==qualitative description== frame|right|these glasses containing red dye demonstrate qualitative changes in concentration. the solutions on the left are more dilute, compared to the more concentrated solutions on the right. often in informal, non-technical language, concentration is described in a qualitative way, through the use of adjectives such as "dilute" for solutions of relatively low concentration and "concentrated" for solutions of relatively high concentration. to concentrate a solution, one must add more solute (for example, alcohol), or reduce the amount of solvent (for example, water). by contrast, to dilute a solution, one must add more solvent, or reduce the amount of solute. unless two substances are fully miscible there exists a concentration at which no further solute will dissolve in a solution. at this point, the solution is said to be saturated. if additional solute is added to a saturated solution, it will not dissolve, except in certain circumstances, when supersaturation may occur. instead, phase separation will occur, leading to coexisting phases, either completely separated or mixed as a suspension. the point of saturation depends on many variables such as ambient temperature and the precise chemical nature of the solvent and solute. ==quantitative notation== there are four quantities that describe concentration: ===mass concentration=== the mass concentration \rho_i is defined as the mass of a constituent m_i divided by the volume of the mixture v: :\rho_i = \frac {m_i}{v}. the si unit is kg/m3 (equal to g/l). ===molar concentration=== the molar concentration c_i is defined as the amount of a constituent n_i (in moles) divided by the volume of the mixture v: :c_i = \frac {n_i}{v}. the si unit is mol/m3. however, more commonly the unit mol/l (= mol/dm3) is used. ===number concentration=== {{main|number concentr | [
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Calorimetry | thumb|right|snellen direct calorimetry chamber, university of ottawa.reardon, francis d.; leppik, kalle e.; wegmann, rené; webb, paul; ducharme, michel b.; & kenny, glen p. (2006). the snellen human calorimeter revisited, re-engineered and upgraded: design and performance characteristics. med bio eng comput, 44:721â728. thumb|indirect calorimetry metabolic cart measuring oxygen uptake and co2 production of a spontaneously breathing subject (dilution method with canopy hood). calorimetry is the science or act of measuring changes in state variables of a body for the purpose of deriving the heat transfer associated with changes of its state due for example to chemical reactions, physical changes, or phase transitions under specified constraints. calorimetry is performed with a calorimeter. the word calorimetry is derived from the latin word calor, meaning heat and the greek word μÎÏÏον (metron), meaning measure. scottish physician and scientist joseph black, who was the first to recognize the distinction between heat and temperature, is said to be the founder of the science of calorimetry. indirect calorimetry calculates heat that living organisms produce by measuring either their production of carbon dioxide and nitrogen waste (frequently ammonia in aquatic organisms, or urea in terrestrial ones), or from their consumption of oxygen. lavoisier noted in 1780 that heat production can be predicted from oxygen consumption this way, using multiple regression. the dynamic energy budget theory explains why this procedure is correct. heat generated by living organisms may also be measured by direct calorimetry, in which the entire organism is placed inside the calorimeter for the measurement. a widely used modern instrument is the differential scanning calorimeter, a device which allows thermal data to be obtained on small amounts of material. it involves heating the sample at a controlled rate and recording the heat flow either into or from the specimen. ==classical calorimetric calculation of heat== ===basic classical calculation with respect to volume=== calorimetry requires that a reference material that changes temperature have known definite thermal constituti | [
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City_University_of_New_York | the city university of new york (cuny; pron.: ) is the public university system of new york city. it is the largest urban university in the united states, consisting of 24 institutions: 11 senior colleges, seven community colleges, the william e. macaulay honors college at cuny, the cuny baccalaureate for unique and interdisciplinary studies program at the graduate center, the doctorate-granting graduate school and university center, the city university of new york school of law, cuny graduate school of journalism, the cuny school of public health and the sophie davis school of biomedical education. more than 270,000 degree-credit students and 273,000 continuing and professional education students are enrolled at campuses located in all five new york city boroughs. its administrative offices are in mid-town manhattan."administrative offices." city university of new york. retrieved on may 4, 2010. the university has one of the most diverse student bodies in the united states, with students hailing from 208 countries. the black, white and hispanic undergraduate populations each comprise more than a quarter of the student body, and asian undergraduates make up 18 percent. fifty-eight percent are female, and 28 percent are 25 or older. cuny graduates include 12 nobel laureates, a u.s. secretary of state, a supreme court justice, several new york city mayors, members of congress, | [
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Classical_Kuiper_belt_object | a classical kuiper belt object, also called a cubewano ( "qb1-o"),somewhat old-fashioned, but still used by the minor planet center for their list of distant minor planets is a low-eccentricity kuiper belt object (kbo) that orbits beyond neptune and is not controlled by an orbital resonance with neptune. cubewanos have orbits with semi-major axes in the 40â50 au range and, unlike pluto, do not cross neptuneâs orbit. that is, they have low-eccentricity and sometimes low-inclination orbits like the classical planets. the name "cubewano" derives from the first trans-neptunian object (tno) found after pluto and charon, . similar objects found later were often called "qb1-o's", or "cubewanos", after this object, though the term "classical" is much more frequently used in the scientific literature. objects identified as cubewanos include: * *makemake, the largest known cubewano and a dwarf planet *(50000) quaoar and (20000) varuna, each considered the largest tno at the time of discovery *19521 chaos, 58534 logos, 53311 deucalion, 66652 borasisi, 88611 teharonhiawako *, , , haumea was provisionally listed as a cubewano by the minor planet center in 2006, but turned out to be resonant. [[image:thekuiperbelt 55au classical.svg|right|thumb|400px|the orbits of the large cubewanos (in blue) with the large resonant trans-neptunian objects (including plutinos) (in red) for comparison (h<4.5). the horizontal axis represents the semi-major axes. the eccentricities of the orbits are represe | [
"Classical_Kuiper_belt_objects"
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Comic_fantasy | comic fantasy is a subgenre of fantasy that is primarily humorous in intent and tone. usually set in imaginary worlds, comic fantasy often includes puns on and parodies of other works of fantasy. it is sometimes known as low fantasy in contrast to high fantasy, which is primarily serious in intent and tone. the term "low fantasy" is used to represent other types of fantasy, however, so while comic fantasies may also correctly be classified as low fantasy, many examples of low fantasy are not comic in nature. ==history== the subgenre rose in the nineteenth century. elements of comic fantasy can be found in such nineteenth century works as some of hans christian andersen's fairy tales, charles dickens' "christmas books", and lewis carroll's alice books."humourous fantasy" in david pringle,ed, the ultimate encyclopedia of fantasy, (pp.31-33). london, carlton,2006. isbn 1-84442-110-4 the first writer to specialize in the sub-genre was "f. anstey" in novels such as vice versa (1882), where magic disrupts victorian society with humorous results. anstey's work was popular enough to inspire several imitations, including e. nesbit's light-hearted children's fantasies, the phoenix and the carpet (1904) and the story of the amulet (1906). the united states had several writers of comic fantasy, including james branch cabell, whose satirical fantasy jurgen, a comedy of justice (1919) was the subject of an unsuccessful prosecution for obscenity.edgar macdonald, "james branch cabell" in e. f. bleiler, ed.supernatural fiction writers (pp. .789-796).new york: scribner's, 1985. isbn 0-684-17808-7 another american writer in a similar vein was thorne smith,whose works (such as topper and the night life of the gods) were popular and influential, and often adapted for film and television.keith neilson, "thorne smith" in bleiler, ed.supernatural fiction writers. (pp. 805-812),1985. humorous fantasies narrated in a "gentleman's club" setting are common; they include john kendrick bangs' a houseboat on the styx (1895), lord dunsany's "jorkens" stories, and maurice richardson's the exploits of englebrecht (1950).david langford, "humor", in the greenwood encyclopedia of science fiction and fantasy: themes, works, and wonders. greenwood publishing group, 2005 isbn 0313329516, (p.401-404). according to lin carter, t. h. white's works exemplify comic fantasy,lin carter, ed. kingdoms of sorcery, p 121â2. doubleday and company garden city, ny, 1976. l. sprague de camp and fletcher pratt's harold shea stories are early exemplars. the overwhelming bulk | [
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Christadelphians | the christadelphians are a millenarian christian group who hold a view of biblical unitarianism. the movement developed in the united kingdom and north america in the 19th century around the teachings of john thomas, who coined the name christadelphianthe christadelphians, or brethren in christ...the very name 'christadelphian' was coined by the founder of the movement, john thomas, at the time of the american civil war principally to provide a distinctive nomenclature for the use of the civil authorities [...] at the time of the american civil war, thomas coined a name for his followers: christadelphians -- brethren in christ. the exigencies of the situation in which the civil authorities had sought to impress men into the armed forces had accelerated the tendency for those religious bodies objecting to military service to become ore definite in their teaching and conditions of membership.' bryan r. wilson, sects and society (london: william heinemann, 1961), p. 219, 238'christadelphians (or brethren in christ)...congress had exempted from war service the members of of any religious body which was conscientiously opposed to bearing arms. in order to go upon record in a manner that would secure this exemption, the name [christadelphian] was adopted and certified to by dr. thomas, in august or september, 1864.' 'christadelphians' in john mcclintock and james strong, cyclopedia of biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature supplement, volume 1 (new york: harper & brothers, 1889), p. 937 from the greek for "brethren in christ".thomas preferred the name brethren in christ, but settled on christadelphian. he once wrote in a letter, "i did not know a better denomination that would be given to such a class of believers, than brethren in christ. this declares their true status; and, as officials prefer words to phrases, the same fact expressed in another form by the word christadelphians, or christou adelphoi, christ's brethren. this matter settled to their [i.e., the civil authorities'] satisfaction ... " ().'...conscientious objectors had to demonstrate membership in a recognized religious group that prohibited participation in war activity...hence in 1864, thomas settled on the name "christadelphian" (from the greek for "brethren in christ") in order that his adherents might provide the necessary credentials for exemption from military service.' charles h. lippy, the christadelphians in north america (edwin mellen press, 1989), p. 52vincent l. milner, hannah adams re | [
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Cuba_Libre | : this article is about the cocktail. for other uses, see cuba libre (disambiguation). "rum and coke" redirects here. for the dub pistols album, see rum & coke. the cuba libre (; , "free cuba") is a highball made of cola, lime, and dark or light rum. this highball is often referred to as a rum and coke in the united states, canada, the uk, ireland, australia and new zealand where the lime juice may or may not be included. ==history== accounts of the invention of the cuba libre vary. one account claims that the drink (spanish for free cuba) was invented in havana, cuba around 1901/1902. patriots aiding cuba during the spanish-american warâand, later, expatriates avoiding prohibitionâregularly mixed rum and cola as a highball and a toast to this caribbean island. according to bacardi: the world's second most popular drink was born in a collision between the united states and spain. it happened during the spanish-american war at the turn of the century when teddy roosevelt, the rough riders, and americans in large numbers arrived in cuba. one afternoon, a group of off-duty soldiers from the u.s. signal corps were gathered in a bar in old havana. fausto rodriguez, a young messenger, later recalled that captain russell came in and ordered bacardi (gold) rum and coca-cola on ice with a wedge of lime. the captain drank the concoction with such pleasure that it sparked the interest of the soldiers around him. they had the bartender prepare a round of the captain's drink for them. the bacardi rum and coke was an instant hit. as it does to this day, the drink united the crowd in a spirit of fun and good fellowship. when they ordered another round, one soldier suggested that they toast ¡por cuba libre! in celebration of the newly freed cuba. the captain raised his glass and sang out the battle cry that had inspired cuba's victorious soldiers in | [
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Clabbers | clabbers is a game played by tournament scrabble players for fun, or occasionally at scrabble variant tournaments. the name derives from the fact that the words clabbers and scrabble form an anagram pair. ==rules== the rules are identical to those of scrabble, except that valid plays are only required to form anagrams of acceptable words; in other words, the letters in a word do not need to be placed in the correct order. if a word is challenged, the player who played the word must then name an acceptable word that anagrams to the tiles played. because the number of "words" that can be formed is vastly larger than in standard english, the board usually ends up tightly packed in places, and necessarily quite empty in others. game scores will often be much higher than in standard scrabble, due to the relative ease of making high-scoring overlap plays and easier access to premium squares. ==web version== the internet scrabble club offers the ability to play clabbers online.isc article ==example game (sowpods)== horizontal words from top to bottom (# denotes words that exist in the collins english dictionary but not the twl). some of the words below have multiple anagrams: *ali = ail *tod = dot *isnaetcr = canister *wopl = plow *deer = deer *zif = fiz *siatx = taxis *btadei = baited *mgu = gum *eming = minge# *ecopu = coupe *rathe = heart *iq = qi *vuej = juve# *ewy = wye *odor = odor *assgeou = gaseous *roh = rho vertical words from left to right *atiw = wait *kamer = maker *losodf = floods *gcalins = scaling *idnpe = pined *uot = out *alez = laze *pha = hap *rsitouen = routines *fiar = fair *ebrye = beery *xim = mix *nav = van *uo = ou# *gulned = lunged *jor = jor# *ro = or ==references== *mentions of clabbers on the national scrabble association (usa) website *an a-z of variants, association of british scrabble players *"v-a-k-i-l: 'vakil' is a word? no way! scrabble for the serious at district 14", the boston globe, october 7, 2001 | [
"Scrabble_variants"
