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Donald_Rumsfeld

donald henry rumsfeld (born july 9, 1932) is an american politician and businessman. rumsfeld served as the 13th secretary of defense from 1975 to 1977 under president gerald ford, and as the 21st secretary of defense from 2001 to 2006 under president george w. bush. he is both the youngest and the oldest person to have served as secretary of defense. additionally, rumsfeld was a four-ter

Desmothoracid

order desmothoracida, the desmothoracids, are a group of heliozoan protists, usually sessile and found in freshwater environments. the adult is a spherical cell around 10-20 μm in diameter surrounded by a perforated organic lorica, or shell, with many radial pseudopods projecting through the holes to capture food. these are supported by small bundles of microtubules that arise near a point on the nuclear membrane. unlike other heliozoans, the microtubules are not in any regular geometric array, there does not appear to be a microtubule organizing center, and there is no distinction between the outer and inner cytoplasm. reproduction takes place by the budding off of small motile cells, usually with two flagella. later these are lost, and the pseudopods and lorica are formed. typically, a single lengthened pseudopod will secrete a hollow stalk that attaches the cell to the substrate. the form of the flagella, the tubular cristae within the mitochondria, and other characters have led to the suggestion that the desmothoracids belong among what is now the cercozoa. this was later confirmed by genetic studies. as of the year 2000, the order desmothoracida contained five genera with a total of 10 species.mikrjukov, k. a. (2000). taxonomy and phylogeny of heliozoa. 1. the order desmothoracida hertwig et lesser, 1874. acta protozoologica 39(2) 81-97. *genus clathrulina **clathrulina elegans **clathrulina smaragdea *genus hedriocystis **hedriocystis pellucida **hedriocystis minor **hedriocystis zhadani *genus penardiophrys **penardiophrys reticulata **penardiophrys spinifera *genus cienkowskya **cienkowskya mereschkovckii **[[cie

Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)

the christian church (disciples of christ) is a mainline protestant christian denomination in north america. it is often referred to as the christian church, the disciples of christ, or more simply as the disciples. the christian church was a charter participant in the formation of both the world council of churches and the federal council of churches (now the national council of churches), and it continues to be engaged in ecumenical conversations. the disciples' local churches are congregationally governed. in 2008 there were 679,563 members in 3,714 congregations in north america.christian church (disciples of christ) - the association of religion data archives as of 2012, their yearbook & directory claims 625,252 members in 3,627 congregations.howard e. bowers, ed. yearbook & directory 2012 of the christian church (disciples of christ) (indianapolis, in: office of the general minister and president, 2013), 552-53. ==history== the name, disciples of christ, is shared by two groups, the churches of christ and the independent christian churches and churches of christ. they emerged from the same roots.mcalister and tucker (1975). page 29 the stone-campbell movement began as two separate threads, each without knowledge of the other, during the second great awakening in the early 19th century. the first of these two groups, led by barton w. stone began at cane ridge, [[bourbon county, kentucky|bourbon cou

Deccan_Traps

thumb|right|the deccan traps shown as dark purple spot on the geologic map of india the deccan traps are a large igneous province located on the deccan plateau of west-central india (between 17°–24°n, 73°–74°e) and one of the largest volcanic features on earth. they consist of multiple layers of solidified flood basalt that together are more than 2,000&nbsp;m (6,562&nbsp;ft) thick and cover an area of 500,000&nbsp;km2 (193,051&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) and a volume of 512,000&nbsp;km3 (123,000&nbsp;cu&nbsp;mi). ==etymology== the term "trap" has been used in geology since 1785–95 for such rock formations. it is derived from the swedish word for stairs (trapp, trappa) and refers to the step-like hills forming the landscape of the region.trap at dictionary.reference.com ==history== the deccan traps formed between 60 and 68 million years ago,sheth, hetu c. "the deccan beyond the plume hypothesis." mantleplumes.org, 2006.<!--dead link geochronological study of the deccan volcanism --> at the end of the cretaceous period. the bulk of the volcanic eruption occurred at the western ghats (near mumbai) some 66&nbsp;million years ago. this series of eruptions may have lasted less than 30,000&nbsp;years in total."india's smoking gun: dino-killing eruptions." sciencedaily, 10 august 2005. the original area covered by the lava flows is estimated to have been as large as 1.5&nbsp;million km², approximately half the size of modern india. the deccan traps region was reduced to its current size by erosion and plate tectonics; the present area of directly observable lava flows is around . ==effect on climate and contemporary life== the release of volcanic gases, particularly sulfur dioxide, during the formation of the traps contributed to contemporary climate change. data points to an average drop in temperature of 2&nbsp;°c in this period.{{cite journal|author=royer, d. l., berner, r. a., montañez, i. p., tabor, n. j., beerling, d. j.|year=2004| title=co2 as a primary driver of phanerozoic climate|journal=gsa today|volume=14|issue=3|pages=4–10|issn=1052-5173|url=http://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/14/3/pdf/i1052-5173-14-3-4.pdf|doi=10.1130/1052-5173(200

Dukkha

dukkha (pāli; sanskrit: duḥkha; tibetan: སྡུག་བསྔལ་ sdug bsngal, pr. "duk-ngel") is a buddhist term commonly translated as "suffering", "anxiety", "stress", or "unsatisfactoriness". the principle of dukkha is one of the most important concepts in the buddhist tradition. the buddha is reputed to have said: "i have taught one thing and one thing only, dukkha and the cessation of dukkha." the classic formulation of these teachings on dukkha is the doctrine of the four noble truths, in which the truth of dukkha (pali: dukkha saccã; sanskrit: duḥkha-satya) is identified as the first of the four truths. dukkha is commonly explained according to three different categories: * the obvious physical and mental suffering associated with birth, growing old, illness and dying. * the anxiety or stress of trying to hold onto things that are constantly changing. * a basic unsatisfactoriness pervading all forms of existence, because all forms of life are changing, impermanent and without any inner core or substance. the buddhist tradition emphasizes the importance of developing insight into the nature of dukkha, the conditions that cause it, and how it can be overcome. this process is formulated in the teachings on the four noble truths. ==centrality to buddhist thought== the principle of dukkha is one of the most important concepts in the buddhist tradition. the buddha is reputed to have said: "i have taught one thing and one thing only, dukkha and the cessation of dukkha."{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name=onethingonly|the buddha is reputed to have said: "i have taught one thing, and one thing only, dukkha and the cessation of dukkha." * david maurice states: "[the buddha] said: 'i teach only one thing, suffering and the release from suffering' (mn alagadduupamasutta) [...]&q

December_10

==events== *1041 &ndash; the son of empress zoe of byzantium succeeds to the throne of the eastern roman empire as michael v. *1508 &ndash; the league of cambrai is formed by pope julius ii, louis xii of france, maximilian i, holy roman emperor and ferdinand ii of aragon as an alliance against venice. *1510 &ndash; portuguese conquest of goa: portuguese naval forces under the command of afonso de albuquerque, and local mercenaries working for privateer timoji, seize goa from the bijapur sultanate, resulting in 451 years of portuguese colonial rule. *1520 &ndash; martin luther burns his copy of the papal bull exsurge domine outside wittenberg's elster gate. *1541 &ndash; thomas culpeper and francis dereham are executed for having affairs with catherine howard, queen of england and wife of henry viii. *1665 &ndash; the royal netherlands marine corps is founded by michiel de ruyter *1684 &ndash; isaac newton's derivation of kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper de motu corporum in gyrum, is read to the royal society by edmond halley. *1799 &ndash; france adopts the metre as its official unit of length. *1817 &ndash; mississippi becomes the 20th u.s. state. *1861 &ndash; american civil war: the confederate states of america accept a rival state government's pronouncement that declares kentucky to be the 13th state of the confederacy. * 1861 &ndash; forces led by nguyễn trung trực, an anti-colonial guerrilla leader in southern vietnam, sink the french lorcha l'esperance. *1864 &ndash; american civil war: sherman's march to the sea &ndash; major general william tecumseh sherman's union army troops reach the outer confederate defenses of savannah, georgia. *1868 &ndash; the first traffic lights are installed, outside the palace of westminster in london. resembling railway signals, they use semaphore arms and are illuminated at night by red and green gas lamps. *1869 &ndash; the kappa sigma fraternity is founded at the university of virginia. *1884 &ndash; mark twain's adventures of huckleberry finn is published. *1896 &ndash; alfred jarry's ubu roi premieres in paris. a riot breaks out at the end of the performance. *1898 &ndash; spanish–american war: the treaty of paris is signed,

Director\'s_cut

a director's cut is a specially edited version of a film, and less often tv series, music video, commercials, comic book or video games, that is supposed to represent the director's own approved edit. 'cut' explicitly refers to the process of film editing: the director's cut is preceded by the rough editor's cut and followed by the final cut meant for the public film release. director's cuts of film are not generally released to the public: with most film studios the director does not have a final cut privilege. the studio (whose investment is at risk) can insist on changes that they think will make the film profit more at the box office. this sometimes means a happier ending or less ambiguity, or excluding scenes that would earn a more audience-restricting rating, but more often means that the film is simply shortened to provide more screenings per day. the most common form of director's cut is therefore to have extra scenes added, often making the director's cut considerably longer than the final cut. == origin of the phrase == traditionally, the "director's cut" is not, by definition, the director's ideal or preferred cut. the editing process of a film is broken into three basic stages: first is the rough cut, which matches the script without any reductions. second, the editor's cut, which is reduced from the rough cut, according to the editor's tastes. third is the final cut, which actually gets released or broadcast. it is often the case that a director approves of the final cut, and even prefers it to the so-called earlier "director's cut." the director's cut may include unsatisfactory takes, a preliminary soundtrack, a lack of desired pick-up shots etc., which the director would not like to be shown. for example, the director's cut of pat garrett and billy the kid was 122 minutes long. it was then trimmed to the final/released cut of 105 minutes. although not complete or refined to his satisfaction, director sam peckinpah still preferred the director's cut, as it was more inclusive and thorough than the 105-minute cut. the restored cut, at 115 minutes, is thus not the traditional "director's cut," but is closest to the director's preferred version, as it was reconstructed based on peckinpah's notes, and according to his style in general. in this case, the director's cut and the director's ideal preferred cut are distinctly separate versions. considering this definition, alien: the director's cut, for example, is simply a misuse of the phrase. as ridley scott expl

Dublin_Core

the dublin core schema is a small set of vocabulary terms that can be used to describe web resources (video, images, web pages, etc.), as well as physical resources such as books or cds, and objects like artworks. the full set of dublin core metadata terms can be found on the dublin core metadata initiative (dcmi) website. the original set of 15 classic metadata terms, known as the dublin core metadata element set are endorsed in the following standards documents: * ietf rfc 5013the dublin core metadata element set, dublin core metadata initiative, august 2007 * iso standard 15836-2009 * niso standard z39.85 dublin core metadata may be used for multiple purposes, from simple resource description, to combining metadata vocabularies of different metadata standards, to providing interoperability for metadata vocabularies in the linked data cloud and semantic web implementations. == background == "dublin" refers to dublin, ohio, usa where the schema originated during the 1995 invitational oclc/ncsa metadata workshop,oclc/ncsa metadata workshop hosted by the online computer library center (oclc), a library consortium based in dublin, and the national center for supercomputing applications (ncsa). "core" refers to the metadata terms as "broad and generic being usable for describing a wide range of resources". the semantics of dublin core were established and are maintained by an international, cross-disciplinary group of professionals from librarianship, computer science, text encoding, museums, and other related fields of scholarship and practice. starting in 2000, the dublin core community focused on "[[application

Daniel_Dennett

daniel clement dennett iii (born march 28, 1942)autobiographyabout the author is an american philosopher, writer, and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science.beardsley, t. (1996) profile: daniel c. dennett&nbsp;– dennett's dangerous idea, scientific american 274(2), 34–35. he is currently the co-director of the center for cognitive studies, the austin b. fletcher professor of philosophy, and a university professor at tufts university. dennett is an atheist and secularist, a member of the secular coalition for america advisory board,secular coalition for america advisory board biography as well as an outspoken supporter of the brights movement. dennett is referred to as one of the "four horsemen of new atheism", along with richard dawkins, sam harris, and the late christopher hitchens.http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2011/12/richard-dawkins-issue-hitchens ==early life and education== dennett was born on march 28, 1942 in boston, massachusetts, the son of ruth marjorie (née leck) and daniel clement dennett, jr.{{citation | url = http://books.google.com/?id=ijpj1tb3qr0c&pg=pa615&dq=daniel+dennett+1942+father | title = dictionary of modern american philosophers | isb

Daniel_Ortega

josé daniel ortega saavedra (; born november 11, 1945) is a nicaraguan politician who has been president of nicaragua since 2007; previously he was leader of nicaragua from 1979 to 1990, first as coordinator of the junta of national reconstruction and then as president. a leader in the socialist sandinista national liberation front (frente sandinista de liberación nacional, fsln), his policies in government have seen the implementation of leftist reforms across nicaragua. born into a working-class family, from an early age ortega opposed ruling president anastasio somoza debayle, widely recognized as a dictator, and became involved in the underground movement against his regime. joining the sandinistas, he also travelled to cuba to receive training in guerilla warfare from fidel castro's marxist-leninist government. after the nicaraguan revolution resulted in the overthrow and exile of somoza's government, ortega became president of the ruling multipartisan junta of national reconstruction. a marxist-leninist, his first period in office was characterized by a controversial program of nationalization, land reform, wealth redistribution and literacy programs. ortega's relationship with the united states was never very cordial, due to u.s. support for somoza prior to the revolution. although the u.s. supplied post-revolution nicaragua with ten of millions of dollars in economic aid,[http://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/02/world/us-halts-economic-aid-to-nicaragua.html "u.s. halts economic aid to n

Dennis_Hopper

dennis lee hopper (may 17, 1936 – may 29, 2010) was an american actor, filmmaker, photographer, and artist. he attended the actors studio, making his first television appearance in 1954, and soon after appeared in two films with james dean. in the next ten years he made a name in television, and by the end of the 1960s had appeared in several films. hopper also began a prolific and acclaimed photography career in the 1960s. in 1969 hopper directed and starred in easy rider, winning an award at the cannes film festival, and was nominated for an academy award for best original screenplay as co-writer. journalist ann hornaday wrote: "with its portrait of counterculture heroes raising their middle fingers to the uptight middle-class hypocrisies, easy rider became the cinematic symbol of the 1960s, a celluloid anthem to freedom, macho bravado and anti-establishment rebellion."hornaday, ann (may 29, 2010). dennis hopper's influential career came full-circle. washingtonpost.com; the washington post. retrieved 2010-05-30. film critic matthew hays notes th

Discrete_Fourier_transform

in mathematics, the discrete fourier transform (dft) converts a finite list of equally spaced samples of a function into the list of coefficients of a finite combination of complex sinusoids, ordered by their frequencies, that has those same sample values. it can be said to convert the sampled function from its original domain (often time or position along a line) to the frequency domain. the input samples are complex numbers (in practice, usually real numbers), and the output coefficients are complex as well. the frequencies of the output sinusoids are integer multiples of a fundamental frequency, whose corresponding period is the length of the sampling interval. the combination of sinusoids obtained through the dft is therefore periodic with that same period. the dft differs from the discrete-time fourier transform (dtft) in that its input and output sequences are both finite; it is therefore said to be the fourier analysis of finite-domain (or periodic) discrete-time functions. the dft is the most important discrete transform, used to perform fourier analysis in many practical applications.{{cite journal|last=strang|first=gilbert|title=wavelets|journal=american scientist|date=may–june 1994

Dundee

dundee (; ), officially the city of dundee, is the fourth-largest city in scotland by population. at the 2011 census, it had a population density of 3,298 people per square kilometre, the second highest of any scottish city. it lies within the eastern central lowlands on the north bank of the firth of tay, which feeds into the north sea. under the name of dundee city, it forms one of the 32 council areas used for local government in scotland. the town developed into a burgh in medieval times, and expanded rapidly in the 19th century largely due to the jute industry. this, along with its other

London_Docklands

london docklands is the name for an area in east and southeast london. it forms part of the boroughs of southwark, tower hamlets, lewisham, newham and greenwich. the docks were formerly part of the port of london, at one time the world's largest port. they have now been redeveloped principally for commercial and residential use. the name london docklands was used for the first time in a government report on redevelopment plans in 1971 but has since become virtually universally adopted. it also created conflict between the new and old communities of the london docklands. == establishment == in roman and medieval times, ships tended to dock at small quays in the present-day city of london or southwark, an area known as the pool of london. however, this gave no protection against the elements, was vulnerable to thieves and suffered from a lack of space at the quayside. the howland great dock in rotherhithe (built 1696 and later forming the core of the surrey commercial docks) was designed to address these problems, providing a large, secure and sheltered anchorage with room for 120 large vessels. it was a major commercial success and provided for two phases of expansion during the georgian and victorian eras. the first of the georgian docks was the west india (opened 1802), followed by the london (1805), the east india (also 1805), the surrey (1807), st katharine (1828) and the west india south (1829). the victorian docks were mostly further east, comprising the royal victoria (1855), millwall (1868) and royal albert (1880). the king george v dock was a late addition in 1921. ==development== three principal kinds of docks existed. wet docks were where ships were laid up at anchor and loaded or unloaded. dry docks, which were far smaller, took individual ships for repairing. ships were built at dockyards along the riverside. in addition, the river was lined with innumerable warehouses, piers, jetties and dolphins (mooring points). the various docks tended to specialise in different forms of produce. the surrey docks [[british timber tr