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Cerebrospinal_fluid | cerebrospinal fluid (csf) is a clear colorless bodily fluid found in the brain and spine. it is produced in the choroid plexus of the brain. it acts as a cushion or buffer for the brain's cortex, providing a basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain inside the skull, and it serves a vital function in cerebral autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. the csf occupies the subarachnoid space (the space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater) and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord. it constitutes the content of the ventricles, cisterns, and sulci of the brain, as well as the central canal of the spinal cord. ==structure== ===production=== the brain produces roughly 500 ml of cerebrospinal fluid per day. this fluid is constantly reabsorbed, so that only 100-160 ml is present at any one time. ependymal cells of the choroid plexus produce more than two thirds of csf. the choroid plexus is a venous plexus contained within the four ventricles of the brain, hollow structures inside the brain filled with csf. the remainder of the csf is produced by the surfaces of the ventricles and by the lining surrounding the subarachnoid space. ependymal cells actively secrete sodium into the lateral ventricles. this creates osmotic pressure and draws water into the csf space. chloride, with a negative charge, maintains electroneutrality and moves with the positively-charged sodium. as a result, csf contains a higher concentration of sodium and chloride than blood plasma, but less potassium, calcium and glucose and protein. ===circulation=== thumb|left|mri showing pulsation of csf csf circulates within the ventricular system of the brain. the ventricles are a series of cavities filled with csf that reside within the brain. the majority of csf is produced from within the two lateral ventricles. from here, the csf passes through the interventricular foramina (of monro) to the third ventricle, then the cerebral aqueduct (of sylvius) to the fourth ventricle. the fourth ventricle is an outpouching on the posterior part of the brainstem. from the | [
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Clay_Mathematics_Institute | the clay mathematics institute (cmi) is a private, non-profit foundation, based in providence, rhode island. cmi's scientific activities are managed from the president's office in oxford, united kingdom. the institute is "dedicated to increasing and disseminating mathematical knowledge." it gives out various awards and sponsorships to promising mathematicians. the institute was founded in 1998 through the sponsorship of boston businessman landon t. clay. harvard mathematician arthur jaffe was the first president of cmi. while the institute is best known for its millennium prize problems, it carries out a wide range of activities, including a postdoctoral program (five clay research fellows are supported each year) and a bi-annual summer school, the proceedings of which are published jointly with the american mathematical society. ==governance== the institute is run according to a standard structure comprising a scientific advisory committee that decides on grant-awarding and research proposals, and a board of directors that oversees and approves the committee's decisions. , the board is made up of members of the clay family, whereas the advisory committee is composed of leading authorities in mathematics, namely sir andrew wiles, yum-tong siu, richard melrose, andrei okounkov, and simon donaldson. nicholas woodhouse is the current president of cmi. ==millennium prize problems== the institute is best known for establishing the millennium prize problems on may 24, 2000. these seven problems are considered by cmi to be "important classic questions that have resisted solution over the years". for each problem, the first person to solve it will be awarded $1,000,000 by the cmi. in announcing the prize, cmi drew a parallel to hilbert's problems, which were proposed in 1900, and had a substantial impact on 20th century mathematics. of the initial twenty-three hilbert problems, most of which have been solved, only the riemann hypothesis (formulated in 1859) is included in the seven millennium prize problems.arthur jaffe's first-hand account of how this millennium prize came about can be read in [http://www.ams.org/notices/200606/fea-jaffe.pdf the millennium grand | [
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Charles_Mingus | charles mingus jr. (april 22, 1922 â january 5, 1979) was a highly influential american jazz double bassist, composer and bandleader. mingus's compositions retained the hot and soulful feel of hard bop and drew heavily from black gospel music while sometimes drawing on elements of third stream, free jazz, and classical music. yet mingus avoided categorization, forging his own brand of music that fused tradition with unique and unexplored realms of jazz. he once cited duke ellington and church as his main influences. mingus focused on collective improvisation, similar to the old new orleans jazz parades, paying particular attention to how each band member interacted with the group as a whole. in creating his bands, he looked not only at the skills of the available musicians, but also their personalities. many musicians passed through his bands and later went on to impressive careers. he recruited talented and sometimes little-known artists, whom he utilized to assemble unconventional instrumental configurations. as a performer, mingus was a pioneer in double bass technique, widely recognized as one of the instrument's most proficient players. nearly as well known as his ambitious music was mingus's often fearsome temperament, which earned him the nickname "the angry man of jazz". his refusal to compromise his musical integrity led to many onstage eruptions, exhortations to musicians, and dismissals.nyt review of 1965 ucla concert http://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/23/arts/an-irrepressible-65-mingus-concert.html?&pagewanted=all because of his brilliant writing for midsize ensembles, and | [
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Computer_monitor | a monitor or a display is an electronic visual display for computers. the monitor comprises the display device, circuitry and an enclosure. the display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (tft-lcd) thin panel, while older monitors used a cathode ray tube (crt) about as deep as the screen size. originally, computer monitors were used for data processing while television receivers were used for entertainment. from the 1980s onwards, computers (and their monitors) have been used for both data processing and entertainment, while televisions have implemented some computer functionality. the common aspect ratio of televisions, and then computer monitors, has also changed from 4:3 to 16:9 (and 16:10). ==history== early electronic computers were fitted with a panel of light bulbs where the state of each particular bulb would indicate the on/off state of a particular register bit inside the computer. this allowed the engineers operating the computer to monitor the internal state of the machine, so this panel of lights came to be known as the 'monitor'. as early monitors were only capable of displaying a very limited amount of information, and were very transient, they were rarely considered for programme output. instead, a line printer was the primary output device, while the monitor was limited to keeping track of the programme's operation. in time this array of light bulbs was replaced by a cathode ray tube which could display the equivalent of several dozen light bulbs with greater reliability. as technology developed it was realized that the output of a crt display was more flexible than a panel of light bulbs and eventually, by giving control of what was displayed to the programme itself, the monitor itself became a powerful output device in its own right. ==technologies== multiple technologies have been used for computer monitors. until the 21st century most used cathode ray tubes but they have largely been superseded by lcd monitors. ===cathode ray tube=== the first computer monitors used cathode ray tubes (crts). prior to the advent of home computers in the late 1970s, it was common for a video display terminal (vdt) using a crt to be physically integrated with a keyboard and other components of the system in a single large chassis. the display was monochrome and far less sharp and detailed than on a modern flat-panel monitor, necessitating the use of relatively large text and severely limiting the amount of information that could be displayed at one time. high-resolution crt displays were developed for specialized military, industrial and scientific applications but they were far to | [
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Commodore_1570 | right|300px the commodore 1570 is a 5¼" floppy disk drive for the commodore 128 home/personal computer. it is a single-sided, 170-kb version of the commodore 1571, released as a stopgap measure when commodore international was unable to provide large enough quantities of 1571s due to a shortage of double-sided drive mechanisms (supplied from an outside manufacturer). like the 1571, it can read and write both gcr and mfm disk formats. the 1570 utilizes a 1571 logic board in a cream-colored original-1541-like case with a drive mechanism similar to the 1541's except that it was equipped with track-zero detection. like the 1571, its built-in dos provides a data burst mode for transferring data to the c128 computer at a faster speed than a 1541 can. its rom also contains some dos bug fixes that didn't appear in the 1571 until much later. the 1570 can read and write all single-sided cp/m-format disks that the 1571 can access. although the 1570 is compatible with the commodore 64, the c64 isn't capable of taking advantage of the drive's higher-speed operation, and when used with the c64 it's little more than a pricier 1541. also, many early buyers of the c128 chose to temporarily make do with a 1541 drive, perhaps owned as part of a previous c64 setup, until the 1571 became more widely available. | [
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Chinese_remainder_theorem | the chinese remainder theorem is a result about congruences in number theory and its generalizations in abstract algebra. it was first published in the 3rd to 5th centuries by chinese mathematician sun tzu. in its basic form, the chinese remainder theorem will determine a number n that when divided by some given divisors leaves given remainders. for example, what is the lowest number n that when divided by 3 leaves a remainder of 2, when divided by 5 leaves a remainder of 3, and when divided by 7 leaves a remainder of 2? == theorem statement == the original form of the theorem, contained in the 5th-century book sunzi's mathematical classic () by the chinese mathematician sun tzu and later generalized with a complete solution called dayanshu () in qin jiushao's 1247 mathematical treatise in nine sections (, shushu jiuzhang), is a statement about simultaneous congruences. suppose are positive integers that are pairwise coprime. then, for any given sequence of integers , there exists an integer solving the following system of simultaneous congruences. :\begin{cases} x \equiv a_1 & \pmod{n_1} \\ \quad \cdots \\ x \equiv a_k &\pmod{n_k} \end{cases} furthermore, all solutions of this system are congruent modulo the product, . hence :x \equiv y \pmod{n_i}, \quad 1 \leq i \leq k \qquad \longleftrightarrow \qquad x \equiv y \pmod{n}. sometimes, the simultaneous congruences can be solved even if the are not pairwise coprime. a solution exists if and only if: :a_i \equiv a_j \pmod{\gcd(n_i,n_j)} \qquad \text{for all }i\text{ and }j all solutions are then congruent modulo the least common multiple of the . sun tzu's work contains neither a proof nor a full algorithm. what amounts to an algorithm for solving this problem was described by aryabhata (6th century; see ). special cases of the chinese remainder theorem were also known to brahmagupta (7th century), and appear in fibonacci's liber abaci (1202). a modern restatement of the theorem in algebraic language is that for a positive integer with prime factorization :n = p_1^{r_1}\cdots p_k^{r_k} we have the isomorphism between a ring and the direct product of its prime power parts: :\mathbf{z}/n\mathbf{z} \cong \mathbf{z}/p_1^{r_1}\mathbf{z} \times \cdots \times \mathbf{z}/p_k^{r_k}\mathbf{z} the theorem can also be restated in the language of combinatorics as the fact that the infinite arithmetic progressions of integers form a helly family . == existence and uniqueness== the existence and uniqueness of the solution can easily | [
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Christian_countercult_movement | the christian countercult movement is a social movement of certain protestant evangelical and fundamentalist and other christian ministries ("discernment ministries"robert m. bowman, orthodoxy and heresy: a biblical guide to doctrinal discernment, grand rapids: baker book house, 1992, pp. 10, 106-107, & 123-124.) and individual activists who oppose religious sects they consider "cults".douglas e cowan author. bearing false witness? introduction to the christian counter cult. http://www.amazon.com/dp/0275974596 ==overview== christian countercult activists stem mainly from evangelical or fundamentalist backgrounds. the countercult movement asserts that non-fundamental christian sects whose beliefs they deem to be partially or wholly not in accordance with the bible are erroneous. it also states that a religious sect can be considered a cult if its beliefs involve a denial of what they view as any of the essential christian teachings such as salvation, the trinity, jesus himself as a person, his works and his miracles, his crucifixion, his death, his resurrection, his return, and the rapture.walter r. martin, the rise of the cults, rev.ed. santa ana: vision house, 1978, pp. 11-12.richard abanes, defending the faith: a beginner's guide to cults and new religions,grand rapids: baker book house, 1997, p. 33.h. wayne house & gordon carle, doctrine twisting: how core biblical truths are distorted, downers grove: ivp, 2003. many protestants consider catholicism to be a cult, due to its beliefs regarding the pope, mary, and purgatory. countercult ministries often concern themselves with religious sects that consider themselves christian, but hold beliefs thought to contradict the bible, including the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints, the unification church, christian science, and jehovah's witnesses. some also denounce non-christian religions such as islam, wicca, paganism, new age groups, buddhism, hinduism, and other religions. countercult literature usually expresses doctrinal or theological concerns and a missionary or apologetic purpose.garry w. trompf,"missiology, methodology and the study of new religious movements," religious traditions volume 10, 1987, pp. 95-106. it presents a rebuttal by emphasizing the teachings of the bible against the beliefs of non-fundamental christian sects. christian countercult activist writers also emphasize the need for christians to evangelize to followers of cults.walter r. martin, the king | [
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Chet_Atkins | chester burton "chet" atkins (june 20, 1924 â june 30, 2001) was an american guitarist, occasional vocalist and record producer who, along with owen bradley, created the smoother country music style known as the nashville sound, which expanded country's appeal to adult pop music fans as well. atkins' signature picking style was inspired by merle travis. other major guitar influences were django reinhardt, george barnes, les paul and later jerry reed. his trademark picking style and musicianship brought him admirers within and outside the country scene, both in the united states and internationally. atkins produced records for the browns, hank snow, porter wagoner, norma jean, dolly parton, dottie west, perry como, elvis presley, the everly brothers, eddy arnold, don gibson, jim reeves, jerry reed, skeeter davis, waylon jennings and many others. among many honors, atkins received 14 grammy awards as well as the grammy lifetime achievement award, nine country music association instrumentalist of the year awards, and was inducted into the rock & roll hall of fame, country music hall of fame and museum and the musicians hall of fame and museum. ==biography== ===childhood and early life=== chet atkins was born on june 20, 1924, in luttrell, tennessee, near clinch mountain. his parents divorced when he was six, after which he was raised by his mother. he was the youngest of three boys and a girl. he started out on the ukulele, later moving on to the fiddle, but traded his brother lowell an old pistol and some chores for a guitar when he was nine.{{cite web|url=http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/atkins_chet/bio.jhtml |title=country music television biography. |publisher=cmt.c | [
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Costa_Smeralda | thumb|right|250px|a view of costa smeralda. the costa smeralda (, ) is a coastal area and tourist destination in northern sardinia, italy, with a length of some 20 km, although the term originally designed only a small stretch in the commune of arzachena. with white sand beaches, golf clubs, private jet and helicopter services and exclusive hotels, the area has drawn celebrities, business leaders and other affluent visitors. in a study released by the european luxury real estate brokerage engel & völkers, costa smeralda is the most expensive location in europe. house prices reach up to 300,000 euros per square meter.http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/real-estate/hottest-european-luxury-residential-soaring-article-1.1328619 top residential markets in europe soar to new heights the main towns and villages in the area, built according to a detailed urban plan, are porto cervo, liscia di vacca, capriccioli and romazzino. archaeological sites include the li muri giants' graves. each september the sardinia cup sailing regatta is held off the coast. polo matches are held between april and october at gershan near arzachena. other attractions include a film festival in tavolara and a vintage car rally. development of the area started in 1961, and was financed by a consortium of companies led by prince karim aga khan. spiaggia del principe, one of the beaches along the costa smeralda, was named after this ishmaelite prince. architects involved in the project included michele busiri vici, jacques couëlle, savin couëlle and vietti. ==see also== *tourist destinations of sardinia == references == | [
"Geographical,_historical_and_cultural_regions_of_Italy",
"Geography_of_Sardinia",
"Visitor_attractions_in_Sardinia"
] |
Crossfire | thumb|depiction of crossfire a crossfire (also known as interlocking fire) is a military term for the siting of weapons (often automatic weapons such as assault rifles or sub-machine guns) so that their arcs of fire overlap. this tactic came to prominence in world war i. siting weapons this way is an example of the application of the defensive principle of mutual support. the advantage of siting weapons that mutually support one another is that it is difficult for an attacker to find a covered approach to any one defensive position. use of armour, air support, indirect fire support, and stealth are tactics that may be used to assault a defensive position. however when combined with land mines, snipers, barbed wire, and air cover, crossfire became a difficult tactic to counter in the early 20th century. ==trench warfare== the tactic of using overlapping arcs of fire came to prominence during world war i where it was a feature of trench warfare. machine guns were placed in groups, called machine-gun nests, and they protected the front of the trenches. many lives were lost in futile attempts to charge across the no man's land where these crossfires were set up. =="caught in the crossfire"== to be "caught in the crossfire" is an expression that often refers to unintended casualties (bystanders, etc.) who were killed or wounded by being exposed to the gunfire of a battle or gun fight, such as in a position to be hit by bullets of either side. the phrase has come to mean any injury, damage or harm (physical or otherwise) caused to a third party due to the action of belligerents (collateral damage). ==references== | [
"Weapon_operation"
] |
Click_consonant | clicks are speech sounds that occur as consonants in many languages of southern africa, and in three languages of east africa. examples of these sounds familiar to english speakers are the tsk! tsk! (american spelling) or tut-tut (british spelling) used to express disapproval or pity, the tchick! used to spur on a horse, and the clip-clop! sound children make with their tongue to imitate a horse trotting. technically, clicks are obstruents articulated with two closures (points of contact) in the mouth, one forward and one at the back. the enclosed pocket of air is rarefied by a sucking action of the tongue (in technical terminology, clicks have a lingual ingressive airstream mechanism). the forward closure is then released, producing what may be the loudest consonants in the language, although in some languages such as hadza and sandawe, clicks can be more subtle and may even be mistaken for ejectives. ==what clicks sound like== click consonants occur at five principal places of articulation. ipa represents a click by placing the assigned symbol for the place of click articulation adjacent to a symbol for a non-click sound at the rear place of articulation. the ipa symbols are used in writing most khoisan languages, but bantu languages such as zulu typically use latin , and for dental, lateral, and alveolar clicks respectively. * the easiest clicks for english speakers are the dental clicks written with a single pipe, . they are all sharp (high-pitched) squeaky sounds made by sucking on the front teeth. a simple dental click is used in english to express pity or to shame someone, and sometimes to call an animal, and is written tsk! in american english and tut! in british english. * next most familiar to english speakers are the lateral clicks written with a double pipe, . they are also squeaky sounds, though less sharp than , made by sucking on the molars on either side (or both sides) of the mouth. a simple lateral click is made in english to get a horse moving, and is conventionally written tchick! * then there are the labial clicks, written with a bull's eye, . these are lip-smacking sounds, but without the pursing of the lips found in a kiss. the above clicks sound like affricates, in that they involve a lot of friction. the other two families are more abrupt sounds that do not have this friction. * with the alveolar clicks, written with an exclamation mark, , the tip of the tongue is pulled down abruptly and forcefully from the roof of the mouth, sometimes using a lot of jaw motion, and making a hollow pop! like a cork being pulled from an empty bottle. these s | [
"Click_consonants"
] |
Convention_(norm) | a convention is a set of agreed, stipulated, or generally accepted standards, norms, social norms, or criteria, often taking the form of a custom. certain types of rules or customs may become law and regulatory legislation may be introduced to formalize or enforce the convention (for example, laws that define on which side of the road vehicles must be driven). in a social context, a convention may retain the character of an "unwritten law" of custom (for example, the manner in which people greet each other, such as by shaking each other's hands). in physical sciences, numerical values (such as constants, quantities, or scales of measurement) are called conventional if they do not represent a measured property of nature, but originate in a convention, for example an average of many measurements, agreed between the scientists working with these values. == general == a convention is a selection from among two or more alternatives, where the rule or alternative is agreed upon among participants. often the word refers to unwritten customs shared throughout a community. for instance, it is conventional in many societies that strangers being introduced shake hands. some conventions are explicitly legislated; for example, it is conventional in the united states and in germany that motorists drive on the right side of the road, whereas in new zealand, england, australia, mauritius, and barbados they drive on the left. the standardization of time is a human convention based on the solar cycle or calendar. the extent to which justice is conventional (as opposed to natural or objective) is historically an important debate among philosophers. the nature of conventions has raised long-lasting philosophical discussion. quine, davidson, and david lewis published influential writings on the subject. lewis's account of convention received an extended critique in margaret gilbert's on social facts (1989), where an alternative account is offered. another view of convention comes from ruth millikan's language: a biological model (2005), once more against lewis. according to david kalupahana, the buddha described conventions â whether linguistic, social, political, moral, ethical, or even religious â as arising dependent on specific conditions. according to his paradigm, when conventions are considered absolute realities, they contribute to dogmatism, which in turn leads to conflict. this does not mean that conventions should be absolutely ignored as unreal and therefore useless. instead, according | [
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Corona | a corona (latin, 'crown') is an aura of plasma that surrounds the sun and other celestial bodies. the sun's corona extends millions of kilometres into space and is most easily seen during a total solar eclipse, but it is also observable with a coronagraph. the word "corona" is a latin word meaning "crown", from the ancient greek κοÏÏνη (korÅnÄ, âgarland, wreathâ). the high temperature of the sun's corona gives it unusual spectral features, which led some in the 19th century to suggest that it contained a previously unknown element, "coronium". these spectral features have since been traced to highly ionized iron (fe-xiv). bengt edlén, following the work of grotrian (1939), first identified the coronal lines in 1940 (observed since 1869) as transitions from low-lying metastable levels of the ground configuration of highly ionised metals (the green fexiv line at 5303 Ã
, but also the red line fex at 6374 Ã
). these high stages of ionisation indicate a plasma temperature in excess of 1,000,000 kelvin. light from the corona comes from three primary sources, which are called by different names although all of them share the same volume of space. the k-corona (k for kontinuierlich, "continuous" in german) is created by sunlight scattering off free electrons; doppler broadening of the reflected photospheric absorption lines completely obscures them, giving the spectral appearance of a continuum with no absorption lines. the f-corona (f for fraunhofer) is created by sunlight bouncing off dust particles, and is observable because its light contains the fraunhofer absorption lines that are seen in raw sunlight; the f-corona extends to very high elongation angles from the sun, where it is called the zodiacal light. the e-corona (e for emission) is due to spectral emission lines produced by ions that are present in the coronal plasma; it may be observed in broad or forbidden or hot spectral emission lines and is the main source of information about the corona's composition. ==physical features== thumb|a drawing demonstrating the configuration of solar magnetic flux during the solar cycle the sun's corona is much hotter (by a factor from 150 to 450) | [
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Chomsky_normal_form | in formal language theory, a context-free grammar is said to be in chomsky normal form (discovered by noam chomsky) if all of its production rules are of the form: section 4.5, theorem 4.5, p.92; see also the bibliographic notes on p.106 : a \rightarrow bc or : a \rightarrow a or : s \rightarrow \varepsilon, where a, b and c are nonterminal symbols, a is a terminal symbol (a symbol that represents a constant value), s is the start symbol, and \varepsilon is the empty string. also, neither b nor c may be the start symbol, and the third production rule can only appear if \varepsilon is in l(g), namely, the language produced by the context-free grammar g. every grammar in chomsky normal form is context-free, and conversely, every context-free grammar can be transformed into an equivalent one which is in chomsky normal form. several algorithms for performing such a transformation are known. transformations are described in most textbooks on automata theory, such as hopcroft et al., 2006. section 7.1.5, p.272 as pointed out by lange and leiÃ, the drawback of these transformations is that they can lead to an undesirable bloat in grammar size. the size of a grammar is the sum of the sizes of its production rules, where the size of a rule is one plus the length of its right-hand side. using |g| to denote the size of the original grammar g, the size blow-up in the worst case may range from |g|^2 to 2^{2 |g|}, depending on the transformation algorithm used.lange, leià (2009), table 3, p.7 ==alternative definition== === chomsky reduced form === another wayhopcroft, ullman (1979); hopcroft et al. (2006) to define the chomsky normal form is: a [[formal gr | [
"Formal_languages",
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List_of_games_based_on_Dune | a number of games have been published which are based on the dune universe created by frank herbert. ==card games== * dune (1997): collectible card game produced by five rings publishing group/last unicorn games and later wizards of the coast. each player leads a planetary house, "battling, conniving, and bribing its way to greatness ... players bid for powerful characters, search for the life-prolonging spice melange, avoid sandworms, engage in interstellar commerce, and, naturally, try to kill each other." ==board games== * dune (1979): avalon hill * dune (1984): parker brothers ==role-playing games== * dune: chronicles of the imperium (2000): last unicorn games; role-playing game set in the dune universe. delayed by legal issues and then a corporate buyout of last unicorn by wizards of the coast, a "limited edition" run of 3000 copies of a core rule-book was initially published, pending wizard of the coast's conversion of the game to its d20 role-playing game system and a subsequent wider release. the company later announced that the game would be discontinued, but it was eventually published by wizards of the coast after the acquisition. val mayerik did interior art for the game. ==video games== to date, there have been five licensed dune-related video games released. there have also been many dune-based muds (multi-user dimension) and browser-based online games, all created and run by fans. ===dune (1992)=== {{main|dune (video game) | [
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] |
Destry_Rides_Again | destry rides again is a 1939 western starring marlene dietrich and james stewart, and directed by george marshall. the supporting cast includes mischa auer, charles winninger, brian donlevy, allen jenkins, irene hervey, billy gilbert, bill cody, jr., lillian yarbo, and una merkel. it bears no relation to max brand's popular novel; the characters and story are completely different and unrelated. in 1996, destry rides again was selected for preservation in the united states national film registry by the library of congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". ==plot== saloon owner kent (brian donlevy), the unscrupulous boss of the fictional western town of bottleneck, has the town's sheriff, keogh, killed when the sheriff asks one too many questions about a rigged poker game. kent and "frenchy" (marlene dietrich), his girlfriend and the dance hall queen, now have a stranglehold over the local cattle ranchers. the crooked town's mayor, hiram j. slade (samuel s. hinds), who is in collusion with kent, appoints the town drunk, washington dimsdale (charles winninger), as the new sheriff, assuming that he'll be easy to control and manipulate. but what the mayor doesn't know is that dimsdale was a deputy under the famous lawman, tom destry and is able to call upon the equally formidable tom destry, jr. (james stewart) to help him make bottleneck a lawful, respectable town. destry confounds the townsfolk by refusing to strap on a gun in spite of demonstrating that he is an expert marksman. he still carries out the "letter of the law", as deputy sheriff, and earns their respect. a final confrontation between destry and kent's gang is inevitable, but "frenchy" is won over by destry and changes sides. a final gunfight ensues where frenchy is killed in the crossfire, and the rule of law wins the day. ==cast== as appearing in screen credits:"destry rides again credits." imdb. retrieved: november 18, 2011. *marlene dietrich as frenchy, the sa | [
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Dalton_Trumbo | james dalton trumbo (december 9, 1905 – september 10, 1976) was an american screenwriter and novelist. as one of the hollywood ten, he refused to testify before the house un-american activities committee (huac) in 1947 during the committee's investigation of communist influences in the motion picture industry. trumbo won two academy awards while blacklisted; one was originally given to a front writer, and one was awarded to "robert rich", trumbo's pseudonym.ampas oscar trivia blacklisting effectively ended in 1960 when it lost credibility. trumbo was publicly given credit for two blockbuster films: otto preminger made public that trumbo wrote the screenplay for the smash hit, exodus, and kirk douglas publicly announced that trumbo was the screenwriter of spartacus. further, president john f. kennedy crossed picket lines to see the movie.{{cite news| title=kennedy attends movie in capital| url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive/p | [