Commutator_subgroup

in mathematics, more specifically in abstract algebra, the commutator subgroup or derived subgroup of a group is the subgroup generated by all the commutators of the group. the commutator subgroup is important because it is the smallest normal subgroup such that the quotient group of the original group by this subgroup is abelian. in other words, g/n is abelian if and only if n contains the commutator subgroup. so in some sense it provides a measure of how far the group is from being abelian; the larger the commutator subgroup is, the "less abelian" the group is. == commutators == for elements g and h of a group g, the commutator of g and h is [g,h] = g^{-1}h^{-1}gh . the commutator [g,h] is equal to the identity element e if and only if gh = hg, that is, if and only if g and h commute. in general, gh = hg[g,h]. an element of g which is of the form [g,h] for some g and h is called a commutator. the identity element e = [e,e] is always a commutator, and it is the only commutator if and only if g is abelian. here are some simple but useful commutator identities, true for any elements s, g, h of a group g: * [g,h]^{-1} = [h,g]. * [g,h]^s = [g^s,h^s], where g^s = s^{-1}gs, the conjugate of g by s. * for any homomorphism f: g → h, f([g,h]) = [f(g),f(h)]. the first and second identities imply that the set of commutators in g is closed under inversion and under conjugation. if in the third identity we take h = g, we get that the set of commutators is stable under any endomorphism of g. this is in fact a generalization of the second identity, since we can take f to be the conjugation automorphism x \mapsto x^s . however, the product of two or more commutators need not be a commutator. a generic example is [a,b][c,d] in the free group on a,b,c,d. it is known that the least order of a finite group for which there exists two commutators whose product is not a commutator is 96; in fact there are two nonisomorphic groups of order 96 with this property. == definition == this motivates the definition of the commutator subgroup [g,g] (also called the derived subgroup, and denoted g&prime; or g(1)) of g: it is the subgroup generated by all the commutators. it follows from the properties of commutators that any element of [g,g] is of the form :[g_1,h_1] \cdots [g_n,h_n] for some natural number n, where the g'i and h'i are elements of g. moreover, since ([g_1,h_1] \cdots [g_n,h_n])^s = [g_1^

Dr._Seuss

theodor seuss geisel (; march 2, 1904&nbsp;– september 24, 1991) was an american writer and cartoonist. he was most widely known for his children's books, which he wrote and illustrated under the pseudonym dr. seuss ()."seuss". random house webster's unabridged dictionary. he had used the pen name dr. theophrastus seuss in college and later used theo lesieg and rosetta stone."theodor seuss geisel". encyclopædia britannica online. retrieved december 19, 2009. geisel published 46 children's books, often characterized by imaginative characters, rhyme, and frequent use of anapestic meter. his most-celebrated books include the bestselling green eggs and ham, the cat in the hat, the lorax, one fish two fish red fish blue fish, the 500 hats of bartholomew cubbins, fox in socks, the king's stilts, hop on pop, thidwick the big-hearted moose, horton hatches the egg, horton hears a who!, and how the grinch stole christmas!. his works have spawned numerous adaptations, including 11 television specials, four feature films, a broadway musical and four television series. he won the lewis carroll shelf award in 1958 for horton hatches the egg and again in 1961 for and to

Dan_Simmons

dan simmons (born april 4, 1948) is an american writer most widely known for his hugo award-winning science fiction series, the hyperion cantos, and for his locus-winning ilium/olympos cycle. his work spans the science fiction, horror and fantasy genres, sometimes within a single novel: a typical example of simmons' ability to intermingle genres is song of kali (1985), winner of world fantasy award. he is also a respected author of mysteries and thrillers, some of which feature the continuing character joe kurtz. ==biography== born in peoria, illinois, simmons received an a.b. in english from wabash college in 1970, and, in 1971, a masters in education from washington university in st. louis. he subsequently worked in elementary education until 1989. he soon started to write short stories, although his career did not take off until 1982, when, through harlan ellison's help, his short story "the river styx runs upstream" was published and awarded first prize in a twilight zone magazine story competition. his first novel, song of kali, was released in 1985. ==horror fiction== summer of night (1991) recounts the childhood of a group of pre-teens who band together in the 1960s to defeat a centuries-old evil that terrorizes their hometown of elm haven, illinois. the novel, which was praised by stephen king, is similar to king's it in its focus on small town life, the corruption of innocence, the return of an ancient evil, and the responsibility for others that emerges with the transition from youth to adulthood. in the sequel to summer of night, a winter haunting, dale stewart (one of the first book's protagonists, and now an adult), revisits his boyhood home to come to grips with mysteries that have disrupted his adult life. children of the night, another loose sequel, features mike o'rourke, now much older and a roman catholic priest, who is sent on a mission to investigate bizarre events in a european city. another summer of night character, dale's younger brother, lawrence stewart, appears as a minor character in simmons' thriller darwin

Domnall_mac_Ailpín

domnall mac ailpín (modern gaelic: dòmhnall mac ailpein,domnall mac ailpín is the mediaeval gaelic form. anglicised sometimes as donald macalpin, and known in most modern regnal lists as donald i); (812 &ndash; 13 april 862) was king of the picts from 858 to 862. he followed his brother kenneth i to the pictish throne. ==reign== the chronicle of the kings of alba says that domnall reigned for four years, matching the notices in the annals of ulster of his brother's death in february 858 and his own in april 862.annals of ulster, s.a. 858 & 862. the chronicle notes: the laws of Áed find are entirely lost, but it has been assumed that, like the laws attributed to giric and constantine ii (causantín mac Áeda), these related to the church and in particular to granting the privileges and immunities common elsewhere.smyth, p. 188. the significance of forteviot as the site of this law-making, along with kenneth's death there and constantine's later gathering at nearby scone, may point to this as being the heartland of the sons of alpín's support. the chronicle of melrose says of domnall, "in war he was a vigorous soldier ... he is said to have been assassinated at scone."anderson, essh, p. 291. no other source reports domnall's death by violence. the prophecy of berchán may refer to domnall in stanzas 123&ndash;124: although domnall is generally been supposed to have been childless, it has been suggested that giric was a son of domnall, reading his patronym as mac domnaill rather than the commonly supposed mac dúngail.smyth, p. 187. this, however, is not widely accepted.compare duncan, p. 11ff. domnall died, either at the palace of cinnbelachoir (location unknown), or at rathi

December_29

==events== *1170 &ndash; thomas becket, archbishop of canterbury, is assassinated inside canterbury cathedral by followers of king henry ii; he subsequently becomes a saint and martyr in the anglican church and the catholic church. *1427 &ndash; army of ming dynasty started withdrawing from hanoi, put an end to the domination of Đại việt. *1508 &ndash; portuguese forces under the command of francisco de almeida attack khambhat at the battle of dabul. *1778 &ndash; american revolutionary war: 3,000 british soldiers under the command of lieutenant colonel archibald campbell capture savannah, georgia. *1786 &ndash; french revolution: the assembly of notables is convened. *1812 &ndash; the uss constitution under the command of captain william bainbridge, captures the hms java off the coast of brazil after a three hour battle. *1835 &ndash; the treaty of new echota is signed, ceding all the lands of the cherokee east of the mississippi river to the united states. *1845 &ndash; in accordance with international boundary delimitation, united states annexes the republic of texas, following the manifest destiny doctrine. the republic of texas, which had been independent since the texas revolution of 1836, is thereupon admitted as the 28th u.s. state. *1851 &ndash; the first american ymca opens in boston, massachusetts. *1860 &ndash; the first british seagoing ironclad warship, hms warrior is launched. *1876 &ndash; the ashtabula river railroad disaster occurs, leaving 64 injured and 92 dead at ashtabula, ohio. *1890 &ndash; wounded knee massacre on pine ridge indian reservation, 300 lakota killed by the us army. *1911 &ndash; mongolia gains independence from the qing dynasty, enthroning 9th jebtsundamba khutughtu as khagan of mongolia. * 1911 &ndash; sun yat-sen becomes the provisional president of the republic of china; he formally takes office on january 1, 1912. *1914 &ndash; a portrait of the artist as a young man, the first novel by james joyce, is serialized in the egoist. *1930 &ndash; sir muhammad iqbal's presidential address in allahabad introduces the [[two nati

Dean_Koontz

dean ray koontz (born july 9, 1945) is an american author. his novels are broadly described as suspense thrillers, but also frequently incorporate elements of horror, science fiction, mystery, and satire. several of his books have appeared on the new york times bestseller list, with 14 hardcovers and 14 paperbacks reaching the number one position. koontz wrote under a number of pen names earlier in his career, including "david axton", "leigh nichols" and "brian coffey". he has sold over 450&nbsp;million copies as reported on his official site. ==early life== koontz was born on july 9, 1945, in everett, pennsylvania, the son of florence (née logue) and raymond koontz.dean koontz biography accessed may 3, 2010. he has said that he was regularly beaten and abused by his alcoholic father, which influenced his later writing, as also did the courage of his physically diminutive mother in standing up to her husband.{{cite news |first=jerry |last=carroll |title=dean koontz fears nothing |newspap

Don_Rosa

keno don hugo rosa, known simply as don rosa (; born june 29, 1951), is an american comic book writer and illustrator known for his stories about scrooge mcduck, donald duck and other disney characters. many of his stories are built on characters and locations created by carl barks, including the story that brought him to fame as a modern disney artist — the harvey award-nominated comic, the son of the sun. he is often considered a "successor" of sorts to barks and is highly regarded by fans of disney comics for his work illustrating the duck universe. he has created about 90 stories between 1987 and 2006. in 1995 he won the eisner award for "best serialized story" for his 12-chapter work the life and times of scrooge mcduck. ==early life== don rosa's grandfather, gioachino rosa, lived in maniago, a town at the foot of the alps in northern italy, in the province of pordenone. he emigrated to kentucky, united states around 1900, established a successful tile and terrazzo company, then returned to italy to marry and start a family. in 1915 just after the birth of his son ugo rosa, gioachino returned to kentucky with his wife, two daughters and two sons. ugo rosa grew up and was later married in kentucky. his wife was born to a german american father and a mother with both scottish and irish ancestry. don rosa was born keno don hugo rosa on june 29, 1951 in louisville, kentucky. he was named after both his father and grandfather. gioachino was called "keno" for short. don's father was named ugo dante rosa, but used the name "hugo don" rosa in america. don rosa was exposed to comics at a very young age, as his 11-years-older sister was a comics hoarder, and had thousands of comics for don to look at and later read. rosa began drawing comics before being able to write. until he attended saint xavier high school in louisville, kentucky, his featured characters were a large cast of stick figures featured in comedy-adventures like the barks comics and old movies don enjoyed most. he never tried to draw more than stick figures, because the drawings, for him, were illustrations to get the story told

Decipherment

decipherment is the analysis of documents written in ancient languages, where the language is unknown, or knowledge of the language has been lost. it is closely related to cryptanalysis &mdash; the difference being that the original document was deliberately written to be difficult to interpret. the term has also been used to describe the analysis of the genetic code information encoded in dna - see the human genome project article for more on this. some people have also used the word metaphorically to mean something like 'understanding'. examples of successful script decipherment: * cuneiform script * egyptian hieroglyphs * kharoshthi script * linear b * maya script * tangut script famous documents that have been the subject of decipherments, successful or failed: * the behistun inscription * the dresden codex * the cippi of melqart * the edicts of ashoka * the phaistos disc * the rohonc codex * the rosetta stone * the voynich manuscript * the franks casket famous decipherers: * magnus celsius, decipherer of the staveless runes * jean-françois champollion, decipherer of the egyptian hieroglyphs * georg friedrich grotefend, decipherer of the old persian cuneiform * edward hincks, decipherer of the babilonian cuneiform script * bedřich hrozný, decipherer of the hittite cuneiform script and language * vilhelm thomsen, decipherer of the old turkic script * george smith, decipherer of the cypriot syllabary * hans bauer, Édouard paul dhorme, and charles virolleaud, decipherers of the ugaritic alphabet * sūn yíràng, decipherer of the oracle bone script * jan-olaf tjäder, decipherer of the "great writing" of ravenna (variant of the roman cursive) * michael ventris and john chadwick, decipherers of the linear b * yuri knorozov, decipherer of the maya script * dhul-nun al-misri * ibn wahshiyya ==see also== *decipherment of rongorongo *indus script *combinatorial method (linguistics) ==external links== * ancient languages and scripts * http://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~fsaber1/language/mysterycuneiform.html * how come we can't decipher the indus script? (from the straight dope) * austin simmons, the cipherment of the franks casket (pdf)

Deprogramming

deprogramming refers to measures aimed at bringing a person that has been indoctrinated into a given belief system to recognize that s/he has been indoctrinated so as to gain his or her agreement to abandon allegiance to the religious, political, economic, or social group associated with the belief system.encyclopedia of religion, volume 4 , lindsay jones , macmillan reference usa, 2005, pages 2291-2293children held hostage: dealing with programmed and brainwashed children,american bar association archive publications, authors stanley s. clawar, brynne v. rivlin, american bar association. section of family law publisher section of family law, american bar association, 1991 isbn 0-89707-628-1, isbn 978-0-89707-628-9, pages 142-144 methods and practices of self-identified "deprogrammers" have been identified to involved kidnapping and coercion. classic deprogramming regimens are designed for individuals taken against their will, which has led to controversies over freedom of religion, kidnapping and civil rights, as well as the violence which is sometimes involved.keiko ikemoto, masakazu nakamura, forced deprogramming from a religion and mental health: a case report of ptsd, international journal of law and psychiatry, volume 27, issue 2, march–april 2004, pages 147-155, issn 0160-2527, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2004.01.005. ==background== as a technique, the deprogramming that has been practiced over the last half century has been typically commissioned by relatives, often parents of adult offspring, who objected to the subject's membership in an organization or group. it has been compared to exorcisms in both methodology and manifestation,anson d. shupe, jr, roger spielmann, and sam stigall deprogramming: the new exorcism american behavioral scientist july 1977 20: 941-956, doi:10.1177/000276427702000609 and the process sometimes has been performed with tacit support of law enforcement and judicial officials.bromley, david melton, j. gordon 2002. cults, religion, and violence. west nyack, ny, usa: cambridge university press. in response to a burgeoning number of new religious movements in the 1970s in the united states, the "father of deprogramming", ted patrick, introduced many of these techniques to a wider audience as a means to combat cults.chryssides, g.d. and b.e. zeller. 2014. the bloomsbury companion to new religious movements: bloomsbury publishing. since then, deprogramm

Dagger

a dagger is a knife fighting weapon with a very sharp point designed or capable of being used as a thrusting or stabbing weapon.state v. martin, 633 s.w.2d 80 (mo. 1982): this is the dictionary or popular-use definition of a dagger, which has been used to describe everything from an ice pick to a folding knife with pointed blade as a 'dagger'. the missouri supreme court used the popular definition of 'dagger' found in webster's new universal dictionary ("a short weapon with a sharp point used for stabbing") to rule that an ordinary pointed knife with four-to-five inch blade constitutes a 'dagger' under the missouri criminal code.california penal code 12020(a)(24):"dagger" means a knife or other instrument with or without a handguard that is capable of ready use as a stabbing weapon that may inflict great bodily injury or death. the state of california and other jurisdictions have seized upon the popular-use definition of a dagger to classify items ranging from a pointed kitchen knife to a tent stake as a 'dagger' under the law. the design dates to human prehistory, and daggers have been used throughout human experience to the modern day in close combat confrontations.burton, walter e., knives for fighting men, popular science, july 1944, vol. 145 no. 1, p. 150: the dagger is classified as a type of fighting knife, while a combat knife is a knife specifically designed for military use, and is thus only certain types of daggers designed for military use are considered to be combat knives. thus, an ordinary dagger designed for civilian sale and use is only a fighting knife, while the u.s. army m3 trench knife is both a combat knife and a fighting knife. many ancient cultures used adorned daggers in ritual and ceremonial purposes, a trend which continues to the present time in the form of art knives. the distinctive shape and historic usage of the dagger have made it iconic and symbolic. over the years, the term has been used to describe a wide variety of thrusting knives, including knives that feature only a single cutting edge, such as the european rondel dagger or the persian pesh-kabz, or, in some instances, no cutting edge at all, such as the stiletto of the renaissance. however, over the last hundred years or so, authorities have recognized that the dagger, in its contemporary or mature form, has certain definable characteristics, including a short blade with a sharply tapered point, a central spine or fuller, and (usually) two cutting edges sharpened the full length of the blade, or nearly so.emerson, robert l., legal medicine and toxicology, new york: d. appleton & co. (1909), p. 80cassidy, william l., the complete book of knife fighting, isbn 0-87364

Dynamic_HTML

dynamic html, or dhtml, is an umbrella term for a collection of technologies used together to create interactive and animated web siteshttp://www.w3.org/dom/#why by using a combination of a static markup language (such as html), a client-side scripting language (such as javascript), a presentation definition language (such as css), and the document object model.http://www.w3.org/style/#dynamic dhtml allows scripting languages to change variables in a web page's definition language, which in turn affects the look and function of otherwise "static" html page content, after the page has been fully loaded and during the viewing process. thus the dynamic characteristic of dhtml is the way it functions while a page is viewed, not in its ability to generate a unique page with each page load. by contrast, a dynamic web page is a broader concept, covering any web page generated differently for each user, load occurrence, or specific variable values. this includes pages created by client-side scripting, and ones created by server-side scripting (such as php, perl, jsp or asp.net) where the web server generates content before sending it to the client. dhtml is differentiated from ajax by the fact that a dhtml page is still request/reload-based. with dhtml, there may not be any interaction between the client and server after the page is loaded; all processing happens in javascript on the client side. by contrast, an ajax page uses features of dhtml to initiate a request (or 'subrequest') to the server to perform actions such as loading more content. == uses == dhtml allows authors to add effects to their pages that are otherwise difficult to achieve. in short words: scripting language is changing the dom and page style. simply put, dhtml is the combination of html, css and javascript. * animate text and images in their document, independently moving each element from any starting point to any ending point, following a predetermined path or one chosen by the user. * embed a ticker that automatically refreshes its content with the latest news, stock quotes, or other data. * use a form to capture user input, and then process, verify and respond to that data without having to send data back to the server. * include rollover buttons or drop-down menus. a less common use is to create browser-based action games. although a number of games were created using dhtml during the late 1990s and early 2000s, , differences between browsers made this difficult: many techniques had to be implemented in code to enable the games to work on multiple platforms. recently browsers have been converging towards web standards, which has made the design of dhtml games more viable. those games can be p

DanceWriting

thumb|295px|valerie sutton in a ballet pose, with the corresponding dancewriting representation dancewriting is a dance notation system that uses figurative and abstract symbols on a five-line, western music notation staff. the system, which was invented by valerie sutton, employs the international movement-writing alphabet.center for sutton movement writing, inc. ==history== dancewriting was conceived in 1966 by sutton, a ballet student at the time, as a stick figure notation for her own use. she began training with the royal danish ballet in 1970, and over the course of the next two years used her notation system to record historic works of the royal danish ballet. sutton authored a book about dancewriting, sutton movement shorthand, the classical ballet key, key one, in 1973. in 1974 sutton taught the system to members of the royal danish ballet. ==see also== *signwriting, a system of writing sign languages also developed by valerie sutton ==references== ==external links== *dancewriting.org *movementwriting.org