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Drum | thumb|drumkits of the dutch percussion band slagerij van kampen. the drum is a member of the percussion group of musical instruments. in the hornbostel-sachs classification system, it is a membranophone. drums consist of at least one membrane, called a drumhead or drum skin, that is stretched over a shell and struck, either directly with the player's hands, or with a drum stick, to produce sound. there is usually a resonance head on the underside of the drum, typically tuned to a slightly lower pitch than the top drumhead. other techniques have been used to cause drums to make sound, such as the thumb roll. drums are the world's oldest and most ubiquitous musical instruments, and the basic design has remained virtually unchanged for thousands of years. drums may be played individually, with the player using a single drum, and some drums such as the djembe are almost always played in this way. others are normally played in a set of two or more, all played by the one player, such as bongo drums and timpani. a number of different drums together with cymbals form the basic modern drum kit. ==uses== drums are usually played by striking with the hand, or with one or two sticks. in many traditional cultures, drums have a symbolic function and are used in religious ceremonies. drums are often used in music therapy, especially hand drums, because of their tactile nature and easy use by a wide variety of people. in popular music and jazz, "drums" usually refers to a drum kit or a set of drums (with some cymbals), and "drummer" to the person who plays them. drums acquired even divine status in places such as burundi, where the karyenda was a symbol of the power of the king. ==construction== [[image:drummozartregiment.jpg|thumb|drum carried by john unger, company b, 40th regiment n | [
"Drums",
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Disruption | disruption in the context of radical change due to the introduction of a new idea driving a different way of doing things is a revolutionary change as opposed to an evolutionary change. for example: dick fosbury was a high jump athlete, who went over the bar backwards as opposed to the forwards style practiced up to that time. as a result, he broke records and permanently changed the world-wide approach to high jump. other examples are the google search engine, sony walkman, the apple ipod, apple mac, apple iphone, etc. businesses thrive on disruptive innovation, because it gives them a competitive advantage in their market, which in turn assures greater margins and the opportunity to increase profits. this speaks to the importance of entrepreneurship and innovation in business: âwhen you realise you have to change its too lateâ. in the context of business continuity management, disruption is an event which causes an "unplanned, negative deviation from the expected delivery ... according to the organizationâs objectives".clause 2.13 bs 25999-1 business continuity management, british standards institute the objectives of information security include avoidance of disruption in this context. ==context disambiguation== *cell disruption is a method or process in cell biology for releasing biological molecules from inside a cell. *in scotland, the disruption of 1843 refers to the divergence from the church of scotland of the free church of scotland *disruption is a method of disabling an explosive device by using projected water disruptors. *"disruption" in schema (genetic algorithms) *disruption (of adoption) is also the term for the cancellation of an adoption of a child before it is legally completed. *laminar flow in fluid, depends on the absence of disruption. ==see also== *disruptive innovation is clayton christensen's theory of industry disruption by new technology or products. ==references== | [
"Planning"
] |
Dill | dill (anethum graveolens) is an annual herb in the celery family apiaceae. it is the sole species of the genus anethum. ==growth== dill grows up to , with slender hollow stems and alternate, finely divided, softly delicate leaves long. the ultimate leaf divisions are broad, slightly broader than the similar leaves of fennel, which are threadlike, less than broad, but harder in texture. the flowers are white to yellow, in small umbels diameter. the seeds are long and thick, and straight to slightly curved with a longitudinally ridged surface. ==etymology== "dill" is a germanic word whose ultimate origin is unknown.oxford english dictionary, first edition, [www.oed.com/view/entry/52792 s.v.] (pay site) ==culinary use== thumb|dill (anethum graveolens) essential oil in clear glass vial fresh and dried dill leaves (sometimes called "dill weed" to distinguish it from dill seed) are widely used as herbs in europe and central asia. like caraway, the fernlike leaves of dill are aromatic and are used to flavor many foods such as gravlax (cured salmon) and other fish dishes, borscht and other soups, as well as pickles (where the dill flower is sometimes used). dill is best when used fresh as it loses its flavor rapidly if dried; however, freeze-dried dill leaves retain their flavor relatively well for a few months. dill seed, having a flavor similar to caraway but also resembling that of fresh or dried dill weed,whole foods profile{{verify cred | [
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David_Thompson_(explorer) | david thompson (april 30, 1770 â february 10, 1857) was a british-canadian fur trader, surveyor, and map-maker, known to some native peoples as "koo-koo-sint" or "the stargazer." over his career he mapped over 3.9 million square kilometers of north america and for this has been described as the "greatest land geographer who ever lived." ==biography== thompson was born in westminster to recent welsh migrants, david and ann thompson. when thompson was two, his father died and the financial hardship of this occurrence resulted in his and his brother's placement in the grey coat hospital, a school for the disadvantaged of westminster.hudson's bay company. retrieved 9 january 2013. he eventually graduated to the grey coat mathematical school and was introduced to basic navigation skills which would form the basis of his future career. in 1784, at the age of 14, he entered a seven-year apprenticeship with the hudson's bay company. he set sail on may 28 of that year, and left england .aritha van herk, travels with charlotte, canadian geographic magazine, july/august 2007 ===the hudson's bay company (hbc)=== he arrived in churchill (now in manitoba) and was put to work copying the personal papers of the governor of fort churchill, samuel hearne. the next year he was transferred to nearby york factory, and over the next few years spent time as a clerk at cumberland house, saskatchewan and south branch house before arriving at manchester house in 1787. on december 23, 1788, thompson seriously fractured his leg, forcing him to spend the next two winters at cumberland house convalescing. it was during this time he greatly refined and expanded his mathematical, astronomical and surveying skills under the tutelage of hudson's bay company surveyor philip turnor. it was also during this time that he lost sight in his right eye.j. & a. gottfred, "art. i. the life of david thompson" in 1790 with his apprenticeship nearing its end, thompson made the unusual reques | [
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Demographics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo | this article is about the demographic features of the population of the democratic republic of the congo, including ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. as many as 250 ethnic groups have been distinguished and named. the most numerous people are the luba, mongo, and bakongo. although 700 local languages and dialects are spoken, the linguistic variety is bridged both by the use of french and the intermediary languages kongo, luba-kasai, swahili, and lingala. ==population== according to the 2010 revison of the world population prospects the total population was 65 966 000 in 2010, compared to only 12 184 000 in 1950. the proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 46.3%, 51.1% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.7% was 65 years or older .population division of the department of economic and social affairs of the united nations secretariat, world population prospects: the 2010 revision {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;" |- ! ! style="width:80pt;"|total population (x 1000) ! style="width:80pt;"|population aged 0â14 (%) ! style="width:80pt;"|population aged 15â64 (%) ! style="width:80pt;"|population aged 65+ (%) |- | 1950 |12 184||43.7||52.5||3.8 |- | 1955 |13 580||43.8||53.1||3.1 |- | 1960 |15 368||43.8||53.3||2.9 |- | 1965 |17 543||43.9||53.2||2.8 |- | 1970 |20 267||44.4||52.8||2.8 |- | 1975 |23 317||44.9||52.3||2.8 |- | 1980 |27 019||45.4||51.8||2.8 |- | 1985 |31 044||46.1||51.1||2.8 |- | 1990 |36 406||47.0||50.2||2.8 |- | 1995 |44 067||47.9||49.4||2.7 |- | 2000 |49 626||48.0||49.4||2.7 |- | 2005 |57 421||47.5||49.9||2.7 |- | 2010 |65 966||46.3||51.1||2.7 |} ==vital statistics== registration of vital events in the democratic republic of the congo is incomplete. the population departement of the united nations prepared the following estimates. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;" |- ! style="width:70pt;"|period ! style="width:70pt;"|live births per year ! style="width:70pt;"|deaths per year ! style="width:70pt;"|natural change per year ! style="width:70pt;"|cbr* ! style="width:70pt;"|cdr* ! style="width:70pt;"|nc* ! style="width:70pt;"|tfr* ! style="width:70pt;"|imr* |- | 1950-1955 || 608 000|| 329 000|| 279 000||47.2||25.5||21.7||5.98||167 |- | 1955-1960 || 683 000|| 341 000|| 342 000||47.2||23.6||23.7||5.98||158 |- | 1960-1965 || 780 000|| 369 000|| 411 000||47.4||22.4||25.0||6.04||151 |- | 1965-1970 || 898 000|| 402 000|| 496 000||47.5||21.3||26.3 | [
"Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_society"
] |
Geography_of_Denmark | denmark is a nordic country located in northern europe. it consists of the jutland peninsula and several islands in the baltic sea, referred to as the danish archipelago. denmark is located southwest of sweden and due south of norway and is bordered by the german state (and former possession) schleswig-holstein to the south, on denmark's only land border, 68 kilometres (42 miles) long. denmark borders both the baltic and north seas along its tidal shoreline. denmark's general coastline is much shorter, at , as it would, among other geographical features, not include most of the 1,419 offshore islands (each defined as exceeding 100 square meters in area) and the 180 km long limfjorden, which separates denmark's second largest island, north jutlandic island, 4,686 km2 in size, from the rest of jutland.a circle enclosing the same area as denmark would be 742 km (461 miles) long. denmark has 443 named islands,islands in total and named islands of which 72 are inhabited (, statistics denmark). denmark experiences a temperate climate. this means that the winters are mild and windy and the summers are cool. the local terrain is generally flat with a few gently rolling plains. the territory of denmark includes the island of bornholm in the baltic sea and the rest of metropolitan denmark, but excludes the faroe islands and greenland. its position gives denmark complete control of the danish straits (skagerrak and kattegat) linking baltic and north seas. the country's natural resources include petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone, stone, gravel and sand. ==environment== ===land use=== :* [[arable l | [
"Geography_of_Denmark"
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Transport_in_Djibouti | transport in djibouti refers to the transportation structure in djibouti. ==railways== djibouti has 100 km of metre-gauge railway. ==highways== total: 2,890 km paved: 364 km unpaved: 2,526 km (1996 est.) major roads include n1 west from djibouti 246 km via ouê'a and mouloud to dikhil, then north via yoboki to ethiopia, designated part of the ndjamena-djibouti trans-africa highway 6; n2 east from djibouti along the coast to somalia at layado; n9 from n1 122 km north and east to tadjoura, where a secondary road continues along the coast; and a secondary road from djibouti south-west via holhol and ali addé to ali sabieh, then north to join n1. there is one road to somalia at layado; three roads to ethiopia: south from ali sabieh parallel to the railway to dewele, n1 to deda'i on ethiopia no 2, and an unimproved track north-west from balho to ethiopia no 2; and two to eritrea: an unpaved track overland from tadjoura via randa and assa gaila to aseb, and a coastal track from obock to aseb; ==ports and harbors== djibouti's improved natural harbor consists of a roadstead, outer harbor, and inner harbor. the roadstead is well protected by reefs and the configuration of the land. the inner harbor has five outer and six inner berths for large vessels. a quarter of ethiopiaâs imports and half of its exports move through the port. car ferries ply the gulf of tadjoura from djibouti city to tadjou. ==merchant marine== total: 1 ship (with a volume of or over) totaling / ships by type: cargo ship 1 (1999 est.) ==airports== in 2004, there were an estimated 13 airports, only 3 of which had paved runways as of 2005. djiboutiâambouli international airport, which is situated about 6 km from the city of djibouti, is the country's international air terminal. there are also local airports at tadjoura and obock. beginning in 1963, the state-owned air djibouti also provided domestic service to various domestic centers and flew to many overseas destinations. the national carrier discontinued operations in 2002. daallo airlines, a somali-owned private carrier, has also offered air transportation since its foundation in 1991. with its hub at the djiboutiâambouli international airport, the airline provides flights to a number of domestic and overseas destinations. ===airports - with paved runways=== total: 2 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (1999 est.) = | [
"Transport_in_Djibouti"
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Foreign_relations_of_Dominica | like its eastern caribbean neighbors, the main priority of dominica's foreign relations is economic development. the country maintains missions in washington, new york, london, and brussels and is represented jointly with other organisation of eastern caribbean states (oecs) members in canada. dominica is also a member of the caribbean development bank (cdb), and the commonwealth of nations. it became a member of the united nations and the international monetary fund (imf) in 1978 and of the world bank and organization of american states (oas) in 1979. as a member of caricom, in july 1994 dominica strongly backed efforts by the united states to implement united nations security council resolution 940, designed to facilitate the departure of haiti's de facto authorities from power. the country agreed to contribute personnel to the multinational force, which restored the democratically elected government of haiti in october 1994. in may 1997, prime minister james joined 14 other caribbean leaders, and president clinton, during the first-ever u.s.-regional summit in bridgetown, barbados. the summit strengthened the basis for regional cooperation on justice and counternarcotics issues, finance and development, and trade. dominica previously maintained official relations with the republic of china (commonly known as "taiwan") instead of the people's republic of china, but on 23 march 2004, a joint communique was signed in beijing, paving the way for diplomatic recognition of the people's republic. beijing responded to dominica's severing relations with the republic of china by giving them a $12 million aid package, which includes $6 million in budget support for the year 2004 and $1 million annually for six years. dominica is also a member of the international criminal court with a bilateral immunity agreement of protection for the us-military (as covered under article 98). ==international disputes== dominica claims venezuelan controlled isla aves.island talk for caricom, venezuela ==bilateral relations== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="width:100%; margin:auto;" !width="4%"| country !width="1%"| formal relations began !width="20%"| notes |--valign="top" ||| | bilateral relations are described as "close and friendly."canada - dominica relations canada is represented in dominica, through its high commission in barbados. |--valign="top" |{{flag|people's republic of china | [
"Dominica"
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Demographics_of_the_Dominican_Republic | this article is about the demographic features of the population of the dominican republic, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. ==population== according to the 2012 revison of the world population prospects the total population was 10,017,000 in 2010, compared to only 2,380,000 in 1950. the proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 31.2%, 62.8% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 6% was 65 years or older .population division of the department of economic and social affairs of the united nations secretariat, world population prospects: the 2012 revision {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;" |- ! ! width="70pt"|total population (x 1000) ! width="70pt"|proportionaged 0â14(%) ! width="70pt"|proportionaged 15â64(%) ! width="70pt"|proportionaged 65+(%) |- | 1950 |2 380||45.5||51.7||2.7 |- | 1955 |2 796||46.3||51.1||2.6 |- | 1960 |3 312||48.2||49.2||2.6 |- | 1965 |3 900||48.9||48.5||2.6 |- | 1970 |4 524||47.7||49.7||2.7 |- | 1975 |5 169||45.3||51.9||2.8 |- | 1980 |5 826||42.6||54.4||3.1 |- | 1985 |6 524||40.4||56.2||3.4 |- | 1990 |7 245||38.5||57.6||3.9 |- | 1995 |7 978||37.0||58.5||4.5 |- | 2000 |8 663||34.9||59.9||5.1 |- | 2005 |9 343||33.1||61.3||5.7 |- | 2010 |10 017||31.2||62.8||6.0 |} === largest cities and metropolitan areas === ==vital statistics== ===un estimates=== registration of vital events is in the dominican republic not complete. the population departement of the united nations prepared the following estimates. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;" |- ! width="50pt"|period ! width="70pt"|live birthsper year ! width="70pt"|deathsper year ! width="70pt"|natural changeper year ! width="35pt"|cbr* ! width="35pt"|cdr* ! width="35pt"|nc* ! width="35pt"|tfr* ! width="35pt"|imr* ! width="50pt"|life expectancy total ! width="50pt"|life expectancy males ! width="50pt"|life expectancy females |- | 1950-1955 || 140 000|| 53 000|| 87 000||54.3||20.5||33.8||7.60||153||46.0||44.7||47.3 |- | 1955-1960 || 163 000|| 54 000|| 109 000||53.4||17.6||35.8||7.64||139||49.9||48.6||51.4 |- | 1960-1965 || 178 000|| 52 000|| 126 000||49.5||14.5||35.0||7.35||124||53.6||52.1||55.2 |- | 1965-1970 || 186 000|| 50 000|| 136 000||44.2||11.8||32.3||6.65||109||56.9||55.4||58.7 |- | 1970-1975 || 190 000|| 47 000|| 143 000||39.2||9.7||29.6||5.68||96||59.8||58.1||61.8 |- | 1975-1980 || 194 000|| 46 000|| 149 000||35.4||8.3||27.1||4.76||86||62.0||60.3||64.0 |- | 1980-1985 || 206 000|| 46 000|| 160 000||33.4||7.5||25.9||4.15||75||64.0||62.1||66.1 |- | 1985-1 | [
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Datsun | datsun is an automobile brand owned by the nissan motor company. datsun's original production run began in 1931. from 1958 to 1986, only vehicles exported by nissan were identified as datsun. in 1986, nissan phased out the datsun name but re-launched it in 2013 as the brand for low-cost vehicles manufactured for emerging markets. in 1931, dat motorcar co. chose to name its new small car "datson", a name which indicated the new car's smaller size when compared to the dat's larger vehicle already in production. when nissan took control of dat in 1934, the name "datson" was changed to "datsun", because "son" also means "loss" (æ) in japanese and also to honor the sun depicted in the national flag.consumano, michael a. also, the symbol was derived from [lemons] which are famous in japan. the japanese automobile industry, h.u.p (1985), isbn 0-674-47255-1 p.33 nissan phased out the datsun brand in march 1986. the datsun name is most famous for the 510, fairlady roadsters, and later the fairlady (240z) coupes. ==history== ===origin of datsun=== before the datsun brand name came into being, an automobile named the dat car was built in 1914, by the , in the azabu-hiroo district in tokyo. the new car's name was an acronym of the surnames of the following company partners: * * *. the firm was renamed kaishinsha motorcar co. in 1918, seven years after their establishment and again, in 1925, to dat motorcar co. dat motors constructed trucks in addition to the dat passenger cars. in fact, their output focused on trucks since there was almost no consumer market for passenger cars at the time. beginning in 1918, the first dat trucks were assembled for the military market. the low demand from the military market | [
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Dr._Dre | andre romelle young (born february 18, 1965), known by his stage name dr. dre, is an american record producer, rapper and entrepreneur. he is the founder and current ceo of aftermath entertainment and beats electronics. dre was previously the co-owner of, and an artist on, death row records. he has produced albums for and overseen the careers of many rappers, including snoop dogg, eminem, xzibit, 50 cent, the game, and kendrick lamar. he is credited as a key figure in the popularization of west coast g-funk, a style of rap music characterized as synthesizer-based with slow, heavy beats. in 2014, dr. dre was ranked as the second richest figure in the american hip hop scene by forbes with a net worth of $550 million. dre began his career as a member of the world class wreckin' cru and later found fame with the influential gangsta rap group n.w.a with eazy-e, ice cube, mc ren, and dj yella, which popularized the use of explicit lyrics in rap to detail th | [
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Day_of_the_Tentacle | day of the tentacle, also known as maniac mansion ii: day of the tentacle, is a 1993 graphic adventure game developed and published by lucasarts. it is the sequel to the 1987 game maniac mansion. the game's plot follows bernard bernoulli and his friends hoagie and laverne as they attempt to stop the evil purple tentacleâa sentient, disembodied tentacleâfrom taking over the world. the player takes control of the three and solves puzzles while using time travel to explore different periods of history. dave grossman and tim schafer co-led the game's development, their first time in such a role. the pair carried over a limited amount of elements from maniac mansion and forwent the character selection aspect to simplify development. inspirations included chuck jones cartoons and the history of the united states. day of the tentacle is the eighth lucasarts title to use the scumm engine. the game was released simultaneously on floppy disk and cd-rom to critical acclaim and commercial success. critics focused on its cartoon-style visuals and comedic elements. day of the tentacle has featured regularly in lists of "top" games published more than two decades after its release, and aspects have been referenced in popular culture. a special edition of day of the tentacle is in development b | [
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Deforestation | deforestation, clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use.safnet dictionary|definition for [deforestation]. dictionary of forestry.org (2008-07-29). retrieved on 2011-05-15. examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. the term deforestation can be misused when applied to describe a tree harvesting method in which all trees in an area are removed (clear cutting). however in temperate climates, this method is in conformance with sustainable forestry practices, and correctly described as regeneration harvest.safe.net dictionary|definition for [regeneration_cut(ting)]. dictionary of forestry.org (2008-08-14). retrieved on 2011-05-15. in temperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic. furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss after naturally occurring rainforest destruction.patel-weynand, toral (2002) biodiversity and sustainable forestry: state of the science review. the national commission on science for sustainable forestry, washington dc deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements. the removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. it has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. deforestation has also been used in war to deprive the enemy of cover for its forces and also vital resources. modern examples of this were the use of agent orange by the british military in malaya during the malayan emergency and the united | [
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Delta_(letter) | delta (uppercase Î, lowercase δ or ð¿; délta; modern greek ) is the fourth letter of the greek alphabet. in the system of greek numerals it has a value of 4. it was derived from the phoenician letter dalet 20px. letters that come from delta include latin d and cyrillic Ð. a river delta (originally, the nile river delta) is so named because its shape approximates the upper-case letter delta (the shape is a triangle). ==pronunciation== in ancient greek, delta represented a voiced dental plosive . in modern greek, it represents a voiced dental fricative , like the "th" in "that" or "this". it is romanized as d or dh. ==upper case== the upper-case letter Î can be used to denote: *change of any changeable quantity, in mathematics and the sciences (more specifically, the difference operator); for example, in: ::{y_2-y_1\over x_2-x_1} = {\delta y \over \delta x} , :the average change of y per unit x (i.e. the change of y over the change of x). delta is the initial letter of the greek word διαÏοÏά diaphorá, "difference". (the small latin letter d is used in much the same way for the notation of derivatives and differentials, which also describe change.) *the laplace operator: :\delta f = \sum_{i=1}^n {\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x_i^2}} *the discriminant of a polynomial equation, especially the quadratic equation: :\delta = b^2 - 4ac\,\! *the symmetric difference of two sets *a macroscopic change in the value of a variable in mathematics or science *uncertainty in a physical variable as seen in the uncertainty principle *an interval of possible values for a given quantity (i.e. across a sample) *any of the delta particles in particle physics *the determinant of the matrix of coefficients of a set of linear equations (see cramer's rule) *that an associated locant number represents the location of a covalent bond in an organic compound, the position of which is variant between isomeric forms *in chemistry, the addition of heat in a reaction *in legal shorthand, it represents a defendant. *in the financial markets, one of the greeks, describing the rate of change of an option price for a given change in the underlying benchmark *the sy | [
"Greek_letters"
] |
Disaster | a disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. in contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk. these risks are the product of a combination of both hazard/s and vulnerability. hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability will never become disasters, as is the case in uninhabited regions.quarantelli e.l. (1998). where we have been and where we might go. in: quarantelli e.l. (ed). what is a disaster? london: routledge. pp146-159 developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits â more than 95 percent of all deaths caused by hazards occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural hazards are 20 times greater (as a percentage of gdp) in developing countries than in industrialized countries.luis flores ballesteros. "whoâs getting the worst of natural disasters?" 54 pesos may. 2010:54 pesos 04 oct 2008. ==etymology== the word disaster is derived from middle french désastre and that from old italian disastro, which in turn comes from the greek pejorative prefix δÏ
Ï-, (dus-) "bad" and á¼ÏÏÎ®Ï (aster), "star". the root of the word disaster ("bad star" in greek) comes from an astrological sense of a calamity blamed on the sight of planets.http://etymonline.com/?term=disaster ==classifications== researchers have been studying disasters for more than a century, and for more than forty years disaster research. the studies reflect a common opinion when they argue that all disasters can be seen as being human-made, their reasoning being that human actions before the strike of the hazard can prevent it developing into a disaster. all disasters are hence the result of human failure to introduce appropriate disaster management measures | [
"Disasters"
] |
Devon | devon (; archaically known as devonshire) is a county of england, reaching from the bristol channel in the north to the english channel in the south. it is part of south west england, bounded by cornwall to the west, somerset to the northeast, and dorset to the east. the city of exeter is the county town; seven other districts of east devon, mid devon, north devon, south hams, teignbridge, torridge, and west devon are under the jurisdiction of devon county council; plymouth and torbay are each a part of devon but administered as unitary authorities. combined as a ceremonial county, devon's area is , and its population is about 1.1 million. devon derives its name from dumnonia, which, during the british iron age and roman britain, was the homeland | [
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Dwight_D._Eisenhower | {{infobox officeholder |honorific-prefix= |birthname = david dwight eisenhower |honorific-suffix= |image = 252px |office = 34th president of the united states |vicepresident = richard nixon |term_start = january 20, 1953 |term_end = january 20, 1961 |predecessor = harry s. truman |successor = john f. kennedy |office2 = 1st supreme allied commander europe |president2 = harry s. truman |term_start2 = april 2, 1951 |term_end2 = may 30, 1952 |deputy2 = arthur tedder |predecessor2 = position established |successor2 = matthew ridgway |order3 = 16th |title3 = chief of staff of the army |term_start3 = november 19, 1945 |term_end3 = february 6, 1948 |president3 = harry s. truman |deputy3 = j. lawton collins |predecessor3 = george marshall |successor3 = omar bradley |office4 = 1st governor of the american zone of occupied germany |president4 = harry s. truman |term_start4 = may 8, 1945 |term_end4 = november 10, 1945 |predecessor4 = position established |successor4 = joseph t. mcnarney |office5 = 13th president of columbia university |term_start5 = 1948 |term_end5 = 1953 |predecessor5 = nicholas murray butler |successor5 = grayson kirk |birth_date = |birth_place = denison, texas, u.s. |death_date = |death_place = walter reed general hospitalwashington, d.c., u.s. |restingplace = abilene, kansas, u.s. |party = republican |spouse = mamie eisenhower |children = doud eisenhowerjohn eisenhower |alma_mater = u.s. military academy |profession = army officer |religion = presbyterian |signature = dwight eisenhower signature.svg |signature_alt = cursive signature in ink |allegiance = |branch = |rank = 25px general of the army |serviceyears = 1915â19531961â1969{{cite web|url=http://www.eisenhower.utexas.edu/all_about_ike/post_presidential.html |title=the eisenhower presidential library and museum homepage |publisher=eisenhow | [
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December_8 | ==events== * 395 – later yan is defeated by its former vassal northern wei at the battle of canhe slope. * 757 – du fu returns to chang'an as a member of emperor xuanzong's court, after having escaped the city during the an lushan rebellion. *1432 – the first battle between the forces of Å vitrigaila and sigismund kÄstutaitis is fought near the town of oszmiana (ashmyany), launching the most active phase of the lithuanian civil war. *1560 – the city of guarulhos is founded. *1596 – luis de carabajal the younger, one of the first jewish authors in the americas, died in an auto-da-fé during the spanish inquisition in mexico city. *1660 – a woman (either margaret hughes or anne marshall) appears on an english public stage for the first time, in the role of desdemona in a production of shakespeare's play othello. *1813 – premier of beethoven's seventh symphony. *1854 – in his apostolic constitution ineffabilis deus, pope pius ix proclaims the dogmatic definition of immaculate conception, which holds that the virgin mary was conceived free of original sin. *1907 – king gustaf v of sweden accedes to the swedish throne. *1912 – leaders of the german empire hold an imperial war council to discuss the possibility that war might break out. *1914 – world war i: a squadron of britain's royal navy defeats an inferior squadron of the imperial german high seas fleet in the battle of the falkland islands in the south atlantic. *1927 – the brookings institution, one of the united states' oldest think tanks, is founded through the merger of three organizations that had been created by philanthropist robert s. brookings. *1941 – world war ii: u.s. president franklin d. roosevelt declares december 7 to be "a date which will live in infamy", after which the u.s. declares war on japan. * 1941 – world war ii: japanese forces simultaneously invade malaya, thailand, hong kong, the philippines, and the dutch east indies. (see december 7 for the concurrent attack on pearl harbor in the western hemisphere.) *1949 – the [[united nations relief and works agency for palestine refugees in the nea | [
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] |