List_of_deities

this is an index to polytheistic deities of the different religions, cultures and mythologies of the world, listed by type and by region. this is not a list of names or epithets of gods in modern monotheistic religions, for which see "names of god". for deified individuals see "list of people who have been considered deities", "apotheosis" and "imperial cult". for deities whose cult is fictional see "list of deities in fiction". ==by classification== ===ruler of the pantheon=== ===celestial, cosmological=== *creator *moon *sky *sun *time *weather, rain, thunder, lightning ===chthonic=== *mother earth *mother nature *night *ocean, water ===human sphere=== *death *father, mother *fate *fertility, love, lust *health, healing, medicine *household, hearth *hunting *knowledge or wisdom *thresholds, doorways *trickster *war ===demigods, deified heroes=== *culture heroes *imperial cult *sacred king *spiritual entity *avatar ==by cultural sphere== ===near east and north africa=== *ancient near east **ancient egyptian deities **mesopotamian deities ***kassite deities **semitic gods: see el, elohim ***assyro-babylonian pantheon (see also family tree of the babylonian gods) ***canaanite deities **anatolia ***hittite deities ***hurrian deities ***lydian deities **caucasus ***armenian deities ***georgian deities ***ossetian deities **persia: see yazata, see also proto-indo-iranian religion *north africa: berber mythology *pre-islamic arabian deities ===central / northern asia=== *siberian **raven god of kamchatka and chukotka *turco-mongol **tengri ===east asia=== *[[chinese mythology|c

Dementia_praecox

dementia praecox (a "premature dementia" or "precocious madness") refers to a chronic, deteriorating psychotic disorder characterized by rapid cognitive disintegration, usually beginning in the late teens or early adulthood. it is a term first used in 1891 in this latin form by arnold pick (1851–1924), a professor of psychiatry at the german branch of charles university in prague. his brief clinical report described the case of a person with a psychotic disorder resembling hebephrenia (see below). it was popularized by german psychiatrist emil kraepelin (1856–1926) in 1893, 1896 and 1899 in his first detailed textbook descriptions of a condition that would eventually be reframed into a substantially different disease concept and relabeled as schizophrenia. kraepelin, regarding the major psychoses as naturally occurring disease entities, reduced the complex psychiatric taxonomies of the nineteenth century by dividing them into two classes: manic depressive psychosis or dementia praecox. this division is commonly referred to as the kraepelinian dichotomy and it has had a significant and fundamental impact on twentieth-century psychiatry, though it has also been questioned. the primary disturbance in dementia praecox was said to be not one of mood, but of thinking or cognition. cognitive disintegration refers to a disruption in cognitive or mental functioning such as in attention, memory, and goal-directed behavior. kraepelin contrasted this with manic-depressive psychosis, in which he included not just what would be termed bipolar disorder today but also other forms of mood disorder, including major depressive disorder. however, kraepelin himself noted cases in between and eventually accepted that it was not possible to distinguish his categories on the basis of cross-sectional symptoms. indeed, a mixed diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder has also developed. from the outset, dementia praecox was viewed by kraepelin as a progressively deteriorating disease from which no one recovered. the three terms that kraepelin used to refer to the end state of the disease were verblödung (deterioration), schwachsinn (mental weakness) or defekt (defect). although "dementia" is part of the name of the disease, kraepelin did not intend it to be similar to senile dementia and ra

Dying_Earth

dying earth is a fantasy series by the american author jack vance, comprising four books originally published from 1950 to 1984. some have been called picaresque. they vary from short story collection to fix-up (novel created from older short stories) perhaps all the way to novel. retrieved 2012-05-09. the first book in the series, the dying earth, was ranked number 16 of 33 "all time best fantasy novels" by locus in 1987, based on a poll of subscribers, although it was marketed as a collection and the isfdb calls it a "loosely connected series of stories". ==setting== the stories of the dying earth series are set in the distant future, at a point when the sun is almost exhausted and magic has reasserted itself as a dominant force. the moon has disappeared and the sun is in danger of burning out at any time, often flickering as if about to go out, before shining again. the various civilizations of earth have collapsed for the most part into decadence and its inhabitants overcome with a fatalistic outlook. the earth is mostly barren and cold, and has become infested with various predatory monsters (possibly created by a magician in a former age). ==origins== vance wrote the stories of the first book while he served in the united states merchant marine during world war ii. in the late 1940s several of his other stories were published in magazines. according to pulp editor sam merwin, vance's earliest magazine submissions in the 1940s were heavily influenced by the style of james branch cabell.l

Dhimmi

a ( , collectively / "the people of the dhimma") is a historical term referring to non-muslim citizens of an islamic state. the word literally means "protected person." dhimma allows rights of residence in return for jizyah—tax collected from non-muslims.h. patrick glenn, legal traditions of the world. oxford university press, 2007, pp. 218–219. according to scholars, dhimmis had their rights fully protected in their communities, but as citizens in the islamic state, had certain restrictions. they were excused or excluded from specific duties assigned to muslims, did not enjoy certain political rights reserved for muslims, and were subject to payment of a special tax (jizyah), but were otherwise equal under the laws of property, contract and obligation.h. patrick glenn, legal traditions of the world. oxford university press, 2007, p. 219. under sharia law, dhimmi status was originally applied to jews, christians, and sabians. this status later came to be applied to zoroastrians, mandaeans, hindus and buddhists.the chach nama english translation by mirza kalichbeg fredunbeg. delhi reprint, 1979. eventually, the hanafi, the largest school of islamic legal thought, applied this term to all non-muslims living in islamic lands outside the sacred area surrounding mecca, in modern-day saudi arabia.[[ahmad ibn naqib al-misri|al-misri, ahmad ibn naqi

Diophantine_equation

thumb|finding all right triangles with integer side-lengths is equivalent to solving the diophantine equation a^2+b^2=c^2 \,. in mathematics, a diophantine equation is a polynomial equation in two or more unknowns such that only the integer solutions are searched or studied (an integer solution is a solution such that all the unknowns take integer values). a linear diophantine equation is an equation between two sums of monomials of degree zero or one. an exponential diophantine equation is one in which exponents on terms can be unknowns. diophantine problems have fewer equations than unknown variables and involve finding integers that work correctly for all equations. in more technical language, they define an algebraic curve, algebraic surface, or more general object, and ask about the lattice points on it. the word diophantine refers to the hellenistic mathematician of the 3rd century, diophantus of alexandria, who made a study of such equations and was one of the first mathematicians to introduce symbolism into algebra. the mathematical study of diophantine problems that diophantus initiated is now called diophantine analysis. while individual equations present a kind of puzzle and have been considered throughout history, the formulation of general theories of diophantine equations (beyond the theory of quadratic forms) was an achievement of the twentieth century. ==examples== in the following diophantine equations, x, y, and z are the unknowns and the other letters are given constants: :{| | ax+by=1\,||this is a linear diophantine equation. |- | x^n+y^n=z^n \,||for n = 2 there are infinitely many solutions (x,y,z): the pythagorean triples. for larger integer values of n, fermat's last theorem states there are no positive integer solutions (x, y, z). |- | x^2-ny^2=\pm 1\,|| this is pell's equation, which is named after the english mathematician john pell. it was studied by brahmagupta in the 7th century, as well as by fermat in the 17th century. |- | \frac{4}{n} = \frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{y} + \frac{1}{z}||the erdős–straus conjecture states that, for every positive integer n ≥ 2, there exists a solution in x, y, and z, all as positive integers. although not usually stated in polynomial form, this example is equivalent to the polynomial equation 4xyz&nbsp;=&nbsp;yzn&nbsp;+&nbsp;xzn&nbsp;+&nbsp;xyn&nbsp;=&nbsp;n(yz&nbsp;+&nbsp;xz&nbsp;+&nbsp;xy). |} ==linear diophantine equations== ===one equation=== the simplest linear diophantine equation takes the form ax +

Dacoity

dacoity is a term used for "banditry" in hindi, kannada and urdu. the spelling is the anglicized version of the hindi word and as a colloquial anglo-indian word with this meaning, it appears in the glossary of colloquial anglo-indian words and phrases (1903).herethe genesis of dacoity [armed robbery by a gang] in chambal valley [north-central india] has been a popular theme too (bhaduri, 1972; khan, 1981; jatar, 1980; katare, 1972). again, most explanations have simply suggested feudal exploitation as the cause that provoked many people of this region to take to arms. the fact that many gangs operating in this valley were composed of higher castes and wealthy people appears to suggest that feudalism may only be a partial explanation of dacoity in chambal valley. (defined by arvind verma, in jul-dec 2008) "anglo-indian" refers to the language, or linguistic usage. see yule, henry and burnell, arthur coke (1886) hobson-jobson: a glossary of colloquial anglo-indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive j. murry, london; reprinted 1903; see page page 290 of the 1903 edition for "dacoit". banditry is criminal activity involving robbery by groups of armed bandits. the east india company established the thuggee and dacoity department in 1830, and the thuggee and dacoity suppression acts, 1836–1848 were enacted in british india under east india company rule. areas with ravines or forests, such as chambal and chilapata forests, were once known for dacoits. ==etymology== the word "dacoity" is the anglicized version of the hindustani word ḍakaitī (historically spelled dakaitee, hindi डकैती or urdu ڈکیتی or bengali ডাকাতি), which comes from ḍākū (historically spelled dakoo, hindi: डाकू, urdu: ڈاکو, meaning "armed robber") or bengali ḍakat (ডাকাত). in urdu, ḍākū ڈاکو is singular and ḍakait ڈکیت plural for bandits. the crime of banditry is known as dakaitee ڈکیتی. in hindi dacoity (hindi: डकैती ḍakaitī, urdu: ڈکیتی ḍakaitī, ) means "armed robbery". in tamil nadu, the crime of banditry is known as "dakalti". the term dacoit (hindi: डकैत ḍakait, urdu: ڈکیت ḍakait, ) means "a bandit", according to oed ("a member of a class of robbers

Dean_Kamen

dean l. kamen (born april 5, 1951) is an american entrepreneur and inventor from new hampshire. born on long island, new york, he attended worcester polytechnic institute, but dropped out before graduating after five years of private advanced research for the drug infusion pump autosyringe. he is the son of jack kamen, an illustrator for mad, weird science and other ec comics publications. ==career== ===inventions=== kamen is best known for inventing the product that eventually became known as the segway pt, an electric, self-balancing human transporter with a computer-controlled gyroscopic stabilization and control system. the device is balanced on two parallel wheels and is controlled by moving body weight. the machine's development was the object of much speculation and hype after segments of a book quoting steve jobs and other notable it visionaries espousing its society-revolutionizing potential were leaked in december 2001. thumb|left|kamen stirling generator 10 coupled to water still 12 (from us patent 7,340,879) kamen has worked extensively on a project involving stirling engine designs, attempting to create two machines; one that would generate power, and the [[slingshot (water vapor distillation sys

Edward_Bellamy

edward bellamy (march 26, 1850 – may 22, 1898) was an american author and socialist, most famous for his utopian novel, looking backward, a rip van winkle-like tale set in the distant future of the year 2000. bellamy's vision of a harmonious future world inspired the formation of over 160 "nationalist clubs" dedicated to the propagation of bellamy's political ideas and working to make them a practical reality. ==biography== ===early years=== edward bellamy was born in chicopee, massachusetts. his father was rufus king bellamy (1816–1886), a baptist minister and a descendant of joseph bellamy.howard quint, the forging of american socialism: origins of the modern movement: the impact of socialism on american thought and action, 1886–1901. columbia, sc: university of south carolina press, 1953; pg. 74. his mother, maria louisa putnam bellamy, was herself the daughter of a baptist minister named benjamin putnam, a man forced to withdraw from the ministry in salem, massachusetts, following objections to his becoming a freemason.joseph schiffman, "edward bellamy's religious thought," transactions and proceedings of the modern language association of america, vol. 68, no. 4 (sep. 1953), pg. 716. bellamy attended public school at chicopee falls before leaving for union college of schenectady, new york, where he studied for just two semesters. upon leaving school, bellamy made his way to europe for a year, spending extensive time in germany. bellamy briefly studied law but abandoned that field without ever having practiced as a lawyer, instead entering the world of journalism. in this capacity bellamy briefly served on the staff of the new york post before returning to his native massachusetts to take a position at the springfield union. at the age of 25, bellamy developed tuberculosis, the disease that would ultimately kill him. he suffered with its effects throughout his adult life. in an effort to regain his health, bellamy spent a year in the hawaiian islands (1877 to 1878). returning to the united states, bellamy decided to abandon the daily grind of journalism in favor of literary work, which put fewer demands upon his time and his health. bellamy married emma augusta sanderson in 1882. the couple had two children. ===literary career===

Eiffel_Tower

the eiffel tower (, ) is an iron lattice tower located on the champ de mars in paris. it was named after the engineer gustave eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower. erected in 1889 as the entrance arch to the 1889 world's fair, it was initially criticised by some of france's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, but has become both a global cultural icon of france and one of the most recognizable structures in the world. the tower is the tallest structure in paris and the most-visited paid monument in the world; 6.98 million people ascended it in 2011. the tower received its 250 millionth visitor in 2010. the tower is tall, about the same height as an 81- building. during its construction, the eiffel tower surpassed the washington monument to assume the title of the tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for

Education

education in its general sense is a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills, values, beliefs and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through story telling, discussion, teaching, training, and or research. education may also include informal transmission of such information from one human being to another. education frequently takes place under the guidance of others, but learners may also educate themselves (autodidactic learning). any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. education is commonly and formally divided into stages such as preschool, primary school, secondary school and then college, university or apprenticeship. the science and art of how best to teach is called pedagogy. a right to education has been recognized by some governments. at the global level, article 13 of the united nations' 1966 international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights recognizes the right of everyone to an education.icescr, article 13.1 although education is compulsory in most places up to a certain age, attendance at school often isn't, and a minority of parents choose home-schooling, sometimes with the assistance of modern electronic educational technology (also called e-learning). education can take place in formal or informal settings. ==etymology== etymologically, the word "education" is derived from the latin ēducātiō ("a breeding, a bringing up, a rearing") from ēdūcō ("i educate, i train") which is related to the homonym ēdūcō ("i lead forth, i take out; i raise up, i erect") from ē- ("from, out of") and dūcō ("i lead, i conduct").educate. etymonline.com. retrieved on 20

Equivalence_relation

in mathematics, an equivalence relation is the relation that holds between two elements if and only if they are members of the same cell within a set that has been partitioned into cells such that every element of the set is a member of one and only one cell of the partition. the intersection of any two different cells is empty; the union of all the cells equals the original set. these cells are formally called equivalence classes. == notation == although various notations are used throughout the literature to denote that two elements a and b of a set are equivalent with respect to an equivalence relation r, the most common are "a ~ b" and "a ≡ b", which are used when r is the obvious relation being referenced, and variations of "a ~r b", "a ≡r b", or "arb" otherwise. == definition == a given binary relation ~ on a set x is said to be an equivalence relation if and only if it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. equivalently, for all a, b and c in x: *a ~ a. (reflexivity) *if a ~ b then b ~ a. (symmetry) *if a ~ b and b ~ c then a ~ c. (transitivity) x together with the relation ~ is called a setoid. the equivalence class of a under ~, denoted [a], is defined as [a] = \{b\in x | a\sim b\}. == examples == === simple example === let the set \{a,b,c\} have the equivalence relation \{(a,a),(b,b),(c,c),(b,c),(c,b)\}. the following sets are equivalence classes of this relation: [a]=\{a\}, ~~~~ [b]=[c]=\{b,c\}. the set of all equivalence classes for this relation is \{\{a\},\{b,c\}\}. === equivalence relations === the following are all equivalence relations: * "has the same birthday as" on the set of all people. * "is similar to" on the set of all triangles. * "is congruent to" on the set of all triangles. * "is parallel to" on the set of lines in a plane from euclidean geometry. * "is congruent to, modulo n" on the integers. * "has the same image under a function" on the elements of the domain of the function. * "has the same absolute value" on the set of real

Equation

in mathematics, an equation is an equality containing one or more variables. solving the equation consists of determining which values of the variables make the equality true. in this situation, variables are also known as unknowns and the values which satisfy the equality are known as solutions. an equation differs from an identity in that it is not necessarily true for all possible values of the variable.."a statement of equality between two expressions. equations are of two types, identities and conditional equations (or usually simply "equations")". « equation », in , et (éd.), van nostrand, 1968, 3 ed. 1st ed. 1948, . there are many types of equations, and they are found in all areas of mathematics; the techniques used to examine them differ according to their type. algebra studies two main families of equations: polynomial equations and, among them, linear equations. polynomial equations have the form p(x)&nbsp;=&nbsp;0, where p is a polynomial. linear equations have the form a(x)&nbsp;+&nbsp;b&nbsp;=&nbsp;0, where a is a linear function and b is a vector. to solve them, one uses algorithmic or geometric techniques, coming from linear algebra or mathematical analysis. changing the domain of a function can change the problem considerably. algebra also studies diophantine equations where the coefficients and solutions are integers. the techniques used are different and come from number theory. these equations are difficult in general; one often searches just to find the existence or absence of a solution, and, if they exist, to count the number of solutions. geometry uses equations to describe geometric figures. the objective is now different, as equations are used to describe geometric properties. in this context, there are two large families of equations, cartesian equations and parametric equations. differential equations are equations involving one or more functions and their derivatives. they are solved by finding an expression for the function that does not involve derivatives. differential equations are used to

Erasmus_Darwin

erasmus darwin (12 december 173118 april 1802) was an english physician. one of the key thinkers of the midlands enlightenment, he was also a natural philosopher, physiologist, slave-trade abolitionist, inventor and poet. his poems included much natural history, including a statement of evolution and the relatedness of all forms of life. he was a member of the darwin–wedgwood family, which includes his grandsons charles darwin and francis galton. darwin was also a founding member of the lunar society of birmingham, a discussion group of pioneering industrialists and natural philosophers. he turned down george iii's invitation to be a physician to the king. erasmus darwin house, his home in lichfield, is now a museum dedicated to erasmus darwin and his life's work. a school in nearby chasetown recently converted to academy status and is now known as erasmus darwin academy. == life == === early life === thumb|right|darwin's house in lichfield, now a museum dedicated to his life and work. darwin was born at elston hall, nottinghamshire near newark-on-trent, england, the youngest of seven children of robert darwin of elston (12 august 1682 – 20 november 1754), a lawyer, and his wife elizabeth hill (1702&ndash;97). the name erasmus had been used by a number of his family and derives from his ancestor erasmus earle, common sergent of england under oliver cromwell.burke's landed gentry, darwin formerly of downe, 1966 his siblings were: *robert darwin (17 october 1724 – 4 novemb

Enterprise_resource_planning

|500px|thumb|right|picture showing some typical erp modules enterprise resource planning (erp) is a business management software—usually a suite of integrated applications—that a company can use to collect, store, manage and interpret data from many business activities, including: * product planning, cost * manufacturing or service delivery * marketing and sales * inventory management * shipping and payment erp provides an integrated view of core business processes, often in real-time, using common databases maintained by a database management system. erp systems track business resources—cash, raw materials, production capacity—and the status of business commitments: orders, purchase orders, and payroll. the applications that make up the system share data across the various departments (manufacturing, purchasing, sales, accounting, etc.) that provide the data.http://searchsap.techtarget.com/definition/erp erp facilitates information flow between all business functions, and manages connections to outside stakeholders.bidgoli, hossein, (2004). the internet encyclopedia, volume 1, john wiley & sons, inc. p. 707. enterprise system software is a multi-billion dollar industry that produces components that support a variety of business functions. it investments have become the largest category of capital expenditure in united states-based businesses over the past decade. though early erp systems focused on large enterprises, smaller enterprises increasingly use erp systems.rubina adam, paula kotze, alta van der merwe. 2011. acceptance of enterprise resource planning systems by small manufacturing enterprises. in: in: proceedings of the 1tth international conference on enterprise information systems, vol.1, edited by runtong zhang, josé cordeiro, xuewei li, zhenji zhang and juliang zhang, scitepress. , p. 229 - 238 the erp system is considered a vital organizational tool because it integrates varied organizational systems and facilitates error-free transactions and production. however, erp system development is different from traditional systems development.shaul, l. and tauber, d. 2012. csfs along erp life-cycle in smes: a field study. industrial management & data systems, 112(3), 360-384. erp systems run on a variety of computer hardware and network configurations, typically using a database as an information repository.khosrow–puor, mehdi. (2006). emerging trends and challenges in information technology management. idea group, inc. p. 865. ==history== ===origin of "erp"=== in 1990, gartner group first used the acronym erp"a vision of next generation mrp ii", scenario s-300-339, gartner group, april 12, 1990 as an extension of material requirements planning (mrp), later manufacturing resource planning{{cite web

Ericales

the ericales are a large and diverse order of dicotyledons, including, for example, tea, persimmon, blueberry, brazil nut, and azalea. the order includes trees, bushes, lianas, and herbaceous plants. together with ordinary autophytic plants, the ericales include chlorophyll-deficient mycoheterotrophic plants (e.g. sarcodes sanguinea) and carnivorous plants (e.g. genus sarracenia). many species have five petals, often grown together. fusion of the petals as a trait was traditionally used to place the order in the subclass sympetalae. mycorrhiza is an interesting property, frequently associated with the ericales. indeed, symbiosis with root fungi is quite common among the order representatives, and three kinds of it can be found exclusively among ericales (namely, ericoid, arbutoid and monotropoid mycorrhiza). in addition, some families among the order are notable for their exceptional ability to accumulate aluminum. (jansen et al., 2004). ericales are a cosmopolitan order. areas of distribution of families vary largely - while some are restricted to tropics, others exist mainly in arctic or temperate regions. the entire order contains over 8,000 species, of which the ericaceae account for 2,000-4,000 species (by various estimates). == economic importance == the most commercially used plant in the ord

Errol_Morris

errol mark morris (born february 5, 1948) is an american film director. in 2003, the guardian put him seventh in its list of the world's 40 best active directors. in 2003, his film the fog of war: eleven lessons from the life of robert s. mcnamara won the academy award for best documentary feature. ==biography== ===early life=== morris was born on february 5, 1948, and raised in a jewish family in hewlett, new york. after being treated for strabismus in childhood, he refused to wear an eye patch. as a consequence, he has limited sight in one eye and lacks normal stereoscopic vision.http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/04/books/review/believing-is-seeing-by-errol-morris-book-review.html?scp=1&sq=limited%20vision&st=cse in the 10th grade, morris attended the putney school, a boarding school in vermont. he began playing the cello, spending a summer in france studying music under the acclaimed nadia boulanger, who also taught morris' future collaborator philip glass. describing morris as a teenager, mark singer wrote that he "read with a passion the forty-odd oz books, watched a lot of television, and on a regular basis went with a doting but not quite right maiden aunt ('i guess you'd have to say that aunt roz was somewhat demented') to saturday matinées, where he saw such films as this island earth and creature from the black lagoon &mdash; horror movies that, viewed again 30 years later, still seem scary to him." morris attended the university of wisconsin–madison. morris graduated in 1969 with a b.a. in history.

Politics_of_Ecuador

the politics of ecuador take place in a presidential representative democratic republican framework, whereby the president of ecuador is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. executive power is exercised by the government. legislative power is vested in both the government and the national assembly. the judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. the constitution of ecuador provides for concurrent four-year terms of office for the president, vice president, and members of the national assembly. presidents and legislators may be re-elected immediately. citizens must be at least 16 years of age to vote. suffrage is universal and compulsory for literate persons ages 18–65 and optional for 16 and 17 years of age and other eligible voters. ==political conditions== ecuador's political parties have historically been small, loose organizations that depended more on populist, often charismatic, leaders to retain support than on programs or ideology. frequent internal splits have produced extreme factionalism. however, a pattern has emerged in which administrations from the center-left alternate with those from the center-right. although ecuador's political elite is highly factionalized along regional, ideological, and personal lines, a strong desire for consensus on major issues often leads to compromise. opposition forces in congress are loosely organized, but historically they often unite to block the administration's initiatives and to remove cabinet ministers. constitutional changes enacted by a specially elected national constitutional assembly in 1998 took effect on august 10, 1998. the new constitution strengthens the executive branch by eliminating mid-term congressional elections and by circumscribing congress' power to challenge cabinet ministers. party discipline is traditionally weak, and routinely many deputies switch allegiance during each congress. however, after the new constitution took effect, the congress passed a code of ethics which imposes penalties on members who defy their party leadership on key votes. beginning with the 1996 election, the indigenous population abandoned its traditional policy of shunning the official political system and participated actively. the indigenous population has established itself as a significant force in ecuadorian politics, as shown by the selection of indigenous representative nina pacari, who led the indigenous political party, pachakutik, as second vice president of the 1998 congress. a presidential election was held on 15 october 2006 and november 26, 2006. rafael correa defeated alvaro noboa in a run-off election,

Telecommunications_in_Egypt

egypt has long been the cultural and informational centre of the arab world, and cairo is the region's largest publishing and broadcasting centre. == telecommunication in egypt == === press === egypt has long been the cultural and informational center of the arab world, and cairo is the region's largest publishing and broadcasting center. there are eight daily newspapers with a total circulation of more than 2 million, and a number of monthly newspapers, magazines, and journals. the majority of political parties have their own newspapers, and these papers conduct a lively, often highly partisan, debate on public issues. === mail === egypt post is the government-owned body that provide postal services. mail post is never considered as a reliable communication mean in egypt. === radio === :see also egyptian radio and television union & list of fm radio stations in egypt radio in egypt is almost all government controlled, using 44 short-wave frequencies, 18 medium-wave stations, and four fm stations. there are seven regional radio stations covering the country. egyptian radio transmits 60 hours daily overseas in 33 languages and three hundred hours daily within egypt. in 2000, radio cairo introduced new specialized (thematic) channels on its fm station. so far, they include news, music, and sports. radio enjoys more freedom than tv in its news programs, talk shows and analysis. starting 2003, nile radio production a private company was given license to operate two radio stations, nile fm and nogoom fm. nile fm broadcasts in english and nogoom fm broadcasts in arabic. both stations mostly broadcast mainly to the greater cairo region. in the early 2009, radio masr was launched, broadcasting popular egyptian songs, news & other programs. === television === :see also egyptian television egyptian ground-broadcast television (ertu) is government controlled and depends heavily on commercial revenue. etv sells its specially produced programs and soap operas to the entire arab world. etv has two main channels, six regional channels, and three satellite channels. of the two main channels, channel i uses mainly arabic, while channel ii is dedicated to foreigners and more cultured viewers, broadcasting news in english and french as well as arabic. egyptian satellite channels broadcast to the middle east, europe, and the u.s. east coast. in april 1998, egypt launched its own satellite known as nilesat 101. seven specialized channels cover news, culture, sports, education, entertainment, health, and drama. a second, digital satellite, nilesat 102, was launched in august 2000. many of its channels are rented to other stations. three new private satellite-based tv stations were launched in november 2001, marking a great change in egyptian government policy. dream tv 1 and 2 produce

Politics_of_El_Salvador

politics of el salvador takes place in land a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the president of el salvador is both head of state and head of government, and of a two-party system. executive power is exercised by the government. legislative power is vested in both the government and the legislative assembly. the judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. ==political parties and elections== key political parties in el salvador include arena and the fmln. ==executive branch== |president |salvador sánchez cerén |farabundo martí national liberation front |1 june 2014 |} el salvador elects its head of state &ndash; the president of el salvador &ndash; directly through a fixed-date general election whose winner is decided by absolute majority. if an absolute majority (50% + 1) is not achieved by any candidate in the first round of a presidential election, then a run-off pool election is conducted 30 days later between the two candidates who obtained the most votes in the first round. the presidential period is five years, and re-election is not permitted. ==legislative branch== salvadorans also elect a single-chamber, unicameral national legislature &ndash; the legislative assembly of el salvador &ndash; of 84 members (deputies) elected by closed-list proportional representation for three-year terms, with the possibility of immediate re-election. twenty of the 84 seats in the legislative assembly are elected on the basis of a single national constituency. the remaining 64 are elected in 14 multi-member constituencies (corresponding to the country's 14 departments) that range from 3-16 seats each according to department population size ==judicial branch== == references == ==external links== *legislative assembly of el salvador *presidency of el salvador *supreme court of justice of el salvador *changing colors in el salvador by emma vawter, the yale globalist, may 11, 2009

History_of_Equatorial_Guinea

thumb|location of equatorial guinea within africa the history of equatorial guinea is marked by centuries of colonial domination by the portuguese, british and spanish empires, and by the local kingdoms and societies of the bubi, fang and ndowe peoples. situated in the centre of the gulf of guinea, the island and coastal areas became populated also by the labourers and trading groups of african and caribbean societies from liberia, sierra leone, cuba, nigeria, cameroun and gabon. ==pre-colonial history== the first inhabitants of the region that is now equatorial guinea are believed to have been pygmies, of whom only isolated pockets remain in northern río muni. bantu migrations between the 17th and 19th centuries brought the coastal groups and later the fang. elements of the latter may have generated the bubi, who emigrated to bioko from cameroon and río muni in several waves and succeeded former neolithic populations. it is said the igbo of nigeria (mostly aro) slave traders arrived and founded very few tiny settlements in bioko and rio muni which expanded the aro confederacy in the 18th and 19th centuries. the annobón population, originally from angola, we're brought by the portuguese via são tomé. ==colonial era== ===spanish and british empires=== the portuguese explorer fernão do pó, seeking a path to india, is credited as being the first european to discover the island of bioko in 1472. he called it formosa ("beautiful"), but it quickly took on the name of its european discoverer. the islands of fernando pó and annobón were colonized by portugal in 1474. in 1778, queen maria i of portugal and king charles iii of spain signed the treaty of el pardo which ceded the bioko, adjacent islets, and commercial rights to the bight of biafra between the niger and ogoue rivers to spain. spain intended to gain access to a source of slaves controlled by british merchants. between 1778 and 1810, the territory of equatorial guinea was administered by the viceroyalty of the río de la plata, based in buenos aires. from 1827 to 1843, the united kingdom had a base on bioko to combat the slave trade,"fernando po", encyclopædia britannica, 1911. which was then moved to sierra leone upon agreement with spain in 1843. in 1844, on restoration of spanish sovereignty, it became known as the "terr

History_of_Eritrea

eritrea is an ancient name, associated in the past with its greek form erythraia, Ἐρυθραία, and its derived latin form erythræa. this name relates to that of the red sea, then called the erythræan sea, from the greek for "red", ἐρυθρός, erythros. the italians created the colony of eritrea in the 19th century around asmara, and named it with its current name. after world war ii eritrea was annexed to ethiopia. in 1991 the eritrean people's liberation front defeated the ethiopian government. eritrea officially celebrated its 1st anniversary of independence on may 24, 1992. ==prehistory== one of the oldest hominids, representing a possible link between homo erectus and an archaic homo sapiens was found in buya, eritrea by italian scientists dated to over 1 million years old (the oldest of its kind), providing a link between hominids and the earliest humans. it is also believed that eritrea was on the route out of africa that was used by early man to colonize the rest of the old world. the eritrean research project team composed of eritrean, canadian, american, dutch and french scientists, discovered in 1999 a site with stone and obsidian tools dated to over 125 000 years old (from the paleolithic) era near the bay of zula south of massawa along the red sea coast. the tools are believed to have been used by early humans to harvest marine resources like clams and oysters. it is believed that the eritrean section of the danakil depression was a major player in terms of human evolution and may "document the entire evolution of homo erectus up to the transition to anatomically modern humans." cave paintings in central and northwestern eritrea were also discovered by italian colonialists indicating a population of hunter gatherers

Economy_of_Estonia

{{infobox economy | country = estonia | image = ayuntamiento, vistas panorámicas desde toompea, tallin, estonia, 2012-08-05, dd 21.jpg | width = 300px | caption = tornimäe business area in tallinn | currency = euro (eur)before 2011: estonian kroon. | fixed exchange = | year = calendar year | gdp rank = 98th (nominal) / 113th (ppp) | organs = eu, wto and oecd | gdp = $28.44 billion (ppp, 2012 est.) | growth = 3.2% (real, 2012 est)https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/en.html | per capita = $21.200 (ppp, 2012 est.) | components = | sectors = agriculture 3.7%, industry 30.2%, services 66.1% (2012 est.) | inflation = 3.3% (cpi, 2012 est.) | poverty = 17.5% – income below €299/month (2011) | gini = 31.3 (2010) | labor = 675,900 (2012 est.) | edbr = 21st | occupations = agriculture 4.2%, industry 20.2%, services 75.6% (2010) | unemployment = 8.3% (2013 est.) | average gross salary = €930, or ca. u.s.&nbsp;$1272,89 monthly (3rd quarter of 2013) | average net salary = | industries = engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information technology, telecommunications | exports = $17.38 billion (2012 est.) | export-goods = machinery and electrical equipment 21%, wood and wood products 9%, metals 9%, furniture 7%, vehicles and parts 5%, food products and beverages 4%, textiles 4%, plastics 3% | export-partners = 16.8% 15.3% 12.7% 9.2% 5.7% 4.8% (2012 est.) | imports = $17.87 billion (2012 est.) | import-goods = machinery and electrical equipment, mineral fuels, chemical products, foodstuffs, plastics, textiles | import-partners = 15.1% 10.7% 10.7% 10.0% 9.0% 6.6% 4.4% 4.1% (2012 est.) | gross external debt = $25.92 billion (31 december 2012 est.) | fdi = $16.76 billion (31 december 2012 est.) | debt = 8% of gdp (2012 est.) | revenue = $7.915 billion (2012 est.) | expenses = $8.439 billion (2012 est.) | aid = recipient: $135 mi

Epic_poetry

an epic (from the ancient greek adjective (epikos), from (epos) "word, story, poem"epic online etymology dictionary) is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation.michael meyer, the bedford introduction to literature (bedford: st. martin's, 2005), 2128. isbn 0-312-41242-8. milman parry and albert lord have argued that the homeric epics, the earliest works of western literature, were fundamentally an oral poetic form. these works form the basis of the epic genre in western literature. nearly all western epic (including vergil's aeneid and dante's divine comedy) self-consciously presents itself as a continuation of the tradition begun by these poems. classical epic continues to employ dactylic hexameter and centers its plots around the theme of a journey, either physical (as typified by odysseus in the odyssey) or mental (as typified by achilles in the iliad) or both. epics tend also to highlight cultural norms and to define or call into question cultural values, particularly as they pertain to heroism. another type of epic poetry is epyllion (plural: epyllia), which is a brief narrative poem with a romantic or mythological theme. the term, which means "little epic", came into use in the nineteenth century. it refers primarily to the erudite, shorter hexameter poems of the hellenistic period and the similar works composed at rome from the age of the neoterics; to a lesser degree, the term includes some poems of the english renaissance, particularly those influenced by ovid. the most famous example of classical epyllion is perhaps catullus 64. some of the most famous examples of epic poetry include the ancient indian ramayana and mahabharata, the ancient greek iliad and the odyssey, dante's divine comedy, john milton's paradise lost, and the portuguese lusiads. ==oral epics or world folk epics== the first epics were products of preliterate societies and oral poetic traditions. in these traditions, poetry is transmitted to the audience and from performer to performer by purely oral means. early twentieth-century study of living oral epic traditions in the balkans by milman parry and albert lord demonstrated the paratactic model used for composing these poems. what they demonstrated was that oral

Ericsson

ericsson (telefonaktiebolaget l. m. ericsson) is a swedish multinational provider of communications technology and services. the offering comprises services, software and infrastructure within information and communications technology (ict) for telecom operators and other industries, including telecommunications and ip networking equipment, mobile and fixed broadband, operations and business support solutions, cable tv, iptv, video systems, and an extensive services operation. ericsson has a market share of 35% (in 2012) in the 2g/3g/4g mobile network infrastructure market.gartner, 6 august 2013: magic quadrant for lte network infrastructure ericsson is a strong holder of essential patents in the wireless industry and have approximately 35,000 granted patents in 2012. ericsson complies with terms that are fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (frand) for its patent licensing programs and is a net receiver of licensing royalties. founded in 1876 by lars magnus ericsson,http://ericssonhistory.com/ swedish centre for business history: erisson history the company is today headquartered in stockholm, sweden. th