Deng_Xiaoping | deng xiaoping (; 22 august 1904 â 19 february 1997) was a chinese revolutionary and statesman. he was the leader of china from 1978 until his retirement in 1992. after mao zedong's death, deng led his country through far-reaching market economic reforms. while deng never held office as the head of state, head of government or general secretary (that is, the leader of the communist party), he nonetheless was considered the "paramount leader" of the people's republic of china from december 1978 to 1992. as the core of the second-generation leaders, deng shared his power with several powerful older politicians commonly known as the eight elders. bor | [
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Dorians | thumb|330px| the dorian regions of classical greece were in general, but not always, those where the doric dialect was spoken. the dorians (; , dÅrieis, singular , dÅrieus) were one of the four major greek ethnÄ into which the greeks, or hellenes, of the ancient period considered themselves divided (along with the aeolians, achaeans and ionians).apollodorus, library, i, 7.3 ethnos has the sense of ethnic group. herodotus uses the word with regard to them.book vii, section 73. they are almost always referred to as just "the dorians", as they are in the earliest literary mention of them in odyssey,homer, odyssey, book xix line 177. where they already can be found inhabiting the island of crete. they were diverse in way of life and social organization, varying from the populous trade center of the city of corinth, known for its ornate style in art and architecture, to the isolationist, military state of sparta. and yet, all hellenes knew which localities were dorian, and which were not. dorian states at war could more likely, but not always, count on the assistance of other dorian states. dorians were distinguished by the doric greek dialect and by characteristic social and historical traditions. in the 5th century bc, dorians and ionians were the two most politically important greek ethne, whose ultimate clash resulted in the peloponnesian war. the degree to which fifth-century hellenes self-identified as "ionian" or "dorian" has itself been disputed. at one extreme Ãdouard will concludes that there was no true ethnic component in fifth-century greek culture, in spite of anti-dorian elements in athenian propaganda. at the other extreme john alty reinterprets the sources to conclude that ethnicity did motivate fifth-century actions. moderns viewing these ethnic identifications through the fifth- and fourth-century bc literary tradition have been profoundly influenced by their own social poli | [
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Death | death is the termination of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. phenomena which commonly bring about death include biological aging (senescence), predation, malnutrition, disease, suicide, homicide, starvation, dehydration, and accidents or trauma resulting in terminal injury. bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death. death has commonly been considered as a sad or unpleasant occasion, due to having a bond or affection to the person who has died, or having fear of death, necrophobia, anxiety, sorrow, grief, emotional pain, depression, sympathy, compassion, solitude, or saudade. the most common cause of human deaths in the world is heart disease, followed by stroke and other cerebrovascular diseases, and in the third place lower respiratory infections. == etymology == the word death comes from old english deað, which in turn comes from proto-germanic *daulaz (reconstructed by etymological analysis). this comes from the proto-indo-european stem *dheu- meaning the "process, act, condition of dying". == associated terms == the concept and symptoms of death, and varying degrees of delicacy used in discussion in public forums, have generated numerous scientific, legal, and socially acceptable terms or euphemisms for death. when a person has died, it is also said they have pass | [
"Death",
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Debian | debian () is the name for a linux distribution that is composed primarily of free and open-source software, most of which is under the gnu general public license, and packaged by a group of individuals known as the debian project. at each point in time the debian project offers three branches named "stable", "testing" and "unstable".https://www.debian.org/releases/ the debian stable distribution is one of the most popular for personal computers and network servers, and has been used as a base for several other linux distributions. debian was first announced in 1993 by ian murdock, and the first stable release was made in 1996. the development is carried out over the internet by a team of volunteers guided by a project leader and three foundational documents. new distributions are updated continually, and the next candidate is released after a time-based freeze. as one of the earliest linux distributions, it was envisioned that debian was to be developed openly in the spirit of linux and gnu. this vision drew the attention and support of the free software foundation, which sponsored the project for the first part of its life. == features == thumb|graphical version of the debian installer [[file:debian 6.0 conso | [
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Diode | thumb|right|closeup of a diode, showing the square-shaped semiconductor crystal (black object on left). in electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component with asymmetric conductance; it has low (ideally zero) resistance to current in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. a semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a pân junction connected to two electrical terminals. a vacuum tube diode has two electrodes, a plate (anode) and a heated cathode. semiconductor diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices. the discovery of crystals' rectifying abilities was made by german physicist ferdinand braun in 1874. the first semiconductor diodes, called [[cat's whis | [
"Diodes"
] |
December_25 | ==events== * 333 – roman emperor constantine the great elevates his youngest son constans to the rank of caesar. * 336 – first documentary sign of christmas celebration in ancient rome * 350 – vetranio meets constantius ii at naissus (serbia) and is forced to abdicate his title (caesar). constantius allows him to live as a private citizen on a state pension. * 496 – clovis i, king of the franks, is baptized into the catholic faith at reims, by saint remigius. * 597 – augustine of canterbury and his fellow-labourers baptise in kent more than 10,000 anglo-saxons. * 800 – coronation of charlemagne as holy roman emperor, in rome. * 1000 – the foundation of the kingdom of hungary: hungary is established as a christian kingdom by stephen i of hungary. * 1025 – coronation of mieszko ii lambert as king of poland *1066 – william the conqueror, duke of normandy is crowned king of england, at westminster abbey, london. * 1076 – coronation of boleslaw ii the generous as king of poland *1100 – baldwin of boulogne is crowned the first king of jerusalem in the church of the nativity. *1130 – count roger ii of sicily is crowned the first king of sicily. *1261 – john iv laskaris of the restored eastern roman empire is deposed and blinded by orders of his co-ruler michael viii palaiologos. * 1492 – caravel santa maria captained by christopher columbus runs onto reefs off haiti due to a proper watch not being kept. local natives help to save food, armory and ammunition but not the ship. *1553 – battle of tucapel: mapuche rebels under lautaro defeat the spanish conquistadors and executes the governor of chile, pedro de valdivia. *1643 – christmas island found and named by captain william mynors of the east india company vessel, the royal mary. *1776 – george washington and the continental army cross the delaware river at night to attack hessian forces serving great britain at trenton, new jersey, the next day. *1809 – dr. ephraim mcdowell performs the first ovariotomy, removing a 22 pound tumor. *1814 – rev. samuel marsden holds the first christian service on land in new zealand at rangihoua bay. *[[ | [
"Days_of_the_year",
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Diffusion_pump | right|250 px|thumb|six inch oil diffusion pump. diffusion pumps use a high speed jet of vapor to direct gas molecules in the pump throat down into the bottom of the pump and out the exhaust. invented in 1915 by wolfgang gaede using mercury vapor, and improved by irving langmuir and w. crawford, they were the first type of high vacuum pumps operating in the regime of free molecular flow, where the movement of the gas molecules can be better understood as diffusion than by conventional fluid dynamics. gaede used the name diffusion pump since his design was based on the finding that gas cannot diffuse against the vapor stream, but will be carried with it to the exhaust. however, the principle of operation might be more precisely described as gas-jet pump, since diffusion plays a role also in other high vacuum pumps. in modern text books, the diffusion pump is categorized as a momentum transfer pump. the diffusion pump is widely used in both industrial and research applications. most modern diffusion pumps use silicone oil or polyphenyl ethers as the working fluid. cecil reginald burch discovered the possibility of using silicone oil in 1928. ==oil diffusion pumps== the oil diffusion pump is operated with an oil of low vapor pressure. its purpose is to achieve higher vacuum (lower pressure) than is possible by use of positive displacement pumps alone. although its use has been mainly associated within the high-vacuum range (down to 10â9 mbar), diffusion pumps today can produce pressures approaching 10â10 mbar when properly used with modern fluids and accessories. the features that make the diffusion pump attractive for high and ultra-high vacuum use are its high pumping speed for all gases and low cost per unit pumping speed when compared with other types of pump used in the same vacuum range. diffusion pumps cannot discharge directly into the atmosphere, so a mechanical forepump is typically used to maintain an outlet pressure around 0.1 mbar. [[image:calutron diffusion pumps.jpg|left|thumb|250 px | [
"Vacuum_pumps"
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Dyslexia | dyslexia, or developmental reading disorder, is characterized by difficulty with learning to read and with differing comprehension of language despite normal or above-average intelligence.the term dyslexia can refer to an anomalous approach to processing information. silverman, l. (2000). "the two-edged sword of compensation: how the gifted cope with learning disabilities", in uniquely gifted: identifying and meeting the needs of twice exceptional learners, avocus publishing inc., isbn 189076504x, pp. 153â159. this includes difficulty with phonological awareness, phonological decoding, processing speed, orthographic coding, auditory short-term memory, language skills/verbal comprehension, and/or rapid naming. dyslexia is the most common learning difficulty{{cite journal | title=learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision | author=handler sm | journal=pediatrics|date=march 2011 | volume=127 | issue=3 | pages=e818â56 | doi=10.1542/peds.2010-3670 | pmi | [
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December_17 | ==events== * 497 bc – the first saturnalia festival was celebrated in ancient rome. * 546 – siege of rome: the ostrogoths under king totila plunder the city, by bribing the byzantine garrison. * 920 – romanos i lekapenos is crowned co-emperor of the underage constantine vii. * 942 – assassination of william i of normandy. *1398 – sultan nasir-u din mehmud's armies in delhi are defeated by timur. *1538 – pope paul iii excommunicates henry viii of england. *1583 – cologne war: forces under ernest of bavaria defeat troops under gebhard truchsess von waldburg at the siege of godesberg. *1586 – go-yÅzei becomes emperor of japan. *1600 – marriage of henry iv of france and marie de' medici. *1718 – war of the quadruple alliance: great britain declares war on spain. *1777 – american revolution: france formally recognizes the united states. *1790 – discovery of the aztec calendar stone. *1807 – napoleonic wars: france issues the milan decree, which confirms the continental system. *1812 – war of 1812: u.s. forces attack a friendly lenape village in the battle of the mississinewa. *1819 – simón bolÃvar declares the independence of gran colombia in angostura (now ciudad bolÃvar in venezuela). *1835 – great fire of new york: fire levels lower manhattan. *1837 – a fire in the winter palace of saint petersburg kills 30 guards. *1862 – american civil war: general ulysses s. grant issues general order no. 11, expelling jews from parts of tennessee, mississippi, and kentucky. *1865 – first performance of the unfinished symphony by franz schubert. *1892 – first issue of vogue is published *1896 – pittsburgh, pennsylvania's schenley park casino, which was the first multi-purpose arena with the technology to create an artificial ice surface in north america, is destroyed in a fire. *1903 – the wright brothers make the first controlled powered, heavier-than-air flight in the wright flyer at kitty hawk, north carolina. *1907 – ugyen wangchuck is crowned first king of bhutan *1918 – darwin rebellion: up to 1,000 demonstrators march on government house in darwin, northern territory, australia. *1919 &nda | [
"Days_of_the_year",
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David_Janssen | david janssen (march 27, 1931 â february 13, 1980) was an american film and television actor who is best known for his starring role as dr. richard kimble in the television series the fugitive (1963â1967). janssen also had the title roles in three other series, richard diamond, private detective, harry o and o'hara, u.s. treasury. in 1996 tv guide ranked him number 36 on its 50 greatest tv stars of all time list. ==early life== janssen was born as david harold meyer in naponee, a village in franklin county in southern nebraska, to harold edward meyer, a banker (may 12, 1906 â november 4, 1990) and berniece graf (may 11, 1910 â november 26, 1995). janssen was of irish and jewish descent. following his parents' divorce in 1935, his mother moved with five-year-old david to los angeles, california, and later married eugene janssen (february 18, 1918 â march 30, 1996) in 1940 in los angeles. young david used his stepfather's name after he entered show business as a child. he attended fairfax high school in los angeles. his first film part was at the age of thirteen, and by the age of twenty-five he had appeared in twenty films and served two years as an enlisted man in the united states army. during his army days, janssen became friends with fellow enlistees martin milner and clint eastwood while posted at fort ord, california. ==acting career== thumb|in tv series the fugitive, 1963â1967 (final episode) janssen appeared in many television series before he landed programs of his own. in 1956, he and peter breck appeared in john bromfield's syndicated series sheriff of cochise in the episode "the turkey farmers" | [
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December_2 | ==events== *1409 – the university of leipzig opens. *1697 – st paul's cathedral is consecrated in london. *1755 – the second eddystone lighthouse is destroyed by fire. *1763 – dedication of the touro synagogue, in newport, rhode island, the first synagogue in what will become the united states. *1775 – the becomes the first vessel to fly the grand union flag (the precursor to the stars and stripes); the flag is hoisted by john paul jones. *1804 – at notre dame cathedral in paris, napoleon bonaparte crowns himself emperor of the french, the first french emperor in a thousand years. *1805 – war of the third coalition: battle of austerlitz – french troops under napoleon bonaparte decisively defeat a joint russo-austrian force. *1823 – monroe doctrine: in a state of the union message, u.s. president james monroe proclaims american neutrality in future european conflicts, and warns european powers not to interfere in the americas. *1845 – manifest destiny: in a state of the union message, u.s. president james k. polk proposes that the united states should aggressively expand into the west. *1848 – franz josef i becomes emperor of austria. *1851 – french president louis-napoléon bonaparte overthrows the second republic. *1852 – louis-napoléon bonaparte becomes emperor of the french as napoleon iii. *1859 – militant abolitionist leader john brown is hanged for his october 16 raid on harpers ferry, west virginia. *1867 – at tremont temple in boston, british author charles dickens gives his first public reading in the united states. *1899 – philippineâamerican war: the battle of tirad pass, termed "the filipino thermopylae", is fought. *1908 – puyi becomes emperor of china at the age of two. *1917 – world war i: russia and the central powers sign an armistice at brest-litovsk, and peace talks leading to the treaty of brest-litovsk begin. *1920 – following more than a month of turkishâarmenian war, the turkish dictated treaty of alexandropol is concluded. *1927 – following 19 years of ford model t production, the ford motor company unveils the ford model a as its new autom | [