Electrical_telegraph

thumb|275px|a printing electrical telegraph receiver, with transmitter key at bottom right an electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses electrical signals, usually conveyed via dedicated telecommunication lines or radio. the electromagnetic telegraph is a device for human-to-human transmission of coded messages. the electrical telegraph, or more commonly just telegraph, superseded optical semaphore telegraph systems, such as claude chappe's cables designed for communication among the french military, and friedrich clemens gerke for the prussian military, thus becoming the first form of electrical telecommunications. in a matter of decades after their creation, electrical telegraph networks permitted people and commerce to transmit messages across both continents and oceans almost instantly, with widespread social and economic impacts. == history == ===early work=== thumb|sömmering's electric telegraph in 1809 from early studies of electricity, electrical phenomena were known to travel with great speed, and many experimenters worked on the application of electricity to communications at a distance. all the known effects of electricity - such as sparks, electrostatic attraction, chemical changes, electric shocks, and later electromagnetism - were applied to the problems of detecting controlled transmissions of electricity at various distances. in 1753 an anonymous writer in the scots magazine suggested an electrostatic telegraph. using one wire for each letter of the alphabet, a message could be transmitted by connecting the wire terminals in turn to an electrostatic machine, and observing the deflection of pith balls at the far end.e. a. marland, early electrical communication, abelard-schuman ltd, london 1964, no isbn, library of congress 64-20875, pages 17-19; telegraphs employing electrostatic attraction were the basis of early experiments in electrical telegraphy in europe, but were abandoned as being impractical and were never developed into a useful communication system. in 1800 alessandro volta invented the voltaic pile, allowing for a continuous current of electricity for experimentation. this became a source of a low-voltage current that could be used to produce more distinct effects, and which was far less limited than the momentary discharge of an electrostatic machine, which with leyden jars were the only previously known man-made sources of electricity. another very early experiment in electrical telegraphy was an 'electrochemical telegraph' created by the german physician, anatomist and inventor [[samuel thomas von sömmer

Eric_S._Raymond

eric steven raymond (born december 4, 1957), often referred to as esr, is an american software developer, author of the influential 1997 book the cathedral and the bazaar and other works, and open source software advocate. he wrote a guidebook for the roguelike game nethack. in the 1990s, he edited and updated of the jargon file, currently in print as the the new hacker's dictionary. == biography == born in boston, massachusetts, usa 1957, raymond lived in venezuela as a child. his family moved to pennsylvania, usa in 1971. raymond said in an interview that his cerebral palsy motivated him to go into computing. he wrote cml2, a source code configuration system; while originally intended for the linux kernel, it was rejected by kernel developers. raymond attributed this rejection to "kernel list politics". linus torvalds on the other hand said in a 2007 mailing list post that as a matter of policy, the development team preferred more incremental changes. in 2000–2002 raymond wrote a number of howtos still included in the linux documentation project. his personal archive also lists a number of non-technical and very early non-linux faqs. his books, [[

Europium

europium is a chemical element with symbol eu and atomic number 63. it is named after the continent europe. it is a moderately hard, silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water. being a typical member of the lanthanide series, europium usually assumes the oxidation state +3, but the oxidation state +2 is also common: all europium compounds with oxidation state +2 are slightly reducing. europium has no significant biological role and is relatively non-toxic compared to other heavy metals. most applications of europium exploit the phosphorescence of europium compounds. ==characteristics== ===physical properties=== thumb|left|about 300 g of dendritic sublimated 99.998% pure europium handled in a glove box thumb|left|oxidized europium, coated with yellow europium(ii) carbonate europium is a ductile metal with a hardness similar to that of lead. it crystallizes in a body-centered cubic lattice. some properties of europium are strongly influenced by its half-filled electron shell. europium has the second lowest melting point and the lowest density of all lanthanides. europium becomes a superconductor when it is cooled below 1.8 k and compressed to above 80 gpa. this is because europium is divalent in the metallic state, and is converted into the trivalent state by the applied pressure. in the divalent state, the strong local magnetic moment (j = 7/2) suppresses the superconductivity, which is induced by eliminating this local moment (j = 0 in eu3+). ===chemical properties=== europium is the most reactive rare earth element. it rapidly oxidizes in air, so that bulk oxidation of a centimeter-sized sample occurs within several days. its reactivity with water is comparable to that of calcium, and the reaction is :2 eu + 6 h2o → 2 eu(oh)3 + 3 h2 because of the high reactivity, samples of solid europium rarely have the shiny appearance of the fresh metal, even when coate

Epsilon

epsilon (uppercase , lowercase or lunate ; ) is the fifth letter of the greek alphabet, corresponding phonetically to a close-mid front unrounded vowel . in the system of greek numerals it has the value five. it was derived from the phoenician letter he 20px|he. letters that arose from epsilon include the roman e and cyrillic Е. the name "epsilon" (, "simple e") was coined in the middle ages to distinguish the letter from the digraph αι, a former diphthong that had come to be pronounced the same as epsilon. in essence, the uppercase form of epsilon looks identical to latin e. the lowercase version has two typographical variants, both inherited from medieval greek handwriting. one, the most common in modern typography and inherited from medieval minuscule, looks like a reversed "3". the other, also known as lunate or uncial epsilon and inherited from earlier uncial writing,nick nicholas: letters, 2003–2008. (greek unicode issues) looks like a semicircle crossed by a horizontal bar. while in normal typography these are just alternative font variants, they may have different meanings as mathematical symbols. computer systems therefore offer distinct encodings for them. in unicode, the character u+03f5 "greek lunate epsilon symbol" () is provided specifically for the lunate form. in tex, \epsilon (\epsilon\!) denotes the lunate form, while \varepsilon (\varepsilon\!) denotes the inverted-3 form. there is also a latin epsilon or "open e", which looks similar to the greek lowercase epsilon. it is encoded in unicode as u+025b ("latin small-letter open e", ) and u+0190 ("latin capital-letter open e", ) and is used as an ipa phonetic symbol. the lunate or uncial epsilon has also provided inspiration for the euro sign (€). the lunate epsilon (ϵ) is not to be confused with the set membership symbol (∈); nor should the latin uppercase epsilon (Ɛ) be confused with the greek uppercase sigma (Σ). ==history== ===origin=== the letter Ε was taken over from the phoenician letter he (inline|x12px) when

Elias_Canetti

elias canetti (; ; 25 july 1905 – 14 august 1994) was a german language author, born in bulgaria, and later a british citizen. he was a modernist novelist, playwright, memoirist, and non-fiction writer. he won the nobel prize in literature in 1981, "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power". ==life and work== ===early life=== born to businessman jacques canetti and mathilde née arditti in ruse, a city on the danube in bulgaria, elias canetti was the eldest of three sons. his ancestors were sephardi jews who had been expelled from spain in 1492. his paternal ancestors had settled in ruse from ottoman adrianople. the original family name was cañete, named after cañete, cuenca, a village in spain. in ruse, elias' father and grandfather were successful merchants who operated out of a commercial building, which they had built in 1898. canetti's mother descended from one of the oldest sephardi families in bulgaria, arditti, who were among the founders of the ruse jewish colony in the late 18th century. the ardittis can be traced back to the 14th century, when they were court physicians and astronomers to the aragonese royal court of alfonso iv and pedro iv. before settling in ruse, they had lived in livorno in the 17th century.{{cite book|last=angelova|first=penka|title=elias canetti: der ohrenzeuge des jahrhunderts|publisher=internationale elias-c

Edmund_Husserl

edmund gustav albrecht husserl (; april 8, 1859 – april 27, 1938)smith, d.w. (2007). husserl. pp xiv was a german{{cite book |author=inwood, m. j. |editor=honderich, ted |title=the oxford companion to philosophy |publisher=oxford university press |location=oxford |year=2005 |page=408 |isbn=0-19-926479-1 |oclc

Empedocles

empedocles (; , empedoklēs; c. 490 – c. 430 bc) was a greek pre-socratic philosopher and a citizen of agrigentum, a greek city in sicily. empedocles' philosophy is best known for being the originator of the cosmogenic theory of the four classical elements. he also proposed powers called love and strife which would act as forces to bring about the mixture and separation of the elements. these physical speculations were part of a history of the universe which also dealt with the origin and development of life. influenced by the pythagoreans, he supported the doctrine of reincarnation. empedocles is generally considered the last greek philosopher to record his ideas in verse. some of his work survives, more than in the case of any other presocratic philosopher. empedocles' death was mythologized by ancient writers, and has been the subject of a number of literary treatments. ==life== empedocles was born, c. 490 bc, at agrigentum (acragas) in sicily to a distinguished family.diogenes laërtius, viii. 51 very little is known about his life. his father meto seems to have been instrumental in overthrowing the tyrant of agrigentum, presumably thrasydaeus in 470 bc. empedocles continued this tradition by helping to overthrow the succeeding oligarchic government. he is said to have been magnanimous in his support of the poor;diogenes laërtius, viii. 73 severe in persecuting the overbearing conduct of the oligarchs;timaeus, ap. diogenes laërtius, viii. 64, comp. 65, 66 and he even declined the sovereignty

Eric_Hoffer

eric hoffer (july 25, 1902 – may 21, 1983) was an american moral and social philosopher. he was the author of ten books and was awarded the presidential medal of freedom in february 1983. his first book, the true believer (1951), was widely recognized as a classic, receiving critical acclaim from both scholars and laymen,"hoffer, eric". encyclopædia britannica, from encyclopaedia britannica 2003 ultimate reference suite cd-rom. copyright 1994–2002 encyclopædia britannica, inc. may 30, 2002. although hoffer believed that the ordeal of change was his finest work.according to longtime companion lili fabilli osborne, executrix of the hoffer estate; also noted in personal archives stored at the hoover institute. ==biography== hoffer was born in 1902 in the bronx, new york city, to knut and elsa (goebel) hoffer. his parents were immigrants from alsace, then part of imperial germany. by age five, hoffer could already read in both english and his parents' native german.truth imaginedhttp://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3063261.html when he was five, his mother fell down the stairs with him in her arms. he later recalled, "i lost my sight at the age of seven. two years before, my mother and i fell down a flight of stairs. she did not recover and died in that second year after the fall. i lost my sight and, for a time, my memory."[truth imagined p.1 ] he was raised by a live-in relative or servant, a german immigrant named martha. his eyesight inexplicably returned when he was 15. fearing he might lose it again, he seized on the opportunity to read as much as he could. his recovery proved permanent, but hoffer never abandoned his reading habit. hoffer was a young man when he also lost his father. the cabinetmaker's union paid for knut hoffer's funeral and gave hoffer about $300 insurance money. he took a bus to los angeles and spent the next 10 years on skid row, reading, occasionally writing, and working at odd jobs.[truth imagined] in 1931, he considered suicide by drinking a solution of oxalic acid, but he could not bring himself to do it.[truth imagined p. 35-39] he left skid row and became a migrant worker, following the harvests in california. he acquired a [[librar

European_Council

the european council is the institution of the european union (eu) that comprises the heads of state or government of the member states, along with the council's own president and the president of the commission. the high representative of the union for foreign affairs and security policy also takes part in its meetings. established as an informal body in 1975, the council was formalised as an institution in 2009 upon the entry into force of the treaty of lisbon. while the european council has no formal legislative power, it is a strategic (and crisis-solving) body that provides the union with general political directions and priorities, and acts as a collective presidency.art. 13 et seq of the treaty on european union the meetings of the european council, commonly referred to as eu summits, are chaired by its president and take place at least twice every six months; usually in the justus lipsius building, the headquarters of the council of the european union in brussels.{{cite web|last=|first=|authorlink=|title=consolidated versions of the treaty on european union and of the treaty establishing the european community|work=|publisher=europa (web portal)|date=7 february 1992|url=http://eur-lex.eu

Electronvolt

in physics, the electron volt (symbol ev; also written electronvoltiupac gold book, p. 75si brochure, sec. 4.1 table 7) is a unit of energy equal to approximately joules (symbol j). by definition, it is the amount of energy gained (or lost) by the charge of a single electron moved across an electric potential difference of one volt. thus it is 1 volt (1 joule per coulomb, ) multiplied by the elementary charge (e, or ). therefore, one electron volt is equal to .http://physics.nist.gov/constants historically, the electron volt was devised as a standard unit of measure through its usefulness in electrostatic particle accelerator sciences because a particle with charge q has an energy after passing through the potential v; if q is quoted in integer units of the elementary charge and the terminal bias in volts, one gets an energy in ev. [[file:light spectrum.svg|right|frame|photon frequency vs. energy per particle in electronvolts. the energy of a photon varies only with the frequency of the photon, related by speed of light constant. this contrasts with a massive particle of which the energy depends on its velocity and rest mass.what is light? – uc davis lecture slideslegend {| border="0" |- |γ: gamma rays|||mir: mid infrared|||hf: high freq. |- |hx: hard x-rays ||fir: far infrared||mf: medium freq. |- |sx: soft x-rays||radio waves||lf: low freq. |- |euv: extreme ultraviolet||ehf= extremely high freq.||vlf: very low freq. |- |nuv: near ultraviolet||shf= super high freq.||vf/ulf: voice freq. |- |visible light||uhf= ultra high freq.||slf: super low freq. |- |nir: near infrared||vhf= [[very high frequency|very h

Evolutionarily_stable_strategy

an evolutionarily stable strategy (ess) is a strategy which, if adopted by a population in a given environment, cannot be invaded by any alternative strategy that is initially rare. it is relevant in game theory, behavioural ecology, and evolutionary psychology. an ess is an equilibrium refinement of the nash equilibrium. it is a nash equilibrium that is "evolutionarily" stable: once it is fixed in a population, natural selection alone is sufficient to prevent alternative (mutant) strategies from invading successfully. the theory is not intended to deal with the possibility of gross external changes to the environment that bring new selective forces to bear. first published as a specific term in the 1972 book by john maynard smith, the ess is widely used in behavioural ecology and economics, and has been used in anthropology, evolutionary psychology, philosophy, and political science. ==history== evolutionarily stable strategies were defined and introduced by john maynard smith and george r. price in a 1973 nature paper. such was the time taken in peer-reviewing the paper for nature that this was preceded by a 1972 essay by maynard smith in a book of essays titled on evolution. the 1972 essay is sometimes cited instead of the 1973 paper, but university libraries are much more likely to have copies of nature. papers in nature are usually short; in 1974, maynard smith published a longer paper in the journal of theoretical biology. maynard smith explains further in his 1982 book evolution and the theory of games.{{cite bo

English_country_dance

english country dance is a form of social folk dance which originated in renaissance england, and was popular until the early 19th century in parts of europe, the american colonies and the united states. it is the ancestor of several other folk dances, including contra and square dance. english country dance was revived in the early 20th century as a part of the larger english folk revival, and is practiced today primarily in north america and britain. ==form== the choreography dictates the interactions between partners and between couples in a set. a set is a group of couples, most commonly two or three, but sometimes four, that interact during a single progression. rarely, dances call for five or six couples in a set. most commonly, english country dances are longways and progressive. multiple sets of couples form two long lines, along which couples travel at the end of each iteration of figures, meeting new couples and repeating the series of figures many times. alternately, dances can be finite, a set forming an independent unit within which the series of figures are repeated a limited number of times. these dances are often non-progressive, each couple retaining their original positions in decades they are performed. ==history== the origins of english country dance are a matter of some debate. shared features with other english folk dances, such as morris and sword dancing, suggest a true 'country' origin; however, other aspects resemble the courtly dances of continental europe, especially those of renaissance italy. it is probable that english country dance is the result of some synthesis of these dance forms. while many references to 'country dancing' and titles shared with known 17th-century dances appear from the reign of elizabeth i forward, few of these can conclusively be demonstrated to refer to english country dance. little of substance, therefore, is positively known of the form before the mid-17th century. published instructions for english country dances first appear in the english dancing master of 1651, issued by john playford, a london music publisher. these dances, like most dances of the period, are unattributed. playford and his successors had a practical monopoly on the publication of dance manuals until 1711, and ceased publishing around 1728. during this period, english country dances

European_Environment_Agency

the european environment agency (eea) is an agency of the european union (eu). its task is to provide sound, independent information on the environment. it is a major information source for those involved in developing, adopting, implementing and evaluating environmental policy, and also the general public. the eea is governed by a management board composed of representatives of the governments of its 33 member states, a european commission representative and two scientists appointed by the european parliament, assisted by a committee of scientists. ==overview== the eea was established by the european economic community (eec) regulation 1210/1990 (amended by eec regulation 933/1999 and ec regulation 401/2009) and became operational in 1994. it is headquartered in copenhagen, denmark. the current executive director of the agency is professor hans bruyninckx, who has been appointed for a five-year term. he is the successor of professor jacqueline mcglade. as an eu body, member states of the european union are automatically members; however the council regulation establishing it provided that other states may become members of it by means of agreements concluded between them and the eu. it was the first eu body to open its membership to the 13 candidate countries (pre-2004 enlargement). the eea has 33 member countries and six cooperating countries. the european environment information and observation network (eionet) is a partnership network of the eea and the countries. the eea i

Eugène_Viollet-le-Duc

eugène emmanuel viollet-le-duc (27 january 1814 – 17 september 1879) was a french architect and theorist, famous for his interpretive "restorations" of medieval buildings. born in paris, he was a major gothic revival architect. his works were largely restorative and few of his independent building designs were ever realised. strongly contrary to the prevailing beaux-arts architectural trend of his time, much of his design work was largely derided by his contemporaries. he was the architect hired to design the internal structure of the statue of liberty, but died before the project was completed. ==early years== viollet-le-duc's father was a civil servant living in paris who collected books; his mother's friday salons were attended by stendhal and sainte-beuve. his mother's brother, Étienne-jean delécluze, "a painter in the mornings, a scholar in the evenings", was largely in charge of the young man's education. viollet-le-duc was trendy philosophically: republican, anti-clerical, rebellious, he built a barricade in the july revolution of 1830 and refused to enter the École des beaux-arts. instead he opted in favor of direct practical experience in the architectural offices of jacques-marie huvé and achille leclère. ==architectural restorer== ===restoration work=== during the early 1830s, a popular sentiment for the restoration of medieval buildings developed in france. viollet-le-duc, returning during 1835 from study in italy, was commissioned by prosper mérimée to restore the romanesque abbey of vézelay. this work was the first of a long series of restorations; viollet-le-duc's restorations at notre dame de paris brought him national attention. his other main works include mont saint-michel, carcassonne, roquetaillade castle and pierrefonds. viollet-le-duc's "restorations" frequently combined historical fact with creative modification. for example, under his supervision, notre dame was n

Erewhon

erewhon: or, over the range is a novel by samuel butler which was first published anonymously in 1872. the title is also the name of a country, supposedly discovered by the protagonist. in the novel, it is not revealed where erewhon is, but it is clear that it is a fictional country. butler meant the title to be read as "nowhere" backwards even though the letters "h" and "w" are transposed, as it would have been pronounced in his day (and still is in some dialects of english). the book is a satire on victorian society.george orwell, erewhon, bbc home service, talks for schools, 8 june 1945 the first few chapters of the novel dealing with the discovery of erewhon are in fact based on butler's own experiences in new zealand where, as a young man, he worked as a sheep farmer on mesopotamia station for about four years (1860–1864), and explored parts of the interior of the south island and which he wrote about in his a first year in canterbury settlement (1863). one of new zealand's largest sheep stations located near where butler lived is named "erewhon" in his honour. in the preface to the first edition of his book, butler specified that the "author wishes it to be understood that erewhon is pronounced as a word of three syllables, all short ‒ thus, e-re-whon." nevertheless, the word is occasionally pronounced with two syllables as "air-hwun" or "air-one". ==content== the greater part of the book consists of a description of erewhon. the nature of this nation is intended to be ambiguous. at first glance, erewhon appears to be a utopia, yet it soon becomes clear that this is far from the case. yet for all the failings of erewhon, it is also clearly not a dystopia, such as that depicted in george orwell's nineteen eighty-four. as a satirical utopia, erewhon has sometimes been compared to gulliver's travels (1726), a classic novel by jonathan swift; the image of utopia in this latter case also bears strong parallels with the self-view of the british empire at the time. it can also be compared to the william morris novel, news from nowhere. erewh

Exponential_function

thumb|200px|right|the natural exponential function y = e^x nowadays the term exponential function is almost exclusively used as a shortcut for the natural exponential function e'x, where e is euler's number, a number (approximately 2.718281828) such that the function e'x is its own derivative.goldstein, lay, schneider, asmar, brief calculus and its applications, 11th ed., prentice–hall, 2006."this natural exponential function is identical with its derivative. this is really the source of all the properties of the exponential function, and the basic reason for its importance in applications…" – p.448 of courant and robbins, what is mathematics? an elementary approach to ideas and methods (edited by stewart), 2nd revised edition, oxford univ. press, 1996. the exponential function is used to model a relationship in which a constant change in the independent variable gives the same proportional change (i.e. percentage increase or decrease) in the dependent variable. the function is often written as exp(x), especially when it is impractical to write the independent variable as a superscript. the exponential function is widely used in physics, chemistry, engineering, mathematical biology, economics and mathematics. {| class=infobox width=200px |+ exponential function |- | representation || e^x \, |- | inverse || \ln x \, |- | derivative || e^x \, |- | indefinite integral || e^x + c \, |} the graph of is upward-sloping, and increases faster as x increases. the graph always lies above the x-axis but can get arbitrarily close to it for negative x; thus, the x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. the slope of the tangent to the graph at each point is equal to its y coordinate at that point. the inverse function is the natural logarithm ln(x); because of this, some old texts"inverse use of a table of logarithms; that is, given a logarithm, to find the number corresponding to it, (called its antilogarithm)…" – p.12 of converse and durrell, plane and spherical trigonometry, c.e. merrill co., 1911. refer to the exponential function as the antilogarithm. in general, the variable x can be any real or complex number or even an entirely different kind of mathematical object; see the formal definition below. ==formal definition== [[image:exp series.gif|right|thumb|the exponential function (in blue), and the s

Epistle_of_Jude

the epistle of jude, often shortened to jude, is the penultimate book of the new testament and is attributed to jude, the brother of james the just. == composition == the letter of jude was one of the disputed books of the canon. although its canonical status was contested, its authenticity was never doubted by the early church. the links between the epistle and 2 peter, its use of the apocryphal books, and its brevity raised concern.eusebius, church history 2 23 it is one of the shortest books in the bible, being only 25 verses long. == content == jude urges his readers to defend the deposit of christ's doctrine that had been closed by the time he wrote his epistle, and to remember the words of the apostles spoken somewhat before. he uses language similar to the second epistle of peter to answer concerns that the lord seemed to tarry, how that they told you there should be mockers in the last time, who should walk after their own ungodly lusts... jude then asks the reader to recall how even after the lord saved his people out of the land of egypt, he did not hesitate to destroy those who fell into unbelief, much as he punished the angels who fell from their original exalted status. jude quotes directly from the book of enoch, part of the scripture of the ethiopian and eritrean churches but rejected by other churches. he cites enoch's prophecy that the lord would come with many thousands of his saints to render judgement on the whole world. he also paraphrases an incident in a text that has been lost about satan and michael quarrelling over the body of moses. ===outline=== i. salutation (1-2) ii. occasion for the letter (3-4) a. the change of subject (3) b. the reason for the change: the presence of godless apostates (4) iii. warning against the false teachers (5-16) a. historical examples of the judgement of apostates (5-7) 1. unbelieving israel (5) 2. angels who fell (6) 3. sodom and gomorrah (7) b. description of the apostates of jude's day (8-16) 1. their slanderous speech deplored (8-10) 2. their character graphically portrayed (11-13) 3. their destruction prophesied (14-16) iv. exhortation to believers (17-23) v. concluding doxology (24-25)niv bible (large print ed.). (2007). london: hodder & stoughton ltd === canonical status === the epistle of jude is held as canonical in the christian church. although some scholars consider the letter a pseudonymous work written between the end of the 1st century and the first quarter of the 2nd century, arguing from the references to the apostles,jude: 17–18 tradition;jude:3 and the book's competent greek style, conservative scholars date it between 66 to 90.usccb – nab – judenorman perrin, (1974) the new testament: an introduction,

Evolutionary_psychology

evolutionary psychology (ep) is an approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological structure from a modern evolutionary perspective. it seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved adaptations – that is, the functional products of natural selection or sexual selection. adaptationist thinking about physiological mechanisms, such as the heart, lungs, and immune system, is common in evolutionary biology. some evolutionary psychologists apply the same thinking to psychology, arguing that the mind has a modular structure similar to that of the body, with different modular adaptations serving different functions. evolutionary psychologists argue that much of human behavior is the output of psychological adaptations that evolved to solve recurrent problems in human ancestral environments.confer et al. 2010; buss, 2005; durrant & ellis, 2003; pinker, 2002; tooby & cosmides, 2005 the adaptationist approach is steadily increasing as an influence in the general field of psychology. evolutionary psychologists suggest that ep is not simply a subdiscipline of psychology but that evolutionary theory can provide a foundational, metatheoretical framework that integrates the entire field of psychology, in the same way it has for biology.duntley and buss 2008carmen, r.a., et al. (2013). evolution integrated across all islands of the human behavioral archipelago: all psychology as evolutionary psychology. evos journal: the journal of the evolutionary studies consortium, 5, pp. 108–26. pdf evolutionary psychologists hold that behaviors or traits that occur universally in all cultures are good candidates for evolutionary adaptationsschacter et al. 2007, pp. 26–27 including the abilities to infer others' emotions, discern kin from non-kin, identify and prefer healthier mates, and cooperate with others. they report successful tests of theoretical predictions related to such topics as infanticide, intelligence, marriage patterns, promiscuity, perception of beauty, bride price, and parental investment."despite this difficulty, there have been many careful and informative studies of human social behavior from an evolutionary perspective. infanticide, intelligence, marriage patterns, promiscuity, perception of beauty, bride price, altruism, and the allocation of parental care have all been explored by testing predictions derived from the idea that conscious and unconscious behaviours have evolved to maximize inclusive fitness. the findings have been impressive." "social behaviour, animal." encyclopædia britannica. encyclopædia britannica online. encyclopædia britannica, 2011. web. 23 jan 2011. [http://www.britannica.com/

Elementary_algebra

thumb|right|200px|two-dimensional plot (magenta curve) of the algebraic equation y = x^2 - x - 2 elementary algebra encompasses some of the basic concepts of algebra, one of the main branches of mathematics. it is typically taught to secondary school students and builds on their understanding of arithmetic. whereas arithmetic deals with specified numbers,h.e. slaught and n.j. lennes, elementary algebra, publ. allyn and bacon, 1915, page 1 (republished by forgotten books) algebra introduces quantities without fixed values, known as variables.lewis hirsch, arthur goodman, understanding elementary algebra with geometry: a course for college students, publisher: cengage learning, 2005, isbn 0534999727, 9780534999728, 654 pages, page 2 this use of variables entails a use of algebraic notation and an understanding of the general rules of the operators introduced in arithmetic. unlike abstract algebra, elementary algebra is not concerned with algebraic structures outside the realm of real and complex numbers. the use of variables to denote quantities allows general relationships between quantities to be formally and concisely expressed, and thus enables solving a broader scope of problems. most quantitative results in science and mathematics are expressed as algebraic equations. ==algebraic notation == algebraic notation describes how algebra is written. it follows certain rules and conventions, and has its own terminology. for example, the expression 3x^2 - 2xy + c has the following components: 256px 1 : exponent (power), 2 : coefficient, 3 : term, 4 : operator, 5 : constant, x, y : variables a coefficient is a numerical value which multiplies a variable (the operator is omitted). a term is an addend or a summand, a group of coefficients, variables, constants and exponents that may be separated from the other terms by the plus and minus operators.richard n. aufmann, joanne lockwood, introductory algebra: an applied approach, publisher cengage learning, 2010, isbn 14390460

Ecuador–United_States_relations

the republic of ecuador and the united states of america maintained close ties based on mutual interests in maintaining democratic institutions; combating cannabis and cocaine; building trade, investment, and financial ties; cooperating in fostering ecuador's economic development; and participating in inter-american organizations. ties are further strengthened by the presence of an estimated 150,000-200,000 ecuadorians living in the united states and by 24,000 u.s. citizens visiting ecuador annually, and by approximately 15,000 u.s. citizens residing in ecuador. the united states assists ecuador's economic development directly through the agency for international development (usaid) program in ecuador and through multilateral organizations such as the inter-american development bank and the world bank. in addition, the u.s. peace corps operates a sizable program in ecuador. more than 100 u.s. companies are doing business in ecuador. relations between the two nations have been strained following julian assange's bid to seek political asylum in the ecuadorian embassy in london following repeated claims that the us government was pursuing his extradition due to his work with wikileaks. ecuador offered political asylum to julian assange in november 2012. ==history== both

Email

electronic mail, most commonly referred to as email or e-mail since , is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. modern email operates across the internet or other computer networks. some early email systems required that the author and the recipient both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. today's email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. email servers accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need connect only briefly, typically to a mail server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages. historically, the term electronic mail was used generically for any electronic document transmission. for example, several writers in the early 1970s used the term to describe fax document transmission.ron brown, fax invades the mail market, new scientist, vol. 56, no. 817 (oct., 26, 1972), pages 218–221.herbert p. luckett, what's news: electronic-mail delivery gets started, popular science, vol. 202, no. 3 (march 1973); page 85 as a result, it is difficult to find the first citation for the use of the term with the more specific meaning it has today. an internet email messageunless explicitly qualified, any technical descriptions in this article will refer to current internet email rather than to earlier email systems. consists of three components, the message envelope, the message header, and the message body. the message header contains control information, including, minimally, an originator's email address and one or more recipient addresses. usually descriptive information is also added, such as a subject header field and a message submission date/time stamp. originally a text-only (ascii) communications medium, internet email was extended to carry, e.g. text in other character sets, multi-media content attachments, a process standardized in rfc 2045 through 2049. collectively, these rfcs have come to be called multipurpose internet mail extensions (m

Exabyte

the exabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. the prefix exa indicates multiplication by the sixth power of 1000 or 1018 in the international system of units (si). therefore one exabyte is one quintillion bytes (short scale). : 1 eb = = = = = = . a related unit, the exbibyte, using a binary prefix, is , about 15% larger. ==usage examples and size comparisons== * in principle, the 64-bit microprocessors found in many computers can address 16 exbibytes of memory, which is over 18 exabytes. * the world's technological capacity to store information grew from 2.6 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 1986 to 15.8 in 1993, over 54.5 in 2000, and to 295 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007. this is equivalent to less than one cd (650 mb) per person in 1986 (539 mb per person), roughly 4 cds per person of 1993, 12 cds per person in the year 2000, and almost 61 cds per person in 2007. piling up the imagined 404 billion cds from 2007 would create a stack from the earth to the moon and a quarter of this distance beyond (with 1.2&nbsp;mm thickness per cd).martin hilbert and priscila lópez, "the world’s technological capacity to store, communicate, and compute information", science, 332(6025), 2011: 60–65; see also "free access to the study" and "video animation". * the world’s technological capacity to receive information through one-way broadcast networks was 432 exabytes of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, 715 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 1993, 1,200 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2000, and 1,900 in 2007. * the world's effective capacity to exchange information through two-way telecommunication networks was 0.281 exabytes of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, 0.471 in 1993, 2.2 in 2000, and 65 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007. * in 2004, the global monthly internet traffic passed 1 exabyte for the first time. in january 2007, bret swanson of the discovery institute coined the term exaflood for a supposedly impending flood of exabytes that would cause th

Eucharist

the eucharist , also called holy communion, the lord's supper, and other names, is a sacrament accepted by almost all christians. it is reenacted in accordance with jesus' instruction at the last supper, as recorded in several books of the new testament, that his followers do in remembrance of him as when he gave his disciples bread, saying, "this is my body", and gave them wine saying, "this is my blood."ignazio silone, bread and wine (1937). christians generally recognize a special presence of christ in this rite, though they differ about exactly how, where, and when christ is present. while all agree that there is no perceptible change in the elements, some believe that they actually become the body and blood of christ, others believe the true body and blood of christ are really present in, with, and under the bread and wine (whose reality remains unchanged), others believe in a "real" but merely spiritual presence of christ in the eucharist, and still others take the act to be only a symbolic reenactment of the last supper. a minority of protestants view the eucharist as an ordinance in which the ceremony is seen not as a specific channel of divine grace, but as an expression of faith and of obedience to christ. in spite of differences between christians about various aspects of the eucharist, there is, according to the encyclopædia britannica, "more of a consensus among christians about the meaning of the eucharist than would appear from the confessional debates over the sacramental presence, the effects of the eucharist, and the proper auspices under which it may be celebrated."encyclopædia britannica, s.v. eucharist the word eucharist may refer not only to the rite but also to the consecrated bread (leavened or unleavened) and wine (or grape juice) used in the rite. in this sense, communicants (that is, those who partake of the communion elements) may speak of "receiving the eucharist", as well as "celebrating the eucharist". ==names== ;eucharist: the greek noun εὐχαριστία (eucharistia), meaning "thanksgiving", is not used in the new testament as a name for the rite,{{citation|url=http:/

Executive_Order_9066

thumb|250px|right|sign posted notifying people of japanese descent to report for relocation. thumb|250 px|right|a girl detained in arkansas walks to school in 1943. executive order 9066 is a united states presidential executive order signed and issued during world war ii by the united states president franklin d. roosevelt on february 19, 1942, authorizing the secretary of war to prescribe certain areas as military zones. eventually, eo 9066 cleared the way for the deportation of japanese americans to internment camps. the executive order was spurred by a combination of war hysteria and reactions to the niihau incident. ==transcript of executive order 9066== "executive" order no. 9066 the president executive order authorizing the secretary of war to prescribe military areas whereas the successful prosecution of the war requires every possible protection against espionage and against sabotage to national-defense material, national-defense premises, and national-defense utilities as defined in section 4, act of april 20, 1918, 40 stat. 533, as amended by the act of november 30, 1940, 54 stat. 1220, and the act of august 21, 1941, 55 stat. 655 (u.s.c., title 50, sec. 104); now, therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me as president of the united states, and commander in chief of the army and navy, i hereby authorize and direct the secretary of war, and the military commanders whom he may from time to time designate, whenever he or any designated commander deems such action necessary or desirable, to prescribe military areas in such places and of such extent as he or the appropriate military commander may determine, from which any or all persons may be excluded, and with respect to which, the right of any person to enter, remain in, or leave shall be subject to whatever restrictions the secretary of war or the appropriate military commander may impose in his discretion. the secretary of war is hereby authorized to provide for residents of any such area who are excluded therefrom, such transportation, food, shelter, and other accommodations as may be necessary, in the judgment of the secretary of war or the said military commander, and until other arrangements are made, to accomplish the purpose of this order. the designation of military areas in any region or locality shall supersede designations of prohibited and restricted areas by the attorney general under the proclamations of december 7 and 8, 1941, and shall supersede the responsibility and authority of the attorney general under the said proclamations in respect of such prohibited and restricted areas. i hereby further authorize and direct the secretary of war and the said military commanders to take such other steps as he or the appropriate military commander may

Erin_Brockovich

erin brockovich-ellis (born june 22, 1960) is an american legal clerk and environmental activist, who, despite the lack of a formal education in the law, was instrumental in building a case against the pacific gas and electric company (pg&e) of california in 1993. since the release of the film that shares her story and name, she has hosted challenge america with erin brockovich on abc and final justice on zone reality. she is the president of brockovich research & consulting, a consulting firm. she now works as a consultant for girardi & keese, the new york law firm of weitz & luxenberg, which has a focus on personal injury claims for asbestos exposure, and shine lawyers in australia. ==early life== she was born as erin pattee in lawrence, kansas, to frank pattee, an industrial engineer, and arshia jo o'neal-pattee, a journalist. she graduated from lawrence high school, then attended kansas state university, in manhattan, kansas, and graduated with an associate in applied arts degree from wades business college in dallas, texas. she worked as a management trainee for kmart in 1981 but quit after a few months and entered a beauty pageant. she won miss pacific coast in 1981 and left the beauty pageant after the win. she has lived in california since 1982. ==pacific gas and electric litigation== the case alleged contamination of drinking water with hexavalent chromium (also writt