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Diego_de_Almagro | diego de almagro, (c. 1475celso gargia, gaspar de carvajal, samuel fritz, evamaria grün. die eroberung von peru: pizarro und andere conquistadoren, 1526-1712. â erdmann: horst erdmann verlag, 1973. - p.96 – july 8, 1538), also known as el adelantado and el viejo (the elder), was a spanish conquistador and a companion and later rival of francisco pizarro. he participated in the spanish conquest of peru and is credited as the first european discoverer of chile. almagro lost his left eye battling with coastal natives in the new world. in 1525 he joined the pizarro brothers and hernándo de luque at panama for the conquest of peru. ==first years== diego de almagro was born and raised in almagro, ciudad real, spain. ==arrival in america== diego de almagro arrived in the new world on june 30, 1514, under the expedition that ferdinand ii of aragon had sent under the guidance of pedrarias dávila. the expedition had landed in the city of santa marÃa la antigua del darién, panama, where many other future conquistadors had already arrived, among them francisco pizarro. there are not many details of almagro's activities during this period, but it is known that he accompanied various sailors that left the city of darien between 1514 and 1515, although almagro eventually returned and settled in darien and obtained an encomienda which helped him construct a house and make a living from agriculture. almagro undertook his first conquest on november 1515, when he left darien in command of 260 men and founded villa del acla, located in the place of the same name, but due to illness he had to leave behind this mission to the licenciate gaspar de espinosa. espinosa decided to undertake a new expedition, which left in december of the same year with 200 men including almagro himself and francisco pizarro, who for the first time was designated as a captain. during this expedition, which lasted 14 months, almagro, pizarro and hernando de luque became close friends. also during this time almagro established a friendship with vasco núñez de balboa, who during the time was in charge of acla, with the intent of making a ship with the materials of the espinosa expedition and later finish it in the "great south sea" as the pacific ocean first became known to the spanish. how | [
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Diana_(mythology) | in roman mythology, diana (lt. "heavenly" or "divine") was the goddess of the hunt, the moon and birthing, being associated with wild animals and woodland, and having the power to talk to and control animals. she was equated with the greek goddess artemis,larousse desk reference encyclopedia, the book people, haydock, 1995, p. 215. though she had an independent origin in italy. diana was worshipped in ancient roman religion and is revered in roman neopaganism and stregheria. dianic wicca, a largely feminist form of the practice, is named for her. diana was known to be the virgin goddess of childbirth and women. she was one of the three maiden goddesses, diana, minerva and vesta, who swore never to marry. oak groves were especially sacred to her. according to mythology (in common with the greek religion and their deity artemis), diana was born with her twin brother apollo on the island of delos, daughter of jupiter and latona. diana made up a triad with two other roman deities: egeria the water nymph, her servant and assistant midwife; and virbius, the woodland god. ==etymology== diana (pronounced with long 'Ä«' and 'Ä') is an adjectival form developed from an ancient *divios, corresponding to later 'divus', 'dius', as in dius fidius, dea dia and in the neuter form dium meaning the sky.g.dumézil la religion romaine archaique paris, 1974, part 3, chap. 1. it is rooted in indoeuropean *d(e)y(e)w, meaning bright sky or daylight, from which also derived the name of vedic god dyaus and the latin deus, (god), dies, (day, daylight), and " diurnal", (daytime). on the tablets of pylos a theonym διÏια (diwia) is supposed as referring to a deity precursor of artemis. modern scholars mostly accept the identification.h. f. pairault below cites three. contrary g. rousseau. the ancient latin writers varro and cicero considered the etymology of dÄ«Äna as allied to that of dies and connected to the shine of the moon. ==mythology== the persona of diana is complex and contains a number of archaic features. according to georges dumézilg. dumezil la religion romaine archaique paris 1974, part 3, chap.1. it falls into a particular subset of celestial gods, referred to in histories of religion as frame gods. such gods, while keeping the original features of celestial divinities, i.e. transcendent heavenly power and abstention from direct rule in worldly matters, did not share the fate of other ce | [
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Dative_case | the dative case (abbreviated , or sometimes when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to which something is given, as in "george gave jamie a drink". in general, the dative marks the indirect object of a verb, although in some instances the dative is used for the direct object of a verb pertaining directly to an act of giving something. the thing being given may be a tangible object (e.g., "a book" or "a tapestry"), or it may be an intangible abstraction (e.g., "an answer" or "help"). in some languages, the dative case has assimilated the functions of other now-extinct cases. in ancient greek, the dative has the functions of the proto-indo-european locative and instrumental as well as those of the original dative. sometimes the dative has functions unrelated to giving. in scottish gaelic and irish, the term dative case is misleadingly used in traditional grammars to refer to the prepositional case-marking of nouns following simple prepositions and the definite article. in georgian, the dative case also marks the subject of the sentence in some verbs and some tenses. this is called the dative construction. the dative was common among early indo-european languages and has survived to the present in the balto-slavic branch and the germanic branch, among others. it also exists in similar forms in several non-indo-european languages, such as the uralic family of languages, and altaic languages. under the influence of english, which uses the preposition "to" for both indirect objects (give to) and directions of movement (go to), the term "dative" has sometimes been used to describe cases that in other languages would more appropriately be called lative. ==etymology== "dative" comes from latin cÄsus datÄ«vus ("case for giving"), a translation of greek δοÏικὴ ÏÏῶÏιÏ, ("inflection for giving"), from its use with the verb didónai "to give". dionysius thrax in his art of grammar also refers to it as "for sending (a letter)",dionysius thrax. ÏÎÏνη γÏαμμαÏική (art of grammar), section ιβ´ (10b): ÏεÏὶ á½Î½ÏμαÏÎ¿Ï (on the noun). bibliotheca augustana. from the verb epistéllÅ "send to", a word from the same root | [
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Dartmouth_College | dartmouth college, commonly referred to as dartmouth ( ), is a private ivy league research university located in hanover, new hampshire. it consists of a liberal arts college, the geisel school of medicine, the thayer school of engineering, and the tuck school of business, as well as 19 graduate programs in the arts and sciences. incorporated as the "trustees of dartmouth college," it is one of the nine colonial colleges founded before the american revolution. with an undergraduate enrollment of 4,194 and a total student enrollment of 6,144, dartmouth is the smallest university in the ivy league. dartmouth college was established in 1769 by eleazar wheelock, a congregational minister. after a long period of financial and political struggles, dartmouth emerged in the early 20th century from relative obscurity. dartmouth alumni, from daniel webster to the many donors in the 19th and 20th centuries, have been famously involved in their college. dartmouth's somewhat isolated rural campus is in the upper valley region of new hampshire. participation in athletics and the school's greek system is strong. dartmouth's | [
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Density | the density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a substance is its mass per unit volume. the symbol most often used for density is Ï (the lower case greek letter rho). mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume: : \rho = \frac{m}{v}, where Ï is the density, m is the mass, and v is the volume. in some cases (for instance, in the united states oil and gas industry), density is loosely defined as its weight per unit volume, although this is scientifically inaccurate â this quantity is more specifically called specific weight. for a pure substance the density has the same numerical value as its mass concentration. different materials usually have different densities, and density may be relevant to buoyancy, purity and packaging. osmium and iridium are the densest known elements at standard conditions for temperature and pressure but certain chemical compounds may be denser. to simplify comparisons of density across different systems of units, it is sometimes replaced by the dimensionless quantity "relative density" or "specific gravity", i.e. the ratio of the density of the material to that of a standard material, usually water. thus a relative density less than one means that the substance floats in water. the density of a material varies with temperature and pressure. this variation is typically small for solids and liquids but much greater for gases. increasing the pressure on an object decreases the volume of the object and thus increases its density. increasing the temperature of a substance (with a few exceptions) decreases its density by increasing its volume. in most materials, heating the bottom of a fluid results in convection of the heat from the bottom to the top, due to the decrease in the density of the heated fluid. this causes it to rise relative to more dense unheated material. the reciprocal of the density of a substance is occasionally called its specific volume, a term sometimes used in thermodynamics. density is an intensive property in that increasing | [
"Density",
"Physical_quantities"
] |
Developmental_biology | developmental biology is the study of the process by which organs grow and develop, and is closely related to ontogeny. modern developmental biology studies the genetic control of cell growth, differentiation and morphogenesis, which is the process that gives rise to tissues, organs and anatomy, but also regeneration and aging. == perspectives == the development of a new life is a spectacular process and represents a masterpiece of temporal and spatial control of gene expression. developmental genetics studies the effect that genes have in a phenotype, given normal or abnormal epigenetic parameters. the findings of developmental biology can help us to understand developmental abnormalities such as chromosomal aberrations that cause down syndrome. an understanding of the specialization of cells during embryogenesis has provided information on how stem cells specialize into specific tissues and organs. this information has led, for example, to the cloning of specific organs for medical purposes. another biologically important process that occurs during development is apoptosisâprogrammed cell death or "suicide." many developmental models are used to elucidate the physiology and molecular basis of this cellular process. similarly, a deeper understanding of developmental biology can foster greater progress in the treatment of congenital disorders and diseases, e.g. studying human sex determination can lead to trea | [
"Developmental_biology",
"Philosophy_of_biology"
] |
Dieting | dieting is the practice of eating food in a regulated fashion to decrease, maintain, or increase body weight. dieting is often used in combination with physical exercise to lose weight in those who are overweight or obese. some people, however, follow a diet to gain weight (usually in the form of muscle). diets can also be used to maintain a stable body weight. diets to promote weight loss are generally divided into four categories: low-fat, low-carbohydrate, low-calorie, and very low calorie. a meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials found no difference between the main diet types (low calorie, low carbohydrate, and low fat), with a 2â4 kilogram weight loss in all studies. at two years, all calorie-reduced diet types cause equal weight loss irrespective of the macronutrients emphasized. in general, the best diet is one where you find a way to eat fewer calories in any way that you can. some long-term studies of dieting indicate the majority of individuals who have dieted regain virtually all of the weight that was lost after dieting, regardless of whether they maintain their diet or exercise program and that after two years of dieting, up to two-thirds of dieters were even heavier than they are prior to beginning their regimen. a study published in the apa's journal american psychologist found diets 'do not lead to sustained weight loss or health benefits for the majority of people.' however, other studies have found that the average individual maintains some weight loss after dieting.{{cite journal|last=anderson|first=james|author2=elizabeth c konz |author3=robert c frederich |author4=constance l wood |title=long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-a | [
"Diets",
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Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington | {{infobox prime minister | honorific-prefix = field marshal his grace | name = the duke of wellington | honorific-suffix = kg, gcb, gch, pc, frs | image = sir arthur wellesley, 1st duke of wellington.png | caption = the duke of wellington, by sir thomas lawrence. painted in 1814, a few months before the battle of waterloo. | order = prime minister of the united kingdom | term_start = 22 january 1828 | term_end = 16 november 1830 | monarch = george ivwilliam iv | predecessor = the viscount goderich | successor = the earl grey | term_start2 = 14 november 1834 | term_end2 = 10 december 1834 | monarch2 = william iv | predecessor2 =the viscount melbourne | successor2 = sir robert peel | order3 = leader of the house of lords | term_start3 = 3 september 1841 | term_end3 = 27 june 1846 | primeminister3 = sir robert peel | predecessor3 = the viscount melbourne | successor3 = the marquess of lansdowne | term_start4 = 14 november 1834 | term_end4 = 18 april 1835 | primeminister4 = sir robert peel | predecessor4 = the viscount melbourne | successor4 = the viscount melbourne | term_start5 = 22 january 1828 | term_end5 = 22 november 1830 | predecessor5 = the viscount goderich | successor5 = the earl grey | order6 = foreign secretary | term_start6 = 14 november 1834 | term_end6 = 18 april 1835 | primeminister6 = sir robert peel | predecessor6 = the viscount palmerston | successor6 = the viscount palmerston | order7 = home secretary | term_start7 = 17 november 1834 | term_end7 = 15 december 1834 | predecessor7 = the viscount duncannon | successor7 = henry goulburn | order8 = secretary of state for war and the colonies | term_start8 = 17 november 1834 | term_end8 = 9 december 1834 | predecessor8 = thomas spring rice | successor8 = [[george hamil | [