Ennius

quintus ennius (; c. 239 – c. 169 bc) was a writer during the period of the roman republic, and is often considered the father of roman poetry. he was of calabrian descent.: "that author is repeatedly termed a calabrian (her. carm. 4.8; ovid. a. a. 3.409; sil. ital. l. c.; acron, ad hor. l. c.)" although only fragments of his works survive, his influence in latin literature was significant, particularly in his use of greek literary models. ==biography== ennius was born at rudiae, an old italian (predominantly oscan)young sellar, william, the roman poets of the republic, cambridge university press, 2011, isbn 978-1-108-02982-7, p. 64: an old italian town (the epithet "vetustae" is applied to it by silius) which had been partially hellenised, but still retained its native traditions and the use of the oscan language town historically founded by the messapians. here oscan, greek, and latin languages were in contact with one another; according to aulus gellius 17.17.1, ennius referred to this heritage by saying he had "three hearts" (quintus ennius tria corda habere sese dicebat, quod loqui graece et osce et latine sciret). ennius continued the nascent literary tradition by writing praetextae, tragedies, and palliatae, as well as his most famous work, a historic epic called the annales. other minor works include the epicharmus, the euhemerus, the hedyphagetica, and saturae. the epicharmus presented an account of the gods and the physical operations of the universe. in it, the poet dreamed he had been transported after death to some place of heavenly enlightenment. the euhemerus presented a theological doctrine of a vastly different type in a mock-simple prose style modelled on the greek of euhemerus of messene and several other theological writers. according to this doctrine, the gods of olympus were not supernatural powers still actively intervening in the affairs of men, but great generals, statesmen and inventors of olden times commemorated after death in extraordinary ways. the hedyphagetica took much of its substance from the gastronomical epic of archestratus of gela. the eleven extant hexameters have prosodical features avoided in the more serious annales. the remains of six books of saturae show a considerable variety of metres. there are signs that ennius varied the metre some

Eureka_Rebellion

the eureka rebellion in 1854 was a rebellion of gold miners of ballarat, victoria, australia, who revolted against the colonial authority of the united kingdom. the battle of the eureka stockade, by which the rebellion is popularly known, was fought between miners and the colonial forces of australia on 3 december 1854 at eureka lead and named for the stockade structure erected by miners during the conflict. the rebellion resulted in the deaths of at least 27 people, the majority of whom were rebels. the event was the culmination of a period of civil disobedience in the ballarat region during the victorian gold rush with miners objecting to the expense of a miner's licence, taxation via the licence without representation and the actions of the government, the police and military."the government was forced to abandon the licence substitute it with a cheaper miner's right which also conferred on men the right to vote" the victorians: arriving; richard broome, 1984. p.92.withers, wb history of ballarat and some ballarat reminiscences, facsimile edition published by ballarat heritage services 1999, first published 1800, pp 63–64. the local rebellion grew from a ballarat reform league movement and culminated in the erection by the rebels of a crude battlement and a swift and deadly siege by colonial forces. mass public support for the captured rebels in the colony's capital of melbourne when they were placed on trial resulted in the introduction of the electoral act 1856, which mandated full white male suffrage for elections for the [[victorian legislative assembly|lower house in the

Elijah

elijah (, meaning "my god is yahweh")new bible dictionary. 1982 (second edition). tyndale press, wheaton, il, usa. isbn 0-8423-4667-8, p. 319) entry "elijah" or elias (; , elías; , ilya; ; aramaic syriac: إيليا, elyāe; middle syriac: , elyāe;dukhrana biblical research lexicon arabic: إيلياس or إليا, ilyās or ilyā) was a prophet and a wonder-worker in the northern kingdom of israel during the reign of ahab (9th century bc), according to the biblical books of kings. according to the books of kings, elijah defended the worship of yahweh over that of the canaanite god baal (which he considered as idol worship); he raised the dead, brought fire down from the sky, and was taken up "by a whirlwind." (this means or mechanism of being taken up by a whirlwind is said plainly in 2 kings chapter 2, first in verse 1 and then in verse 11, while the chariot and horses separated "the two of them," that is, elijah and elisha.) in the book of malachi, elijah's return is prophesied "before the coming of the great and terrible day of the lord," making him a harbinger of the messiah and the eschaton in various faiths that revere the hebrew bible. derivative references to elijah appear in the talmud, mishnah, the new testament and the qur'an. in judaism elijah's name is invoked at the weekly havdalah ritual that marks the end of shabbat, and elijah is invoked in other jewish customs, among them the passover seder and the brit milah (ritual circumcision). he appears in numerous stories and references in the haggadah and rabbinic literature, including the babylonian talmud. in christianity the new testament describes how both jesus and john the baptist are compared with elija

Europe_of_Democracies_and_Diversities

europe of democracies and diversities (edd) was a eurosceptic political group with seats in the european parliament between 1999 and 2004. following the 2004 european elections, the group reformed as independence/democracy (ind/dem). ==members== #june movement (denmark), 3 seats #people's movement against the eu (denmark), 1 seat #hunting, fishing, nature, tradition (france), 6 seats #christianunion – reformed political party (netherlands), 3 seats #uk independence party (united kingdom), 3 seats #combats souverainistes (france), 1 mep defected from rally for france/uen group in march 2001 #league of polish families (poland), after poland joined the eu in may 2004 ==references== ==external links== *european parliament annual accounts of political groups *europe politique *european parliament profile of jens-peter bonde *entry on konrad-adenauer-stiftung sv:demokratiernas och mångfaldens europa

Everway

everway is a fantasy role-playing game first published by wizards of the coast under their alter ego brand in the mid-1990s. its lead designer was jonathan tweet. marketed as a "visionary roleplaying game", it has often been characterized as an innovative piece with a limited commercial success. wizards later abandoned the line, and rubicon games purchased it, and published several supplements. the line was sold again to gaslight press in february 2001. the game has a fantasy setting of the multiverse type, with many different worlds, some of which differed from generic fantasy. it appears to have been heavily influenced by divinatory tarot, the four classical elements of ancient greece, and mythologies from around the world. everway was first with implementing, in a commercial game, several new concepts including much more picture-based/visual source material and character creation than usual. like other works by jonathan tweet, the rules are very simple and flexible. it is also one of a few diceless role-playing games. although the fortune deck works as a randomizer, the results obtained by it are entirely arbitrary and subjective, and the gm's absolute power over the game is further emphasized by the three resolution systems: karma (the higher character ability wins, modified by situation), drama (the gm decides what happens, by what they think most appropriate), and fortune (more or less the same as the above, with interpretation flavored by a card draw). the original edition contained the "fortune" deck of thirty-six cards, used for "divination" and action-resolution, as well as ninety "vision" cards used as source material. each vision card depicts a fantastic scene of some sort and is backed with a series of leading questions such as, "what does this person most enjoy?" or "what's the worst thing that could happen in this situation?" the game's box also had three books of source material and game-playing tips: a player's guide, game master's guide, and guide to the fortune deck. the fortune cards were illustrated by scott kirschner and jeff miracola. == setting == the official setting for everway revolves around heroes with the power of "spherewalking," traveling between worlds called "spheres." spheres typically consist of many "realms." the city of everway is located in a realm called roundwander, in the sphere called fourcorner. roundwander is the only realm in fourcorner that is describ

Elf

an elf (plural: elves) is a type of supernatural being in germanic mythology and folklore.lass 1994, p. 205; lindow 2002, p. 110; hall 2007. reconstructing the early concept of an elf depends almost entirely on texts in old english or relating to norse mythology.hall 2007. later evidence for elves appears in diverse sources such as medical texts, prayers, ballads, and folktales. recent scholars have emphasised, in the words of Ármann jakobsson, that : the time has come to resist reviewing information about álfar en masse and trying to impose generalizations on a tradition of a thousand years. legends of álfar may have been constantly changing and were perhaps always heterogeneous so it might be argued that any particular source will only reflect the state of affairs at one given time.2006, 230-31; cf. shippey 2005; hall 2007, 16-17; gunnell 2007. however, some generalisations are possible. in medieval germanic-speaking cultures, elves seem generally to have been thought of as a group of beings with magical powers and supernatural beauty, ambivalent towards everyday people and capable of either helping or hindering them. however, the precise character of beliefs in elves across the germanic-speaking world has varied considerably across time, space, and different cultures. in old norse mythological texts, elves seem at least at times to be counted among the pagan gods; in medieval german texts they seem more consistently monstrous and harmful. elves are prominently associated with sexual threats, seducing people and causing them harm. for example, a number of early modern ballads in the british isles and scandinavia, originating in the medieval period, describe human encounters with elves. in english literature of the elizabethan era, elves became conflated with the fairies of romance culture, so that the two terms began to be used interchangeably. german romanticist writers were influenced by this notion of the 'elf', and reimported the english word elf in that context into the german language. in scandinavia, probably through a process of euphemism, elves often came to be known as (or were conflated with) the beings called the huldra or huldufólk. meanwhile, german folklore has tended to see the conflation of elves with dwarfs.hall 2007, 32-33. the "christmas elves" of contemporary popular culture are of relatively recent tradition, popularized during the late nineteenth-century in the united states. elves entered the twentieth-century high fantasy genre in the wake of

Eureka,_Missouri

eureka is a city located in st. louis county, missouri, united states, between st. louis and pacific, missouri, along interstate 44. as of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 10,189. since 1971, eureka has been known a

European_Company_Regulation

the council regulation on the statute for a european company 2157/2001 is an eu regulation containing the rules for a public eu company, called european company (, se). an se can register in any member state of the european union and transfer to other member states. , at least 702 registrations have been reported.societas europaea registrations seeurope-network.org examples of companies registered as a european company are allianz se, basf se, strabag se, gfk se, e.on se, puma se, scor se and man se. national law continues to supplement the basic rules in the regulation on formation and mergers. the european company regulation is complemented by an employee involvement directive that sets rules for participation by employees on the company's board of directors. there is also a statute allowing european cooperative societies. there is no eu-wide register of ses (an se is registered on the national register of the member state in which it has its head office), but each registration is to be published in the official journal of the european union. ==main provisions of the statute== ===formation=== the statute provides four ways of forming a european limited company: merger, formation of a holding company, formation of a joint subsidiary, or conversion of a public limited company previously formed under national law.a. arlt, c. bervoets, k. grechenig, s. kalss, the societas europaea in relation to the public corporation of five member states (france, italy, netherlands, spain, austria), european business organization law review (ebor) 2002, p. 733-764. formation by merger is available only to public limited companies from different member states. formation of an se holding company is available to public and private limited companies with their registered offices in different member states or having subsidiaries or branches in member states other than that of their registered office. formation of a joint subsidiary is available under the same circumstances to any legal entities governed by public or private law. see "the european company all over europe" de gruyter recht - berlin for a general overview of the european process. ses can be created in the following ways: # by merger of national companies from different member states # by the

Amplifier

an electronic amplifier, amplifier, or (informally) amp is an electronic device that increases the power of a signal. it does this by taking energy from a power supply and controlling the output to match the input signal shape but with a larger amplitude. in this sense, an amplifier modulates the output of the power supply to make the output signal stronger than the input signal. the four basic types of electronic amplifiers are voltage amplifiers, current amplifiers, transconductance amplifiers, and transresistance amplifiers. a further distinction is whether the output is a linear or nonlinear representation of the input. amplifiers can also be categorized by their physical placement in the signal chain. thumb|450px|a practical bipolar transistor amplifier circuit == figures of merit == amplifier quality is characterized by a list of specifications that includes: * gain, the ratio between the magnitude of output and input signals * bandwidth, the width of the useful frequency range * efficiency, the ratio between the power of the output and total power consumption * linearity, the degree of proportionality between input and output * noise, a measure of undesired noise mixed into the output * output dynamic range, the ratio of the largest and the smallest useful output levels * slew rate, the maximum rate of change of the output * rise time, settling time, ringing and overshoot that characterize the step response * stability, the ability to avoid self-oscillation == amplifier types == amplifiers are described according to their input and output properties. they exhibit the property of gain, or multiplication factor that relates the magnitude of the output signal to the input signal. the gain may be specified as the ratio of output voltage to input voltage (voltage gain), output power to input power (power gain), or some com

Erwin_Schrödinger

erwin rudolf josef alexander schrödinger (; 12 august 1887&nbsp;– 4 january 1961), sometimes written as or , was a nobel prize-winning austrian physicist who developed a number of fundamental results in the field of quantum theory, which formed the basis of wave mechanics: he formulated the wave equation (stationary and time-dependent schrödinger equation) and revealed the identity of his development of the formalism and matrix mechanics. schrödinger proposed an original interpretation of the physical meaning of the wave function. in addition, he was the author of many works in various fields of physics: statistical mechanics

Nitrox

right|thumb|300px|typical nitrox cylinder marking nitrox refers to any gas mixture composed (excluding trace gases) of nitrogen and oxygen; this includes normal air which is approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases, primarily argon. however, in scuba diving, nitrox is normally differentiated and handled differently from air. the most common use of nitrox mixtures containing higher than normal levels of oxygen is in scuba diving, where the reduced percentage of nitrogen is advantageous in reducing nitrogen uptake in the body's tissues and so extending the possible underwater dive time, and/or reducing the risk of decompression sickness (also known as the bends) ==use== right|thumb|300px|enriched air nitrox diving tables, showing adjusted no-decompression times. enriched air nitrox, nitrox with an oxygen content above 21%, is mainly used in scuba diving to reduce the proportion of nitrogen in the breathing gas mixture. reducing the proportion of nitrogen by increasing the proportion of oxygen reduces the risk of decompression sickness for the same dive profile, or allows extended dive times without increasing the need for decompression stops for the same risk. one of the more significant aspects of this application is the extended no-stop time when using nitrox mixtures. the exact values of the extended no-stop times vary depending on the decompression model used to derive the tables, but as an approximation, it is based on the partial pressure of nitrogen at the dive depth. this principle can be used to calculate an equivalent air depth with the same partial pressure of nitrogen, and this depth is less than the actual dive depth for oxygen enriched mixtures. the equivalent air depth is used with air decompression tabled to calculate decompression obligation and no-stop times. nitrox is not a safer gas than compressed air in all respects; although its use can reduce the risk of decompression sickness, it increases the risk of oxygen toxicity and fire, which are further discussed below. breathing nitrox is not thought to reduce the effects of [[nitrogen narcosis|narcosis]

Eightfold_Path_(policy_analysis)

the eightfold path is a method of policy analysis assembled by eugene bardach, a professor at the goldman school of public policy at the university of california, berkeley. it is outlined in his book a practical guide for policy analysis: the eightfold path to more effective problem solving, which is now in its fourth edition. the book is commonly referenced in public policy and public administration scholarship. bardach's procedure is as follows: # define the problem # assemble some evidence # construct the alternatives # select the criteria # project the outcomes # confront the trade-offs # decide # tell your story a possible ninth-step, based on bardach's own writing, might be "repeat steps 1 - 8 as necessary." == the new york taxi driver test == the new york taxi driver test is a technique for evaluating the effectiveness of communication between policy makers and analysts. bardach contends that policy explanations must be clear and down-to-earth enough for a taxi driver to be able to understand the premise during a trip through city streets. the new york taxi driver is presumed to be both a non-specialist and a tough customer.http://www.ebriefings.ca/wordpress/?p=321 == see also == * policy analysis * worldcat library catalog: a practical guide for policy analysis == references ==

Eyes_Wide_Shut

eyes wide shut is a 1999 american erotic thriller film loosely based upon arthur schnitzler's 1926 novella dream story. the film was directed, produced, and co-written by stanley kubrick. it was his last film, as he died six days after showing his final cut to warner brothers studios.jan harlan, stanley kubrick: a life in pictures the story, set in and around new york city, follows the sexually charged adventures of dr. bill harford, who is shocked when his wife, alice, reveals that she had contemplated an affair a year earlier. he embarks on a night-long adventure, during which he infiltrates a massive masked orgy of an unnamed secret society. kubrick obtained the filming rights for dream story in the 1960s, considering it a perfect novel to adapt on a film about sexual relations. the project was only revived in the 1990s, when the director hired writer frederic raphael to help him with the adaptation. the film was mostly shot in the united kingdom (aside from some exterior establishing shots), and included a detailed recreation of some exterior greenwich village street scenes at pinewood studios. the film spent a long time in production, and holds the guinness world record for the longest continuous film shoot period, at 400 days. eyes wide shut was released on july 16, 1999, a few months following kubrick's death, to positive critical reaction and intakes of $162 million at th

Edda

the term edda (old norse edda, plural eddur) applies to the old norse poetic edda and prose edda, both of which were written down in iceland during the 13th century in icelandic, although they contain material from earlier traditional sources, reaching into the viking age. the books are the main sources of medieval skaldic tradition in iceland and norse mythology. ==etymology== there are several theories concerning the origins of the word edda. one theory holds that it is identical to a word that means "great-grandmother" appearing in the eddic poem rígsþula.snorri sturluson. the prose edda: tales from norse mythology, translated by jean i. young (university of california press, 1964), p. 8. another theory holds that edda derives from old norse óðr, "poetry." a third, proposed in 1895 by eiríkr magnússon, but since discredited, is that it derives from the icelandic place name oddi, site of the church and school where students, including snorri sturluson, were educated. the derivation of the word "edda" as the name of snorri sturluson’s treatise on poetry from the latin "edo", "i compose (poetry)" by analogy with "kredda", "superstition" from latin "credo", "creed" is now widely accepted.oxford dictionary of the middle ages (2010) under "snorri sturluson" ==the poetic edda== the poetic edda, also known as sæmundar edda or the elder edda, is a collection of old norse poems from the icelandic medieval manuscript codex regius ("royal book"). along with the prose edda, the poetic edda is the most expansive source on norse mythology. the first part of the codex regius preserves poems that narrate the creation and foretold destruction and rebirth of the old norse mythological world as well as individual myths about gods concerning norse deities. the poems in the second part narrate legends about norse heroes and heroines, such as sigurd, brynhildr and gunnar. the codex regius was written down in the 13th century but nothing was known of its whereabouts until 1643 when it came into the possession of brynjólfur sveinsson, then the church of iceland's bishop of skálholt. at that time, versions of the [[prose ed

Evoluon

thumb|right|250px|current (left) logo of the conference centre and logo (right) of the original museum. thumb|right|250px thumb|right|250px|evoluon interior in 1968. the evoluon is a conference centre and former science museum erected by the electronics and electrical company philips in eindhoven, netherlands in 1966. since its construction, it has become a landmark and a symbol for the city. the building is unique due to its very futuristic design, resembling a landed flying saucer,some fell such as the jupiter 2 of lost in space. it was designed by architect louis christiaan kalff, while the exhibition was conceived by james gardner. the building was based on an idea by frits philips, who originally made a sketch of the building on a paper napkin. frits philips wanted to give the people of eindhoven a beautiful and educational gift to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the company that bears his family name. its concrete dome is in diameter and is held in place by of rebar. in the 1960s and 70s it attracted large visitor numbers, since its interactive exhibitions were a new and unique concept in the netherlands at that time. but when competing science museums opened in other cities, the number of visitors to the evoluon declined every year. after several years of losing money, the original museum closed down in 1989 and the evoluon was converted into a conference center, opening in 1998. the evoluon is chiefly remembered in the uk from bert haanstra's wordless short film, titled simply evoluon. commissioned by philips to publicise the museum, it was shown as a trade test colour film on the bbc from 1968 to 1972. in october 2013 evoluon was used for four 3d-concerts of german electronic band kraftwerk, each in front of 1200 spectators. evoluon was handpicked by key member ralf hütter for its retro-futuristic look. bespoke 3d-visuals of the saucer section of the venue ascending from space, were used in the live-rendition of their track spacelab.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4rscwighac ==references== ==external links== *official website *extensive site about the history of the evoluon

Evidence-based_medicine

evidence-based medicine (ebm) emphasizes the use of evidence from well designed and conducted research in healthcare decision-making. the term was originally used to describe an approach to teaching the practice of medicine and improving decisions by individual physicians. use of the term rapidly expanded to include a previously described approach that emphasized the use of evidence in the design of guidelines and policies that apply to populations ("evidence-based practice policies"). it has subsequently spread to describe an approach to decision making that is used at virtually every level of the healthcare system. whether applied to medical education, decisions about individuals, guidelines and policies applied to populations, or administration of health services in general, evidence-based medicine advocates that to the greatest extent possible, decisions and policies should be based on evidence, not just the beliefs of practitioners, experts, or administrators. it promotes the use of formal, explicit methods to analyze evidence and make it available to decision makers. it promotes programs to teach the methods to medical students, practitioners, and policy makers. ==background, history and definition== in its broadest form, evidence-based medicine is the application of the scientific method into healthcare decision-making. medicine has a long tradition of both basic and clinical research that dates back at least to avicenna. however until recently, the process by which research results were incorporated in medical decisions was highly subjective. called "clinical judgment" and "the art of medicine", the traditional approach to making decisions about individual patients depended on having each individual physician determine wh

MDMA

{{drugbox | watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 632164040 | imagename = 1 : 1 mixture (racemate) | image = mdma (simple).svg | alt = mdma structure | width = 200 | image2 = mdmapng2.png | alt2 = 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine 3d model | width2 =250 | drug_name = mdma | iupac_name = (rs)-1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-n-methylpropan-2-amine | atc_prefix = none | drugs.com = | cas_number_ref = | cas_number = 42542-10-9 | chemspiderid_ref = | chemspiderid = 1556 | unii_ref = | unii = ke1sen21rm | drugbank_ref = | drugbank = db01454 | chebi_ref = | chebi = 1391 | chembl_ref = | chembl = 43048 | pubchem = 1615 | iuphar_ligand = 4574 | kegg = c07577 | kegg_ref = | synonyms = , ecstasy, molly | pdb_ligand = b41 | c = 11 | h = 15 | n = 1 | o = 2 | molecular_weight = 193.24 g/mol | smiles = cc(nc)cc1=cc=c(oco2)c2=c1 | stdinchi_ref = | stdinchi = 1s/c11h15no2/c1-8(12-2)5-9-3-4-10-11(6-9)14-7-13-10/h3-4,6,8,12h,5,7h2,1-2h3 | stdinchikey_ref = | stdinchikey = shxwcvyoxrdmcx-uhfffaoysa-n | density = | melting_point = | melting_notes = | boiling_point = 105 | boiling_notes = at 0.4&nbsp;mmhg (experimental) | legal_au = s9 | legal_ca = schedule i | legal_uk = class a | legal_us = schedule i | legal_un = schedule i | pregnancy_category = | pregnancy_us = | licence_us = | dependency_liability = moderate{{cite web|title=3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine|url=http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+42542-10-9|website=hazardous substances data bank|publisher=national library of medicine|accessdate=22 august 2014|date=28 august 2008|quote=/epidemiology studies/ /investigators/ compared the prevalence of diagnostic and statistical manual version iv (dsm-iv) mental disorders in 30 current and 29 former ecstasy users, 29 polydrug and 30 drug-naive controls. groups were approximately matched by age, gender and level of education. the current ecstasy users reported a life-time dose of an average of 821 and the former ecstasy users of 768 ecstasy tablets. ecstasy users did not significantly differ from controls in the prevalence of mental disorders, except those related to substance use. substance-induced affective, anxiety and cognitive disorders occurred more frequently among ecstasy users than polydrug controls. the life-time prevalence of ecstasy dependence amounted to 73% in the ecstasy user groups. more than half of the former ecstasy users and nearly half of the current ecstasy users met the criteria of substance-induced cognitive disorders at the time of testing. logistic regression a

Estimator

in statistics, an estimator is a rule for calculating an estimate of a given quantity based on observed data: thus the rule (the estimator), the quantity of interest (the estimand) and its result (the estimate) are distinguished. there are point and interval estimators. the point estimators yield single-valued results, although this includes the possibility of single vector-valued results and results that can be expressed as a single function. this is in contrast to an interval estimator, where the result would be a range of plausible values (or vectors or functions). estimation theory is concerned with the properties of estimators; that is, with defining properties that can be used to compare different estimators (different rules for creating estimates) for the same quantity, based on the same data. such properties can be used to determine the best rules to use under given circumstances. however, in robust statistics, statistical theory goes on to consider the balance between having good properties, if tightly defined assumptions hold, and having less good properties that hold under wider conditions. ==background== an "estimator" or "point estimate" is a statistic (that is, a function of the data) that is used to infer the value of an unknown parameter in a statistical model. the parameter being estimated is sometimes called the estimand. it can be either finite-dimensional (in parametric and semi-parametric models), or infinite-dimensional (semi-parametric and non-parametric models).kosorok (2008), section 3.1, pp 35–39. if the parameter is denoted θ then the estimator is traditionally written by adding a circumflex over the symbol: \scriptstyle\hat\theta. being a function of the data, the estimator is itself a random variable; a particular realization of this random variable is called the "estimate". sometimes the words "estimator" and "estimate" are used interchangeably. the definition places virtually no restrictions on which functions of the data can be called the "estimators". the attractiveness of different estimators can be judged by looking at their properties, such as unbiasedness, mean square error, consistency, asymptotic distribution, etc.. the construction and comparison of estimators are the subjects of the estimation theory. in the context of decision theory, an estimator is a type of decision rule, and its performance may be evaluated through the use of loss functions. when the word "estimator" is used without a qualifier, it usually refers to point estimation. the estimate in this case is a single point in the parameter space. other types of estimators also exist: interval estimators, where the estimates are subsets of

Etiology

etiology (; alternatively aetiology) is the study of causation, or origination. the word is derived from the greek , aitiologia, "giving a reason for" (, aitia, "cause"; and , -logia). the word is most commonly used in medical and philosophical theories, where it is used to refer to the study of why things occur, or even the reasons behind the way that things act, and is used in philosophy, physics, psychology, government, geography, spatial analysis, medicine, theology, and biology in reference to the causes of various phenomena. an etiological myth is a myth intended to explain a name or create a mythic history for a place or family. == mythology == an etiological myth, or origin myth, is a myth intended to explain the origins of cult practices, natural phenomena, proper names and the like. for example, the name delphi and its associated deity, apollon delphinios, are explained in the homeric hymn which tells of how apollo, in the shape of a dolphin (), propelled cretans over the seas to make them his priests. while delphi is actually related to the word ("womb"), many etiological myths are similarly based on folk etymology (the term "amazon", for example). in the aeneid (published circa 17 bc), virgil claims the descent of augustus caesar's julian clan from the hero aeneas through his son ascanius, also called iulus. the story of prometheus' sacrifice trick at mecone in hesiod's theogony relates how prometheus tricked zeus into choosing the bones and fat of the first sacrificial animal rather than the meat to justify why, after a sacrifice, the greeks offered the bones wrapped in fat to the gods while keeping the meat for themselves. ==medicine== in medicine, etiology refers to the many factors coming together to cause an illness. it is normally the focus of epidemiological studies. the etiology of scurvy is a good example. with scurvy, sailors going to sea often lacked fresh vegetables. without knowing the precise cause, captain james cook suspected scurvy was caused by the lack of vegetables in the diet. based on his suspicion, he forced his crew to eat sauerkraut, a cabbage preparation, every day, but he had no idea, precisely, why it prevented scurvy. it was only a

Enjambment

in poetry, enjambment or enjambement (; from the french enjambement ) is incomplete syntax at the end of a line; the meaning runs-over from one poetic line to the next, without terminal punctuation. lines without enjambment are end-stopped. in reading, the delay of meaning creates a tension that is released when the word or phrase that completes the syntax is encountered (called the rejet); the tension arises from the "mixed message" produced both by the pause of the line-end, and the suggestion to continue provided by the incomplete meaning.preminger 359 in spite of the apparent contradiction between rhyme, which heightens closure, and enjambment, which delays it, the technique is compatible with rhymed verse. even in couplets, the closed or heroic couplet was a late development; older is the open couplet, where rhyme and enjambed lines co-exist. enjambment has a long history in poetry. homer used the technique, and it is the norm for alliterative verse where rhyme is unknown. in the 32nd psalm of the hebrew bible enjambment is unusually conspicuous.william r. taylor, the book of psalms, the interpreters' bible, volume iv, 1955, abingdon press, nashville, p. 169 it was used extensively in england by elizabethan poets for dramatic and narrative verse, before giving way to closed couplets. the example of john milton in paradise lost laid the foundation for its subsequent use by the english romantic poets; in its preface he identified it as one of the chief features of his verse: "sense variously drawn out from one verse into another". == examples == *the start of the waste land by t.s. eliot, with only lines 4 and 7 end-stopped: :april is the cruellest month, breeding :lilacs out of the dead land, mixing :memory and desire, stirring :dull roots with spring rain. :winter kept us warm, covering :earth in forgetful snow, feeding :a little life with dried tubers." *these lines from shakespeare's the winter's tale (c. 1611) are heavily enjambed: :i am not prone to weeping, as our sex :commonly are; the want of which vain dew :perchance shall dry your pities; but i have :that honourable grief lodged here which burns :worse than tears drown. meaning flows as the lines progress, and the reader's eye is forced to go on to the next sentence. it can also

Environmental_law

environmental law - or "environmental and natural resources law" - is a collective term describing the network of treaties, statutes, regulations, and common and customary laws addressing the effects of human activity on the natural environment. ==regulatory subjects== the broad category of "environmental law" may be broken down into a number of more specific regulatory subjects. while there is no single agreed-upon taxonomy, the core environmental law regimes address environmental pollution. a related but distinct set of regulatory regimes, now strongly influenced by environmental legal principles, focus on the management of specific natural resources, such as forests, minerals, or fisheries. other areas, such as environmental impact assessment, may not fit neatly into either category, but are nonetheless important components of environmental law. === impact assessment === environmental impact assessment ===air quality=== air quality laws ===water quality=== water quality laws ===waste management=== waste management laws ===contaminant cleanup === environmental cleanup laws ===chemical safety=== chemical safety laws govern the use of chemicals in human activities, particularly man-made chemicals in modern industrial applications. as contrasted with media-oriented environmental laws (e.g., air or water quality laws), chemical control laws seek to manage the (potential) pollutants themselves. regulatory efforts include banning specific chemical constituents in consumer products (e.g., bisphenol a in plastic bottles), and regulating pesticides. === water resources === water resources laws govern the ownership and use of water resources, including surface water and ground water. regulatory areas may include water conservation, use restrictions, and ownership regimes. === mineral resources === mineral resource laws cover === forest resources === === wildlife and plants === wildlife laws govern the potential impact of human activity on wild animals, whether directly on individuals or populations, or indirectly via habitat degradation. similar laws may operate to protect plant species. such laws may be enacted entirely to protect biodiversity, or as a means for protecting species deemed important for other reasons. regulatory eff

Esotericism

esotericism (or esoterism) signifies the holding of esoteric opinions or beliefs,chambers 20thc dictionary, 1972. that is, ideas preserved or understood by a small group of those specially initiated, or of rare or unusual interest. the term derives from the greek, either from the comparative (esôteros), "inner", or from its derived adjective (esôterikos), "pertaining to the innermost".cf. the relevant entries in the the online liddell-scott-jones greek-english lexicon. the term can also refer to the academic study of esoteric religious movements and philosophies, or to the study of those religious movements and philosophies whose proponents distinguish their beliefs, practices, and experiences from mainstream exoteric and more dogmatic institutionalized traditions. examples of esoteric religious movements and philosophies include alchemy, anthroposophy, astrology, early christian mysticism, the fourth way, tantra, freemasonry, gnosticism, hermetism, mahavidya, vamachara, kabbalah, magic, mesmerism, neoplatonism, numerology, perennialism, rosicrucianism, scientology, sufism, swedenborgianism, spiritualism, taoism, the alawites, and the druze,historical dictionary of syria by david dean commins, scarecrow press, 2004, page 29 the theosophy of jacob böhme and his followers, and the theosophist movement associated with helena blavatsky. although esotericism refers to an exploration of the hidden meanings and symbolism in various philosophical, historical, and religious texts, the texts themselves are often central to mainstream religions. for example, the bible and the torah are considered esoteric material. ==etymology== the term derives from the greek, either from the comparative (esôteros), "inner", or from its derived adjective (esôterikos), "pertaining to the innermost". both compounds of (esô): "within&

Ezra_Abbot

ezra abbot (april 28, 1819, jackson, mainemarch 21, 1884, cambridge, massachusetts) was an american biblical scholar.chambers biographical dictionary, isbn 0-550-18022-2, page 2 ==life and writings== he graduated from bowdoin college in 1840. in 1847, at the request of prof. andrews norton, he went to cambridge, where he was principal of a public school until 1856. he was assistant librarian of harvard university from 1856 to 1872, and planned and perfected an alphabetical card catalog, combining many of the advantages of the ordinary dictionary catalogs with the grouping of the minor topics under more general heads, which is characteristic of a systematic catalogue. from 1872 until his death he was bussey professor of new testament criticism and interpretation in the harvard divinity school. abbot's studies were chiefly in oriental languages and textual criticism of the new testament, though his work as a bibliographer showed such results as the exhaustive list of writings (5300 in all) on the doctrine of the future life, appended to w. r. alger's history of the doctrine of a future life, as it has prevailed in all nations and ages (1862), and published separately in 1864. abbot's publications, though always of the most thorough and scholarly character, were to a large extent dispersed in the pages of reviews, dictionaries, concordances, texts edited by others, unitarian controversial treatises, etc. however, he took a more conspicuous and personal part in the preparation (with baptist scholar horatio b. hackett) of the enlarged american edition of dr. (afterwards sir) william smith's dictionary of the bible (1867-1870), to which he contributed more than 400 articles, as well as greatly improving the bibliographical completeness of the work. he was an efficient member of the american revision committee for the revised version (1881-1885) of the king james bible, and helped prepare caspar rené gregory's prolegomena to the revised greek new testament of constantin von tischendorf. he was one of the 32 founding members of the society of biblical literature in 1880. his principal single work, representing his scholarly method and conservative conclusions, was the authorship of the fourth gospel: external evidences (1880; 2nd ed. by j. h. thayer, with other essays, 1889), originally a lecture. in spite of the compression due to its form, this work was up to that time probably the ablest defense, based on external evidence, of the johannine authorship, and certainly the most complete treatment of the relation of justin martyr

Elias_Boudinot

elias boudinot ( ; may 2, 1740 – october 24, 1821) was a lawyer and statesman from elizabeth, new jersey who was a delegate to the continental congress (more accurately referred to as the congress of the confederation) and served as president of congress from 1782 to 1783. he was elected as a u.s. congressman for new jersey following the american revolutionary war. he was appointed by president george washington as director of the united states mint, serving from 1795 until 1805. ==early life and education== elias boudinot was born in philadelphia on may 2, 1740. his father, elias boudinot iii, was a merchant and silversmith; he was a neighbor and friend of benjamin franklin. his mother, mary catherine williams, was born in the british west indies; her father was from wales. elias' paternal grandfather, elie (sometimes called elias) boudinot, was the son of jean boudinot and marie suire of marans, aunis, france. they were a huguenot (french protestant) family who fled to new york about 1687 to avoid the religious persecutions of king louis xiv. mary catherine williams and elias boudinot, sr. were married on august 8, 1729. over the next twenty years, they had nine children. the first, john, was born in the british west indies-antigua. of the others, only the younger elias and his siblings annis, mary, and elisha reached adulthood. annis became one of the first published women poets in the thirteen colonies, and her work appeared in leading newspapers and magazines. elisha boudinot became chief justice of the supreme court of new jersey. after studying and being tutored at home, elias boudinot went to princeton, new jersey to read the law as a legal apprentice to [[richard stockton (1730-1781)|richard st

Ernst_Kaltenbrunner

ernst kaltenbrunner (4 october 190316 october 1946) was an austrian-born senior official of nazi germany during world war ii. an obergruppenführer (general) in the schutzstaffel (ss), between january 1943 and may 1945 he held the offices of chief of the reichssicherheitshauptamt (rsha, reich main security office) and president of the icpc, later to become interpol. he was the highest-ranking member of the ss to face trial at the first nuremberg trials. he was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity and executed. ==early life== born in ried im innkreis, austria, kaltenbrunner was the son of a lawyer, and was educated at the state realgymnasium in linz and at graz university. he obtained a law degree in 1926, and briefly worked as a lawyer in linz and salzburg. he was a very tall man, standing just over 6' 7" (201&nbsp;cm) tall, and had deep scars on his face from dueling in his student days, although some sources attribute them to an automobile accident.ernst kaltenbrunner[http://www.l