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Deuterocanonical_books | deuterocanonical books is a term used since the 16th century in the catholic church and eastern christianity to describe certain books and passages of the christian old testament that are not part of the hebrew bible. the term is used in contrast to the protocanonical books, which are contained in the hebrew bible. this distinction had previously contributed to debate in the early church about whether they should be classified as canonical texts. the term is used as a matter of convenience by the ethiopian orthodox tewahedo church and other churches to refer to books of their old testament which are not part of the masoretic text. the deuterocanonical books are considered canonical by catholics, eastern orthodox, oriental orthodox, and the church of the east, but are considered non-canonical by most protestants. the word deuterocanonical comes from the greek meaning 'belonging to the second canon'. the original usage of the term distinguished these scriptures both from those considered non-canonical and from those considered protocanonical. however, some editions of the bible include text from both deuterocanonical and non-canonical scriptures in a single section designated "apocrypha". this arrangement can lead to conflation between the otherwise distinct terms "deuterocanonical" and "apocryphal". ==history== deuterocanonical is a term coined in 1566 by the theologian sixtus of siena, who had converted to catholicism from judaism, to describe scriptural texts of the old testament considered canonical by the catholic church, but which are not present in the hebrew bible, and which had been omitted by some early canon lists, especially in the east.canon of the old testament, ii, international standard bible encyclopedia, 1915commonly cited include (1) melito of sardis, who went east, to palestine, and recorded the canon he found being used in the synagogues, as recorded in eusebius' church history 4.26.13â14, (2) athanasius of alexandria, (3) council of laodicea, (4) jerome residing in bethlehem their acceptance among early christians was widespread, though not universal, and the bible of the early church always included, with varying degrees of recognition, books now called deuterocanonical.j.n.d. kelly, "early christian doctrines", p.53 some say that their canonicity seems not to have been doubted in the church until it was challenged by jews after ad 100,stuart g. hall, "doctrine and practice in the early | [
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Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders | the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (dsm), published by the american psychiatric association, offers a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders. it is used, or relied upon, by clinicians, researchers, psychiatric drug regulation agencies, health insurance companies, pharmaceutical companies, the legal system, and policy makers together with alternatives such as the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (icd), produced by the world health organization (who). the dsm is now in its fifth edition, dsm-5, published on may 18, 2013. the dsm evolved from systems for collecting census and psychiatric hospital statistics, and from a united states army manual. revisions since its first publication in 1952 have incrementally added to the total number of mental disorders, although also removing those no longer considered to be mental disorders. the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (icd), produced by the world health organization (who), is the other commonly used manual for mental disorders. it is distinguished from the dsm in that it covers health as a whole. while the dsm is the official diagnostic system for mental disorders in the us, the icd is used more widely in europe and other parts of the world. the dsm-iv-tr (4th. ed.) contains, in appendix g, an "icd-9-cm codes for selected general medical conditions and medication-induced disorders" that allows for comparisons between the dsm and the icd manuals, which may not systematically match because revisions are not simultaneously coordinated. while the dsm has been praised for standardizing psychiatric diagnostic categories and criteria, it has also generated controversy and criticism. critics, including the national institute of mental health, argue that the dsm represents an unscientific and subjective system. there are ongoing issues concerning the validity and reliability of the diagnostic categories; the reliance on superficial symptoms; the use of artificial dividing lines between categories and from ânormalityâ; possible cultural bias; medicalization of human distress.dalal pk, sivakumar t. (2009) [http://www.indianjpsychiatry.org/text.asp?2009/51/4/310/58302 moving towards icd-11 and dsm-5: concept and evolution | [
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Dachshund | the dachshund ( or or ;) is a short-legged, long-bodied dog breed belonging to the hound family. the standard size dachshund was bred to scent, chase, and flush out badgers and other burrow-dwelling animals, while the miniature dachshund was developed to hunt smaller prey such as rabbits. in the american west they have also been used to hunt prairie dogs. today, they are bred for conformation shows and as family pets. some dachshunds participate in earthdog trials. according to the akc, the dachshund continues to remain one of the top 10 dog breeds in the united states of america.{{cite web|title=akc dog registration statistics|url=http://www.akc.org/reg/dogreg_stats.cfm|publisher=american kennel club|accessdate=12 | [
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Dragon | a dragon is a legendary creature, typically with serpentine or reptilian traits, that features in the myths of many cultures. there are two distinct cultural traditions of dragons: the european dragon, derived from european folk traditions and ultimately related to greek and middle eastern mythologies, and the chinese dragon, with counterparts in japan (namely the japanese dragon), korea and other east asian countries.ingersoll,ernest, et al., (2013). the illustrated book of dragons and dragon lore. chiang mai: cognoscenti books. asin b00d959pj0 the two traditions may have evolved separately, but have influenced each other to a certain extent, particularly with the cross-cultural contact of recent centuries. the english word "dragon" derives from greek δÏάκÏν (drákÅn), "dragon, serpent of huge size, water-snake".ÎÏάκÏν, henry george liddell, robert scott, a greek-english lexicon, at perseus project ==name== the word dragon entered the english language in the early 13th century from old french dragon, which in turn comes from latin draconem (nominative draco) meaning "huge serpent, dragon," from the greek word δÏάκÏν, drakon (genitive drakontos, δÏάκονÏοÏ) "serpent, giant seafish". the greek and latin term referred to any great serpent, not necessarily mythological, and this usage was also current in english up to the 18th century. ==morphology== a dragon is a mythological representation of a reptile. in antiquity, dragons were mostly envisaged as serpents, but since the middle ages, it has become common to depict them with legs, resembling a lizard. dragons are usually shown in modern times with a body like a huge lizard, or a snake with two pairs of lizard-type legs, and able to emit fire from their mouths. the european dragon has bat-like wings growing from its back. a dragon-like creature with wings but only a single pa | [
"Cryptids",
"Dragons",
"Heraldic_beasts",
"Mythological_hybrids"
] |
Book_of_Deuteronomy | the book of deuteronomy (from greek ÎεÏ
ÏεÏονÏμιον, deuteronomion, "second law"; , devarim, "[spoken] words") is the fifth book of the hebrew bible, and of the jewish torah. the hebrew title is taken from the opening phrase eleh ha-devarim, "these are the words..."; the english title is from a greek mis-translation of the hebrew phrase mishneh ha-torah ha-zoth, "a copy of this law", in , as to deuteronomion touto â "this second law".miller, pp.1â2 the book consists of three sermons or speeches delivered to the israelites by moses on the plains of moab, shortly before they enter the promised land. the first sermon recapitulates the forty years of wilderness wanderings which have led to this moment, and ends with an exhortation to observe the law (or teachings), later referred to as the law of moses; the second reminds the israelites of the need for exclusive allegiance to one god and observance of the laws (or teachings) he has given them, on which their possession of the land depends; and the third offers the comfort that even should israel prove unfaithful and so lose the land, with repentance all can be restored.phillips, pp.1â2 traditionally seen as the words of moses delivered before the conquest of canaan, modern scholarship sees its origins in traditions from israel (the northern kingdom) brought south to the kingdom of judah in the wake of the assyrian destruction of samaria (8th century bc) and then adapted to a program of nationalist reform in the time of king josiah (late 7th century), with the final form of the modern book emerging in the milieu of the return from the babylonian exile during the late 6th century.rogerson, pp.153â154 one of its most significant verses is , the shema, which has become the definitive statement of jewish identity: "hear, o israel: the our god, the is one." verses 6:4â5 were also quoted by jesus in as part of the great commandment. ==contents== ===structure=== patrick d. miller in his commentary on deuteronomy suggests that different views of the structure of the book will lead to different views on what it is about.miller, p.10 the structure is often described as a series of three speeches or sermons (chapters 1:1â4:43, 4:44â29:1, 29:2â30:20) followed by a number of short appendiceschristensen, p.211 â miller refers to this as the "literary" structure; alternatively, it is sometimes seen as a ring-structure with a central core (chapters 12â26, the | [
"Book_of_Deuteronomy",
"Year_of_work_unknown"
] |
DaoismâTaoism_romanization_issue | in english, the words daoism and taoism ( or ) are the subject of an ongoing controversy over the preferred romanization for naming this native chinese philosophy and chinese religion. the root chinese word é "way, path" is romanized tao in the older wadeâgiles system and dà o in the modern pinyin system. the sometimes heated arguments over taoism vs. daoism involve sinology, phonemes, loanwords, and politics. phonetic transcription (representing each distinct speech sound with a separate symbol) is shown with the international phonetic alphabet enclosed in square brackets [ ], and phonemic transcription (representing a small set of speech sounds that a particular language distinguishes) is enclosed within virgules or slashes / /. in articulatory phonetics, "aspiration" is an articulation that involves an audible release of breath. for example, the /t/ in tore is "aspirated", with a noticeable puff of breath, but the /t/ in store is "unaspirated". the diacritic for aspiration is a superscript "h", (e.g., ). while the original ipa did not explicitly mark unaspirated consonants, the revised extensions to the ipa marks them with a superscript equals sign "=", (e.g., ). "voice" or "voicing" distinguishes whether a particular sound is either "voiced" (when the vocal cords vibrate) or "unvoiced" (when they do not). examples include voiceless and voiced . ==phonology of é and its english approximations== disregarding tone, é is pronounced in standard chinese. this pronunciation cannot be correctly reproduced by most native english speakers who are unfamiliar with chinese. the argument between the proponents of dao and tao hinges not on which of the two is correct, but which of the two spellings read aloud will better approximate the chinese. the initial of tao/dao é is a tenuis voiceless alveolar plosive, which is commonly transcribed with the ipa symbol , although some sinologists specify or {{ipa | [
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Diocletian | diocletian (,in classical latin, diocletian's name would be inscribed as . greek ÎιοκληÏιανÏÏ) born diocles () and latinized upon his accession to diocletian . (245â311)barnes, "lactantius and constantine", 32â35; barnes, new empire, 31â32.new empire, 30, 46; bowman, "diocletian and the first tetrarchy" (cah), 68. was a roman emperor from 284 to 305. born to a family of low status in the roman province of dalmatia, diocletian rose through the ranks of the military to become cavalry commander to the emperor carus. after the deaths of carus and his son numerian on campaign in persia, diocletian was proclaimed emperor. the title was also claimed by carus' other surviving son, carinus, but diocletian defeated him in the battle of the margus. diocletian's reign stabilized the empire and marks the end of the crisis of the third century. he appointed fellow officer maximian as augustus, co-emperor, in 286. diocletian delegated further on 1 march 293, appointing galerius and constantius as caesars, junior co-emperors. under this 'tetrarchy', or "rule | [
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Davenport,_Iowa | {{infobox settlement |name = davenport, iowa |settlement_type = city |nickname = iowa's front porch |motto = working together to serve you |image_skyline = davenport, iowa montage.jpg |image_alt= |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = top row: village of east davenport, figge art museum; second row: downtown davenport, third row: fountain in vander veer botanical park, baseball in modern woodmen park; bottom row: davenport skybridge | flag_type = flag | flag = davenport flagge.gif | flag_size = 150px | symbol_type = seal | symbol = davenport wappen.png | symbol_size = 150px |image_map = scott county iowa incorporated and unincorporated areas davenport highlighted.svg |map_alt=located on the center south border of a county that is on southern side of the hump on the eastern border of iowa. |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = location of davenport in scott county (left) and location of scott county in the state of iowa |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |coordinates_region = us-ia |subdivision_type = country |subdivision_type1 = state |subdivision_type2 = county |subdivision_name = united states |subdivision_name1 = iowa |subdivision_name2 = scott |government_type = mayorâcouncil |leader_title = mayor |leader_name = bill gluba (np/d)gluba is a democrat but city elections are nonpartisan |established_title = settled |established_date = may 14, 1836 |established_title1=incorporated |established_date1 =january 25, 1839 |unit_pref = imperial |area_footnotes = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 168.56 |area_land_km2 = 163.04 |area_water_km2 = 5.52 |area_total_sq_mi = 65.08 |area_land_sq_mi = 62.95 |area_water_sq_mi = 2.13 |population_as_of = 2010 |population_est = 102157 (us: 284th) |pop_est_as_of = 2013list of united states cities by population |population_footnotes = |population_total = 99685 |population_density_km2 = 611.4 |population_density_ | [
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Daniel_Jones_(phonetician) | daniel jones (12 september 1881 – 4 december 1967) was a london-born british phonetician who studied under paul passy, professor of phonetics at the Ãcole des hautes Ãtudes at the sorbonne (university of paris). he was head of the department of phonetics at university college, london. ==biography== in 1900, jones studied briefly at william tilly's marburg language institute in germany where he was first introduced to phonetics. in 1903 he received his ba degree in mathematics at cambridge, converted by payment to ma in 1907. from 1905 to 1906, he studied at paris under paul passy, who was one of the founders of the international phonetic association, and in 1911 married passy's niece cyrille motte. he briefly took private lessons from the great british phonetician henry sweet. in 1907 he became a part-time lecturer at university college london, and was afterwards appointed to a full-time position. in 1912 he became the head of the department of phonetics and was appointed to a chair in 1921, a post he held until his retirement in 1949. from 1906 onwards, jones was an active member of the international phonetic association, and was assistant secretary from 1907 to 1927, secretary from 1927 to 1949, and president from 1950 to 1967. in 1909, jones wrote the short pronunciation of english, a book which he later radically revised. the outline of english phonetics which followed in 1918 is the first truly comprehensive description of british received pronunciation, and indeed the first such description of the standard pronunciation of any language. the year 1917 was a landmark in many ways. jones became the first linguist in the western world to use the term phoneme in its current sense, employing the word in his article the phonetic structure of the sechuana language.jones, 1917b jones had made an earlier notable attempt at a pronunciation dictionary michaelis and jones, 1913 but it was now that he produced the first edition of his famous english pronouncing dictionary,jones 1917a a work which in revised form is still in print.daniel jones, cambridge english pronouncing dictionary, 18th edition, product information. it was here that the cardinal vowel diagram made a first appearance.p. ii a similar work for us english was published in 1944 by kenyon and knott. the problem of the phonetic description of vowels is of long standing, going back to the era of the ancient indian linguists. three nineteenth-century british phoneticians worked on this topic. alexander melville bell (1867) devised [[visibl | [
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